title: Polar bond

text: In some molecules, these polar bonds are lined up with each other. Then the entire molecule is a dipole, and attracts other dipoles. Water does this. You can see in the image that the hydrogen (small and white) is positively charged and the oxygen (big and red) is negatively charged. This picture shows how the little water dipoles line up with each other, in the same way that if you toss a bunch of little magnets into a box, they will line up with each other.


title: Polar bond

text: This is one of the most basic and important differences between bonds (and the resulting molecules) in chemistry. This can be easily predicted (because the electronegativity of all the atoms in the periodic table is known). It creates an enormous difference in how the molecules behave.


title: Polar bond

text: When the difference in electron negativity between the 2 atoms Is more in covalent bond the more electron negativity, atom acquire partial negativity charge and other atom acqiure partial positive charge.


title: Graviton

text: A graviton is a hypothetical particle that 'transfers' gravitation's force (particles like this are known as gauge bosons) from its field. Gravitons have never been observed, directly or indirectly, however, there have been several theories that use gravitons to explain certain phenomena. For example, a theory that describes black holes by combining quantum mechanics and gravity, has been advanced by Georgi Dvali and Cesar Gomez, which suggests a black hole is "an overpacked bucket of gravitons". There are some theories that suggest that gravitons would make up a new group of particles, "attraction particles". CERN is currently using the Large Hadron Collider to try to find this particle.


title: Graviton

text: All atoms themselves have these graviton particles in orbit around them. If you gather a lot of atoms together the population of orbiting gravitons increases proportionately. As a result, a large asteroid for example will have more gravity than a small one.


title: Graviton

text: Because the graviton is a particle that has force (gravity), it is classed as a gauge boson. Other gauge bosons include the photon, the gluon, and the W and Z particles.


title: Graviton

text: If someone found one, it could lead to a theory which would join the four main physical forces: electromagnetism, gravity, strong force and weak force.


title: Acoustic guitar

text: Acoustic guitars are hollow-bodied string instruments that believe resonance to supply sound. once you pluck a string or strum a chord, the vibration of the strings is amplified by the highest of the guitar and thru the soundhole. These marks show where to press a string with the fingers of the left hand, to change the note that string plays. The right hand plucks or strums the strings, either with the fingers or using a plectrum ("pick"), to make them sound. Acoustic guitars are used in types of music ranging from classical to rock and roll, to bluegrass and folk. The six strings can be steel or nylon. Nylon strings are typically used for classical and related styles of music. Steel strings are typically used for most other styles.


title: Secondary sector

text: The secondary sector includes industries that produce a finished, usable product or are involved in construction.


title: Acoustic guitar

text: The acoustic guitar came from Spain (an instrument with six strings), created by Antonio Torres Jurado. But at the beginning, the guitar was different with what we see the guitar now. In the 16th to 17th centuries, the guitar became popular in Europe. In the 18th century, the guitar changed to be similar to how it is now. But before the 19th century, many people thought the guitar could not be same as a piano or violin. They thought it could not play classical music. But at the beginning of 19th century, a famous guitar player, Fernando Sor, made the guitar become more popular and he made more people like playing the guitar. Before the 20th century, people played the acoustic guitar. In the 20th century, a musician in United States, Leo Fender, invented the electric guitar.


title: Secondary sector

text: This sector generally takes the output of the primary sector and manufactures finished goods. The sector is an energy-consuming sector that consists of all facilities and equipment used for producing, processing, or assembling goods.


title: Acoustic guitar

text: The guitar and the ukulele are similar in shape and other ways, but they are also different. The ukulele looking like a small guitar. But the guitar has six strings, and the ukulele has just four strings. The six strings in a guitar are tuned: E, B, G, D, A, and E; the four strings in a ukulele are tuned: G, C, E, and A. Also, the ukulele comes from Hawaii, and the guitar comes from Spain.


title: Jagmeet Singh

text: Jagmeet Singh Dhaliwal (born January 2, 1979) is a Canadian politician and lawyer. He is the leader of the New Democratic Party of Canada right now. He became the leader in 2017. He used to be a Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 2011 to 2017. He represented the electoral district of Bramalea—Gore—Malton.


title: Jagmeet Singh

text: After the leadership election, he became the first person of a visible minority to become the permanent leader of a major federal political party.


title: Jagmeet Singh

text: Jagmeet Singh was born on January 2, 1979 in Scarborough, Ontario. His parents were Harmeet Kaur and Jagtaran Singh, who both came from the state of Punjab in India. He started his career as a criminal defense lawyer.


title: Jagmeet Singh

text: Singh was first elected in the 2011 Ontario provincial election. He represented the ONDP. In 2015, he became the Deputy Leader of the Ontario New Democrats under Andrea Horwath until 2017.


title: Jagmeet Singh

text: Singh announced he would run for leadership of the federal New Democratic Party of Canada to replace Tom Mulcair which he won. He did not have a seat in the House of Commons until March 2019. This was when he won a seat in Burnaby South, British Columbia in a by-election.


title: Salal

text: Salal is the common English name of a plant in the family Ericaceae. The Lewis and Clark Expedition found it in North America. The expedition took place from 1804 to 1806. Frederick Traugott Pursh first described it. The official botanical name is "Gaultheria shallon". It is also known as shallon or Gaultheria in English. The plant was introduced to Great Britain in 1828. Today, it is often used for flower arrangements. It was also used as a cover for pheasants. The plant also has medicinal properties. It is used for treatment of inflammation and cramps. The plant is called "Shallon-Scheinbeere" in German language. The young leaves and berries can be eaten.


title: Nancy (given name)

text: The name Nancy is a female given name. It comes off "Hannah", meaning "grace". The name was originally a nickname for girls. However, from the 18th century onward, Nancy became a proper name. Many famous people have the name, including Nancy Pelosi and Nancy Kerrigan.


title: Joe Byrne

text: Joseph Byrne also known as Joe Byrne (November 1856 - June 28 1880) was an Australian bushranger. He is known as the lieutenant of the Kelly Gang. He was shot dead in the siege of Glenrowan. Joe Byrne was a very good shot, a good horseman and skilled at living in the bush. This made it difficult for the police to capture him. His skill at writing helped him to write the items that were important in starting the Kelly legend. He wrote the famous Jerilderie letter. There is also a legend that Ned Kelly, with Byrne's help, was going to start an independent republic in north east Victoria. The siege at Glenrowan was the first step.


title: Joe Byrne

text: Joe was born at Woolshed, near Beechworth, in November 1856. His father, Patrick Byrne, had come from County Carlow, Ireland, in 1849, to join his father, Joseph, who had come to Australia as a convict in 1834. Joe's mother was an Irish lady from Galway. The family moved to Sebastopol, a small gold mining town, about two kilometres farther up the valley. Joe learned to speak Chinese from the Chinese miners who lived in a small camp near his house. He was educated at a small Roman Catholic school at Woolshed.


title: Joe Byrne

text: After leaving school in 1870, Joe had a number of jobs including driving a delivery cart for a tannery, putting up fences, looking for gold, wood cutting, and shearing. He often visited the Chinese village at Beechworth and became addicted to opium. During the celebrations for the Prince of Wales birthday in 1873, Joe saw a suit of Chinese armour in the Beechworth museum. This armour provided the ideas for the armour the Kelly Gang wore at Glenrowan.


title: Joe Byrne

text: In September 1873, Byrne was in court for taking a neighbour, Anton Wick's horse. He had ridden it for several days before bringing it back. He had to pay a fine of 20 shillings. In December 1875, he was in court again for taking a saddle, but the court believed Byrne when he said he had found it in the bush. On May 20, 1876, Joe Byrne and his friend, Aaron Sherritt, stole a cow and cut it up for the meat. Someone saw them and told the police. They were taken to court and given six months in the Beechworth Gaol. In prison, Byrne and Sherritt met Jim Kelly, who was the brother of Ned and Dan Kelly. Joe Byrne met Ned Kelly in 1876 and they became friends.


title: Joe Byrne

text: Byrne was probably at the Kelly house on 15 April, 1878, when Constable Fitzpatrick said that Ned Kelly shot him and that Ellen Kelly, Ned's mother, had hit him over the head with a shovel. Ned and Dan Kelly went into hiding in the bush at Bullock Creek, an old gold mining area. The police offered a reward of £100 for them, and Ellen Kelly was sent to gaol for three years.


title: Joe Byrne

text: Joe Byrne was at Stringybark Creek with the Kelly brothers and Steve Hart on 26 October, 1878, when they found four police officers on their trail, and shot three of them dead. Joe Byrne shot dead Trooper Scanlon, and was wearing Scanlon's ring at the time of his death. The gang were made outlaws on 15 November 1878, which meant they could be legally killed by anyone at any time. A reward of £2000 (about AU$754,000 in 2008) was offered for them, dead or alive.


title: Joe Byrne

text: Byrne was Kelly's lieutenant, and the two of them planned the gang's actions. The Kelly Gang robbed the Euroa branch of the National Bank of Australia and took over £2,000. Joe Byrne wrote a letter in red ink for Ned Kelly which was sent to Donald Cameron, a local member of the Victorian Parliament. Ned said justice had not been done in the case of his mother and himself. It ended: "For I need no lead or powder to revenge my cause, and if words be louder I will oppose your laws."


title: Joe Byrne

text: The police locked up over 20 possible supporters of the Kelly gang between January 1879 and April 1879 under the "Felons Apprehension Act 1878". This increased public support for the gang, especially in north east Victoria. Joe Byrne was able to use this increase this by writing a number poems about Ned Kelly and his gang, including "My Name is Ned Kelly":


title: Joe Byrne

text: Joe Byrne often visited his mother at her house in Beechworth. He was also seen drinking in hotels in the town, even though there was a reward for him. He could do it because of his skill and daring, and because the police were badly trained and badly led, and because of the support of local people for the Kelly Gang.


title: Joe Byrne

text: Kelly and Byrne planned their next robbery for Jerilderie. On 10 February, 1879, dressed as policemen, the gang robbed the Bank of New South Wales at Jerilderie taking another £2,000. Byrne wrote the Jerilderie Letter after Ned kelly’s words which wanted an independent republic in north east Victoria. The money from both the Euroa and Jerilderie robberies was given to the gang's family, friends and supporters.


title: Joe Byrne

text: After the Jerilderie robbery, the gang went into hiding for 16 months. This increased their reputation and embarrassed the government of Victoria and the police. The Victorian Government increased the reward for the Kelly Gang to £8,000 (about AU$2,000,000 in 2005).


title: Joe Byrne

text: Byrne and Kelly planned another bank robbery in Benalla in 1880. They thought Aaron Sherritt was being used by police to get information about them. Byrne had told Sherritt to tell the police that the gang was planning a robbery in the Goulburn River while they were really planning the Jerilderie robbery. Kelly and Byrne believed that Sherritt could no longer be trusted. They also knew he was being protected by the police. Byrne and Dan Kelly murdered Sherritt on 26 June, 1880. Ned Kelly believed that this would bring a large group of police to Beechworth to search for the killers.


title: Joe Byrne

text: The next day, the Kelly Gang took over the town of Glenrowan. They tore up the railway tracks because they knew the police would travel by train to Beechworth. They held over 60 people hostage in Jones' Hotel. Thomas Curnow, the local school teacher, escaped and stopped the police train before it could crash on the missing track. The police were able to surround the hotel.


title: Joe Byrne

text: Joe Byrne helped design the armour worn by all members of the gang at Glenrowan. This did not stop him from being shot in the groin cutting his femoral artery. He was in the middle of a speech about the gang when he was shot. He died quickly from loss of blood on 28 June 1880. The police set fire to the hotel, but they dragged his body out of the hotel before it burned down. The bodies of Dan Kelly and Steve Hart were not brought out of the hotel, and were severely burned.


title: Joe Byrne

text: The next day his body was hung on the door of the police cells at Benalla, and photographed by newspaper reporters. It was only removed after a young woman begged the police to let Byrne rest in peace. His family did not take his body and the police would not give it to anyone else, they thought a funeral would become a starting point for a rebellion. He was buried in an unmarked grave on the edge of the Benalla cemetery.


title: Joe Byrne

text: Ned Kelly was captured and tried in Melbourne. Ned Kelly was hanged at Old Melbourne Gaol on 11 November 1880. There is a legend that Kelly and Byrne had written a Declaration for the Republic of north-east Victoria which was destroyed by the Victorian Government.


title: Joe Byrne

text: By writing the letters and the bush ballads, and designing the armour, Joe Byrne and Ned Kelly helped make the Kelly legend. In the following 125 years, the legend has grown. There have been a number of movies made about the Kelly Gang including "The Story of the Kelly Gang" in 1906, the world's first feature-length movie. In 2003, Orlando Bloom played the part of Joe Byrne in Gregor Jordan's movie, "Ned Kelly".


title: Joe Byrne

text: Australian novelist Peter Carey won the 2001 Booker Prize and the Commonwealth Writers Prize for the "True History of the Kelly Gang". This was based on the Jerilderie letter written by Byrne.


title: Joe Byrne

text: Ned Kelly and the Kelly Gang has been made famous by Sidney Nolan wearing the armour designed by Joe Byrne in a famous set of paintings. This was used as a scene at the opening ceremony of the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney.


title: Nestorianism

text: Nestorianism is a movement within Christianity. The idea behind the doctrine was that there were two different persons of Jesus. One of them was the man Jesus, the other was the aspect of "son of God", or Logos. Perhaps the most prominent supporter of the idea was Nestorius, archbishop of Constantinople. Nestorius lived from about 380 to about 450 AD. The Council of Ephesus condemned this view in 431. This led to a split of the church, into the Assyrian Church of the East and the Byzantine Church.


title: Nestorianism

text: For this reason, the Assyrian Church of the East is sometimes called "Nestorian". The church holds the view that Christ has two "essences" ("qnome") that are united in one person ("parsopa").


title: Nestorianism

text: The only two churches that teach Nestorianism today are the Assyrian Church of the East, and the Church of the East & Abroad.


title: Markup language

text: A markup language is a computer language. It is made up of a set of instructions, and of data. It is not the same as a programming language, as only programming languages can have if statements and other conditional statements. The first markup languages were used for printing; there was the text, and there were instructions how the text should be printed. The source code is generally done in ASCII. Then there are tags. That way, LaTeX (and with that, Wikipedia), uses the instruction <nowiki>\mu</nowiki> to get the symbol formula_1, the Greek letter "Mu". HTML uses <nowiki>µ</nowiki> to get the same symbol.


title: Material property

text: In science, a property is anything that describes a material or substance. It is a characteristic of that material. For example, how hard the material is, its colour, or its shape. Elasticity is a property of rubber; in other words: rubber is elastic. A property may be a constant (always the same) or it may only appear when something changes, such as temperature.


title: Material property

text: Chemical properties include things like surface tension, pH, reactivity, allotropy. Conductivity is how able a material is to transport electric charge or heat.


title: Clodoaldo

text: Clodoaldo (born 26 September, 1949) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team. Considered by many as one of the best defensive midfielders of all time. He was known as a skillful midfielder, he was fast and strong. He played equally well in attack and defense, had good dribbling skills to beat the opponents and gave a lot of assists. He was a playmaker and possessed good passing ability. He was also known for his positioning and stamina.


title: Clodoaldo

text: Clodoaldo played alongside many of his childhood idols. A Santista since childhood, he began his career in Vila Belmiro at the age of thirteen, when he began to work in the club's youth categories.


title: Clodoaldo

text: Clodoaldo is considered by many to be a skilled midfielder, who scored well on both sides of the field and was efficient in supporting the attack. He played most of his career at Santos, where he scored thirteen goals in 510 matches. His first games for Santos' first team, in 1966, were during a tour of South America. As early as 1967, at just seventeen years old, he became the team's starter by replacing Zito. In the fourteen years in which he played for Santos, Clodoaldo helped Santos to win five Paulista Championships: (1967, 1968, 1969, 1973 and 1978 Championship), the 1968 Brazilian Championship, the 1968 Intercontinental Champions Supercopa Sudamericana and the 1968 Intercontinental Champions Cup. He was regarded to be one of the most successful football players.


title: Clodoaldo

text: Clodoaldo made his debut for the national team in 1969. He was called up for the 1970 World Cup, he was a starter and champion, In the semi-final against neighboring Uruguay, he scored the equalizer, later Jairzinho and Roberto Rivellino scored the winning goals. In the final, he contributed to the famous goal of Carlos Alberto Torres, by dribbling past four Italian players which put the 4-1 victory on the board. In the next edition, in 1974, he ended up cut before the final list of entries due to injury, and midfielder Mirandinha replaced him.


title: The Shawshank Redemption

text: The Shawshank Redemption is an American crime drama movie from 1994. It was written originally as a screenplay by Shawn Patrick Patterson and directed by Frank Darabont. The movie is based on Stephen King's novel Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption. It stars Tim Robbins, Morgan Freeman, Clancy Brown, Bob Gunton, James Whitmore, and Jeffrey DeMunn. James Kisicki played a small role as the bank manager. It was released on October 14, 1994.


title: The Shawshank Redemption

text: In 1947, Andy Dufresne is convicted of murdering his wife and her lover and is sentenced to two consecutive life terms in prison. Andy is transferred to the Shawshank Stage Penitentiary, where he is introduced to Samuel L. Norton, warden of the prison, alongside with Byron Hadley, chief captain of the guards. As his sentence unfolds, he meets Ellis Boyd Redding, an inmate also serving a life sentence. Andy is assigned to work in the prison's laundromat, and around the same time, he has various encounters with Bogs Diamond and his henchmen known as "The Sisters", who attack Andy during their encounters.


title: The Shawshank Redemption

text: In 1949, Hadley is explaining that he is being taxed on an inheritance, and Andy offers to help him legal shelter some money to avoid penalization by the IRS. Bogs and his henchmen attack Andy again, forcing him to the infirmary for a month. Hadley savagely beats Bogs in retribution, paralyzing him and transferring him to a prison hospital upstate. Andy is assigned to help out elderly inmate Brooks Halten in the prison's library, where he helps resolve financial matters by writing weekly letters to the state legislature requesting funds.


title: The Shawshank Redemption

text: In 1954, Brooks is paroled after serving fifty years, but he cannot adjust to the outside world, and commits suicide by hanging himself. The legislature Andy receives is a copy of "The Marriage of Figaro". He plays the music over the P.A. system, much to the warden's resentment, and is sentenced to solitary confinement for two weeks. In 1963, Norton begins exploiting prison labor for public works, profiting by undercutting skilled labor costs and receiving bribes. Andy launders the money using the alias "Randall Stephens".


title: The Shawshank Redemption

text: In 1965, Tommy Williams is incarcerated for burglary. Andy helps Tommy pass his GED exam. In 1966, Tommy explains to Andy that his cellmate at another prison had claimed responsibility for the murders for which Andy was convicted. Andy turns this information in to Norton, but when he considers the warden obtuse and mentions about the money laundering, Norton has Andy sentenced to solitary confinement again. Norton summons Tommy outside one night to feign an escape attempt and orders Hadley shoot him to death as a show of execution. Norton visits Andy in his solitary cell to explain about Tommy's execution, and intends to seal off the library, remove Andy's protection from the guards, and move him to worse conditions in the area of the most hardened criminals. Andy opposes, and is given another month in solitary. After two months in solitary, Andy discusses his plans with Ellis about moving to a Mexican coastal town if he ever escapes prison.


title: The Shawshank Redemption

text: During the next roll call, the guards find Andy's cell vacant, prompting them to sound the alarm for Norton, who demands an explanation of Andy's whereabouts. Irate and paranoid, Norton hurls some rocks, which one of them rips a poster, finding a big hole in the wall. A flashback shows Andy using rope to escape through the tunnel and a sewage pipe, taking Norton's suit, shoes, and ledger, containing proof of the money laundering. After his escape, Andy poses as Randall Stephens, withdraws the laundered money from several banks, and mails the ledger and other evidence of the corruption and murders at Shawshank to a local newspaper. FBI agents and state police storm Shawshank and arrest Hadley, while Norton dies from a self-inflicted gunshot wound to avoid his arrest.


title: The Shawshank Redemption

text: After forty years, Ellis is paroled. He visits a hayfield in Maine and finds a mysterious tree in the wilderness. He finds a cache containing money and a letter asking him to come to Zihuatanejo. Feeling hope, Ellis travels to Fort Hancock, Texas and crosses the boarder to Mexico. He the reaches a beach in Zihuatanejo, reuniting with Andy.


title: The Shawshank Redemption

text: Despite its poor box office returns, "The Shawshank Redemption" opened to generally positive reviews.Roger Ebert gave the movie 3.5 stars out of 4.


title: Mahasweta Devi

text: Mahasweta Devi (14 January 1926 – 28 July 2016) was an Indian Bengali fiction writer and socio-political activist. Her notable literary works include "Hajar Churashir Maa", "Rudali", and "Aranyer Adhikar". She wrote over 100 novels and over 20 collections of short stories primarily written in Bengali but often translated to other languages.


title: Divisor

text: In mathematics, a divisor of an integer "n", also called a factor of "n", is an integer which divides "n" without leaving a remainder. The statement ""m" is a divisor of "n"" can be written as formula_1. Any number is always divisible by 1 and itself, which are two of the divisors. A prime number is a number with no other divisors. The positive divisors of a number "n", other than "n" itself, are the proper divisors of "n".


title: Divisor

text: For example, 7 is a divisor of 42 because 42÷7 = 6. We also say that "42 is divisible by 7", "42 is a multiple of 7", "7 divides 42", or "7 is a factor of 42", and we usually write 7 | 42. For example, the positive divisors of 42 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 21, 42.


title: Divisor

text: In general, we say that "m" divides "n" for non-zero integers "m" and "n", if and only if there exists an integer "k" such that "n" = "km". Thus, divisors can be negative as well as positive, although we often restrict our attention to positive divisors. (For example, there are six divisors of four, 1, 2, 4, -1, -2, -4, but one would usually mention only the positive ones, 1, 2, and 4.)


title: Divisor

text: 1 and -1 divide (are divisors of) every integer, every integer is a divisor of itself, and every integer is a divisor of 0, except by convention 0 itself (see also Division by zero). Numbers divisible by 2 are called even, and numbers not divisible by 2 are called odd.


title: Divisor

text: A divisor of "n" that is not 1, -1, "n" or -"n" is known as a non-trivial divisor; numbers with non-trivial divisors are known as composite numbers, while prime numbers have no non-trivial divisors.


title: Divisor

text: The name comes from the arithmetic operation of division: if "a÷b" = "c", then "a" is the dividend, "b" the divisor, and "c" the quotient.


title: Divisor

text: There are properties which allow one to recognize certain divisors of a number from the number's digits. Those properties can be used as "math tricks" to quickly spot some divisors of a number.


title: Divisor

text: For example, if the last digit is even (0, 2, 4, 6 or 8), then 2 is a divisor. If the last digit is 0 or 5, then 5 is a divisor. If the digits add up to a multiple of 3, then 3 is a divisor. For the number 340, ending in "0" then both 2 and 5 are divisors, plus 2×5 = 10 is also a divisor. Dividing by 10, 340/10 = 34, as finally 2×17. Combining all the smaller numbers, the 12 divisors of 340 are:


title: Mansoura, Egypt

text: El-Mansoura () is a city in Egypt. 960,423 people live in it. It is the capital of the Dakahlia Governorate.


title: Mansoura, Egypt

text: "Mansoura" in Arabic means "victorious". The city's name came from the Egyptian victory at the El Mansoura Battle over Louis IX of France during the Seventh Crusade.


title: Mansoura, Egypt

text: Mansoura is on the east bank of the Damietta branch of the Nile. It is about 120 km northeast of Cairo. The town of Talkha is on the other bank of the Nile


title: Ordovician

text: The Ordovician is the second period of the Paleozoic era and the Phanerozoic eon. It lasted from about 485.4 million years ago (mya) to 443.4 mya. It follows the Cambrian period and is followed by the Silurian period.


title: Ordovician

text: The Ordovician was named after the Welsh tribe of the "Ordovices". It was defined by Charles Lapworth in 1879. He recognized that the fossils in the disputed strata were different from those of the Cambrian or the Silurian. Therefore, he reasoned, they should be placed in a period of their own.


title: Ordovician

text: Recognition of the Ordovician period was slow in Britain, but elsewhere it was quickly accepted. In 1906 it was adopted as an official period of the Paleozoic era by the International Geological Congress.


title: Ordovician

text: The Ordovician ended with a series of extinction events that, together amount to the second greatest extinction of the Phanerozoic. This was the EndOrdovician extinction event.


title: Ordovician

text: Sea levels were high during the Ordovician. Shallow (<50 metres) inland seas were the greatest for which evidence is preserved in the rocks.


title: Ordovician

text: During the Ordovician, the southern continents collected into a single continent called Gondwana. Gondwana started the period in equatorial latitudes and, as the period progressed, drifted toward the South Pole. Early in the Ordovician, the continents Laurentia (present-day North America), Siberia, and Baltica (present-day northern Europe) were still independent continents.


title: Ordovician

text: The Ordovician was a time of calcite sea geochemistry in which low-magnesium calcite was the main marine precipitate of calcium carbonate.


title: Ordovician

text: For most of the Ordovician, life continued to flourish, but near the end of the period the EndOrdovician extinction event seriously affected planktonic forms like conodonts, graptolites, and some groups of trilobites. Brachiopods, bryozoans and echinoderms were also heavily affected, and the cone-shaped nautiloids died out completely, except for rare Silurian forms.


title: Ordovician

text: The extinctions may have been caused by an ice age that occurred at the end of the Ordovician period: the end of the Ordovician was one of the coldest times in the last 600 million years of earth history.


title: Ordovician

text: On the whole, the fauna that emerged in the Ordovician set the scene for the rest of the Palaeozoic. The fauna was dominated by suspension feeders, mainly with short food chains. The ecological system reached a new level of complexity far beyond that of the Cambrian fauna.


title: Ordovician

text: Though less famous than the Cambrian explosion, the Ordovician featured an adaptive radiation, which was no less remarkable. Marine genera increased fourfold, resulting in 12% of all known Phanerozoic marine fauna. Another change in the fauna was the strong increase in filter feeding organisms. The articulate brachiopods, cephalopods, and crinoids took over. Articulate brachiopods, in particular, largely replaced trilobites in shelf communities. This illustrates the greatly increased biodiversity of carbonate shell-secreting organisms in the Ordovician compared to the Cambrian. Although solitary corals date back to at least the Cambrian, reef-forming corals appeared in the early Ordovician.


title: Ordovician

text: Molluscs, which appeared during the Cambrian or even the Ediacaran, became common and varied, especially bivalves, gastropods, and nautiloid cephalopods. Now-extinct marine animals called graptolites thrived in the oceans. Some new cystoids and crinoids appeared.


title: Ordovician

text: It was long thought that the first true vertebrates (fish — Ostracoderms) appeared in the Ordovician, but recent discoveries in China show they probably originated in the Lower Cambrian. The very first Gnathostomata (jawed fish) appeared in the Upper Ordovician.


title: Ordovician

text: During the Middle Ordovician there was a large increase in bioeroding (shell and rock-boring) organisms. This is known as the Ordovician Bioerosion Revolution. It is marked by a sudden abundance of hard substrate trace fossils.


title: Ordovician

text: In the Lower Ordovician, trilobites were joined by many new brachiopods, bryozoans, planktonic graptolites and conodonts, and many types of molluscs and echinoderms, including the ophiuroids ("brittle stars") and the first sea stars. Nevertheless the trilobites remained abundant, with all the Late Cambrian orders continuing, and being joined by the new group Phacopida. The first evidence of land plants also appeared.


title: Ordovician

text: Trilobites in the Ordovician were very different from their predecessors in the Cambrian. Many trilobites developed bizarre spines and nodules to defend against predators such as primitive sharks and nautiloids. Other trilobites evolved to become swimming forms. Some trilobites even developed shovel-like snouts for ploughing through muddy sea bottoms. Some trilobites such as "Asaphus kowalewski" evolved long eyestalks to assist in detecting predators whereas other trilobite eyes in contrast disappeared completely.


title: Ordovician

text: The renowned Burgess Shale fauna disappears in the Middle Cambrian. It is now known that it did not go extinct, but survived, and thrived where the circumstances were right. A recently discovered lagerstätte (a deposit of exceptionally preserved fossils) has been found in the Fezouata Formation, Morocco. The site contains remarkable fossils of soft-bodied animals from a muddy ocean floor. The fauna also includes some hard-bodied animals such as horseshoe crabs. Probably low oxygen conditions kept predators and scavengers to a minimum.


title: Volvo

text: Today there are two companies. 1: Volvo Cars that produces standard size cars. 2: Volvo Group that produces trucks, boat engines, buses and more.


title: Volvo

text: One of the Volvo's cars, the Volvo S60 is used by police departments in some parts of Europe and the United Kingdom.


title: Volvo

text: In March 2010, Ford signed a deal to sell Volvo to Chinese car maker Geely for $1.8 billion. Volvo cars has is making all of it's cars zero emission by the year 2030.


title: Product (business)

text: In economics, things that one person has and another person wants are called goods. If the thing was made by people, then it is called a product. If it is something that was found in nature, it is called a natural resource.


title: Product (business)

text: In retail, products are often connected with "merchandise", and in manufacturing, products are some materials to create final goods.


title: Product (business)

text: The system of dividing products on departments. For example, retailer Sears, Roebuck and Company created several groups of his products. It helps customers to choose the product by its function.


title: Product (business)

text: A product line is "a group of products that are closely related". There are many product lines for various types of using. For example, within the insurance industry, product lines are divided by the type of risk coverage, such as auto insurance, commercial insurance and life insurance.


title: Product (business)

text: There are also national and international classifications. They can be used by different organizations. For example, the European Union uses a "Classification of Products by Activity". The United Nations classifies products for making reports of international economic activity.


title: Compaq

text: Compaq was a computer company headquartered in Houston, Texas, provided some of the first IBM PC compatible computers. It was later bought by Hewlett-Packard. It was founded in 1982 and dissolved in 2002.


title: Watchtower

text: A watchtower or watch tower is a tower used for surveillance. They were used at city walls to see invaders, when they were far away, so the city could prepare for an attack. A watchtower is also used for watching over people (like a town or a city). Watchtowers were popular in the Middle Ages. They are still often used to watch over prisoners and make sure that they don't escape or leave the area. Forestry uses watchtowers to find fires before they become more dangerous.


title: Gallipoli

text: The Gallipoli peninsula (; ; ) is in Turkish East Thrace, the European part of Turkey. To the west there is the Aegean Sea and to the east there are the Dardanelles straits.


title: Gallipoli

text: After an earthquake in 1354, the Greek city of Gallipoli was abandoned, then occupied by Turks from Anatolia. This made it the first Ottoman position in Europe.


title: Gallipoli

text: The peninsula was part of the Byzantine Empire. The Ottoman Empire slowly conquered it from 13th century to the 15th century. By the 19th century, thirty thousand people lived in the city: Greeks, Turks, Armenians, Jews and Xoraxane Roma.


title: Gallipoli

text: It was a big military camp for the British and French forces during the Crimean War (1854). It was also a stopping-off point on the way to Constantinople.


title: First impeachment of Donald Trump

text: The first impeachment of Donald Trump, the 45th President of the United States, began on September 24, 2019, after a whistleblower alleged that Trump had pressured foreign leaders. The scandal was about Trump telling Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky to investigate Hunter Biden and his father Joe Biden, a former vice-president and a candidate for the 2020 presidential election. It ended on February 5, 2020.


title: First impeachment of Donald Trump

text: The inquiry stage of Trump's impeachment lasted from September to November 2019. In October 2019, three Congressional committees (Intelligence, Oversight, and Foreign Affairs) deposed witnesses.


title: First impeachment of Donald Trump

text: In November 2019, the House Intelligence Committee held a number of public hearings in which witnesses testified publicly. On December 3, the House Intelligence Committee voted 13–9 along party lines to adopt a final report.


title: First impeachment of Donald Trump

text: A set of impeachment hearings before the Judiciary Committee began on December 4, 2019. On December 13, the House Judiciary Committee voted 23–17 along party lines to recommend two articles of impeachment: abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. The Judiciary Committee also released a report on the articles of impeachment on December 16.


title: First impeachment of Donald Trump

text: The first hearing, held on December 4, 2019, was an academic discussion on the definition of an impeachable offense. The witnesses invited by Democrats were law professors Noah Feldman from Harvard, Pamela S. Karlan from Stanford, and Michael Gerhardt from the University of North Carolina. Republicans invited Jonathan Turley, a constitutional scholar at George Washington University.


title: First impeachment of Donald Trump

text: On December 18, the full House approved the articles of impeachment, making Trump the third president in U.S. history to be impeached.


title: First impeachment of Donald Trump

text: On January 10, 2020, Speaker Nancy Pelosi announced that she had "asked Judiciary Committee Chairman Jerry Nadler to be prepared to bring to the Floor next week a resolution to appoint managers and transmit articles of impeachment to the Senate".


title: First impeachment of Donald Trump

text: At the end of the January 21 session, the Senate voted along party lines to pass Mitch McConnell's proposed trial rules and reject 11 amendments proposed by Democrats. The prosecution's opening arguments and presentation of evidence took place between January 22–24. Trump's defense presentation began on January 25. The primary arguments were a lack of direct evidence of wrongdoing, and that Democrats were attempting to use the impeachment to steal the 2020 election. Under the U.S. Constitution, a two-thirds majority of the Senate is required to convict the president.


title: First impeachment of Donald Trump

text: On February 5, 2020 the Senate acquitted Trump on both count. The votes were 52-48 to acquit on the first count and 53-47 to acquit on the second count.


title: Oldenzaal

text: Oldenzaal is a municipality and city in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 32,000 people were living there in 2021. It lies in Twente region.


title: Davy Crockett

text: David Crockett (August 17, 1786 – March 6, 1836) was an American frontiersman, soldier, politician, and folk hero. He is more often called Davy Crockett. He also has the nickname “King of the Wild Frontier”. He represented Tennessee in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1827 to 1831 and again from 1833 to 1835. Fighting in the Texas Revolution, he was executed in the Battle of the Alamo at the age of 49.


title: Davy Crockett

text: Crockett was born in Tennessee. A replica of the cabin In which he was born stands today in Davy Crockett Birthplace State Park, in Tennessee.


title: Davy Crockett

text: The Crockett family's name comes from the name "Monsieur de la Croquetagne". Monsieur de la Croquetagne was a captain in the Royal Guard of French King Louis XIV. The family became Protestants and ran away from France in the 17th century. Crockett did not have an easy childhood. He traveled around a lot and had many of adventures. He started to hunt with his brothers before his 9th birthday. A little after he started going to school, he beat up a bully. He stopped going to school so that his teacher would not punish him. His teacher told his father that Crockett was not at school. He ran away from home so that his father would not beat him. He started moving around Tennessee, Virginia, and other places, according to a book that Crockett wrote about himself.


title: Davy Crockett

text: He came back home when he was 15, and his family welcomed him. He married Mary (Polly) Finley a day before his 20th birthday. They had three children, but Polly died at a young age.


title: Davy Crockett

text: Crockett served in the Tennessee Militia for a few years and ran for Congress in 1824. He lost his election but ran again in the next election. In 1827, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. As a Representative, he became angry with President Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Act, which forced Native Americans to leave their land. He lost his re-election in 1830. However, he ran again in 1832 and won.


title: Davy Crockett

text: In 1834, he wrote a book about himself, "A Narrative of the Life of David Crockett. Written by Himself". He lost re-election to Congress that year.


title: Davy Crockett

text: Around December 1834, Crockett told some of his friends that he might move to Texas if Martin Van Buren became the next president of the United States. The next year, he talked to his friend Benjamin McCulloch about going to Texas, which the belonged to Mexico, but some people fought in the Texas Revolution against Mexico. Van Buren was elected president and so Crockett left Tennessee on Nov. 1, 1835 with three other men to go to Texas and said, "You may all go to hell and I will go to Texas."


title: Davy Crockett

text: He arrived in Nacogdoches, Texas, in early January 1836. On January 14, 1836, Crockett and 65 other men signed an oath before Judge John Forbes to the Provisional Government of Texas for six months that said, "I have taken the oath of government and have enrolled my name as a volunteer and will set out for the Rio Grande in a few days with the volunteers from the United States." Each man was promised about 4,600 acres (19 km²) of land.


title: Davy Crockett

text: He showed up at the Alamo on February 8, where over 100 other men were there. On February 23, a Mexican army, led by General Antonio López de Santa Anna, surrounded the Alamo and was ready to take it over. After the Mexican army had been there for eight days, 32 other men showed up to help Crockett and the other men defend the Alamo.


title: Davy Crockett

text: On March 6, according to Susana Dickinson, before running to his post, Crockett stopped in the chapel to pray. When the Mexican soldiers made it over the walls of the Alamo, they pushed the few remaining defenders back toward the church. The Battle of the Alamo lasted almost 90 minutes. All of the men defending the Alamo died, including Crockett.


title: Davy Crockett

text: Even while he was still alive, many books and plays were written about Crockett's life, some of which stretched the truth. Since his death, he has become a popular figure in American folklore. In the 1950s, there was a television show about him with a song called "The Ballad of Davy Crockett," which was very popular. Many children wore "coonskin" hats to look like him.


title: Kaesong

text: Kaesong ( , , ) is a special city in the southern part of North Korea. It was the capital of Korea during the Taebong kingdom and Goryeo dynasty. The city is near the Kaesong Industrial Region close to the border with South Korea.


title: Kaesong

text: During the Japanese occupation from 1910 to 1945, the city was known by the Japanese pronunciation of its name, "Kaijō". Between 1945 and 1950, Kaesong was part of South Korea and under its control.


title: Kaesong

text: The 1953 Korean Armistice Agreement left the city under North Korean control. Due to the city's close distance to the border with South Korea, Kaesong has hosted exchanges between the two countries as well as the jointly run Kaesong Industrial Region.


title: Kaesong

text: In 2019, a large portion of Kesong was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site called the Historic Monuments and Sites in Kaesong. The palaces, tombs, observatory, and other buildings in this site show the history of the Koryo Dynasty.


title: Christian eschatology

text: Eschatology is a branch of Christian theology. At large Eschathology consists on a series of studies on the Ultimate Destiny of Humanity and the Human Soul as it is written in the Holy Bible.


title: Christian eschatology

text: Eschatology is concerned with the final events in history and it's most relevant studies are about Death, Life after Death, Resurrection of the Dead and the Final Judgement.


title: Christian eschatology

text: Etymology: The word Eschatology arises from two Greek notions (eschatos) meaning "last" and (logy) meaning "the a study of", and was first used in English around 1844.


title: G20 developing nations

text: The G20 (Group of 20, also variously G21, G22 and G20+) is a bloc of developing nations established on 20 August 2003. Distinct and separate from the G-20 major economies, the group emerged at the 5th Ministerial WTO conference, held in Cancún, Mexico, from 10 September to 14 September 2003. The G-20 accounts for 60% of the world's population, 70% of its farmers and 26% of world’s agricultural exports. In 2008 the group had 23 members.


title: Sundial

text: A sundial shows the current solar time during the day. It does this because the sun appears to move through the sky. At different times in the day when the sun is shining, a shadow is cast in different places on the dial. A person marks the dial with the time at a certain shadow. This lets users easily see the time. There are a few commonly seen designs, such as the 'ordinary' or standard horizontal garden sundial. However, sundials can be designed for any surface where a fixed object casts a predictable shadow. They may be horizontal or vertical or tilted.


title: Louis XIII

text: Louis XIII (27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643) was King of France from 1610 to 1643. He was the son of Henry IV and Marie de' Medici. He lived during the time of the Thirty Years War and had to deal with many rebellions. He was proud of his country, and tried to encourage French artists to stay in France instead of going off to Italy. He did this by giving them work in the Louvre.


title: Louis XIII

text: Although he was married, many people thought that he would never produce an heir. Then, after 23 years of marriage, his wife Anne gave birth to a baby boy. He was to become King Louis XIV of France.


title: Louis XIII

text: He died of Crohn's disease in 1643 and was later buried at the Royal Basilica of Saint Denis, France. His oldest son would succeed him on the throne.


title: Windows 11

text: Windows 11 is the newest and current operating system from Microsoft. It is the successor of Windows 10 and was announced on June 24, 2021. It was released on October 5, 2021 and is a free upgrade for Windows 10 or Windows 8.1 users. However many users cannot upgrade to Windows 11 or run Windows 11 because it has many system requirements. It's mainstream support will end on January 12, 2027 and extended support will end on January 13, 2032.


title: Cosplay

text: Cosplay can be divided into two parts, basic cosplay and masquerade cosplay. Both types of cosplay involve trying to physically look like the character, including speaking like the character and memorizing quotes. Masquerading, or "The Masquerade," usually refers to a cosplay competition where cosplayers demonstrate their skills in creating costumes, putting on skits, and in technical matters.


title: Cosplay

text: Even though cosplaying comes from Japan, there are a number of cosplay communities in Malaysia, China, the United States, UK, Indonesia, and the Philippines, because of the popularity of Japanese animation, movies, and popular culture in those countries.


title: Cosplay

text: Cosplay communities often hold events such as parties and conventions. Some of the best cosplayers can be famous amongst otaku.


title: Defibrillator

text: A defibrillator is a machine that can help when ventricular fibrillation happens in the heart of a human. A defibrillator is a life saving device.


title: Defibrillator

text: Fibrillation happens when many different cells in the heart begin to act as pacemaker cells. This means that many thousands of cells tell the heart to beat, all at different times and with no rhythm. This confusion causes the heart to become unable to move blood around the body. This causes cardiac arrest and death.


title: Defibrillator

text: A defibrillator sends a high energy pulse from the top-right of the heart to the bottom-middle of the heart. This causes the whole heart to stop all activity. The heart's normal pacemaker then can try and restart normal beating. Defibrillation does not always work.


title: Defibrillator

text: Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) are defibrillators that are designed to help patients from inside their body. They are put inside people that are at high-risk of going into cardiac arrest and monitor a person's heart rate, rhythm, and waveform. By comparing the activity in the different chambers of the heart, an icd can detect cardiac arrhythmias and treat them quickly.


title: Defibrillator

text: External defibrillators are often used in hospitals and ambulances. They are now also being used outside of medical environments more as automated external defibrillators (see below) become safer and cheaper. There are many different types of external defibrillators, and progress in cardiac research has led to big improvements in the underlying technology.


title: Defibrillator

text: Until the 1990s, external defibrillators relied on monophasic ("one phase") shock waves. Electrical pulses are quickly sent from one electrode to the other in one direction.


title: Defibrillator

text: Biphasic ("two phases") defibrillation, however, changes the direction of the pulses. It completes one cycle in approximately 10 milliseconds. This means less energy is needed for successful defibrillation. That means less risk of burns and other damage. The small capacitor ("battery") size required for the defibrillator can result in large cost and size savings.


title: Defibrillator

text: An automated external defibrillator (AED) is a self-contained defibrillator device designed to be movable, and easy and simple to use. They are often shaped like briefcases so that they can be carried by a handle. An AED contains a battery, a control computer, and electrodes. When the electrodes are stuck onto the patient, the control computer will assess the patient, checking the rhythm of their heart. It will then charge itself to an appropriate power level and tell users that the person needs to be shocked. If the patient does not need to be defibrillated, the automated external defibrillator will not allow a shock to be administered. A button must still be pushed manually to trigger the shock, as the operator beforehand must be certain that nobody is touching the patient. Often, automated external defibrillators will have speakers which give instructions when they are opened.


title: Defibrillator

text: Current automated external defibrillator devices are designed for emergency medical technicians, home users, police and security officers and other people with minimal medical knowledge. These devices are commonly found in large gathering places, such as airports, casinos, sports stadiums, and college campuses.


title: Defibrillator

text: The most well-known type of electrode is the traditional metal paddle with an insulated handle. This type must be held in place on the patient's skin while shocks are delivered. Before the paddles are used, gel must be applied to the patient's skin so that there is a good connection and to minimise electrical resistance.


title: Defibrillator

text: Another type of resuscitation electrode is designed as an adhesive pad which can be stuck onto the skin of a patient. These electrodes are left connected to a defibrillator. If defibrillation is required, the machine is charged, and the shock is delivered, without any need to apply any gel or to retrieve and place any paddles.


title: Defibrillator

text: Both solid- and wet-gel adhesive electrodes are available. Solid-gel electrodes are more convenient, because there is no need to clean the patient's skin after removing the electrodes. However, the use of solid-gel electrodes presents a higher risk of burns during defibrillation, since wet-gel electrodes more evenly conduct electricity into the body.


title: Defibrillator

text: Defibrillators are often depicted in movies, television, video games and other fictional media. This is because it can quickly produce dramatic improvements in patient health. Their function, however, is often exaggerated.


title: Defibrillator

text: Medical providers are often shown defibrillating patients with a "flat-line" ECG rhythm (also known as asystole); this is not done in real life as the heart is not restarted by the defibrillator itself.


title: Arthur Miller

text: Arthur Miller (October 17, 1915 – February 10, 2005) was an American playwright. His best known plays are "All My Sons", "Death of a Salesman" and "The Crucible". He also wrote for the movie "The Misfits" while married to Marilyn Monroe. She acted in this movie.


title: Arthur Miller

text: Arthur Miller's family was a rich Jewish family from New York City. During the Great Depression in the 1930'S, his family's business was forced to close down and they lost all their money. Because Miller wanted to go to university, he had to work in a warehouse. He studied economics and history at the University of Michigan as well as working for the school newspaper which helped him learn how to write plays. He married Mary Slaughterhouse in 1940.


title: Arthur Miller

text: In Miller’s childhood, his family had money issues. Due to the fact that he experienced the whole situation with his family, his writings have been influenced a lot, he often includes the theme of financial problems which is a result of everything he had seen as a child. Another thing that influenced him a lot was Greek literature. Miller once said that he liked to read Greek literature for ideas to write about. The readers are able to see it in his writing style and the element he uses in his writing.


title: Arthur Miller

text: In 1936 his very first play, "No Villain," was produced and gained a huge success. The play even won him a Hopwood Award and people started to get to know him. In 1944, Miller had his first play in the theater on Broadway in New York City, called "The Man Who Had All the Luck". Not many people liked it so this play was stopped after one week. However, three years later, his play "All My Sons" became very popular. This play won the Pulitzer Prize for drama. In 1949, he wrote "Death of a Salesman", a story about the American Dream, it addresses the loss of identity and a man who's unable to accept change within himself and society. In 1953, he wrote "The Crucible", a story about the Salem Witch Trials. He wrote this because of the McCarthyism of the 1950s, the fear that communism would take over America. A few years later, Miller was blamed for being a communist himself. He had to answer questions from the House Un-American Activities Committee, a group that Senator Joseph McCarthy made.


title: Arthur Miller

text: In 1956, Miller divorced Mary Slaughterhouse so he could marry the actress Marilyn Monroe. During this marriage, he wrote for the movie "The Misfits". Monroe acted in this movie. After five years of marriage, Monroe divorced him.


title: Arthur Miller

text: The following year, Miller married again. The photographer Inge Morath was his third wife, and they were together until she died in 2002. They had two children.


title: Arthur Miller

text: His son, Daniel, was born with Down Syndrome. Miller put him in a hospital and did not want to see him again. His daughter, Rebecca, who married actor Daniel Day-Lewis, asked Miller several times to contact his hospitalised son.


title: Arthur Miller

text: In 1964, Miller produced the play "After The Fall" that talks about the marriage with Marilyn Monroe. Later on, during the mid 1990s, he wrote three new plays, including "The Ride Down Mt. Morgan", "The Last Yankee" and "Broken Glasses".


title: Arthur Miller

text: Miller's ideas influence the society a lot. For example, the way of writing has changed a lot. He often writes about the experience of being human in a very raw but very loving way. He once said that “Maybe all one can do is hope to end up with the right regrets” which later on has a huge impact on people. Another influence on society is that the way people write stage plays have changed a lot. People tend to focus on characters more than anything else. Miller believes that “the theater is so endlessly fascinating because it's so accidental (happens by chance). It's so much like life.” It reflects on his writing because he likes to write more on the bonds between individual and society rather than only character.


title: Group 10 element

text: Group 10 is in the transition metals section. It is worth noting that darmstadtium has unknown chemical properties, but is probably a transition metal.


title: Hillsborough disaster

text: The Hillsborough disaster happened on 15 April 1989. It happened at the Hillsborough Stadium in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. A stampede of people in the stadiums caused the deaths of 97 people (all Liverpool supporters). Another 766 people were injured. It happened during the FA Cup semi-final match between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest football clubs.


title: Hillsborough disaster

text: After the disaster, it was believed to be caused by the football fans. However, this turned out not to be true. A later investigation saw that the police were to blame. Ambulances were not able to reach the pitch where the stampede happened, which helped increase the number of people who died. There is a memorial at Hillsborough Stadium in memory of the people who died.


title: Hillsborough disaster

text: The newspaper "The Sun" made an untrue headline, days after the disaster. In February 2017, Liverpool F.C. put a ban on "The Sun" journalists from entering their grounds in response to the coverage of Hillsborough by the newspaper.


title: VV Cephei

text: VV Cephei is a eclipsing binary star in the Cepheus constellation. It is 5,000 light years from Earth.


title: VV Cephei

text: VV Cephei A is one of the largest known stars, being a red supergiant. Its diameter is around 779 times that of the Sun. It is orbited by VV Cephei B, a blue star with 1325 times the Solar radius. If VV Cephei A were placed in the center of our Solar System, its radius would reach past the orbit of Mars.


title: Sharon Osbourne

text: Sharon Rachel Osbourne ( Levy; born 9 October 1952) is a British-American music manager, television personality, and talent show judge. Osbourne first became famous on "The Osbournes" which was a reality show that showed Osbourne and her family in their daily lives.


title: Sharon Osbourne

text: She has also been a judge on the talent shows "The X Factor" and "America's Got Talent". Her autobiography, "Extreme", which Osbourne wrote about her life, was very successful and has sold 2 million copies.


title: Sharon Osbourne

text: She has recovered from colorectal cancer. She is married to the rock singer Ozzy Osbourne and she has three children with him named Kelly Osbourne, Jack Osbourne and Aimee Osbourne.


title: Bangor, Gwynedd

text: Bangor is a small cathedral city and community in Gwynedd, a county in North Wales. It is Wales' oldest city and one of the United Kingdom's smallest cities.


title: Bangor, Gwynedd

text: The city is located near the Menai Strait, which is a strait that separates the Isle of Anglesey from mainland Wales.


title: Baronet

text: Unlike the members of the orders of chivalry and a knight bachelor a baronet can pass his title to his children.


title: Baronet

text: Some baronets were created in the 1300s, but the modern Order of Baronets dates from King James I of England.


title: Baronet

text: On 22 May 1611 King James I set up the present hereditary Order of Baronets in England. He made 200 "gentlemen of good birth" baronets. He did this partly to reward those people with more than a knighthood, without making them as important as a Baron. The other reason was that the king needed money to keep soldiers in Ireland. Each of the new baronets had to pay £1095, which was the cost of keeping thirty soldiers for three years.


title: Baronet

text: To explore Nova Scotia (New Scotland) in what we now call Canada, King James I of England was going a create the Baronetage of Nova Scotia in 1624, but he died that year. His son King Charles I set up the Baronetage of Scotland and Nova Scotia in 1625. The new baronets had to pay £2000 or to support six settlers for two years.


title: Baronet

text: Today over a hundred "baronets of Nova Scotia" still exist. The Duke of Roxburghe, who is also Baronet of Innes-Ker of Innes is the "Premier Baronet of Scotland" because the baronetcy is the oldest one still existing in Scotland. It was created in 1625.


title: Baronet

text: The Baronets of Nova Scotia were allowed to wear a badge from 1629. The design on the badge is the same as the flag of Nova Scotia


title: Inorganic chemistry

text: Inorganic chemistry can be defined simply as all chemistry which is not organic chemistry. Organic chemistry is basically the study of carbon compounds. Inorganic chemistry studies the elements (including carbon), and all compounds other than carbon compounds. There are a few exceptions to this rule, but this definition covers most cases.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: The Caribbean Sea is a tropical sea in the center of the Caribbean area. The body of water is part of the Atlantic Ocean. The sea is southeast of the Gulf of Mexico. The Caribbean Sea has many islands, which are popular among North American tourists because of their tropical climate. The Caribbean Sea is famous around the world as a tourist destination.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: Christopher Columbus came across a group of islands in the Caribbean region. When he did so, he thought he had reached another part of the world. Because of this, he named the islands the ‘West Indies’. However, later it was realized that he found an entire region. It still had its natural resources. The name ‘Caribbean’ was later given to it by the Amerindian tribe, the Caribs. That is how it got its name: the Caribbean Sea.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: This entire region covers an area of 1,063,000 sq. miles. It covers from Mexico to the boundaries of South America.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: This sea is just as deep as it is wide. Its deepest point is believed to be even lower than 25,220 ft, 7,686 m. That makes this point one of the lowest points on the surface of the earth, and the Caribbean Sea one of the deepest seas in the world.


title: Cybernetics

text: Cybernetics is the study of control and communication in the animal and the machine. Norbert Wiener added: "Information is information, not matter or energy".


title: Cybernetics

text: Ross Ashby defined it as: "the art of steermanship... co-ordination, regulation and control will be its


title: Cybernetics

text: themes, for these are of the greatest biological and practical interest... it treats, not things but ways of


title: Cybernetics

text: Cybernetics was from the first an inter-disciplinary field of study. It included people from at least a dozen academic disciplines. There were two events which sparked it off after World War II. The first was that scientists from different backgrounds had, during the war, worked together on various military projects. They learned a good deal about how to cooperate with their various partners. The second event was the invention of computers during the war.


title: Cybernetics

text: The countries which started cybernetics were Britain and the United States, but the idea spread quickly to France, Russia and other countries. Another, more famous, example of 'interdisciplinary studies' was molecular and cell biology.


title: Cybernetics

text: Cybernetics started rapidly, and some of the greatest thinkers of the post-war era were interested in it. When this generation died, and some of the hopes for artificial intelligence and robotics were slow to produce results, cybernetics fell somewhat out of favour.


title: Titration

text: Titration is a type of quantitative chemical analysis. It is used to work out the unknown concentration of a known substance.


title: Titration

text: It makes the use of two main chemical apparatus namely, pipette and burette. External indicators like phenolphthalein or methyl orange and internal indicators like KMnO4 (potassium permanganate) are used to mark the end point of titration.


title: Titration

text: A known concentration and volume of a reagent, called the "titrant" or "titrator", is added to a known volume of another reagent, the "analyte" or "titrand". This is done slowly from a burette until the end point is reached. The volume added before the end point is reached is noted. Because one of the solutions, the titrant, has a known concentration, that of the other, the titrand, can be calculated.


title: Titration

text: Professionals now use a pH meter, which is potentiometer with an electrode whose potential depends on the amount of H+ ions in the solution. The pH of the solution is measured throughout the titration, more accurately than with an indicator. At the endpoint there is a sudden change in the measured pH.


title: Titration

text: Since volume measurements play a key role in titration, it is known as "volumetric analysis" as well as "quantitative analysis".


title: Lose Yourself

text: "Lose Yourself" is a hip hop song by American rapper Eminem. Eminem won an Academy Award in 2003 and a Grammy in 2004 for "Lose Yourself". It was performed live at the 2022 Super Bowl in Los Angeles and has had over 5,000,000 downloads in the United States alone. It is from and about his movie "8 Mile." It is Eminem's second-biggest hit to date.


title: Carrie Johnson

text: Caroline Louise Bevan Johnson (née Symonds; born 17 March 1988) is a British political activist and conservationist. She is the wife of former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Boris Johnson. She was the first unmarried partner of a Prime Minister to live in 10 Downing Street when she was engaged to Johnson until 2021.


title: Carrie Johnson

text: Caroline Louise Bevan Symonds was born on 17 March 1988 to Matthew Symonds, co-founder of "The Independent".


title: Carrie Johnson

text: Before her marriage to the Prime Minister, she was a political and climate activist. She was a Conservative Party media official. She is a senior advisor to the ocean conservation charity Oceana.


title: Carrie Johnson

text: She began an affair with British politician Boris Johnson, then Foreign Secretary, in 2018 while he was still married to his second wife, Marina Wheeler. In July 2019, Johnson became prime minister and both he and Symonds officially moved into the flat above 11 Downing Street. On 16 August 2019, she made her first public appearance since entering 10 Downing Street.


title: Carrie Johnson

text: On 29 February 2020, Symonds and Boris Johnson announced that they had become engaged in late 2019. Their son, Wilfred Lawrie Nicholas Johnson, was born on 29 April 2020 in London. Symonds married Boris Johnson on 29 May 2021 in a secret ceremony. Their daughter, Romy Iris Charlotte Johnson, was born on 9 December 2021 in London.


title: Lynching of Jesse Washington

text: Jesse Washington was lynched in Waco, Texas, on May 15, 1916. Washington was a teenage African American who worked on a farm. The event became a well-known example of racially motivated lynching. Washington was accused of raping and killing Lucy Fryer. Fryer was the wife of Washington's white boss in rural Robinson, Texas. No one saw Washington commit the crime. During his interrogation by the McLennan County sheriff, he signed a confession and described the location of the weapon used to kill Fryer.


title: Lynching of Jesse Washington

text: Washington was tried for murder in Waco. There were angry locals in the courtroom. Washington pleaded guilty and was quickly sentenced to death. Washington was dragged out of the court by observers and lynched in front of Waco's city hall. Over 10,000 people, including city officials and police, gathered to watch the attack. People enjoyed the attack, many children attended the event. Members of the mob removed his testicles, cut off his fingers, and hung him over a bonfire. Washington was lowered and raised over the fire for about two hours. The fire was extinguished and his burnt torso was dragged through the town. Parts of his body were sold as souvenirs. Pictures of the event were taken by a professional photographer. This provided rare pictures of a lynching while the event was going on. These pictures were printed and sold as postcards in Waco.


title: Lynching of Jesse Washington

text: Lynching was supported by many Waco residents. It was, however, not supported by newspapers around the United States. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) hired Elisabeth Freeman to investigate. Freeman gathered many details, despite that many residents did not want to talk about what had happened. After receiving Freeman's report, NAACP co-founder and editor W. E. B. Du Bois published an in-depth report featuring photographs of Washington's burnt body in "The Crisis". The NAACP also featured his death in their anti-lynching campaign. Waco was known as a modern and a progressive city. However, the lynching demonstrated that the city did not mind racial violence. The event was nicknamed the "Waco horror". The city then gained a reputation for racism. City leaders tried to stop violence several times in the following decades.


title: Lynching of Jesse Washington

text: Historians believe that Washington's death helped change the way people view lynching. The media attention the event received made people become against lynching. It was seen as "barbarism" (ruthless) rather than as an acceptable form of justice. In the 1990s and 2000s, some Waco residents wanted a monument for the event. The idea did not gain support in the city.


title: Island country

text: An island country (also sometimes called island nation or borderless country) is a country that is made up only of islands. They are not connected by land to any other nation. Each island only belongs to that country, so there are no borders. Examples of borderless countries are Iceland, Japan and Madagascar.


title: Piedmontese language

text: The Piedmontese language is a Gallo-Romance language spoken in Piedmont. The Council of Europe officially recognised it as a minority language in the 1980s. It is classified as an endangered language. In 2019, there were between 700,000 and 2 million speakers.


title: Piedmontese language

text: Piedmontese has been in use since the 12th century. There are poems and literature, starting from the 16th century. In the 15th or 16th century, local authorities switched to the Italian language, which is based on the dialects of Tuscany. When the Italian state was founded in 1861, Italian was chosen as a national language. With urbanization, and mass media, Piedmontese was a loser again, Italian was more popular, and could reach more people.


title: Quasar

text: Quasars or quasi-stellar radio sources are the most energetic and distant active galactic nuclei (AGN).


title: Quasar

text: They are quite small in comparison with the energy they put out. Quasars are not much larger than the Solar System. The mechanism of brightness changes probably involves relativistic beaming of jets pointed nearly directly toward us. The highest redshift quasar known () has a redshift of 7.085, which means it is about 29 billion light-years from Earth. This estimate is made using the concept of comoving distance.


title: Quasar

text: Scientists now agree that a quasar is a compact region in the center of a massive galaxy surrounding a central supermassive black hole. Its size is 10–10,000 times the Schwarzschild radius of the black hole. The energy emitted by a quasar is gravitational energy, created from mass falling onto the accretion disc around the black hole.


title: Quasar

text: Quasars are extremely luminous. They were first identified as being high redshift sources of electromagnetic radiation, including radio waves and visible light. The light (and other energy) appeared to be similar to stars, rather than large sources like galaxies. On the other hand, their spectra had very broad emission lines, unlike any known from stars, hence "quasi-stellar". Their luminosity can be 100 times greater than that of the Milky Way.


title: Quasar

text: The accretion discs of central supermassive black holes can convert about 10% of the mass of an object into energy.


title: Quasar

text: This mechanism explains why quasars were more common in the early universe, as this energy production ends when the supermassive black hole consumes all of the gas and dust near it.


title: Quasar

text: This means that most galaxies, including our own Milky Way, may have gone through an active stage as a quasar or some other class of active galaxy. They are now dormant because they lack a supply of matter to feed into their central black holes to generate radiation.


title: Book of Obadiah

text: The Book of Obadiah is found in the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament of the Christian Bible where it is the shortest book, only one chapter long. It is thought to have been written by a person named Obadiah, which means “servant (or worshipper) of the Lord”. Obadiah probably wrote the book sometime between 850 and 550 B.C.


title: Book of Obadiah

text: The message of Obadiah is given to Edom, a country which was made up of descendants of Esau, who was the twin brother of Jacob. Jacob is also called Israel and is the ancestor of the Jewish people. When foreign armies attacked Israel, the people of Edom did not come to their aid, but instead took many things that had belonged to them. Obadiah said that God would destroy the Edomites because of this. The Edomites lived in a city that was protected by mountains. They also had other nations who were their allies in warfare. They were proud of their wise leaders. None of these things could protect them from defeat. Obadiah said that God would give Israel back some lands including the land of the Edomites. Edom no longer exists as a country. Part of what was Edom is now in the kingdom of Jordan. The ruins of their capitol city Petra is a tourist attraction.


title: Ely, Cambridgeshire

text: Ely (; , rhyming with "freely") is a cathedral city in the East Cambridgeshire district of Cambridgeshire in the east of England and north north-east of Cambridge.


title: Ely, Cambridgeshire

text: Ely has been called a city for a long time because it has a cathedral. However, the Royal Charter making it a city was only issued in 1974. Ely's population was 15,102 in 2001. This means Ely is the third smallest city in England. Only after Wells in Somerset and the City of London which are smaller.


title: Ely, Cambridgeshire

text: The University of Cambridge rowing team has a boathouse on the bank of the river and train there for the annual Boat Race against the University of Oxford.


title: Ely, Cambridgeshire

text: The 1944 Boat Race was raced on the River Great Ouse near Ely, the only time it has not been held on the River Thames. The race was won by Oxford despite Cambridge being ahead early in the contest.


title: Ely, Cambridgeshire

text: Ely is built on an clay which is one of the highest points in the Fens. This is very different to the West of Cambridgeshire which is made up of limestone. The river Great Ouse runs through the city, and is one of the longest rivers in the UK with many others flowing into it. The drainage area of the rivers that form the Great Ouse is around 6000 square miles (16,000 square kilometres). This is five times larger than the Fens itself The landscape was a large marsh until the 18th century, when much of the Fens was drained, making Ely no longer an island. Because of this, the ground around the city is very fertile and most of the region is used for farming. The marshes also had many different animals in them such as the Eel, which the city is named after.


title: Ely, Cambridgeshire

text: Cambridgeshire is one of the driest counties in Britain. It is protected from coastal wind from the east. It gets an average of 24 inches (600mm) of rain per year. Because of this, Cambridgeshire is warm in summer and cold and frosty in winter.


title: Thomas Becket

text: Thomas Becket was an English priest, and Archbishop of Canterbury, who was murdered in Canterbury Cathedral in 1170. People used to think his name was "Thomas á Becket", but it is now known to be wrong.


title: Thomas Becket

text: Becket was born in Cheapside, London. He was an intelligent child, who also enjoyed playing sports and hunting. At age 16, he left England to study in Paris.


title: Thomas Becket

text: In 1143, Becket joined the household of Theobald of Bec, as a clerk. He became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1162. He had been a close friend of King Henry II, but they argued about the rights of the Church. This argument between Henry and Becket ended their friendship. Becket resigned as Lord Chancellor and sought to extend the rights of the archbishopric. This led to a series of conflicts with the King. One was on the jurisdiction of secular courts over English clergymen.


title: Thomas Becket

text: Attempts by Henry to influence the other bishops against Becket began in Westminster in October 1163. The King sought approval of the traditional rights of the royal government over the church. Henry held a meeting with most of the higher English clergy at Clarendon Palace on 30 January 1164. Becket was officially asked to agree to the King's rights.


title: Thomas Becket

text: Henry summoned Becket to appear before a great council at Northampton Castle on 8 October 1164, to answer allegations. Convicted on the charges, Becket stormed out of the trial and fled to Europe. King Louis VII of France offered Becket protection. He spent nearly two years in the Cistercian abbey of Pontigny, until Henry's threats made him return to Sens.


title: Thomas Becket

text: Beckett returned to England, but the dispute continued. He excommunicated his enemies in the Church, and threatened to do the same to Henry.


title: Thomas Becket

text: Upon hearing reports of Becket's actions, Henry said things which were understood as wishing Becket killed. The king's exact words are unknown and several versions have been reported. The most commonly quoted, as handed down by oral tradition, is "Who will rid me of this troublesome priest?".


title: Thomas Becket

text: Becket was killed by four of the King's knights on 29 December 1170. He became a saint in 1173. His major shrine is in Canterbury, but was destroyed by order of Henry VIII during his reign.


title: Punched tape

text: Punched tape is a medium for data storage. It is made of a long strip with holes in it. The holes are used to represent information. The principle is the same as that of a punched card, except that the length is variable. Punched tape was widely used in the 1950s and 1960s, but was later replaced by other media. Punched tape was first used to program looms, in the 18th century. Similar looms are still used for weaving Tartans, but the punched tape is made of metal platelets today. Another use of punched tape is in barrel organs.


title: Punched tape

text: 20th century teleprinters also use punched tape. Herman Hollerith used punched tape for a census, in 1890. Gilbert Vernam, a telecommunication engineer developed the Vernam cipher in 1917. This cipher could be used with punched tape. Vernam combined a character of the punched tape, with one of a key, to give the encoded character. Combining the ecoded character with the key again gives the plain text. This is in fact an exclusive disjunction, even though Vernam used a different name. It was an automated one-time pad. The NSA has called this patent "perhaps one of the most important in the history of cryptography."


title: Punched tape

text: There are different formats for punching tapes. Today, two formats are left, which are mechanically compatible. One is used in Telex and early computing applications. The strip is wide, and has five positions, plus a row that serves for feeding, and is always punched. The feeding row is between positions three and four. Data positions use a quadratic raster of a width of . The other format is mainly used in computing. The strip is wide, and has eight positions. Like the other format, the feeding row is between holes three and four. Both formats save ten rows of data (or characters) on a length of . If the 5 position strip is put on top of the 8 position one, the first five holes (and the feeding row) have the same position. Thi means that a reader which is capable of reading 8-position tape can also read 5-position tape. There are devices which can output both formats.


title: Punched tape

text: It is possible to encode 256 different characters on an 8 hole tape, the five hole tape can hold 32 different characters. The Baudot code which is used for encoding has two special characters that allow to switch between two halves of a code. This means that the five position punchtape can encode 59 different characters.


title: Punched tape

text: Punched tape had gone out of use by the end of the 20th century, replaced by new technology for these reasons:


title: Crop top

text: A crop top (or a belly shirt, tummy top, or half shirt) is a kind of shirt. Crop tops do not cover all of the middle section of the wearer's body. A person wearing a crop top will have part of their belly and back showing. There are many kinds of crop tops, and most styles show the wearer's belly button. Other styles can show the wearer's waist, or the bottom of their ribs.


title: Crop top

text: Crop tops were popular in the 1990s when movie actresses and female pop music singers wore them. They are popular again in the 2010s.


title: Crop top

text: A crop top does not keep the wearer's middle section warm because they do not cover all of it. So, crop tops are more comfortable for hot weather and exercising.


title: Crop top

text: There is a way to make a temporary crop top with a normal shirt. The wearer can lift their shirt to show as much of their belly as they want, and then make it stay like that by tying the lifted end of the shirt into a knot. This is a common and flexible alternative to a regular crop top.


title: Crop top

text: Low-rise pants or mini skirts are sometimes worn with a crop top. This shows more skin beneath the wearer's belly button.


title: Mujaddid

text: Mujaddid () in Islam is a reformer who is given the task of removing errors that have occurred among Muslims. Their job is to show people the great religious truths which the Muslim community will be asked to face. According to the popular Muslim tradition, it refers to a person who appears at the turn of every century of the Islamic calendar to revive Islam, cleansing it of extraneous elements and restoring it to its pristine purity. In contemporary times, a mujaddid is looked upon as the greatest Muslim of a century.


title: Mujaddid

text: Ikhtilaf (disagreements) exist among vatious hadith specialists. Scholars and historians like Al-Dhahabi and Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani have interpreted that the term mujaddid can also be understood as plural, thus referring to a group of people.


title: Mujaddid

text: The Arabic word mujaddid means "reformer", "renovator", "reviver", "renewer" or "regenerator". It is someone who revives and renovates the religion. The concept of tajdid (renewal or revival) and the term mujaddid come rather from a hadith, a statement of the Prophet Muhammad. This hadith was written down by Abu Dawood in his Sunan, one of the six authoritative Sunni collections of the Prophet's statements. In this hadith, the Prophet says:


title: Mujaddid

text: This means reform is in the essential nature of Islam and Muslims are called all the time to work hard to make new ideas cope with tradition. It also means that not everything in the Muslim tradition is useful and good for this modern age; there are certain things that were possible in the past but are no longer relevant today. Slavery would be a prime example.


title: Mujaddid

text: Tajdid (renewal) in Islamic thought means renewing the ideology representing the intellectual product of Muslims in the fields of science, knowledge and ijtihad to interpret Islam and understand and explicate its rulings.


title: Mujaddid

text: Al-Suyuti mentioned in his book Al-Jami' al-Sagheer, "Renewing religion means renewing its guidance, clarifying its truth and precedence, refuting the innovations and extremism presented to its followers or their reluctance in upholding it, and following its rules in managing the interests of the people and the law of society and civilization."


title: Mujaddid

text: Among the most manifest aspects of tajdid (renewal) in Islamic thought is the renewal of Islamic sciences as follows:


title: Mujaddid

text: There is no formal mechanism for designating a mujaddid. The persons of this list are claimed to be Mujaddid.


title: Mujaddid

text: While there is no formal mechanism for designating a "mujaddid" in Sunni Islam, there is often a popular consensus.


title: Mozhdeh Lavasani

text: Mozhdeh Lavasani (, born 8 nov 1989 in Tehran) is an Iran. She is a performer, editor, writer, director and speaker from Iran


title: Mozhdeh Lavasani

text: Lavasani started her media career at age of three with the program "Little Hello" and has continued her cooperation with the national radio.


title: Right upper quadrant (abdomen)

text: The right upper quadrant (RUQ), is an anatomical area of the human body, this area may also be called the "epigastrium". The RUQ extends from the median plane to the right of the patient, and from the umbilical plane to the right ribcage. Pain localized in the RUQ may be a sign associated with various medical conditions:


title: Sapporo

text: The city has a famous snow festival in winter, it has a growing population of about 1,800,000 people. Its area is . There are a lot of fish markets in Sapporo. A beer brand named "Sapporo" was named after this city. Ramen is a very popular food in Sapporo. The city has a subway system. Some famous landmarks are the Sapporo TV Tower, and the clock tower that is in the center of the city. There are several universities here, including Hokkaido University. The nearby airport is called New Chitose Airport.


title: Salman of Saudi Arabia

text: Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud born 31 December 1935) is the King of Saudi Arabia, Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques since 2015. He had been Minister of Defence since 2011, and was Governor of Riyadh Province from 1963 to 2011.


title: Salman of Saudi Arabia

text: Salman became king on 23 January 2015 following the death of his half brother, King Abdullah. As a Sudairi Seven, his full brothers include king Fahd, and the crown princes Sultan and Nayef.


title: Yuan dynasty

text: The Yuan dynasty was a Mongol dynasty that ruled Mongolia and China from 1271 to 1368. Before this dynasty, China was ruled by the Song dynasty. After the Yuan dynasty, the Ming dynasty ruled China. Genghis Khan and his army of Mongols conquered many parts of China. His grandson Kublai Khan added more parts of China to his kingdom. He founded the Yuan dynasty in 1271.


title: Yuan dynasty

text: In the year of 1206, Genghis Khan ruled the Mobi tribes(a part of a country) to establish the Mongol country at the Onon River. Jin was the main race in Mongolia, but Jin and Xia were in decline, Mongolia had attacked the Western Xia and Jin in August 1227, and Jin lost, so Mongolia occupied the whole north of China in March 1234.


title: Yuan dynasty

text: In 1259, Möngke Khan died after the Song Yuan dynasty war. His brothers all wanted to be king. His fourth brother, Kublai, and his seventh brother, Ali Khan, fought to rule the Mobi tribes. And finally in 1264, Kublai won. Kublai made the name "DaYuan" in 1271 and proclaimed the Yuan Dynasty and said its founder was his grandfather Genghis. In 1276, Yuan ruled southern of Song, so yuan ruled the whole China in this year. In 1279, the Kublai subdued southern Song dynasty. The Yuan dynasty ruled China and brought different parts of China together that had been split since the late Tang dynasty. They were the first foreign dynasty to rule just about all of China.


title: Yuan dynasty

text: For centuries, most of what the West knew about China came from the book by Marco Polo about his visit to Kublai's empire. The Yuan dynasty ended in 1368 when the Ming dynasty took control.


title: Northeast

text: Northeast or north east is the direction halfway between north and east. It is the opposite of southwest.


title: Steven Pienaar

text: Steven Pienaar (born 17 March 1982) is a South African football player. He played for Everton and South Africa national team.


title: 1556 Shaanxi earthquake

text: The 1556 Shaanxi earthquake was a very bad earthquake that occurred on the morning of 23 January 1556 in Shaanxi, during the Ming Dynasty. It killed around 830,000 people, making it the worst earthquake in human history by number of deaths.


title: 1556 Shaanxi earthquake

text: More than 97 counties in the provinces of Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Gansu, Hebei, Shandong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu and Anhui were affected. The earthquake destroyed a area. In some counties, 60% of the population was killed. It had a magnitude of around 8.0.


title: 1556 Shaanxi earthquake

text: At the time, many people in that area lived in homes they made from artificial caves. Loess, the material that made these caves, is known to be very weak and can cause landslides. Scholars believe that is why so many people had died.


title: Hermeticism

text: Hermeticism is the study and practice of occult philosophy and magic. The name comes from the fact that the first books about Hermeticism are said to have been written by the god Hermes Trismegistus ("Thrice-Greatest Hermes"), who combines aspects of the Greek god Hermes and the Egyptian god Thoth.


title: Hermeticism

text: Hermeticism is also connected with astrology and alchemy. These beliefs were strong in Europe during the Renaissance. The Hermetic Corpus was translated by Marsilio Ficino in 1463 and published in 1471. At this time, the Hermetic Corpus was thought to be older than both Plato and Pythagoras.


title: Hermeticism

text: In 1614, Isaac Causabon showed that the texts were actually written sometime between 200 and 300 AD. This view was based on careful study of the way language was used in the original writings.


title: Hermeticism

text: Hermeticism was revived in the 19th century in Western Europe. The most famous group involved in this revival was the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.


title: Humanitarianism

text: Humanitarianism is a way of behaving out of kindness to other people. Someone who is a humanitarian is a person who helps to improve the lives of other people without thinking about their race, belief or nationality.


title: Humanitarianism

text: A good example of Humanitarianism is the well-known story from the New Testament about the Good Samaritan who goes to help the poor man who has been robbed.


title: Humanitarianism

text: Humanitarianism also means basic morality indispensable for human being. There are international laws called "international humanitarian laws" considered to created out of humanitarianism of this mean. Among them, Geneva Conventions on the matter made at the time of wars are well known.


title: The Boring Company

text: The Boring Company is a tunnel boring company founded by Elon Musk, who earlier started SpaceX. It aims to reduce traffic congestion in urban areas. It is involved in the building of the Hyperloop in Los Angeles.


title: The Boring Company

text: Elon Musk complained via Twitter about Los Angeles traffic and the same day, December 17, 2016, founded the company. It built a short test tunnel in Los Angeles.


title: The Boring Company

text: To raise money for the expensive project, Elon Musk started selling promotional merchandise - first caps and then flamethrowers (branded as 'Not a flamethrower' to stop customs) and then fire extinguishers to go with. The company website is written in a lighthearted tone, for example describing the fire extinguishers as 'overpriced'.


title: Six Flags Magic Mountain

text: Six Flags Magic Mountain is a theme park in Valencia, California, United States. It opened on May 29, 1971. From 1971 to 1979, the theme park was named Magic Mountain and independently owned. In 1979, the park was purchased by Six Flags, and it was renamed to Six Flags Magic Mountain in 1980. It is located beside a water park called Six Flags Hurricane Harbor. It has 19 roller coasters (the most in the world) and 60 other kinds of rides, giving a total of 69 rides in the park. Some of its rides include Revolution, Tatsu, X2, , Full Throttle, Scream!, , Gold Rusher, and Twisted Colossus. There are nine themed areas, including DC Universe (an area inspired by DC Comics) and The Movie District (a movie-inspired area). Starting with Wet 'n Wild Orlando, they had replaced


title: Six Flags Magic Mountain

text: There are currently 19 roller coasters at Six Flags Magic Mountain, the largest number of roller coasters in a park in the world.


title: No Scrubs

text: "No Scrubs" is a Grammy Award-winning song. It was recorded by American contemporary R&B girl group TLC. It was for their album, "FanMail". It was released in January 1999 as the lead single. "No Scrubs" became TLC's third number-one single and eighth top-ten single on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. It also earned them their second Grammy nomination for Record of the Year. It was certified gold in the US for sales of over 500,000 copies. It was the second-best performing song of 1999 in the US, behind Cher's "Believe".


title: No Scrubs

text: English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran credited the writers of "No Scrubs" when he used a sample of the song in his 2017 single, "Shape of You".


title: Diaphragm

text: When breathing in, the diaphragm pulls down so that the size of the lungs increases, allowing air to enter the lungs.


title: Diaphragm

text: When breathing out, the diaphragm rests and goes up making a dome shape, decreasing the size of the lungs and pushing air out.


title: American imperialism

text: American imperialism is the economic, military, and cultural influence of the United States on other countries. At one time this influence included expansion into foreign territories. Expansionism was a primary objective of most empires, an example being the British Empire. Modern imperialism started in the 15th century when European countries discovered, and fought to claim, the New World. American imperialism began in the 1890s. In 1896 the US annexed the Hawaiian Islands. After the Spanish-American War the US annexed Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. In 1914 the US completed the Panama Canal. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine increased US influence in Latin America. It was the basis for Roosevelt's Big Stick policy. The US evolved from expansionism towards being an influence on world affairs.


title: Gary Glitter

text: Gary Glitter, born "Paul Francis Gadd", (born 8 May 1944 in Banbury, Oxfordshire) is a British former glam rock singer whose career ended in late 1990s by criminal charges and convictions for child sexual abuse offenses. Glitter recorded a very popular song called "Rock and Roll, Parts 1 and 2", often known as "The Hey Song", which was frequently played at sporting events.


title: Gary Glitter

text: His mother was a cleaner who was unmarried and she raised him with the help of her mother and he knew his father and he was hard to control because of his antisocial behaviour along with his brother and he was taken with his brother into local authority care when he was 10 years old. Although a Protestant he went to a Roman Catholic school. He got in trouble at school as a child, he also often ran away and went to London to clubs where his glam rock career started and he started calling himself Paul Raven in 1960 when his glam rock career started and then Gary Glitter in 1971 which he is known as. He has become infamous after being convicted of possessing child pornography and of child sexual abuse. Glitter has also been investigated for claims of child abuse dating back to the 1950s, connecting to the activities of the deceased child abuser Jimmy Savile. He was briefly married to Anne Merton with who he had 2 children, a son called Paul and a daughter called Sarah but Glitter and Merton divorced. Later when he lived in Cuba he had a Cuban girlfriend called Yudenia Sosa Martinez with who he had another son in 2001 called Gary Glitter Jr. In the 1970s Giltter was also convicted of driving under the influence and had used drugs such as cocaine and had a drug overdose.