title: Ferdinand II of Aragon

text: After Isabella's death, her kingdom went to her daughter Joanna. Ferdinand served as the latter's regent during her absence in the Netherlands, ruled by her husband Archduke Philip. Ferdinand attempted to retain the regency permanently, but was rebuffed by the Castilian nobility and replaced with Joanna's husband, who became Philip I of Castile. After Philip's death in 1506, with Joanna mentally unstable, and her and Philip's son Charles of Ghent only six years old, Ferdinand resumed the regency, ruling through Francisco Cardinal Jimenez de Cisneros, the Chancellor of the Kingdom.


title: Ferdinand II of Aragon

text: In 1508, war resumed in Italy, this time against Venice. All the other powers on the peninsula, including Louis XII, Ferdinand, Maximilian, and Pope Julius II joined together against as the League of Cambrai. Although the French were victorious against Venice at the Battle of Agnadello, the League soon fell apart, as both the Pope and Ferdinand became suspicious of French intentions. Instead, the Holy League was formed, in which all the powers now joined together against France.


title: Ferdinand II of Aragon

text: In November 1511 Ferdinand and his son-in-law Henry VIII of England signed the Treaty of Westminster, pledging mutual aid between the two against France. Earlier that year, Ferdinand had conquered the southern half of the Kingdom of Navarre, which was ruled by a French nobleman, and annexed it to Spain. At this point to reinforce his claim to the kingdom, Ferdinand remarried with the much younger Germaine of Foix (1490–1538), a granddaughter of Queen Leonor of Navarre. The Holy League was generally successful in Italy, as well, driving the French from Milan, which was restored to its Sforza dukes by the peace treaty in 1513. The French were successful in reconquering Milan two years later, however.


title: Ferdinand II of Aragon

text: Ferdinand died in 1516 in Madrigalejo, Cáceres, Extremadura. He had made Spain the most powerful country in Europe. The succession of his grandson Charles, who inherited not only the Spanish lands of his maternal grandparents, but the Habsburg and Burgundian lands of his paternal family, would make his heirs the most powerful rulers on the continent. Charles succeeded him in the Aragonese lands, and was also granted the Castilian crown jointly with his insane mother, bringing about at long last the unification of the Spanish thrones under one head.


title: Ferdinand II of Aragon

text: Ferdinand and Isabella had 5 children, Isabella of Asturias, Juan of Aragon, Joanna of Castile, Maria of Aragon, and Catherine of Aragon. Joanna and Catherine married with several European dynasties, setting the bases for the huge heritage of their grandson Charles V. His granddaughter was Queen Mary I of England.


title: Rosary

text: The Rosary is a Catholic form of prayer using beads. It is a cycle of repeated formal prayers, such as the Lord's Prayer and the Hail Mary, done while thinking about important events in the lives of Jesus and Mary. This is called "saying the Rosary" or "praying the Rosary." A rosary can also be the series of joined beads that a person holds while saying these prayers.


title: Rosary

text: The Church has always recognized the efficacy of this devotion John Paul II said “Through the Rosary the faithful receive abundant grace, as by the hands of the Mother of the Redeemer.


title: Rosary

text: Prayer is for every person to obtain graces and consolations for oneself or for others, for the diffusion of good actions in the world, for the solution of international conflicts, for conversion and spiritual growth. Prayer, in the room of your home or into the church, at any time of the day, is a moment of peace and serenity that distracts from the worries of the day and it is a moment of communication with Divine Mercy through the most beautiful prayers. The graces result from the experience not only of saints and religious but also of ordinary people who have left public witness of the graces received requested to the Virgin Mary.


title: Rosary

text: A person who says a Rosary usually thinks about certain events from the Bible. Each day has a traditional list of these events, called "Mysteries of the Rosary."


title: Juanes

text: Juan Esteban Aristizábal Vásquez (born 9 August 1972), known as Juanes, is a one-time Grammy Award-winning and nineteen-time Latin Grammy Award-winning Colombian singer, songwriter, instrumentalist, record producer. He was a member of heavy metal band Ekhymosis and is now a solo artist. Juanes has sold more than 15 million albums worldwide.


title: Deventer

text: Deventer is a municipality and city in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 101,000 people were living there in 2021. It lies both in Salland and IJsselvallei regions, alongside the eastern bank of the IJssel river.


title: Jared Leto

text: Jared Joseph Leto (born December 26, 1971) is an American actor and musician. He is known for acting in movies such as "Fight Club"; "Girl, Interrupted"; "Panic Room"; "American Psycho"; "Alexander"; "Requiem for a Dream"; "Lord of War"," Prefontaine", "Mr. Nobody" and "Suicide Squad" in which he starred as The Joker.


title: Deventer

text: A Catholic community called the Brethren of the Common Life was founded by priest Geert Groote in this city late 14th century. This community was connected with a Catholic reform movement called the Devotio Moderna, which was largely based on Groote and founded the same time.


title: Jared Leto

text: He started a rock band called Thirty Seconds to Mars in 1998 with his brother Shannon Leto. Leto was the lead singer. The band has released four albums.


title: Price

text: There are different definitions of price. Perhaps the simplest definition is to say "price is the value of a product (good) or service". A price is expressed in other goods, services, or in money.


title: Price

text: Here is an example about price: Peter raises sheep for their wool. Sally raises chickens for their eggs. Winter is coming, so Sally wants to make a warm wool coat.


title: Price

text: She first measures how much wool she needs for a coat. She thinks she needs the wool from 2 sheep for the coat. She then goes to Peter and asks him what he wants for the wool she needs. Peter then tells her the price he is asking for his wool. Sally might trade some of her chicken eggs for the wool.


title: Price

text: Sometimes trading eggs for wool is difficult. So people invented something they called "money". This is cash or currency used for trading.


title: Price

text: If Peter does not need eggs, he will not trade his wool for eggs. The price for his wool "in eggs" is zero, but Peter does need something else. So Sally goes to a market and sells some of her eggs for money. Then she goes to Peter and gives him money for the wool. How much money Peter wants for his wool is the price.


title: Islamophobia

text: Islamophobia is the dislike, fear, pre-judgment, hostility or hate against Muslims (people following the religion Islam) or the religion itself.


The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen () is one of the most important papers of the French Revolution.


title: Islamophobia

text: Sometimes people use it to attack the ideological positions taken by Muslims, but more often than not they state the religion itself as the actual problem.


title: Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

text: This paper explains a list of rights, such as freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly and separation of powers. All men have these rights. It also talks about some rights many people have together. This paper was written using some of the ideas of natural rights, these rights are for all men: they are supposed to be valid in all times and places. They are said to be rights of human nature. The last idea of the Declaration was accepted on 26 August 1789, by the National Constituent Assembly ("Assemblée nationale constituante"). It was a very important first thing to do before the people could write a constitution. The paper explained these basic rights, not only for French people but for "all men without exception", it did not say anything about the rights or role of women. It also did not talk about slavery. People now think that it was an important step towards international human rights or Universal Declaration of Human Rights:


title: Islamophobia

text: Muslim women are more likely to experience islamophobia in their lifetime compared to Muslim men, especially if they are wearing some kind of face veil.


text: The ideas written in the declaration are important in French law today. They can be used to fight or change new laws or other government actions. French law is based off of this document.


title: Islamophobia

text: During the Bosnian War in the 1990s, Serbian Orthodox Christians committed a genocide against Bosniak Muslims, with a strong motive of islamophobia.


title: Islamophobia

text: In France, since 2013, it is illegal for Muslim women to wear veils (burqas and niqabs) that cover their faces publicly.


title: Cardiovascular disease

text: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a kind of disease that involves the heart or blood vessels. Cardiovascular disease includes coronary artery diseases (CAD) such as angina and myocardial infarction (commonly known as a heart attack). Other CVDs are stroke, hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation, congenital heart disease, endocarditis, aortic aneurysms, and peripheral artery disease.


title: Sridevi

text: Sridevi Kapoor (born Shree Amma Yanger Ayyapan; 13 August 1963 – 24 February 2018) was an Indian movie actress and movie producer. She was born in Sivakasi, Madras State, India. She was known for her role in the 2012 movie "English Vinglish". In 2013, the Government of India awarded her the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian honor


title: Sridevi

text: Sridevi died of cardiac arrest in Dubai, United Arab Emirates on 24 February 2018 at the age of 54. Although it was earlier announced that the cause if death was a cardiac arrest, the forensic report released by Dubai Police said that Sridevi died of accidental drowning.


title: Federal Reserve

text: Seal of the Federal Reserve SystemFlag of the Federal Reserve SystemEccles Federal Reserve Board Building


title: Federal Reserve

text: The Federal Reserve (sometimes called "The Fed") is a large central bank in Washington, D.C. that was founded in 1913. It lends money to other, smaller banks. The "Federal Reserve Board" is a group of financial leaders who work for the Federal Reserve and decide how much to charge these banks for borrowing money (this charge is called an "interest rate"). The Federal Reserve interest rate is decided by the Federal Reserve Board after studying the condition of the U.S. economy.


title: Federal Reserve

text: When the economy is growing too fast, the Federal Reserve makes borrowing more expensive by increasing the interest rate, which means people and companies spend less, which discourages inflation. When economic growth slows, the interest rate is decreased so that borrowing will increase and there will be growth.


title: Coagulation

text: A coagulation, also known as clot is a semi-solid substance that blood forms, especially when it is in air. When a person bleeds, the blood turns into a clot at the injury.


title: Coagulation

text: If a person gets a cut on their body, that person may bleed. To stop the bleeding, the human body does several things. First, the brain orders the liver to produce chemicals that will help the clot to form. When the chemicals released by the liver arrive at the injury, the coagulation begins. In the mean time, the brain also lessens the blood flow near the injury (by tightening the veins and arteries in that area), so that not as much blood is lost.


title: Coagulation

text: There is a limit to how quickly a clot can form. If the cut is very deep and the person bleeds too much, a clot may not be able to form and a lot of blood may be lost.


title: Coagulation

text: Coagulation begins almost instantly after an injury to the blood vessel has damaged the endothelium lining the vessel. When blood is exposed to proteins such as tissue factor it starts changes to blood platelets and the plasma protein fibrinogen, which is a clotting factor. Platelets immediately form a plug at the site of injury. Proteins in the blood plasma, called "coagulation factors" or "clotting factors", respond in a complex cascade to form fibrin strands. These strengthen the platelet plug.


title: Coagulation

text: Coagulation is highly conserved throughout biology; that means its genetics is almost the same in all mammal species. In all mammals, coagulation involves both a cellular (platelet) and a protein (coagulation factor) component. The system in humans has been the most extensively researched and is the best understood.


title: Coagulation

text: Fibrin is a white insoluble fibrous protein formed by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen when blood clots. it forms a network that traps red cells and platelets.


title: Coagulation

text: Vitamin K is an essential factor in blood clotting. Then, vitamin K is oxidized. Another enzyme, Vitamin K epoxide reductase, (VKORC) reduces vitamin K back to its active form. This reactivation is important as a target of anticoagulant drug warfarin. Vitamin K can be found in green vegetables, such as spinach, lettuce, broccoli or cabbage.


title: Chelmsford

text: Chelmsford is the only city in the county of Essex, England. It is 32 miles northeast of London, about halfway to Colchester. It is nearly in the centre of the county and it is the county town of Essex, but it is not the biggest or the oldest town in the county. It is the centre of the "borough" of Chelmsford, which is a bigger place than the city.


title: Chelmsford

text: Chelmsford has the smallest cathedral in England. John Dee, who wrote the English version of "Euclid", went to the Cathedral school in the sixteenth century. Chelmsford is also home to some of the Anglia Ruskin University campuses.


title: Chelmsford

text: The number of people living in the borough is about 170,000; about 115,000 of those live in the city.


title: Chelmsford

text: About 20,000 people from Chelmsford travel to London every weekday. Another 20,000 people work in Chelmsford who live outside the city. This makes Chelmsford the busiest "ordinary" railway station in England (not including junctions and terminuses). (The busiest of all is Clapham Junction railway station).


title: Chelmsford

text: The A12 road from London, which the Romans first built between London and Colchester, went through the town, but now goes around the east, so the number of cars in the town is smaller.


title: Chelmsford

text: Chelmsford has been an important centre for industry since the 19th century. It became home to the UK's first electrical engineering works (in 1878), and its first ball bearing factory (in 1898).


title: Chelmsford

text: In 1898, Guglielmo Marconi, the "father of radio" opened the World's first radio factory in Hall Street, with about 50 workers. In 1920 the factory was also the home of the first official sound (radio) broadcasts (radio people could listen to from a long way) in the United Kingdom. In 1922 the world's first "regular" radio broadcasts started at the Marconi Research Centre at Writtle near Chelmsford.


title: Chelmsford

text: Places of interest in and near Chelmsford are for example Writtle, where Robert I of Scotland was perhaps born, and Pleshey, where the ruins of a castle in William Shakespeare's play "Richard II" are.


title: Chelmsford

text: Hylands House and Park, west of the town, is an old country house. People can visit it, and in the last years it has been the place for a popular yearly music festival, the V Festival.


title: Chelmsford

text: Chelmsford is also famous for being the birthplace of radio, Marconi was an Italian man who invented the radio and had his first factory in Chelmsford.


title: Chelmsford

text: In 1199 the Bishop of London gave a Royal Charter (a special paper) for the town to have a market. But there have been people living here since pre-historic times. The Romans also lived in Chelmsford. An octagonal temple is under the Odeon roundabout.


title: Chelmsford

text: In World War II bombs hit Chelmsford a number of times. The worst single loss of life happened on Tuesday December 19, 1944. The 367th V-2 rocket which hit England fell near the Hoffmans' ball bearing factory. 39 people were killed and 138 hurt, 47 of them badly. A lot of buildings were destroyed and hundreds more were damaged.


title: Chelmsford

text: From over 600,000 years ago, the early River Thames went through the place where Chelmsford is now, from Harlow to Colchester. Then it went over today's North Sea and went into the Rhine.


title: Protostar

text: Protostar is an early stage in the evolution of a star that usually grows to the point of beginning nuclear fusion and becoming a star by gathering mass. It is made of a contracting cloud of cold and dark interstellar medium (mostly hydrogen gas). Protostars has lower temperature than an ordinary star. For a sun-like star, deuterium fusion occurs in the protostar stage, while proton-proton fusion, which sustains stars for billions of years, starts gradually millions of years later. The modern picture of protostars was first suggested by Chushiro Hayashi in 1966.


title: Protostar

text: Although outer space may seem empty, it is actually full of thinly spread gas and dust called the interstellar medium. Higher density regions form clouds, or nebulas, where star formation takes place. The gas is mostly molecules of hydrogen, so these nebulae are called molecular clouds. The largest molecular clouds have densities of 100 particles per cm3, diameters of 100 light-years (9.5×1014 km), and masses up to 6 million solar masses, and an average interior temperature of 10 K. This is cold and dense compared to elsewhere in space, but would be considered a vacuum on Earth. With low temperatures and high densities, gravity can overcome thermal pressure and start the gravitational collapse that will form a star.


title: Protostar

text: Sometimes the formation of stars can be triggered (known as triggered star formation) by disturbances in the gas clouds. Such disturbances could be a shock wave from the explosion of a nearby massive star at its death, or the passage of the cloud through regions of more intense gravity as found in the spiral arms of spiral galaxies. This compress the gas clouds enough to cause gravitationally collapse.


title: Protostar

text: When gravity begins to pull the gases together into a ball, a protostar forms. This process is known as accretion.


title: Protostar

text: According to the law of conservation of angular momentum, a rotating body spins more rapidly as it decreases in size. So, as a protostar shrinks, its rate of spin increases. As the protostar rotates, it is much easier for material to fall right onto the poles (which spin most slowly) than onto the equator (where material moves around most rapidly). Therefore, gas and dust falling in toward the protostar’s equator are “held back” by the rotation and form a whirling extended disk around the equator. The circumstellar disks are where planets form.


title: Protostar

text: When a protostar rotates, it generates a strong magnetic field which generates a strong protostellar wind (an outward flow of particles into space). Many protostars also send out high-speed jets of gas into space. Usually there are two jets flowing out along the rotation axis of the protostar. Eventually the wind and the jets clear away the extra gas around the protostar and allow the protostar and the disk to come into view.


title: Protostar

text: As a protostar collapses it heats up because the gas particles run into each other. The energy the gas particles had from falling under the force of gravity gets converted to heat energy. The gas clump becomes warm enough to radiate energy. The radiation cross the interstellar dust in the surrounding dense core. The dust absorbs all impinging photons and reradiates them at longer wavelengths (infrared).


title: Protostar

text: A protostar has lower temperature than an ordinary star. At its center, hydrogen-1 is not yet fusing with itself. However, theoretically, deuterium fuses with hydrogen-1 at its centre and creates helium-3. The heat from this fusion reaction tends to inflate the protostar, and thereby helps determine the size of the youngest observed pre-main-sequence stars.


title: Protostar

text: A protostar becomes a main sequence star when its core temperature exceeds 10 million K (the temperature needed for hydrogen fusion to operate efficiently).


title: Protostar

text: Collapse into a star like our Sun takes about 50 million years. The collapse of a very high mass protostar might take only a million years while smaller stars can take more than a hundred million years to form.


title: Protostar

text: A protostar with less than 0.08 solar masses never reaches the 10 million K temperature needed for efficient hydrogen fusion. In these cases, a protostar remains as a brown dwarf.


title: Mutualism

text: Mutualism is a relationship between two organisms in which both benefit. It is a type of symbiosis which improves the biological fitness of both parties. The two organisms usually come from widely different types, often from different phyla or even kingdoms. The term is not used for any cooperation between animals of the same species.


title: Mutualism

text: Edouard van Beneden (18091894) introduced the term into evolutionary biology and ecology in the 1870s.


title: Giant squid

text: The giant squid ("Architeuthis dux") is a genus of deep-ocean dwelling squid. Giant squid can grow to a tremendous size: recent estimates put the maximum size at 12 metres (39 ft) or 13 metres (43 ft) for females and 10 metres (33 ft) for males from caudal fin to the tip of the two long tentacles.


title: Giant squid

text: Until 2005, nobody had ever seen a giant squid that was alive. Only dead giant squids had been found. On 30 September 2004, researchers from Japan took the first images of a live giant squid in its natural habitat. Several of the 556 photographs were released a year later. The same team successfully filmed a live adult giant squid for the first time on December 4, 2006.


title: Giant squid

text: There is no agreement as to how many species there are. The Kraken is also believed to be a giant squid,


title: Giant squid

text: For many years, people would hear stories from fishermen about giant squids at sea. According to the stories, an enormous squid would wrap its arms around a whale, causing a terrible fight to start. Whalers said that sometimes, when they caught a whale, it would have scars as big as dinner plates on its body. Other times, when they cut open the stomach of some of their whales, they would find squid arms as long as 30 ft with suckers up to four inches wide. The whalers who told these stories either chopped up the squid parts to eat or use as bait, or they threw them back out to sea before scientists were ever able to examine them. However, in 1861, a French ship was able to bring back parts of a giant squid so scientists could study them.


title: Giant squid

text: Then, in the late 18th century, several giant squids washed up on shore, proving that giant squids really exist. After that, many giant squids were found washed ashore or dead at sea. Scientists grew very interested in these mysterious creatures, but few ever saw them alive. Scientists think they spend most of their time in deep, cold ocean.


title: Giant squid

text: In December 2005, the Melbourne Aquarium in Australia got the intact body of a giant squid, preserved in a giant block of ice. It had been caught by fishermen off the coast of New Zealand's South Island that year.


title: Giant squid

text: The number of known giant squid specimens was close to 600 in 2004, and new ones are reported each year.


title: Onward (movie)

text: Onward is a 2020 American computer-animated urban fantasy comedy movie produced by Pixar Animation Studios for Walt Disney Pictures. The movie is directed by Dan Scanlon.


title: Onward (movie)

text: It is set in a suburban fantasy world. The movie is about two elf brothers who go out on a journey to find an artifact that will bring back their father.


title: Onward (movie)

text: The movie was released in the United States on March 6, 2020. It had positive reviews from critics but did not make a lot of money because of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic. It was made available digitally two weeks after its theatrical release.


title: Pedro Pascal

text: José Pedro Balmaceda Pascal (born April 2, 1975), known professionally as Pedro Pascal, is a Chilean-American actor. He is best known for playing the roles of Oberyn Martell in the HBO series "Game of Thrones", Javier Peña in the Netflix series "Narcos" and Din Djarin in "The Mandalorian".


title: Pedro Pascal

text: In March 2018, Pascal was cast in the DC Extended Universe movie "Wonder Woman 1984" (2020) as Maxwell Lord.


title: Udon

text: Udon is most often served hot as a noodle soup in a mild, salty broth. Its simplest form is called "kake udon". This consists only of dashi stock, soy sauce ("shōyu"), mirin, and "udon" noodles. Different things can be put on top of the soup as toppings. Often thinly cut scallions are used, along with other common toppings such as kamaboko, prawn or vegetable tempura, some spices, and wakame.


title: Udon

text: The flavor of the broth and toppings, as well as even noodle texture and thickness, is different from region to region. Usually, dark brown broth made from dark soy sauce ("koikuchi shōyu") is common in eastern Japan. Light brown broth made from light soy sauce ("usukuchi shōyu") is common in western Japan. However, many other regional types exist outside of just broth color and mainly vary in toppings used.


title: Udon

text: According to JAS (Japanese Agricultural Standard), to be udon, a round noodle's diameter has to be over 1.7 mm and a flat noodle's width over 1.7 mm. Udon dough is made from wheat flour and salt.


title: Solitaire

text: Solitaire is a card game for one player using a pack of playing cards. A player wins the game when the player has all the cards in four stacks organized by color ("suit") and number.


title: Solitaire

text: There are many types of solitaire, such as Klondike, Freecell, Pyramid, Golf and Spider. Most computer operating systems include simple solitaire games.


title: El Chavo del Ocho

text: El Chavo del Ocho is a very popular Mexican sitcom. It was created and written by Roberto Gómez Bolaños. It stars Roberto Gómez Bolaños, María Antonieta de las Nieves, Carlos Villagrán, Florinda Meza, Ramón Valdés, Rubén Aguirre, Édgar Vivar, Raúl Padilla, Horacio Gómez Bolaños, and Angelines Fernández. It ran from 1971 through 1980 for 8 seasons.


title: Massachusetts Bay Colony

text: The Massachusetts Bay Colony was an English settlement in the 17th century on the east coast of North America. The colony was later called New England and what is now the cities of Salem and Boston. The Bay Colony also included what is now known as the States of Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.


title: Massachusetts Bay Colony

text: John Winthrop, the founder of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, continued to work on the colony, and improve it any possible way. He knew that the Church of England was bad, so he decided to improve it at the New World; either colonizing the natives or getting rid of them.


title: Massachusetts Bay Colony

text: There were two companies who brought settlers in the New World. The first company was the Dorchester Company but was a failure. The second company was in 1628 and called the Massachusetts Bay Colony. This was successful and brought approximately 20,000 people to the Colony.


title: Massachusetts Bay Colony

text: At first the colonists had a good friendship with the Native Americans but as more Europeans moved to these areas there were problems over land borders. The Native Americans also had many different customs. These differences led first to the Pequot War (1636–1638), and then to King Philip's War (1675–1676). After these wars, the Native Americans became peaceful and others moved to different places.


title: Massachusetts Bay Colony

text: The colony was doing well and made money trading with England. They also traded with the West Indies. In 1686 there was a civil war in England. King James II wanted to have total control over the colonies. After the war, the colonies remained the same until 1692. Then Sir William Phips arrived and Massachusetts Bay and the Plymouth Colony were combined. The colonists helped in the running of the government and how it would spend its money.


title: Massachusetts Bay Colony

text: From the earliest times many Native American lived in this area. They farmed and hunted within their own land borders and did not cross each other's land. Early in the 1600s, explorers, Samuel de Champlain and John Smith made a map of the area.


title: Massachusetts Bay Colony

text: Living in the New World was very hard work for the first settlers. Many became ill and died though the cold winter. There was not enough food, and the rest of the people decided to return to England after one year. For awhile there was no more talk of settling people in those parts. English ships did still come to the New England area for fishing and trading with the Indians.


title: Massachusetts Bay Colony

text: In November 1620, a group of Europeans arrived and started Plymouth Colony. Other settlements were tried near there but they failed and the people either joined the Plymouth Colony, returned to England, or lived nearby the Colony.


title: Massachusetts Bay Colony

text: The people of Plymouth faced many problems during the first years and could not pay back their investors. In 1627 the companies left the colonists to take care of themselves. Edward Winslow and William Bradford, two of its leaders, wrote about the "Mayflower" and the colony they created, called Plymouth Colony. It was published in England in 1622 called "Mourt's Relation". The two men have different opinions but it was written to encourage people to come to the New World to live.


title: Hox gene

text: Hox genes are a group of related genes that determine the basic structure and orientation of animals and plants. 'Hox' is short for 'homeobox'.


title: Hox gene

text: Hox genes are critical for the proper placement of segment structures of animals during early embryonic development (e.g. legs, antennae, and wings in fruit flies or the different vertebrate ribs in humans).


title: Hox gene

text: Hox genes are a complex of genes whose proteins bind to the regulatory regions of target genes. The target genes then activate or repress cell processes to direct the final development of the organism.


title: Hox gene

text: In some organisms, especially vertebrates, the various hox genes are very close to one another on the chromosome in groups or clusters.


title: Hox gene

text: The order of the genes on the chromosome is the same as the expression of the genes in the developing embryo. The first gene is expressed in the front of the developing organism. The reason for this co-linearity is not yet completely understood. The diagram above shows the relationship between the genes and protein expression in flies.


title: Hox gene

text: The homeodomain protein motif is highly similar in most animals and plants. In addition, homeodomains of individual hox proteins are similar in many species.


title: Hox gene

text: Because of this, it is thought hox gene clusters evolved from a single hox gene via tandem gene duplication. A hox gene cluster with at least seven different hox genes was probably present in the common ancestor of all bilateral animals.


title: Lateef Jakande

text: Lateef Kayode Jakande (23 July 1929 – 11 February 2021) was a Nigerian journalist and politician. He became governor of Lagos State in Nigeria from 1979 to 1983. He was later Minister of Works under the Sani Abacha military regime from 1993 to 1998. Jakande was born in Lagos Island, Nigeria.


title: Herăstrău Lake

text: Herăstrău Lake () is a lake in the north of Bucharest , Romania. The surface of this lake is . This lake flows into the Colentina River. It is used for sports.


title: The Night Santa Went Crazy

text: "The Night Santa Went Crazy" is an original song by "Weird Al" Yankovic. It is a style parody of "Black Gold" by Soul Asylum.


title: Chips Hardy

text: Edward John "Chips" Hardy (born 23 January 1950) is an English screenwriter, novelist, playwright, and creative director. He and Elizabeth Ann, his wife, are the parents of actor Tom Hardy, with whom Hardy worked on BBC One's drama series "Taboo", as the co-creator, a writer and a consulting producer.


title: Chips Hardy

text: Chips Hardy was born on 23 January 1950 and grew up in Ealing. Named Edward after both his father, Edward Thomas Hardy, who worked for the Port of London Authority, and his grandfather, Edward Egmore Hardy, who was the Fire Chief at Ealing Studios. His mother, Patricia, was a deputy headmistress.


title: Chips Hardy

text: In 1961 Hardy won a state scholarship to Latymer Upper School. In 1969 he won an Exhibition to read English at Downing College, Cambridge.


title: Chips Hardy

text: Alongside a career in advertising as an award-winning Global Creative Director, Hardy has written for television, movie, theatre, novels and stand-up material. Productions include a children’s television series with a talking chair called "Helping Henry" and "About Face", a television drama with Maureen Lipman. Hardy also won a British Comedy Award for his work with Irish comedian Dave Allen.


title: Chips Hardy

text: In 2007, Hardy’s novel "Each Day A Small Victory" was published in the form of frontline despatches from amongst the embattled wildlife in an English country lay-by, illustrated by Oscar Grillo.


title: Chips Hardy

text: "Blue on Blue", Hardy’s darkly comic play on self-harm, was first showcased at the Latchmere 503 in London in 2007. The play was revived in 2016 at the Tristan Bates in London in partnership with BLESMA, the British Limbless Ex-serviceman’s Association. In 2008, Hardy’s one woman dysfunctional Cabaret, "There’s Something In The Fridge that Wants To Kill Me!", ran notably at the Edinburgh Festival.


title: Chips Hardy

text: In 2009, inspired by an idea from his son Tom Hardy, Chips Hardy and Tom created the story that was to become the 2017 eight-part series" Taboo". Hardy is the co-creator, a writer and a consulting producer.


title: Pamplona

text: Pamplona a city in Navarre, Spain. The city is famous worldwide for the San Fermín festival, from July 6 to 14, in which the running of the bulls is one of the main attractions.


title: Pamplona

text: After the 2011 municipal elections, there are 27 councillors in Pamplona Municipality: eleven of Navarrese People's Union ("Unión del Pueblo Navarro"), seven of Nafarroa Bai, three of Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, three of Bildu, two of People's Party, and one of Izquierda-Ezkerra.


title: Mariner 9

text: Mariner 9 was a NASA spacecraft. It was the ninth spacecraft in the Mariner programme. It was sent to study and orbit the planet Mars. It was the first spacecraft to orbit another planet. Mariner 9 was launched on May 30, 1971 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Mariner 9 reached Mars on November 13, 1971, after a ~170 day flight. The spacecraft was sent to map 70 % of the surface of Mars and to study the temperature changes of the Martian atmosphere and surface. When it arrived, a dust storm hid the surface of Mars. After a few months the dust settled and Mariner 9 discovered the Valles Marineris.


title: Nigel Farage

text: Nigel Paul Farage (born 3 April 1964) is a British politician. He is the leader of Reform UK. In the past, he was a member of the European Parliament for the South East England region and he is currently one of the leaders of the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy group in the European Parliament.


title: Nigel Farage

text: Nigel Farage left the Conservative Party in 1992 after the Maastricht Treaty was signed by John Major's Conservative government. He was first elected as a Member of the European Parliament in 1999 and was re-elected in 2004 and 2009. In September 2006, he was elected to become the UKIP leader and was party leader during the 2009 European Parliament election where UKIP received the second highest number of votes after the Conservative Party.


title: Nigel Farage

text: In November 2009, Farage resigned as UKIP leader because he wanted to concentrate on being elected to the House of Commons at the 2010 General Election. At the general election, Farage failed to be elected and became the UKIP leader again in November 2010.


title: Nigel Farage

text: Farage stood for election as an MP for South Thanet in 2015. He lost to Craig Mackinlay. He resigned as leader. Four days later, Farage became the leader of the party again.


title: Nigel Farage

text: Farage was instrumental in the Brexit campaign and was regarded by many as the main factor why the Leave campaign won and the UK voted to leave the European Union. On 25 August 2016, Farage was invited to a Donald Trump rally, in Jackson, Mississippi, to give him his support in the run-up to the US election in November 2016. During the rally, he said the famous quote "If I was an American citizen, I wouldn't vote for Hillary Clinton if you paid me. In fact, I wouldn't vote for Hillary Clinton if she paid me."


title: Nigel Farage

text: Farage is thought to be the first British politician to address a Republican presidential election rally. Speaking from the United States, Mr. Farage told The Daily Telegraph: “Brexit is just massive over here. I went to the [Republican party] convention in Cleveland and I just could not believe that ordinary people are talking to me about Brexit. They see it as a victory of ordinary people against big business, big banks, and big politics. “The Republican activists and managers here are keen to hear the Brexit story, hear how we managed to get 2.5 million people who don’t normally vote at all to go down to the polling station." Ever since the allegations about Russian interference in the US election, Farage has been viewed by the FBI as a "person of interest" in order to discover wherever he also interfered with the election, like the Russian government.


title: Nigel Farage

text: On Tuesday 4 December 2018, Nigel Farage left the UKIP Party as he believed it's new leader Gerard Batten was becoming too obsessed with Tommy Robinson and Islam.


title: Nigel Farage

text: Farage has been married twice. He married Gráinne Hayes in 1988. They had two children: Samuel (1989) and Thomas (1991). The marriage ended in divorce in 1997. In 1999 he married Kirsten Mehr, a German national. They have two children, Victoria (born 2000) and Isabelle (born 2005).


title: Craig Ferguson

text: Craig Ferguson (born 17 May 1962) is an Scottish actor, comedian and late night television host. He hosted "The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson" from 2005-2014 on CBS. He also hosted Shark Week in 2010 on the Discovery Channel. He became an American citizen on 1 February 2008.


title: Craig Ferguson

text: He hosted "Celebrity Name Game" on Syndication from 2014-2017. He hosted "Join or Die with Craig Ferguson" on History in 2016.


title: Oxide

text: An oxide is a chemical compound containing at least one oxygen atom and at least one atom of one other element. Most of the Earth's crust consists of oxides (mainly silica). Oxides can be made when elements are oxidized by air (when oxygen in the air reacts with the element).


title: Bluey (2018 TV series)

text: Bluey is an Australian animated series. The first episode aired on October 1, 2018. The series is available on ABC Kids in Australia. It is distributed by BBC Studios worldwide. In the United States it is broadcast on Disney Junior and Disney+.


title: Bluey (2018 TV series)

text: The series is about an imaginative and cheerful Australian Cattle Dog (blue heeler) called Bluey, with her sister Bingo and her parents. The rest of the characters are different species of dog. Nana, Bob, Rad, Stripe, Trixie, Muffin, and Socks are also Heelers.


title: Bluey (2018 TV series)

text: The series has a high audience in Australia on television and on online platforms, It won many awards. These include a Logie and International Emmy Award.


title: Bluey (2018 TV series)

text: All of the children's voices are done by American voice actresses who also worked on English dubs of anime and the children of the people who make the series. Famous celebrities have also voiced characters, like Anthony Field and Lin-Manuel Miranda.


title: Fathima Beevi

text: M. Fathima Beevi (born 30 April 1927) is an Indian lawyer and politician. She was a Judge of the Supreme Court of India. In 1989, she became the first female judge to be a part of the Supreme Court of India,


title: Fathima Beevi

text: She was a member of the National Human Rights Commission and later as the Governor of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu from 1997 to 2001.


title: Kenny Rogers

text: Kenny Rogers (August 21, 1938 – March 20, 2020) was a Grammy Award-winning American singer and songwriter. His best known songs include "The Gambler" and "Lucille". He acted in several movies and television series. He owned a franchise of roast chicken restaurants called "Kenny Rogers Roasters".


title: Kenny Rogers

text: On March 20, 2020, Rogers died under hospice care in Sandy Springs, Georgia from natural causes at age 81.


title: Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

text: The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (RRHOF), sometimes simply referred to as the Rock Hall, is a museum in Cleveland, Ohio, United States, which has information on the history of some of the best-known and most influential artists, producers, and other people who have in some major way influenced the music industry, mostly in the area of rock music.


title: Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

text: The first group of musicians, added on January 23, 1986, were Chuck Berry, James Brown, Ray Charles, Sam Cooke, Fats Domino, the Everly Brothers, Buddy Holly, Jerry Lee Lewis, Little Richard, and Elvis Presley.


title: AllMovie

text: AllMovie is a commercial database with information about movie stars, movies and television shows. It was started by Michael Erlewine, who also started AllMusic and AllGame.


title: Deep Web

text: The Deep Web is the part of the World Wide Web you can not search on common search websites such as Google. The part you can search is called the Surface Web. The first person who used the term "Deep Web" was Mike Bergman, a computer scientist, in the year 2000.


title: Deep Web

text: Some people think that "darknet" and "Dark Web" are the same thing as Deep Web, but they are not. Let's explain what they mean:


title: Deep Web

text: In common networks, the Internet Protocols (IPs) of all users are in most cases visible. The Internet Protocol is an important information that reveals, among other things, the location where the user is accessing the Internet from. In darknets, the IPs are hidden, invisible or very difficult to find. This makes many people access darknets because they do not want the others to know this information about them, such as where they are. In other words, they access darknets to have privacy.


title: Deep Web

text: There are many reasons people want privacy in the Internet. One of them is to do things forbidden by governments, such as piracy (which means sharing files protected by copyright laws).


title: Algal bloom

text: An algal bloom is an accumulation of algae (typically microscopic) or a rapid increase in their amount in a body of water. Algal blooms may occur in fresh water as well as salt water. Algal bloom concentrations may reach millions of cells per milliliter of water. Algal blooms are often green, but they can also be other colors such as yellow-brown or red, depending on the species of algae. So-called algal blooms are often caused by Cyanobacteria such as "Aphanizomenon flosaquae", which are no longer considered to be algae. Some kinds of algal blooms, such as red tides, are poisonous.


title: Algal bloom

text: Algal blooms are often caused by eutrophication. Eutrophication occurs when abnormal amount of nutrients, especially phosphorous and nitrogen, enter a body of water. Algal blooms are a big problem to ecosystems because, like any sudden unnatural growth, it harms the other animals in that ecosystem, usually decreasing their numbers quickly. The abundance of algae in algal blooms causes layers of algae that are unable to get sunlight, and this causes the algae to die and start to decompose. The top layers of algae is able to photosynthesize and continue living. The lack of nutrients and dissolved oxygen in the water inhibits other life. Fish become unable to breathe and other aquatic vegetation cannot photosynthesize. All the organisms in the water start to die and decompose. The decomposition of the dead organisms use up most of the remaining dissolved oxygen in the water. Without a sufficient amount of nutrients and dissolved oxygen all living organisms in the water die which leads to a dead zone.


title: HoYeon Jung

text: She is a model and worked with Burberry, Jacquemus, Roberto Cavalli, Gucci and others. She walked in Seoul Fashion Week and New York Fashion Week shows.


title: Ronnie Spector

text: Veronica Yvette Spector ("née" Bennett; August 10, 1943 – January 12, 2022), known as Ronnie Spector, was an American singer who was the lead singer of the group the Ronettes. She was in this group with her sister Estelle Bennett and their cousin Nedra Talley.


title: Ronnie Spector

text: Spector married music producer Phil Spector in 1968. They adopted three children together. Ronnie said "The more kids I got, the further I was in that mansion and I never got out until I ran out and escaped". She also said that her mother helped her escape from Phil Spector in 1972, saying "I knew that if I didn't leave I was going to die there". She said that Phil had abused her for many years and did not allow her to leave or perform. He also had guard dogs and barbed wire around the house. Phil later murdered Lana Clarkson in 2003, and was jailed in 2009.


title: Ronnie Spector

text: Spector married Johnathon Greenfield in 1982. They lived in Danbury, Connecticut with their two sons, Austin Drew and Jason Charles.


title: New Apostolic Church

text: The New Apostolic Church (NAC) is a Christian denomination. It divided from the Catholic Apostolic Church by the 1863 Schism of Hamburg. The church has congregations in all around the world and about 10 million members worldwide. The international head quarter of the New Apostolic Church is located in Zurich (Switzerland).


title: New Apostolic Church

text: Charity and the Second Coming of Christ are the main ideas of the New Apostolic Church. Most of its ideas are related to mainstream Christianity. It also has a liturgy similar to Protestantism and it is organized like the Roman Catholic Church.


title: Ugo Ehiogu

text: Ugochuku Ehiogu (; 3 November 1972 – 21 April 2017) was an English professional footballer who played as a centre back from 1989 to 2009. He was the coach of the Tottenham Hotspur U23 team until his death in April 2017.


title: Ugo Ehiogu

text: He played in the Premier League with Aston Villa and Middlesbrough. He also played in the Football League for West Bromwich Albion, Leeds United and Sheffield United, as well as a spell in the Scottish Premier League with Rangers.


title: Ugo Ehiogu

text: Ehiogu won two Football League Cups, with Aston Villa in 1996 and then with Middlesbrough in 2004. Ehiogu was an England international, with a record of 4 caps and 1 goal.


title: Ugo Ehiogu

text: In 1993, playing for the England under-21 team, he became the first black player to captain an England team in a competitive match. In 2012, he came out of brief retirement by signing for non-league side Wembley to participate in the club's FA Cup games alongside other retired veteran players.


title: Ugo Ehiogu

text: Ehiogu died on 21 April 2017 after suffering a cardiac arrest at Tottenham Hotspur's training ground in London, aged 44.


title: Bill Potts

text: Bill Potts (Played by Pearl Mackie) is a fictional character on the British television franchise ‘Doctor Who’.


title: Bill Potts

text: She was first shown as the new companion during a football game in 2016. Her first full episode was in Series 10 Episode 1: The Pilot.


title: Bill Potts

text: The Character was last seen in the 2017 Christmas Special ‘Twice Upon a Time’ featuring alongside Peter Capaldi, David Bradley and Mark Gatiss with cameos from Jenna Coleman as Clara Oswald and Matt Lucas as Nardole. Some fans refer to ‘The Doctor Falls’ as the Character’s last episode due to some wibbily wobbly timey wimey stuff.


title: Survival sex

text: People who are very poor and who cannot even cover their basic needs, such as getting a place where they live, or food, sometimes trade sexual intercourse to cover these needs. This practice is called survival sex. The term is used by sex trade, poverty researchers, and aid workers. Very often, people who engage in survival sex are homeless. Sometimes, survival sex is used to get illegal drugs.


title: Survival sex

text: Survival sex is common throughout the world. It has been studied in many countries including the United States, Canada, Mexico, the Philippines, Thailand, New Zealand, Colombia, Kenya, Uganda, and South Africa.


title: Survival sex

text: Researchers estimate that of homeless youth in North America, one in three has engaged in survival sex. In one study of homeless youth in Los Angeles, about one-third of females and half of males said they had engaged in survival sex. People who have been homeless for a longer time, who have become victims, or who have become criminals are more likely to engage in survival sex. This is also true for people who have attempted suicide, who are pregnant, or those who have a STI.


title: Survival sex

text: Survival sex is common in refugee camps. In Uganda, 1.4 million civilians have been displaced by conflicts between Ugandan government forces and the militant Lord's Resistance Army. Many of them live in refugee camps in northern Uganda. Human Rights Watch reported in 2005 that displaced women and girls in these camps were engaging in survival sex with other camp residents, local defense personnel, and Ugandan government soldiers.


title: Benazir Bhutto

text: Bhutto was the first woman elected to lead a Muslim state. She was elected Prime Minister of Pakistan two times. She was sworn in for the first time in 1988 but removed from office 20 months later under orders of then-president Ghulam Ishaq Khan on a belief that she was corrupt. In 1993 Bhutto was re-elected but was again removed in 1996 on similar charges, this time by President Farooq Leghari.


title: Benazir Bhutto

text: On December 27, 2007, Bhutto was killed while getting into a vehicle to leave a political meeting for the Pakistan Peoples Party in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. An assassin shot her in the neck and chest before detonating an explosive vest. This killed about 30 people and wounded many others. She is called Shaheed-e-Jamhuriat (Martyr of Democracy) by her fans.


title: Dietary supplement

text: A dietary supplement (or food supplement or nutritional supplement) is anything taken by mouth which helps enhance food that a person or animal eats. It can be in pill, powder, or a liquid form.


title: Dietary supplement

text: The supplement provides nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, fiber, fatty acids, or amino acids. People may want to take supplements because they may not have enough nutrients in their body or may want to get more healthier. Some countries define supplements as food. Others define them as drugs or natural health products.


title: Dietary supplement

text: Bodybuilding supplements are dietary supplements for those involved in bodybuilding and athletics. These supplements can help with weight gain or weight loss, or to improve their performance.


title: Platinum Range

text: The Platinum Range is a Sony PlayStation chain. It includes PlayStation, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable video games that have been successful in PAL countries. Other chains from Sony include the Greatest Hits for North America and The Best for Japan.


title: Platinum Range

text: To become a Platinum release it was required that a game must sell over 400,000 copies worldwide within a year. For PSP, not only Platinum Range exist. There are also PSP Essentials. The first PS3 titles were released on August 1, 2008.


title: Meta-Wiki

text: Meta Wiki (or Wikimedia Meta or simply Meta) is a wiki which holds information for all Wikimedia projects. Wikipedia has an interwiki link to Meta using m:.


title: Chiapas

text: Chiapas is the southernmost state of Mexico. It is towards the southeast of the country. Chiapas is bordered by the states of Tabasco to the north, Veracruz to the northwest, and Oaxaca to the west. To the east Chiapas borders Guatemala, and to the south the Pacific Ocean.


title: Chiapas

text: In general Chiapas has a humid, tropical weather. In the north, in the area bordering Tabasco, near Teapa, rainfall can be more than 3,000 mm (118 in) per year . In the past, natural vegetation at this region was lowland, tall perennial rainforest, but this vegetation has been destroyed almost completely to give way to agriculture and ranching. Rainfall decreases moving towards the Pacific Ocean, but it is still abundant enough to allow the farming of bananas and many other tropical crops near Tapachula. On the several parallel "sierras" or mountain ranges running along the center of Chiapas, climate can be quite temperate and foggy. This allows the development of cloud forests like those of the Reserva de la Biosfera el Triunfo, home to a handful of quetzals and horned guans.


title: Chiapas

text: The state capital is Tuxtla Gutiérrez. Other cities and towns in Chiapas include San Cristóbal de las Casas, Comitán, and Tapachula. Chiapas is also home to the ancient Maya ruins of Palenque, Yaxchilan, Bonampak, Chinkultic, and Tonina.


title: Chiapas

text: Most people in Chiapas are poor, rural small farmers. About one quarter of the population are of full or predominant Maya descent, and in rural areas many do not speak Spanish. The state suffers from the highest rate of malnutrition in Mexico. This rate is estimated to affect over 40% of the population.


title: Chiapas

text: Other social issues involve the increasing presence of the Central American gangs known as Maras, and illegal immigration from Central America in general. This migration is mostly directed towards the United States, but it makes local poverty even worse. Many times, there are abuse and Human Rights violations that touch these migrants.


title: Chiapas

text: In 1994, there was an outbreak of violence between the Mexican Government and the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (the EZLN or Zapatistas). Today, the EZLN (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, named in honour of Emiliano Zapata) has rejected the use of force and seek to be recognized as a voice of the poor. There are currently 32 "rebel autonomous zapatista municipalities" (independent Zapatista communities, MAREZ in Spanish), controlled by the EZLN in Chiapas: examples of these communities are Ocosingo and Las Margaritas.


title: San Joaquin River

text: The San Joaquin River is one of the two major rivers of California, in the United States. At long, it is the second longest river in California, after the Sacramento River. It begins on the west Sierra Nevada Mountains and flows west and north to its end at San Francisco Bay, at the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.


title: San Joaquin River

text: Its basin, which is about 32,000 square miles (82,879 square kilometers) in size, contains mostly farmland. The river provides drinking water to over 22 million California citizens. Its three largest tributaries are the Merced, Tuolumne, and Stanislaus rivers.


title: San Joaquin River

text: The river was once one of the richest river ecosystems in California. However, now over of the river is dry except during floods, because lots of water has been taken away for irrigation. In fact, below Friant Dam, a dam built in the 1940s on the San Joaquin River, 95 percent of the river's flow is dry. Much of the river is polluted, destroying the historic population of chinook salmon, once the southernmost in the United States. Pesticides, selenium, and many more toxic materials are carried by the San Joaquin into San Francisco Bay.


title: San Joaquin River

text: Now, one of the largest projects in the American West has been begun to restore the San Joaquin River. On September 13, 2006, the Natural Resources Defense Council signed an agreement with Friant Dam users and the United States Department of the Interior. This agreement would restore the San Joaquin River below the dam, reducing pollution.


title: San Joaquin River

text: Three forks of the San Joaquin River join to form the San Joaquin River at two places, called "Balloon Dome" and "Junction Butte".


title: San Joaquin River

text: The river continues west into the Central Valley of California, and is joined by many other rivers flowing off the Sierra Nevada mountains. The most largest of these are the Stanislaus River, Tuolumne River, and Merced River. The Tuolumne and Merced river both flow out of Yosemite National Park.


title: San Joaquin River

text: The San Joaquin River eventually meets the Sacramento River, forming the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. This is one of the biggest estuaries in the United States. It is near the city of Antioch. At this place, the San Joaquin River splits into two rivers: the "Old River" and the "Middle River". The Old River sometimes confuses fish to go down its channel. As a result, a wall is built between the San Joaquin River and the Old River.


title: San Joaquin River

text: Before humans began to develop the Central Valley in the 1850s, the San Joaquin River and its surrounding lands were one of the richest biological habitats in California. In winter, the river would flood the valley, leaving behind wetlands. These wetlands became rich habitat for birds and other animals. The habitat of the endangered "San Joaquin Kit Fox" and the "riparian brush rabbit" also was near the San Joaquin River.


title: San Joaquin River

text: In 1942, a big dam, Friant Dam, was built on the San Joaquin River. This dam took away a lot of water from the river, to irrigate crops, provide drinking water, and provide electricity. The dam destroyed the salmon habitat in the river, and also destroyed the creation of these wetlands.


title: San Joaquin River

text: The San Joaquin River has been used a lot for shipping of products via boats and ships, otherwise known as navigation. The river was first used for navigation during the California Gold Rush of 1849. Boats carried people over up the river to look for gold in the mountains. Now, there is a channel that runs all the way upriver to the city of Stockton. This channel allows big ships to sail in the river up to this point. Sediment, however, has clogged a lot of the river channel above this point, preventing big ships from going any farther.


title: Neurotransmitter

text: Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers. They send information between neurons by crossing a synapse. Electrical signals are not able to cross the gap between most neurons. They are changed into chemical signals to cross the gap. Neurotransmitters act mostly on chemical synapses. Once they reach the next neuron they are absorbed. The neuron then changes this chemical signal back into an electrical signal called an action potential. The action potential passes across the next neuron and to the next synapse.


title: Neurotransmitter

text: Many neurotransmitters are made from amino acids, which are part of your diet and it takes only a few steps to convert them. Neurotransmitters play a major role in shaping everyday life and functions. Scientists do not yet know exactly how many neurotransmitters exist, but more than 100 chemical messengers have been identified.


title: Neurotransmitter

text: Each neurotransmitter has a different function. For example: dopamine is used in reward and pleasure and noradrenaline is used in an animal's "fight or flight" response. Neurotransmitters also regulate the passing of messages. This is because an action potential must be a certain strength before the neurotransmitters are released. The strength required to release the neurotransmitter is called a threshold.


title: Neurotransmitter

text: The most common transmitter is glutamate, which is excitatory at well over 90% of the synapses in the human brain. The next most prevalent is called GABA, which inhibits at more than 90% of the synapses that do not use glutamate.


title: Neurotransmitter

text: Neurotransmitters are transported within neurons by small "sacks" called vesicles. When these vesciles come into contact with the neuron's cell membrane, it opens. This releases the neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.


title: Neurotransmitter

text: Until the early 20th century, scientists assumed that the majority of synaptic communication in the brain was electrical. However, through the careful histological examinations by Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934), a 20 to 40 nm gap between neurons, known today as the synaptic cleft, was discovered. The presence of the gap suggested chemical messengers moved across the synaptic cleft. In 1921 German pharmacologist Otto Loewi (1873–1961) confirmed that neurons can communicate by releasing chemicals. By experiments involving the vagus nerves of frogs, Loewi was able to slow the heart rate of frogs by controlling the amount of saline solution present around the vagus nerve.


title: Neurotransmitter

text: Loewi asserted that sympathetic regulation of cardiac function can be mediated through changes in chemical concentrations. Otto Loewi also discovered acetylcholine (ACh)—the first known neurotransmitter. Some neurons do, however, communicate by electrical synapses through the use of gap junctions, which allow specific ions to pass directly from one cell to another.


title: Syllogism

text: A syllogism is a deduction. It is a kind of logical argument in which one proposition (the "conclusion") is inferred from two or more others (the premises). The idea is an invention of Aristotle.


title: Syllogism

text: In the "Prior Analytics", Aristotle defines the syllogism as "a discourse in which, certain things having been supposed, something different from the things supposed results of necessity because these things are so". (24b18–20)


title: Syllogism

text: Each proposition must have some form of the verb 'to be' in it. A categorical syllogism is like a little machine built of three parts: the major premise, the minor premise and the conclusion. Each of these parts is a proposition and, from the first two, the "truth value" of the third part is decided.


title: Syllogism

text: Each of the three distinct terms represents a category. In the above example, "men," "mortal," and "Greeks." "Mortal" is the major term; "Greeks", the minor term. The premises also have one term in common with each other, which is known as the "middle term"; in this example, "man." Both of the premises are universal, as is the conclusion.


title: Syllogism

text: Here, the major term is "die", the minor term is "men," and the middle term is "mortals". The major premise is universal; the minor premise and the conclusion are particular. Aristotle studied different syllogisms and identified valid syllogisms as syllogisms with conclusion true if both premises are true. The examples above are valid syllogisms.


title: Syllogism

text: A sorites is a form of argument in which a series of incomplete syllogisms is so arranged that the predicate of each premise forms the subject of the next until the subject of the first is joined with the predicate of the last in the conclusion. For example, if one argues that a given number of grains of sand does not make a heap and that an additional grain does not either, then to conclude that no additional amount of sand will make a heap is to construct a sorites argument.


title: Syllogism

text: The syllogism was replaced by first order logic after the work of Gottlob Frege, published in 1879. This logic is suitable for mathematics, computers, linguistics and other subjects, because it uses numbers (quantified variables) instead of sentences.


title: Thermal expansion

text: In physics, thermal expansion is the likelihood of matter to change in volume in response to a change in temperature. When a substance is heated, its basic particles move around more quickly and by doing so generally maintain a greater average separation. Materials that contract with an increase in temperature are very uncommon; this effect is limited in size, and only occurs within limited temperature ranges. The degree of expansion divided by the change in temperature is called the material's coefficient of thermal expansion and generally varies with temperature.


title: Thermal expansion

text: Thermometers are an example of using thermal expansion. They contain a liquid which can only move in one direction (along the tube) when volume changes along with temperature.


title: Thermal expansion

text: Thermal expansion can become a problem for trains because it can cause the rails to buckle. On the rails they will have monitors so that if it does get abnormally high in temperature they can be warned and trains could be told to slow down to reduce the heat of friction. Sometimes on the inner parts of the rails they will be painted white to reflect the sun's hot rays so that it won't cause buckling.


title: Nautilus

text: Nautilus is the common name for cephalopods of the family Nautilidae. They are the only living members of the subclass Nautiloidea. In appearance, they have not changed much in millions of years. The term "chambered nautilus" is also used for any species of the Nautilidae.


title: Nautilus

text: Many biologists see them as 'living fossils', because they are the only living descendents of the group which gave rise to the ammonites in the Palaeozoic era.


title: Nautilus

text: Today, there are six living species in two genera. The species "Nautilus pompilius", from Western Australia is the largest and best known. It get up to 27 cm in diameter. However, most other nautiluses never exceed 20 cm. The Bellybutton nautilus, "Nautilus macromphalus", is the smallest species, usually measuring only 16 cm.


title: Nautilus

text: Nautiluses are the only cephalopods who have an external shell. This is an ancestral or basal, feature. The animal can withdraw completely into its shell. It can the close the opening with a leathery hood formed from two specially folded tentacles. The shell is coiled and calcareous, with mother-of-pearl lining. It is pressure resistant, but will implode at a depth of about 800 m. The nautilus shell is made of two layers: the outer layer is a dull white, while the inner layer is a striking white with iridescence. The innermost portion of the shell is pearlescent, blue-gray. A osmena pearl is not a pearl, but a jewellery product got from this part of the shell.


title: Nautilus

text: The shell is internally divided into chambers. All the walls between chambers ('septa') are pierced in the middle by a duct, the siphuncle. Through this the animal can change the air pressure in the chambers. As the nautilus matures its body moves forward, sealing each chamber in turn with a new "septum" (wall). The last fully open chamber, the largest one, is used as the living chamber. The number of chambers increases from around four at the moment of hatching to thirty or more in adults.


title: Nautilus

text: The shell colour keeps the animal hidden in the water. When seen from the top, the shell is darker in color and marked with irregular stripes, which makes it blend into the darkness of the water below. The underside is almost completely white, making the animal indistinguishable from brighter waters near the ocean surface. This mode of camouflage is called "countershading".


title: Nautilus

text: In order to swim, the nautilus draws water into and out of the living chamber and makes use of jet propulsion. When water is inside the chamber, the siphuncle extracts salt from it and diffuses it into the blood. When water is pumped out, the animal adjusts its buoyancy with the gas contained in the chamber. Buoyancy can be controlled by the pumping of gas and fluid into or from the chambers using the siphuncle. The control of buoyancy like this limits the nautilus; they cannot operate under extreme pressure.


title: Nautilus

text: In the wild, nautilus usually lives in depths of about 300 m, rising to around 100 m at night for feeding, mating and egg laying. The shell of the nautilus cannot withstand depths greater than approximately 800 m.


title: Nautilus

text: Nautiluses are predators and feed mainly on shrimp, small fish and crustaceans, which are captured by the tentacles. However, due to the very little energy they devote to swimming, they need only eat once a month. Unlike other cephalopods, they do not have good vision; their eye structure is highly developed but lacks a solid lens. They have a simple "pinhole" lens through which water can pass. Instead of vision, the animal is thought to use olfaction as the primary sensory means during foraging, locating or identifying potential mates.


title: Nautilus

text: Fossil records indicate that nautiloids have not changed much (at least in their body form) for the last 500 million years. Nautiloids were much more common and varied 200 million years ago. Many of the early ones were straight-shelled, as in the extinct genus "Lituites". They developed in the Cambrian and became a significant sea predator in the Ordovician period. Some species reached over 2.5 meters in size. The other cephalopod subclass, Coleoidea, diverged from the Nautilidae long ago and the nautilus has remained relatively unchanged since. Extinct relatives of the nautilus include ammonites, which were very important for many millions of years. Other groups were the baculites and goniatites.


title: Nautilus

text: Nautiluses are sexually dimorphic and reproduce by laying eggs. Attached to rocks in shallow waters, the eggs take twelve months to develop before hatching out at around 30 mm long. Females spawn once per year and regenerate their gonads, making nautiluses the only cephalopods to repeat reproduction. The lifespan of nautiluses is about 20 years, which is exceptionally long for a cephalopod.


title: Nautilus

text: Nautiluses are only found in the tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans, from 30° N to 30° S latitude and 90° to 185° W longitude. They live on the deep slopes of coral reefs.


title: Sudden infant death syndrome

text: Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the sudden and unexpected death of a human baby which is unexplained even after an autopsy and investigation. SIDS is sometimes referred to as cot death or crib death.


title: Sudden infant death syndrome

text: The name is only applied to cases where the baby is less than one year old. By definition, SIDS deaths occur under the age of one year. Most happen when the infant is 2 to 4 months of age. This is a critical period because the infant's ability to arouse from sleep is not yet mature. SIDS is defined as a syndrome.


title: Sudden infant death syndrome

text: Babies are at the highest risk for SIDS during their sleep. Male infants die more often than female infants; about 60% of the cases are male infants. Infants also die more often during winter months.


title: Sudden infant death syndrome

text: Infanticide and child abuse cases may be misdiagnosed as SIDS due to lack of evidence. and caretakers of infants with SIDS are sometimes falsely accused. Accidental suffocations are also sometimes misdiagnosed as SIDS and "vice versa". Grief support for families affected by SIDS is particularly important. The death of the infant is typically sudden, without witnesses, and requires an investigation.


title: Sudden infant death syndrome

text: A broader term, “sudden and unexpected infant death” (SUID) is used to describe "all such deaths, regardless of cause". Cases of SUID that remain unexplained after a complete autopsy and review of the circumstances of death and clinical history are classified as SIDS. Thus, SIDS is one of the causes of SUID and accounts for 80% of such deaths.


title: Sudden infant death syndrome

text: Not every infant who has one of these risk factors dies from SIDS. Risk factors just make it more likely for a baby to have SIDS.


title: Sudden infant death syndrome

text: SIDS happens more in infants of mothers who smoke while they are pregnant. The higher the levels of nicotine in the infant's blood, the higher the risk of SIDS. Nicotine causes important changes in the way a fetus develops during pregnancy, which have been linked to SIDS as well as miscarriages.


title: Sudden infant death syndrome

text: Infants who are put to sleep on their stomachs or sides are more likely to die of SIDS. This risk is highest in infants who are two to three months old. The "Back to Sleep" movement has encouraged parents to put their infants to sleep on their backs to prevent SIDS.


title: Sudden infant death syndrome

text: Some researchers think these things can make it difficult for infants to control their body temperature, making them unable to control their breathing.


title: Sudden infant death syndrome

text: Infants are more likely to die of SIDS if they share a bed with parents or older children. This risk is highest:


title: Sudden infant death syndrome

text: The American Academy of Pediatrics says that if parents share a room with an infant without sharing a bed, they can cut their infant's risk of SIDS in half.


title: Sudden infant death syndrome

text: Infants who are breastfed are less likely to die of SIDS. The more an infant has been breastfed, the less likely they are to die of SIDS.


title: Sudden infant death syndrome

text: SIDS is less likely to happen in infants of older mothers. Infants of teenage mothers are at the highest risk.


title: Sudden infant death syndrome

text: SIDS only happens at certain ages. The risk of SIDS is highest in infants from two to four months old. After the infant reaches one year old, the risk decreases and eventually reaches zero.


title: Sudden infant death syndrome

text: Genetics affect the risk of SIDS. Baby boys have about a 50% higher risk of SIDS than baby girls. Scientists think this might be because of an allele that exists on the X chromosome. They think this allele helps protect against episodes where the brain does not get enough oxygen (transient cerebral anoxia). Baby boys would be more likely to be missing this allele.


title: Sudden infant death syndrome

text: Scientists think that about 10 to 20% of SIDS cases are caused by inherited defects in the ion channels that help the heart squeeze out blood.


title: Sudden infant death syndrome

text: The risk of SIDS seems to be affected by things like how much education an infant's mother got, race, ethnicity, and poverty.


title: Sudden infant death syndrome

text: Vaccinations do not increase the risk of SIDS. Most studies have shown that getting vaccinations cuts an infant's risk of a SIDS death in half.


title: Sudden infant death syndrome

text: SIDS may be more common in babies with "Staphylococcus aureus" or "Escherichia coli" ("E. coli") infections, but scientists are not sure.


title: Sudden infant death syndrome

text: Putting infants to sleep on their backs can help prevent SIDS. The number of SIDS deaths has fallen in countries where this is commonly done. Also, if parents share a room with their infant but do not share a bed, they can cut their baby's risk of SIDS in half.


title: Sudden infant death syndrome

text: Parents can help prevent SIDS by not using pillows, very soft mattresses, stuffed animals, or fluffy blankets in their infant's crib. Dressing the infant warmly and keeping the crib "naked" lowers the risk of SIDS.


title: Sudden infant death syndrome

text: If an infant has a blanket in the crib, they should be covered only up to their chest, with their arms left outside the blanket. This makes it harder for the infant to move the blanket over their head, which could cause breathing problems.


title: Sudden infant death syndrome

text: In colder places where infants need help staying warm, the American Academy of Pediatrics suggests using a "sleep sack." This is like a sleeping bag for a baby, but with holes for the baby's arms and head. The bag is closed around the baby with a zipper. This helps keep the baby warm without covering their head. Sleep sacks are especially helpful for babies with low birth weight, who have more trouble keeping themselves warm.


title: Sudden infant death syndrome

text: Many studies have shown that vaccines normally given to infants help prevent SIDS. For example, one very large research study showed that giving infants vaccines for diptheria, tetanus, and pertussis helps prevent SIDS.


title: Ron Simmons

text: Ronald "Ron" Simmons (born May 15, 1958) is an American retired professional wrestler and American football player. He competed under his real name and the ring names Faarooq Asaad and Faarooq. He is currently signed to the WWE under a Legends program.


title: Ron Simmons

text: He competed in the National Wrestling Association (NWA), World Championship Wrestling (WCW), Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) and World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment (WWF/E). During his time in WCW, he became the first African American to win the World Heavyweight Championship when he defeated Big Van Vader on August 2, 1992. In the WWF, he is known for being one-half of the Acolytes Protection Agency along with Bradshaw and was also a member of The Nation of Domination. He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by Bradshaw in 2012.


title: Ron Simmons

text: Simmons played college football at Florida State University. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2008. He played one season in the National Football League (NFL) with the Cleveland Browns and one season in the Canadian Football League (CFL) with the Ottawa Rough Riders.


title: Bilbao

text: Bilbao is a city in the Basque Country, in the North of Spain. There are 350,000 people living in Bilbao.


title: Bilbao

text: In Bilbao is the Nervión river, which ends in the Bay of Biscay. Bilbao has an oceanic climate ("Cfb" in the Köppen climate classification).


title: Bilbao

text: Bilbao was an industrial city, but today it is a tourist city. There are many things to see in Bilbao:


title: Cagliari

text: Cagliari () is a city in the region of Sardinia in Italy. It is also the capital of the "Province of Cagliari". Cagliari has one of the biggest ports in the Mediterranea Sea and an international airport.


title: Cagliari

text: There are 149,575 people living in the city. With an area of , its population density is of inhabitants/km². It is bordered by the "comuni" of Assemini, Capoterra, Elmas, Monserrato, Quartu Sant'Elena, Quartucciu, Selargius and Sestu.


title: Cagliari

text: It is also the seat of the University of Cagliari from 1607 and the Primate Roman Catholic archdiocese of Sardinia, from the 5th century AD.


title: Cagliari

text: The urban area of Cagliari, with a total area of , has a total population of about 420,000 inhabitants, of which 36.57% of them are in the city of Cagliari.


title: Library of Congress

text: The Library of Congress is the "de facto" national library of the United States and the research arm of the United States Congress.


title: Library of Congress

text: The primary function of the Library of Congress is to serve the Congress. The Library welcomes public use of its general reference facilities and endeavors to offer the widest possible use of its collections consistent with their preservation and with its obligation to serve the Congress and other government agencies.The Library of Congress is the largest library in the world, with millions of books, recordings, photographs, newspapers, maps and manuscripts in its collections. The Library is the main research arm of the U.S. Congress and the home of the U.S. Copyright Office.Libraries are important cornerstones of a healthy community. ... College students often use the library when they are home for the weekend or for holidays. And the reference resources in public libraries are usually unavailable elsewhere in the community. The library is a unique and valuable resource.


title: Troyes

text: Troyes is a commune of France. It is the capital city of the Aube department in north-central France. It is on the Seine river about southeast of Paris. It was briefly the capital of France in the early 15th century.


title: Troyes

text: In 1417, the Duke of Burgandy and Isabeau of Bavaria, wife of Charles VI of France, planned to establish the capital of France at Troyes. This included a court, council, and parliament with comptroller's offices.


title: Antoninus Pius

text: Antoninus Pius (Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus, 19 September 86 – 7 March 161), or simply Antoninus, was Roman Emperor from 138 to 161.


title: Antoninus Pius

text: As a private citizen between 110 and 115, he married Annia Galeria Faustina the Elder. They are believed to have enjoyed a happy marriage.Faustina was a beautiful woman, renowned for her wisdom. She spent her whole life caring for the poor and assisting the most disadvantaged Romans.


title: Antoninus Pius

text: Faustina bore Antoninus four children, two sons and two daughters. They included Faustina the Younger, a future Roman Empress, who married her maternal cousin, future Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius.


title: Antoninus Pius

text: When Faustina died in 141, Antoninus was greatly bereaved and had a temple built in the Roman Forum in her name, had coins with her portrait struck in her honor, and created a charity called "Girls of Faustina", which assisted orphaned girls.


title: Antoninus Pius

text: Having filled with success the offices of quaestor and praetor, he was consul in 120. He was appointed by Hadrian as one of the four proconsuls to administer Italia, then Asia. The Emperor Hadrian adopted him as his son and successor on 25 February 138, after the death of his first adopted son Lucius Aelius. The condition was that Antoninus would in turn adopt Marcus Annius Verus, the son of his wife's brother, and Lucius, son of Aelius Verus, who afterwards became the emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus


title: Antoninus Pius

text: There are no records of any military related acts in his time. One modern scholar has written "It is almost certain not only that at no time in his life did he ever see, let alone command, a Roman army, but that, throughout the twenty-three years of his reign, he never went within five hundred miles of a legion". His reign was the most peaceful in the entire history of the Principate.


title: Antoninus Pius

text: Unrest in Britannia is believed to have led to the construction of the Antonine Wall from the Firth of Forth to the Firth of Clyde, although it was soon abandoned.


title: Antoninus Pius

text: He was virtually unique among emperors in that he dealt with crises without leaving Italy once during his reign. He dealt with provincial matters through their governors or through imperial letters to the cities such as Ephesus (of which some were publicly displayed). This style of government was highly praised by his contemporaries and by later generations.


title: Antoninus Pius

text: Those twenty-two years were not remarkably eventful in comparison to those before and after his reign. We might think that he wisely cut the activities of the Roman Empire to a careful minimum. Perhaps he was uninterested in events away from Rome, and his inaction contributed to the troubles which faced Marcus Aurelius and other emperors of the third century.


title: Antoninus Pius

text: German historian Ernst Kornemann, in his "Römische Geschichte" (roman history) [2 vols., ed. by H. Bengtson, Stuttgart 1954], said that the reign of Antoninus comprised "a succession of grossly wasted opportunities", given the upheavals that were to come. There is more to this argument, given that the Parthians in the East were themselves soon to make no small amount of mischief after Antoninus' passing. Kornemann's brief is that Antoninus might have waged preventive wars to head off these outsiders.


title: Antoninus Pius

text: After the longest reign since Augustus (surpassing Tiberius by a couple of months), Antoninus died of fever about twelve miles (19 km) from Rome, on 7 March 161. The last word that he uttered when the tribune of the night-watch came to ask the password was "aequanimitas" (equanimity).


title: WALL-E

text: Wall-E is a 2008 American animated movie created by Pixar and Disney. It was released on June 27, 2008 by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures.


title: WALL-E

text: In 2805, Earth has been polluted with waste and humanity has abandoned the planet, by boarding a giant cruise ship called "Axiom". They have built hundreds of domestic robots called WALL-E, who made a piled cubes of waste in an attempt to restore the planet for the company. Seven hundred years later, one robot spends most days, cleaning the city and collecting essential properties, before finding a surviving plant hidden in a refrigerator.


title: WALL-E

text: A rocket appears and assigns EVE to investigate the city. WALL-E meets and invites EVE into his home. He shows the "Hello Dolly" movie on a videocassette recorder. When WALL-E shows a plant for EVE, she takes it and becomes deactivated. The same rocket appears on Earth, takes EVE and returns to outer space, with WALL-E following it.


title: WALL-E

text: As the rocket returns to the ship, WALL-E notices that all humans had gained weight and lost some bones, while sitting on each chairs, and every robots serve them. The AUTO and Captain McCrea examine EVE's body in the main dock, only to find the plant gone.


title: WALL-E

text: When WALL-E inadvertently destroys the security system at the repair ward, he and EVE escape from the hallway. EVE attempts to send WALL-E to the escape pod, but they discover that Gopher placed the plant in the pod, when he stole it from EVE. WALL-E uses a fire extinguisher to save himself and the plant, before the pod self destructs.


title: WALL-E

text: The robots return to the ship. As McCrea watches each videos EVE recorded on Earth, he realises they must return to Earth. However, AUTO refuses, revealing he stole the plant for Gopher, and its outdated secret directive no-return issued to all AUTOs by BNL inaccurately believing Earth to be to toxic to live and that humans should survive in space forever. A furious McCrea argues how the plant is proof against the directive, but AUTO and Gopher stage a treacherous mutiny: Gopher discards the plant in a waste shaft, WALL-E hides it, before he is electrocuted by AUTO and EVE is shut down, and both are sent down to the shaft, and McCrea is trapped in the room.


title: WALL-E

text: EVE wakes up and saves WALL-E from being sent into space. They help all humans and robots take control of the ship. WALL-E is able to prevent AUTO from closing the machine, despite getting crushed afterwards, and McCrea recovers and disables AUTO. After the ship returns to Earth, EVE repairs WALL-E's body. Though WALL-E cannot remember EVE, the spark makes them remember each other. The movie ends with all humans and robots restoring all life on Earth.


title: Agate

text: Agate is a kind of quartz and it is a mineral. Agate can come in many different kinds and colors. Agate deposits are primarily found in large rocks such as boulders. agates take 50 million years to form. It is characterized by colored band patterns inside various rocks. Often, agates are also accompanied by Amethyst deposits inside.


title: Dystopia

text: A dystopia is the opposite of a utopia, and can mean a utopia that has become corrupt. This can be seen in George Orwell's book "1984". and Aldous Huxley's book "Brave New World". A dystopia often has many problems, such as poverty, pollution, or a cruel ruler.


title: UTC−06:00

text: CST is standard time in the 6th time zone west of Greenwich; used in North America in some parts of Canada, Mexico and the United States.


title: Dystopia

text: A frequent theme is a place that is supposed to be a beautiful and perfect utopia, but where something unforeseen ruins it.


title: Judit Polgár

text: Judit Polgár (born 23 July 1976) is a Hungarian chess grandmaster. She is by far the strongest female chess player in history, yet she has never played in the Women's World Chess Championship. In 1991 she got the title of Grandmaster (GM) at 15 years, 4 months. She was, at that time, the youngest person to do so. Polgár is now ranked number 51 in the world, the only woman on FIDE's "Top 100 Players" list; she has been ranked as high as eighth.


title: Mustard gas

text: Mustard gas or sulfur mustard is a chemical compound which has been used as a chemical weapon. It was used in World War I by the German Army against British and Canadian soldiers near Ypres, Belgium, in 1917. Later it was also used against the French Second Army.


title: Judit Polgár

text: Judit and her two sisters were educated at home by their father. She always preferred playing in the open events, making it clear from the start that she wanted to become the true world chess champion regardless of gender. This considerably annoyed the Hungarian Chess Federation, which had visions of winning the Women's World Championship after decades of Soviet domination. Paid substantial appearance fees by the Hungarian Chess Federation, the family did play in two female-only events. The Hungarians (nicknamed 'Polgaria') won the Women's Chess Olympiads, with a team packed with Polgárs, in 1988 and 1990. Zsuzsa, Judit, Sofia (the least strong sister) and Ildiko Madl were the team which pushed the Soviet Union into second place for the first time.


title: Mustard gas

text: Most sulfur mustards are squishy liquids with no color and no smell when they are at room temperature. When used in warfare, they have a color yellowish to brown. Some of them smell like culinary mustard (the type used for food), horseradish or garlic. They got their name from the smell, but are completely unrelated to culinary mustard.


title: Judit Polgár

text: In 1994 Judit suffered a controversial defeat at the hands of then-world champion Garry Kasparov, the highest-rated chessplayer of all time. Kasparov changed his mind after making a losing move and then made another move instead. According to chess rules, once a player has released a piece s/he cannot make a different move, so Kasparov should have been made to play his original move. However, Polgár did not challenge this because she says there were no witnesses and an arbiter was not around. She was also unaware at the time that the re-move was caught on tape by a television crew. The tournament director was criticised for not forfeiting Kasparov when the videotape evidence was made available to him.


title: Mustard gas

text: Sulfur mustard (in its form mustard gas) was synthesized by Frederick Guthrie in 1860. It may have been discovered as early as the 1820s, by M.Depretz.


title: Judit Polgár

text: In the event, Polgar has not reached the top of the game (very few do), and now is the mother of two children. Nevertheless, she has broken the gender barrier in chess: she has proved that a woman can reach the top ten. Her sister, Susan Polgar, who now lives in the U.S.A., did become Women's World Champion, and also a full Grandmaster.


title: Mustard gas

text: Its use during warfare was prohibited by the Geneva Protocol of 1925. This protocol outlawed the use of poison gas (which was widely used in the First World War). An additional agreement, the Chemical Weapons Convention, was ratified in 1993. It also outlaws the production and stockpiling of such agents. Despite these prohibitions it has been used in several wars.


title: Mustard gas

text: It is a viscous liquid at normal temperatures. The pure compound has a melting point of 14 °C (57 °F) and decomposes before boiling at 218 °C (424 °F).


title: Narcolepsy

text: Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder. It happens when the nervous system does not work properly. People with narcolepsy tend to fall asleep during the daytime, even if they do not want to. Very often, they do not sleep well at night, and during the day they fall asleep uncontrollably. There are two different forms. The classical (more common) form is the one with muscle failure (called cataplexy). There is also a less common form without cataplexy.


title: Joker (comics)

text: The Joker is a fictional character, a comic book supervillain published by DC Comics. He is an archenemy of Batman. The character's creator has been disputed between Jerry Robinson, Bill Finger, and Bob Kane, even though many believe Robinson created the character. The Joker first appeared in Batman #1 (Spring 1940).


title: Narcolepsy

text: Narcolepsy affects the way the nerves work. It is not a mental illness, or caused by psychological problems. It is estimated that between 25 and 50 people, per 100,000 suffer from narcolepsy. Very few cases are reported.


title: Joker (comics)

text: Throughout his comic book appearances, the Joker is portrayed as a master criminal whose characterization has varied from that of a violent psychopath to a goofy trickster-thief. He is the archenemy of Batman, having been directly responsible for numerous tragedies in Batman's life, including the paralysis of Barbara Gordon and the death of Jason Todd, the second Robin.


title: Narcolepsy

text: The first description was given in 1877. Jean-Baptiste Gélineau, a military doctor, first used the name narcolepsy in 1880.


title: Joker (comics)

text: The Joker possesses no superhuman abilities, instead using his expertise in chemical engineering to develop poisonous or lethal concoctions and thematic weaponry, including razor-tipped playing cards, deadly joy buzzers, and acid-spraying lapel flowers. The Joker sometimes works with other Gotham City supervillains, such as the Penguin and Two-Face, and groups like the Injustice Gang and Injustice League, but these relationships often collapse due to the Joker's desire for unbridled chaos. The 1990s introduced a romantic interest for the Joker in his former psychiatrist, Harley Quinn, who becomes his villainous sidekick. Although his primary obsession is Batman, the Joker has also fought other heroes, including Superman and Wonder Woman.


title: Narcolepsy

text: Hallucinations, sleep paralysis, and automatic behaviour can also occur in people who are not narcoleptics. This usually happens when people are very tired, and have not slept for a long time.


title: Joker (comics)

text: Throughout the character's long history, there have been several different origin tales; they most commonly depict him as falling into a vat of chemical waste, which bleaches his skin and turns his hair green and his lips bright red, giving him the appearance of a clown.


title: Narcolepsy

text: Some scientists think that narcolepsy is caused by a lack of hypocretin. Hypocretin is a chemical in the brain which wakes people up and regulates sleep. However, It is not yet known for sure what causes it. Quite a few sufferers also have another family member with the disease. This may point to the fact that some of the things that cause the disease may be passed from the parents to the children through genes.


title: Joker (comics)

text: The Joker has appeared in movies, TV series and video games; he was played by Cesar Romero, Jack Nicholson, Heath Ledger, Jared Leto, Joaquin Phoenix and Barry Keoghan in movies. On animated shows/movies he is portrayed by Mark Hamill, Richard Epcar, Kevin Michael Richardson, Larry Storch, Jeff Bennett, and John DiMaggio.


title: Narcolepsy

text: There are certain drugs that can treat the effects of narcolepsy. They can not treat the cause, since it is unknown. In general those drugs are special kinds of stimulants. General stimulants, like coffee, usually do not help. Some strategies for treatment do not rely on drugs:


title: Joker (comics)

text: Both Ledger and Phoenix won an Academy Award for their portrayal of the character, making the Joker the second character to have its actor win an Academy Award more than once.


title: Three Days Grace

text: Three Days Grace is a Canadian alternative rock band. They formed in 1992 in Norwood, Ontario as a post-grunge band and were originally called "Groundswell". There are four members in the band: Adam Gontier, Barry Stock, Neil Sanderson and Brad Walst. The band was named "Number One Rock Artist of the Year" by Billboard.


title: Three Days Grace

text: Gontier resigned from the band on January 9, 2013 due to a "non-life threatening" health issue and was replaced by My Darkest Days lead singer Matt Walst.


title: Dorothy Parker

text: Dorothy Parker (August 22, 1893 – June 7, 1967) was an American poet, short story writer, critic and satirist. She was best known for her epigrams, wit, wisecracks, and her eye for 20th century fads and conceits.


title: Dorothy Parker

text: From an unhappy childhood, Parker rose to fame, both for her writing in "The New Yorker" and as a founding member of the Algonquin Round Table. After the breakup of the circle, Parker went to Hollywood to do screenwriting. She got two Academy Award nominations for this, but her involvement in left-wing politics put her on the Hollywood blacklist in the 1950s.


title: Dorothy Parker

text: She disliked her reputation as a "wisecracker". Nevertheless, her writing and reputation for her sharp wit have endured.


title: Andy Kaufman

text: Andrew Geoffrey "Andy" Kaufman (January 17, 1949 – May 16, 1984) was an American entertainer, comedian, actor, and singer. Kaufman was known for his role as Latka Gravas in the comedy television series "Taxi" and for creating Tony Clifton, a fictional character.


title: Andy Kaufman

text: Kaufman was born in New York City to a Jewish family. He was raised in Great Neck, Long Island, New York. Kaufman studied at Grahm Junior College. He was never married and had no children.


title: Andy Kaufman

text: Kaufman died on May 16, 1984 in West Hollywood, California from a rare case of lung cancer, aged 35. He was buried at Beth David Cemetery, Elmont, New York.