title: Oddanchatram

text: Oddanchtram is a city in the Dindigul District of Tamil Nadu. It is known as the vegetable city of Tamil Nadu. Plants grown here are onion,maize, tomato, chilli, cauliflower, beans and other vegetables. The vegetables are exported to nearby states. Also it is famous for its vegetable and curd market, which can sell up to 5,000 tons of produce a day. It has very good climatic conditions as it is surrounded by beautiful mountains. Palani Lord Murugan Temple is near Oddanchatram. It is an ancient temple built on top of the Palni Hills. It is one of the most visited temples in Tamil Nadu, where people have to climb 600 steps to reach the shrine.


title: Oddanchatram

text: It connected by road to major cities of Tamil Nadu including Madurai, Coimbatore, Erode, Trichy, Chennai, and also to other states such as Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.


title: Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland

text: Walter Stewart (1292–1327) a Scottish nobleman and knight, he was the 6th hereditary High Steward of Scotland. He was also the father of King Robert II of Scotland.


title: Android 18 (Dragon Ball)

text: Android 18 is a female character in the manga series Dragon Ball and the anime "Dragon Ball Z". She is an android created by Dr. Gero to kill Goku.


text: Walter was born in 1292. He was the son of James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland and Gilles (or "Egidia") de Burgh. Walter was one of the Scottish leaders at the Battle of Bannockburn. Just before the battle began Walter along with his cousin James Douglas, Lord of Douglas were knighted by King Robert the Brucealong with many others. Both he and James Douglas were both leaders of the left battalion in the battle. He took part of all the Wars of Scottish Independence between Robert the Bruce and Edward II of England.


title: Android 18 (Dragon Ball)

text: Android 18 is a beautiful blonde woman of average height and build she has blue eyes, and wears golden hoop earrings in both ears when she first appeared in Dragon Ball Z she wears a blue demin and skirt with a RR (Red Ribbon) logo. She also wears dark blue tights, a brown belt, brown boots and a black skirt that has white and black striped long sleeve. After the defeat of Cell she wears pale blue buttoned up demin vest, white jeans, red hoop earrings along with a red bracelet on her left hand and black flip flops.


text: The king sent Walter to bring home his wife Queen Elizabeth and daughter princess Marjory from Berwick. They had been held prisoner by the English for eight years. Walter then married the princess Marjory.


title: Android 18 (Dragon Ball)

text: Android 18 was originally a human along with her twin brother Android 17. She and her brother 17 were delinquents until the scientist Dr. Gero kidnapped them and reconstruct them into superhumans (androids).


text: During the king's absence in Ireland the High Steward and Sir James Douglas managed government affairs and spent time defending the Scottish Borders. Upon the capture of Berwick-upon-Tweed from the English in 1318 he was placed in command of the town. On 24 July 1319 the town was attacked by King Edward II of England. Several of the siege engines were destroyed by the Scots' garrison and the Steward suddenly rushed in force from the town to drive off the enemy. In 1322, with Douglas and Thomas Randolph, he made an attempt to surprise the English King at Byland Abbey, near Malton, Yorkshire. Edward, however, escaped, pursued towards York by The Steward and 500 horsemen.


title: Android 18 (Dragon Ball)

text: Android 18's personally and behavior is calm, cool and confident and is somewhat sarcastic. During her early appearances in Dragon Ball Z she was somewhat arrogant usually getting annoyed by her brother Android 17's wild teen like behavior. She was also hotheaded when she refused to run away from her brother and Android 16 when Cell threatened to absorb her. After the defeat of Cell, Android 18 is calmer and is married to Krillin and they have a daughter named Marron and she is a good mother to her daughter. She was usually seen with Piccolo and other Z Fighters on Kami's lookout during the Majin Buu threat. Android 18 also appears in Dragon Ball GT and Super. In Dragon Ball GT she is seen with her husband Krillin and daughter Marron when one day her twin brother Android 17 arrives and attempt to control 18, 17 also kill Krillin which greatly infuriated Android 18 and she attacks her brother however Android 17 attacks her with an energy blast injuring 18. Android 18 is later seen in GT confronting now Super Android 17 about killing her husband and injuring her 18 then distracts Super 17 with multiple energy attacks which allows Goku to kill Super 17. After Super 17's defeat Android 18 is seen crying about her husband's death and then tells Goku that he a great friend and ally. Android 18 also appears in Dragon Ball Super as a side character when the God of Destruction Beerus threatens to destroy the Earth she and the Z Fighters attacks Beerus attempting to defeat Beerus but failed to defeat him by him overpowering them before Goku arrives to save them. Android 18 is in the Universal Survival Arc, she is on Team Universe 7 alongside her husband Krillin, her twin brother Android 17 and the other Z-Fighters.


text: Walter, Steward of Scotland, made a charter to John St. Clair, his valet, of the lands of Maxton, Roxburghshire, circa 1320/1326, one of the witnesses being "Roberto de Lauwedir (Robert de Lauder) tunc justiciario Laudonie" (Justiciar of Lothian).


title: Android 18 (Dragon Ball)

text: Android 18 appears in several Dragon Ball Z movies and videos games. She appears in Dragon Ball movies like Super Android 13 , Bio-Broly, Battle of Gods, Resurrection F and in video games like Dragon Ball Z Budokai Tenkaichi series, Dragon Ball Z Raging Blast 1 and 2 etc.


text: Walter married, in 1315, Marjorie, only daughter of Robert I of Scotland by his first wife Isabella of Mar. The Lordship of Largs, taken from John Balliol, was given to Walter by Robert the Bruce, who also gave him the Farme Castle lands in Rutherglen as well as other lands and the barony of Bathgate, Linlithgowshire. Walter and Marjorie had one son:


text: Walter later married Isabel de Graham, daughter of Sir John Graham of Abercorn and Mary of Strathearn. They had three children:


title: Xavier Rudd

text: Xavier Rudd (born 1978) is an Australian musician. He grew up in the small town of Torquay, Victoria, Australia. When Rudd was young, he learned to play the didgeridoo on a vacuum cleaner hose.


title: Xavier Rudd

text: Rudd is known for playing at music festivals and concerts in Australia and in North America. He has many fans in Australia, his home, as well as Canada, where he has recorded a few live albums.


title: Xavier Rudd

text: Some of his songs have political themes that deal with the father of 2 sons environment and the rights of Aboriginal Australians.


title: Xavier Rudd

text: Rudd also describes himself as a full-time "barefooter", which means that he does not own any shoes or other footwear. Rudd is also a vegetarian.


title: Contour integral

text: In complex analysis, contour integration is a way to calculate an integral around a contour on the complex plane. In other words, it is a way of integrating along the complex plane.


title: Contour integral

text: More specifically, given a complex-valued function formula_1 and a contour formula_2, the contour integral of formula_1 along formula_2 is written as formula_5 or formula_6.


title: Contour integral

text: For a standard contour integral, we can evaluate it by using the residue theorem. This theorem states that


title: Contour integral

text: where formula_8 is the residue of the function formula_9, formula_2 is the contour located on the complex plane. Here, formula_9 is the integrand of the function, or part of the integral to be integrated.


title: Contour integral

text: To solve multivariable contour integrals (contour integrals on functions of several variables), such as surface integrals, complex volume integrals and higher order integrals, we must use the divergence theorem. For right now, let formula_14 be interchangeable with formula_15. These will both serve as the divergence of the vector field written as formula_16. This theorem states that:


title: Contour integral

text: In addition, we also need to evaluate formula_18, where formula_19 is an alternate notation of formula_20. The divergence of any dimension can be described as


title: Contour integral

text: The following examples illustrate the use of divergence theorem in the calculation of multivariate contour integrals.


title: Contour integral

text: Given the vector field formula_27 and formula_28 being the fourth dimension. Let this vector field be bounded by the following:


title: Contour integral

text: To evaluate this, we use the divergence theorem as stated before, and evaluate formula_24 afterwards. Let formula_31, then:


title: Clarissa Eden

text: Anne Clarissa Eden, Dowager Countess of Avon ("née" Spencer-Churchill; 28 June 1920 – 15 November 2021) was the widow of Anthony Eden, 1st Earl of Avon (1897–1977), who was British Prime Minister from 1955 to 1957.


title: Clarissa Eden

text: She married Eden in 1952, becoming Lady Eden in 1954 when he was made a Knight of the Garter, and then becoming Countess of Avon in 1961 on her husband's elevation to the peerage. She is also the niece of the prime minister Winston Churchill.


title: Clarissa Eden

text: Her memoir, sub-titled "From Churchill to Eden", was published in 2007 under the name of Clarissa Eden.


title: Kill screen

text: A kill screen is a screen that prevents progress from the player. The screens in some games stop the game with gibberish or otherwise impossible figures. In "Pac-Man", at a certain level the screen overflows and spreads fruits and ghosts across the arcade machine's screen.


title: Arte Johnson

text: Arthur Stanton Eric "Arte" Johnson (January 20, 1929 – July 3, 2019) was an American comedian and television, movie, and voice actor. His career lasted for 50 years. His career started in 1954 up until his retirement in 2005. Johnson was a regular cast in "Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In". His well-known "character" was that of a German soldier with his famous the catchphrase: "Verrrry interesting, but...['stupid', 'not very funny', and other versions]". He won a Saturn Award.


title: Listening

text: Listening is not quite the same thing as hearing. Hearing is a biological process that can be scientifically explained, but listening is a psychological process of what happens to sounds as we interpret and use them. It is a cognitive activity.


title: Xiangsheng

text: Crosstalk, also known by its Chinese name xiangsheng (Simplified Chinese: 相声, Traditional Chinese: 相聲, pinyin: "xiàngsheng", literally, "looking at each other and speaking"), is a traditional Chinese comedy form. Crosstalk is a special kind of dialogue and a special kind of performance.


title: Arte Johnson

text: Johnson was born in Benton Harbor, Michigan. He was educated at the University of Illinois. He was married to Gisela Johnson from 1968 until his death. Johnson died on July 3, 2019 in Los Angeles from bladder and prostate cancer at the age of 90.


title: Listening

text: In psychology, speech is part of pragmatics, a field which deals with signs and their interpretation. The signs in question are called "speech acts".


title: Xiangsheng

text: The comic language has many puns and allusions. The words are spoken in a fast, rushed manner. The comedy is a kind of banter.


title: Listening

text: To listen means to try and understand what has been said. Listening is often one side of a conversation. Asking questions helps one understand what has been said. A subject can be better understood by asking the correct questions.


title: Xiangsheng

text: According to Canadian crosstalk comedian Dashan (Mark Rowswell), the closest equivalent in English would be Abbott and Costello's "Who's on First?" sketch.


title: Listening

text: Listening differs from obeying. Parents often say to a disobedient child that he "didn't listen to me", meaning, he heard but didn't do as was suggested.


title: Xiangsheng

text: Modern crosstalk is made up of four skills–speaking (Simplified Chinese: 说, Traditional Chinese: 說, pinyin: "shuō"), imitating (Simplified Chinese: 学, Traditional Chinese: 學, pinyin: "xué"), teasing (Simplified and Traditional Chinese: 逗, pinyin: "dòu"), and singing (Simplified and Traditional chinese: 唱, pinyin: "chàng").


title: Listening

text: Listening also applies to sounds, not just language. It is "active" hearing. We hear a sound, and know what it means. This applies to animals as well. Cats list in the long grass for the little sounds that mice make. So perhaps a better description of listening is "deliberate hearing to get the meaning of sounds".


title: Xiangsheng

text: Crosstalk was popular during the Qing Dynasty. It is also a standard feature of CCTV's annual New Year's Gala.


title: Eephus pitch

text: An Eephus pitch is a kind of pitch in baseball. It is a kind of "junk pitch" (trick pitch). An Eephus pitch is very slow and is used to catch the batter off guard. The pitch was invented by Rip Sewell of the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 1940s. The name "Eephus pitch" comes from the Hebrew word "", which means "nothing." Pirates manager Frankie Frisch claimed that the pitch was named by outfielder Maurice Van Robays. Van Robays explained that "Eephus ain't nothing, and that's a nothing pitch."


title: Eephus pitch

text: The Eephus pitch is thrown overhand, like other pitches in baseball. It is unusually slow, and has a high arc trajectory (the ball travels along a high curve.) The trajectory (the path the ball travels) looks more like a pitch from slow-pitch softball than baseball.


title: Eephus pitch

text: The Eephus pitch is unusually slow. It appears to move in slow motion. The ball travels or less. Baseball pitches in Major League Baseball usually travel between . The Eephus pitch is considered a trick pitch because it is so slow.


title: Eephus pitch

text: The Eephus pitch is sometimes called by other names. These names usually refer to an Eephus pitch thrown by a specific pitcher. Some of the most famous of these names are:


title: Eephus pitch

text: Some other nicknames are bloop curve and gravity curve. It is sometimes also called the Bugs Bunny curve. This name comes from a Bugs Bunny cartoon called "Baseball Bugs." In the cartoon, batters swing three times at a very slow pitch before it reaches home plate.


title: Kamal Haasan filmography

text: He is also a screenwriter, director, producer, playback singer and choreographer who works primarily in the Tamil film industry. He debuted as a child actor in the 1960 Tamil film "Kalathur Kannamma", which won him the President's Gold Medal. Since then he has acted in over 200 films in several languages including: Malayalam, Hindi, Telugu, Kannada and Bengali. After a few projects as a child artist he took a break to continue his education. He later concentrated on dance choreography and worked as an assistant choreographer. During this time, he made uncredited appearances in a few films which he worked on.


title: Kamal Haasan filmography

text: In 1973, Kamal landed his first adult role as Thiagu in the film by K. Balachander, whom the actor considers his mentor. He continued to act in minor roles in several films such as "Sollathaan Ninaikkiren" (1973) and "Naan Avanillai" (1974), most of which were directed by Balachander. His breakthrough as an independent lead actor came with the 1974 Malayalam film "Kanyakumari". His work in it won him the Filmfare Award for Best Actor (Malayalam). Following that, he starred in a series of films in both languagesTamil and Malayalam. His breakthrough in Tamil cinema came with Balachander's "Apoorva Raagangal" (1975); the film earned him a second Filmfare Award, his first in Tamil. Between 1974 and 1978, he won six Filmfare Awards including four consecutive wins for the Best Tamil Actor. Kamal turned producer for "Raja Paarvai" (1981), in which he played the lead role of a blind musician. The film was produced under the "Hasan Brothers" banner which was later renamed Raaj Kamal Films International.


title: Kamal Haasan filmography

text: Kamal debuted in Bollywood with Balachander's "Ek Duuje Ke Liye" (1981), which was a remake of his 1978 Telugu film "Maro Charitra". His role as a school teacher who looks after an amnesic girl in "Moondram Pirai" (1982) won him several accolades, including the Best Actor honours at the National Film Awards and Tamil Nadu State Film Awards. His work in Ramesh Sippy's Hindi film "Saagar" (1985), a triangular love story, was nominated in both Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor categories at the 33rd Filmfare Awards. Under Raaj Kamal Films International, he produced films such as: "Vikram" (1986), "Apoorva Sagodharargal" (1989), "Thevar Magan" (1992) and "Hey Ram" (2000). As a producer he won a Filmfare Award and National Film Award for "Apoorva Sagodharargal" and "Thevar Magan". Seven films featuring Kamal have been submitted by India to the Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film, the most for any actor in India. In 2009, he became one of the few actors in India to have completed 50 years working in cinema. His work "Vishwaroopam" (2013), which he also produced and directed, won two awards at the 60th National Film Awards.


title: History of Kansas

text: The first people who lived in Kansas were Native Americans who were nomadic (people who don't live in one place for very long). They hunted American bison. In the 1500s, Spanish conquistadores came to explore the place. Later, French fur trappers came to the area. They traded with the Native Americans. The United States added most of Kansas in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. In 1854, the Kansas-Nebraska Act opened the place for Americans to move there. A lot of fighting happened because the new residents had to decide if they wanted slavery. The new residents decided to make slavery illegal. The fighting helped start the American Civil War.


title: History of Kansas

text: After the Civil War, Kansas had many frontier towns. The railroads were stops for cattle drives from Texas. Many black people moved from the south to Kansas. These people were called "exodusters". Farmers tried growing corn and raising pigs, but there was little rain, so they were not able to. They started growing wheat. They became very good at growing wheat, and they had enough to trade with Europe. Many angry farmers joined the Populist and Progressive movement in the 1890s, and they supported it until the 1940s. Since the 1940s, Kansas has been a very conservative state. Since 1945, the number of farmers has lowered, and manufacturing has become more popular.


title: History of Kansas

text: In 12000 BCE, the first people came to Kansas. These people were paleolithic people who were related to Asians. Once they came, they never left. They saw mammoths, camels, ground sloths, and horses. They hunted these animals until they were extinct.


title: History of Kansas

text: Because the big game they had been hunting died out, the people had started eating more plants and small animals. They foraged during the season across the plains. In order to get more food, they started being less nomadic. This means that they decided to stay in one place for a longer time. The groups did not stop hunting, but they also ate wild plants and small animals. Their tools became different. Their tools started being able to grind and chop. This means that seeds, fruits, and plants became a bigger part of their diet. They would grind seeds into rough flour. Around 3500BCE, the people started making ceramics. Pottery-making societies started.


title: History of Kansas

text: For most of the Archaic period, people did not change the land in any big way. The groups outside the area, particularly in Mesoamerica, started major inventions. These inventions would include growing maize. Other groups in North America also started growing maize as well. Some archaic groups stopped being food gatherers (people who look for food). Instead, they started being food producers (people who grow food) around 3,000 years ago. They also had many of the cultural things that are seen with semi-sedentary agricultural life: storage containers, permanent housing, bigger settlements, and cemeteries or burial grounds. People in the northern part of Kansas lived in small buildings made out of dirt; they were shaped like a rectangle. People in the southern part of Kansas lived in houses with thatched grass all over them. There were more people being born, and they lived in villages. El Quartelejo was an Indian pueblo that was the farthest north. This settlement is the only pueblo in Kansas from which archaeologists have found anything.


title: History of Kansas

text: Even though the groups started farming, they still did not do much to change their environment. Wild food was still an important part of their diet even after the invention of pottery and the creation of irrigation. Agriculture never made them stop hunting and foraging, even in the biggest Archaic societies.


title: History of Kansas

text: In 1541, Francisco Vázquez de Coronado came to Kansas to explore. He turned around near Lindsborg, Kansas. He met some of the local Native Americans. He gave them horses. The Native Americans started changing their lifestyle because of the horses.


title: History of Kansas

text: In the 1600s, the Kansa people and the Osage Nation came to Kansas. The Kansa people lived near the Kansas River, and the Osage Nation lived near the Arkansas River. The Pawnee people lived in western Kansas. The Pawnee lived in western Kansas because there were a lot of bison. The French commander at Fort Orleans, Étienne de Bourgmont, visited the Kansas River in 1724. He built a trading post there. This was near the main Kansa village at the mouth of the river. Around the same time, the Otoe tribe of the Sioux also lived in areas around the northeast corner of Kansas.


title: History of Kansas

text: Other than short explorations, neither France nor Spain created any cities in Kansas. In 1763, Spain got all of the French land west of the Mississippi River. This was because France lost the Seven Years' War. Spain gave this land back to France in 1803.


title: History of Kansas

text: In 1803, Kansas was added to the United States as land from the Louisiana Purchase. The Lewis and Clark Expedition started in St. Louis. In 1804, they came to Kansas in what is today Kansas City, Kansas. They met French fur trappers who knew the land well. In 1806, explorer Zebulon Pike came to Kansas. He called it the "Great American Desert" because it had no trees or plants. The U.S. government saw Kansas as a desert too, so they sent Native Americans to it. They believed it was not good land, so they didn't care if Native Americans were sent there.


title: History of Kansas

text: From June 4, 1812 until August 10, 1821, the land was part of the Missouri Territory. Missouri became a state, so the land became unorganized. It had no people living in it except for Fort Leavenworth. The Fort was created in 1827 by Henry Leavenworth with the 3rd U.S Infantry from St. Louis, Missouri; it is the first permanent European settlement in Kansas. The fort was created as the westernmost outpost of the American military. It was created to protect trade along the Santa Fe Trail from Native Americans. The trade came from the East. It came either by land using the Boone's Lick Road, or by water using the Missouri River.


title: History of Kansas

text: In the 1820s, the U.S. government gave the land to the Native Americans as Indian Territory. They did not let white people come to the territory. On June 3, 1825, the U.S. government took 20 million acres of land (81000 km²) from the Kansa people. The Kansa people had to stay on a small amount of land in northeastern Kansas. The U.S. government also made the Osage Nation live in a small amount of land in southeastern Kansas.


title: History of Kansas

text: By a treaty on November 7, 1825, the Shawnee people were moved to Kansas. By a treaty on September 29, 1829, the Delaware people were moved to Kansas.


title: History of Kansas

text: The Indian Removal Act made this faster. By a treaty on August 30, 1831, the Ottawa people were moved to a small part of Kansas. On October 24, 1832, the Kickapoo people were moved to Kansas. On October 29, 1832, the Piankeshaw and Wea people were moved to Kansas. To their east was the western border of Missouri, and to their west was the Kaskaskia and Peoria people. On September 21, 1833, the Otoe people were moved to Kansas.


title: History of Kansas

text: By September 17, 1836, the Sac and Fox people moved to Kansas, north of the Kickapoo. By a treaty on February 11, 1837, the United States moved the Pottawatomi people to Kansas. They were moved to the Osage River, which is southwest of the Missouri River. The land was in the southwest part of what is now Miami County.


title: History of Kansas

text: After a treaty in 1842, the Wyandot people were moved to an area between the Kansas River and the Missouri River. They shared the land with the Delaware people until 1843.


title: History of Kansas

text: Even though there were plans made to settle Native Americans in Kansas, by 1850 white Americans were illegally squatting on their land. They really wanted the entire area to be opened for settlement. Several U.S. Army forts, including Fort Riley, were soon created deep in Indian Territory to guard travelers on the various Western trails.


title: History of Kansas

text: Although the Cheyenne and Arapahoes tribes were still discussing with the United States for land in western Kansas (the current state of Colorado), they signed a treaty on September 17, 1851. Momentum was already building to settle the land.


title: History of Kansas

text: Congress started the process of creating Kansas Territory in 1852. That year, petitions were given at the first session of the 32nd Congress to organize territory of the land west of Missouri and Iowa. Nothing happened at that time. However, during the next session, on December 13, 1852, a Representative from Missouri submitted to the House of Representatives a bill. This bill would organize the Territory of Platte: all the land west of Iowa and Missouri, and going west to the Rocky Mountains. The bill was given to the United States House Committee on Territories. It passed by the full U.S. House of Representatives on February 10, 1853. However, Southern Senators stopped the progress of the bill in the Senate. They did this to discuss how the bill would affect slavery and the Missouri Compromise. Arguments about the bill and other ideas would continue for a year. The Kansas–Nebraska Act was eventually created because of this. It became law on May 30, 1854, creating the Nebraska Territory and Kansas Territory.


title: History of Kansas

text: By the summer of 1853, it was clear that eastern Kansas would soon be opened to American settlers. The Commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs created new treaties that would give new reservations with yearly federal money for the Native Americans.


title: History of Kansas

text: In the three months before the bill passed, treaties were written at Washington with the Delaware, Otoe, Kickapoo, Kaskaskia, Shawnee, Sac, Fox and other tribes, where the biggest part of eastern Kansas, which was within one or two hundred miles of the Missouri border, was suddenly opened to white settlement. (The Kansa reservation had already been made smaller by treaty in 1846.) On March 15, 1854, Otoe and Missouri Indians gave all their lands west of the Mississippi, except a small strip on the Big Blue River, to the United States. On May 6 and May 10, 1854, the Shawnees gave away , keeping only for homes. Also on May 6, 1854, the Delaware gave all their lands to the United States, except a reservation defined in the treaty. On May 17, the Iowa gave away their lands, keeping only a small reservation. On May 18, 1854, the Kickapoo also gave away their lands, except in the western part of the Territory. In 1854 lands were also given by the Kaskaskia, Peoria, Piankeshaw and Wea and by the Sac and Fox.


title: History of Kansas

text: The final step in making the Natives more American was taking land from tribes and giving it to Native households. This was so they could buy and sell as European Americans would. For example, in 1854, the Chippewa (Swan Creek and Black River bands) lived of land in Franklin County, but in 1859 the area was given to individual Chippewa families.


title: History of Kansas

text: The Kansas-Nebraska Act passed on May 30, 1854, and it created the Kansas Territory. It went from the western border of Missouri to the Rocky Mountains. The southern border was the 37th parallel north, and the northern border was the 40th parallel north. Anything north of the 40th parallel was part of the Nebraska Territory. When Congress set the southern border of the Kansas Territory as the 37th parallel, they thought that the Osage southern border was also the 37th parallel. The Cherokees disagreed. They said that it was not the correct border. They said that the border of Kansas should be moved north to make room for the actual border of the Cherokee land. This became known as the Cherokee Strip controversy.


title: History of Kansas

text: In the Kansas-Nebraska Act, it said that people living in the territories could vote on whether or not to have slavery. It undid the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which did not allow slavery in any new states created north of latitude 36°30'. This led to violence between people from the North and people from the South. They both tried to quickly move to Kansas to control it.


title: History of Kansas

text: In a few days after the law passed, hundreds of people from Missouri moved to Kansas. These people wanted slavery. They created a group called the "Squatter's Claim Association" on June 10, 1854. They said that they were going to make Kansas a slave state.


title: History of Kansas

text: The New England Emigrant Aid Company said they were going to make Kansas a free state. From 1854 to 1855, they sent many anti-slavery people (called "free-staters") to Kansas. They were important in creating Lawrence, Topeka, and Manhattan. Other anti-slavery people came from Ohio, Iowa, Illinois, and other states.


title: History of Kansas

text: For a while, there was not much violence. This changed on March 30, 1855. The elections happened this day. Many pro-slavery people from Missouri came to Kansas to vote for pro-slavery people. Pro-slavery people won many elections that day. Pro-slavery people controlled the Kansas government.


title: History of Kansas

text: From 1855 to 1858, there was a lot of fighting in Kansas. This was called "Bleeding Kansas," and it happened shortly before the American Civil War. Battles include the Wakarusa War, the Sacking of Lawrence, the Battle of Black Jack, the Battle of Osawatomie, and the Marais des Cygnes massacre.


title: History of Kansas

text: On December 1, 1855, many pro-slavery people came to Lawrence. These pro-slavery people were led by Samuel J. Jones. These people had guns. They wanted to destroy Lawrence because it was anti-slavery. The people of Lawrence were ready to defend the city. Before any fighting happened, Territorial Governor Wilson Shannon made a treaty to stop the fighting.


title: History of Kansas

text: On May 21, 1856, pro-slavery people came to Lawrence, and they attacked the city. They burned the Free-State Hotel to the ground, destroyed two printing presses, and robbed homes. Only one person died, but the city was destroyed.


title: History of Kansas

text: The Pottawatomie massacre happened during the night of May 24 to the morning of May 25, 1856. In what seems to be a reaction to the Sacking of Lawrence, John Brown and a group of abolitionists killed five settlers. They believed these settlers were pro-slavery. This happened north of Pottawatomie Creek in Franklin County, Kansas. Brown later said that he did not take part in the killings during the Pottawatomie massacre, but that he did approve of them. He went into hiding after the killings. Two of his sons, John Jr. and Jason, were arrested. While they were arrested, they were allegedly treated poorly. This made John Jr. mentally hurt. On June 2, Brown led a successful attack on a group of Missourians. The Missourians were led by Captain Henry Pate. This happened in the Battle of Black Jack. Pate and his men had went into Kansas to capture Brown and others. That Fall, Brown went back into hiding and did other guerrilla warfare activities.


title: History of Kansas

text: The anti-slavery and pro-slavery people tried to win by writing a constitution that would make the other side lose. Anti-slavery people would try to write a constitution that made slavery illegal, and pro-slavery people would try to write a constitution that would make slavery legal. Congress would decide which one to choose.


title: History of Kansas

text: On November 11, 1855, free-staters wrote the Topeka Constitution. The constitution made slavery illegal. They voted for the constitution on December 15, 1855, and they sent it to Congress in March 1856. It passed the House of Representatives, but it failed in the Senate. This was because the Senate had many pro-slavery people in it.


title: History of Kansas

text: On November 7, 1857, pro-slavery people wrote the Lecompton Constitution. The constitution allowed slavery, but there was a vote on it. Both pro-slavery and anti-slavery people tried to stop the votes and the constitution. Eventually, it was sent to Congress. It failed in Congress because they were not able to decide if the people actually liked it.


title: History of Kansas

text: A very anti-slavery legislature wrote the Leavenworth Constitution on April 3, 1858. On May 18, 1858, the people of Kansas voted for it. This constitution made slavery illegal, and it also gave more rights to women. It failed in Congress. All of this happened while the Lecompton Constitution was being written.


title: History of Kansas

text: On July 29, 1859, the Wyandotte Constitution was written. The people of Kansas voted for it on October 4, 1859. This constitution made slavery illegal, but it did not have the rights for women (unlike the Leavenworth Constitution). Kansas became a free state on January 29, 1861.


title: History of Kansas

text: When the Wyandotte Constitution was being written, pro-slavery people knew they had lost. When the pro-slavery people realized this and when John Brown left the state, the violence in Kansas stopped in 1859.


title: History of Kansas

text: There were many important events that happened in Kansas during the 1860s. Kansas was in the Civil War, there were cattle drives, early prohibition, and the start of the American Indian Wars in western Kansas.


title: History of Kansas

text: The Wyandotte Constitution made Kansas a free state. The people of Kansas liked the Union. Kansas stayed in the Union. Pro-slavery people still attacked Kansas. Many of these pro-slavery people were from Missouri.


title: History of Kansas

text: At the start of the Civil War, Kansas had no official army. They had no weapons or supplies. In 1859 and 1860, the military in Kansas were not used. They simply stopped.


title: History of Kansas

text: There were 29 Confederate attacks on Kansas. The worst was Quantrill's Raid in Lawrence in 1863. It was a response to many "Jayhawker" attacks on Missouri.


title: History of Kansas

text: After Union Brigadier General Thomas Ewing, Jr. ordered to put women in prison who had gave aid to Confederate guerrillas, the jail's roof fell. This killed five people. These deaths made the guerrillas in Missouri angry. On August 21, 1863, William Quantrill led Quantrill's Raid into Lawrence. He burned much of the city. They killed over 150 men and boys. Quantrill said the attack was okay to do because it would revenge for any bad things that the jayhawkers did to the Southerners.


title: History of Kansas

text: The Battle of Baxter Springs (sometimes called the Baxter Springs Massacre) was a small battle in the War. It happened on October 6, 1863, near the modern-day town of Baxter Springs, Kansas. The Battle of Mine Creek, also known as the Battle of the Osage, was a cavalry battle. It happened in Kansas during the war.


title: History of Kansas

text: On October 25, 1864, the Battle of Marais des Cygnes happened in Linn County, Kansas. This Battle of Trading Post was between Major General Sterling Price and Union forces under Major General Alfred Pleasonton. Price was pushed out by Union forces. This was after he had run away from Kansas City due to a defeat.


title: History of Kansas

text: Fort Larned (central Kansas) was built in 1859 as a base of military operations against hostile Native Americans of the Central Plains. It was also built to protect traffic along the Santa Fe Trail. After 1861, it became an agency for the administration of the Central Plains Indians by the Bureau of Indian Affairs under the terms of the Fort Wise Treaty of 1861.


title: History of Kansas

text: In 1863, the Union Pacific Eastern Division (renamed the Kansas Pacific in 1869) was created by the United States Congress's Pacific Railway Act. It was created to create the southern part of the transcontinental railroad alongside the Union Pacific. Pacific Railway Act also created large land grants to the railroad along its mainline. The company started construction on its main line west from Kansas City in September 1863.


title: History of Kansas

text: Many railroads were planned after the Civil War, but not all were actually built. The Panic of 1873 made it difficult to fund. Land speculators and local boosters identified many potential towns. Towns that were reached by the railroad had a chance, while the others became ghost towns. In Kansas, nearly 5000 towns were mapped out. However, by 1970 only 617 were actually used. In the mid-20th century, closeness to an interstate exchange determined whether town would survive or struggle.


title: History of Kansas

text: After the Civil War, railroads did not go to Texas. Instead, they brought their cattle to Kansas. Once in Kansas, the cattle would be sent on a train going east on the Kansas Pacific Railway.


title: History of Kansas

text: In 1871, Wild Bill Hickok became marshal of Abilene, Kansas. He fought John Wesley Hardin there. After Hickok disarmed him, he ran away. Hickok was also a deputy marshal at Fort Riley. He was also a marshal at Hays in the Wild West. In the 1880s at Greensburg, Kansas, a big well was built to get water for the Santa Fe and Rock Island railroads. It is deep and in diameter. This makes it one of the world's biggest hand-dug wells.


title: History of Kansas

text: Coronado, Kansas was created in 1885. It was involved in one of the bloodiest county seat fights in the history of the American West. The shoot-out on February 27, 1887 left many people dead and wounded.


title: History of Kansas

text: In 1879, many black people left southern states and came to Kansas. They came because there was cheap land and better treatment. These people were called exodusters. They created small towns in Kansas like Nicodemus, Kansas in 1877.


title: History of Kansas

text: On February 19, 1881, Kansas became the first state to make alcohol illegal. This started with the temperance movement. After 1890, prohibition and progressivism came together. This created a reform movement. This movement led to four reformist governors being elected from 1905 to 1919. Those governors wanted extreme prohibitionist laws. Kansas did not make alcohol legal again until 1948. Kansas did not allow public bars to be legal until 1987. Kansas did not allow people to buy alcohol on Sundays until 2005. Many cities still do not allow that. 29 counties in Kansas are considered "dry."


title: History of Kansas

text: Early residents found that Kansas was not the "Great American Desert". However, they found that the weather and environment of Kansas can be very difficult to live in. Tornadoes, blizzards, droughts, hail, floods, and grasshoppers made it difficult to grow crops. Many early residents lost a lot of money trying to be a farmer in Kansas. In the 1890s, many of these people joined the Populist movement, or they moved east. In the 20th century, new technology, crop insurance, and help from the federal government made farming easier. Many immigrants (many of which were German) came to Kansas in the 20th century. They came because they heard Kansas had good dirt, cheap land, and they could get 160 acres of land to keep for free (if they were American citizens).


title: History of Kansas

text: Very few single men worked on a farm alone. Farmers understood the need for a hard-working wife and many children, to handle the many chores, including child-rearing, feeding and clothing the family, managing the housework, feeding the hired hands, and handling the paperwork and financial details (especially after the 1930s). In the late 19th century, farm women were important in keeping the family going by working outdoors. After a generation or so, women started leaving the fields. This changed their roles within the family. New technology such as sewing and washing machines made women play domestic roles. The scientific housekeeping movement was promoted across the land by the media and government extension agents. It was also promoted by county fairs which showed achievements in home cookery and canning, advice columns for women in the farm newspapers, and home economics courses in the schools.


title: History of Kansas

text: There was an idea that farm life on the prairies was lonely, but rural people had a social life. They often had activities that combined work, food, and entertainment such as barn raisings, corn huskings, quilting bees, Grange meeting, church activities, and school functions. The women organized shared meals and potluck events. They also had visits between families.


title: History of Kansas

text: In 1947, Lyle Yost created the Hesston Manufacturing Company. The company specialized in farm equipment. The type of equipment included self-propelled windrowers and the StakHand hay harvester. In 1974, Hesston Company commissioned its first belt buckles, which became popular on the rodeo circuit and with collectors. In 1991, the American-based equipment manufacturer, AGCO Corporation, bought Hesston Corporation. Farm equipment is still manufactured in the city.


title: History of Kansas

text: In 1896 William Allen White, editor of the "Emporia Gazette", got national attention after criticizing William Jennings Bryan, the Democrats, and the Populists. He did that by writing an article called "What's the Matter With Kansas?" White criticized Populist leaders for letting Kansas go into economic stagnation. He also criticized them for not keeping Kansas up economically with nearby states. he said the reason was because their policies were anti-business, and that it scared away economic capital from the state. The Republicans sent out hundreds of thousands of copies of the article. They did this to support William McKinley during the 1896 United States presidential election. McKinley won the small towns and cities of the state. However, Bryan won the wheat farms and won the electoral vote, even though McKinley won the national vote.


title: History of Kansas

text: Kansas was a big part of the progressive movement. It has a lot of support from the middle classes, editors such as William Allen White of the "Emporia Gazette", and the prohibitionists of the WCTU and the Methodist Church.


title: History of Kansas

text: In 1915, the El Dorado Oil Field was the first oil field that was found using science/geologic mapping. It was around the city of El Dorado. It was part of the Mid-Continent oil province. By 1918, the El Dorado Oil Field was the largest single field producer in the United States. It was responsible for 12.8% of national oil production and 9% of the world production. Some said it was as "the oil field that won World War I".


title: History of Kansas

text: Between 1922 and 1927, there were many legal battles with the KKK. This led to the KKK no longer being in Kansas.


title: History of Kansas

text: The Dust Bowl was a lot of dust storms that happened from 1930 to 1941. This was caused by a drought. The price of wheat lowered a lot, which cause a lot of farmers to leave. Because this was during the Great Depression, many unemployed men from the cities came to Kansas to work on farms.


title: History of Kansas

text: Kansas was part of New Deal programs like Civil Works Administration, the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, the Civilian Conservation Corps, and the Works Progress Administration. These programs helped employ many Kansas men. The most important were New Deal farm programs. Those programs raised the price of wheat, and it allowed economic growth by 1936. Republican Governor Alf Landon also did emergency programs. It included a balanced budget goal. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration succeeded in raising wheat prices after 1933. This helped get rid of the biggest problems economically.


title: History of Kansas

text: The most important things Kansas did to help the war effort was provide a lot of grain and send tens of thousands of men to fight. Farmers didn't like the price ceilings and quotas for wheat, and their workers moved to factories. Farmers asked Congress to not draft young farmers.


title: History of Kansas

text: Wichita became an important place for making airplanes. They got tens of thousands of unemployed people from around the state to come work there.


title: History of Kansas

text: The Women's Land Army of America (WLA) was a women's labor pool during World War II. It was organized by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. It did not get many women from cities to do farm work. However, it did train hundreds of farm wives on how to handle machines, safety, proper clothing, time-saving methods, and nutrition.


title: History of Kansas

text: Kansas allowed segregation in public schools, and they were in Topeka and other cities. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court said in "Brown v. Board of Education" that segregation was not protected by the United States Constitution.


title: History of Kansas

text: During the 1950s and 1960s, intercontinental ballistic missiles were kept in some Kansas buildings. They were stored to prepare for a possible attack. The buildings were closed in the 1980s.


title: History of Kansas

text: On June 6, 1966, Topeka was hit by an F5 tornado. The "1966 Topeka tornado" started in southwest Topeka, moving northeast, hitting many buildings. The tornado caused $100 million in damage.


title: History of Kansas

text: The first college football game played in Kansas was the 1890 Kansas vs. Baker football game in Baldwin City. Baker won 22–9. The first night football game west of the Mississippi River was played in Wichita, Kansas. The game was the 1905 between Cooper College (now called Sterling College) and Fairmount College (now Wichita State University). Also in 1905, Fairmount also played an experimental game against the Washburn Ichabods. This game was used to test new rules designed to make football safer.


title: History of Kansas

text: In 1911, the Kansas Jayhawks went to play against the Missouri Tigers for the first homecoming game ever. The first college football homecoming game ever on television was played in Manhattan. It was between the Kansas State Wildcats and the Nebraska Cornhuskers.


title: History of Kansas

text: In the 1951 season, the Southwestern head coach Harold Hunt got national recognition for rejecting a touchdown in a game against Central Missouri. Hunt told the officials that his player had stepped out of bounds. This would undo long touchdown run. Not a single one of the referees seen this happen, but they agreed to undo the touchdown. They put the ball back to the point where Coach Hunt said Johnson had stepped out. A photo of the run later showed that Coach Hunt was correct.


title: History of Kansas

text: On October 2, 1970, a plane crashed. The plane had about half of the football team for Wichita State. They were going to play a game against Utah State University. 31 people were killed. The game was canceled. The Utah State football team had a memorial service at the stadium where the game would have been played.


title: History of Kansas

text: The history of professional sports in Kansas starts from the creation of the Minor League Baseball Topeka Capitals and Leavenworth Soldiers in 1886 in the Western League. The African-American Bud Fowler played on the Topeka team that season. This was one year before the "color line" happened in professional baseball.


title: History of Kansas

text: The first night game in the history of professional baseball was played in Independence on April 28, 1930. It was between the Muscogee (Oklahoma) Indians and the Independence Producers. The Indians beat the Producers by 13 to 3 in a minor league game sanctioned by the Western League of the Western Baseball Association. 1,500 fans came to watch the game. The permanent lighting system was first used for an exhibition game on April 17, 1930. That game was between the Independence Producers and House of David semi-professional baseball team of Benton Harbor, Michigan. The Independence team won with a score of 9 to 1. 1,700 people watched.


title: Bart Chilton

text: Bartholomew Hamilton Chilton (May 1, 1960 – April 27, 2019) was an American civil servant. He was Commissioner at the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) from 2007 to 2014. He notably had long hair and wore cowboy boots. He was once called "the modern-day Eliot Ness" for wanting the CFTC to charge fraud. At the time of his death, he was a host of RT's "Boom Bust". He was born in Wilmington, Delaware and grew up in Ogden Dunes, Indiana.


title: Harry Roque

text: Herminio "Harry" Lopez Roque Jr. (; born October 21, 1966) is a Filipino lawyer, politician, and former law professor. He is the current Presidential Spokesperson of President Rodrigo Duterte.


title: Nedra Talley

text: Nedra Talley (born January 27, 1946), now known as Nedra Talley-Ross, is an American retired singer who was backing singer for the group the Ronettes with her cousins Ronnie and Estelle Bennett. She now works in real estate in Virginia Beach, Virginia, where she lives with her husband Scott Ross.


title: Kuranganayani

text: Kuranganayani, also known as "Shija Phongdalokpi" or Tekhao Leima, is an Assamese Queen, a Manipuri princess and a great patriot from Medieval Manipur. She is the chief Queen of King Swargadeo Rajeshwar Singha (Suremphaa) of Ahom kingdom and the daughter of King Gaurishyam of Manipur kingdom.


title: Zoe (Sesame Street)

text: Zoe is a character from the TV show "Sesame Street". She is Elmo's best friend. She is an orange monster who is 3 years old and is very energetic. Her introduction was in 1993.


title: R-Drive Image

text: R-Drive Image is a disk disk cloning and system backup computer program. The program is developed and distributed by R-Tools Technology Inc., and intended for home and corporate users.


title: Capitals of Brazil

text: The capital of Brazil is Brasília, a planned city that was built to be the capital of the country. Before that, Brazil had two other capital cities: Salvador (1549–1763) and Rio de Janeiro (1763–1960).


title: Zoe (Sesame Street)

text: Zoe was originally unclothed except her barrettes, bracelets, and necklace. She has regularly been dressed in a tutu since 2001, as like many girls of her age, Zoe is obsessed with ballet. Her love of dance in general resulted in the video Zoe's Dance Moves. In Season 49, she wears her tutu less frequently, and more consistently in illustrations and merchandise.


title: Capitals of Brazil

text: The Portuguese colonial administration moved south to Rio de Janeiro in 1763. Rio was the capital of the Viceroyalty of Brazil.


title: Capitals of Brazil

text: In 1807 the Portuguese royal family fled Lisbon when Napoleon I of France invaded Portugal. The Portuguese royal capital was temporarily moved from Europe to Rio de Janeiro.


title: Capitals of Brazil

text: After the Brazil became an independent nation in 1822, Rio continued to be the capital of the Empire of Brazil.


title: Windward slope

text: The windward slope is the side of a mountain, island or other tall thing that the wind hits. The windward direction is the direction upwind from the point of reference. That means windward is the direction from which the wind is coming. If the wind is moving from north to south, then the windward slope is the north side of the hill or mountain. Leeward is the direction downwind from the point of reference. The leeward side of a mountain is usually drier than the windward side.


title: East Side Mario's

text: East Side Mario's is a Canadian casual dining restaurant by Prime Restaurants. It has restaurants in Canada and the United States. The restaurant is known for Italian-American cuisine.


title: Proxima Centauri

text: Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf star that is likely a part of the Alpha Centauri star system and is the closest star to the Sun at a distance of


title: Proxima Centauri

text: Proxima Centauri was found to share the same proper motion as Alpha Centauri in 1915 by Robert Innes while he was Director of the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, South Africa.


title: Proxima Centauri

text: In 1951, Harlow Shapley said that Proxima Centauri was a flare star. Recorded photographs showed that the star became measurably brighter about 8% of the time, making it the most active flare star then found.


title: Proxima Centauri

text: Red dwarfs are usually far too faint to be seen with the naked eye, that means without a telescope. Proxima Centauri has an apparent magnitude of 11 while its absolute magnitude is a very dim 15.5. Even from Alpha Centauri A or B, Proxima would only be seen as a 5th magnitude star.


title: Proxima Centauri

text: Proxima Centauri has been the closest star to the Sun for about the last 32,000 years. Barnard's Star will make its closest approach to the Sun around AD 11,700, when it approaches to within about 3.8 light-years. However, at that time, it will "not" be the nearest star, since Proxima Centauri will then have moved even closer to the Sun. Six stars will come closer to Earth in the next 45,000 years.


title: Proxima Centauri

text: In 2016, a exoplanet was found by the European Southern Observatory around Proxima Centauri, Proxima Centauri b (or Proxima b). It was found in the habitable zone, and was thought to be Earth-like, with an ESI of 0.87. While being Earth-like, it may not be habitable on the surface, since Proxima Centauri gives off strong solar flares and high solar winds, which could strip away parts of the atmosphere of the planet, making it less habitable.


title: Proxima Centauri

text: In October of 2016, scientists at France's CNRS research institute said that the planet may have oceans on its surface, and a thin atmosphere. If this idea is true or not is not known.


title: Proxima Centauri

text: Another planet, Proxima Centauri c, much farther out than b, was discovered in 2019. It is seven times heavier (more massive) than Earth. It is too cold to be habitable. Because it showed up brighter than expected when photos of it were taken, it may have a ring system five times wider than that of Jupiter.


title: Sonia Gandhi

text: Sonia Gandhi (b. December 9, 1946 is an Indian politician. She is the president of the Indian National Congress. She is the widow of the former Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi. She is the chairperson of the national advisory council. In 1998, she was elected president of the Indian National Congress.


title: Astrolabe

text: The astrolabe is a tool using the positions of the stars or sun. It was formerly used in navigation to help explorers and sailors figure out where they were. They found their distance north and south of the equator by measuring the distance of the sun and stars above the horizon. Astronomers used other kinds of astrolabes, usually larger ones.


title: Astrolabe

text: An early astrolabe was made in the Hellenistic world in 150 BC. It is often attributed to Hipparchus. The astrolabe was a marriage of the planisphere (a star chart analog computing instrument) and dioptra (a tool to measure angles). It was a calculator able to work out many kinds of problems in astronomy. Theon of Alexandria wrote a complex book on the astrolabe. Lewis says that Ptolemy used an astrolabe to make the astronomical observations recorded in the "Tetrabiblos".


title: Wade–Giles

text: Wade–Giles (), sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system for the Chinese language. It is based on the form of Mandarin used in Beijing. The system was produced by Thomas Wade in the mid-19th century. It was fully developed in Herbert Giles's 1892 Chinese-English dictionary.


title: Wade–Giles

text: Wade-Giles was the main system of transliteration in the English-speaking world for much of the 20th century. It is used in several standard reference books. It is also used in all books about China published before 1979. It replaced the Nanjing-based romanization systems that was common until the late 19th century. Wade-Giles has been replaced by the Pinyin system today. It still remains in use in Taiwan (Republic of China).


title: Wade–Giles

text: One well-known feature of Wade-Giles is that it uses the apostrophe to mark aspirated consonants, or breathy consonants. For example, "ping" in Pinyin would be written as "p'ing" in Wade-Giles, but "bing" in Pinyin would be written as "ping". Sounds are written this way because Chinese does not have voiced stop consonants, fricatives, or affricates like in English. Chinese only distinguishes between aspirated and unaspirated sounds. Therefore, an apostrophe is used instead of using a different letter.


title: Wade–Giles

text: However, the apostrophe was not well understood by people who do not know the Wade-Giles spelling, so many people who read the apostrophe ignored the apostrophe when reading or copying Chinese words down. This had lead many non-Chinese to say Chinese words incorrectly, including Tao, tai chi, and kung fu. Wade-Giles spellings where the apostrophe is completely ignored are called bastardized Wade-Giles.


title: Wade–Giles

text: Below are examples of sentences written in Chinese characters, Pinyin, and Wade-Giles with English translations.


The 2004 United States presidential election happened on November 2, 2004. George W. Bush, the incumbent president and Republican candidate, won reelection. He defeated John Kerry, the Democratic candidate, who was the junior U.S. Senator from Massachusetts. Foreign policy was the biggest issue during the election mainly because of the War on Terrorism and the 2003 Invasion of Iraq.


title: 2004 United States presidential election

text: Since the last presidential election, there were concerns about voting. The winner was not determined until the following day when Kerry decided not to dispute Bush's win in the state of Ohio. The state held enough electoral votes to determine the winner of the presidency. Both Kerry and Democratic National Committee Chairman Howard Dean have stated their opinion that voting in Ohio did not proceed fairly and that, had it done so, the Democratic ticket might have won that state and therefore the election.


text: Only three states changed which party to vote for. New Mexico and Iowa voted Democratic in 2000, but those states voted Republican in 2004. New Hampshire voted Republican in 2000 but the state voted Democratic in 2004. In the Electoral College, Bush received 286 electoral votes, and Kerry received 251 electoral votes. Kerry was supposed to have 252, but one electoral vote that was supposed to go for Kerry went for his running mate, John Edwards.


title: Sylvinho

text: Sylvinho (born 12 April 1974) is a Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: President of Mexico

text: (), officially known as the President of the United Mexican States (), is the head of state and government of Mexico.


title: President of Mexico

text: Under the Constitution, the president is also the Supreme Commander of the Mexican armed forces. The current President is Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who took office on December 1, 2018.


title: President of Mexico

text: After the end of the Mexican War of Independence, a Provisional Board of Governing consisting of thirty-four persons was set up. The Board decreed and signed the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire and appointed a regency composed of six people.


title: President of Mexico

text: The Provisional Government of 1823–24 was an organization that served as the Executive in the government of Mexico after the end of the Mexican Empire of Agustín I, in 1823. The organization was responsible for convening the body that created the Federal Republic and existed from April 1, 1823 to October 10, 1824.


title: President of Mexico

text: On June 22, 1863, a "Superior Governing Board" was established. On July 11, the Board became the Regency of the Empire.


title: President of Mexico

text: After the constitutional reform of 1926, the presidential term in Mexico was extended to six years starting in 1928; with a formal ban on reelection. After the federal election of 1934 all the presidents have completed their six-year terms.


title: President of Mexico

text: To be eligible to serve as president, Article 82 of the Constitution specifies that the following requirements must be met:


title: President of Mexico

text: The 1917 Constitution was influenced from the Constitution of the United States. It made it clear separation of powers while giving the president wider powers than his American counterpart. However, this has only recently become the case in practice.


title: President of Mexico

text: The President's official residence and main workplace is Los Pinos, located inside the Bosque de Chapultepec (Chapultepec Park). The President has the right to use this residence for the six-year term of office.


title: President of Mexico

text: There are five living former presidents. The most recent former president to die was Luis Echeverría (1970–1976), on 8 July 2022.


title: Crossover (music)

text: A crossover is a term in music. It is when a piece of music appears on music charts for different types of music. For example, a song might be on music charts for both pop music and country music.


title: Dominic Cummings

text: Dominic McKenzie Cummings (born 25 November 1971) is a British political strategist. He served as Chief Adviser to Prime Minister Boris Johnson from July 2019 until November 13 2020. He was also special adviser to Michael Gove, the Secretary of State for Education from 2010 to 2014.


title: Dominic Cummings

text: From 2015 to 2016, Cummings was director of the successful Vote Leave campaign. It was an organisation against the continued British membership of the European Union. The group took an active part in the 2016 referendum campaign for Brexit.


title: Dominic Cummings

text: Cummings was born in Durham. He is married to Mary Wakefield. The couple have one son. Sir John Laws, a Lord Justice of Appeal, was Cummings' uncle.


title: Dominic Cummings

text: In May 2020, many people wanted Cummings to quit because he visited his parent's farm in Durham. Durham is over from his home in London. At the time, he had symptoms of COVID-19, and rules in the UK during the pandemic said people who thought they had the virus should stay at home. Prime Minister Boris Johnson said that Cummings had done nothing wrong and had a reason to go against the rules, because he needed childcare for his child. The Durham Constabulary started an investigation to see if Cummings had broken the law.


title: Casemiro

text: Carlos Henrique Casimiro (born 23 February 1992), commonly known as Casemiro, is a Brazilian footballer who plays for English club Manchester United. He also plays for the Brazil national football team.


title: Cross of Gold speech

text: The Cross of Gold speech was a famous speech at the 1896 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, Illinois by William Jennings Bryan. He wanted silver and not gold to be America's bullion standard. It was his goal to create inflation to help those in debt. The end of the speech gives it its name when he says;


title: Nicola Sturgeon

text: Nicola Sturgeon (born 19 July 1970 in Irvine, Scotland) is a Scottish politician. On 20 November 2014, she became the 5th First Minister of Scotland. She became the leader of the Scottish National Party on 14 November 2014. She was previously the Deputy First Minister of Scotland, Cabinet Secretary for Health and Wellbeing, and Deputy Leader of the Scottish National Party (SNP). She is a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Glasgow Govan.


title: Nicola Sturgeon

text: Nicola Sturgeon studied at the University of Glasgow and attempted to become a Member of Parliament at the 1992 and 1997 General Elections. In 1999, she became an MSP representing the Glasgow region. She became the Deputy Leader of the Scottish National Party in 2004 and because Alex Salmond was still an MP, she was the SNP's leader in the Scottish Parliament until the 2007 Scottish Parliament election. At the 2007 election, Nicola Sturgeon became the MSP for Glasgow Govan and her party formed a minority government with Alex Salmond as First Minister.


title: Nicola Sturgeon

text: On 20 November 2014, Nicola Sturgeon became First Minister of Scotland, succeeding Alex Salmond, who had resigned after defeat in the Scottish independence referendum. She is the first woman to hold this position.


title: Ivory (wrestler)

text: Lisa Moretti (born November 26, 1961 in Inglewood, California) is an American professional wrestler. Moretti is better known by her ring name, Ivory. She is currently wrestling on the independent circuit. Moretti is best known for wrestling for WWF/E. She was the WWF Women's champion three times.


title: Ivory (wrestler)

text: Ivory first appeared in 1999 as a valet for Mark Henry and D'Lo Brown. Immediately she feuded with Debra. The two divas were often in catfights. At one point, Ivory stripped Debra at St Valentine's Day Massacre. On an edition of "RAW", Debra and Jarrett were in a tag team match with Ivory and Brown. It ended early when Debra hit Ivory with Jarrett's guitar. Ivory began getting momentum in matches. She soon started working to win the Women's Championship. Debra was the champion at that time. On the June 14 episode of "RAW", Ivory beat Debra and won her first championship .


title: Ivory (wrestler)

text: Ivory was a hard champion to beat. This was seen when she defended the title in a hardcore match against Luna Vachon at Unforgiven 1999 . At No Mercy 1999, Ivory lost the title to The Fabulous Moolah. She won the title back a week later in a rematch and became a two time champion . At Survivor Series, she lost to Moolah again in a tag team match . She lost the Women's Championship at Armageddon to Kat.


title: Ivory (wrestler)

text: Ivory began wrestling occasionally on "Heat" . On "Heat", she tried to win the title many times by beating Jacqueline but did not win . For months she appeared occasionally on "RAW", "Smackdown" and "Heat" . Ivory returned to compete weekly after Lita became champion. After not winning the title from her twice, Ivory finally won it on "Smackdown" in a Four Corners match. This was her third championship .


title: Ivory (wrestler)

text: By this time, Ivory was being more conservative. She was a member of the group Right to Censor. Ivory was accompanied to the ring by Steven Richards . She kept the title at Survivor Series against Lita. She also kept it Rebellion. In both matches, she won with help from Richards . At Armageddon, she kept the title by winning in a triple threat match with Molly Holly and Trish Stratus . In 2001, at Royal Rumble, Ivory defended the championship against Chyna. Chyna had just returned from an injury caused by Right to Censor. Ivory won the match when Chyna reinjured herself . Next, Ivory feuded with Kat over her faction, "Right to Nudity". She defended the championship against Kat on "Smackdown". At Wrestlemania X-Seven, she lost the title to Chyna and lost her rematch.


title: Ivory (wrestler)

text: During the Invasion of WWF by the Alliance, Ivory caused Jacqueline lose a handicap match to Tori Wilson and Stacy Keibler. This led to Ivory joining the alliance . She became a regular on "Raw" and "Smackdown". She wrestled against Holly and Lita in many matches . She was partnered with Lance Storm. Ivory often accompanying him to the ring . At Survivor Series, she was in a match to pick a new champion but was pinned by Stratus .


title: Ivory (wrestler)

text: In 2002, Ivory competed rarely because she was working as a trainer on Tough Enough 2 . After Wrestlemania, on "Raw", she returned and attacked Stratus and Lita. This set up a tag team match for "Smackdown". The match was Jazz and Ivory vs Trish and Lita. She was drafted to "Smackdown" when the Brand Extension began but she rarely wrestled . In late 2002, just before Survivor Series, Ivory was traded to "Raw". She lost a match to Trish Stratus who was champion at the time.


title: Ivory (wrestler)

text: She competed a few times in 2003 on "Heat". Most of her work at this time was a feud with Victoria. They fought in some singles matches but more often in tag team matches . She lost a number one contender's match to Victoria on "Heat" .


title: Ivory (wrestler)

text: In 2004 Ivory retired from in-ring competition. She began co-hosting a new program called "WWE Experience" with Todd Grisham . In mid 2004, Ivory left WWE.


title: Ivory (wrestler)

text: Lisa Moretti was born and raised in Los Angeles, California. She has two brothers and one sister. She studied public relations at the University of Southern California. Moretti was a cheerleader for the Los Angeles Express of the United States Football League in the mid-1980s. Before starting her career in wrestling, Moretti worked as a make-up artist for the cosmetics brand Revlon.


title: Ivory (wrestler)

text: After leaving WWE, Moretti began working in the landscaping industry. Moretti also worked with her niece to help the pet population affected by Hurricane Katrina. She volunteered for an organization called Best Friends Animal Society. It is a no-kill animal shelter—a shelter that does not euthanize to control animal populations—in Utah. She also worked with her local animal shelter on San Juan Island in northwestern Washington. She has lived there since 2000. She opened Downtown Dog in 2007 with Jessica Ray. It is an animal daycare. It also deals with training, grooming, and cat boarding. The company is in Friday Harbor. In June 2007, they added veterinary care and later the Bow Wow Bus. The Bow Wow Bus takes the dogs on outings. Moretti has taken classes to learn how to groom animals. She now grooms them as part of the business.


title: The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie

text: The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie is a 2004 movie based on Nickelodeon's "SpongeBob SquarePants" television series.


title: The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie

text: On February 28, 2012, a sequel to "The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie" was said that it is being made. It started showing in theaters on February 13, 2015.


title: IPod shuffle

text: The iPod shuffle is an MP3 player made by Apple Inc. It's available with a 4GB memory which can hold roughly 1,000 songs, or 2GB memory holding roughly 500 songs. The iPod shuffle is Apple's smallest music player, it is 45.2mm tall, 17.5mm wide, and has a depth of 7.8mm. It was discontinued on the same day as iPod Nano, on 27 July 2017, around 3 years after iPod Classic, which was discontinued on September 9, 2014 and around 5 years before the iPod Touch, which was discontinued on May 10, 2022.


title: IPod shuffle

text: The iPod shuffle's battery plays audio for 15 hours when fully charged. It can be charged to 80% of its capacity in 2 hours, and fully charged in 3 hours.


title: IPod shuffle

text: The iPod shuffle is the first music player that talks to you, using a feature called VoiceOver. When the button on the headphones is held down, VoiceOver will speak the song currently playing and its artist. If you continue holding it, it will tell you your playlists. Click the centre button to select a playlist. This feature is available in 20 languages.


title: IPod shuffle

text: The iPod shuffle is available in pink, blue, green, orange, black and silver. A polished stainless steel edition is available from the online store.


title: IPod shuffle

text: The first iPod Shuffle was released on January 11, 2005. Steve Jobs said that people were always putting their iPods on shuffle mode and taking them to the gym and using them while they were jogging and that the iPod Shuffle lets you do that in a much more simpler way. The iPod Shuffle relies on a feature from iTunes that lets you select random songs from the iTunes library and copy them onto the Shuffle. It doesn't have a screen and doesn't have most features the other iPods have and instead of having the click wheel, the iPod Shuffle has a more basic wheel with the up and down buttons being for volume, the left and right buttons being for switching between songs and the middle button for playing and pausing. The back has a clip and a light that tells you when the iPod has a low battery.


title: IPod shuffle

text: The second generation iPod Shuffle was released on September 12, 2006. It's size was changed to be even smaller being the size of a square ans Steve Jobs said it was the smallest MP3 player ever.


title: IPod shuffle

text: On January 30, 2007 Apple released four new colors blue, green, orange and pink as well as the normal silver color. Blue, green and pink are also the same colors used for the second generation iPod Nano and iPod Mini.


title: IPod shuffle

text: On September 5, 2007, Apple replaced the colors blue, green, orange and pink with four new colors turquoise, lavender, mint green, and Product Red.


title: IPod shuffle

text: On February 19, 2008, Apple released a 2GB iPod Shuffle for $69. On the same day Apple also lowered the price for the 1GB iPod shuffle from $79 to $49


title: IPod shuffle

text: On September 9, 2008, Apple replaced the colors from September 2007 with colors blue, green, pink and red. They are very similar to the colors from January 2007 except slightly brighter.


title: IPod shuffle

text: The 2GB iPod Shuffle was discontinued on March 11, 2009 and the 1GB iPod Shuffle was discontinued on September 9, 2009.


title: IPod shuffle

text: On March 11, 2009 Apple released the third generation iPod Shuffle and is said to be "jaw-droppingly small" and "the first iPod that talks to you" and it is also the first waterproof iPod. The 3G iPod Shuffle was available in black and white. The iPod Shuffle 3G featured VoiceOver technology, a personal assistant that lets you tell your iPod Shuffle to play a certain album, genre, artist or song. The iPod Shuffle 3rd generation no longer features controls on the device itself, but features controls on the earphones they come with.


title: IPod shuffle

text: On September 9, 2009 three new colors pink, blue and green were released and the Apple Store offered a 4GB iPod Shuffle made entirely out of stainless steel.


title: IPod shuffle

text: The fourth generation iPod Shuffle was released on September 1, 2010. The controls have been put back onto the device and it the design has been reverted to the iPod Shuffle second generation design and it now features VoiceOver in 29 languages: (Chinese (Cantonese, Mandarin), Czech, Danish, Dutch, English (Australia, UK, U.S.), Finnish, French (Canada, France), German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese (Brazil, Portugal), Romanian, Russian, Slovak, Spanish (Mexico, Spain), Swedish, Thai and Turkish).


title: IPod shuffle

text: For the first two years the iPod Shuffle was sold in five colors (silver with a black control pad, green, blue, orange and pink with a white control pad) but on September 12, 2012 Apple announced the iPhone 5 and a new iPod Touch and iPod Nano, but seven new colors were announced for the iPod Shuffle (silver or black with a black control pad or green, blue, pink, yellow, and purple with a white control pad) as well as a Product Red edition with a white control pad.


title: Gagauz language

text: Gagauz is a Turkic language spoken by the Gagauz people. They live in Moldova, Ukraine, Russia and Turkey. It is the official language of the Autonomous Region of Gagauzia in Moldova.


title: Gagauz language

text: Gagauz belongs to the Oghuz branch of Turkic languages, with Azerbaijani, Turkmen, and Turkish. Gagauz has two dialects, Bulgar Gagauzi and Maritime Gagauzi. Gagauz is not the same language as Balkan Gagauz Turkish.


title: Gagauz language

text: The Gajal, the Sunni Muslim Branch of the Gagauz, live in Turkey-East Thrace, once came from Moldova.


title: Margot Robbie

text: Margot Elise Robbie ( ; born 2 July 1990) is an Australian movie and television actress, and movie producer. She first gained recognition for her role as Donna Freedman in the Australian soap opera "Neighbours" (2008–2011, 2022). She played Charlotte in the comedy-drama movie "About Time" (2013). Robbie gained further success for her portrayal of Harley Quinn in the DC Extended Universe movie "Suicide Squad" (2016), later reprising the role in "Birds of Prey" (2020) and "The Suicide Squad" (2021). In 2019, she starred as Sharon Tate in the Quentin Tarantino movie "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood", which earned her a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role.


title: Margot Robbie

text: In 2017, Robbie was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her role as Tonya Harding in "I, Tonya".


title: Margot Robbie

text: Robbie was born in Gold Coast, Queensland and grew up in Dalby. In 2016, she married British filmmaker Tom Ackerley.


title: Annie Ernaux

text: Annie Ernaux (born Annie Duschesne; 1 September 1940) is a French writer. She was born in Normandy, France. She writes many autobiographical works and awarded Nobel Prize in Literature in 2022.


title: Annie Ernaux

text: Her books "A Woman's Story," "A Man's Place," and "Simple Passion" were seen by the "The New York Times" Notable Books, and "A Woman's Story" was a Finalist for the Los Angeles Times Book Prize.


title: Annie Ernaux

text: "Shame" was named a Publishers Weekly Best Book of 1998, "I Remain in Darkness" a Top Memoir of 1999 by "The Washington Post", and "The Possession" was listed as a Top Ten Book of 2008 by More Magazine.


title: Christopher Lloyd

text: Christopher Allen Lloyd (born October 22, 1938) is an American actor. He has appeared in various theater productions, films, stage, television and video game work since 1961 and is most famous for the movies "Back to the Future" and "The Addams Family", the television programs "Taxi" and "Cyberchase", and "Piranha 3D".


title: Alisher Usmanov

text: Alisher Burkhanovich Usmanov (; ; born 9 September 1953) is an Uzbek-born Russian oligarch. As reported by "Forbes" in 2020, Alisher Usmanov has a net worth of $11.68 billion.


title: Alisher Usmanov

text: Usmanov built his wealth through metal and mining operations, and investments, and is the majority shareholder of Metalloinvest.


title: Alisher Usmanov

text: He owns the Kommersant publishing house. He is also a co‑owner of Russia's second-largest mobile telephone operator, MegaFon, and co-owner of the Mail.Ru group.


title: Dental braces

text: Dental braces are wires that are held together by brackets glued to the permanent teeth. The wires and brackets may be made of metal or other materials. Each week or month (or other time the orthodontist decides) the braces may be checked, cleaned, or changed into a tighter wire.


title: Dental braces

text: Braces are an orthodontic device. They are to make the teeth straight, and to correct problems in a person's bite. There are many natural problems which occur to the way teeth fit together, but not everyone needs or will need braces.


title: Dental braces

text: However, the use of braces is quite common, even when they are not medically necessary. Their cosmetic use for young females is more common in countries with first world economies. To overcome the visibility of traditional metal braces, there are now nearly transparent braces. Sometimes braces are possible behind the teeth, and so are not in view.


title: Smith Hart

text: Smith Stewart Hart (November 28, 1948 – July 2, 2017) was an American-Canadian professional wrestler and a member of the Hart wrestling family. His parents were Stu and Helen Hart.


title: Smith Hart

text: Smith was the first of their twelve children, being one of their eight sons, Bruce, Keith, Wayne, Dean, Bret, Ross and Owen followed him.


title: Smith Hart

text: Hart wrestled for the majority of his career in Canada but also worked shortly in other countries and was best known for his time in Stampede Wrestling and for his appearances for WWE.


title: Smith Hart

text: On July 2, 2017, Hart died at his Calgary, Alberta home at the age of 68 of prostate and bone cancer. he suffered from cancer since January 2016.


title: Louis VII of France

text: Louis VII, called the Younger or the Young (; 1120 – 18 September 1180), was King of France from 1137 until his death. He was the son and successor of Louis VI.


title: Maria Luisa of Parma

text: Maria Luisa of Parma (9 December 1751 - 2 January 1819) was Queen consort of Spain from 1788 to 1808 as the wife of King Charles IV of Spain. She was the youngest daughter of Duke Philip of Parma and his wife, Louise Élisabeth of France, the eldest daughter of King Louis XV.


title: Maria Luisa of Parma

text: Christened Luisa Maria Teresa Anna, but known as María Luisa was born at the Ducal Palace of Colorno in the Duchy of Parma. She was the favourite child of her mother, who tried to engage her to the heir to the French throne, however the prince died in 1761. In 1762 Maria Luisa became engaged to the Prince of Asturias (heir to the throne), Charles, later King Charles IV of Spain. She married the future Charles IV on 4 September 1765. From her marriage she was the most senior female at the Spanish court, Queen Maria Amalia having died in 1761.


title: Maria Luisa of Parma

text: Maria Luisa was regularly painted by the famous Spanish artist Goya. She was often described by contemporaries as an ugly, vicious, and coarse woman who greatly dominated the king. Maria Luisa dominated her husband and was believed to have had many love affairs, but there is no evidence that Maria Luisa had any lovers. Gossip pointed out Manuel de Godoy, her husband's Prime Minister, was her long-time lover. She was unpopular during her reign and has also long had a bad reputation in history, mainly because of her alleged love affairs and her support of pro-French policies that eventually were not good for Spain. In 1792, the "Order of Queen Maria Luisa" was founded on her suggestion, an order which was given only to women.


title: Maria Luisa of Parma

text: Her husband abdicated the throne of Spain in 1808, and together with Maria Luisa and Godoy spent the rest of his life in exile. When Napoleon's army invaded the country, several pamphlets blamed her for that. Maria Luisa spent some years in France and then in Rome, Italy. Both Maria Luisa and her husband died in Italy in early 1819.


title: Enneagram of Personality

text: Today, Enneagram theories are mostly from Oscar Ichazo from the 1950s and Claudio Naranjo from the 1970s. Older history of ideas associated with the Enneagram of Personality are not agreed on.


title: Enneagram of Personality

text: The Enneagram of Personality is popular in business management and spirituality development using books and DVDs. In business it is used to find out into how employees can work together. In spirituality it is shown as a path to self-improvement and enlightenment. Both say it can aid in self-awareness and self-understanding.


title: Enneagram of Personality

text: The Enneagram mixes ideas usually accepted in the theory of personality but it has been sent away and called pseudoscience by some personality assessment experts.


title: Mayra Flores

text: Mayra Nohemi Flores (born January 1, 1986) is a Mexican-born American politician. She is a member of the Republican Party. She is a member of the United States House of Representatives for since 2022.


title: Mayra Flores

text: She won the special election to replace former Congressman Filemon Vela Jr. She is the first Mexican-born woman to be a member of the United States Congress.


title: Mayra Flores

text: Before her election to Congress, Flores used hashtags supporting the QAnon conspiracy theory on an Instagram post, though she has denied ever being a supporter of QAnon.


title: Mayra Flores

text: Flores lost her campaign for a full term in the November 2022 midterm elections to Democrat Vicente Gonzalez in the district that was redrawn that year. She will leave office in January 2023.


title: Mayra Flores

text: Flores was born in Mexico to migrant farmworkers. Her family moved to the U.S. when she was six years old and she gained American citizenship at 14. She was raised in Souther Texas. Even though she was raised in a conservative Democrat immigrant family in Texas, she said she supports the Republican Party because of her anti-abortion views.


title: Mayra Flores

text: Flores has worked as a respiratory therapist and lived in Los Indios, Texas. She is married to a U.S. Border Patrol agent and has four children.


title: British Rail Class 180

text: The British Rail Class 180 Adelante is a class of 14 diesel-hydraulic multiple-unit passenger trains built by Alstom at Washwood Heath in 2000/01 for First Great Western (FGW). They are part of the Coradia 1000 family, along with the Class 175. After recurring technical problems with the trains, FGW handed them all back to leasing company Angel Trains in 2008/09. After a period in store, they were leased to Hull Trains and Grand Central, while the remaining five units returned to service with FGW. The latter five have since moved to Grand Central, whilst the four Hull Trains units have been transferred to East Midlands Railway.


title: Epistle to the Galatians

text: The Epistle to the Galatians (or Galatians) is the forty-eighth book in the Bible (and ninth in the New Testament), written by the Apostle Paul. The book was written to the people of Galatia, a part of modern day Turkey, with whom Paul had earlier preached and founded the congregation in their area.


title: Epistle to the Galatians

text: It is not known for sure, but most believe that the book was written around 57 A.D. One of the curious verses in the letter is where Paul says "See with what large letters I am writing this in my own hand". (Chapter 6, verse 11). This is understood to mean that normally Paul used a secretary to write down as he spoke his letters. However he wanted the Galatians to be sure it was he himself that was the author of the letter they would receive so he wrote a few lines himself. Some believe he had poor eyesight and so had to write with "large letters".


title: Epistle to the Galatians

text: Paul's letter is to settle an important question of that day. It is if the gentile Christians must first join the Jewish religion and keep the Law of Moses. Paul says that the gentile Galatians do not need to keep the old Laws such as the need for circumcision, which is the removal of some skin around the male sex organ, done by Jews and Muslims as an act of religious obedience to God. Paul says that this is no longer important since Jesus has come. Paul says it is not good that the community has turned from the gospel (Chapter 1, verses 6–10) He says there is only one gospel and one way of being saved through faith in Christ and that adding to that makes it another gospel. He talks about his early life as a Jew, (Chapter 1, verses 13–14), how he met Christ, often called the conversion of Paul, (Chapter 1, verses 15–16), and his early work (Chapter 1 verses 17–24). He tells about meeting with the other Christian leaders in Jerusalem as reported in Acts chapter 15, verses 2:1–10. He says that they agreed with him that the gentiles did not need to be become practicing Jews first. In Chapter 2 he tells about a meeting with Peter where he told Peter that he was not acting properly towards the gentile Christians by not eating with them. Then he says that Jews, like Gentiles, are not made right with God by keeping the old Law but by trusting in what Jesus did for them when He died on the cross. Later in the book he tells that the Law was given to show us how sinful we are so that we would see the need for forgiveness. He says that when we love others we have fulfilled the true meaning of the Law. He writes that when we have faith, God sends the Holy Spirit who helps us live a good life and keep from bad things. He gives a list of those bad and good actions. (Chapter 5)


title: Epistle to the Galatians

text: The Epistle to the Galatians has been very important in the history of Christianity, the development of Christian theology, and the study of the apostle Paul.


title: Epistle to the Galatians

text: The book contains some of the most known Bible teachings, such as that all have need of salvation (Galatians 3:28-29), and the Fruits of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22-23).


title: Cartel

text: In economics, a cartel is a group of formerly independent companies who overtly agree to work together. The objectives of cartels are to increase their profits or to stabilize market sales. They do this by fixing the price of goods, by limiting market supply or by other means. Monopolies are not cartels, because in a monopoly there is only one independent company. Cartels are bad for the economy in general and for their customers who are overcharged. Cartels usually occur in oligopolies, where there are a small number of players that control the majority of supply in a market.


title: Cartel

text: Besides the sellers' cartel just described, buyers may also form cartels to suppress the price of a purchased input. Another type of cartel is the bidding ring. In bid rigging potential suppliers form an agreement as to which of them will win a supply contract at a price above the competitive price and, if one of them wins, then agree to a rule for sharing the extra profits among themselves. Bid rigging is most common among construction firms trying to get a government building project.


title: Cartel

text: A survey was done of hundreds of published economic studies and legal decisions of antitrust authorities. It found that the median price increase achieved by cartels in the last 200 years is 25%. Private international cartels (those with participants from two or more nations) had an average price increase of 28%. Domestic cartels averaged 18%. Less than 10% of all cartels in the sample failed to raise market prices.


title: Cartel

text: In general, cartel agreements are difficult to negotiate because potential members typically have different ideal collusive prices. Once formed, cartels tend to be economically unstable, primarily because there is a profit incentive for members to cheat by selling at below the agreed price or selling more than the production quotas set by the cartel (see also game theory). Cheating on prices is difficult for cartel members to observe, so more successful cartels often agree to fix their market quotas, share verifiable information about those shares, and agree in advance on some mechanism to punish members that exceed their quotas. This has caused many cartels that attempt to set product prices to be unsuccessful in the long term. Empirical studies of 20th century cartels have determined that the mean duration of discovered cartels is from 5 to 8 years. However, once a cartel is broken, the incentives to form the cartel return and the cartel may be re-formed. Publicly-known cartels that do not follow this cycle include the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).


title: Cartel

text: Price fixing is often practiced internationally. When the agreement to control price is sanctioned by a multilateral treaty or protected by national sovereignty, no antitrust actions may be initiated. Examples of such price fixing include oil whose price is partly controlled by the supply by OPEC countries. Also international airline tickets have prices fixed by agreement with the IATA, a practice for which there is a specific exception in antitrust law.


title: Cartel

text: International price fixing by private entities can be prosecuted under the antitrust laws of more than 100 countries. Examples of prosecuted international cartels are lysine, citric acid, graphite electrodes and bulk vitamins.


title: Phosphor

text: A phosphor is a chemical compound that emits light when it is exposed to light of a different wavelength (i.e. color). Phosphors do not contain the chemical element Phosphorus, which can be made to glow a different way. This sometimes causes confusion. Phosphors are used in many types of lighting, including fluorescent bulbs where they change the ultraviolet light produced by excited mercury vapor into visible light.


title: Phosphor

text: The chemistry of phosphors varies greatly depending on what the phosphor is to be used for. Phosphors include 'glow in the dark' materials that can be found in novelties, toys, and emergency safety lighting for buildings. They are used in the screens of older style cathode ray tube televisions to make visible light from an electron beam. They can also be used to visibly detect ionizing radiation. Light-emitting diodes are devices that often use phosphors to obtain a particular color or color temperature.


title: Heropanti 2

text: Heropanti 2 () is a 2022 Indian Hindi-language romantic action film directed by Ahmed Khan. It is the sequel to Heropanti. The film stars Tiger Shroff, Nawazuddin Siddiqui, and Tara Sutaria. It is written by Rajat Arora and produced by Sajid Nadiadwala under the banner of Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment. It was released on April 29, 2022.


title: Heropanti 2

text: RJ is an innocent young man who lives with his mother Hema in Yorkshire and works as a bouncer in a bar. RJ leaves for a job interview where Inaaya, a self-made millionaire from the gaming industry, sees RJ and alleges that he is her ex-boyfriend Babloo Ranawat. RJ makes it clear that he doesn't know her at all. However, Inaaya's suspicion turns out to be true. Babloo was an infamous hacker recruited by CBI officer Azaad Khan, who offers him a handsome reward to helps them in thwarting the plans of Laila, who is a psychopatic magician and cyber-criminal. Laila has designed an app which steals the data of the users and also usurps the money from their bank accounts.


title: Heropanti 2

text: Babloo infiltrates Laila's gang by wooing Laila's sister Inaaya and begins into getting a good impression of Laila and also gets lured by the money offered by him and betrays Azaad, but soon realizes that the latter is achieving to destroy lives when he meets an ambulance driver's wife Hema (Babloo's mother) where he learns that her husband had saved money for his grandson's education and their dreams, but learns that their bank account had been hacked and the money went missing. Due to this, the driver committed suicide. Due to guilt, Babloo rejoins Azaad and subdues the henchmen and destroys the app's transaction. He fakes his identity as RJ and leaves to start a new life along with his adopted mother Hema.


title: Heropanti 2

text: In the present day, Laila learns that Babloo is hiding in Yorkshire and sends his men to nab him, but Babloo subdues them and fakes his death again. Babloo reveals to Inaaya about Laila's crimes, who joins him in the fight. Babloo leaves for Egypt, Russia and China where Laila had established his crime syndicate and kills the syndicate members. Babloo and Inaaya leaves for Heathrow Airport to receive Hema (Hema had left Babloo to visit Kedar Ghat, India). Laila orders his henchmen to kidnap Babloo's mother and Laila challenges Babloo to stop the extraction of money by throwing various challenges. Babloo overcomes various challenges where he defeats Laila and stops the extraction and leaves with Inaaya and Hema. Humiliated by the defeat, Laila commits suicide. 6 months later, Babloo, Inaaya and Babloo's mother are living in Vietnam where a mission awaits for Babloo.


title: Long COVID

text: Long COVID, also known as long-haul COVID or chronic COVID syndrome, refers to the presumed long-term symptoms of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Not everyone who has the disease will get long COVID.


title: Long COVID

text: Some people feel better in a few days or weeks, and most people with long COVID will make a full recovery within 12 weeks.


title: Long COVID

text: The chance of having long-term symptoms is not linked to how ill someone is when they first get the disease (COVID-19). It can happen to anyone.


title: Thomas Bramall

text: Tom Bramall is an English association football referee from Sheffield, Yorkshire. His county FA is the Sheffield and Hallamshire Football Association. He is a Select Group 1 Referee and officiates primarily in the Premier League.


title: Ian McEwan

text: Ian Russell McEwan CBE, FRSA, FRSL (born 21 June 1948), is an English novelist (who is also called "Ian Macabre" because of the type of his early work).


title: Ian McEwan

text: McEwan was born in Aldershot, Hampshire, England and spent much of his childhood in the Far East, Germany and North Africa where his father, an officer in the army, was posted. He was educated at the University of Sussex and the University of East Anglia, where he was the first graduate of Malcolm Bradbury's pioneering creative writing course.


title: Ian McEwan

text: He has been married twice. His second wife, Annalena McAfee, is the editor of the Guardian's Review section.


title: Ian McEwan

text: In March and April 2004, just months after the British government had invited him to a dinner with First Lady of the United States Laura Bush, McEwan was denied entry into the United States by the United States Department of Homeland Security for not having the proper visa for earning a living (McEwan was preparing to give a series of paid lectures). Only after several days and publicity in the British press was McEwan admitted because, as he said a customs official had told him, "We still do not want to let you in, but this is attracting a lot of unfavourable publicity."