title: Khuman Khamba

text: Annually, a Royal archery contest was held in honour of God Thangjing in Ancient Moirang. The contest was for the royalties of the Moirang kingdom. Kongyamba was selected to pick up the arrows shot by the King. Khamba was selected to pick up the arrows shot by the Crown Prince (King’s younger brother). Prince Chingkhu Akhuba asked his daughter Thoibi about his Coat Of Golden Embroidery. But Thoibi had already given the coat to Khamba. So, she told him another lie.


title: Khuman Khamba

text: During the competition, the Crown Prince shot his arrows so swiftly. Khamba ran swiftly to pick them up. At this, Khamba's outer cloth get loosened. The Crown Prince saw the inner cloth of Khamba. It was his golden embroidered coat. He got furious. When Khamba gave him the arrow, he did not take it. He turned away from Khamba. Kongyamba took the arrow from Khamba. He gave it to the Prince. The Prince was pleased with Kongyamba. He told Kongyamba that princess Thoibi would be given to him within five days. Within five days, he planned to give away his daughter Thoibi hand in marriage to Kongyamba. Khamba and Khamnu were even told to bring him gifts on the said day. The prince ordered that no one in the kingdom should sell fruits to the two siblings. Only Kongyamba was allowed to buy the fruits.


title: Khuman Khamba

text: Khamba went to a hill village of a tribesmen group. He sought help from Kabui Salang Maiba, the tribal chief. The tribal chief offered him two basketful of fruits. The chief also added some gifts for the princess Thoibi, his sister Khamnu and for Khamba himself. Khamba thanked him and came back with the fruits and the gifts. Thoibi set the fruits ready in eleven special dishes. She was promised by the Chief Queen, 10 other Queens and 10 maids that they will receive gifts from Khamba.


title: Khuman Khamba

text: arrival, Thoibi pretended to fell with fever. So, Thoibi's father told Kongyamba the princess' health condition. Then, Kongyamba left. Few moments later, the Crown Prince had gone to met the King. Thoibi instantly arose. Gifts from Khamba were received by the Queens and their maids warmly.


title: Khuman Khamba

text: At that moment, the Prince returned home. He was very thirsty. He longed for some juices of sour fruits. Thoibi prepared the juice from the fresh fruits brought by Khamba. She poured it into a silver cup for her father. The Prince has a sip of it. He asked for the whereabouts of the fruits. Thoibi told him that the fruits were brought by his son-in-law Khamba for his marriage. At this, the Prince got furious. He threw the silver cup at his daughter. Then, Thoibi pretended to faint. The Prince was terrified. At the same time, the Queens cried for her.


title: Khuman Khamba

text: He asked his daughter to get up and go to Khamba’s house. Then, Thoibi arose. But her father resumed to his anger again.


title: Khuman Khamba

text: Prince Chingkhu Akhuba and Nongban Kongyamba together planned an evil plot to kill Khamba. They sent messenger to Khamba. The messengers told Khamba that he was called by the Prince. On his way, Khamba was interrupted by Kongyamba and his men. Kongyamba asked Khamba to give up Thoibi. Khamba replied that he will not give up.


title: Khuman Khamba

text: As a result, they fought. Khamba threw Kongyamba's men upon the ground. Khamba knelt upon Kongyamba's belly. He pressed Kongyamba's throat. He was about to kill Kongyamba. But Kongyamba's men dragged Khamba off. They beat Khamba. His clothes were torn. They bound him so that he could not move. The Prince also came up on his elephant. He told the men to beat him. They fastened him to the elephant's leg with ropes. However, the elephant driver knew that Khamba was innocent. So, he bound him leaving him some spaces to breathe.


title: Khuman Khamba

text: Then they stimulated the elephant to harm Khamba. But God Thangjing let it not to move. Finally, Kongyamba hit the elephant with a spear to move in pain. But it did not harm Khamba.


title: Khuman Khamba

text: In that night, Goddess Panthoibi told Thoibi in her dream that her beloved man was bound by her father’s orders to the elephant and was nearly killed. Thoibi arose and took a sword. She immediately came to the spot for Khamba. The criminals feld from the spot. She cut the ropes that bound Khamba to the elephant. She rubbed his limbs so that blood could flow through them.


title: Khuman Khamba

text: Thonglen were informed about the crime. Thonglen went to the Court with all his army. Feiroijamba said to the Court three times about the harsh cruelty to Khamba. However, the Prince did not pay attention to the complaint. Nongtholba angrily proclaimed that none could kill his son-in-law when he was alive. A conflict between Nongthonba and the prince occurred and continued further. Finally, Nongtholba and Prince Chingkhu Akhuba went to the King.


title: Khuman Khamba

text: Before their arrival, Princess Thoibi had already informed the king all the crimes committed by her own father.


title: Khuman Khamba

text: King Chingkhu Telheiba proclaimed that all the criminals would be punished. So, he set Prince Chingkhu Akhuba and Nongban Kongyamba in the prison. The king told his brother prince to stay there untill Khamba was well again.


title: Khuman Khamba

text: The King sent his own men to take care of injured Khamba. He sent him gifts every day. Thoibi personally took care of Khamba. He got well again. So, the criminals were set free. After this, Thoibi was exiled to Kabaw chiefdom.


title: Khuman Khamba

text: One day, Khamba got suspicious of Thoibi if she was not faithful to him. He wanted to test her chastity. One night, he pretended to get away from home. Then, he secretly returned home. In disguise as a stranger, he pierced a stick through the wall of Thoibi’s room. He was teasing Thoibi. Thoibi was not aware of all this. So, she thought it was done by a stranger. She got furious.


title: Khuman Khamba

text: She thrusted a spear through the wall to pierce the stranger. Khamba was severely wounded. He called her. Thoibi knew his voice. She immediately went out and carried him in. Khamba was dying. She was extremely shocked. Before he died, she killed herself upon him with the same spear.


title: Khuman Khamba

text: Khamba and Thoibi are the incarnations of a god and a goddess. They were sent by God Thangjing. Unlike normal mortal beings, God Thangjing denied their happiness of long life and children.


title: Khuman Khamba

text: The Khamba Thoibi Jagoi was first performed by Khamba and Thoibi in the premise of the Thangjing temple. It is now a popular form of folk dance of Meitei culture (Manipuri culture) in Manipur.


title: Khuman Khamba

text: In 2010, the Laihui Ensemble produced an opera named ""Kao, the sacred bull"". It is based on the story of capturing Kao (bull) by Khamba.


title: Khuman Khamba

text: In 2019, a painting titled "Khambana Kao Phaba" (Lit. Khamba capturing the bull) was exhibited in the Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya (IGRMS) Museum, Bhopal.


title: Khuman Khamba

text: In 2020, the legend of Khamba capturing Kao (bull) was produced in its theatrical form named as "Kao Faba". It was displayed in the Iboyaima Shummang Leela Shanglen, Palace Compound, Imphal.


title: Hafez

text: Khwajeh Shams al-Din Muhammad Hafez-e Shirazi (also spelled Hafiz) (born between 1310 and 1337, believed to have died at age 69) () or Hafez is a Persian poet. Hafez was born in Shiraz, Iran. Hafez learnt the Quran by heart at an early age. His poems are collected in Divan e Hafez. William Jones translated his work into English in 1771.


title: Hafez

text: Despite his profound effect on Persian life and culture and his enduring popularity and influence, few details of his life are known, and particularly about his early life there is a great deal of more or less mythical anecdote. Some of the early tazkeras (biographical sketches) mentioning Hafez are generally considered unreliable. One early document discussing Hafez' life is the preface of his Divān, which was written by an unknown contemporary of Hafez whose name may have been Moḥammad Golandām. The generally accepted modern edition of Hafez's Divān is known as "Qazvini-Ḡani", edited by Moḥammad Qazvini and Qāsem Ḡani.


title: Graphene

text: Graphene is one of the forms of carbon. Like diamonds and graphite, the forms (or 'allotropes') of carbon have different crystal structures, and this gives them different properties. Graphene is the basic 2D (two dimensional) form of a number of 3D allotropes, such as graphite, charcoal, fullerene and carbon nanotubes.


title: Graphene

text: The term "graphene" was coined as a combination of graphite and the suffix '-ene' by Hanns-Peter Boehm, who described single-layer carbon foils in 1962. Graphene is like a honeycomb or 'chicken wire' structure, made of carbon atoms and their bonds. Graphite is many graphene sheets stacked together.


title: Graphene

text: The Nobel Prize in Physics for 2010 was awarded to Sir Andre Geim and Sir Konstantin Novoselov "for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene".


title: Graphene

text: An international team from the University of Manchester made a membrane of graphene oxide. They showed it blocked many gases and liquids but let water through. Sir Andre Geim said: "Helium gas is hard to stop. It slowly leaks even through a millimetre-thick window glass but our ultra-thin films completely block it. At the same time, water evaporates through them unimpeded. Materials cannot behave any stranger".


title: Graphene

text: Membranes of graphene will make pretty good bullet-stoppers. Research shows that an atom-thick layer absorbs a hit better than steel. The research team suggests that combining graphene with one or more additional materials to form a composite might be the way forward.


title: Graphene

text: The internal structure of a graphene battery is quite similar to that of a standard lithium-ion battery pack. There are 2 electrodes and an electrolyte solution to enable flow of charge. The difference is that one of the electrodes in graphene-based batteries, mostly the cathode, is replaced with a hybrid composite material (solid-state metal + graphene) used in place of a standard solid-state metal


title: Graphene

text: Smaller, slimmer battery: Graphene being a two-dimensional material is only a single layer of atoms. To help understand this better, when you stack 3 million layers of graphene is that you get 1 mm thickness. This means that graphene would allow smartphones to be slimmer than ever and provide more space from additional electronics and allow to place higher capacity batteries.


title: Graphene

text: Higher capacity: Graphene has a higher energy capacity for the same size as compared to lithium-ion batteries. While Lithium-ion batteries are known to store up to 180 Wh per kilogram, graphene based batteries capable of storing up to 1,000 Wh per kilogram. So, the same size of graphene battery pack has a higher charge capacity than lithium-ion or other commonly used batteries.


title: Graphene

text: Faster charging times: Graphene is an excellent conductor of electricity. Its two-dimensional honeycomb structure doesn’t offer any resistance to the flow of electrons. So, it can charge quickly and also provide greater endurance compared to lithium ion batteries.


title: Graphene

text: The invention of graphene has led to many patents for its practical application. In 2013 the score was:


title: Graphene

text: South Korean electronics giant Samsung stands out as the company with most graphene patents to its name.


title: Timeline of Christianity

text: This timeline is to show the history of Christianity from the beginning to the present. Question marks on dates mean that dates are not exact.


title: Timeline of Christianity

text: Western culture and Christian churches use the Gregorian calendar. The Gregorian calendar has been in use since 1582 when it replaced the less precise Julian Calendar. The Gregorian calendar began in Europe, in the reign of Pope Gregory XIII. The Gregorian calendar is now used almost everywhere in the world (except for calculating the holy days of other religions).


title: Timeline of Christianity

text: The Gregorian calendar dates years from before or after the birth of Jesus. Years that are before the birth of Jesus have the initials BC (before Christ) and years that are after (traditionally) have the initials AD (anno Domini – "in the year of our Lord"). Nowadays these are often written BCE ("before the Common Era") and CE ("Common Era").


title: Timeline of Christianity

text: The "year one" is the first year in "anno Domini" (the Common Era). There is no year zero. When the Gregorian calendar was calculated, the scholars tried to work out exactly when the birth of Jesus happened. The exact date is not certain, but most agree that it was between 6 BC and 4 BC.


title: Timeline of Christianity

text: This list tells only about the things that happened in the part of the world where Jesus was born. This region is now called Israel and Palestine. In the time of Jesus, it was under the rule of the Romans.


title: Timeline of Christianity

text: Jesus began his ministry after his baptism by John and during the rule of Pilate, preaching: "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is near" (). While the historicity of the gospel accounts is questioned to some extent by most critical scholars and non-Christians, the traditional view states the following chronology for his ministry: Temptation, Sermon on the Mount, Appointment of the Twelve, Miracles, Temple Money Changers, Last Supper, Arrest, Trial, Passion, Crucifixion on Good Friday (, ), Nisan 14th (, , Gospel of Peter) or Nisan 15th (Synoptic Gospels), (7 Apr 30, 3 Apr 33, 30 Mar 36, possible Fri-14-Nisan dates – Meier), entombment by Pharisees Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus of the Sanhedrin, Resurrection by God on Easter Sunday, appearances to Paul of Tarsus (), Simon Peter (), Mary Magdalene (, ), and others, Great Commission, Ascension, Second Coming Prophecy to fulfill the rest of Messianic prophecy such as the Resurrection of the dead, the Last Judgment, and establishment of the Kingdom of God and the Messianic Age. See also Chronology of Jesus.


title: Timeline of Christianity

text: Shortly after the Crucifixion of Jesus (Nisan 14 or 15), the Jerusalem church was founded as the first Christian church with about 120 Jews and Jewish proselytes (), followed by Pentecost, the Ananias and Sapphira incident, Pharisee Gamaliel's defense of the Apostles (), the stoning of Saint Stephen (see also Persecution of Christians) and the subsequent dispersal of the church () which led to the baptism of Simon Magus in Samaria (), and also an Ethiopian eunuch (). Paul's conversion to "Apostle to the Gentiles" is first recorded in (, cf. ). Peter baptized the Centurion Cornelius, who is traditionally considered the first Gentile convert to Christianity (). The Antioch church was founded. It was there that the term Christian was first used (). Saint James was executed by Agrippa I (ruled 39–44) during a Passover (Nisan 15) ().


title: Timeline of Christianity

text: Constantine called the First Council of Nicaea in 325 to unify Christology, also called the first great Christian council by Jerome, the first ecumenical, decreed the Original Nicene Creed, but rejected by Nontrinitarianism such as Arius, Theonas, Secundus, Eusebius of Nicomedia, and Theognis who were excommunicated, also addressed Easter controversy and passed 20 Canon laws.


title: Bradley Cooper

text: Bradley Charles Cooper (born January 5, 1975) is an American actor, filmmaker, occasional singer and producer. He is best known for his roles in the movies, "The Hangover", "The A-Team", "Wedding Crashers" and "Limitless". He appeared in the 2012 movie "Hit and Run". In 2011, he sang Shallow (Lady Gaga Song) at the Oscars"People" magazine named Cooper "Sexiest Man Alive".


title: Bradley Cooper

text: Cooper was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He grew up in nearby Jenkintown, Pennsylvania. His parents were Gloria (née Campano) and Charles J. Cooper. Cooper was raised Catholic.


title: Bradley Cooper

text: While attending Germantown Academy, Cooper worked at the "Philadelphia Daily News". After graduating from Germantown Academy in 1993, Cooper attended Villanova University for his first year, then transferred to Georgetown University.


title: Bradley Cooper

text: Cooper began his career after a small guest role in an episode of "Sex and the City" in 1999. He starred in his first movie "West Hot American Summer" (2001).


title: Bradley Cooper

text: Cooper then landed the role as Will Trippin the drama series "Alias". After leaving Alias in 2003, Cooper guest-starred on the short-lived TV series "Miss Match", and later returned twice to Alias to reprise his role in guest appearances.


title: Bradley Cooper

text: Afterwards, Cooper began starring in small television movies for ABC Family. He starred in "I Want to Marry Ryan Banks". He then appeared in a television series called "Jack & Bobby".


title: Bradley Cooper

text: In March 2006, Cooper starred in "Three Days of Rain" on Broadway with Julia Roberts and Paul Rudd at the Bernard B. Jacobs Theater.


title: Bradley Cooper

text: Cooper appeared in Season 5 of "Nip/Tuck" as Aidan Stone, a television star on the fictional show "Hearts 'N Scalpels". In 2008, Cooper had roles in "Yes Man" with Jim Carrey and in "The Rocker" with Rainn Wilson. On February 7, 2009, Cooper hosted "Saturday Night Live".


title: Bradley Cooper

text: In 2009, Cooper starred in the movies "He's Just Not That Into You", "Case 39", "All About Steve", and ""The Hangover". In 2012, he starred with Robert De Niro and Jennifer Lawrence in David O. Russell's "Silver Linings Playbook".


title: Bradley Cooper

text: In 2013, Cooper reprised his role as Phil Wenneck in the third and final installment of The Hangover trilogy, "The Hangover Part III". That year, Cooper starred in "American Hustle", with Christian Bale, Amy Adams, Jeremy Renner and Jennifer Lawrence. His performance earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.


title: Bradley Cooper

text: He starred in "Guardians of the Galaxy," providing the voice of Rocket Raccoon. Cooper stars in the 2018 remake of "A Star Is Born" alongside Lady Gaga. Cooper also directs the remake. In 2019, he produced the comic book thriller movie "Joker".


title: Bradley Cooper

text: Cooper was married to Jennifer Esposito from December 2006 until they divorced in November 2007. He is Catholic.


title: Bradley Cooper

text: Cooper began dating Russian model Irina Shayk in 2015. They welcomed their first daughter, Lea De Seine Shayk Cooper, on March 21, 2017. They ended their relationship in 2019.


title: Hailstone

text: A hailstone is a round ball of ice which falls out of a storm cloud. About 5,000 hailstorms a year in the United States of America make hail 3/4 of an inch or larger.


title: Hailstone

text: A hailstone begins as a small water drop or a round snow pellet in a cloud. The drop grows by collecting many cloud drops. The little drop is blown by a strong wind inside the cloud to where it meets with some extremely cold water drops. These supercooled drops are still liquid water even though the temperature is below freezing. When the little drop mixes with these extremely cold drops, they join, and the little drop has now become a hailstone.


title: Hailstone

text: The little hailstone is thrown up inside the cloud, still collecting other cold drops. The hailstone gets bigger and bigger until it goes to the top of the cloud. Then, because there is no more wind, it falls back down through the cloud. While it is falling it gets even bigger as it bangs into more supercooled drops. If it goes down very fast it can hit the earth at up to 90 mph (144 kph), bouncing like popcorn. If the hailstone hits dirt, it can actually bury itself.


title: Hailstone

text: The biggest hailstone recorded in the United States weighed 1.67 pounds (0.75 kg), and was 5.5 inches (14 cm) across. It fell near Coffeyville, Kansas, on September 3, 1970. The biggest recorded hailstone in the "world" was 4.2 pounds (almost 2 kilograms). It fell in Kazakhstan in Asia.


title: Hailstone

text: Hailstones are made of many rings of clear, cloudy ice. The rings show different amounts of freezing on the hailstone. The cloudy ice is because it freezes so quickly, trapping many small air bubbles. The clear rings are made by slow freezing of the water, which lets bubbles escape.


title: Hailstone

text: Hail does a very great amount of damage every year. Even small hail with strong winds can crush a field of wheat flat in a few minutes. It sometimes breaks windows, and can dent cars and roofs. Big hailstones can hurt and even kill small animals.


title: Hailstone

text: Because hail damages crops, there has been many efforts to stop hail. In the 16th century, farmers used to shoot cannons at thunderstorms, thinking this would destroy the hail. Cloud seeding (trying to make rain by putting dry ice crystals or a kind of smoke in clouds) is the more recent way, but it is expensive and we do not know for sure how well it works. To this day, there is no proved way of stopping hailstorms.


title: Spiny lobster

text: Spiny lobsters, also known as rock lobsters are a family (Palinuridae) of about 45 species of crustaceans, in the Decapoda Reptantia. Spiny lobsters are also called "crayfish", "sea crayfish" or "crawfish".


title: Spiny lobster

text: Although they superficially resemble true lobsters in terms of overall shape, and that they also have a hard carapace and exoskeleton, the two groups are not closely related. Spiny lobsters can be easily distinguished from true lobsters by their very long, thick, spiny antennae, and by their complete lack of claws ("chelae"); true lobsters have much smaller antennae and claws on the first three pairs of legs, with the first being particularly enlarged. Like true lobsters, however, spiny lobsters are edible and are an economically significant food source; they are the biggest food export of the Bahamas .


title: Spiny lobster

text: Spiny lobsters are found in almost all warm seas, including the Caribbean and the Mediterranean Sea, but are particularly common in Australasia, where they are referred to commonly as crayfish or sea crayfish ("Jasus novaehollandiae" and "Jasus edwardsii"), and South Africa ("Jasus lalandii"). A new species, "Palinurus barbarae" was described in 2006.


title: Spiny lobster

text: Spiny lobsters tend to live in crevices of rocks and coral reefs, only occasionally venturing out at night to seek snails, clams, crabs, sea urchins or carrion to eat. Sometimes, they migrate "en masse", in long files of lobsters across the sea floor. Potential predators may be deterred from eating spiny lobsters by a loud screech made by the antennae of the spiny lobsters rubbing against a smooth part of the exoskeleton . Spiny lobsters usually exhibit social habit by being together. However recent studies indicate that healthy lobsters move away from infected ones and leaving the diseased lobsters to fend for itself .


title: Spiny lobster

text: The furry lobsters ("e.g." "Palinurellus") are sometimes separated into a family of their own, the Synaxidae, but are usually considered members of the Palinuridae. The slipper lobsters (Scyllaridae) are their next closest relatives, and these two or three families make up the Achelata. Genera of spiny lobsters include "Palinurus" and a number of anagrams thereof: "Panulirus", "Linuparus", "etc." (Palinurus was also a helmsman in Virgil's Æneid.)


title: Purple Heart

text: The Purple Heart is a United States military decoration. It is awarded in the name of the President to those wounded or killed, while serving, on or after April 5, 1917, with the U.S. military. It is the successor to the Badge of Military Merit, which took the form of a heart made of purple cloth. The Purple Heart is the oldest military award still given to U.S. military members. The National Purple Heart Hall of Honor is located in New Windsor, New York.


title: Purple Heart

text: The original Purple Heart, called the "Badge of Military Merit", was established by George Washington in 1782. The Badge of Military Merit was only awarded to three Revolutionary War soldiers. If any more had been awarded, any records of being given that award have been lost. The badge was never abolished, it was just forgotten about until after World War I.


title: Purple Heart

text: In 1932 General Douglas MacArthur urged the revival of the Purple Heart medal and he was awarded the first one. The War Department authorized the medal under General Order Number 3. The award was "to be awarded to persons who, while serving in the Army of the United States perform any singular meritorious act of extraordinary fidelity or essential service."


title: Purple Heart

text: With the establishment of the Legion of Merit award, the Purple Heart was no longer awarded for meritorious service. By Executive Order 9277, dated December 3, 1942, the award was to only be given for wounds received. Additional Executive orders added circumstances where the award can be given. In 1962 it was ordered the medal could be given posthumously (after the person died). A 1984 change allowed the award to be given for wounds received as a result of terrorist attacks or while serving as part of a peacekeeping force. In 1986 public Law 99-145 authorized the award for wounds received as a result of friendly fire.


title: Purple Heart

text: Because the medal was given out during many conflicts, the exact number of Purple Hearts awarded is not known.


title: Purple Heart

text: The Purple Heart medal is worn on the uniform after the Bronze Star Medal. It is to be worn before the Defense Meritorious Service Medal. In the Army and Air Force when a second or more Purple Heart is awarded, oak leaf clusters are used. The Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard use 5/16 inch stars to show multiple awards.


title: Black Swallowtail

text: The Black Swallowtail ("Papilio polyxenes") is a species of butterfly. It is also called the American Swallowtail or Parsnip Swallowtail. It is found throughout much of North America.


title: Black Swallowtail

text: The Black Swallowtail has a wingspan of 6.7 to 10 cm (2.7 to 4 in). The upper side of the male's wings is black. There are two rows of yellow spots along the edges of both wings. There is a small area of blue on the bottom wing between the two rows of yellow spots.On the bottom edge of the bottom wing, there is a red spot with a small black dot in the center. The upper side of the female's wings is black. There are two rows of light yellow spots along the edges of both wings. These spots are smaller than the male's. There is a large area of blue on the bottom wing between these two rows. The female also has the same red and black spot on the bottom wing as the male. The female mimics the Pipevine Swallowtail ("Battus philenor"). The underside of the wings is the same in both sexes. The top wing is black with two rows of yellow-orange spots. The bottom wing has two rows of orange spots with a blue area between them.


title: Black Swallowtail

text: The Ozark Swallowtail ("Papilio joanae") and the Black Swallowtail were once thought to be the same species. Felix Sperling did an analysis of the Ozark Swallowtail's DNA. He suggested that even though the Ozark Swallowtail looks exactly like the Black Swallowtail, it is actually more closely related to the Old World Swallowtail ("Papilio machaon").


title: Black Swallowtail

text: In North Dakota and southern Manitoba, the Black Swallowtail is thought to breed with the Old World Swallowtail. These hybrids are called Kahli Swallowtails. Kahli Swallowtails are either thought to be a separate species or a subspecies of the Black Swallowtail.


title: Black Swallowtail

text: The Desert Black Swallowtail ("P. p. coloro") is a subspecies of the Black Swallowtail. It is found in southeastern California, southern Nevada, and western Arizona. It is similar to the male Black Swallowtail, but it has more yellow and the sexes look the same.


title: Black Swallowtail

text: The Pipevine Swallowtail is similar to the female Black Swallowtail. On the upper side of its wings it does not have any yellow spots. The bottom wing is a shiny, dark blue. It has one row of whitish spots in the middle of the bottom wing. The underside of the bottom wing has only one row of orange spots.


title: Black Swallowtail

text: The Spicebush Swallowtail ("Papilio troilus") is similar to the female Black Swallowtail. It is usually larger. The upper side of its wings is black with one row of light greenish-blue spots along the edges of both wings.


title: Black Swallowtail

text: The Ozark Swallowtail looks exactly like the Black Swallowtail. It can only be separated by habitat and host plant choices (the host plant is the plant that the caterpillar feeds on). It is found in woodlands. The host plants are Meadow Parsnip ("Thaspium barbinode") and Yellow Pimpernal ("Taenidia intregerrima").


title: Black Swallowtail

text: The Old World Swallowtail has many different forms. The form "brucei" is very similar to both sexes of the Black Swallowtail. Form "brucei" is usually smaller. The black dot in the red spot on the bottom wing is not centered.


title: Black Swallowtail

text: The Black Swallowtail ranges from southern Canada south to Florida and Costa Rica west to the Rocky Mountains and eastern Arizona south to Mexico and Peru.


title: Black Swallowtail

text: The Black Swallowtail likes open habitats. It is found from sea level to high mountains. It is found in fields, meadows, deserts, marshes, near lakes and streams, farms, lawns, near cities, near roads, and gardens. It is rarely (unusually) found in forests or woodlands.


title: Black Swallowtail

text: Humans have greatly helped the Black Swallowtail. They brought non-native carrot species from Europe to North America. The Black Swallowtail uses these plants as host plants. Before humans cut down forests, Black Swallowtail were rare. They were only found in small prairies, wetlands, and openings in forests. However, in the northeast, people are not farming as much as they used to. This is making the Black Swallowtail become less common in this part of its range.


title: Black Swallowtail

text: The Black Swallowtail is seen from May to June in Canada. It is seen from June to August in the Colorado Mountains. In the eastern part of its range, it is seen from April to October and from February to October in Florida. In Arizona, it is seen from February to November. It has one brood (one group of offspring) in Canada and the Colorado Mountains. It has 2 to 3 broods in the rest of its range.


title: Black Swallowtail

text: The Black Swallowtail flies very fast. Its flight is much quicker than other swallowtails. The Black Swallowtail flies closer to the ground than other swallowtails do. In cold weather, they will hold their abdomens above their wings. This keeps them warm. Usually, Black Swallowtails live about 10 to 12 days. Some however, can live up to 35 to 40 days.


title: Black Swallowtail

text: The male forms a territory. The territory is usually on the top of a hill. The male will sit on high branches or other vegetation on the hill. He will defend his territory from other male Black Swallowtails. If other males come too close, he will chase them away. The female will fly to the top of the hill to look for a mate. A successful courtship lasts for about 40 seconds. An unsuccessful one lasts for about 100 seconds. Mating lasts for about 45 minutes. Females that do not want to mate will try to escape from males by flying high in the air and then quickly flying downward.


title: Black Swallowtail

text: Female Black Swallowtails fly close to the ground to look for host plants. Females lay one egg per host plant. The eggs are laid on the leaves and flowers. The egg is yellow. It later forms a red ring around the center. It will also form a red top. It will turn dark gray just before hatching. It takes about 10 days to hatch. In a lab test, females laid a total of about 200 to 430 eggs. They laid about 35 to 50 each day.


title: Black Swallowtail

text: The caterpillar will eat the leaves and flowers of the host plant. It makes no nests. The young caterpillar is black. It has a white spot in the middle of its body. This spot is called a saddle. It mimics a bird dropping. The older caterpillar is green. It has black bands with orange spots in each of the bands. The caterpillar has a special organ called an osmeterium. It is an orange, bad-smelling organ. It is shaped like a snake's tongue. It is kept behind the inside of the head. The caterpillar releases it to scare predators away. The caterpillar will reach a length of 5 cm (2 in). The Ozark Swallowtail caterpillar is similar to the Black Swallowtail caterpillar. It is usually greener, and the black bands are usually thinner.


title: Black Swallowtail

text: The chrysalis hangs upright. There is a silk thread around the upper part of the chrysalis. This thread is called a girdle. The chrysalis is either brown or green. The Black Swallowtail will hibernate as a chrysalis.


title: Jomo Kenyatta

text: Jomo Kenyatta (20 October 1893 – 22 August 1978) was an Kenyan politician. He was the leader of Kenya from independence in 1963 to his death in 1978. He served first as Prime Minister (1963–64) and then as President (1964–78). He is considered the founding father of the Kenyan nation.


title: Jomo Kenyatta

text: As President, Kenyatta was against socialism and worked with the United Kingdom and the United States in the Cold War. He also was criticized within Kenya for corruption. He suffered a heart attack in 1966, and eventually died on 22 August 1978 from complications of a stroke, aged 83–84. His son Uhuru Kenyatta is the current president of the country.


title: Beau Brummell

text: Beau Brummell, (born George Bryan Brummell, London 7 June 1778 – died Caen, France 30 March 1840), was the leader of men's fashion in Regency England. He was a friend of the Prince Regent, the future King George IV, and started the fashion for men to wear tailored clothes that were tasteful and fitted well.


title: Beau Brummell

text: Brummell once said: "If John Bull turns around to look at you, you are not well dressed; but either too stiff, too tight, or too fashionable". This hardly suggests a dandy whose cravats alone were a peacock display.


title: Beau Brummell

text: No doubt Brummell wore various styles, but one in particular seems to have been his favourite. The style included dark coats and full-length trousers, with an elaborately-knotted cravat.


title: Beau Brummell

text: The coat was cut away at the front, and double-breasted. If worn open, it had a double-breasted waistcoat underneath. The tails of the coat were not long, ending above the back of the knees. They were cut square. The collar of the coat was a 'stand-up': it stood higher at the back of the neck.


title: Beau Brummell

text: Beau Brummell is credited with introducing and establishing as fashion the modern man's suit, worn with a tie. The modern tie is a descendant of the cravat.


title: Beau Brummell

text: It is said that Brummell believed in cut rather than colour. In the illustration his clothes are well-fitted, but also quite colourful by our standards.


title: Beau Brummell

text: He claimed to take five hours to dress. He recommended using champagne to clean boots and make them shine. His style of dress is often referred to as dandyism, Brummell would not have agreed with that description.


title: Beau Brummell

text: Brummell's personal grooming was very modern. He kept himself clean, which most people did not in his day.


title: Beau Brummell

text: This kind of care is quite modern, and a part of celebrity culture today. He was a perfectionist in his choice of clothes. There's a story of someone who visited him, and met his valet coming out of the room carrying a tray full of cravats. "These, Sir, are our failures"! said the valet. Brummell said of himself "I have no talents other than to dress; my genius is in the wearing of clothes".


title: Beau Brummell

text: His father died in 1794, leaving him an inheritance of more than £20,000 pounds. He was educated at Eton and at Oriel College, Oxford University. He later joined the 10th Hussars, where he came to the attention of George, Prince of Wales. Through the influence of the Prince, Brummell was promoted to captain by 1796. When his regiment was sent from London to Manchester he resigned his commission.


title: Beau Brummell

text: For a time, Brummell avoided extravagance and gambling. For example, he kept horses but no carriages. He was included in Prince George's circle. Here, he made an impression with his elegant manner of dress, and his clever remarks. His attention to cleaning his teeth, shaving and bathing daily became popular.


title: Beau Brummell

text: However he did spend money on his appearance. When asked how much it would cost to keep a single man in clothes, he was alleged to have replied: "Why, with tolerable economy, I think it might be done with £800".


title: Beau Brummell

text: Brummell was influenced by his wealthy friends. He began spending and gambling as though his fortune were as great as theirs. This was not a problem while he could still get credit, but that did not last. Brummel could borrow money based on his closeness to the Prince. But in 1811, the Prince became Regent and began abandoning all his old Whig friends.


title: Beau Brummell

text: Brummell, Lord Alvanley, Henry Mildmay and Henry Pierrepoint were the prime movers of "Watier's", called "the Dandy Club" by Byron. They were also the four hosts of the masquerade ball in July 1813. There an event occurred which ruined Brummel. The Prince Regent greeted Alvanley and Pierrepoint, but then "cut" Brummell and Mildmay by snubbing them, staring them in the face but not speaking to them. This provoked Brummell's remark, which became famous: "Alvanley, who's your fat friend?". This widened the rift between them.


title: Beau Brummell

text: Normally, the loss of royal favour to a favourite was doom, but Brummell had the approval and friendship of other leading people. He became a favourite without a patron, still in charge of fashion and courted by large segments of society.


title: Beau Brummell

text: However, his debts spun out of control and, when he tried to recover by various schemes, that only dug the hole deeper. In 1816, he fled to France to escape debtor's prison. Payment was demanded of thousands of pounds sterling owed by him. Usually, Brummell's gambling debts, as "debts of honour", were always paid immediately. The one exception to this was the final wager recorded for him in White's betting book. Recorded March, 1815, the debt was marked "not paid, 20th January, 1816".


title: Beau Brummell

text: He lived the remainder of his life in France. In the reign of William IV he got an appointment at Caen by the influence of Lord Alvanley and the Marquess of Worcester. This gave him a small annuity. His final comment to a visiting friend was "My wallpaper and I are fighting a battle to the death. One of us has to go!" He died penniless and insane from strokes in Caen in 1840.


title: Andy Dalton

text: Andrew Gregory Dalton (born October 29, 1987) is an American football quarterback for the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Texas Christian University (TCU). In his final college game, the 2011 Rose Bowl against the Wisconsin Badgers, Dalton led the Horned Frogs to a 21–19 victory. He left the TCU program as its all-time leader in wins. He also holds several statistical passing records.


title: Andy Dalton

text: Dalton was selected by the Bengals in the second round (35th overall) of the 2011 NFL Draft. He signed a four-year, $5.2 million contract. Under a West Coast-style offensive scheme, Dalton and receiver A.J. Green, the Bengals' 2011 first-round selection from the University of Georgia, have become a great quarterback/receiver combination. Dalton and Green broke NFL records for completions (completed passes) and yards for a rookie quarterback/receiver combination.


title: Andy Dalton

text: Dalton is one of five quarterbacks in NFL history to have thrown for over 3,000 yards in each of his first three seasons. The others are Cam Newton, Peyton Manning, Andrew Luck, and Russell Wilson. Dalton is also one of five to have passed for at least 20 touchdowns in each of his first three seasons. He joins Manning, Luck, Wilson, and Dan Marino. Dalton is the only quarterback to lead the Cincinnati Bengals to four consecutive Playoffs. He is just one of five quarterbacks to lead his team to the playoffs in each of his first four seasons. He is also the Bengals franchise record holder for passing yards and touchdowns in a season.


title: Enterprise resource planning

text: Enterprise Resource Planning is an activity done using software in computers by companies to manage their business activities and supplies such as money on hand, product quantity and contacts such as clients and other business they may partner with. There are many ERP software available from many different companies to help other companies with their business. They may need a whole suite of applications from software to manage industrial machines at factories to point of sale systems at their retail or wholesale outlets.


title: Enterprise resource planning

text: The ERP system integrates varied organizational systems and facilitates error-free transactions and production, thereby enhancing the organization's efficiency. However, developing an ERP system differs from traditional system development.


title: Disney Junior

text: Disney Junior, is an American cable and satellite television network. It is part of The Walt Disney Company. It is for children between one and eight years old. It shows first-run children's television shows, movies and made-for-DVD movies. It follows Playhouse Disney, which aired from February 1, 1999 to February 13, 2011.


title: Disney Junior

text: The name Disney Junior is also used for a morning and early afternoon program seen on the Disney Channel, branded as "Disney Junior on Disney Channel". Also Disney Junior Disney Junior Disney Junior Disney Junior Disney Junior Disney Junior Disney Junior


title: Disney Junior

text: Programming on the Disney Junior channel includes original series and series which used to be shown on the Playhouse Disney block It also showed re-runs of former original shows like Mickey Mouse Clubhouse. There included some that also air on the companion Disney Channel morning block. The network also airs short-form series as well as reruns of some older animated series. These progams had been seen on sister network ABC, CBS (made before 1996) and programs from Disney Channel and Toon Disney. These are aired by the channel by popular demand. The channel also carries several non-Disney preschool shows (such as PJ Masks, Bluey and ).


title: Disney Junior

text: "Disney Junior Night Light" is the former name of Disney Junior channel's overnight programming block, running daily from 9:00 p.m. to 4:00 a.m. Eastern and Pacific Time. The block, which debuted on September 4, 2012, and is sponsored by Babble (under a similar underwriter sponsorship agreement as that regularly used by Disney Channel and Disney Junior, which both operate as commercial-free services), consists of short-form programs intended for co-viewing among parents and their children. Features seen as part of the block include "Picture This" (which presents sketches of Disney characters being drawn), "Sesh Tales" (a segment featuring costumed finger puppets with twists on traditional fairy tales) and "That's Fresh" (a segment featuring cooking tips aimed at parents, presented by celebrity chef Helen Cavallo). Additional series under development at the block's launch included a photography series, a series that follows parents through the day their new baby comes home after being born, and a show about stay-at-home dads. Since 2017, Disney Junior's overnight programming has run unbranded and without the "Night Light" continuity. As of November 1, 2021, Disney Junior Night Light is still used for interstitials and sign-off due to the handover of Disney Mom. (which was used in November 2021)


title: Mexican coat of arms

text: The flag of Mexico contains a coat of arms which is derived from an Aztec symbol depicting an eagle with a snake in its mouth.


title: Mexican coat of arms

text: In the early 14th century, the Mexica people were a wandering tribe looking for a permanent settlement in modern day central Mexico. They survived by hunting and gathering and were often hired to fight as mercenaries for the city-states scattered throughout the region. According to legend, their god, Huitzilopochtli, told them to establish a city of their own at a site where they would find an eagle eating a snake on top of a cactus. The legend relates that the people saw the eagle on a small, swampy island in the middle of the shallow Texcoco lake. The Mexica invented a resourceful system of gardening, called chinampas, which allowed them to grow small gardens, eventually drying out the lake. In 1325, they completed construction of a city there. That city, which they called Tenochtitlan, became the capital of the Aztec Empire, which dominated central Mexico until its destruction by Spanish Conquistadores led by Hernando Cortes.


title: Mexican coat of arms

text: After winning its independence from Spain in 1810, the newly created nation of Mexico–whose capital was built on the ruins of Tenochtitlan–adopted the symbol of the eagle and the snake to commemorate its Aztec heritage. The symbol can be found at the center of the Mexican flag.


title: Matter wave

text: In quantum mechanics, a branch of physics, a matter wave is when you think of matter as a wave. The concept of matter waves was first introduced by Louis de Broglie. Matter waves are hard to visualize, because we are used to thinking of matter as a physical object. De Broglie revolutionized quantum mechanics by producing the equation for matter waves.


title: Matter wave

text: As experiments on light revealed that photons possessed both wavelike and particular properties, they were considered at the time to have a dual nature as both particles and waves. De Broglie showed that matter might exhibit such a 'wave-particle duality' as well. Basing his formula on earlier formulas, he arrived at the equation below.


title: Matter wave

text: Where λ is the wavelength of the object, "h" is Planck's constant, "m" is the mass of the object, and "v" is the velocity of the object. An alternate and also correct version of this formula is


title: Matter wave

text: Where "p" is the momentum. (Momentum is equal to mass times velocity). These equations merely say that matter exhibits a particle-like nature in some circumstances, and a wave-like characteristic at other times. Erwin Schrödinger created an advanced equation based on this formula and the Bohr model, known as the Schrödinger equation.


title: Willow Smith

text: Willow Camille Reign Smith (born October 31, 2000) is an American actress and singer. She is the daughter of actors Will Smith and Jada Pinkett Smith. She began acting in 2007 in the movie "I Am Legend". She released her first single "Whip My Hair" in 2010. She released a single with Nicki Minaj in 2011.


title: Willow Smith

text: Willow Camilie Reign Smith singer and actress. As her acting career kick started, Smith made her acting debut in "I Am Legend" a post-apocalyptic action thriller film alongside her father. Her next film, "Kit Kittredge: An American Girl", a comedy-drama film was released on July 2, 2008. In 2008, she voiced in "Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa," a 2008 American computer-animated comedy film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures, as character young Gloria the hippo alongside her mother as character of Gloria the hippo.


title: Willow Smith

text: Smith's mother Jada Pinkett Smith announced in an interview on "Lopez Tonight" that Smith would be releasing an album. Smith then released her first single, "Whip My Hair", which went platinum in the US and peaked at number eleven. In the UK the single peaked at number two. It sold 1,216,000 digital copies in the US. Smith soon after announced her next single, "21st Century Girl". The video clip of the song shows Willow on the set of the music video. 21st Century Girl is an upbeat dance song and was produced by Swedish production team Twin. She performed the song on "The Oprah Winfrey Show", she released it the next day on February 3, 2011. The video was released March 9, 2011.


title: Willow Smith

text: On October 6, 2011, "Fireball", a collaboration between Smith and rapper Nicki Minaj, was released. It was released on iTunes two days later and was released to U.S. urban radio on October 18, 2011. In the song, Minaj says: "Ok, I'm the street fighter, call me Chun-Li" making referring to the character Chun-Li from the video game franchise Street Fighter. The song was a commercial failure, failing to chart in any type of music market, except the US R&B chart, charting at 121. It was her first song to miss the "Billboard" Hot 100. Smith's producer announced that they were almost finished working on her debut album, and that it would be done soon. He also said it has a similar style to "Whip My Hair". The name of the album was later announced to be "Knees and Elbows". It was scheduled to be released around April 2012, but was later announced that it would be released later in the year.


title: Willow Smith

text: She released a music video for "Do it Like Me (Rockstar)", saying that it was her "first video ever".


title: Willow Smith

text: Smith and DJ Fabrega started a duo named "Melodic Chaotic". "The Intro" was released as the first track,


title: Willow Smith

text: "Summer Fling" was released as the second track of the two. The music video was directed by Smith and Mike Vargas who previously directed her single "I Am Me". The song has been loads of criticism for its mature tone, the use of the word "fling", and the fake English accent she tries to speak.


title: Willow Smith

text: Smith performed "Summer Fling" on the series premiere of "The Queen Latifah Show". During the performance, she said: "Just for clarity, the word "fling" means something that's short lived...And this song is dedicated to all the kids around the world whose summer is never long enough."


title: Willow Smith

text: Smith and FADER announced that Smith would be releasing her first EP, titled "3", on October 31, 2014 for free via Google Play for limited time and November 10, 2014, but it was later pushed to November 17, 2014 via iTunes.


title: Willow Smith

text: The same day, she held a concert in New York City at The FADER Fort, where she performed select tracks from her new EP with SZA. She also performed the song "5" with her brother, as well as "Summer Fling" and a new mix of her famous hit "Whip My Hair".


title: Willow Smith

text: Smith released the single "F Q-C #7" which was a major commercial failure, failing to get on any charts. An music video was released for the song the same day on Vevo.


title: Willow Smith

text: Willow released her first album "Ardipithecus". About her debut's title album, Willow said "Ardipithecus Ramidus Sahelanthropus tchadensis is the scientific name of the first hominid bones found on earth. I wanted to name my musical compilation after it because, while I was making these songs, I was in such a transitional state. Digging deep in the soil of my heart and finding bits and pieces of my ancient self that tell stories, which end up being the lyrics to the songs."


title: Willow Smith

text: Her single "Wait a minute" taken from her album ""Mellifluous" saw little success upon it's release" and which saw it's sales and streams go up to a million in the United States.


title: Willow Smith

text: On her birthday, October 31, 2017, she released her second studio album ""The 1st"" which is praised for its musical development, but mostly focusing Willow's ability to create music following her 1990s R&B predecessors, apart from not having been lively during the time.


title: Willow Smith

text: She toured the album with Jhene Aiko alongside St. Beauty, Kodie Shane, and Kitty Cash. Along with her mother and grandmother, Adrienne Banfield-Norris, Smith hosts "Red Table Talk", a web talk show for which she received a Daytime Emmy Award nomination.


title: Willow Smith

text: It was released and was co-produced by herself and Tyler Cole. The album includes a feature from her brother Jaden Smith which is the song "U know" anc was produced by Tyler Cole.


title: Willow Smith

text: Smith released "Transparent Soul" featuring Travis Barker, a pop-punk song that was her first song into that genre. Willow described the song as having been written during a very introspective time at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, and inspired by a quote from Hindu guru Radhanath Swami. Smith was also inspired to enter the genre by her mother, Jada Pinkett Smith, who previously was in nu metal band Wicked Wisdom in the early 2000s


title: Willow Smith

text: Smith released her fourth album "Lately I Feel Everything", featuring guests artists including Tierra Whack, Avril Lavigne and Travis Barker.The album has two singles, "Transparent Soul" and "Lipstick"


title: Mole (espionage)

text: The spy is recruited "before" having access to secret intelligence. Later, if he gets into the target organization, he or she becomes active.


title: Mole (espionage)

text: However, it is popularly used to mean any long-term clandestine spy or informer in an organization, government or private. In police work, a mole is an undercover law-enforcement agent who joins an organization in order to collect incriminating evidence about its operations, and so bring its members to justice.


title: Mole (espionage)

text: The term was introduced to the public by British spy novelist John Le Carré in his 1974 novel "Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy".


title: Chinese postman problem

text: The Chinese postman problem is a mathematical problem of graph theory. It is also known as . Suppose there is a mailman who needs to deliver mail to a certain neighbourhood. The mailman is unwilling to walk far, so he wants to find the shortest route through the neighbourhood, that meets the following criteria:


title: Chinese postman problem

text: Alan Goldman of the U.S. National Bureau of Standards first coined the name 'Chinese Postman Problem' for this problem, as it was originally studied by the Chinese mathematician Mei-Ku Kuan in 1962.


title: Best Day Ever

text: "Best Day Ever" is the first part of the twentieth episode of the fourth season of "SpongeBob SquarePants". It first aired on television on Nickelodeon in the United States on November 10, 2006 as a part of the television marathon called "The Best Day Ever Marathon". 6.7 million people watched the episode when it was first shown on television. In the episode, SpongeBob wants to have a perfect day, but it does not go as planned. However, he solves his friends' problems without knowing it. When he finds out, he learns that he really did have the best day ever.


title: Best Day Ever

text: SpongeBob plans a "best day ever", but things do not go out as planned. SpongeBob wants to work at the Krusty Krab, but it is closed because of a nematode infestation. He gets the nematodes away by playing his nose as a flute. Then, he wants to play karate with Sandy, but she is trying to deal with a leak in her treedome (a glass dome with a tree inside). SpongeBob thinks it is a trick, but accidentally stops the leak by using one of his karate gloves to fill in the hole of the leak. Next, he wants to catch jellyfish with Patrick. Patrick keeps breaking his nets, so he uses SpongeBob's high-tech net. Now SpongeBob does not have a net to use.


title: Best Day Ever

text: SpongeBob plans his last part of the day to go to Squidward's clarinet recital. Squidward is seen upset because his clarinet reed broke and he can not play the clarinet. SpongeBob gets strong and pulls out one of his teeth to replace the reed so Squidward can play his clarinet. SpongeBob tries to get in the concert, but the usher will not let him in. SpongeBob makes many tries to get in the building, but each time he is not let in. SpongeBob hides in Mrs. Puff's purse, making her yell at him. The usher finds out that SpongeBob was on the VIP list, so he is let in the recital. However, he gets in right as the recital ends.


title: Best Day Ever

text: SpongeBob gets very upset and goes on the stage to talk about how his "best day ever" has gone wrong. Mr. Krabs, Sandy, Patrick, and Squidward talk to SpongeBob about how he has saved their problems and made their days better. To make SpongeBob happy, they perform the song "Best Day Ever" on the stage that lasts for hours.


title: Best Day Ever

text: Both the television marathon and the episode set a new record for Nickelodeon's most watched and highest rated television program.


title: Lilongwe

text: Lilongwe is the capital city of African country of Malawi. It lies in the center of the country on the Lilongwe river. It is near the border of Malawi, Mozambique, and Zambia. The city has a population of 597,619 people. Lilongwe is the second largest city in Malawi.


title: Lilongwe

text: Lilongwe has a damp subtropical climate, bordering a subtropical highland climate (Köppen: Cwa), with pleasantly warm summers and mild winters. Due to its altitude, temperatures are lower than other cities located in the tropics. Lilongwe has a short wet season from December to March and a long dry season during much of the rest of the year. However it has a strong rain season, with around during the wettest months.


title: Lilongwe

text: The city started as a small village on the banks of the Lilongwe river. It became a British colonial administrative centre at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1974, the capital of the country was moved from Zomba to Lilongwe. Recently, as part of a change in politics in Malawi, the parliament has been moved to Lilongwe. All parliament members must spend time in the new capital. Lilongwe is now the political centre of Malawi, but Blantyre the economic capital of the country.


title: Lilongwe

text: Lilongwe is visited by Malawi Railways and Shire Bus Lines, local buses and minibuses go between Old Town, City Centre, Kamuzu International Airport, and other urban places, including Mzuzu and Blantyre.


title: Lilongwe

text: People can get taxis from hotels and a taxi lane on Presidential Way, North of City Centre Shopping Centre. Most roads have a lot of traffic, so most Malawians prefer to, or can only afford to, walk or use a bicycle. There is also an airport, Kamuzu International Airport, which is about 35 km north of Lilongwe.


title: Hieronymus Bosch

text: Hieronymus Bosch, (born Jeroen Anthonissen van Aken, c. 1450 – 9 August 1516) was an early Dutch painter. He lived, worked and died in 's-Hertogenbosch, a Dutch town. This was then the capital of the Duchy of Brabant, a region which included much of modern Belgium and Holland.


title: Hieronymus Bosch

text: Many of his works depict temptation, sin and punishment in hell. The paintings have a dreamlike surreal quality, with sexual and sadistic images. The intent was probably serious, to warn of the punishment which awaited sinners in hell.


title: Hieronymus Bosch

text: The paintings often look like, and certainly did influence, the modern art movement known as surrealism. Bosch used images of demons, half-human animals and machines, to evoke fear and confusion, and to portray the evil of man. His works contain complex, highly original, imaginative, and dense use of symbolic figures and iconography, some of which was obscure even in his own time.


title: Hieronymus Bosch

text: Today only 25 paintings are known to be by him; Philip II of Spain collected some of the best, which are now in the Prado Museum, Madrid.


title: Fagaceae

text: The family Fagaceae, also called beech family, is a family of flowering plants. It has about 900 species of evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs. They have alternate simple leaves with pinnate venation, unisexual flowers in the form of catkins, and fruit in the form of nuts.


title: Genius

text: A genius is a person who is exceptionally intelligent. People may have different ideas of how clever one has to be in order to be called a “genius”. A genius may be extremely clever at maths or science or games such as chess, or they may be creative geniuses who are brilliant writers, musicians or artists.


title: Genius

text: Albert Einstein is perhaps the world’s most famous genius. He was extraordinarily good at math, but in other areas, such as languages, he was not particularly good. Leonardo da Vinci and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe were geniuses who can also be described as polymaths because they were brilliant in lots of different subjects. Geniuses are usually child prodigies, i.e., they already show they are a genius when they are young children.


title: Genius

text: Genius is not quite the same as talent. Talent means the ability to learn a particular skill very quickly. A genius, on the other hand, is also very creative and able to do things that no one else has thought of.


title: Genius

text: Some geniuses, such as Goethe, are very sensible, reliable people who are good at organizing their lives. However, there are many geniuses who have unusual personalities. They may be very absent-minded, they may not have much common sense, or they may suffer at times from depression and changes of mood.


title: Northern Sotho language

text: Northern Sotho ("Sesotho sa Leboa" in Northern Sotho) is an African language mainly spoken by people living in the Limpopo Province of South Africa.


title: Northern Sotho language

text: Northern Sotho is one of the eleven official languages of South Africa. It is spoken by almost 4 618 500 people, or 8.4% of South Africans at home (2011-census). Northern Sotho is part of the Sotho language family.


title: Thanatos

text: Thanatos is the god of death in Greek mythology. He is the son of Nyx and the twin brother of Hypnos, the god of sleep.


title: Southeast

text: Southeast or south east is the direction halfway between south and east. It the opposite of northwest.


title: Thanatos

text: Sigmund Freud, a famous psychologist, used the word in one of his theories. THANATOS was the god or personified spirit ("daimon") of non-violent death. His touch was gentle, likened to that of his twin brother Hypnos(Sleep). Violent death was the domain of Thanatos' blood-craving sisters, the Keres, spirits of slaughter and disease. He is often confused with Hades, who is the god of the dead and underworld, not death itself.


title: Thanatos

text: Thanatos plays a prominent role in two myths. Once when he was sent to fetch Alkestis (Alcestis) to the underworld, he was driven off by Herakles in a fight. Another time he was captured by the criminal Sisyphos (Sisyphus) who trapped him in a sack so as to avoid death.


title: Unna

text: Unna is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is on an ancient salt-trading route, the Hellweg road.


title: Yotta-

text: Yotta is the largest decimal unit prefix in the metric system, denoting a factor of 10 or ; that is, one million million million million, or one septillion. It has the unit symbol Y. The prefix name is derived from the Ancient Greek (), meaning "eight", because it is equal to 1,000. It was added as an SI prefix to the International System of Units (SI) in 1991.


title: Regular polygon

text: A regular polygon is a shape that can be drawn on a flat surface. It has some number of sides that are all the same length, and its angles are all the same. In other words, a polygon which is both equilateral (which means all its sides have the same length) and equiangular (which means that all its angles are the same) is a regular polygon. It always has the same number of edges and points.


title: Regular polygon

text: A polygon is also convex if there aren't any two points within it that can't be connected with a straight line, where the entire straight line is also in it. An example of a concave shape is a five-pointed star. It's concave because you can connect two of the points of a star with a straight line, and most of the straight line doesn't go through the star. If a five pointed star is both equilateral and equiangular, it is also a regular polygon, but it isn't a convex one. All regular concave polygons are stars.


title: Regular polygon

text: Polygons with more sides look more like circles. A polygon with an infinite number of sides is called an apeirogon. Polygons can be described in text by a special symbol called a Schläfli symbol. This symbol is written as curly brackets, with some numbers inside it, like {3}. {3} is a triangle. The number inside can also be a fraction. A Schläfli symbol of {5/2} is a five-pointed star.


title: Regular polygon

text: Most mathematical objects have things that can be said about them that are always true. These are called properties. All polygons (convex and star polygons) can be rotated in place by some angle and still look the same—in other words, they're all rotationally symmetric. For example, a square could be rotated a quarter turn, and it would look the same as before. Another way of seeing this property is that any polygon can have a circle drawn around it, touching all its points, and the polygon's points are evenly spaced around the circle, and also a polygon can have a circle drawn inside it, touching all its edges (but not overlapping), and the places where the circle touches the polygon are also evenly spaced. The centers of the two circles drawn are in the same place. This proves that a regular polygon is rotationally symmetric.


title: Regular polygon

text: The circle outside the polygon is called circumscribed, and the circle inside the polygon is called inscribed. Any polygon where a circle circumscribes all its points is called a cyclic polygon. All regular polygons are cyclic, but not all cyclic polygons are regular.


title: Pine nut

text: Pine nuts are the edible seeds of pines (family Pinaceae, genus "Pinus"). About 20 species of pine produce seeds large enough to be worth harvesting. Other pines have edible seeds too small to be useful as a human food.


title: Pine nut

text: Pine nuts have been eaten in Europe and Asia since the Paleolithic period. They are often added to meat, fish, salads and vegetable dishes or baked into bread. In Italian they are called "pinoli". They are an essential part of Italian pesto sauce.


title: Pine nut

text: Pine nuts can be pressed to extract pine nut oil, which is valued for its mild, nutty flavour. The large edible seeds of the Southern Hemisphere conifer genus "Araucaria" produce nuts rather like pine nuts.


title: Pakistan International Airlines

text: Pakistan International Airlines Corporation, more commonly known as Pakistan International Airlines or PIA ( or ), is the flag carrier and national airline of Pakistan.


title: Misandry

text: Misandry similar to Misogyny means hating a certain gender and Misandry means hating men. It is a type of misanthropy but against males. A misandrist is a person who hates men or boys. They may hate men because they believe there is something wrong with them, such as being stupid, dirty or evil.


title: Misandry

text: Misandry is different from sexism, which is not based on hate. Radical feminists are sometimes viewed as misandric. Misandry includes violence or discrimination against men. Some misandrists are prejudiced against men. For example they may think that all men or boys are potential rapists.


title: Air gun

text: An air gun is a gun which uses gas to fire a projectile instead of burning gunpowder that an ordinary gun uses.


title: Air gun

text: The oldest air guns used a bellows to compress (squeeze) air in a tube. When the gun was fired the air was released. The only way for the air to go was by pushing the pellet out.


title: Air gun

text: A later invention was the spring piston, these can only fire one shot before the spring has to be reset. Newer guns use air or another gas in a small cartridge, these guns can fire many more shots before the cartridge needs to be changed or refilled.


title: Air gun

text: The projectile for an air gun is usually a pellet. Some guns of this sort fire small round pellets call "bb"s. Some people think this means ball bearing, but it does not. The letters bb stood for a size of shot that was used to make shotgun cartridges, This was used in the first bb guns.


title: Air gun

text: The most popular calibres (pellet sizes) for air weapons are mm (also called .177 to .22). In many countries there are strict rules that limit the sales of air guns so not everyone can have one.


title: Air gun

text: Many people enjoy air rifle and pistol shooting either for fun or hunting. In the Olympics and target games, air pistols are used in some of the shooting events.


title: Elizabethan era

text: The Elizabethan era was a time in the history of England. It is generally seen as the time period of the reign of Elizabeth I, from 1558 to 1603. It is also the time of Renaissance architecture in England. During that time, the economy prospered. Even though it happened during a time when there was a conflict between Catholics and Protestants in England, Elizabeth could keep these problems from spreading.


title: Rites of passage

text: Rites of passage are rituals performed by people, individually or as a social group. They mark the end of one phase of life, and the arrival of another.


title: Rites of passage

text: All people in every society and culture experience rites of passage. They happen differently, for various reasons, and at special times, depending on what society or culture the person comes from. Rites of passage celebrate and protect the person or people who are changing. They signify the transformation from one social status (e.g. coming of age), place (e.g. crossing a national border), condition (e.g. recovering from sickness), time (e.g. celebrating the new year), to the next.


title: Rites of passage

text: The French social scientist Arnold van Gennep (23 April 1873 – 7 May 1957) most famously defined the concept of rites of passage in his book "" ("The Rites of Passage"), first published in 1909. Van Gennep studied ethnographic reports from various parts of the world that described rites of passage. He concluded that they are universally structured even if the rites of passage themselves differ significantly in character between societies and cultures.


title: Rites of passage

text: By acknowledging the various ways different societies and cultures perform rites of passage we observe cultural diversity. Learning about rites of passage cross culturally can help us to understand others and ourselves. An awareness of cultural diversity is essential to form an open-minded, tolerant and accepting view of people who are not from the same society or culture as our own.


title: Brenda Vaccaro

text: Brenda Buell Vaccaro (born November 18, 1939) is an American actress. She is known for her roles in "Midnight Cowboy", "Once Is Not Enough", "Airport '77", "Capricorn One", "The Pride of Jesse Hallam", "Supergirl", "The Mirror Has Two Faces", "Heart of Midnight", and in "Zorro, The Gay Blade".


title: Brenda Vaccaro

text: She received one Academy Award nomination, three Golden Globe Award nominations (winning one), four Primetime Emmy Award nominations (winning one), and three Tony Award nominations.


title: Brenda Vaccaro

text: Her best known stage roles were in "The Affair" (1962), "Cactus Flower" (1965), "How Now, Dow Jones" (1967), "The Goodbye People" (1968), the female version of "The Odd Couple", (1985), and "Jake's Women" (1992).


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: Der Rosenkavalier (in English: The Knight of the Rose) is a comic opera by Richard Strauss. The words (libretto) were especially written for the opera by the German poet Hugo von Hofmannsthal.


title: Plinian eruption

text: A Plinian eruption is a kind of volcanic eruption which is similar to that of Mount Vesuvius in the year 79 AD. It is named after Pliny the Younger who wrote the only surviving eyewitness account of the eruption. That eruption of Vesuvius killed Pliny the Elder, the uncle of Pliny the Younger.


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: It was first performed in Dresden on 26 January 1911 and was an immediate success. It continues to be a very popular opera in opera houses all over the world and has been performed more often than any other German language 20th century opera.


title: Plinian eruption

text: Plinian eruptions have columns of gas and volcanic ash high into the stratosphere. There is a large amount of pumice into the atmosphere and very powerful gas blast eruptions.


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: The story is supposed to be happening in Vienna in the time of the Empress Maria Theresa (mid to late 18th century). The music and the words deliberately show the elegant life of aristocratic society of that time. For example: the title of the opera is about the silver rose which traditionally was sent by a bridegroom to his bride and was brought by a knight (the Knight of the Rose).


title: Plinian eruption

text: Short eruptions can end in less than a day. Longer ones can take several days to months. These eruptions begin with clouds of volcanic ash and occasionally pyroclastic flows. Sometimes the amount of magma erupted is so large that the top of the volcano collapses. This leaves a caldera behind. Fine ash can deposit over large areas. Plinian eruptions often happen with loud noises, such as those created by Krakatoa.


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: Act I takes place in the Marschallin’s bedroom. The Marschallin is an aristocratic lady aged 32. She has a lover, a young boy aged 17 called Octavian. When the opera starts, we first hear an orchestral prologue. The music suggests that the Marschallin and Octavian are making love. Then the curtain opens and we see the two together. They hear a noise and the Marschallin thinks her husband is coming, so Octavian hides. It is not her husband, but her cousin Baron Ochs. Ochs is a very rude man with bad manners. He marches in to the Marschallin’s room although the servants had asked him to wait. Octavian manages to change his clothes and appears dressed as a maid called Mariandel. Ochs thinks “she” is pretty and wants “her” to meet him. Then he tells the Marschallin what he has come for: he wants a young knight to deliver the silver rose to his bride Sophie. He also needs a notary to sign the legal documents of the wedding. Ochs sings about the fun of making love. He wishes he were like Jupiter who was able to disguise himself in many ways.


title: Plinian eruption

text: The lava is usually rhyolitic and has a lot of silicates. Basaltic lavas are unusual for Plinian eruptions; the most recent example is the 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera in New Zealand.


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: The morning levée begins. This means: the ceremony of the Marschallin getting up. Several people come in. They include: an Italian tenor who sings an aria, two Italian people called Valzacchi and Annina, who are always spreading gossip, and a notary. When the notary tells Ochs that he needs to pay a dowry to his bride, not the other way round, Ochs is very angry.


title: Plinian eruption

text: Pliny the Elder went to rescue some of the victims. He sailed across the Gulf of Naples to Stabiae (near the modern town of Castellammare di Stabia). Pliny the Younger wrote an account of his death, and suggested that he collapsed and died through inhaling poisonous gases emitted by the volcano. His body was found buried under the ashes of the Vesuvius with no apparent injuries on 26 August, after the plume had dispersed. This confirmed the death through asphyxiation or poisoning.


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: When the Marschallin is left alone she sings a song about how she is losing her youthful looks. Octavian returns and cheers her up a bit, but she feels sad when he says goodbye very politely and formally, not even kissing her. The Marschallin sends her little black pageboy to run after him with the silver rose.


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: The story continues in the large room of the house of Herr von Faninal, the father of Sophie whom Ochs wants to marry. Sophie is waiting for the silver rose to arrive (the convention of the time says that her father must not be there). Octavian enters and gives her the rose. The music at this moment is very beautiful and very famous. The people in the room are talking, then Baron Ochs enters rudely. Sophie is shocked about his bad manners. Ochs hums his favourite waltz, then goes to the next room to sign a marriage contract. Sophie sinks into Octavian’s arms. When Ochs comes back, Octavian tells him Sophie does not want him, but Ochs will not listen. Eventually Ochs takes his sword and starts to fight Octavian, who wounds Ochs slightly. Ochs is furious, but calms down a little after he is given some wine.


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: Octavian has fallen in love with Sophie, and Sophie with him. He wants to use Valzacchi and Annina to help him with a plan. He writes a note to Ochs, which is supposed to be from the maid Mariandel, asking him to meet her. He gets Annina to take the note to Ochs, who is delighted when he reads it. He sings his favourite waltz.


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: The scene is an inn near Vienna. Valzacchi and Annina now work both for Octavian and for Ochs. They prefer working for Octavian because he pays them more money. They are planning tricks on Ochs.


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: Ochs meets Mariandel (Octavian dressed up as the maid again). He tries to get "her" drunk, but "she" shyly sings “Nein, nein! i’ trink kein Wein.” (“No, no, I don’t drink wine”). Ochs thinks "she" looks like Octavian. Then strange figures of people appear at a window. Then Annina comes in and says she is Ochs’s wife whom he has deserted. Then some children come in and say that Ochs is their father. Ochs is very embarrassed when Faninal comes in and says Mariandel is his fiancée. He tells the people he has never seen Faninal before. Then the Marschallin appears and also the police. The evening is a disaster for Ochs. The Marschallin tells the police it is just a joke. She sends Ochs away.


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: The Marschallin, Sophie and Octavian sing a beautiful trio (using some of the music from the song “Nein, nein, i’ trink kein Wein”). Octavian is forgiven. He is left alone with Sophie and they sing a duet together, then go off hand in hand. She has left a handkerchief on the floor. The little black pageboy picks it up and runs after them.


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: The language used by Hofmannsthal changes according to who is speaking. The members of the nobility speak in very elegant language which is often old-fashioned and always very polite. When good friends speak to one another they often use the familiar ("du") (“you” when used between very close friends). For example: Octavian and the Marschallin often use the familiar "you" but sometimes use ("Sie") when they are being more formal.


title: Der Rosenkavalier

text: Baron Ochs is always showing off and the words he uses show this. When Octavian pretends to be the maid Mariandel he speaks in an Austrian dialect. Valzacchi and Annina also speak in a dialect, but their German is not perfect and often mixed with Italian.


title: Del Shannon

text: Charles Weedon Westover (or Del Shannon; December 30, 1934 – February 8, 1990) was an American rock and roll singer and musician. He had several popular songs, including "Runaway" in 1961.


title: Del Shannon

text: Del Shannon was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He shot himself dead with his rifle at age fifty-five in Santa Clarita, California. He was cremated.


title: Roger Craig Smith

text: Roger Craig Smith (born August 11, 1975) is an American voice actor and former stand-up comedian who does voice roles for video games, television and movies. He is known as the current voice behind Chris Redfield in the "Resident Evil" series. He voices Ezio Auditore da Firenze in the "Assassin's Creed" games. He also voices Deidara in the anime "", and of the Sega video game character Sonic the Hedgehog, in the "Sonic the Hedgehog" video game franchise since 2010.


title: Surgeon General of the United States

text: The Surgeon General of the United States is in charge of the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (PHSCC). They are the main spokesperson about things dealing with public health in the federal government. The Surgeon General's office and staff are known as the Office of the Surgeon General (OSG).


title: Surgeon General of the United States

text: The Surgeon General is chosen by the U.S. President and confirmed by the Senate. The Surgeon General serves for a four-year period of time. The Surgeon General is either the highest ranking or second highest ranking uniformed officer of the PHSCC. This depends on if the current Assistant Secretary for Health is a PHSCC commissioned officer or not. The position has the grade of a three-star vice admiral .


title: Amphoteric oxide

text: An amphoteric oxide is one that can act as either an acid or a base. Generally non-metallic oxides are acidic and metallic oxides are basic. Some non-metallic oxides are neutral and some metallic or semi metallic oxides are amphoteric. There are a number of exceptions to these generalizations.


title: Amphoteric oxide

text: Amphoteric oxides are the oxides that behave as both acidic and basic oxides. Amphoteric Oxides have features of acidic as well as basic oxides that neutralize both acids and bases.”"


title: Amphoteric oxide

text: Amphoteric oxides dissolve in water to form alkaline solutions. Alkaline solutions contain hydroxide ions. Thus aluminium oxide (Al2O3) reacts with hydrochloric acid to form aluminium chloride and water. With sodium hydroxide solution it forms sodium aluminate (NaAlO2) and water. Other common examples of amphoteric oxides include ZnO, SnO and PbO.


title: Amphoteric oxide

text: Oxides are compounds of metals or nonmetals with oxygen. There are four types of oxide. Amphoteric oxides are classified as metal oxides that react with both acids as well as bases to create salts and water. Amphoteric oxides, among many others, include lead oxide and zinc oxide. Examples include amino acids and proteins that have classes of amine and carboxylic acids and molecules that can be self-ionized, such as water.


title: Amphoteric oxide

text: Amphoteric oxides are oxygen compounds that show both acidic and basic characteristics. These oxides undergo a neutralisation reaction to form water and salt as they react with acid. This demonstrates the essential properties of the compounds. Similarly, the alkali reacts to the formation of salt and water, demonstrating an acidic property. "Example:" oxide of aluminium.


title: Amphoteric oxide

text: All of the oxides can be made by heating the element in oxygen. Reaction of aqueous solutions of the metal trihalides with hydroxide gives the oxides in hydrated form. Going down the group, there is a transition from acidic oxides, through amphoteric to basic owing to increasing metallic character of the elements concerned.


title: Amphoteric oxide

text: The word amphoteric means both of them acid and base. Amphoteric oxides have both acidic and basic properties. The oxides of aluminium and zinc are examples. They form salts when they react with acids. They also react with alkalis to form complex salts.


title: Amphoteric oxide

text: The zincates and aluminates have the ending -ate to show that their ions are compound ions containing oxygen – rather like sulfates, carbonates and nitrates, indicating ions are ZnO22- and aluminate ions are AlO2–. Ions are written as Zn(OH)42- and Al(OH)4–. Note that sodium zincate and aluminate are soluble in water.


title: Toussaint L'ouverture

text: Toussaint L'Ouverture (c. 1743–1803) was the leader of the Haitian Revolution. Toussaint L’Ouverture started his military career as a leader of the 1791 slave rebellion in Saint-Domingue, which was a French colony. When he did this he was a free black man (not a slave). Toussaint built and led a large army. His army gradually took control over the whole island (also the Spanish part called Santo Domingo). When he had power for years, he tried to improve the security and economy on Saint-Domingue. He also restored the plantation system, by using paid workers.


title: C'è la luna mezzo mare

text: "Luna mezz'o mare" (Moon amid the sea) is a comic Italian song. It was written in 1927 and has gotten worldwide popularity. It is often sung at Italian-American weddings. The song has been translated and made into hit songs. Hit versions include "Oh! Ma-Ma! (The Butcher Boy)" by Rudy Vallée and "Lazy Mary (Luna Mezzo Mare)" by Lou Monte. The song appears in "The Godfather."


title: Toussaint L'ouverture

text: Little is known for sure about Toussaint L’Ouverture’s early life, because sources disagree. The first records of his life were from his son, Isaac L’Ouverture. Most histories say Toussaint’s father was Gaou Guinou, who was a son of King Arrada. King Arrada, also called Great Arrada, was the king of what is now Benin. His mother was Gaou Guinou’s second wife.


title: Toussaint L'ouverture

text: Most sources tell us that Toussaint L’Ouverture was born on the plantation of Bréda at Haute de Cap in Saint Domingue. His birthdate is unknown. All Saints' Day is likely, because his name "Toussaint" means "all saints'" in French. When the Haitian Revolution started he was probably about 50 years old. Different sources give birth dates from 1739 until 1746. When he was a child he was small and weak. But as an adult he was known by his great stamina and horse-riding skills.


title: Toussaint L'ouverture

text: Most sources tell us that Toussaint was well-educated by his godfather, Pierre Baptiste. By age 20 he could speak three languages, French, Creole and some Latin. He also had a knowledge of medicinal plants.


title: Toussaint L'ouverture

text: Toussaint married Suzanne Simone Baptiste in 1782. Suzanne was probably his cousin. People think that he had 16 children, and that 11 of them had already died before he did himself. His oldest son was adopted. The two sons born out of his marriage with Suzanne were Isaac and Saint-Jean.


title: Toussaint L'ouverture

text: Toussaint was known for being a slave until the start of the Revolution. He was free at the age of 33.


title: Toussaint L'ouverture

text: When he was free, he became wealthier and began to have more property. He made a good amount of money in the Revolution and he was the owner of several properties.


title: Toussaint L'ouverture

text: During his life Toussaint L’Ouverture was considered to be a Roman Catholic. The Vodou spirituality was also often used on the Bréda plantation. It was combined with Catholicism. It is not known if Toussaint had anything to do with these religions and spiritualties. When he was the ruler of Saint-Domingue, he said he did not.


title: Toussaint L'ouverture

text: L'ouverture was a Freemason. The historians thought this, because he used a Masonic symbol in his signature.


title: Toussaint L'ouverture

text: Saint-Domingue (later Haiti) was the world's biggest sugar producer and provided sugar for many countries. It had more than 800 sugar plantations. With a few rich families and 500,000 African slaves on Haiti, the slaves totally outnumbered everyone else. To stop the slaves from revolting and taking the power, the French people used terrible methods to keep the slaves powerless.


title: Toussaint L'ouverture

text: The Haitian Revolution began when the French people who owned the plantations wanted independence. But the slaves wanted something else; they wanted freedom. In 1791, about 100,00 slaves revolted. They burned all the sugarcane in the fields and killed hundreds of slave owners. In this early stage, Toussaint L’Ouverture did not join yet. But after some weeks, he took his family to the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo to keep them safe and helped the supervisors of the plantation of Bréda to leave the island, if we believe surviving documents.


title: Toussaint L'ouverture

text: Toussaint L’Ouverture was one of the leaders of the rebellion. He took part in talks about strategy. He had contact with the Spanish people who supported the rebellion, because they provided food to the slaves who were in revolt. In 1801 he moved to Santo Domingo and took control of the territory. He freed the slaves and wrote a constitution for Santo Domingo.


title: Toussaint L'ouverture

text: When Napoleon Bonaparte took power in France, he took back the rich sugar plantations on Saint-Domingue. In January of the year 1802, French soldiers landed in Saint-Domingue in order to get rid of Toussaint L’Ouverture. When Napoleon Bonaparte told Toussaint that he wanted Saint-Domingue back, Toussaint said that he would get it back if he would end slavery on Saint-Domingue forever. Napoleon agreed and took Toussaint with him to Paris to discuss the deal further.


title: Toussaint L'ouverture

text: Despite the deal, the French people later accused L'Ouverture of planning another revolt against the plantation owners. He was sent to jail in the French Alps. The jail was called Fort-de-Joux. Ten months after he was sent to jail, on the 7th of April 1803, Toussaint died.


title: Toussaint L'ouverture

text: After his death, slavery in Haiti was started again, but was never to be the same. Toussaint had left an impression about slavery, and the slaves continued to fight the rich French plantation owners in a brutal way. This resulted in another revolution. Toussaint’s General, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, took up Toussaint's job in the revolution after he died. Dessalines became the first Emperor of Haiti. Later in the revolt he was attacked and he died.


title: Toussaint L'ouverture

text: But before Dessalines died, yellow fever killed thousands of French people trying to calm the revolt in Haiti. On January 1, 1804, Saint-Domingue was renamed Haiti and was declared independent by Dessalines. In this way, Haiti became the first black republic in the world.


title: Kingston, Jamaica

text: The City of Kingston is the capital and largest city of Jamaica. It is on the southeastern coast of the island country. It faces a natural harbour protected by the Palisadoes, a long sand spit which connects Port Royal and the norman Manley International Airport to the rest of the island. In the Western Hemisphere, Kingston is the largest predominantly English-speaking city south of the United States, with a population of 651,880 (2001 census).


title: Robert Koch

text: Robert Koch (11 December 1843 - 27 May 1910) was a German doctor. He won the 1905 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for studying tuberculosis.


title: Sukhumi

text: Sukhumi or Sokhumi () is the capital and largest city of the breakaway independent state of Abkhazia.


title: Robert Koch

text: The Royal Prussian Institute for Infectious Disease started in 1891, is now called the Robert Koch Institute.


title: Sukhumi

text: Sokhumi was a multi-ethnic city. The people were Georgians, Abkhazians (Apsuans), Russians, Turks, Armenians and Greeks during Soviet Rule. During the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict Georgians in Abkhazia were forced to leave. Most Greeks have also left.


title: Robert Koch

text: Koch developed a system to check whether a microorganism caused a disease. The system was four questions, known as Koch's postulate.


title: New Haven, Connecticut

text: New Haven is the second largest city in Connecticut, after Bridgeport, with a population of 129,779 at the 2010 United States Census. "New Haven" may also refer to the wider Greater New Haven area, which has nearly 600,000 inhabitants in the immediate area. It is in New Haven County, on New Haven Harbor, on the northern shore of Long Island Sound.


title: Cambridgeshire

text: Cambridgeshire is a county in England. It is located in the East part of the country. The counties around Cambridgeshire are Lincolnshire to the north, Norfolk to the northeast, Suffolk to the east, Essex and Hertfordshire to the south, and Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire to the west. The county town is Cambridge.


title: Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.

text: Wolverhampton Wanderers are an English association football club. They are based in Wolverhampton, West Midlands. The club started in 1877 and play their home games at a stadium called Molineux Stadium. They have never won the FA Cup.


title: Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.

text: In 2009 they won the Football League Championship. This meant they were promoted into the Premier League for the following season. Also promoted were runners-up Birmingham City F.C., and Burnley F.C. from the play-offs.


title: Jürgen Klopp

text: Jürgen Norbert Klopp (born 16 June 1967) is a German professional football manager and former player. He is the current manager of Premier League club Liverpool. He also managed and played for 1. FSV Mainz 05, and later managed Borussia Dortmund from 2008 to 2015. Klopp is responsible for revolutionising Liverpool FC, and won their 6th Champions League and first Premier League.


title: Jürgen Klopp

text: Klopp was born in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg. He is married and has two children. He is a Protestant Christian.


title: Julie Christie

text: Julie Christie (born 14 April 1941) is a British actress. She has worked in theatre, motion picture and television. She has won the Academy, Golden Globe, BAFTA and Screen Actors Guild Award. In 1997 she was given a BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award. She has starred in many movies throughout her career. She was born in British India to British parents.


title: Julie Christie

text: In 1967, "Time" magazine said of her: "What Julie Christie wears has more real impact on fashion than all the clothes of the ten best-dressed women combined".


title: Julie Christie

text: In the early 1960s, Christie dated actor Terence Stamp. She became engaged to Don Bessant, a lithographer and art teacher, in 1965. She dated actor Warren Beatty from 1967 to 1974. In November 2007, aged 66, Christie married "The Guardian" journalist Duncan Campbell. He had been her partner since 1979.


title: Julie Christie

text: She is active in various causes, including animal rights, environmental protection, and the anti-nuclear power movement. She is also a Patron of the Palestine Solidarity Campaign.


title: Morphology (biology)

text: Morphology is the study of animal or human form or body shape. It is the branch of biology dealing with the study of the form of organisms and their specific structural features.


title: Morphology (biology)

text: The concept of morphology was developed by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1790) and independently by the German anatomist and physiologist Karl Friedrich Burdach (1800).


title: Morphology (biology)

text: In general use, the word morphology refers to the form and structure of an organism as a whole, including all internal and external structures. This includes aspects of the outward appearance (shape, structure, colour, pattern) as well as the form and structure of the internal parts like bones and organs. Morphology is contrasted to physiology, which deals primarily with function.


title: Morphology (biology)

text: In English-speaking countries, the term "molecular morphology" is used to describe the structure of compound molecules, such as polymers. and RNA. The term "gross morphology" is a general description of the form and structure of an organism.


title: Credit

text: When somebody borrows resources from somebody else, credit is the trust that they will later pay it back. The term often is used when somebody borrows money from a bank. This is called a loan. A bank may not give somebody credit if they do not think they would pay the loan back.


title: Credit

text: A bank or a credit union can give somebody a credit card. This is a card somebody can use when they are buying something instead of using cash. Credit cards are given on the trust they will pay the bank or credit union.


title: Pony

text: There are many different breeds of ponies. A baby horse or pony is called a foal. These horses are raised around farms like other horses. Ponies are usually more chubby than horses and ponies have shorter legs. Miniature horses are not ponies but are actually mini horses because they have the features of a horse (i.e. longer legs and they are not as chubby as ponies). Shetland ponies are around the same height as miniature horse maybe a bit bigger a times but they ARE ponies not miniature horses.


title: Diane Lane

text: Born and raised in New York City, New York. Lane made her career debut at the age of 13 in George Roy Hill's 1979 movie "A Little Romance", starring opposite Sir Laurence Olivier. Soon after, she was featured on the cover of "Time" magazine. She has since appeared in several notable movie, including the 2002 movie "Unfaithful", which earned her Academy Award, Golden Globes and Screen Actors Guild Award nominations. She appeared in Zack Snyder's movie "Man of Steel".


title: Diane Lane

text: Lane has been married to actor Josh Brolin since 2004. She filed for divorced in February 2013. She was previously married to actor Christopher Lambert from 1988 to 1994.


title: Sarcasm

text: Sarcasm is a figure of speech or speech comment which is extremely difficult to define. It is often a statement or comment which means the opposite of what it says. It may be made with the intent of humour, or it may be made to be hurtful.


title: Sarcasm

text: The basic meaning is to be hostile under the cover of friendliness. The word's origin is Greek, "sarcasmus", see sarchasaristic (Hobson 2018). However, it usually comes with a cue which helps the receiver to understand it. For example, a mother saying "Oh, that's clever!" when a child makes a mistake always signals her love with her tone of voice. Quite different when a hostile person says "Oh, here comes Mr Clever-clogs!". So a person learns how to decode the message.


title: Sarcasm

text: Much more difficult it is when someone uses a neutral tone of voice, as in "deadpan" or "dry humor". Psychologists think such cases are basically hostile.