title: DSM IV

text: (8) "Somatiform Disorders." People with these disorders have a lot of physical symptoms, like pain or stomach problems. However, these symptoms are not thought to be caused by an actual medical disorder. They are thought to be caused by mental health problems instead. One example is hypochondriasis, where a person is always worried that they have serious medical problems when they do not. Another condition in this category is Body Dysmorphic Disorder, where a person hates his body, or a part of his body.


title: DSM IV

text: (9) "Factitious Disorders." People with these disorders exaggerate or make up medical problems. They may do this because it gets them things they want (for example, attention and sympathy).


title: DSM IV

text: (10) "Dissociative Disorders." These disorders cause a person to have problems with memory, awareness, and perceiving (seeing and understanding) things correctly. The person may also feel disconnected from his identity (his view of himself and who he is). The best-known condition in this category is Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) (which used to be called "Multiple Personality Disorder).


title: DSM IV

text: (11) "Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders." Sexual disorders include paraphilias, where a person is sexually attracted to objects or to kinds of sexual activity that are not normal. For example, pedophilia (being sexually attracted to children) is a type of paraphilia. Another type of sexual disorder is sexual dysfunction (problems with performing sexually). This category also includes Gender Identity Disorder, where a person feels like one gender, but has the body of another gender.


title: DSM IV

text: (12) "Eating Disorders." The two major types of eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.


title: DSM IV

text: (14) "Impulse Control Disorders Not Otherwise Specified." These are disorders where people have trouble controlling their urges to do things. For example: trichotillomania (where a person pulls hair out of his body) and Intermittent Explosive Disorder (where a person has sudden explosions of anger).


title: DSM IV

text: (15) "Adjustment Disorders." With these disorders, a person is having trouble adjusting to, or getting used to, something stressful in his life.


title: DSM IV

text: (16) "Personality Disorders". These diagnoses can only be given to adults. For example: Antisocial Personality Disorder; Borderline Personality Disorder.


title: Bojhena Se Bojhena (TV series)

text: Bojhena Se Bojhena (); () is a Bengali Television Soap Opera That Premiered On November 4, 2013 And Airs On STAR Jalsha . The Soap, produced By Shree Venkatesh Films, is a remake Of Hindi soap "Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?", which aired on STAR Plus. It replaced Star Jalsha's popular show "Tapur Tupur".


title: Bojhena Se Bojhena (TV series)

text: Pakhi Ghosh Dastidar (Madhumita Sarkar), daughter of Sharat Ghosh Dastidar (Kushal Chakraborty) and Sumitra Ghosh Dastidar (Reshmi Sen) is a simple and traditional girl from Malda deeply rooted in family values. She believes in the strength of love, relationships, and faith in God. On the other hand, Aranya Singha Roy (Yash Dasgupta) is a rich, arrogant and suave business tycoon with no belief in love or God. His closest emotional bond is with his sister Ananya (Debaparna Chakraborty). Pakhi and Aranya first meet each other at hotel Rajmahal where Pakhi accidently falls from the stage in Aranya's arms. Aranya thinks it as an intentionally effort to blander his occasion. However he locks pakhi in a room and behaves very rudely. Next time he exposed the video of falling Pakhi in his arms through media. For this Piu's marriage breaks and their family faces a great disrespect. Then they move to Kolkata from Maldah. Here Pakhi meets ASR again in a temple and they quarrel again. Pakhi takes a job in the ASR Group of Industries where she signs in a contact of 1 lakh taka with ASR. Meanwhile, she assignes as the P.A of ASR. Day by day Pakhi starts to make many funny things and also causes many problems in the office. ASR also insults her a lot and many times he used to punishes her. Then Anu meets Pakhi and assignes her to take care of Pamela and to make her a proper traditional girl for ASR. Pamela is ASR's college friend and now lives with them as she is going to be married with ASR. ASR feels so disturbed in home too for Pakhi. Circumstances brings them close and they start to feel for each other. They also spend many romantic moments as time gets close. But Krishnendu [Anu's husband] lusts for Pakhi and tries to marry Pakhi. As Pakhi doesn't ever see him, he easily takes proposal to Pakhi's house. At first Pakhi refuses. But on the day of Anu's birthday, ASR tries to kiss her but somehow he controls himself. This makes Pakhi passionate and also shy. Rather ASR insults her a lot and declares his engagement with Pamela. Pakhi gets heartbroken and agrees with the marriage with Krishnendu. Hearing this ASR also feels guilty and heartbroken. He wants to meet Pakhi's would be husband. Anu & Didun congrates Pakhi. Soon Pakhi gets know about Krishnendu's plot and his true identity. Thus she refuses to marry him. Here Pamela somehow tries to do harm to Anu. Knowing that ASR refuses to marry her and send her to London again. However all barriers between them get out.


title: Bojhena Se Bojhena (TV series)

text: Again they start to feel for each other deeply. Here Akki & Piu fall for each other. But Pammi doesn't admire Piu as her daughter in law. ASR & Pakhi plan to unite them together. Various interesting incidents start to happening. At last Akki and Piu confront their love to each other. ASR also makes Pammi agree for their marriage. Very soon Pammi's nephew Harry arrives. He is a funny guy and loves to pamper girls. As usual he starts to like Pakhi and runs after her. Pakhi also considered him as friend and spend lots of time with him. This makes ASR jealous and he tries to show his possessivity to her. This time many emotional and romantic incidents take place. Their feelings turns into love.


title: Bojhena Se Bojhena (TV series)

text: However Akki & Piu's marriage ceremony starts. In sangeet, surprisingly ASR dances with Pakhi and takes her closer. After that he challenges Pakhi to do the same what he would do. Pakhi accepts the challenge and surprisingly ASR kisses her. As such Pakhi also kisses him unwillingly. Here ASR feels so jealous with Harry. Understanding this Pakhi makes Harry wear "Rakhi" and their relation turns into brother and sister. ASR feels happy and decides to confront his love to Pakhi. Here Krishnendu has been trying to kill Anu to get Pakhi. He always keeps an eye on ASR & Pakhi. On Piu's marriage day, ASR tries to propose Pakhi but he can't succeed. Krishnendu plots against them and calls Pakhi at the roof. Following Pakhi ASR also reaches at the roof and see Pakhi hugging Krishnendu. Though Krishnendu forcefully did that ASR misunderstands Pakhi and starts to hate her.


title: Bojhena Se Bojhena (TV series)

text: Aranya decides to tell everything to Anu. But at the vary moment it is known that Anu is pregnant. ASR wants to save her sister's life. Thus he asks Pakhi to marry him only for six months and this is a deal between them. As Pakhi doesn't ready to marry him alone ASR threats him that if she refuses then he will break Akki and Piu's marriage. Finding no other alternative Pakhi agrees and they get married secretly. Everyone gets surprised but admires Pakhi as the daughter in law of Singha Roy family.


title: Bojhena Se Bojhena (TV series)

text: Pakhi tries to know the reason behind this marriage. But ASR doesn't reveal the truth. Still ASR loves Pakhi but never expresses that. After a few months Pakhi threats ASR that if he doesn't tell the reason then she will commit suicide. ASR slaps her and speaks out the truth. Pakhi gets shocked and tries to make him understand the truth. But ASR doesn't believe her and goes to London. On his way he is kidnapped by Krishnendu. Pakhi somehow realizes that Aranya is in danger and she reaveals that Krishnendu has kidnapped Aranya. Pakhi shares this with Harry. With Harry's help she finds out ASR. Here ASR realizes his mistake and again takes Pakhi closer. They spend some romantic moments together. After coming back home they reveal the truth to Anu. But she misunderstands them and goes against ASR and Pakhi. At the same time Pamela also comes back to take revenge. After lots of hurdles and efforts ASR and Pakhi succeed to expose Krishnendu before Anu and finally they reunite.


title: Bojhena Se Bojhena (TV series)

text: Now Pakhi and Aranya are getting married on the show for the second time after going through lots of hurdles,and planning on exposing Krishnendu. After the wedding Krishnendu's appearance makes everyone shocked. Aranya gets shot and he falls in a river. Police investigate and state that Aranya is dead. Pakhi denies to believe Aranya's post death and acts madly as Aranya is alive. After some time Harry and Gauri get married and everything gets normal except Pakhi's abnormal behaviour.


title: St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador

text: St. John's is the capital of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is also the largest city in the province, with 108,860 people living there and 205,955 people in the St. John's Metropolitan Area.


title: St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador

text: Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) has two campuses in St. John's and College of the North Atlantic (CNA) also has two (and a third in Seal Cove, within the St. John's Metropolitan Area). MUN and CNA are the only two public higher education institutions in Newfoundland. Given this, there are many students living in St. John's to pursue studies.


title: St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador

text: St. John's is home to the Newfoundland Growlers who play in the ECHL. St. John's is also home to the St. John's Edge who play in the NBL


title: Gloucestershire

text: Gloucestershire (pronounced ; "GLOSS-ter-sher") is a county in South West England. The county includes part of the Cotswold Hills, part of the flat fertile valley of the River Severn, and the entire Forest of Dean.


title: Gloucestershire

text: The county town is Gloucester, and other principal towns include Cheltenham, Stroud, Cirencester, and Tewkesbury.


title: Gloucestershire

text: Gloucestershire borders the county of Gwent in Wales, and in England the counties of Herefordshire, Worcestershire, Warwickshire, Oxfordshire, Wiltshire, Somerset and Bristol.


title: Gloucestershire

text: This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Gloucestershire at current basic prices published (pp.240-253) by "Office for National Statistics" with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.


title: Donna Summer

text: Donna Adrian Gaines (December 31, 1948 – May 17, 2012), known by her stage name Donna Summer, was an American singer-songwriter. She was an African American Christian who was born and raised in Boston, Massachusetts. She became famous during the disco era in the 1970s and became a pop icon. She died of lung cancer in Englewood, Florida. In 1982 she released a single with Michael Jackson, Lionel Richie, and Stevie Wonder called "State of Independence". She became known for songs like "Hot Stuff", "Last Dance", and "She Works Hard for the Money".


title: Bleeding

text: Bleeding, technically known as haemorrhaging (Brit.) or hemorrhaging (US) is the loss of blood or blood escape from the circulatory system.


title: Donna Summer

text: In 1974, Summer married Helmuth Sommer (which led to her stage name Summer) but divorced him two years later. She married Bruce Sudano in 1990 and had two children with him.


title: Bleeding

text: Bleeding can occur internally, where blood leaks from blood vessels inside the body, or externally, either through a natural opening such as the vagina, mouth, nose, ear or anus, or through a break in the skin.


title: Bleeding

text: Desanguination is a major blood loss. Exsanguination is losing enough blood to cause death. A person does not have to lose all of their blood to die. People can die from losing half to two-thirds of their blood.


title: Bleeding

text: Typically, a healthy person can endure a loss of 10–15% of the total blood volume without serious medical difficulties, and blood donation typically takes 8–10% of the donor's blood volume.


title: Bleeding

text: The World Health Organization (WHO) established a scale to measure different degrees of blood loss, from level 0 to 4. Level 0 indicates no blood loss, whilst level 4 represents the highest level of hemorrhaging, with a risk of fatality.


title: Pigment

text: A pigment is something that is added to something else to give it color. Natural pigments can come from just about anything. Pigments can be made from animals, plants, rocks and minerals or even the ground itself, for example clay plus salts. Pigments can also be created by people.


title: Pigment

text: An example of a pigment is ultramarine. It is a powder found in nature. It adds a blue color to paints and dyes.


title: Pigment

text: The first synthetic dye was aniline. Aniline is an organic chemical compound produced in two stages from benzene. It gives a mauve color which was much used for dyeing clothes in the 19th century. It was invented in 1856 by William Henry Perkin. Apparently, it gave a brilliant fuchsia color when first applied, but fades rapidly to mauve.


title: PubMed

text: PubMed is a free online database of references on life sciences. It was established in January 1996. The United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) maintains the database.


title: PubMed

text: Each record in the PubMed database is assigned a special number to identify it. This is the PMID, an acronym for "PubMed IDentifier" number. PMIDs do not change over time and they are never reused. Any PMID is only a number. The PMID tells the reader nothing about the type or quality of the content of any publication.


title: Summit

text: The summit is the top of a mountain or hill. In geography, the elevation of mountains is measured. The elevation is the difference in height between sea level and the top of a mountain or hill. A peak is a pointed mountain, though not always.


title: Aquaculture

text: Aquaculture is the farming of fish, shrimp, abalones, algae, and other seafood. Aquaculture supplies fish, such as catfish, salmon, and trout. It was developed a few thousand years ago in China. Aquaculture supplies over 20% of all the seafood harvested.


title: Aquaculture

text: Fish farming has been practiced, in some parts of the world, for thousands of years. Goldfish originated about a thousand years ago in carp farms in China, and the Roman Empire farmed oysters and other seafood. Today, half of the seafood eaten in the U.S. is farmed. To help meet the growing global demand for seafood, aquaculture is growing fast.


title: Aquaculture

text: The environmental impact of fish farming varies widely, depending on the species being farmed, the methods used and where the farm is located. When good practices are used, it's possible to farm seafood in a way that has very little impact to the environment. Such operations limit habitat damage, disease, escapes of farmed fish and the use of wild fish as feed.


title: Edgar Lungu

text: Edgar Chagwa Lungu (born 11 November 1956) was the 6th President of Zambia from 2015 until 2021. He is a former Minister of Justice, Minister of Defence and Minister of Home Affairs. Following President Michael Sata's death in October 2014, Lungu was chosen as the candidate for the Patriotic Front for the January 2015 presidential by-election, which was to determine who would serve out the remainder of Sata's term. In the election, he narrowly defeated his opposition Hakainde Hichilema and took office on 25 January 2015.


title: Edgar Lungu

text: Lungu was elected to a full presidential term in the August 2016 election. Lungu was sworn in for his first full term on 13 September 2016. He lost his re-election bid in 2021, losing to businessman Hakainde Hichilema.


title: Edgar Lungu

text: Lungu was born 11 November 1956 at Ndola Central Hospital. After graduating with a law degree in 1981 from the University of Zambia, he joined the law firm Andre Masiye and Company in Lusaka. He subsequently underwent military officer training at Miltez in Kabwe under Zambia National Service (ZNS). He then returned to practising law. He then joined politics.


title: Edgar Lungu

text: In 2010, Edgar Lungu had his law practicing licence suspended by the Law Association of Zambia. This was after he was found guilty of professional misconduct.


title: Edgar Lungu

text: He joined the United Party for National Development(UPND) under Anderson Mazoka, but later switched to the Patriotic Front (PF) which was led by party founder Michael Sata.


title: Edgar Lungu

text: After the PF won the 2011 election, Lungu became Junior Minister in the Vice-President's office. He was subsequently promoted to Minister of Home Affairs on 9 July 2012. He became Minister of Defence on 24 December 2013 after Geoffrey Bwalya Mwamba resigned from his ministerial post, and he functioned as Acting President during President Sata's long term illness in 2013–14.


title: Edgar Lungu

text: When President Sata went abroad for medical treatment on 19 October 2014, Lungu was left in charge of the country in his absence. When Sata died on 28 October 2014, Vice-President Guy Scott took over as Acting President, and Lungu was seen as one of the main contenders to ultimately succeed Sata in a presidential by-election.


title: Edgar Lungu

text: On 3 November 2014, Acting President Scott dismissed Lungu as Secretary-General of the PF. He replaced him with Davis Mwila, the Member of Parliament for Chipili. However, the next day, on 4 November 2014, Scott announced Lungu was to remain as Secretary-General after Mwila declined to take up his appointment. On 30 November 2014, Lungu was elected as President of the Patriotic Front at a national convention of the party held in Kabwe, Zambia. However the convention was unusual because no voting took place. Instead, the unaccredited delegates elected him by raising hands.


title: Edgar Lungu

text: On 20 January 2015 Lungu contested the presidential by-election and beat his closest rival Hakainde Hichilema of the United Party for National Development. He was declared the winner by the Electoral Commission of Zambia on 24 January. He lost his re-election in August 2021 to businessman Hakainde Hichilema, however he does not want to say he lost the election calling it a fraud.


title: Joan Collins

text: Dame Joan Henrietta Collins (born 23 May 1933) is an English actress, author and columnist. She played Alexis Colby in "Dynasty".


title: Joan Collins

text: Collins has been married five times. The first time was to Irish actor Maxwell Reed. They married on 24 May 1952 and divorced in 1956. Collins married award-winning singer, actor and movie composer Anthony Newley on 27 May 1963. She and Newley had two children, a daughter Tara Cynara Newley and a son, Alexander Anthony "Sacha" Newley. Collins and Newley divorced in 1970. In March 1972, Collins married her third husband Ron Kass. He was the president of Apple Records during the time of the Beatles. During their marriage Collins had her third and final child, a daughter, Katyana Kennedy Kass. Collins's marriage to Kass ended in divorce in 1983. On 3 November 1985, Collins married Swedish singer Peter Holm in a ceremony in Las Vegas. They were divorced on 25 August 1987. In 2001 Collins met theatrical company manager Percy Gibson, 32 years her junior. They married on 17 February 2002 at Claridge's Hotel in London. They renewed their vows in 2009. The pair were contestants on the Christmas Day edition of the ITV game show "All Star Mr. & Mrs." in 2009.


title: Joan Collins

text: Collins has homes in London, Los Angeles, New York and the South of France, describing her life as being "that of a gypsy".


title: Joan Collins

text: Collins is one of the oldest models to ever pose nude in popular magazine Playboy. She did so at the age of 49.


title: Goblin

text: A goblin is a legendary evil or mischievous creature, described as a grotesquely evil. They are attributed with various abilities, temperaments and appearances depending on the story and country of origin.


title: Sexual health

text: A WHO working definition for sexual health is that it "is a state of physical, emotional, mental and social well-being in relation to sexuality; it is not merely the absence of disease, dysfunction or infirmity. Sexual health requires a positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships, as well as the possibility of having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free of coercion, discrimination and violence. For sexual health to be attained and maintained, the sexual rights of all persons must be respected, protected and fulfilled." However, while used by WHO as well as other organizations, this is not an official WHO position, and should not be used or quoted as a WHO definition.


title: J Balvin

text: Balvin was born in a middle-class family in Medellín, Colombia, on May 7, 1985. He is the son of José Álvaro Osorio and Alba Mery Balvi. Balvin has a younger sister named Carolina, who is a model. His father was an economist and businessman and grew up in a large house in the hills outside the city. He grew up listening to rock bands like Metallica and Nirvana. He claims that he incorporates grunge aesthetics into his personal style by having a Nirvana tattoo on his knee. He developed an interest in reggaeton after listening to Daddy Yankee. He recalls that "I was such a fan that I copied his style, the way he moved on stage, his flows, his raps," comparing him to reggaeton's Jay-Z. His father's business went bankrupt and his family lost their homes and cars, demanding that the family move to a poorer neighborhood. During this period of his life, J Balvin observes: "When I went into the favela, people saw me as a rich person, but when I'm around rich people, they see me as someone from the ghetto. They are all perceptions. I like to move between the worlds. I feel equally comfortable in both.".


title: J Balvin

text: When J Balvin was 17, he attended an English exchange program in Oklahoma. He was disappointed by the experience, saying, "I was expecting the US that everyone knows about Hollywood." Shortly after the experience, he moved to New York to study English and music, living with an aunt in Staten Island and working as a dog walker. During his time in New York, he was fascinated by the business knowledge of rappers 50 Cent and P. Diddy of New York. J Balvin worked in various jobs in New York, Miami and Medellin, including working illegally in the United States as a carpenter and house painter. He finally decided to return to Colombia and began performing at various urban clubs in Medellín and increasing his social media afterwards. He enrolled at the prestigious EAFIT University in Medellin for seven semesters studying international business. At 19, he began to pursue a career in music and adopted the stage name J Balvin "El Negocio", meaning "the Business" in Portuguese.


title: J Balvin

text: He met his DJ and business partner David Rivera Mazo in a freestyle rap battle in Medellin. The two became friends and began producing and promoting their own music without a record label. The first songs by J Balvin were described as "basically poor imitations of Puerto Rican commercial reggaeton." He soon adopted a more relaxed and minimalist style in his music. He signed with EMI Colombia in 2009 and soon afterwards released the single "Ella Me Cautivó", which was reached number 35 on the Billboard Tropical Songs chart. His first international success was the one-night " Yo Te Lo Dije". J Balvin signed with Universal's subsidiary Capitol Latin, a year later.


title: Computus

text: Computus (Latin for "computation") is the method for calculating the date of Easter. In the early 4th century there was confusion about when Christian Easter or the Resurrection should be celebrated.


title: Computus

text: At the Arles Council, in 314, was obliged to all the Christianity to celebrate Easter the same day, and that this date was going to be assigned by the Pope, that was going to send epistles to all the churches in the world with the necessary instructions. However, not all the congregations followed those precepts.


title: Computus

text: However, there still were discussions between the Roman Church and the Alexandrian Church, while the Nicaea Council said that the Alexandria Church was right, they had to calculate the date (in Alexandria), then communicate it to Rome. The Roman Church had to spread the "computus" to the rest of the Christianity.


title: Computus

text: Let's define 5 variables, "a", "b", "c", "d", and "e". In addition to two constants, "M" and "N", so the years between 1900 and 2100 take the values 24 and 5, respectively. We'll call "A" the year that we want to calculate the Easter date.


title: Computus

text: If "d" + "e" < 10, the Easter date will be in March ("d" + "e" + 22). If opposed ("d" + "e" > 9), will be in April ("d" + "e" − 9).


title: President of Nepal

text: The President of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (, "Nēpālakō rāṣṭrapati") is the head of state of Nepal and commander in chief of the Nepalese Armed Forces. The office was created in May 2008 after the country was declared as a republic.


title: President of Nepal

text: The first President of Nepal was Ram Baran Yadav. The current president is Bidhya Devi Bhandari, elected in October 2015.


title: Bedrock

text: In stratigraphy, bedrock is the common term for solid rock under the surface of the Earth. Above the bedrock is usually an area of broken and weathered rock, soil, sand, pebbles, etc.


title: Bedrock

text: The top of the bedrock is known as the rockhead and identifying this, via excavations, drilling or geophysical methods, is an important task in most civil engineering projects. Loose material on top (known as drift) can be extremely thick, so that the bedrock lies hundreds of meters below the surface.


title: Bedrock

text: A 'solid' geologic map of an area will usually show the rock that would be exposed at the surface if all soil or other superficial deposits were removed.


title: Predicate logic

text: In logic and philosophy, predicate logic is a system of mathematical logic. It uses predicates to express the state of certain things, which are "incomplete propositions" with a placeholder for objects or subjects that must be inserted in order to obtain a valid proposition.


title: Predicate logic

text: Predicate logic is different from propositional logic, in part because it has the concept of "quantifiers". A quantifier is used in conjunction with a variable (say "x") in order to talk about a general instance of x, and in doing so, this allows predicate logic to make statements about quantity.


title: Predicate logic

text: The best-known quantifiers are the "existential quantifier", represented by ∃, and the "universal quantifier", represented by ∀. The existential quantifier is used to express statements of the form "there exists", and is true precisely when there is at least one mathematical object from the universe of discourse that matches the predicate or formula. On the other hand, the universal quantifier is used to express statements of the form "for all", and is true precisely when all possible mathematical objects of the universe of discourse match the specified predicate or formula.


title: Predicate logic

text: In the notation of predicate logic, quantifiers directly precede (and thus introduce) variable names, which are then followed by other quantifiers or mathematical expressions, where the said variables are found. For example. one can use the expression formula_1 to mean "there is a person "x" such that for all persons "y", y likes x" ("everyone is liked by someone.").


title: Thiruvalluvar

text: Thiruvalluvar ( in Tamil), was a Tamil poet and philosopher who wrote the classic of couplets of Tamil, "Thirukkural".


title: Ride (band)

text: Ride was formed in 1988 by Mark Gardener, Andy Bell and Laurence Colbert. The named the band 'Ride' because of the evocation of travel and after the Ride cymbal. The band was a part of the "shoegazing" scene that happened in England during the early 1990s. They broke up in 1996 because of tension in the band. After their breakup, the former members decided to work on other projects. Andy Bell would become the bassist for Oasis.


title: Ride (band)

text: Their debut album "Nowhere" was ranked #74 on Pitchfork Media's list of "Top 100 Albums of the 1990s" and was also added to the book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die". The single "Vapour Trail" was ranked #145 on Pitchfork Media's list of "Top 200 Tracks of the 90s".


title: John Dankworth

text: Sir John Dankworth, CBE (20 September 1927 - 6 February 2010), was an English jazz composer, saxophonist and clarinetist. He was widely thought of as Britain's most famous jazz musician. He had a very big influence in the development of jazz in Britain. He composed film music and several television theme tunes such as "The Avengers" and "Tomorrow's World". In his early career he was known as Johnny Dankworth He was the husband of jazz singer Cleo Laine.


title: John Dankworth

text: John Dankworth was born in Woodford and grew up in Highams Park, Essex. His father was a sales manager who worked for an electrical engineering firm. John soon found that he loved jazz. He played the clarinet in a jazz band when he was still at school.


title: John Dankworth

text: In 1944 he went to study music at the Royal Academy of Music. He was playing the saxophone, too, but kept this a secret because jazz was not thought to be suitable for study at the RAM.


title: John Dankworth

text: When Dankworth did his National Service with the army, he often played in the army dance bands. He then got a job playing jazz on the Queen Mary which sailed regularly over the Atlantic Ocean to New York. In America he heard some of the greatest jazz players, especially Charlie Parker who played bebop.


title: John Dankworth

text: Back in Britain Dankworth took many jobs to get experience playing in jazz bands. He was a member of a group called Club Eleven which played together for several years. He also formed a band called Johnny Dankworth Seven with Frank Holder, who played bebop in the style of Miles Davis. They started to get well-known, and in 1951 were joined by a young singer called Cleo Laine.


title: John Dankworth

text: In 1953 the band broke up and Dankworth formed his first big band. It had eight brass instruments, five saxophones, a rhythm section and vocalists. The group was redesigned in 1956 when he put in a group of soloists instead of the saxophones. They often played on the radio and brought in guest artists who were not necessarily jazz musicians, e.g. the clarinettist Jack Brymer and the violinist Kenneth Essex as well as the music comedian and cartoonist Gerard Hoffnung.


title: John Dankworth

text: In 1960 he gave up playing in the band to spend more time on composition. He wrote some very successful film music, e.g. "The Servant", "Darling", "Modesty Blaise" and "Morgan, A Suitable Case for Treatment". He wrote the television theme for "The Avengers" and "Tomorrow’s World", as well as lots of music for television adverts. He composed a musical version of "Lysistrata" together with Benny Green for the Bath Festival.


title: John Dankworth

text: In 1958 he married Laine. He wrote many songs for her and played the beautiful accompaniments, often on the clarinet.


title: John Dankworth

text: In 1969 they built a concert hall called "The Stables" in their garden in Wavendon in Milton Keynes. It became an important centre for concerts, educational programmes and cultural events.


title: John Dankworth

text: Dankworth and Laine have two children: Alec who is a double bass player and Jacqui who is a singer. John formed a band which included Alec playing the double bass.


title: John Dankworth

text: Dankworth set up scholarships for young musicians and often worked with young people. He encouraged educational work at "The Stables". He continued to work hard until shortly before his death.


title: John Dankworth

text: Dankworth died in hospital in London on 6 February 2010. His death was announced a few hours later by Laine, who spoke to the audience at the end of a concert in "The Stables". She had told the performers before the concert began. She wanted the concert to be a celebration of his life. Alec and Jacqui were both performing in the show.


title: Australian gold rushes

text: The Australian gold rush was a large number of gold discoveries in Australia. Thousands of people came to Australia in the hope of finding a lot of gold and becoming rich. The rush started in 1851 when gold was found near Bathurst, New South Wales and ended with the last rush in 1893 to Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. At each place gold was easily found in rivers and creeks. This was known as alluvial gold and could be found by individual miners using very basic equipment such as a spade and a dish. In most places this alluvial gold was taken in the first few months. To get at the gold that was buried deeper in the ground meant that the miners needed to work together to dig tunnels. Eventually large companies were formed to raise money so that deep gold mines could be built.


title: Australian gold rushes

text: The gold rushes happened when alluvial gold was found. Miners would quickly move there in the hope of being the first to find the surface gold. For example, miners rushing to Clunes, Victoria in August 1851, quickly changed their minds and went to Buninyong when they heard of a new gold discovery. Weeks later gold was found at Ballarat a few miles to the north and within six weeks there were more than 10,000 people digging. But by 1852 most miners had left Ballarat and rushed to the new goldfields at Bendigo. In 1854, miners in Ballarat were angry and upset at paying for gold licences. They burned their licences and raised the Eureka Stockade flag in protest. The miners fought soldiers and police officers to protect their rights. This was called the Eureka Stockade. Many people died, but afterwards the miners didn't have to pay for their licences anymore.


title: Australian gold rushes

text: The gold rush finished at the end of the 1850s, but gold was still found throughout Australia up until the 1890s.


title: Australian gold rushes

text: Gold had been found in Australia before the 1851 gold rush. At first people would not believe the stories. A convict who found gold near Bathurst in 1823 was given 150 lashes with a whip as it was believed he must have stolen it. The explorer Count Paul Strzelecki found gold in the Australian Alps in 1839. The government kept it a secret as they did not want to lose control of the convicts if they went rushing off to search for gold. Gold was also found at:


title: Dolla (rapper)

text: Roderick Anthony Burton II (November 25, 1987 – May 18, 2009) was an American rapper and songwriter better known by his stage name Dolla. Burton began his music career in 2000 as a member of the hip hop group Da Razkalz Cru, under the stage name Bucklyte. After he was signed to Akon's Konvict Muzik label in 2007, he released his first single "Who The Fuck is That" featuring T-Pain and Taye Dzim. The song peaked at number 82 on the Billboard Hot 100. There was also an edited version of "Who The Fuck is That", titled "Who The Heck is That".


title: Dolla (rapper)

text: He released two other singles until his death: "I'm Fucked Up" in the summer of 2008 and "Make a Toast" (featuring Julian) on November 4, 2008.


title: Dolla (rapper)

text: On May 18, 2009, Dolla was shot by 23-year-old Aubrey Lewis Berry in Los Angeles. The two had an argument. Seconds later, Berry shot Dolla in the parking lot of a PF Chang's, a casual dining restaurant. Berry fled and Dolla was taken to a hospital where he later died.


title: Dolla (rapper)

text: On May 22, 2010, charges were dropped against Berry for Dolla's death, as he was claiming self-defense. Evidence pointed out that Berry felt threatened by Burton due to a previous altercation in Atlanta a week before the shooting.


title: Dolla (rapper)

text: Burton's funeral was held in Atlanta's east point neighborhood on May 23, 2009. He was buried in Westview Cemetery in Atlanta.


title: Spiritual warfare

text: Spiritual warfare is a Christian belief of fighting against bad supernatural forces (demons). The existence of bad spirits which can affect humans is the main idea for this belief system. Many Christian groups have used ideas of this movement to hold back these bad forces. These ideas mainly come from Christian demonology. A way to fight these forces is by using prayer. Exorcisms (removing demons), laying-on of hands, fasting, or anointing with oil are also used.


title: Spiritual warfare

text: Some well known people, such as Bill Ellis, Elliot Miller (Christian Research Institute), and Gretchen Passantino have claimed that ideas in spiritual warfare are based on Christian stories that are not from the Bible. These stories are not considered true by Christians who believe that only the Bible is fact.


title: JD McCrary

text: JayDon McCrary (born July 18, 2007) is an American singer, dancer and actor from Los Angeles, California. He is currently starring in "Tyler Perry's The Paynes" as Kenny Payne on the Oprah Winfrey Network. He also provided the voice of Young Simba in a remake of the Disney movie "The Lion King" (2019).


title: JD McCrary

text: McCrary began his acting career in 2015 at age 8 on "K.C. Undercover", where he appeared on two episodes. In 2016, he made a guest appearance on Childish Gambino's song "Terrified". In 2017, he later appeared on "I'm Dying Up Here" and "Teachers" as minor roles. He then had live performances on "Little Big Shots" singing The Jackson 5's "I Want You Back", "The Ellen Show" singing "Who's Loving You", and the 60th Annual Grammy Awards to support Childish Gambino's "Terrified".


title: JD McCrary

text: McCrary stars in "Tyler Perry's The Paynes" on the Oprah Winfrey Network. McCrary officially joined the Disney/Hollywood Records. He will also be acting as the young Dr. Dre on Apple's "Vital Signs" and will provide the voice of Young Simba in a remake of the Disney film "The Lion King" in 2019.


title: JD McCrary

text: In an interview with Vibe magazine, McCrary cited Michael Jackson as his biggest influence, as well as Stevie Wonder, Bruno Mars, Justin Bieber, and Chris Brown.


title: Seyi Makinde

text: Makinde was born to a renowned teacher turned accountant, late Pa Olatubosun Makinde and Madam Abigail Makinde of Aigbofa Compound in Oja’ba, Ibadan. He is the third child of the family.


title: Seyi Makinde

text: Makinde began his education at St Paul Primary School and completed his primary education at St Michael Primary School, Yemetu, Ibadan. His secondary education was at Bishop Phillips Academy, Monatan, Ibadan. In 1985, he gained admission to the University of Lagos (Unilag) where he earned his bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering.


title: Seyi Makinde

text: In 1998, Oluwaseyi trained at Industrial Control Services in Houston, Texas on "Safety Shutdown System"; and "Development of Analytical Competence for Managing Operations" at Lagos Business School (now Pan-Atlantic University)in 1999. In 2000, he had training in automation. In 2002, he studied Fundamentals of Crude Sampling at Jiskoot Auto Control Training Centre, Kent, England. Also, in 2005, he studied Understanding and Solving Difficult Business Problems at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA.


title: Freud's psychoanalytic theories

text: Sigmund Freud (6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) is considered to be the founder of the psychodynamic approach to psychology. Psychodynamic therapy looks closely at the unconscious drives that motivate people to act in certain ways.


title: Freud's psychoanalytic theories

text: The role of the mind is something that Freud repeatedly talks about because he believes that the mind is responsible for both conscious and unconscious decisions based on drives and forces. Unconscious desires motivate people to act accordingly. The id, ego, and superego are three aspects of the mind, which Freud believes, makes up a person’s personality. “We are simply actors in the drama of our minds, pushed by desire, pulled by coincidence. Underneath the surface, our personalities represent the power struggle going on deep within us” (Cash, Psychology for Dummies).


title: Freud's psychoanalytic theories

text: Freud does not believe there is any supernatural force that affects the way we think or has pre-programmed us to behave in a certain way. His idea of the id explains why people act out in certain ways, when it is not in line with the ego or superego. Religion is an illusion and it derives its strength from the fact that it falls in with our instinctual desires." (Freud). Freud believes that people rely on religion to give explanations for anxieties and tension they do not want to consciously believe in. The basis of Christian theology states, “God created humanity in his image” (Genesis 1:27), but Freud argues that humanity created God in their image. This reverses the idea of any type of religion because he believes that religion is constructed by the mind. The role of the mind is something that Freud repeatedly talks about because he believes that the mind is responsible for both conscious and unconscious decisions based on drives and forces. The idea that religion causes people to behave in a moral way is incorrect according to Freud because he believes that no other force has the power to control the ways in which people act. Unconscious desires motivate people to act accordingly. Freud does a significant amount of research studying how people act and interact in a group setting. He believes that people act in different ways according to the demands and constraints of the group as a whole. In his book "Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego", Freud argues that the church and organized religion forms an “artificial group” which requires an external force to keep it together. In this type of group, everything is dependent on that external force and without it, the group would no longer exist. Groups are necessary, according to Freud, in order to decrease the narcissism in all people by creating libidinal ties with others by placing everyone at an equal level. The commonness among different people with different egos allows people to identify with one another. This relates to the idea of religion because Freud believes that people created religion in order to create these group ties that they unconsciously seek for.


title: Freud's psychoanalytic theories

text: According to Freud’s many theories of religion, the Oedipus complex is utilized in the understanding and mastery of religious beliefs. In Freud’s psychosexual stages, he mentions the Oedipus complex and the Electra complex and how they affect children and their relationships with their same-sex parental figure. According to Freud, there is an unconscious desire for one’s mother to be a virgin and for one’s father to be an all-powerful, almighty figure. Freud’s interest in Greek mythology and religion greatly influenced his psychological theories. The Oedipus complex is when a boy is jealous of his father. The boy strives to possess his mother and ultimately replace his father as a means of no longer having to fight for her undivided attention and affection. Along with seeking his mother’s love, boys also experience castration anxiety, which is the fear of losing their genitalia. Boys fear that their fathers will retaliate and castrate them as a result of desiring one’s mother. While the Oedipus complex presents itself in males, females experience a different form of incestuous rivalry known as the Electra complex. Girls become jealous of their mothers and begin to feel desire towards their fathers. Females also experience penis envy which is the parallel reaction to the male experience of castration anxiety. Females are jealous of their fathers’ penis and wish to have one as well. Girls then repress this feeling and instead long for a child of their own. This suppression leads to the girl identifying with her mother and acquiring feminine traits.


title: Freud's psychoanalytic theories

text: According to Freud, the id is the part of the unconscious that seeks pleasure. His idea of the id explains why people act out in certain ways, when it is not in line with the ego or superego. The id is the part of the mind which holds all of humans' most basic and primal instincts. It is the impulsive, unconscious part of the mind that is based on desire to seek immediate satisfaction. The id does not have a grasp on any form of reality or consequence. Freud explains that the pleasure principle is controlled by the id because it makes people engage in need-satisfying behavior without any accordance to what is right or wrong. Freud compares the id and the ego to a horse and a rider. The id is compared to the horse, which is directed and controlled by the ego (the rider). This example goes to show that although the id is supposed to be controlled by the ego, they often interact with one another according to the drives of the id.


title: Freud's psychoanalytic theories

text: Freud defines the id as: “The id, cut off from the external world, has a world of perception of its own. It detects with extraordinary acuteness certain changes in its interior, especially oscillations in the tension of its instinctual needs, and these changes become conscious as feelings in the pleasure-unpleasure series. It is hard to say, to be sure, by what means and with the help of what sensory terminal organs these perceptions come about. But it is an established fact that self-perceptions—coenesthetic feelings and feelings of pleasure-unpleasure—govern the passage of events in the id with despotic force. The id obeys the inexorable pleasure principle”.


title: Freud's psychoanalytic theories

text: In order for people to maintain a realistic sense here on earth, the ego is responsible for creating balance between pleasure and pain. It is impossible for all desires of the id to be met and the ego realizes this but continues to seek pleasure and satisfaction. Although the ego does not know the difference between right and wrong, it is aware that not all drives can be met at a given time. The reality principle is what the ego operates by in order to help satisfy the id’s demands as well as compromising according to reality. The ego is a person’s “self,” composed of unconscious desires. The ego takes into account ethical and cultural ideals in order to balance out the desires originating in the id. Although both the id and the ego are unconscious, the ego has close contact with the perceptual system. The ego has the function of self-preservation, which is why it has the ability to control the instinctual demands from the id.


title: Freud's psychoanalytic theories

text: “The ego is first and foremost a bodily ego; it is not merely a surface entity, but is itself the projection of a surface. If we wish to find an anatomical analogy for it we can best identify it with the ‘cortical homunculus’ of the anatomists, which stands on its head in the cortex, sticks up its heels, faces backwards and, as we know, has its speech-area on the left-hand side. The ego is ultimately derived from bodily sensations, chiefly from those springing from the surface of the body. It may thus be regarded as a mental projection of the surface of the body, besides, as we have seen above (Figure 3), representing the superficies of the mental apparatus.”


title: Freud's psychoanalytic theories

text: The superego, which develops around age four or five, incorporates the morals of society. Freud believes that the superego is what allows the mind to control its impulses that are looked down upon morally. The superego can be considered to be the conscience of the mind because it has the ability to distinguish between reality as well as what is right or wrong. Without the superego Freud believes people would act out with aggression and other immoral behaviors because the mind would have no way of understanding the difference between right and wrong. The superego is considered to be the “consciousness” of a person’s personality and can override the drives from the id. Freud separates the superego into two separate categories: the ideal self and the conscious. The conscious contains ideals and morals that exist within society that prevent people from acting out based on their internal desires. The ideal self contains images of how people ought to behave according to society's ideals.


title: Freud's psychoanalytic theories

text: Freud believed that the answers to what controlled daily actions resided in the unconscious mind, despite alternative views that all our behaviors were conscious. Notions of the unconsciousness, gaps in the consciousness, can be explained by other acts of which the consciousness affords no evidence. The unconscious mind positions itself in every aspect our life whether one is dormant or awake. It is more than just a habitat for our undesired memories, we are at loss to what truly exists here. Though unaware of the effect of the unconscious mind, it influences the actions we engage it. Human behavior should be understood by searching for analysis of mental processes in expressions of individual states. This explanation gives significance to verbal slips and dreams; they are caused by hidden reasons in the mind displayed in concealed forms.


title: Freud's psychoanalytic theories

text: Verbal slips of the unconscious mind are referred to as a Freudian slip. This is a term coined by Freud to explain a spoken mistake derived from the unconscious mind. Traumatizing information of thoughts and beliefs are blocked from the conscious mind, slips expose our true thoughts stored in the unconscious. Sexual instincts or drives have deeply invested roots in the unconscious mind. Instincts act by giving vitality and enthusiasm to the mind through meaning and purpose. The ranges of instincts are in great numbers; therefore, Freud expressed them in two categories. Eros is the self-preserving life instinct containing all erotic pleasures. In contrast, thanatos is the death instinct, full of self-destruction of sexual energy. The main part of human behavior and actions is tied back to sexual drives. Since birth the existent of sexual drives can be recognized as one of the most important incentives of life.


title: Freud's psychoanalytic theories

text: Freud’s theory of psychosexual development is represented amongst five stages. According to Freud, each stage occurs within a specific time frame of one’s life. If one becomes fixated in any of the five stages, he or she will develop personality traits that coincide with the a specific stage and its focus.


title: Freud's psychoanalytic theories

text: The first stage is the oral stage. An infant is in this stage from birth to eighteen months of age. The main focus in the oral stage is pleasure-seeking through the infant’s mouth. During this stage, the need for tasting and sucking becomes prominent in producing pleasure. Oral stimulation is crucial during this stage; if the infant’s needs are not met during this time frame, he or she will be fixated in the oral stage. Fixation in this stage can lead to adult habits such as thumb-sucking, smoking, over-eating, and nail-biting. Personality traits can also develop during adulthood that are linked to oral fixation; these traits can include optimism and independence or pessimism and hostility.


title: Freud's psychoanalytic theories

text: The second stage is the anal stage, which lasts from eighteen months to three years of age. During this stage, the infant’s pleasure seeking centers are located in the bowels and bladder. Parents stress toilet training and bowel control during this time period. Fixation in the anal stage can lead to anal-retention or anal-expulsion. Anal retentive characteristics include being overly neat, precise, and orderly, while being anal expulsive involves being disorganized, messy, and destructive.


title: Freud's psychoanalytic theories

text: The third stage in psychosexual development is the phallic stage. This stage begins at 3 years old and ends when the child reaches six years of age. The phallic stage focuses on the genitals as pleasure-seeking areas of the body. Boys in this stage experience the Oedipus complex, while girls experience the Electra complex. In both cases, the child develops incestuous feelings for the parent of the opposite sex. Children tend to develop characteristics of the same-sex parent during this stage. Fixation in the phallic stage has different personality traits depending on one’s gender. Males may take great pride in their masculinity and their sexuality, while women may become flirtatious and promiscuous. In both instances, these personality traits are a sign of low self-esteem and self-worth.


title: Freud's psychoanalytic theories

text: The fourth stage is the latency stage which begins at the age of six and continues until the age of eleven. During this stage there is no pleasure-seeking region of the body; instead all sexual feelings are repressed. Thus, children are able to develop social skills, and find comfort through peer and family interaction.


title: Freud's psychoanalytic theories

text: The final stage of psychosexual development is the genital stage. This stage begins at the age of eleven, lasts through puberty, and ends when one reaches adulthood at the age of eighteen. The onset of puberty reflects a strong interest from one person to another of the opposite sex. If one does not experience fixation in any of the psychosexual stages, once he or she has reached the genital stage he or she will grow into a well-balanced human being.


title: Freud's psychoanalytic theories

text: Freud proposed a set of defense mechanisms in one’s body. These set of defense mechanisms occur so one can hold a favorable or preferred view of themselves. For example, in a particular situation when an event occurs that violates one's preferred view of themselves, Freud states that it is necessary for the self to have some mechanism to defend itself against this unfavorable event; this is known as defense mechanisms. Freud’s work on defense mechanisms focuses on how the ego defends itself against internal events or impulses, which are regarded as unacceptable to one’s ego. These defense mechanisms are used to handle the conflict between the id, the ego, and the superego.


title: Freud's psychoanalytic theories

text: Freud noted that a major drive for people is the reduction of tension and the major cause of tension was anxiety. He identified three types of anxiety: reality anxiety, neurotic anxiety, and moral anxiety. Reality anxiety is the most basic form of anxiety and is based on the ego. It is typically based on the fear of real and possible events (for example, being bit by a dog or falling off of a roof). Neurotic anxiety comes from an unconscious fear that the basic impulses of the id will take control of the person, leading to eventual punishment from expressing the id's desires. Moral anxiety comes from the superego. It appears in the form of a fear of violating values or moral codes, and appears as feelings like guilt or shame.


title: Freud's psychoanalytic theories

text: When anxiety occurs, the mind's first response is to seek rational ways of escaping the situation by increasing problem-solving efforts, and a range of defense mechanisms may be triggered. These are ways that the ego develops to help deal with the id and the superego. Defense mechanisms often appear unconsciously and tend to distort or falsify reality. When the distortion of reality occurs, there is a change in perception which allows for a lessening in anxiety resulting in a reduction of tension one experiences. Sigmund Freud noted a number of ego defenses which were noted throughout his work. His daughter, Anna Freud, developed and elaborated on them. The defense mechanisms are as follows:


title: Freud's psychoanalytic theories

text: These defenses are not under our conscious control, and our unconscious will use one or more to protect one’s self from stressful situations. They are natural and normal. Without these, neurosis develops (such as anxiety states, phobias, obsessions, or hysteria).


title: Freud's psychoanalytic theories

text: Sigmund Freud was born to Jewish parents in a heavily Roman Catholic town. Freud desired to understand religion and spirituality and deals with the nature of religious beliefs in many of his books and essays. He regards God as an illusion, based on the infantile need for a powerful father figure. Freud believed that religion was an expression of underlying psychological neuroses and distress. In some of his writing, he suggests that religion is an attempt to control the Oedipal complex, as he goes on to discuss in his book "Totem and Taboo".


title: Freud's psychoanalytic theories

text: In 1913, Freud published the book "Totem and Taboo". This book was an attempt to reconstruct the birth and the process of development of religion as a social institution. He wanted to demonstrate how the study of psychoanalysis is important in the understanding of the growth of civilization. This book is about how the Oedipus complex and incest taboo came into being and why they are present in all human societies. The incest taboo rises because of a desire for incest. The purpose of the totemic animal is not for group unity, but to re-enforce the incest taboo. The totemic animal is not a symbol of God, but a symbol of the father and it is an important part of religious development. Totemism originates from the memory of an event in pre-history where the male group members eat the father figure due to a desire for the females. The guilt they feel for their actions and for the loss of a father figure leads them to prohibit incest in a new way. Totemism is a means of preventing incest and as a ritual reminder of murder of the father. This shows that sexual desire, since there are many social prohibitions on sexual relations, is channeled through certain ritual actions and all societies adopt these rituals so that sexuality develops in approved ways. This reveals unconscious desires and their repression. Freud believes that civilization makes people unhappy because it contradicts the desire for progress, freedom, happiness, and wealth. Civilization requires repression of drives and instincts - such as sexual, aggression, and death instincts - in order for civilization can work.


title: Freud's psychoanalytic theories

text: According to Freud, religion originated in pre-historic collective experiences that became repressed and ritualized as totems and taboos. He states that most, if not all religions, can be traced back to early human sacrifice - including Christianity, in which Christ on the cross is a symbolic representation of killing the father and eating the father figure. This is shown with ‘the body of Christ’, also known as Communion. In this work, Freud attributes the origin of religion to emotions such as hatred, fear, and jealousy. These emotions are directed towards the father figure in the clan from the sons who are denied sexual desires towards the females. Freud attributed totem religions to be a result of extreme emotion, rash action, and the result of guilt.


title: Freud's psychoanalytic theories

text: "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life" is one of the most important books in psychology. It was written by Freud in 1901 and it laid the basis for the theory of psychoanalysis. The book contains twelve chapters on forgetting things such as names, childhood memories, mistakes, clumsiness, slips of the tongue, and determinism of the unconscious. Freud believed that there were reasons that people forget things like words, names, and memories. He also believed that mistakes in speech, now referred to as Freudian slips, were not accidents but instead the “dynamic unconscious” revealing something meaningful.


title: Freud's psychoanalytic theories

text: Freud suggests that our everyday psychopathology is a minor disturbance of mental life which may quickly pass away. Freud believed all of these acts to have an important significance; the most trivial slips of the tongue or pen may reveal people's secret feelings and fantasies. Pathology is brought into the everyday life which Freud points out through dreams, forgetfulness, and parapraxes. He uses these things to make his case for the existence of an unconscious that refuses to be explained or contained by consciousness. Freud explains how the forgetting of multiple events in our everyday life can be consequences of repression, suppression, denial, displacement, and identification. Defense mechanisms occur to protects one’s ego so in "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life", Freud states, “painful memories merge into motivated forgetting which special ease” (p. 154)


title: Freud's psychoanalytic theories

text: Freud wrote "Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality", sometimes titled "Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex", in 1905. It explores and analyzes his theory of sexuality and its presence throughout childhood. Freud’s book describes three main topics in reference to sexuality: sexual perversions, childhood sexuality, and puberty. His first essay in this series is called "The Sexual Aberrations". This essay focuses on the distinction between a sexual object and a sexual aim. A sexual object is the object that one desires, while the sexual aim is the acts that one desires to perform with the object.


title: Freud's psychoanalytic theories

text: Freud’s second essay was explained "Infantile Sexuality". During this essay he insists that children have sexual urges. The psychosexual stages are the steps a child must take in order to continue having sexual urges once adulthood is reached.


title: Freud's psychoanalytic theories

text: The third essay Freud wrote described "The Transformation of Puberty". In this essay he examines how children express their sexuality throughout puberty and how sexual identity is formed during this time frame.


title: Freud's psychoanalytic theories

text: Freud ultimately attempted to link unconscious sexual desires to conscious actions in each of his essays.


title: Freud's psychoanalytic theories

text: "The Interpretation of Dreams" is one Sigmund Freud’s greatest published works known to date because of the stage it set for his psychoanalytic work. During therapy sessions, Freud would ask his patients to talk about whatever would first come to their mind, usually their responses directly related to a dream. He then began to analyze their dreams, believing that this gave him access to their deepest thoughts. He also believed he could find links between his patients' current hysterical behaviors and past traumatic experiences. From here he began to formulate a book to allow others to understand dream interpretation, by using his current theory of the unconscious.


title: Freud's psychoanalytic theories

text: Freud believed that dreams were messages from the unconscious, masked as wishes controlled by internal stimuli. The unconscious mind plays the most imperative role in dream interpretation. In order to remain in a state of sleep, the unconscious mind has to detain negative thoughts and represent them in an edited form. Therefore, when one dreams, the unconscious makes an effort to deal with any conflict.


title: Freud's psychoanalytic theories

text: Freud categorized dreams into different levels in order to better understand the unconscious as the primary standard for dream interpretation. The first level of dreams is the manifest content, which is the dream one remembers after waking up. But Freud believed no attention should be given to this level, because the unconscious mind produced the dream into a different meaning from its original. Latent content is the second level of dreams, which is the real dream amongst your unconscious thoughts. This is where the true meaning of the dream lies and turned into another sense to protect ourselves. In order for our dreams to convert from latent content to manifest content, four steps are required: condensation, displacement, symbolism, and secondary revision. A special focus on symbolism was emphasized in interpretation. Freud believed that dreams are highly symbolic, with an underlying principle meaning. Most of the symbolic stages focuses on sexually connotation (for example, a tree branch could represent a part of the male genitals). He also believed all human behavior originated from our sexual drives and desires.


title: Fermi-Dirac statistics

text: Fermi-Dirac statistics is a branch of quantum statistics. It is named after Enrico Fermi and Paul Dirac. It is used to describe the macroscopic state of a system which is made of many simliar particles (Fermions). One example is to describe the state of electrons in metals and semimetals, to describe electrical conductivity.


title: Fermi-Dirac statistics

text: The Fermi distribution tells with what probability, a Fermi gas, at a given temperature and energy level, will have a particle in the given state.


title: Mukti Bahini

text: Mukti Bahini () was a Bengali military force in East Pakistan. It fought against the Pakistan Army in the Bangladesh Liberation War. The war was fought in 1971, and the group was formed during the war. This organisation was also known as the Liberation Army of Bengal. Together with India it fought against the forces of West Pakistan. After the war, East Pakistan became independent from West Pakistan, and is known as Bangladesh today.


title: Luwang dynasty

text: The Luwang dynasty () is one of the seven ruling clan dynasties in Ancient Manipur (Antique Kangleipak). The people of the Luwang ancestry forms one of the subsection of the present day Meitei ethnicity. It is one of the three most powerful dynasties, the others being Ningthouja dynasty and Khuman dynasty.


title: Emir Abdelkader

text: Abdelkader ibn Muhieddine (6 September 1808 – 26 May 1883; '), known as the Emir Abdelkader or Abdelkader El Djezairi, was an Algerian religious and military leader who led a struggle against the French colonial invasion in the mid-19th century.


title: Emir Abdelkader

text: When Algeria was invaded by France in 1830, he began a rebellion against the French for a decade until 1842 with a number of tribes.


title: Emir Abdelkader

text: In 1837, he signed the Treaty of Tafna with Marshall Bugeaud. But King Louis-Philippe broke the treaty two years later, leading Emir to declare against Jihad on October 15, 1839. In 1847, he was exiled to France from 1847 to October 1852. When he was released by Napoleon III, Emir then took up his residence in Damascus. In July 1860, he ceased a conflict between Muslims and Christians. While he was in Damascus, he wrote books and composed poesy.


title: Emir Abdelkader

text: Emir Abdelkader died on the May 26, 1883 and was buried in Damascus. On July 5, 1966, the Algerian government brought his remains back to Algeria to be interred on the occasion of the fourth anniversary of independence and the 136th anniversary of the French conquest. A mosque bearing his name has been constructed as a national shrine in Constantine. He is seen by the Algerians as their national hero.


title: Wet cell

text: A wet cell is a cell that contains a liquid electrolyte. Most batteries have a paste electrolyte. Car batteries have a liquid electrolyte. They are inconvenient because the electrolyte can be spilled. Most early batteries had liquid electrolytes. People still use wet cells where they need high power, such as in cars.


title: Will Ferrell

text: John William "Will" Ferrell (; born , 1967) is an American actor, comedian, and producer. He began his successful career as a cast member of "Saturday Night Live". He has since appeared in many different movies, such as "Blades of Glory", "Elf", "", "", and "Old School".


title: Will Ferrell

text: Ferrell was born in Irvine, California on July 16, 1967. He is the son of Betty Kay (nee Overman), a teacher who taught at Old Mill School elementary school and Santa Ana College, and Roy Lee Ferrell Jr., a musician with The Righteous Brothers. His parents were both natives of Roanoke Rapids, North Carolina, and moved to California in 1964. He has a younger brother named Patrick. When he was 8, his parents divorced. Ferrell said of the divorce: "I was the type of kid who would say, 'Hey, look at the bright side! We'll have two Christmases'."


title: Oinam family

text: "Oinam" () () is a family name belonging to a branch of the Khuman dynasty of the Meitei ethnicity (Manipuri ethnicity). ""Oinam Apokpa"" (""Oinam Pokpa"") is a clan ancestral deity worshipped by the people (members) of the family, following Meitei religion (Sanamahism).


title: Industrial rock

text: Industrial rock is a music genre that puts together industrial music and different rock genres, like punk, hardcore punk, or hard rock.


title: Aral Sea

text: The Aral Sea ( (Aral tengizi), , ) was a lake in Central Asia. It is between Kazakhstan in the north and Karakalpakstan, an autonomous region of Uzbekistan, in the south.


title: Aral Sea

text: Since the 1960s, the Aral Sea shrank. 90% of the sea has gone. The rivers that fed it (the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya) were used by the Soviet Union for irrigating cotton production. What is left of the Aral Sea is heavily polluted, largely as the result of weapons testing, industrial projects, and fertilizer runoff before and after the breakup of the Soviet Union.


title: Aral Sea

text: There is a project to save at least the northern part of the Aral Sea. For this, a dam was built in the 1990 to stop water running off. Climate improved in the following years, and water levels rose again. However, that dam broke, and was rebuilt in 2005, with international funding.


title: Aral Sea

text: Another problem was that the Island of Rebirth had been used for the testing of biological weapons until 1993. It is currently contaminated with anthrax, the plague, and tularemia. Since 2001, it is no longer an island, but a peninsula.


title: Ester

text: An ester is a molecule that includes a carbon atom, double-bonded to an oxygen atom, and single-bonded to another oxygen atom that is bonded to a carbon atom. In other words, a carbonyl with an ether group on the carbon atom. The group can be written as COOR. They can be made by reacting a carboxylic acid with an alcohol with some acid.


title: Ester

text: Esters are a very important functional group. They can be found in many substances. They are very common in fats and oils. They sometimes have a very strong, nice smell. They can be used to make perfumes. Polyesters are found in plastics.


title: Ester

text: Esters can also do many reactions. It is very easy to change the ether part of the molecule with another similar one. It is also possible to reduce the ester to a ketone or an alcohol, which can do many different reactions. Nucleophilic addition is also a good reaction, though a bit more difficult than with ketones.


title: Ester

text: There are many ways to find out if a molecule has an ester group. Infrared spectroscopy gives very sharp signals, which are different from other carbonyls. Carbon NMR spectroscopy has similar characteristics.


title: British Library

text: The British Library (BL) is the national library of the United Kingdom. It is on the north side of Euston Road in St Pancras, London, between Euston railway station and St Pancras railway station. The Library is a public institution and is one of the world's largest research libraries. Since 2000 the Chief Executive of the British Library has been Lynne Brindley.


title: British Library

text: The British Library contains over 170 million items in every language that is known. It has around 25 million books, more than any other library. It has manuscripts and historical items dating back as far as 300 BC. There are books, journals, newspapers, magazines, sound and music recordings, patents, databases, maps, stamps, prints, drawings and much more.


title: British Library

text: The British Library, by the law of the United Kingdom, receives copies of every book that is published in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, including all foreign books that are sold in the UK. It also buys many books which are only published outside Britain and Ireland. The British Library adds about three million items to its collection every year. The British Library has about 388 miles (625 km) of shelves.


title: British Library

text: The British Library, before it got its present name, started out as a group of collections made by several people in the 18th century and then given as part of a national library. The collectors were King George III, Sir Robert Cotton, Sir Hans Sloane, and Robert Harley. The national library was part of the British Museum and was kept at various places, with some of the most important items always being on public display in the museum.


title: British Library

text: The British Library was created in 1973 by the "British Library Act 1972". Since 1997 the main collection has been housed in a single new building on Euston Road next to St. Pancras railway station. In the middle of the building is a four-storey glass tower containing the ‘’King's Library’’, with 65,000 printed volumes along with other pamphlets, manuscripts and maps collected by King George III between 1763 and 1820.


title: British Library

text: Not all of the collection is kept in this new building. Part of the collection is at the Document Supply Centre in Yorkshire and all the newspapers from before 1800 are kept at the newspaper library at Colindale, north-west London.


title: British Library

text: In December 2009 a new storage building at Boston Spa was opened. It cost £26million and will house seven million items, stored in more than 140,000 bar-coded containers, which are retrieved by robots, from the 262 kilometres of temperature- and humidity-controlled storage space.


title: Glam metal

text: Glam metal (also known as hair metal, sleaze metal and pop metal) is a hard rock/heavy metal subgenre. It combines punk rock with pop music. It became popular in the 1970s and 1980s. But it became less popular in the 1990s. This was because grunge music was getting more popular.


title: Eve (rapper)

text: Eve Jihan Jeffers (born November 10, 1978), better known as Eve, is an American rapper, songwriter and actress. She was the first winner of the Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration in 2002 for the song "Let Me Blow Ya Mind", with Gwen Stefani. In 2002 her album "Scorpion" was also nominated for Best Rap Album.


title: Eve (rapper)

text: Eve released her first album "Let There Be Eve...Ruff Ryders' First Lady" in 1999. It went straight to number one in the American album chart. It was the third album by a female rap artist to reach number one in the United States.


title: Eve (rapper)

text: In 2001 Eve's second album "Scorpion" was released. It entered the American album chart at number four. Eve won Best Female Hip-Hop Artist at the Black Entertainment Awards.


title: Eve (rapper)

text: In 2002 Eve's third album, "Eve-Olution", was released. Two singles were released from the album. The first single "Gangsta Lovin" is a song sung with Alicia Keys. It reached number two in the American singles chart.


title: Eve (rapper)

text: In 2003 Eve started acting in a sitcom called "Eve". The show was stopped in 2006. There were 66 episodes.


title: Eve (rapper)

text: Eve rapped on Gwen Stefani's 2004 single "Rich Girl". It reached number seven in the "Billboard" 100. She rapped on "Never", Keyshia Cole's first single, in 2005.


title: Eve (rapper)

text: In 2007 Eve released the single "Tambourine". She also rapped on Kelly Rowland's single "Like This". It reached number four in the UK Singles Chart. That year Eve started to make her fourth album.


title: Eve (rapper)

text: She presented the MTV Africa Music Awards 2010. She rapped on Guy Sebestian's single "Who's That Girl". It reached number one in Australia and New Zealand.


title: Eve (rapper)

text: In 2013 Eve's fourth album, "Lip Lock", was released. The album included appearances from fellow rappers Missy Elliott and Snoop Dogg. On August 23, 2013 Eve started The Lip Lock Tour.


title: Zeeshan

text: Zeeshan () is a Arabic name which comes from the words "Zee" "(someone who has)" and "Shan" "(splendor)". It means a high-resolve (high standard of following what one plans to do) or a standard of high-status.


title: Zeeshan

text: It may be written in Arabic as or . Both are valid forms. The first one is a compound word Zeeshan, and the second one is two words "Zee" and "Shan".


title: Zeeshan

text: The word 'Zeeshan' in Arabic is often used in poetry as an adjective, usually suggesting a meaning of "magnificent", or "possessor of high status". This name is often given to males in Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Bangladesh,


title: Zeeshan

text: Pakistan, Kashmir, Iran, and among the Indian Muslims, & other Asian countries of the Greater Middle East region.


title: Olfaction

text: Olfaction is the sense of smell. The sense of smell is how a human or animal notices a smell (or odour or odor) by using the nose. Many animals have better noses than people. Some animals can detect small particles in the air or sometimes water that people cannot.


title: Olfaction

text: People have special cells in the nose that can detect some chemicals. These are special nerve cells attached to the olfactory epithelium. All vertebrates have these cells. The smell is first processed by the olfactory system. The information is given to the olfactory bulb in the front of the forebrain.


title: Olfaction

text: The olfactory reception (OR) cells are neurons (nerve cells). Many tiny hair-like cilia stick out of these cells into the mucus covering the surface of the epithelium. The surface of these cilia is covered with olfactory receptors, a kind of protein.


title: Olfaction

text: There are about 1000 different genes which code for the ORs, though only about a third are functional. The rest are pseudogenes. The OR genes are the largest gene family. An odor molecule dissolves into the mucus of the olfactory epithelium and then binds to an OR. Various odor molecules bind to various ORs. The basis of the sense of smell is that different groups of scent molecules bind to different receptor cells and so fire different groups of neurons. Inside the olfactory region of the brain, the firing of neurons produces the perceived smell.


title: Olfaction

text: When the OR is activated, changes start in the cells. Positive ions come in and negative ions go out of the cells. This causes the neuron to fire an impulse (generate an action potential).


title: Confectionery

text: Confectionery or sweets is a type of food that has a lot of sugar in it and is very sweet. It often includes things that are rich in artificial sweeteners, flavours and colourings. The words candy (North America), sweets (UK and Ireland) and lollies (Australia and New Zealand) are also used for the many kinds of confections. Confections are usually low in nutrients but rich in calories. Sweets can come from anywhere.


title: Cláudio Taffarel

text: Cláudio André Mergen Taffarel (; born 8 May 1966) is a Brazilian retired footballer who played as a goalkeeper, and is the goalkeeping coach of Liverpool and the Brazil national team.


title: Joe Namath

text: Joseph William Namath (born May 31 1943, Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania), also known as Broadway Joe, is a former American football quarterback. He is most famous for playing for the New York Jets and winning one Super Bowl with them.


The Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) is an international communication network used by the banking and financial industries.


title: Salford

text: Salford is a city in England. It was made a free borough by Ranulf, Earl of Chester in about 1230. and was granted city status in 1926. Salford is unusual because it borders the city of Manchester at its center, rather than its outskirts. The two cities are divided by the River Irwell.


title: Salford

text: Salford shares the industrial history of its neighbour Manchester. It hosts several museums and art centres, chiefly: The Lowry and the Imperial War Museum, both on Salford Quays.


title: Simple Plan

text: Simple Plan's influences include Fastball, Green Day, Cheap Trick, Pennywise, Weezer, The Mr. T Experience, MxPx, Blink-182, Elvis Costello, Rancid, Jawbreaker, Everclear and The Cars.


title: Simple Plan

text: When they were 13, schoolmates Pierre Bouvier and Chuck Comeau founded the band "Reset". They published their first album in 1997. Soon after that, Comeau left the band because school was more important to him. He came back in 1999 and founded "Simple Plan" with Sebastien Lefebvre and Jeff Stinco. Bouvier met up with Comeau at a Sugar Ray concert, and Comeau offered Bouvier to join his band. David Desrosiers, who had replaced Bouvier in Reset, joined the band in 2000. in 2002, they published the album "No Pads, No Helmets... Just Balls". They worked together with Joel Madden (Good Charlotte) and Mark Hoppus (Blink-182). One year later, the album "Still Not Getting Any..." was published.


title: Four Beauties

text: The Four Beauties or the Four Great Beauties are the four popular and beautiful Chinese women. They are Xi Shi, Wang Zhaojun, Diaochan and Yang Guifei. They all drew the attention of a ruling king or emperor in their respective times. They became famous by influencing the kings and emperors. Their actions impacted the Chinese history. Three of the Four Beauties controlled the kingdoms. Their lives ended in bad luck.


title: Four Beauties

text: The Four Great Beauties lived in the time of four different dynasties. Each of them live hundreds of years apart. In chronological order, they are the following:


title: Four Beauties

text: Legend says that Xi Shi was so beautiful. When fish look at her, they forget to swim and sink below the water surface. Xi Shi is from Zhuji, Zhejiang Province. Zhuji was the capital of the Ancient Yue Kingdom. Goujian was the King of Yue Kingdom. He went through ten years of hardship. He wanted to defeat Fuchai. Fuchai was the King of Wu Kingdom. Xi Shi was part of his plan. Xi Shi loved Fan Li. But Goujian gifted beautiful Xi Shi to Fuchai. It was done to attract him. Fuchai fell in love with her. Fuchai lost his fighting will after he met Xi Shi. He was making Xi Shi happy all the time. Due to this, Goujian was able to defeat Fuchai. Fuchai fell sad for accepting the gift. He killed himself. There are two stories of Xi Shi. In one story, Goujian killed her by drowning her. It was because he was afraid of being charmed by her like that of Fuchai. In another story, she came to Fan Li. They lived happily ever after.


title: Four Beauties

text: According to literature, the beauty of Wang Zhaojun would charm flying birds to fall from the sky. Wang Zhaojun had entered the harem of Emperor Yun at a young age. She remained as a lady-in-waiting. She was never visited by the emperor. At that time, the concubines of the emperor were chosen through the portraits. So, most women secretly gave money to the painters. It was done to make their portraits look more beautiful. Wang Zhaojun refused to do this. So, her portrait was painted as an ugly one. In 33 B.C., Hu Hanye visited the Imperial Court. He asked for a beautiful Han lady to be his wife. Therefore, he was presented with Wang Zhaojun. She was asked to appear before the court. The Emperor saw her in real life. Emperor Yun was shocked. The painter of her portrait was later killed for cheating the emperor.


title: Four Beauties

text: Diaochan is said to be so bright and lovely. Literature says that the moon itself would shy away when compared to her face. Her father presented her to the warrior Lu Bu. He said that some day he could marry her. He then brought her to Dong Zhuo and did the same. He asked on taking her as a mistress immediately. Lu Bu found this out. He killed and burned Dong Zhuo. He took Diaochan as his own wife.


title: Four Beauties

text: According to literature, Yang Guifei's look puts all flowers to shame. She was known for having a larger body figure. During her time, such body types were considered beautiful. She was the imperial consort of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang dynasty. During the An Lushan Rebellion, Emperor Xuanzong and his men were moving from the capital Chang'an to Chengdu. On the way, the emperor's guards demanded that the emperor should kill Yang. It was because they blamed the rebellion's cause on her cousin Yang Guozhong and her family members. The emperor tried to stop this but he failed. So, he ordered his attendant Gao Lishi to kill Yang. At first, she was buried without a coffin. Later, Emperor Xuanzong secretly sent men to rebury her with a coffin. When they found the body, it was already decomposed. When the Emperor returned to Chang'an, an artist painted a picture of Consort Yang in a secondary palace. He frequently went there to see her portrait.


title: Latin pop

text: Latin pop is a type of popular music that originated in Spanish-speaking countries. Latin pop songs are songs recorded in an up-tempo form. These songs are usually recorded in Spanish. Latin pop songs that have a lot of airplay can peak in "Billboard" charts such as the Hot Latin Tracks, Latin Pop Songs, Latin Pop Airplay and the Tropical/Salsa Songs charts.


title: OceanHero

text: OceanHero is a search engine that is devoted to collecting plastics, mostly bottle waste in the oceans. It has been certified by the United Nations (UN) Head of Marine and Freshwater Branch.


title: OceanHero

text: OceanHero follows the model of a similar search engine, Ecosia, which finances tree planting. It earns it's revenue like most other search engines by displaying ads on search results. It then uses the revenue generated from ads to finance collecting plastic bottles from oceans located in Southeast Asia. It can also be installed as an extension.


title: OceanHero

text: Many people who work for OceanHero are low income people who are paid the revenue from ads on OceanHero's search results. They are paid to remove plastics from their local seas.


title: Abortion in the United States

text: In the United States, abortion was federally legal under "Roe v. Wade" (the 1973 court case with which abortion was no longer a criminal act) until 2022. In 2022, the Supreme Court decided "Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization", ending federal abortion rights.In several states, there are trigger laws under which made abortion illegal, and these laws came into effect when Roe vs. Wade ended. The decision also impacted abortion rights in Alabama, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Wisconsin, Oklahoma, Texas, and Mississippi, most of which are Republican. Most anti-abortion movement officials are conservative Republicans in a number of U.S. states. Few, however, are anti-abortion while advocating for the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals (examples include the Pro-Life Alliance of Gays and Lesbians, PLAGAL for short).


title: Abortion in the United States

text: The Hyde amendment (enacted in 1976) doesn't allow Medicare, Medicaid, or other federal funds to be used for abortion except if the mother's life is in danger, the mother was raped/sexually assaulted, or became pregnant through incest. This applies to thirty-two out of fifty states. They include Iowa, Pennsylvania, Kansas, Virginia, and Michigan.


title: Igbo language

text: Igbo is a language spoken in Nigeria. It is spoken by more than 18 million people. Igbo is a tonal language. The language is written in the Roman script.


title: Adrenal gland

text: The adrenal gland is a gland in most mammals. It is near the kidneys. Its name tells its position ("ad" – "near", and "renes" – "kidneys"). The gland is made up of two types of tissues: the centrally located tissue is called the adrenal medulla and outside this lies the adrenal cortex.


title: Adrenal gland

text: The adrenal glands are known as "suprarenal glands" in humans. In many animals the glands are next to the kidneys, but they are cap-like structures on top of the kidneys in humans.


title: Adrenal gland

text: The adrenal cortex produces three main types of steroid hormones: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens. Mineralocorticoids (such as aldosterone) help in the regulation of blood pressure and electrolyte balance.


title: Adrenal gland

text: The adrenal gland makes hormones which control stress. It is involved in the production of steroid hormones. Among these hormones are cortisol and adrenaline.


title: Adrenal gland

text: The hormones secreted from the cortex region are called adrenocorticosteroids or corticoids. These are the hormones it makes:


title: Eurostar

text: Eurostar is a high-speed train service in Western Europe connecting London and Kent in the United Kingdom with Paris and Lille in France, and Brussels in Belgium. In addition, there are limited services from London to Disneyland Paris (Gare de Marne-la-Vallée - Chessy) and seasonal destinations in France. All Eurostar trains cross the English Channel through the Channel Tunnel.


title: Eurostar

text: The service is operated by 18-carriage Class 373 trains at up to 300 km/h (186 mph) on a network of high-speed lines. Since Eurostar began in 1994, new lines have been built in Belgium (HSL 1) and Southern England (High Speed 1) to the same standard as the LGV Nord line originally used in France, reducing journey times. The two-stage Channel Tunnel Rail Link project was completed on 14 November 2007, when the London terminus of Eurostar transferred from Waterloo International to St Pancras International station.


title: Thistle

text: Thistle is a group of flowering plants which have sharp prickles on around the flower and are in the Asteraceae family. The prickles often all over the plant – on the stem and flat parts of leaves. This protects the plant against herbivorous animals, stopping them from eating the plant.


title: Thistle

text: The term thistle is sometimes taken to mean exactly those plants in the group Cynareae (synonym: Cardueae), especially the genera "Carduus", "Cirsium", and "Onopordum". However, plants outside this group are sometimes called thistles, and if this is done thistles would form a polyphyletic group.


title: Thistle

text: The thistle has been the national emblem of Scotland since the reign of Alexander III (1249–1286) and was used on silver coins issued by James III in 1470. It is the symbol of the Order of the Thistle, a high chivalric order of Scotland. It is found in many Scottish symbols and as the name of several Scottish football clubs. The thistle, crowned with the Scottish crown, is the symbol of seven of the eight Scottish Police Forces (the exception being the Northern Constabulary). The thistle is also the emblem of Encyclopædia Britannica, which originated in Edinburgh, Scotland. Carnegie Mellon University features the thistle in its crest.


title: Thistle

text: According to a legend, an invading Norse army was attempting to sneak up at night upon a Scottish army's encampment. During this operation one barefoot Norseman had the misfortune to step upon a thistle, causing him to cry out in pain, thus alerting Scots to the presence of the Norse invaders. Some sources suggest the specific occasion was the Battle of Largs, which marked the beginning of the departure of King Haakon IV (Haakon the Elder) of Norway who, having control of the Northern Isles and Hebrides, had harried the coast of the Kingdom of Scotland for some years. Which species of thistle is referred to in the original legend is disputed. Popular modern usage favours Cotton Thistle "Onopordum acanthium", perhaps because of its more imposing appearance, though it is unlikely to have occurred in Scotland in mediaeval times; the Spear Thistle "Cirsium vulgare", an abundant native species in Scotland, is a more likely candidate. Other species, including Dwarf Thistle "Cirsium acaule", Musk Thistle "Carduus nutans", and Melancholy Thistle "Cirsium heterophyllum" have also been suggested.


title: Thistle

text: Maud Grieve recorded that Pliny and medieval writers had thought it could return hair to bald heads and that in the early modern period it had been believed to be a remedy for headaches, plague, canker, sores, vertigo, and jaundice.


title: Momotarō

text: The most common version of this tale (from the Edo Period), tells Momotarō came to earth inside a giant peach. The peach was found floating down a river by an old woman without children who was washing clothes there. The woman and her husband found the child when they tried to open the peach to eat it. The child explained that he had been sent by Heaven to be their son. The couple called him Momotarō, from "momo" (peach) and "tarō" (oldest son in the family).


title: Momotarō

text: An older version of the story tells the old woman discover the giant, floating peach and take it home with her, as she finds it to be of good color and looking tasty. After eating a piece of the peach, the old woman is rejuvenated and becomes young and beautiful again. When her old husband comes home from the hills, he is surprised to find a lovely young lady in his house. At first he does not even recognize his own wife in her new form, but she explains what happened to him. She then gives her husband a piece of the peach to eat, and he also becomes young again. That night, the couple makes love, and the woman becomes pregnant as a result. She later gives birth to their first child, a son, whom they name "Tarō", as that is a common Japanese name for a first son. This version of the story is the oldest one that is written in old texts, but it appears to have been changed with the version without sex in school textbooks of the Meiji period. The peach is often seen as a symbol of sex or fertility in Japan, because its fruit is believed to be similar to a woman's buttocks.


title: Momotarō

text: Years later, Momotarō left his parents for an island called Onigashima to destroy the evil oni (demons or ogres) that lived there. On his way, Momotarō met and became friends with a talking dog, monkey, and pheasant, who agreed to help him in his mission. At the island, Momotarō and his animal friends entered the demons' fort and beat the demons' leader, Ura, and his army. Momotarō returned home with his new friends, and his family lived happily from then on.


title: Paraglider

text: In mountain areas, pilots usually take off from great height to fly down to the valley. In flat areas, a winch is used to tow the paraglider to a height of up to 400 meters before it is released. It is also possible to soar on the coast in laminar sea breeze. Some more advanced pilots also launch from hot air balloons or helicopters.


title: Bob's Burgers

text: Bob's Burgers is an Canadian animated sitcom. Produced By Sinking Ship Entertainment and Dustried By 20th Television It first appeared on television on January 9, 2011. This TV show would be shown during Fox's "Animation Domination" block, a specific television block from Fox that airs on Sunday nights. As of March 2020, the show is on its tenth season, renewed for an eleventh.


title: Bob's Burgers

text: The show centers on the Belcher family, who run a hamburger restaurant. Throughout the series, there are stories that relate to the Belcher family and the citizens that live near them.


title: Bob's Burgers

text: TVOKids (Canada) FOX (United States) ATV (Turkey) Zee Tamil (India) ABC Me (Australia) TVNZ (New Zealand) KBS (South Korea) Spacetoon (Indonesia)


title: Lettuce

text: Lettuce is a vegetable as well as an annual plant. Both the stems and the leaves can be eaten. It is of the Asteraceae family.


title: Lettuce

text: Lettuce can be grown in many parts of the world, including Europe, Asia, and North America, in temperate climates. It will turn more bitter tasting in hot weather. You can grow lettuce during winter in a greenhouse.


title: Lettuce

text: In some countries, it is often eaten cold and raw, in salads, hamburgers, tacos, sandwichs, and many other dishes. In some places, including China, lettuce is eaten cooked. Lettuce contains very little energy or nutrients.


title: Lettuce

text: Most lettuce leaves are green, but some are red. Most lettuce leaves taste bitter. Some kinds of lettuce grow in a head shape like cabbage, while the leaves of some kinds grow more loosely.


title: Lettuce

text: The name of the plant in English, "lettuce," and in Latin, "lactuca," come from "lactis", the Latin word for milk, because the juice of the plant looks like milk.


title: Lettuce

text: Wild lettuce plants were eaten by the Romans and Egyptians. The ancient Greeks were among the first people to grow lettuce as a crop. It was one of the first plants brought to the New World by Christopher Columbus.


title: Spartacus

text: Spartacus (circa 120 BC – circa 70 BC, at the end of the Third Servile War), according to Roman historians, was a gladiator-slave who became the leader of an unsuccessful slave uprising against the Roman Republic.


title: Rupert Murdoch

text: Rupert Keith Murdoch (born March 11, 1931) is an Australian-American media mogul. He became managing director for Australia-based network News Limited after his father Keith died. He is founder, Chairman and chief executive officer of global media network News Corporation (the world's second largest media group). His mother Elisabeth Murdoch died on December 5, 2012.


title: Quakers

text: The Religious Society of Friends is a group with Christian roots that began in England in the 1650s. The group's formal title is the Society of Friends, or the Religious Society of Friends.


title: Quakers

text: People in the Society of Friends are called "Friends" or Quakers, which mean the same thing. Most Quakers are Christian, but the group today includes a few other people. They live all over the world, but the largest groups are in Kenya, the United States, Bolivia, Guatemala, the United Kingdom, and Burundi.