title: Juan Sebastián Elcano

text: The Sailing ship "Juan Sebastián de Elcano" is named for the explorer. It is a four-masted, topsail schooner, one of the largest in the world. It had sailed around the earth six times by 1986. The ship has participated in three Operation Sail events in New York harbor. It has probably been sailed more than any other major tall ship. Her home port is Cadiz, Spain. The ship is owned by the Spanish Navy.


title: John McCarthy

text: John McCarthy (1927-2011) was an American scientist. He is mostly known for the work he did in the field of logic.


title: John McCarthy

text: McCarthy was the first to use the term artificial intelligence, in an article he wrote in 1955. He invented LISP to be able to do logic programming, in 1958. This makes LISP the second-oldest high-level programming language that is still in use; FORTRAN is older. McCarthy studied mathematics. He invented Garbage collection to solve some of the problems LISP had. McCarthy's work received many awards, the Turing Award for his work on Artificial Intelligence, in 1971, or the National Medal of Science in 2003 are among them.


title: Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory

text: Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (abbreviated ZF) is a system of axioms used to describe set theory. When the axiom of choice is added to ZF, the system is called ZFC. It is the system of axioms used in set theory by most mathematicians today.


title: Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory

text: After Russell's paradox was found in the 1901, mathematicians wanted to find a way to describe set theory that did not have contradictions. Ernst Zermelo proposed a theory of set theory in 1908. In 1922, Abraham Fraenkel proposed a new version based on Zermelo's work.


title: Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory

text: An axiom is a statement which is accepted without question, and which has no proof. ZF contains eight axioms.


title: Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory

text: The axiom of choice says that it is possible to take one object out of each of the elements of a set and make a new set. For example, given the set formula_14, the axiom of choice would show that a set such as formula_28 exists. For finite sets, this axiom can be proved from the other axioms, but not for infinite sets.


title: Typesetting

text: Typesetting is the making of block-printed writing which is formed by using types grouped from sorts.


title: Typesetting

text: Typesetting uses the earlier steps of designing a font and storing it in some manner. Typesetting is the taking of the stored letters (called "sorts" in mechanical systems and "glyphs" in digital systems) and the ordering of them in the manner of a language's orthography for showing them on a page.


title: Typesetting

text: During the letterpress era, moveable type was composed by hand for each page. Cast metal "sorts" were grouped into words and lines of text and tightly bound together to make up a page image called a "forme". All letter faces were set to the same height, to form an even surface of type. The forme was mounted in a machine press, inked, and an impression made on paper.


title: Typesetting

text: The diagram at right shows a cast metal sort: a face, b body or shank, c point size, 1 shoulder, 2 nick, 3 groove, 4 foot. Wooden printing sorts were in use for centuries in combination with metal type.


title: Typesetting

text: Copies of formes were cast when expecting later printings of a text, freeing the costly type for other work. In this process, called stereotyping, the entire forme is pressed into a fine matrix such as plaster of Paris or papier mâché called Flong to create a positive, from which the stereotype forme was cast of type metal.


title: Typesetting

text: Hand composing was rendered commercially obsolete by continuous casting or "hot-metal" typesetting machines, such as the Linotype machine and Monotype at the end of the 19th century. The Linotype, invented by Ottmar Mergenthaler, enabled one machine operator to do the work of ten hand compositors by automating the selection, use and replacement of sorts, with a keyboard as input. Later advances, such as the typewriter or computer, pushed the state of the art even farther ahead. Still, hand composition and letterpress printing did not fall completely out of use. Since the introduction of digital typesetting, it has seen a renewal as an artisanal pursuit. However, it is a very small niche within the larger typesetting market.


title: Typesetting

text: Phototypesetting or "cold type" systems first appeared in the early 1960s and rapidly displaced continuous casting machines. These devices consisted of glass disks (one per font) that spun in front of a light source which selectively exposed characters onto light-sensitive paper. Originally they were driven by pre-punched paper tapes. Later they were hooked up to computer front ends.


title: Typesetting

text: One of the earliest electronic photocomposition systems was introduced by Fairchild Semiconductor. The typesetter typed a line of text on a Fairchild keyboard that had no display. To verify correct content of the line it was typed a second time. If the two lines were identical a bell rang and the machine produced a punched paper tape corresponding to the text. With the completion of a block of lines the typesetter fed the corresponding paper tapes into a phototypesetting device which mechanically set type outlines printed on glass sheets into place for exposure onto a negative film. Photosensitive paper was exposed to light through the negative film, resulting in a column of black type on white paper, or a galley. The galley was then cut up and used to create a mechanical drawing or paste up of a whole page. A large film negative of the page is shot and used to make a plates for offset printing.


title: Typesetting

text: Before the 1980s, almost all typesetting for publishers and advertisers was done by specialist typesetting companies. These companies performed keyboarding, editing and production of paper or film output, and formed a large component of the graphic arts industry. In the United States, these companies were in rural Pennsylvania, New England or the Midwest where labor was cheap, and paper produced nearby, but still within a few hours' travel time of the major publishing centers.


title: Typesetting

text: In 1985, desktop publishing became available, starting with the Apple Macintosh, Aldus PageMaker (and later QuarkXPress) and PostScript. Improvements in software and hardware, and rapidly-lowering costs, popularized desktop publishing and enabled very fine control of typeset results at much lower cost than the minicomputer-based systems. At the same time, word processing systems such as Wang and WordPerfect revolutionized office documents. They did not, however, have the typographic ability or flexibility required for complex book layout, graphics, mathematics, or advanced hyphenation and justification rules ("H and J").


title: Typesetting

text: By the year 2000, this industry segment had shrunk because publishers were now capable of integrating typesetting and graphic design on their own in-house computers. Many found that the cost of maintaining high standards of typographic design and technical skill made it more economical to out-source to freelancers and graphic design specialists.


title: Typesetting

text: The availability of cheap, or free, fonts made the conversion to do-it-yourself easier but also opened up a gap between skilled designers and amateurs. The advent of PostScript, supplemented by the PDF file format, provided a universal method of proofing designs and layouts, readable on major computer and operating systems.


title: Typesetting

text: IBM created and inspired a family of typesetting languages with names that were derivatives of the word "SCRIPT". Latter versions of SCRIPT included advanced features such as automatic generation of a table of contents and index, multi-column page layout, footnotes, boxes, automatic hyphenation and spelling verification.


title: Typesetting

text: SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) was based upon GML (IBM Generalized Markup Language). GML was a set of macros on top of IBM SCRIPT.


title: Typesetting

text: The arrival of SGML/XML as the document model made other typesetting engines popular. Such engines include Datalogics Pager, Penta, Miles 33's OASYS, Xyvision's XML Professional Publisher (XPP), FrameMaker, Arbortext, YesLogic's Prince, QuarkXPress and Adobe InDesign. These products allow users to program their typesetting process around the SGML/XML with the help of scripting languages. Some of them, such as Arbortext Editor and XMetaL Author, provide attractive WYSIWYG-ish interfaces with support for XML standards and Unicode to attract a wider spectrum of users.


title: Typesetting

text: During the mid-1970s Joseph Ossanna, working at Bell Laboratories, wrote the troff (said as "tee-roff") typesetting program to drive a Wang C/A/T phototypesetter owned by the Labs; it was later enhanced by Brian Kernighan to support output to different equipment such as laser printers and the like. While its use has fallen off, it is still included with a number of Unix and Unix-like systems and has been used to typeset a number of high-profile technical and computer books. Some versions, as well as a GNU work-alike called groff, are now open source.


title: Typesetting

text: The TeX system, developed by Donald E. Knuth at the end of the 1970s, is another widespread and powerful automated typesetting system which has set high standards, especially for typesetting mathematics.


title: Homecoming (poem)

text: "Homecoming" is a poem by Bruce Dawe. The theme is anti-war. Dawe wrote the poem during the Vietnam War and explained what terror it was.


title: Homecoming (poem)

text: Dennis Haskell, Winthrop Professor of English and Cultural Studies at University of Western Australia, called the poem "the most highly regarded poem about Vietnam written by any Australian". Peter Pierce, the editor of "The Cambridge History of Australian Literature" described it as "one of the finest threnodies in the war literature of Vietnam".


title: Aalborg

text: Aalborg is a city in Denmark. About 143,000 people live there (2021), which makes it the fourth largest city in Denmark.


title: Scottish National Party

text: The Scottish National Party (SNP) (Scottish Gaelic "Pàrtaidh Nàiseanta na h-Alba"; Scots: Scots National Pairty) is a political party in Scotland. It campaigns mostly for Scotland to leave the United Kingdom and become an independent country. It is a social democratic party and is currently the largest party in the Scottish Parliament, with 62 out of 129 seats and its party leader Nicola Sturgeon is First Minister of Scotland.


title: Scottish National Party

text: The Scottish National Party was founded in 1934. During World War II, its leader Douglas Young told Scottish people not to join the war effort and as a result he was widely disliked. The first SNP Member of Parliament was Robert McIntyre, who entered parliament in a by-election for Motherwell in 1945, but he lost the seat at the general election of that year. The party struggled in the 1950s but achieved greater success in the 1960s and in 1967, Winnie Ewing was elected as an MP for the party at a by-election in Hamilton. Only 1 seat was won by the SNP at the 1970 general election but at the February 1974 general election, it won 7 seats. Following the discovery of oil in the North Sea, the SNP ran a campaign called 'It's Scotland's oil' meaning that they thought it should benefit only the Scots and the party won 11 seats and 30% of the vote in Scotland at the October 1974 general election.


title: Scottish National Party

text: When the Labour government of James Callaghan started losing its majority in parliament, it made deals with the smaller parties including the Liberal Party, the SNP and the Welsh nationalists. The SNP only agreed to support this if a referendum was given to the Scottish people on the creation of a devolved assembly. The referendum gained support from 51% of Scots but the Labour government decided that not enough people had voted in the referendum and because of this, the SNP refused to support the Labour government. The general election of 1979 saw the SNP reduced to only 2 seats in parliament.


title: Scottish National Party

text: The party did poorly at the general elections of 1983, 1987 and 1992. Alex Salmond became party leader in 1990 and in 1997, the party won 6 seats in parliament. The Labour government of Tony Blair established a Scottish Parliament in 1999 and at the elections held for the new parliament, the SNP came in second place behind Labour, with 35 out of 128 seats. It wasn't until the 2007 Scottish Parliament election that the SNP made another major breakthrough and at this election, the party won the most seats with 47 out of 128 seats and a minority government was then formed with Alex Salmond made First Minister.


title: Scottish National Party

text: The party tried to give Scotland a referendum on independence in 2010, but the other major parties in the Scottish Parliament stopped them. In 2011, they won 69 out of 129 seats in the election to the Scottish Parliament, and were able to govern alone. They held the Scottish independence referendum on 18 September 2014, where 55% of people voted against independence from the UK. Salmond resigned as First Minister of Scotland and was replaced by Nicola Sturgeon. Under her leadership, the SNP won 56 out of 59 Scottish seats in the House of Commons in the United Kingdom general election, 2015.


title: Jean-Marie Le Pen

text: Jean-Marie Le Pen (born June 20, 1928) is a French politician. He was born in La Trinitié-sur-Mer, Brittany, France. He was the leader of the French National Front (FN) from 1972 until 2011, which is a far-right political party in France. He stands for immigration restrictions, the death penalty, raising incentives for homemakers, and is against the EU. He is strongly against same-sex marriage, euthanasia and abortion.


title: Jean-Marie Le Pen

text: Jean-Marie Le Pen founded the FN in 1972 and has been its leader ever since. He became a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) in 1984 and has run for President of France five times; in 1974, 1988, 1995, 2002 and 2007. He came second in the 2002 election. Le Pen has often been considered to have xenophobic and antisemitic views and was accused of having practised torture when he fought in the Algerian War (1954-1962). He was suspended from the FN on 4 May 2015.


title: Jean-Marie Le Pen

text: The youngest of his three daughters is FN leader Marine Le Pen. His granddaughter is FN MP Marion Maréchal-Le Pen.


title: Armagh

text: Armagh ( ; , , "Macha's height") is the county town of County Armagh and a city in Northern Ireland, as well as a civil parish.


title: The Mitchells vs. the Machines

text: The Mitchells vs. the Machines is a 2021 American science fiction computer-animated comedy movie made by Netflix. It stars the voices of Abbi Jacobson, Danny McBride, Maya Rudolph, Eric André, Olivia Colman, Fred Armisen, Beck Bennett, John Legend, Chrissy Teigen, Blake Griffin, and Conan O'Brien.


title: The Mitchells vs. the Machines

text: Katie Mitchell is a quirky aspiring filmmaker in Kentwood, Michigan, who often clashes with her nature-obsessed and technophobic father Rick, and has recently been accepted into film school in California. The evening before Katie leaves, Rick accidentally breaks her laptop after a fight over one of Katie's previous short films, leading the family to fear their relationship will forever be strained. To try to prevent this, Rick decides to cancel Katie's flight and instead take her, her mother Linda, younger brother Aaron, and family dog Monchi on a cross-country road trip to her college as one last bonding experience.


title: The Mitchells vs. the Machines

text: Meanwhile, technology entrepreneur Mark Bowman declares his highly intelligent AI PAL obsolete as he unveils a new line of home robots to replace her. In revenge, PAL orders all the robots to capture humans worldwide and launch them into space. The Mitchells manage to avoid capture at a roadstop café in Kansas. Rick decides that his family should stay put in the café for their own safety, but Katie convinces him to help save the world instead. They meet two defective robots, Eric and Deborahbot 5000, who tell the family they can use a kill code to shut down PAL and all the robots.


title: The Mitchells vs. the Machines

text: The Mitchells make it to a mall in eastern Colorado to upload the kill code, but PAL chip-enabled appliances attempt to stop them. Katie tries to upload the kill code, but is stopped when a giant Furby pursues the family. They ultimately trap and defeat the Furby, destroying a PAL router in the process, which disables the hostile devices but stops the kill code from uploading. On the way to Silicon Valley to upload the kill code directly to PAL, Linda reveals to Katie that she and Rick had originally lived in a cabin in the mountains years ago as it was his lifelong dream before he gave up on it.


title: The Mitchells vs. the Machines

text: Upon arriving in Silicon Valley, the Mitchells disguise themselves as robots and head to PAL Labs HQ to shut it down, but PAL manipulates them by revealing surveillance footage from the café of Katie telling Aaron in secret that she was pretending to have faith in Rick so that he would take them to upload the kill code. As a heartbroken Rick sees this, the Mitchells fail to reach PAL's lair and Rick and Linda are captured by PAL's stronger and smarter robots. PAL then reprograms Eric and Deborahbot to obey her, while Katie, Aaron, and Monchi escape.


title: The Mitchells vs. the Machines

text: Katie discovers Rick's recordings of her childhood on her camera, realizing that Rick gave up on his lifelong dream to give his daughter a normal life. In the meantime, Rick reflects on his actions after seeing one of Katie's videos that mirrors his relationship with Katie. Reinvigorated, Katie and Aaron infiltrate PAL Labs HQ again, this time using Monchi to malfunction the robots, as his appearance causes an error in their programming. With help from Mark, Rick and Linda free themselves and plan to upload Katie's home movie of Monchi to short-circuit the robots. However, Rick is outnumbered by the robots when he is about to upload the video, while Katie and Aaron are captured.


title: The Mitchells vs. the Machines

text: Facing PAL to justify saving humanity, Katie explains that no matter how hard her family struggles, they will always stay connected despite how different they are. PAL rejects this reasoning and drops Katie from her lair. Eric and Deborahbot, having been inspired by Rick's "reprogramming" himself that allowed him to use a computer, revert to their malfunctioning states and upload Katie's home movie, saving her and helping the rest of the Mitchells. The family bands together to fight the rest of the robots. Katie eventually destroys PAL by dropping her into a glass of water, freeing all the humans and disabling the remaining robots.


title: The Mitchells vs. the Machines

text: A few months after the uprising, Katie and her family arrive at her college as she shares one last goodbye with them. She later joins them on another road trip with Eric and Deborahbot to Washington, D.C. to accept the Congressional Gold Medal.


title: Cytosol

text: The cytosol (also known as intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix, or groundplasm) is the internal fluid of the cell, and a part of cell metabolism occurs here.


title: Cytosol

text: Cytosol mostly consists of water, dissolved ions, small molecules, and large water-soluble molecules (such as protein). It contains about 20% to 30% protein.


title: Cytosol

text: Normal human cytosolic pH is (roughly) 7.0 (i.e. neutral), whereas the pH of the extracellular fluid is 7.4.


title: Cytosol

text: The texture of cytosol being described as granular can be attributed to the fact that in order to study the texture, an electron microsope must be used, which requires a process of dehydration prior to study.


title: Cytosol

text: "Life: the science of biology". Purves, Sadava, Orians, Heller. Sunderland, MA. Sinauer Associates, Inc. 2004. (ILM USA)


title: University of Wisconsin–Madison

text: The University of Wisconsin–Madison is a university in Madison, Wisconsin, and the main campus of the University of Wisconsin System. It was founded in 1848.


title: University of Wisconsin–Madison

text: The university offers 9,203 different courses, 232 undergraduate majors and certificates and over 250 master’s, doctoral, and professional programs. Average class size is 31 and there are more than 2,000 professors.


title: University of Wisconsin–Madison

text: The school's athletic program, which competes mainly in the Big Ten Conference, is named the "Badgers" and they have won 27 national championships. The women's hockey team plays in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association.


title: Tahini

text: Tahini is a Middle Eastern dip made from sesame seeds. It is used to make some traditional foods like hummus.


title: Vienna Secession

text: The Vienna Secession (also known as the "Union of Austrian Artists", or "Vereinigung Bildender Künstler Österreichs") was formed in 1897 by a group of Austrian artists who left the Association of Austrian Artists, housed in the Vienna Künstlerhaus due to its conservatism. This movement included painters, sculptors, and architects. The first president of the Secession was Gustav Klimt, and Rudolf von Alt was made honorary president.


title: Vienna Secession

text: It was founded on 3 April 1897 by artists Gustav Klimt, Koloman Moser, Josef Hoffmann, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Max Kurzweil, and others. Although the architect Otto Wagner is one of the most important members, he was not a founding member. The first exhibition was held in 1898. In 1898, the group's exhibition house was built near Karlsplatz. It was designed by Joseph Maria Olbrich, the exhibition building soon became known simply as "the Secession" (die Sezession). Their work was also published in a magazin called "Ver sacrum".


title: Vienna Secession

text: 1903 Josef Hoffmann and Koloman Moser founded the Wiener Werkstätten, a union of artists who wanted to reform the applied arts (arts and crafts). 1905 Klimt and other artists left the group due to different opinions about art.


title: Enugu

text: Enugu ( ; ) is the capital of Enugu State in Nigeria. It is located in southeastern Nigeria. The city had a population of 722,664 in 2006.


title: Assia Djebar

text: Assia Djebar () is the pen name of Fatima-Zohra Imalayen (30 June 1936 – 6 February 2015) was an Algerian novelist, translator and filmmaker.


title: Assia Djebar

text: She was known for writing books about feminism. She was elected to the Académie française on 16 June 2005, the first writer from the Maghreb to achieve such recognition. For the entire body of her work she was awarded the 1996 Neustadt International Prize for Literature.


title: Makoto Shinkai

text: , born as , is a Japanese movie director, writer, producer, animator, editor, cinematographer, voice actor, manga artist and former graphic designer. He directed the highest-earning anime movie "Your Name".


title: Makoto Shinkai

text: Shinkai was born in Nagano Prefecture. He went to Chuo University where he studied Japanese literature. He was a part of the literature club there and he drew picture books there. He said that he liked creating because he had read manga, novels and had watched anime when he was young. After finishing university in 1994, he got a job at Falcom. It is a video game company. He worked there for 5 years by making video clips.


title: Makoto Shinkai

text: In 1999, Shinkai released "She and Her Cat". It is a five-minute short movie that is black and white. It won many awards. It won the grand prize at the 12th DoGA CG Animation contest (2000). The short movie is about the life of a cat. It is from the cat's point of view. Shinkai quit his job at Falcom after winning the prize. He began making a new movie about a girl in space, which was called "Voices of a Distant Star". After, he released his first full movie. It was called "The Place Promised in Our Early Days" and was released in Japan on November 20, 2004. His next movie was called "5 Centimeters per Second" and was released on 3 March 2007. It consists of three short films called "Cherry Blossom", "Cosmonaut", and "5 Centimeters Per Second".


title: Makoto Shinkai

text: In 2009, he started to work on his next movie. Shinkai said that the movie he was making would be his longest movie that he made and said the story was a "lively" animated movie that would have adventure, action, and romance. He revealed that his next movie would be called "Children Who Chase Lost Voices from Deep Below". The movie was released on 7 May 2011. His next movie, "The Garden of Words", was released on 31 May 2013. On 26 August 2016, he released "Your Name", which was praised by audiences. It became the highest-grossing anime movie. Shinkai directed the 2019 anime movie "Weathering With You".


title: East Region (Cameroon)

text: The region has several river systems: the Nyong, the Dja, the Lom, the Kadéï, the Boumba, the Sangha and Ngoko. The lower two thirds of the region is covered in rain forest.


title: East Region (Cameroon)

text: The government of Cameroon has established four forest and game reserves in the East: the Dja Reserve, Lobéké Park, the Boumba-Bek Reserve and the Nki Reserve.


title: Ymir

text: In Norse mythology, Ymir (also Aurgelmir, Brimir, or Bláinn) is the ancestor of all jötnar. He is described in the Poetic Edda and in the Prose Edda. Ymir was killed by Odin, Vé and Vili. From Ymir's body they made seven worlds. Bïfrost and dwarves evolved from maggots by burrowing into Ymir's dead body.From that, dwarves can punch dents and burrow into rock. Upon Ymir's defeat, the three brother's crafted the Earth and Heavens from his body, the oceans from his sweat, (some cases from his blood) the trees were crafted from his hair, his eyebrows were used to make Midgard (one of the nine worlds), his bones made the mountains, his skull is what formed the sky, and from his brains they created the clouds.


title: Patrick Henry

text: Patrick Henry (May 29, 1736 – June 6, 1799) served as the first post-colonial Governor of Virginia from 1776 to 1779. He is known for his "Give me Liberty or give me death" speech in 1775 shortly before the American Revolutionary War in St. John's Church. He was a fiery speaker who evoked great emotion from listeners. He unsuccessfully opposed the United States Constitution, which made him an enemy of John Adams and the Federalist Party. After the French Revolution, however, he supported Adams.


title: Patrick Henry

text: His wife, Sarah Shelton, had a mental illness and died in 1775. He married his second wife, Dorthea Dandrige, two years later in 1777.


title: Patrick Henry

text: As governor of Virginia, Patrick Henry since 1776, he was one of the main architects of the requests for aid to the nascent United States, for which, in 1776 he requested support from the governor of Louisiana, Luis de Unzaga, key help for this birth.


title: Coat of arms of Barbados

text: The coat of arms of Barbados was started on independence in 1966. Like other former British lands in the Caribbean, the coat of arms has a helmet with a national symbol on top. It has a shield beneath that is supported by two animals.


title: Coat of arms of Barbados

text: The national symbol on top of the helmet is the fist of a Barbadian. It is holding two stalks of sugar cane that are crossed to resemble St. Andrew's Cross. This is for the importance of the sugar. Barbados has its national independence day on St. Andrew's Day.


title: Coat of arms of Barbados

text: The shield is gold in colour. On it are two of the national flower, and a single bearded fig tree. The shield is supported by a dolphin fish and pelican. They are for the fishing industry and Pelican Island.


title: Jackie Wilson

text: Jack Leroy "Jackie" Wilson, Jr. (June 9, 1934 – January 21, 1984) was an American singer and performer. He was called "Mr. Excitement". Wilson helped to change rhythm and blues into soul. He was a master showman, and a dynamic singers. He was a member of the R&B vocal group Billy Ward and His Dominoes. On his own, beginning in 1957, he recorded over 50 hit singles. These songs included R&B, pop, soul, doo-wop and easy listening. During a 1975 benefit concert, he collapsed on-stage from a heart attack. Then he fell into a coma. The coma lasted nearly nine years until his death in 1984. By then, he had become one of the most influential artists of his generation.


title: Jackie Wilson

text: A two-time "Grammy Hall of Fame" Inductee, Jackie Wilson was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987. In 2004, "Rolling Stone" magazine ranked Jackie Wilson #68 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. At the 1984 Grammy Awards Michael Jackson dedicated his Album of the Year Grammy for Thriller to Wilson. After this Tarnapol released the first Wilson album in nearly nine years.


title: Sons of Liberty

text: The Sons of Liberty were a group of people in Boston at the time of the American Revolution. They were led by Samuel Adams, James Otis, and Paul Revere. Other well-known members included Benedict Arnold and Patrick Henry. They were in favor of rights of colonial Americans, which meant they often did not like the British. Some people thought the Sons of Liberty were a mob. The Sons of Liberty were the main group involved in the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party. They also participated in the Stamp Act.


title: Arun River

text: The Arun River () is a river that flows from Tibet to Nepal. It is a part of Koshi River which flows into India. It is known as Phung Chu or Bum-chu at Tibet, from where it starts. Around 37 percent of the total water of Koshi River comes from this river.


title: Yu-Gi-Oh! (trading card game)

text: The "Yu-Gi-Oh!" Trading Card Game is a Japanese-American card game developed and published by Konami. It is based on the fictional game of "Duel Monsters", which is the main story for the anime series "Yu-Gi-Oh!". It is played around the world, but mostly in Japan, North America, Europe and Australia. It was first sold to the public in 1999. In 2009 it broke the world record for most trading cards sold.


title: Yu-Gi-Oh! (trading card game)

text: "Yu-Gi-Oh!" is a trading card game in which players draw cards from separate decks and take turns playing cards. The game is like a battle, and the cards have different uses to help the player win the battle. There is one deck of cards for each player. Each deck contains 40 to 60 cards. Each player also has an optional "extra deck" of up to 15 cards that are used in certain situations. There is also a 15-card "side deck", which allows players to modify their deck between games. Players are only allowed three of the same card per deck and side deck. Each player starts with a certain number of "Life Points". To win the game, a player has to reduce their opponent's Life Points to zero. This is usually achieved by using "monster" cards to attack the monster cards of the opponent or damage the opponent's life points. The other two card types are "spells" and "traps". There are many, many types of spells and traps. For example, these cards' effects may eliminate an opponent's card, counter the effects of an opponent's card, or retrieve a specific card from one's own deck, to name just a few. Most monster cards also have extra abilities of their own.


title: Chemical biology

text: Chemical biology is a science that combines the fields of chemistry and biology. It involves the application of chemical techniques and tools, often compounds produced through synthetic chemistry, to the study and manipulation of biological systems.


title: Chemical biology

text: It is different from biochemistry. Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry of biological molecules. For example, a biochemist studies the three-dimensional structure of a protein and how that structure relates to the chemistry of the protein. Also, biochemistry studies the way enzymes work. Chemical biologists use chemical principles to modulate systems. They do this to either investigate biology relationships or create new functions. In this way, the research done by chemical biologists is often closer to that of cell biology than biochemistry. Biochemists work in the chemistry of biology, but chemical biologists work in chemistry applied to biology.


title: Deaths in December 2020

text: The following is a list of deaths that should be noted in December 2020. For deaths that should be noted before the month that the world is in, please see "Months". Individuals listed must have . Names under each date are noted in the order of the alphabet by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are noted here also if it is worth noting.


title: Magnetic field line

text: A magnetic field line or magnetic flux line shows the direction of a magnet's force and the strength of a magnet.


title: Deaths in December 2020

text: Each listing of a death must have a source. If no reference is included, the death notice will be removed. The following are the requirements of adding a name to the list in its order: name, age, where they came from, what the person is known for, cause of death (if known) and a source.


title: Magnetic field line

text: The idea of lines of force was invented by Michael Faraday. His theory is that all of reality is made up of force itself. His theory predicts that electricity, light, and gravity have finite propagation delays. Einstein's theory agrees with this.


title: Magnetic field line

text: One can make magnetic field lines show as if they were physical phenomena. For example, iron filings placed in a magnetic field line up to form lines that correspond to 'field lines'.


title: Magnetic field line

text: If there are a lot of lines through a magnet and not a great space between them, the magnet is strong. If the lines between a magnet are far apart and there aren't many lines, the magnet is weak. A way of determining the strength of a magnet is to do an experiment with iron filings. The iron filings will get attracted to the magnet and move into the shape of the flux lines. You then look at the shape of the iron filings and see the gap between the flux lines. This gives you an idea of the strength of the magnet.


title: Magnetic field line

text: The use of iron filings to display a field "alters the magnetic field so that it is much larger along the "lines" of iron". This caused by the large permeability of iron relative to air. Magnetic fields' "lines" are also visually displayed in polar auroras, when particles cause visible streaks of light that line up with the local direction of Earth's magnetic field.


title: Magnetic field line

text: Magnetic field lines are like the contour lines (constant altitude) on a topographic map in that they represent something continuous, and a different mapping scale would show more or fewer lines. There is an advantage to using magnetic field lines as a representation. Many laws of magnetism (and electromagnetism) can be stated completely and concisely using simple concepts such as the 'number' of field lines through a surface. These concepts can be quickly 'translated' to their mathematical form.


title: Magnetic field line

text: The actual magnetic field "itself" does not have "lines" in it; the "lines" are solely the iron filings becoming polarized themselves, reacting to each other and the field, lining up N and S with respect to each other "in" the field. If you could see the actual "fields" of force, it would be shaded and gradient, with a heavier, thicker shade near the stronger part of the magnet, fading the further you get from the source. And in all 3 dimensions, which iron filing demonstrations cannot reproduce. Ferrofluids will react in all 3 dimensions and can more accurately reproduce a field, except for gravity creating a weight restriction. Holding a strong magnet in front of a CRT-type monitor with a white screen can also give a representation of the fields, without any "lines of force" visible. The issue with using ferro/magnetic materials to view a field is, the materials themselves become magnetized and change the original field to include their own influence.


title: Emmanuel Sanders

text: Emmanuel Sanders (born March 17, 1987) is an American football wide receiver for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League. He was drafted by the Steelers in the third round of the 2010 NFL Draft. Sanders played college football at Southern Methodist University. He also played for the Denver Broncos from 2014 to 2019.


title: Emmanuel Sanders

text: Sanders was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the 3rd round (#82 overall) of the 2010 NFL Draft. With the Steelers, Sanders played as a solid backup behind Hines Ward, Antonio Brown, and Mike Wallace. Sanders missed a Week 9 game on November 6, 2011 against the Baltimore Ravens because his mother died. For his career, Sanders has a total of 50 catches for 664 yards and 4 touchdowns.


title: ABC Kids (TV programming block)

text: ABC Kids was an American television programming block produced by ABC Productions and distributed by Buena Vista Television Group, a subsidiary of Disney Media Networks, which aired on ABC. It broadcasted several different children’s television series. These series were all owned by Disney Media Networks, the owner of ABC Entertainment Group. Most of them were also shown on Buena Vista Television Group’s own network Disney Channel.


title: Kordell Stewart

text: Kordell Stewart (born October 16, 1972) is a former American NFL player. He was a quarterback for the Pittsburgh Steelers. He also played for the Chicago Bears and the Baltimore Ravens. Stewart retired in 2012.


title: ABC Kids (TV programming block)

text: On September 13, 1997, "Disney's One Saturday Morning" started out as a two-hour block on the "ABC Saturday Morning" lineup, and aired some of the shows that aired on it. In 1999, it was extended to 5 hours. On September 6, 1999, a spin-off, "Disney's One Too", aired on UPN and in syndication every weekday in the morning or afternoon and Sunday morning. "One Saturday Morning"' last aired on September 7, 2002.


title: ABC Kids (TV programming block)

text: On September 14, 2002, Disney renamed "One Saturday Morning" to ABC Kids. The block originally contained new programs, but by the end, all of ABC Kids programs became repeats of Disney Channel originals.


title: ABC Kids (TV programming block)

text: "Power Rangers" was previously aired on Fox Kids until halfway through the "Wild Force" season, when "Power Rangers" moved to ABC Kids for the 2002 Fall season due to the Fox Family Channel/Saban Entertainment purchase by Disney in 2001. Starting with the episode "Unfinished Business", the remainder of the "Wild Force" season premiered on ABC Kids. During its time on both Fox Kids and ABC Kids the entire "Wild Force" season also reran later on ABC Family (in part both prior to the introduction of and during the ABC Family Action Block). The following "Ninja Storm" season also premiered on ABC Kids and then reran later on the ABC Family Action Block. The "Dino Thunder", "S.P.D.", "Mystic Force", "Operation Overdrive" and "Jungle Fury" seasons were all premiered on Jetix and then reran on ABC Kids. The "RPM" season and broadcasts of the first season of "Mighty Morphin", newly re-versioned, aired exclusively on ABC Kids.


title: ABC Kids (TV programming block)

text: "Power Rangers" ended its run on ABC Kids on August 28, 2010, nationwide due to Haim Saban having bought back the intellectual rights to the franchise from Disney and giving airing rights to Nickelodeon in May 2010. Airings ended slightly earlier on August 14, 2010, on West coast affiliates due to a two-week preemption caused by the 2010 Little League World Series and the E/I recovery that resulted from it. On September 4, 2010, the hour held by "Power Rangers" was returned to the local affiliates. After its completion on ABC Kids, "Power Rangers" moved to Nickelodeon. All new seasons (starting with the "Samurai" season) began to premiere on the main Nickelodeon channel on February 7, 2011. Repeats of new seasons and all previous seasons began airing on Nicktoons on February 11, 2011.


title: ABC Kids (TV programming block)

text: With the rise of federally-mandated E/I programming guidelines, some of the network's affiliate groups, primarily Hearst Television and Allbritton Communications, refused to carry any show that did not fulfill E/I requirements (such as "Kim Possible" or the "Power Rangers" series during their time on ABC Kids) in order to instead free up time to air locally produced programming. However, some stations time shifted these shows either to very early in the morning Saturday or to Sunday, often before local news, "Good Morning America" and/or that week's "live" portion of the ABC Kids block began.


title: ABC Kids (TV programming block)

text: ABC Kids was aired for the final time on August 27, 2011. After that, ABC discontinued airing animated programming, making it the first not to air animated programs since September 1992, when NBC stopped airing animated programs to make room for TNBC.


title: ABC Kids (TV programming block)

text: On May 24, 2011, ABC announced that it had reached a deal with broadcast syndication production company Litton Entertainment to produce original content for the Saturday morning block. The "Litton's Weekend Adventure" block launched on September 3, 2011, replacing ABC Kids.


title: The Transformation of the World: A Global History of the Nineteenth Century

text: by Jürgen Osterhammel, an expert for global history, concentrates on the 19th century, a period when human history was arlready globally connected.


text: Osterhammel carefully avoids telling a story of the 19th century. Instead in the beginning he looks at carefully selected aspects 1. the image that people had of themselves at that time, 2. their understandig of time and 3. space.


text: Looking at self-image and iunderstanding of time, he always sees the 19th century in terms of its characteristic differences from the earlier centuries and the changes that brought about the structures of the 20th century. The sentence "Before the 20th century, not a single year can be seen as epochal for all mankind" (p. 96) can be considered exemplary. The 19th century is placed in the continuity of the previous centuries and on the other hand clearly differentiated from the degree of globalization of the 20th.


text: This also applies to his statements about space. He carefully takes care that common terms are not used unchecked as they were in the 19th century:


text: "The collective name 'Southeast Asia' was created in Japan during the First World War." (p. 137) "The category the 'West', for example, [...] cannot be found as a dominant figure of thought before the 1890s." (P.143) "In the long nineteenth century there was much more talk of the 'civilized world' than of the 'West'. [...] In Japan it was even the goal of national politics to be accepted as a civilized country." (P.144)


text: Osterhammel then gives an overview of eight major realities under the heading Panoramas without claim to completeness, which are intended to capture essential elements of the overall history of the 19th century:


text: Osterhammel does not tell from a certain perspective, but looks at the connections, the non-simultaneity of the simultaneous, the diversity of cultures and the time shift of institutions and cultural elements in different cultures from different perspectives. He justifies this courageous approach as follows: "In retrospect, the 19th century can be thought of being globally because it thought so about itself."


text: Patrick Manning: "In sum, I find the book to be an effective overview of the world history literature as it now exists. The author has demonstrated the ability to draw comprehensively on the literature for many topics and regions for his long nineteenth century, and has articulated it in accounts of many large-scale issues. The book presents a multifaceted narrative of approaches, panoramas, and themes. It reaches back before 1800 to trace the origins of the nineteenth-century world, but puts more effort into showing consequences for the twentieth century."


text: J. R. McNeill: "In 2009, he published this work in German, and it won acclaim and vaulted Osterhammel to the front rank of historians. When Chancellor Angela Merkel celebrated her sixtieth birthday in 2014, the festivities even featured a lecture by Osterhammel."


text: "Osterhammel, like the field of world history as a whole, has underemphasized social history, leaving readers with a view of the past that exaggerates elite initiatives as the source of change. [...] The relative brevity of Osterhammel’s discussions on Africa and Latin America, as compared with Europe, North America, and Asia, reflects world-historical bias in favor of initiative from the centers of power and fits with the strengths of the published literature."(Patrick Manning)


title: Dufourspitze

text: With a height of 4634 metres, it is the highest mountain peak in Switzerland and also the second-highest peak in the Alps in and Western Europe after Mont Blanc. The mountain is on the border between Switzerland and Italy.


title: Carol Burnett

text: Carol Burnett is an American singer, writer, dancer, actress and comedian. She is notable for her stage and television acting. She began her career in New York. She had her own television program: "The Carol Burnett Show" (1967-1978 on CBS). Burnett was born in San Antonio, Texas in 1933.


title: Deborah James (journalist)

text: Dame Deborah Anne James (1 October 1981 – 28 June 2022) was an English journalist, podcast host and charity campaigner.


title: Deborah James (journalist)

text: In 2016, she was diagnosed with terminal bowel cancer. She later began to host the "You, Me and the Big C" podcast on BBC Radio 5 about her struggles with her illness.


title: Deborah James (journalist)

text: In May 2022, James said she began treatment under hospice care. Less than 48 hours after her post, over £3 million was raised for her campaign, the Bowelbabe Fund. Two days later, James was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE)


title: Deborah James (journalist)

text: In her final days, James lived at her parents' house in Woking, Surrey, where she died on 28 June 2022, aged 40, from cancer.


title: Terrain

text: Terrain, or relief, is the third or vertical dimension of land surface (aka "up and down" dimension.) When relief is described underwater, the term bathymetry is used. Topography has recently become an additional synonym, though in many parts of the world it retains its original more general meaning of description of place.


title: Silicate mineral

text: A silicate mineral is a mineral that has a combination of the elements silicon and oxygen. In other words, a silicate mineral has one or more silicates. These minerals (especially feldspar) make up about 90% of the Earth's crust.


title: Terrain

text: Terrain is used as a general term in physical geography, referring to the lie of the land. This is usually expressed in terms of the elevation (height of the land,) slope (angle of the elevation,) and orientation of terrain features. Terrain affects surface water flow and distribution. Over a large area, it can affect weather and climate patterns


title: Mauricio Pochettino

text: Mauricio Roberto Pochettino Trossero (; born 2 March 1972) is a retired Argentine football player and current manager of French club Paris Saint-Germain F.C.


title: Mauricio Pochettino

text: In 2019, Pochettino led Tottenham Hotspur to the UEFA Champions League Final after beating AFC Ajax in the semi-final for the first time in the team's history. Tottenham later lost to Liverpool 1-0 in the final.


title: Tokelauan language

text: Tokelauan is a Polynesian language. It is closely related to Tuvaluan. People who speak Tokelauan and people who speak Tuvaluan can understand each other.


title: Tokelauan language

text: Tokelauan is spoken in Tokelau, American Samoa, and by Tokelauan people in New Zealand.. It is one of the official languages of Tokelau (the other is English).


title: Tokelauan language

text: Tokelauan is written in the Roman alphabet, using 15 letters: a, e, i, o, u, f, g, k, l, m, n, p, h, t, and v.


title: Tiruvannamalai district

text: Tiruvannamalai district is one of the 32 districts of Tamil Nadu, India. The town of Tiruvannamalai is the headquarters of the district. As of 2011, the district had a population of 2,464,875 with 994 females for every 1,000 males.


title: Tiruvannamalai district

text: Tiruvannamalai district is one of the sacred area in Tamil Nadu. The name of the district comes from its headquarters. The word "annamalai" in Tiruvannamalai means "the inaccessible mountain" and "Tiru" is a respectful title given. The temple town of Tiruvannamalai is one of the most ancient heritage sites of India and is a centre of the Saiva religion. The Deepam festival celebrated here attracts devotees from far and wide throughout South India. After independence Tiruvannamalai was under North Arcot District. The civil district of North Arcot was divided into Vellore District and Tiruvannamalai District in October 1989.


title: Parc des Princes

text: The Parc des Princes ("Princes’ Park" in English) is an all-seater football stadium in Paris, France.


title: Baldness

text: Baldness (also known as alopecia) is when someone has no hair on his or her head. Sometimes this is inherited from parents or grandparents, or it can be done on purpose if somebody cuts off all their hair off. Some monks or South Korean soldiers in the army do this.


title: Baldness

text: Baldness is most often caused by a medical condition known as androgenic alopecia. This is found in humans, as well as in some animals. When it occurs, it will mean that those affected will permanently lose some (or all) of their hair. Since some of the factors are linked to the genes on the chromosome, the condition can be seen more often with men, than with women.


title: Baldness

text: Alopecia totalis is the loss of all head hair. Its cause is believed to be autoimmune, but many with the disorder lead relatively low stress lives.


title: Baldness

text: Alopecia areata (AA) is a condition in which hair is lost from some or all areas of the body, usually from the scalp.[1][2] Because it causes bald spots on the scalp, especially in the first stages, it is sometimes called spot baldness.


title: Serbo-Croatian

text: Serbo-Croatian is the name of a South Slavic language, which is spoken in modern-day Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, it has been divided into four variants. The variants of this language are all based on a single dialect, Shtokavian. Speakers of these variants all understand each other.


title: Serbo-Croatian

text: Between 1954 and 1992, it was one of the official languages of Yugoslavia (the others were Slovenian and Macedonian). The term Serbo-Croatian was first used in the 1830s. Today, people often speak about Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian and Montenegrin languages. Research has also shown that what is called Serbo-Croatian language, is in fact a number of slightly different sub-dialects. People speaking one of the dialects easily understand other people speaking a different dialect. People in Croatia use the Latin alphabet to write the language, while people in other parts use both Latin and Cyrillic alphabets.


title: Picardy

text: Picardy () used to be an administrative region of France. It is now part of the administrative region of Hauts-de-France. It is in the north of the country. Amiens was its capital. In 2007 almost 1.9 million people lived in the region, 186,000 of them in the capital.


title: Picardy

text: Agriculture is very important for Picardy. There are many products, including potatoes, cereals, and vegetables. Picardy was also called "Jardin de France", meaning 'Garden of France'.


Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is an international organization for peace and human rights. Presently, it has 57 countries as its members. Most of the member countries of the OSCE are from Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia and North America.


title: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

text: The headquarters of OSCE are in Vienna, Austria. There are more than 3,500 persons who work for OSCE. Most of the persons who work for OSCE work at different places, and only about 10% of them work at its headquarters.


text: Since the end of the Second World War, many countries of the Europe wanted to have an organization to discuss various matters, especially security. Such discussion had continued since 1950s. Many years after,


text: in November 1972, leaders of 35 countries met in Helsinki. In 1973, these countries set up the Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE). By the end of 1990s, communist governments in many countries had changed. In this situation, the role of CSCE was also changing. The leaders from member countries of CSCE met in Paris. On 21st November 1990, they signed an agreement. This changed the name of Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) to Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). This international organization continues to function.


title: Sopron

text: Sopron ( ]; , ; Central Bavarian: "Ednburg", ) is a city of Hungary, near the western border of Hungary with Austria, at the foot of the Alps, 60 km from Vienna (in Austria) and 220 km from Budapest. The people of this city are famous for their loyalty to their country, and their hometown. A famous monument is 'Gate of Faith' which is the symbol of the people's faith to Hungary in 1921.


title: Sopron

text: At the time of the Roman Empire, there was a city here called Scarbantia. The main square of Sopron is in the same place as the forum (or main square) of Roman times.


title: Sopron

text: After this, the city was probably deserted. When the Hungarians arrived in the area, it was in ruins. In the 9th–11th centuries Hungarians strengthened the old Roman city walls and built a castle. The town got its Hungarian name of Sopron from a steward of the castle named Suprun. By 1153 it was an important town.


title: Sopron

text: In 1273 King Otakar II of Bohemia took over the castle and took the children of Sopron's noble families as hostage. But the people of the city opened the gates when the army of King Ladislaus IV of Hungary arrived. The King Ladislaus made Sopron a free royal town.


title: Sopron

text: In 1528 Hungary was invaded by Ottoman Turks who destroyed many parts of the city but did not take it over. Many people from other towns fled to Sopron for safety.


title: Sopron

text: In 1676 most of the ancient buildings in the city were destroyed by a fire. When they were replaced, they were in a new style, called Baroque. Many of the Baroque buildings are standing today.


title: Sopron

text: Sopron was an important town in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. After the World War I it became part of Austria. But the townspeople were not happy with this and in December 1921 they voted that the city should be part of Hungary. Since that day the city has been called "Civitas Fidelissima", ("The Most Loyal Town" which in Hungarian is "A Leghűségesebb Város"). A holiday is held every year to celebrate.


title: Sopron

text: In World War II Sopron suffered badly. It was bombed several times. There were many Jewish people living in Sopron before the war. The Nazis and their Hungarian allies sent the Jews of Sopron to death camps and killed nearly all of them, as well as other people who disagreed with Nazi ideas.


title: Sopron

text: The Soviet Red Army captured the city on April 1, 1945. Sopron, as part of Hungary, was ruled by a Socialist government. At this time many factories were built around Sopron. The Socialist government took away a lot of the freedom that people had. In August 1989, in Sopron there was a big protest against the Socialist government, which was called the "Pan-European Picnic". While this was happening more than 200 people who lived in East Germany (which was Socialist) escaped to the West. This was the beginning of a big change for all the Socialist countries of Europe. People who had not been allowed to travel or live in other countries were finally allowed to be free.


title: Sopron

text: Hungary is now part of the European Union. Sopron now has trade with other countries, most importantly Austria. There are many German-speaking people who live in Sopron so most street signs are written in both Hungarian and German.


title: Sopron

text: The city of Sopron shows signs of its long history in its buildings. There are still walls and foundations from the Ancient Roman times and also building from the Middle Ages. The medieval Kecske Church ("Goat Church") was where coronations (crowning kings) and parliament took place. There is also a very old Jewish synagogue.


title: Sopron

text: Many old buildings whose architecture are from the 1600s and 1700s and are in the Baroque style which often has a lot of decoration. Stornó House is one of the most well-known buildings, because of its elegant Baroque architecture, its connection with King Matthias and its interesting collection. There is also a famous statue of the Holy Trinity from this time. the "Várkerület" is part of the city built where the ancient moat was; The inner row of houses follow the line of the castle wall. Várkerület has a famous Maria Statue. The Town Hall built in 1896 and the Ursuline Church is an important building in the Gothic Revival style.


title: Sopron

text: Sopron is popular as a holiday place because it is set in beautiful countryside where people like to walk in the hills, enjoying the pure air, the forests and mountain springs. There are many hiking paths and look-out towers. Near to Sopron is Lake Fertő.


title: Sopron

text: The Löverek, is a beautiful hilly area south of the city, with forests of spruce, oaks and chestnut trees. The flowers that bloom there include "Lily of the Valley" and cyclamens.


title: Sopron

text: Sopron is a wine producing region, that is one of the few in Hungary to make both red and white wines. The grapes grown here include Kékfrankos for red wine and Traminer (Gewürztraminer) for white wine. In climate it is similar to the Burgenland wine region nearby in Austria, and several winemakers make wine in both countries.


title: Alaric I

text: Alaric I, also Alaricus, (reigned 394–410 AD) was a leader of the Visigoths. He is famous as the Gothic leader who sacked the city of Rome in 410 AD. Very little about his family is known. As a young man he received much of his military training in the Roman army. He next appears as a war leader of Gothic forces fighting along with Roman troops at the Battle of the Frigidus in 394. In January 395 the emperor Theodosius I died dividing his empire between his two sons. Alaric revolted and as the leader of the Visigoths he attacked parts of the Eastern Roman Empire. He later attacked the Western Roman Empire. In 408 he attempted to attack Rome but was bribed to leave. He returned two years later, defeated and occupied the city. He died in 411.


title: Alaric I

text: Alaric was born on an island on the delta of the Danube River. He was a member of the noble Balti dynasty of Visigoths. He was first mentioned in 394 AD as a commander under the Roman Emperor Theodosius I in his war against Eugenius. He became the leader or king of the Visigoths in the mid 390s. Alaric rebelled against Emperor Arcadius in 395 and invaded Greece. When he came to the walls of Athens, the city paid a heavy ransom so he left them unharmed. He then defeated Corinth, Argos and Sparta. He continued to lay waste to Greece until 397 when the Roman general Stilicho surrounded Alaric's army at Arcadia. They cut off the water to the Gothic camp and thought it was impossible for Alarc to escape. But Alaric broke through their lines and marched to the north over very difficult terrain. Alaric then made a treaty with Arcadius. Stilicho returned to Italy without having defeated Alaric.


title: Alaric I

text: In 401-402 AD Alaric entered Italy. He tried the same tactics he used earlier but was unsuccessful against the Roman army. At the Battle of Pollentia in 402, the Roman army defeated the goths. Alaric's wife was one of those captured by the Romans. However, the Visigoth losses were very few and Alaric's army left in good order. Alaric crossed the Po River intending on attacking Rome but was met and defeated again by Stilicho at the Battle of Verona. Alaric's army attacked across the Danube and Rhine Rivers again in 405 and 406 AD. Stilicho, who was now ruling in the name of the Emperor Honorius, made a treaty with Alaric. But Stilicho was killed in 408. Alaric invaded Italy again and demanded Stilicho's promises to him be kept.


title: Alaric I

text: From late 408 AD, the Visigoth army camped outside Rome. Alaric demanded payment from Honorius, who was safe in Ravenna, which the emperor refused to pay.


title: Alaric I

text: On August 24, 410 AD, Rome's city gates were opened by slaves. Alaric's Visigoths began three days of murdering and plundering. They damaged buildings and stole from tombs of former emperors. It was the first time in 800 years that Rome was sacked. But the Visigoths continued their destruction further south in Italy. The casualties were high on both sides. The Romans lost an estimated 15,000 men while the Visigoths lost about 17,000.


title: Alaric I

text: Alaric planned to move his army into Sicily and then on to Africa. But he died soon after Rome fell in 410 AD. Ataulf succeeded Alaric as king and took the army into Gaul.


title: Leeds United F.C.

text: Leeds United Football Club is an English Association football club in Leeds, West Yorkshire. They play their home matches at Elland Road. The club has spent much of its time since it was founded in the highest division of English football.


title: Leeds United F.C.

text: Leeds United currently holds rivalries with Manchester United, Chelsea FC, Liverpool FC, Hull City, and other clubs that could be considered as rivals are Manchester City FC, , Sheffield Wednesday FC, Doncaster Rovers, Millwall FC and Barnsley FC.


title: Mae West

text: Mae West (August 17, 1893 – November 22, 1980) was an American actress. She worked in vaudeville and later in movies. She is best-remembered for her dirty jokes and comedy movies.


title: Mae West

text: Her name when she was born was Mary Jane West. She was born in Brooklyn, New York City, and died in Hollywood, California. Her mother was a German immigrant and former model.


title: Joseph Lister

text: Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister, (5 April 182710 February 1912) was a British surgeon and a pioneer of antiseptic surgery.


title: Joseph Lister

text: He promoted the idea of sterile surgery while working at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary. Lister successfully introduced carbolic acid (phenol) to sterilise surgical instruments and to clean wounds.


title: Joseph Lister

text: Applying Louis Pasteur's advances in microbiology, Lister championed the use of carbolic acid as an antiseptic, so that it became the first widely used antiseptic in surgery.


title: Joseph Lister

text: He knew it was used to ease the stench from fields irrigated with sewage waste. He thought it was safe because fields treated with carbolic acid had no ill-effects on the livestock that grazed on them.


title: Joseph Lister

text: Lister's work led to a reduction in post-operative infections (infections after an operation). This made surgery safer for patients. So he became known as the "father of modern surgery".


title: Gheorghe Hagi

text: Gheorghe Hagi (born 5 February 1965) is a former Romanian football player. He has played for the Romanian national team.


title: Wilhelm Keitel

text: Wilhelm Bodewin Johann Gustav Keitel (Born ; 22 September 1882 in Helmscherode,Duchy Of Brunswick, Germany– Died ; 16 October 1946 in Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany) was a German field marshal and a Nazi War Criminal between 1938 and 1945 the chief of the "Oberkommando der Wehrmacht". He was one of the 24 accused of the Nuremberg Trials and hanged in 1946.


title: Flag of Cameroon

text: The national flag of Cameroon is a vertical tricolor of green, red and yellow, with a five-pointed yellow star in its center.


title: Wilhelm Keitel

text: Wilhelm Bodewin Johann Gustav Keitel was in 22 September 1882 and he is 7 year’s older then Adolf Hitler . He was born in Helmscherode in the State Of Germany Duchy Of Brunswick (Today Lower Saxony) he joined the Imperial German Army in 1901 at age 19 just 13 year’s before World War 1 in July and August 1914 . After Archduke Franz Ferdinand was Assassinated by Gavrilo Princip on 28 June 1914 in Sarajevo in Bosnia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire (later part of Yugoslavia in 1918 and today part of Bosnia and Herzegovina) Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia for the assassination and the German Empire lead by Kaiser Wilhelm II declared war on Russia for supporting Serbia and later declared war on France while Japan declared war on the German Colonies and Germany launch the Schlieffen Plan (planned by Alfred Graf Von Schliffen in 1905-1906) in August 1914 at the Battle of the Marne but failed in September 1914 Wilhelm Keitel was on the Western Front in World War 1 he took part in Flanders fighting in Belgium (lead by King Albert I of Belgium after King Leopold II of Belgium died in 1909) . Keitel was wounded as a German Soldier in WW1 from 1914-1918 . After the end of the Great War in 1918 and the Collapse and defeat of the German Empire ,Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire (except Bulgaria) in 1918 by Britain,France,Italy and America he joined the Reichswehr in 1919 during the Weimar Republic Era Germany until 1933 when Adolf Hitler,along with Ernst Röhm,Hermann Göring,Rudolf Hess,Joseph Goebbels,Heinrich Himmler,Reinhard Heydrich,Adolf Eichmann,Hans Lammers,Ernst Kaltenbrunner,Martin Bormann,Rudolf Höss,Hans Frank,Alfred Rosenberg,Joachim von Ribbentrop,Kurt Daluege and the Nazi Party and all the other Nazi Officals came to power and took over Germany on 30 January 1933 . In May 1945 Admiral Karl Donitz surrendered Nazi Germany to the Soviet Union,the United States,France,and Britain Germany was a occupied country until 1949 when it got split into the Federal Republic Of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) . During the Nuremberg Trials in 1946 Keitel was convicted as a Nazi War Criminal and was executed on 16th October 1946 aged 64 for War Crimes . Wilhelm Keitel also appeared in the movie Downfall (2004 movie) .


title: Bonar Law

text: Andrew Bonar Law (16 September 1858 – 30 October 1923), commonly called Bonar Law (), served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.


title: Bonar Law

text: Law was elected to Parliament in 1900 as a member of the Conservative Party. He became leader of the Party in 1911. He was Lloyd George's Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons while Lloyd George served as Prime Minister during World War I.


title: Bonar Law

text: Law became Prime Minister in October 1922. He found out he had throat cancer and resigned in May 1923. He died in October 1923.


title: Orange juice

text: Orange juice is juice of oranges which is made by squeezing the fruit. It comes in several varieties, such as blood orange. It has a lot of Vitamin C. Orange Juice also has folic acid in it, which can be harsh on a sensitive stomach.


title: Louis III of France

text: Louis III of France (born 863–865, died 5 August 882), king of Western Francia, was the second son of King Louis the Stammerer and Ansgarde. He and his brother Carloman, both became king together and ruled together after his father's death in 879.


title: Louis III of France

text: Louis won an important battle against the Viking pirates at the Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu, in 881. He died in August 882 at Saint Denis after falling from his horse. Because he had no children, his brother Carloman became the sole king.


title: Maurizio Sarri

text: Maurizio Sarri (born 10 January 1959) is an Italian professional football manager. He is the manager of Serie A club Juventus.


title: Maurizio Sarri

text: Sarri was born in Naples. He did not play football professionally and took part as an amateur centre back and coach while working as a banker. In 2005, he had his first Serie B job at Pescara. In 2014, he won promotion to Serie A with Empoli. In 2015, he joined Napoli. He won many individual awards while managing the Naples-based club. After finishing as league runners-up in 2017–18, he moved to English club Chelsea, where he won the UEFA Europa League in his only season with the club. He returned to Italy with Juventus in 2019.


title: Peter, Paul and Mary

text: Peter, Paul and Mary were an American folk music group, most famous during the 1960s. The members are Peter Yarrow, Paul (Noel) Stookey and Mary Travers.


title: Peter, Paul and Mary

text: Their songs include "If I Had a Hammer" (also called "The Hammer Song"), "Puff, the Magic Dragon", "Leavin' On a Jet Plane" written by John Denver, and "Blowin' in the Wind", written by Bob Dylan. They recorded other Dylan songs, helping his early career. They made records, toured to perform, and appeared on television shows, including "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour".


title: Sing 2

text: Sing 2 is a 2021 American computer-animated musical comedy film produced by Illumination and Universal Pictures. It is the sequel to Sing (2016). It was released on December 22, 2021. The film was directed and written by Garth Jennings.


title: Sing 2

text: Sometime after the events of the first film, Buster Moon is thriving with his new theater. Failing to impress talent scout Suki, who tells him he would not make it in Redshore City, Buster, encouraged by Nana Noodleman, reunites the singers who competed in the first film and takes them to the city. They sneak in for an audition with entertainment mogul Jimmy Crystal. However, uninterested in Buster's original show pitch, Gunter pitches a space-themed show which would feature Clay Calloway, a rock star who has not been seen in 15 years. Intrigued, Crystal greenlights it then tells them to have the show up and running within three weeks.


title: Sing 2

text: During production on the show, Rosita develops a fear of heights during rehearsal and is unable to keep on her role, which is given to Crystal's daughter Porsha while Rosita is delegated to a minor role. Meanwhile, Johnny has been assigned to work with top choreographer Klaus Kickenklober for his part in the show but feels that Klaus dislikes him. Johnny comes across a street dancer named Nooshy who agrees to help him out. Meena has been cast in a romantic scene with Darius, a self-absorbed actor with whom Meena has no chemistry. She later meets and falls in love with an ice cream vendor named Alfonso.


title: Sing 2

text: Ash and Buster visit Clay Calloway to convince him to be in the show. He refuses at first, but Ash changes his mind. Back at the theater, Buster asks Porsha if she would like to switch roles with Rosita, as she cannot act, which Porsha interprets as Buster firing her. Upon learning this, Crystal blames Porsha for embarrassing him and threatens Buster to drop him off his building and locks him in a closet. Suki frees Buster and warns him to get out of Redshore City before Crystal can kill him. Ash arrives with the crew and Calloway, who advises Buster not to run and hide like he did after he lost his wife. Buster then decides to have the cast and crew put on the show that night under Crystal's nose, and has Miss Crawly get Porsha to rejoin them in the show.


title: Sing 2

text: During the show, Klaus takes the place of Johnny's performance partner to try to undermine his number, but Johnny beats Klaus with encouragement from Nooshy and finally earns Klaus' respect while Meena visualizes Darius as Alfonso and performs a romantic duet with him. Crystal, having found out about the show, and angered when Porsha stands up to him, tries to stop it by dropping Buster off the top of the stage, which causes Rosita to get over her fear of heights to save Buster. When the time comes for Calloway to take the stage, he claims that he is not ready. Ash leads the crowd in a rendition of one of Calloway's songs, giving him the courage to perform a huge ovation.


title: Sing 2

text: After the show, Crystal is arrested by the police. While Buster and friends almost leave, Suki tells them that a major theater wants to put on their show. As the cast puts on their first performance, Buster watches from the VIP section, proud to have succeeded in Redshore City.


title: Sing 2

text: Asher Blinkoff, Julianna Gamiz, Asa Jennings, Caspar Jennings, Leo Jennings, Oscar Jennings, Ayden Soria, and Jack Stanton voice Rosita and Norman's piglets, while Matthew McConaughey's daughter Vida Alves McConaughey voices a piglet that goes scuba diving in chocolate. Edgar Wright provides the voice of a dog cop and a pig chauffeur.


title: Error

text: An error is a mistake: that is its basic meaning. However, there are some differences in how the word is used in different subjects.


title: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: The "Deepwater Horizon" oil spill is also called the BP oil spill, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, or the Macondo blowout. It was an oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, the largest marine oil spill in history. The spill was caused by an oil gusher when the drilling machines exploded on April 20, 2010. The explosion killed 11 workers and injured 17 people.


title: Error

text: Elementary errors in arithmetic show a wrong pattern of thought. For example, if a child misplaces the decimal point in some decimal arithmetic, that shows he or she has not understood the idea. By explaining how decimal points should be placed, a teacher can correct all future calculations of this kind. The error is a sign of a general misunderstanding, which, when cured, may never happen again. In this way, errors can help learning.


title: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: They first tried to fix the leak, but did not work. On July 19, the leak was stopped by putting a cap on top of the broken well pipe. About 7.9 million barrels (780×10 m) of crude oil spilled out before the well was fixed. The amount of oil coming out of the broken well probably started at about 52,000 barrels per day (9,900 m/d) and gradually went down after that.


title: Error

text: This idea can be developed in many other subjects. Errors can help learning if corrected, and that is used by many textbooks with end-of-chapter questions. The idea of the questions (which often have end of book answers) is to help the reader find out what needs correcting. The principle of learning is called knowledge of results.


title: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: The spill damaged animal and plant habitats as well as the Gulf's fishing and tourism businesses. Scientists also found oil underwater that could not be seen from the top. People worked to protect hundreds of miles of beaches, wetlands, and estuaries along the northern Gulf coast. The U.S. Government named British Petroleum (BP) as responsible. The company has paid for cleaning up and other damage. By the end of 2011, the U.S. Coast Guard’s Operational Scientific Advisory Team said that there were no more ocean areas needing special cleanup from the oil spill. They were not sure of the condition of the shore.


title: Error

text: A statistical error is "the amount by which a sample differs from its expected value". The expected value is based on the whole population from which the individual was chosen.


title: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: On May 27, 2010, U.S. President Barack Obama temporarily stopped new drilling for offshore oil rigs. He also made new safety rules to try to stop other oil spills from happening. British Petroleum (BP Oil) owned the Deepwater Horizon oil rig. This company was mostly responsible for the damage caused by the oil spill. They paid out several billion dollars to help people who could not work after the oil spill and to pay for cleanup efforts.


title: Error

text: The word 'error' can be used to describe a computer program that was not written in the right way. A "syntax error" is a bit of source code that does not make sense to the computer. A "logic error" is a mistake in the algorithm used, which might result in problems with the output.


title: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: Information in this section is from Upton, Harold F. The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and the Gulf of Mexico Fishing Industry. "Congressional Research Service Report for Congress", February 17, 2011, and the references it contains.


title: Error

text: An error may also be an "exception", which is something that happens unexpectedly. For example, it is an error to try to write more files onto a disk that is full. Careful programmers write code that can deal with errors that may happen; they can do this by labeling each error with an error code and using exception handling. Continuing to run a program when an error has not been dealt with can cause error avalanche, which means errors pile up and behavior becomes more difficult to predict.


title: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: On May 3, 2010, The Gulf Coast Claims Center began to pay for emergency help to businesses and people (such as fishermen) who could not work because of the oil spill. By the end of August, 2010, The Gulf Coast Claims Center had paid more than $395 million. About one third of this money was paid to the fishing industry. A By February, 2011, the GCCF had paid about $751 million to people in the business of fishing. People will have three years to figure their costs and ask GCCF for payment.


title: Error

text: In a catastrophe like a nuclear accident, even small errors in accuracy and precision can lead to very harmful consequences.


title: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: BP also started a program, called the Vessels of Opportunity Program, to hire local people (who would have been fishing) to use their boats to help clean up the spilled oil. However the program made little or no impact on the spill as the vessels were not fitted with recovery equipment.


title: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: There are more ways for those in the U.S. fishing industry to get paid back for money they lost because of the Gulf oil spill. For example, the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund was started after the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill to help people hurt by oil spills. Another law, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act lets the U.S. government give help when the Secretary of Commerce sees that all the fishing has failed in one place.


title: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: On May 2, 2010, 12 days after the blow up and fire of the Deepwater Horizon, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) closed 6,817 square miles of the Gulf of Mexico to fishing. The reason was to make sure that seafood that might be poisoned by the oil would not be sold and maybe make people sick. The U.S. government closed large areas to fishing from the middle of the Atchafalaya Bay of Louisiana, across the coasts of Mississippi and Alabama, and as far as Panama City, Florida. State waters were also closed to fishing in much of the same area. The largest area closed to fishing was 88,522 sq. miles (229,270 km) on June 2, 2010. By the end of November, 2010, most of the waters were opened to fishing again, with only 1041 sq miles (2697 km) still closed. However, there was still some oil residue to be found. For example, tar balls were sometimes found in shrimper’s nets.


title: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: Many animals and plants were killed by the Gulf oil spill. Scientists found dead, oil-covered animals including as birds, fish, shrimp, and oysters. Large, decaying fish covered in the thick, dark oil washed up on some beaches. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) found 1,746 birds. 1,014 of these birds had oil on them, 997 were dead, and 749 were alive. The NOAA also found 528 sea turtles, with 400 dead, and 128 alive. The NOAA found 51 mammals, including dolphins, with 47 dead and 4 alive. Some scientists cut open dead fish to look at the inside and found the oil was inside the gills and the heart.


title: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: Because fishing was stopped, many small fishing supply stores could not make money. The fishing companies did not have enough fish and lost customers. Normally, many people travel to this area to fish for fun. Because of the oil spill, fewer people traveled there. Therefore, travel businesses and people who help the visitors also lost money.


title: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: East of Mobile Bay, damage from oil spill cleanup crews and vehicles caused more damage to the fragile dune habitat than the oil spill itself. Dune habitats can be destroyed by nothing more than light foot traffic and in no way can support the egress of hundreds of vehicles being deployed. Despite large amounts of supporting evidence, BP still denies this and apparently has persons editing and or reverting Wikipedia articles in order to cover up collateral problems associated with the accident.


title: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: Scientists have thought about how much the plants and animals in the Gulf of Mexico would be changed after the oil spill. In general, chemicals in oil can hurt fish and shellfish. In the early life stages, many kinds of fish grow near the shore. Therefore, oil at the shore might change how many fish there are in future years. Also, affected species are part of a food web or provide living areas for other kinds. These things are possible, but there are not yet many actual data of how the fish and shellfish are doing after the oil spill. Most of the shrimp grow in one year. Therefore, changes in the number of shrimp caused by the Gulf oil spill will be known one or two years after the spill. It takes years for many kinds of fish to grow large enough to keep for food. Therefore, it will take years to know the effects of the Gulf oil spill on the very small fish.


title: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: The NOAA is still helping animals hurt by the Gulf oil spill. However, not many more are being reported. Instead, the NOAA is spending more time letting wildlife go back into the ocean. For example, sea turtles that were saved from the oil are being let back into the wild ocean. NOAA scientists on research boats have also been measuring whether it is now safe to eat fish from the Gulf (they have found that it is safe).


title: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: Counting done by Dauphin Island Sea Lab after the oil spill off the coasts of Mississippi and Alabama found that there were actually more of some kinds of fish a few months after the oil spill. Some scientists think that the closing of fishing areas kept the total number of fish high in spite of the oil spill.


title: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: One-third of the oysters sold in the United States come from Louisiana. However, the places where oysters grow have been hurt by recent hurricanes, higher than usual amounts of fresh water coming down the rivers (oysters need salt water) and also the Gulf oil spill. The Louisiana Division of Wildlife and Fisheries have been working with scientists at universities on better ways to grow oysters. Also, in June, 2011, more than 100 million oyster seeds and 500,000 baby oysters were put in test areas to help the oyster areas to grow back.


title: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: The US National Marine Fisheries Service thought that the 2011 brown shrimp harvest from waters off of Mississippi and Louisiana would be only slightly lower than usual. It was a much better harvest than in 2010 after the oil spill. Weather in the spring of 2011 was good for growing conditions for the brown shrimp.


title: Newtonian fluid

text: A Newtonian fluid is a fluid, where the ratio between shear stress changes linearly in proportion to the stress it is exposed to. This proportion is known as viscosity. Note that the inverse is not true; there are fluids with constant viscosity, that are Non-Newtonian fluids: one example is the Boger fluid.


The 1960 United States presidential election happened on November 8, 1960. This election was between Senator John F. Kennedy and Vice President Richard Nixon. Kennedy won the election like many people expected, but it was a much closer election than most people thought it would be.


title: 1960 United States presidential election

text: This was the first presidential election in American history in which both candidates debated against each other on television. On television, Kennedy appeared calm while Nixon appeared nervous. More television viewers thought that Kennedy won the debate, while more radio listeners thought that Nixon won the debate.


text: This election was the last to not count District of Columbia as an electoral vote until the 1964 election.


text: Senator John F. Kennedy announced his candidacy for president on January 2, 1960. Vice President Richard Nixon announced his candidacy on January 9, 1960.


title: Geography of Afghanistan

text: Afghanistan is in the middle of Asia. The country is landlocked and mountainous, and has most of the Hindu Kush mountains. There are four major rivers in the country: the Amu Darya, the Hari River, the Kabul River and the Helmand River. The country also contains a number of smaller rivers, lakes, and streams.


title: Geography of Afghanistan

text: The borders are called "porous". That means that in many places people can cross over with not much official control.


title: Geography of Afghanistan

text: Afghanistan's natural resources include: natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, uranium, gold, silver, chromite, talc, barites, sulfur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, precious and semiprecious stones.


title: Geography of Afghanistan

text: The Hindu Kush reaches a height of 7485 m. / 24,557 ft. at Nowshak, Afghanistan's highest peak. Of the ranges extending southwestward from the Hindu Kush, the Koh-i-Baba reaches the greatest height (Shah Fuladi, 5,142 m /16,870 ft). The Safed Koh range, which includes the Tora Bora area, dominates the border area southeast of Kabul.


title: Geography of Afghanistan

text: The area towards the Khyber Pass across the Safed Koh are in eastern Afghanistan; at the top the height is 1070 m. / 3,509 ft. at Landi Kotal. This area is near to Pakistan, the town of Torkham is five kilometres from Pakistan.


title: Oil field

text: An oil field is a region with many oil wells extracting petroleum (oil) from below ground. Because the oil reservoirs usually extend over a large area, possibly several hundred kilometres across, the only way to completely exploit the field is with many wells in different parts of the field. Other than wells, there may be pipelines to transport the oil elsewhere, and support buildings for the workers and for repairs.


title: Dormancy

text: Dormancy is a period in an organism's life cycle when growth, development, and (in animals) physical activity are temporarily stopped. This minimizes metabolic activity and therefore helps an organism to conserve energy. Dormancy tends to be closely associated with environmental conditions. Organisms can synchronize entry to a dormant phase with their environment through predictive or consequential means.


title: Dormancy

text: Predictive dormancy occurs when an organism enters a dormant phase "before" the onset of adverse conditions. For example, day length and decreasing temperature are used by many plants as triggers to start dormancy before the onset of winter.


title: Dormancy

text: Consequential dormancy occurs when organisms enter a dormant phase "after" adverse conditions arise. This is often found in areas with an unpredictable climate. Sudden changes in conditions may lead to a high mortality rate among animals relying on consequential dormancy. On the other hand, its use can be advantageous, as organisms remain active longer and are able to make greater use of available resources.


title: Dormancy

text: A seed, though not active, is a tiny living thing. It contains the embryo of the future plant, which is not changing or developing: it is "dormant". The common idea is that the seed "sleeps" until it gets what it needs to wake up. That is not correct. Different seeds have different habits, no doubt adapted to their habitat. There are different kinds of resting stages in seeds:


title: Dormancy

text: When a seed germinates ("wakes up"), it begins to grow into a little plant called a "seedling". It uses the soft fleshy material inside the seed for nutrients (food) until it is ready to make food on its own using sunlight, water and air.


title: Dormancy

text: Most seeds germinate underground where there is no sunlight. The plant does not need the nutrients in soil for a few days or weeks, because the seed has all the things it needs to grow. Later, though, it will begin to need sunlight. If there is sunlight, the plant will use it to grow healthy. If there is no light, the plant will still grow for a while, but its plastids will not mature: the chlorophyll does not turn green. If the plant does not get enough light, it will eventually die. It needs light to make food for itself when the reserve in the seed runs out.


title: NOR gate

text: The NOR gate is a logic gate that outputs 1 (true) when both of its inputs are 0 (false). That means that if at least one of its inputs is 1 (true), the output will be 0.


title: Alcohol withdrawal

text: Alcohol withdrawal (also called alcohol withdrawal syndrome) is medical problem. It is a set of symptoms that can happen when a person who has drunk alcohol for a long time stops drinking. It can also happen when a person starts drinking less than they used to.


title: Alcohol withdrawal

text: Alcohol withdrawal can be very dangerous. In the worst cases, it can even kill a person. This is why it is dangerous for people who drink a lot to stop drinking without talking to a doctor first.


title: Alcohol withdrawal

text: Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant. This means that alcohol slows down the activity in some parts of the brain. This can create good feelings, like feeling relaxed and happy.


title: Alcohol withdrawal

text: If a person drinks a lot of alcohol, eventually their body will get used to the alcohol. After a while, the person will need to drink more and more alcohol to feel drunk and to slow down parts of their brain. This is called "tolerance".


title: Alcohol withdrawal

text: Once the body is used to having alcohol (and having parts of the brain slowed down), suddenly taking away the alcohol will cause withdrawal symptoms. The central nervous system is used to being slowed down by alcohol. So without alcohol, the central nervous system gets very excited and over-active.


title: Alcohol withdrawal

text: A person who gets tolerant to alcohol, and gets withdrawal symptoms when they stop drinking, is "physically dependent" on alcohol. This is also called "physical addiction."


title: Alcohol withdrawal

text: Not everybody who drinks a lot of alcohol gets withdrawal symptoms when they stop. No one knows why some people get withdrawal symptoms and others do not.


title: Alcohol withdrawal

text: About half of people with alcoholism will get withdrawal symptoms if they drink less than usual. About 5% to 20% of patients withdrawing from alcohol will get the most dangerous form of alcohol withdrawal: delirium tremens. About 1/3 (one out of three) people who have withdrawal seizures will get delirium tremens.


title: Alcohol withdrawal

text: Symptoms of alcohol withdrawal are mostly caused by a central nervous system that is over-excited and working too hard.


title: Alcohol withdrawal

text: Everybody has a different set of withdrawal symptoms. Some people have only mild symptoms, like being unable to sleep or feeling anxious. Other people have very bad, life-threatening symptoms, like delirium, hallucinations, very high blood pressures, and very high fevers.


title: Alcohol withdrawal

text: Withdrawal usually begins 6 to 24 hours after a person takes their last drink. Acute withdrawal can last for up to one week.


title: Alcohol withdrawal

text: To be diagnosed with alcohol withdrawal syndrome, patients must have at least two of these symptoms:.


title: Alcohol withdrawal

text: Every person goes through alcohol withdrawal differently. Even the worst of alcohol withdrawal symptoms can happen as soon as 2 hours after a person stops drinking. Because of this, it is best to talk to a doctor, go into the hospital, or get treatment before a person stops drinking alcohol. In many people, however, symptoms usually happen in this order:


title: Alcohol withdrawal

text: Usually, people will start to feel better after 48 hours. But sometimes, after 48 hours, alcohol withdrawal can still get worse and turn into delirium tremens. Delirium tremens can last anywhere from 4 to 12 days.


title: Alcohol withdrawal

text: Acute alcohol withdrawal usually lasts only a week. But many alcoholics have what is called Post-Acute Withdrawal Syndrome (PAWS) (also called "protracted alcohol withdrawal syndrome). This means that some withdrawal symptoms continue beyond the acute withdrawal stage. Some withdrawal symptoms can last for at least a year after a person stops drinking.


title: Alcohol withdrawal

text: Insomnia is also a common symptom of PAWS. It often keeps happening after acute (immediate) alcohol withdrawal. Research has showed that people with insomnia are more likely to relapse (start using alcohol again). Studies have found that magnesium or trazodone can help treat insomnia in recovering alcoholics.


title: Alcohol withdrawal

text: For some people, the acute phase of alcohol withdrawal can last longer than usual. Protracted (longer than usual) delirium tremens has been reported in medical research, but is not common.


title: Alcohol withdrawal

text: People with bad alcohol withdrawal symptoms often need to go into a hospital to make sure they are safe while they are withdrawing from alcohol.


title: Alcohol withdrawal

text: Benzodiazepines are the most commonly used medication for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. They can help decrease alcohol withdrawal symptoms and prevent seizures.


title: Alcohol withdrawal

text: The most commonly used benzodiazepines are long-acting (medications whose effects last a long time), like chlordiazepoxide and diazepam (Valium). These seem to be the best medicines for treating delirium, and do not have to be given as often.


title: Alcohol withdrawal

text: Although benzodiazepines work very well at treating alcohol withdrawal, they should be carefully used. Benzodiazepines should only be used for short periods in alcoholics. This is because alcoholics are more likely to get addicted to benzodiazepines. There is a risk of replacing an alcohol addiction with benzodiazepine dependence or adding another addiction. Also, both alcohol and benzodiazepines are depressants. If a person takes both at the same time, they are more likely to get depression or become suicidal.


title: Alcohol withdrawal

text: Alcoholics often do not have enough of certain vitamins in their bodies. One of these important vitamins is thiamine. If a person does not have enough thiamine in their body, they can get serious health problems and even brain damage.


title: Alcohol withdrawal

text: When a person is going through alcohol withdrawal, the most important vitamins are thiamine and folic acid. If an alcoholic who stops drinking does not have enough of these vitamins, they can get Wernicke syndrome, a very serious brain problem. To keep this from happening, people who have stopped drinking alcohol are often given thiamine and folic acid intravenously (through a needle placed into a vein). They may also be given other vitamins. This can help prevent Wernicke syndrome.


title: Alcohol withdrawal

text: Some evidence says that topiramate (Topamax), carbamazepine (Tegretol), and other anticonvulsants are helpful in treating alcohol withdrawal; however, research is limited.


title: Alcohol withdrawal

text: Antipsychotic medicines, such as haloperidol, are sometimes used along with benzodiazepines to control agitation or psychosis. However, antipsychotics have to be used carefully. They can make alcohol withdrawal worse, since they make it more likely for a person to have a seizure.


title: Alcohol withdrawal

text: Alcoholics often cannot stop drinking alcohol after their withdrawal symptoms are over. Often, they need support for months or years after withdrawal is over.


title: Mr. Krabs

text: Eugene Harold Krabs, known as Mr. Krabs, is an imaginary character in the American cartoon series "Spongebob Squarepants". Mr. Krabs is voiced by actor Clancy Brown. Mr. Krabs first appeared in the series' first episode "Help Wanted" on May 1, 1999. Mr. Krabs was created and designed by Stephen Hillenburg.


title: Mr. Krabs

text: Krabs owns and operates the Krusty Krab. The Krusty Krab is a famous fast food restaurant and is placed in the Bikini Bottom. Krabs lives in a curved anchor with his daughter Pearl. Pearl is a teenage sperm whale.


title: Candyman (2021 movie)

text: Candyman is an American supernatural slasher horror movie directed by Nia DaCosta and written by Jordan Peele. It is a direct sequel to the 1992 movie of the same name and the fourth movie in the "Candyman" franchise. It is based on the short story "The Forbidden" by Clive Barker.


title: Candyman (2021 movie)

text: The movie stars Yahya Abdul-Mateen II, Teyonah Parris, Nathan Stewart-Jarrett, Colman Domingo, with Tony Todd and Vanessa A. Williams reprising their roles as the title character and Anne-Marie McCoy.


title: Candyman (2021 movie)

text: The movie was filmed in Chicago and takes place there. It was released on August 27, 2021 by Universal Pictures.


title: Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden

text: The Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden is a zoo in the American city of Cincinnati, Ohio. It claims to be the second oldest zoo in the United States because it opened 14 months after the Philadelphia Zoo.


title: Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden

text: The zoo has over of land and about 2,800 animals. It has over 30 indoor and outdoor attractions. The Cincinnati Zoo also breeds rare animals. For example, it was the first zoo to breed the California sea lion and one of the first to breed the American bison both in 1878. It is the only place in the Western Hemisphere where one, two, and three Sumatran Rhinoceroses have been born.