title: Osman I

text: Osman was born in 1258 in Söğüt, northwestern Anatolia (today Turkey) and died on August 1st 1326 in Bursa. He managed to successfully unite the Turkish Anatolian tribes and lead conquests of Byzantine territories. By the time of his death, he had finished conquering the northwestern part of Anatolia from the Byzantine Empire. His conquests of Christian Byzantine lands gave him the title of "Gazi" therefore he is known as "Gazi Osman Bey" or "Osman Gazi".


title: Pavia

text: Pavia (; Lombard: "Pavia"; ) is a city in northern Italy. Pavia is in the Lombardy Region with 71.486 people living in it. It is a very old, historical city. It is 30 km south of Milan.


title: Pavia

text: Here, in 476, Odoacer won against Flavius Orestes after a long war. To make the city pay for helping his enemy, Odoacer completely ruined Pavia, but Orestes was able to escape to a city called Piacenza, where Odoacer followed and killed him, and removed from the throne his son Romulus Augustus. This is often thought of as the end of the Western Roman Empire.


title: Pavia

text: A late name of the city in Latin was Papia (probably related to the Pope), which developed to the Italian name Pavia. Sometimes it's called Ticinum Papia, using both Latin names.


title: Pavia

text: After the Lombards conquest, Pavia became the capital of their kingdom. During the Rule of the Dukes, it was ruled by Zaban. It continued to act as the administrative centre of the kingdom, but by the reign of Desiderius, it had fallen to a first-rate defensive work and Charlemagne took it in the Siege of Pavia (June, 774) assuming the kingship of the Lombards. Pavia remained the capital of the Italian Kingdom and the centre of royal coronations until the diminution of imperial authority there in the twelfth century.


title: Pavia

text: In the 12th century Pavia acquired the status of a self-governing commune. In the political division between Guelphs and Ghibellines that characterizes the Italian Middle Ages, Pavia was traditionally Ghibelline, a position that was as much supported by the rivalry with Milan as it was a mark of the defiance of the Emperor that led the Lombard League against the emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who was attempting to reassert long-dormant Imperial influence over Italy.


title: Pavia

text: In the time after that, Pavia was an important and busy town. Under the Treaty of Pavia, Emperor Louis IV gave the Palatinate to his brother during his stay in Italy. Pavia held out against the domination of Milan, finally yielding to the Visconti family, rulers of that city in 1359; under the Visconti Pavia became an intellectual and artistic centre, being the seat from 1361 of the University of Pavia founded around the nucleus of the old school of law, which attracted students from many countries.


title: Pavia

text: The Battle of Pavia (1525) marks a watershed in the city's fortunes, since by that time, the former cleavage between the supporters of the Pope and those of the Holy Roman Emperor had shifted to one between a French party (allied with the Pope) and a party supporting the Emperor and King of Spain Charles V. Thus during the Valois-Habsburg Italian Wars, Pavia was naturally on the Imperial (and Spanish) side. The defeat and capture of king Francis I of France during the battle ushered in a period of Spanish occupation which lasted until 1713. Pavia was then ruled by the Austrians until 1796, when it was occupied by the French army under Napoleon.


title: Pavia

text: In 1815, it again passed under Austrian administration until the Second War of Italian Independence (1859) and the unification of Italy one year later.


title: Nicholas I of Russia

text: Nicholas I (; – ) was the Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 1825 until 1855. He was the third son of Paul I.


title: Jungle cat

text: The jungle cat ("Felis chaus") is a successful and widespread wild cat. It ranges from Egypt in the west to China in the east, and it is common in India.


title: Jungle cat

text: The jungle cat is the largest remaining species of the wild cat genus "Felis". It is 20 to 37 inches in body length (50 to 97 cm), with a 8 to 12 inch tail (20 to 31 cm).


title: Jungle cat

text: True to Bergmann's rule, the felid is largest at the northern limits of its range and becomes smaller-bodied closer to the tropics.


title: Jungle cat

text: They live in savannas, tropical dry forests and reedbeds along rivers and lakes in the lowlands, but, despite the name, are not found in rainforests. Although they are adaptable animals, being found even in dry steppe, they prefer wetland environments with tall grasses or reeds in which to hide.


title: Jungle cat

text: The jungle cat lives in the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, central and Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka and in southern China. The jungle cat lives in places with lots of water and thick vegetation, such as swamps, wetlands, littoral and riparian areas, grasslands and shrub. It commonly lives in agricultural lands, such as fields of bean and sugarcane, in its range. It has often been seen near humans. It can even live in places with little vegetation. It is rare in places with lots of snow. Historical records show that it lives in altitudes of 2,310 m (7,580 ft) in the Himalayas. It does not like to live in rainforests and woodlands.


title: Jungle cat

text: In Turkey, it has been recorded in wetlands near Manavgat, in the Akyatan Lagoon on the southern coast and near Lake Eğirdir. In Palestine, it was recorded in the Nablus, Ramallah, Jericho and Jerusalem.


title: Jungle cat

text: In Iran, it lives in a lot of habitat. It lives from plains and agriculture lands to mountains at altitudes of 45 to 4,178 m (148 to 13,707 ft) in at least 23 of 31 provinces of Iran. In Pakistan, it was photographed in Haripur, Dera Ismail Khan, Sialkot Districts and Langh Lake Wildlife Sanctuary.


title: Jungle cat

text: In India, it is the most common small wild cat. In Nepal, it was recorded in alpine habitat at altitudes of 3,000–3,300 m (9,800–10,800 ft) in Annapurna Conservation Area.


title: Jungle cat

text: The jungle cat is mostly a carnivore. It likes to eat small mammals like gerbils, hares and rodents. It also hunts birds, fish, frogs, insects and small snakes. Its prey usually weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb). Sometimes, it eats mammals as large as young gazelles. The jungle cat is a partial omnivore. It eats fruits, especially in winter.


title: Jungle cat

text: The jungle cat hunts by stalking its prey. It then chases its prey. The jungle cats ears helps the jungle cat to know where its prey is. It uses different ways to catch prey. Like the caracal, the jungle cat can jump high into the air to catch birds. It is a great climber. The jungle cat can run up to 32 km/h (20 mph). It is a good swimmer. It can swim up to 1.5 km (0.93 mi) in water. It can jump into water to catch fish.


title: Mykolaiv

text: Mykolaiv (, also referred to as or Mykolayiv, Nikolaev, or Nikolayev; ) is a major city in southern Ukraine.


title: Mykolaiv

text: The city is located 65 kilometers from the Black Sea along the estuary of the Southern Buh river (where it meets the Inhul River) at around . Population 514,000 (as of 2001 Ukrainian Census).


title: Mykolaiv

text: It is the administrative center of the Mykolaiv Oblast (province), as well as of both the Mykolaivsky and Zhovtnevy raions (districts) within the oblast. However, Mykolaiv is a city of oblast subordinance, thus being subject directly to the oblast authorities rather to the raion administration housed in the city itself.


title: Mykolaiv

text: The town was founded in 1789 by the Russian Governor General of Novorossiya Knyaz Potemkin initially as a shipyard called simply a "New Shipyard on the Ingul river". Knyaz Potemkin signed an order to construct a shipyard on August 27, 1789, which is considered to be a city birth date. The shipyard was to serve for the repair of the Russian Navy ships in the Russo-Turkish war. Later Potemkin ordered the shipyard to be named "Nikolaev" to commemorate the date of fall of Ochakov to the Russian troops under his command on December 6, 1788, close to the day of Saint Nicholas "(Nikolay)" December 19, in the Russian Orthodox Church.


title: Mykolaiv

text: The only Russian Navy aircraft carrier currently in commission, "Admiral Flota Sovetskogo Soyuza Kuznetsov", was built in Mykolaiv.


title: Mykolaiv

text: Today Mykolaiv is a major ship building center of Ukraine (as, earlier, of the whole Soviet Union) and an important riverport. The city has 3 major shipyards some of which are capable of building large navy ships. Other important industries are mechanical engineering, power engineering, metallurgy and cosmetics.


title: Mykolaiv

text: Unlike the city, in the region one of the leading areas is agricultural production. This industry ranks first in the structure of production of the region in terms of employment of labor resources. One of the leading centers of the State Institution "Mykolayiv State Agricultural Research Station " of the Institute of Agrarian Farming of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine" founded in 1956


title: Miles Davis

text: Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26, 1926 – September 28, 1991) was an American jazz trumpeter, bandleader and composer. He was very important to 20th century music. He helped to develop several different styles of jazz, like cool jazz, hard bop, free jazz, and fusion. As a bandleader he worked with other famous musicians like John Coltrane, Herbie Hancock, Bill Evans, Wayne Shorter, Chick Corea, John McLaughlin, Cannonball Adderley, Gerry Mulligan, Tony Williams, George Coleman, J. J. Johnson, Keith Jarrett, John Scofield and Kenny Garrett.


title: Miles Davis

text: In 1959 he released an album called "Kind of Blue". That album became very famous and popular. In 2008, it had sold 4 million copies. In 2006 Davis was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and described as "one of the key figures in the history of jazz".


title: Miles Davis

text: Davis was born in 1926 in Alton, Illinois. His father, Miles Dewey Davis, Jr., was a dentist. In 1927, the family moved to East St. Louis. They also owned a big ranch in northern Arkansas, where Davis learned to ride horses.


title: Miles Davis

text: Davis's mother, Cleota Mae (Henry) Davis, wanted him to learn to play the piano. She was a good blues pianist but did not tell her son this. Davis started to learn music when he was 13, when his father gave him a trumpet and arranged for him to have lessons with local musician Elwood Buchanan. Buchanan taught Davis to play the trumpet without vibrato, and Davis always played like this. Buchanan was said to slap Davis's knuckles every time he started using heavy vibrato. Davis later said "I prefer a round sound with no attitude in it, like a round voice with not too much tremolo and not too much baseline bass. Just right in the middle. If I can’t get that sound I can’t play anything."


title: Miles Davis

text: When he was 16, Davis played the trumpet professionally when he was not at school. At 17, he played in bandleader Eddie Randle's band for a year. Saxophone-player Sonny Stitt tried to persuade Davis to join the Tiny Bradshaw band, but Davis's mother wanted Davis to finish his final year of high school.


title: Miles Davis

text: In 1944, the Billy Eckstine band visited East St. Louis. Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker were in the band, and Davis joined them as third trumpet player when trumpeter Buddy Anderson was out sick. When the band left to finish the tour, Davis' parents still wanted him to finish his studies.


title: Miles Davis

text: After he graduated from high school in 1944, Davis moved to New York City to study at the Juilliard School of Music.


title: Miles Davis

text: When he arrived in New York, he spent most of his time trying to get in contact with Charlie Parker, even though some people had told him that he should not. When he found Parker, Davis became involved in jam sessions that took place every night in two of Harlem's night clubs, Minton's Playhouse and Monroe's. Other famous musicians like Thelonious Monk and Kenny Clarke also tookpart in these sessions.


title: Miles Davis

text: Davis left Juilliard early, having first asked permission from his father. He did not like the classes at Juilliard because he thought they focused too much on classical European and "white" music. He also said that his Juilliard classes helped him to understand music theory.


title: Miles Davis

text: He began playing professionally in many jazz groups, performing in several 52nd Street clubs with Coleman Hawkins and Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis. In 1945, he went into a recording studio for the first time, as a member of the group of Herbie Fields. In 1946 he made his first recording as a bandleader, with a group called "Miles Davis Sextet plus Earl Coleman and Ann Hathaway". He did not make many recordings as a bandleader at this time.


title: Miles Davis

text: Around 1945, Dizzy Gillespie stopped working with Parker and Parker hired Davis as Gillespie's replacement in his quintet. Also in the group were Max Roach at the drums, Al Haig (replaced later by Sir Charles Thompson and Duke Jordan) at the piano, and Curley Russell (later replaced by Tommy Potter and Leonard Gaskin) as bass player.


title: Miles Davis

text: With Parker's quintet, Davis recorded several times. He had a solo on Parker's signature song, "Now's the Time". This solo led to the beginning of a style of jazz called "cool jazz". The group also toured the United States. During a tour in Los Angeles, Parker had a nervous breakdown and went to the Camarillo State Mental Hospital for several months. Davis found himself stuck in L.A. He stayed with, and played music with jazz musician Charles Mingus. Later he got a job with Billy Eckstine on a California tour that brought him back to New York. In 1948, Parker returned from Los Angeles, and Davis joined his group again.


title: Miles Davis

text: The musicians in Parker's group were not getting on very well. Parker's behavior was unpredictable because of his drug addiction. Davis and Roach did not agree with Parker hiring Duke Jordan as a pianist and would have preferred Bud Powell). In December 1948, Davis left the group after an argument with Parker at the "Royal Roost". He began to work more independently with different groups in New York.


title: Miles Davis

text: In 1948 Davis grew close to the Canadian composer and music arranger Gil Evans. Davis used to meet other musicians at Evans' house, like Roach, the pianist John Lewis and the baritone saxophone player Gerry Mulligan. Evans had been the arranger for the orchestra of Claude Thornhill and it was the sound of this group, as well as Duke Ellington's example, that inspired the creation of a large group including a french horn and a tuba.


title: Miles Davis

text: Davis took a very active role in the project, and it soon became "his project". They tried to achieve a sound similar to a human voice, over carefully arranged compositions.


title: Miles Davis

text: The group first played in the summer of 1948 at the Royal Roost. They were active to the end of 1949 and had several changes of musician. There were many white musicians in the group and this made some African American jazz players angry. Many of them were unemployed at the time. Davis did not listen to them.


title: Miles Davis

text: The group got a recording contract with Capitol Records and they had several recording sessions between January 1949 and April 1950. This music was released on an album called "Birth of the Cool". This album gave its name to a new style of jazz called "cool jazz". Davis knew how important his project was and even turned down a job with Duke Ellington's orchestra. This group also led to the beginning of the lifelong friendship between Davis and Gil Evans.


title: Maryam Mirzakhani

text: She worked at Stanford University. Her research topics include Teichmüller theory, hyperbolic geometry, ergodic theory, and symplectic geometry.


title: Maryam Mirzakhani

text: On 13 August 2014, Mirzakhani became both the first woman and the first Iranian honored with the Fields Medal, the most prestigious award in mathematics.


title: Maryam Mirzakhani

text: Mirzakhani was born in May 1977 in Tehran, Iran. She enjoyed math and puzzles in high school. She earned her bachelor’s degree at the Sharif University of Technology in Tehran. Mirzakhani then went to Harvard to earn a Ph.D. in 2004.


title: Maryam Mirzakhani

text: In high school, Mirzakhani found her talents in math. She decided to reconsider her career goals. This was made possible by her principal. Her principal tried to give women the same chances as men to succeed.


title: Maryam Mirzakhani

text: Mirzakhani was also given extra math assignments, which gave her access to university laboratories. She was also allowed to study by herself in the library. This privilege was only given to a few people.


title: Maryam Mirzakhani

text: Mirzakhani was diagnosed with breast cancer in 2013. She died of the cancer on July 14, 2017 in Palo Alto, California, aged 40.


title: Maryam Mirzakhani

text: Mirzakhani won the Fields Medal award, the highest mathematical award, in 2014 for her accomplishments in math. She won this award because of her work on Riemann surfaces, a complex mathematical subject. Her work on this subject has improved the basics of both mathematics and physics.


title: Maryam Mirzakhani

text: Mirzakhani proved multiple relationships between "moduli" spaces, classes of Riemann surface structures. Her talent led her to be selected twice for the Math Olympiad Team.


title: Maryam Mirzakhani

text: Girls had never been part of the Iranian Math Olympiad team. Mirzakhani was the first woman to be on the team and was selected two times in a row. She won gold medals for her team. In 1994, she only had one point taken off and in 1995, she had a perfect score. This was a big accomplishment since she was the first Iranian to do so.


title: Maryam Mirzakhani

text: Mirzakhani has worked as a math teacher at Princeton University and Stanford University. At Stanford, her interests changed a little. Mirzakhani still worked on geometry and symmetry but started to focus more on theories on Teichmiller dynamics, advanced geometric strategies. Her research was deemed as mathematical research into nature's abstract concepts.


title: Menopause

text: Menopause means the natural and permanent stopping of menstruation. Female hormone levels drop, since they were produced by the ovaries which have now stopped working. The female can no longer have children after this happens.


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: Ursula Kroeber Le Guin () (October 21, 1929 – January 22, 2018) was an American writer. She wrote books, poetry, children's books, essays, short stories, fantasy and science fiction. She was born and educated in California. She grew up in an academic home. Her parents were an anthropologist and a psychologist. Ideas from these two subjects are important in her writing. Le Guin spent most of her life in Portland, Oregon.


title: Menopause

text: The menopause starts when the ovaries stop releasing eggs every month. This can occur during old age or because the eggs have had surgery.


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: She was a very successful author. Other writers thought she was very creative. Le Guin was also very political. She mixed politics in her writing. She supported feminism and freedom. She was very interested in gender and sexuality. She also supported other writers.


title: Menopause

text: Due to the change in hormone levels, women get hot flushes and palpitations, depression, anxiety, irritability, mood swings and lack of concentration.


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: Ursula K. Le Guin was born Ursula Kroeber in Berkeley, California, on October 21, 1929. Her father, Alfred Louis Kroeber (1876–1960), was an anthropologist at the University of California, Berkeley. Le Guin's mother, Theodora Kroeber (1897–1979; born Theodora Covel Kracaw), had a graduate degree in psychology. She started writing in her sixties and became a successful author. Her best known work was "Ishi in Two Worlds" (1961). This was a biography of Ishi, an indigenous American who was the last known member of the Yahi tribe.


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: Ursula had three older brothers: Karl, Theodore, and Clifton. The family had a large collection of books. Ursula and her brothers all liked to read when they were young. Le Guin read science fiction and fantasy. She and her brothers often read issues of "Thrilling Wonder Stories" and "Astounding Science Fiction". She liked myths and legends. She especially liked Norse mythology and Native American legends that her father would tell her.


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: Many people visited the Kroeber family. Some of the visitors were well-known academics such as Robert Oppenheimer. Le Guin used Oppenheimer as the model for her lead character in "The Dispossessed", a physicist named Shevek. The family lived in a summer home in the Napa valley and a house in Berkeley during the school year.


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: Le Guin studied at Berkeley High School. She graduated with another student who became a famous science fiction author, Philip K. Dick. She received her Bachelor of Arts in Renaissance French and Italian literature from Radcliffe College in 1951. She was a member of the Phi Beta Kappa honor society. Le Guin then studied at Columbia University, and earned a Master of Arts in French in 1952. Soon after, she began a Ph.D. program. She won a Fulbright grant to continue her studies in France from 1953 to 1954. Later, Le Guin also received Fulbright grants to travel to London in 1968 and 1975.


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: Le Guin stayed at Hôtel de Seine while in Paris. Ursula met historian Charles Le Guin in 1953 while traveling to France on the "Queen Mary", . Charles was also a Fulbright Scholar. They got married in Paris in December 1953. They returned to the United States in 1954.


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: Le Guin said that getting married meant she had to stop studying for her doctorate degree. While her husband finished his doctorate at Emory University in Georgia, and later at the University of Idaho, Le Guin taught French and worked as a secretary until her daughter Elisabeth was born in 1957. The couple had another daughter, Caroline, and a son, Theodore (born 1964).


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: In 1959 Charles became a history instructor at Portland State University, so they moved to Portland, Oregon. They lived there for the rest of their lives.


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: She first wrote in the 1960s. She was awarded many Hugo and Nebula awards. Her agent was Virgina Kidd.


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: She was given the Gandalf Award in 1979 and the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America Grand Master Award in 2003. She got eighteen Locus Awards, more than any other writer. Her book "The Farthest Shore" won the National Book Award for Children's Books in 1973.


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: Le Guin was the Professional Guest of Honor at the 1975 World Science Fiction Convention in Melbourne, Australia. She got the Library of Congress "Living Legends" award in the "Writers and Artists" area in April 2000 for her additions to America's cultural history. In 2004, Le Guin was the was given the Association for Library Service to Children's May Hill Arbuthnot Honor Lecture Award.


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: Le Guin died on January 22, 2018, at her home in Portland. She was 88 years old. Her son said that she had been sick for several months. He said that she probably had a heart attack. There was a private memorial service for her in Portland. There was also a public memorial service in June 2018. At this service, many writers gave speeches, including: Margaret Atwood, Molly Gloss, and Walidah Imarisha


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: In 1975, Le Guin won a Nebula Award for her story "The Diary of the Rose." She did not accept the award. This was a protest against the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. The SFWA had recently canceled Stanisław Lem's membership in the group. Le Guin believed they kicked Lem out because he criticized American science fiction and chose to live in the Soviet Union, She said she could not take an award for a story about an unfree society from a writers' group that did not protect freedom.


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: Le Guin said she was did not learn any religion and was not taught to be religious as a child. But, she became very interested in Taoism and Buddhism. She said that Taoism was a tool to help her understand her life as a teenager and young adult. In 1997 she published a translation of the "Tao Te Ching".


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: In December 2009, Le Guin quit the Authors Guild. She did this to protest the Guild's agreement with the Google's book digitization project. "You decided to deal with the devil", she wrote in her letter when she quit. She wrote that they had given control over authors' rights and copyright to a company for nothing. Le Guin made a speech at the 2014 National Book Awards. She explained that Amazon's control over the publishing industry was bad and dangerous. She was especially concerned about how Amazon blocked the Hachette Book Group from selling all books because the companies disagreed about how to sell ebooks. The speech was broadcast twice by National Public Radio. And, many other news organizations reported on it around the world.


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: Le Guin's first published work was in her fictional country called Orsinia. These were a poem and a short story. The poem, "Folksong from the Montayna Province," was published in 1959. The short story was "An die Musik", in 1961. Between 1951 and 1961 she also wrote five novels that all happened in Orsinia. But, publishers did not want them because they thought they were hard to read or understand. Some of her poetry from the 1950s was published in 1975 in a book called "Wild Angels". Le Guin was rejected by many publishers. Then she turned to science fiction because she knew that clearly labeled SF would sell well. Her first professional SF publication was the short story "April in Paris" in 1962 in "Fantastic Science Fiction". Seven more stories followed in the next few years, in "Fantastic" or "Amazing Stories". One of them was "The Dowry of the Angyar", which introduced the fictional Hainish universe, Two more were "The Rule of Names" and "The Word of Unbinding". These introduced the world of Earthsea. Most critics ignored these stories.


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: Le Guin published her first novel in 1966. It was called "Rocannon's World". Ace Books published it. Two more Hainish novels, "Planet of Exile" and "City of Illusions" were published in 1966 and 1967. These three books became the Hainish trilogy. The first two were each published as half of an "Ace Double": two novels bound into a paperback and sold as a single low-cost volume. "City of Illusions" was published as a standalone volume. Le Guin was getting greater name-recognition. Critics paid more attention to these books than to Le Guin's short stories. Several science fiction magazines reviewed them, but the critical response was still muted. The books had many themes and ideas also present in Le Guin's better known later works, including the "archetypal journey" of a protagonist who undertakes both a physical journey and one of self-discovery, cultural contact and communication, the search for identity, and the reconciliation of opposing forces.


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: Le Guin's next two books in 1968 and 1969 brought her much more attention and praise. The Wizard of Earthsea in 1968 was a young adult fantasy novel. "The Left Hand of Darkness" in 1969 started her Hainish universe, explored sexuality, and won awards. These two books changed Le Guin's career and made her a major writer. The important critic Harold Bloom called "A Wizard of Earthsea" and "The Left Hand of Darkness" Le Guin's masterpieces.


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: Le Guin had not planned to write for young adults. But, the editor of Parnassus Press asked her to write a novel for young people. He thought they could sell many books to that group. He published "A Wizard of Earthsea" in 1968. It was a fantasy coming of age story for teenagers. In the book, Le Guin created a fictional archipelago called Earthsea. She also created the first wizarding school. Readers and reviewers in the US and the UK liked the book very much.


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: Her next novel was "The Left Hand of Darkness" in 1969 and showed the strength of her writing and won awards. It was in her Hainish universe on a fictional planet where humans sex changes. Le Guin explored experiences of gender and sexuality. The book was Le Guin's first about feminist issues. The book shocked and surprised science fiction critics. It won both the Hugo and the Nebula Awards for best novel. Le Guin was the first woman to win these awards.


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: For the next couple of years in the 1970s, Le Guin continued and extended the work she had started. Le Guin continued to develop themes of equilibrium and coming-of-age in the next two installments of the "Earthsea" series, "The Tombs of Atuan" and "The Farthest Shore", published in 1971 and 1972. Both books were praised for their writing, while the exploration of death as a theme in "The Farthest Shore" also drew praise.


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: She won the Hugo Award again in 1973 for "The Word for World is Forest". Le Guin's anger over the Vietnam War was important to this novel. She wrote about colonialism and militarism: Le Guin later said it was the most political statement in her fiction.


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: Her 1974 novel "The Dispossessed" again won both the Hugo and the Nebula awards for best novel, making her the first person to win both awards for each of two books. Also set in the Hainish universe, the story explored anarchism and utopianism. Scholar Charlotte Spivack said Le Guin was making her science fiction writing more about discussing political ideas.


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: Several of her speculative fiction short stories from the period, including her first published story, were later anthologized in the 1975 collection "The Wind's Twelve Quarters". The fiction of the period 1966 to 1974, which also included "The Lathe of Heaven", the Hugo Award-winning "The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas" and the Nebula Award-winning "The Day Before the Revolution", constitutes Le Guin's best-known body of work.


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: The "Annals of the Western Shore" was a series of three books: "Gifts" (2004), "Voices" (2006), and "Powers" (2007). Each book has a different main character and happens in a different place. But, the books all share some characters and places."Gifts" won the PEN Center USA 2005 Children's literature award. "Powers" won the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 2009.


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: Near the end of her life, Le Guin wrote less fiction. She wrote essays, poems, and some translations. Her last publications included the non-fiction collections "Dreams Must Explain Themselves" and "Ursula K Le Guin: Conversations on Writing". She also wrote a book of poetry called "So Far So Good: Final Poems 2014–2018". These were released after she died.


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: Many other writers influenced Le Guin. Cultural anthropology was important to her writing. Carl Jung's archetypes are in her work. Taoism was part of Le Guin's life and work.


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: The story of "The Dispossessed" happens on twin planets called Urras and Anarres. Urras was richer than Anarres. But Anarres is more advanced ethically and morally. Sttlers from Urras planned the Anarres society. It is an anarcho-socialist society that is an "ambiguous utopia". Anarres society is neither perfect nor static, unlike classical utopias. The main character, Shevek, travels to Urras to do research. Urras society is authoritarian, hierarchical, and misogynistic. But these the anarchists on Anarres do not have those problems. In their society cooperation and individual liberty are most important.


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: Le Guin became popular and got good reviews quickly after publishing "The Left Hand of Darkness" in 1969. She was very well known among SF writers by the 1970s. Readers bought millions of her books. And, her writing was translated into more than 40 languages. Some of her books stayed in print many decades after their first publication. Academics studied her work carefully and discussed it often. Later in her career, mainstream literary critics wrote positively about her work. In an obituary, Jo Walton said that Le Guin "was so good that the mainstream couldn't dismiss SF any more".


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: Le Guin earliest work stayed the most popular and got the most recognition. A reviewer in 2018 said that she often lectured the reader in her later works. John Clute, wrote in "The Guardian", that she felt responsible for explaining important things clearly, and that this was difficult for her. Some critics disliked some of her work. "The Compass Rose" had a mixed reaction. Even the critically well-received "The Left Hand of Darkness" was criticized by some feminists.


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: Other authors liked her work. According to Zadie Smith, her prose was "as elegant and beautiful as any written in the twentieth century". After Le Guin's death in 2018, writer Michael Chabon called her the "greatest American writer of her generation", and said that she had "awed [him] with the power of an unfettered imagination". Author Margaret Atwood praised Le Guin's "sane, smart, crafty and lyrical voice", and wrote that social injustice was a powerful motivation through Le Guin's life. Literary critic Harold Bloom described Le Guin as an "exquisite stylist", saying that in her writing, "Every word was exactly in place and every sentence or line had resonance". According to Bloom, Le Guin was a "visionary who set herself against all brutality, discrimination, and exploitation".


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: Academic and author Joyce Carol Oates highlighted Le Guin's "outspoken sense of justice, decency, and common sense", and called her "one of the great American writers and a visionary artist whose work will long endure". China Miéville described Le Guin as a "literary colossus", and wrote that she was a "writer of intense ethical seriousness and intelligence, of wit and fury, of radical politics, of subtlety, of freedom and yearning".


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: Praise for Le Guin frequently focused on the social and political themes her work explored. "The New York Times" described her as using "a lean but lyrical style" to explore issues of moral relevance. In the introduction to an interview in 2008, "Vice" magazine described Le Guin as having written "some of the more mind-warping sf and fantasy tales of the past 40 years".


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: Le Guin won many annual awards for individual works. She was nominated for Hugo Awards twenty-four times and won seven times. She won six Nebula Awards from eighteen nominations. Four of her Nebula Awards were for Best Novel, more than any other writer. Le Guin won twenty-two Locus Awards. Her third Earthsea novel, "The Farthest Shore", won the 1973 National Book Award for Young People's Literature, She was a finalist for ten Mythopoeic Awards, nine in Fantasy and one for Scholarship. Her 1996 collection "Unlocking the Air and Other Stories" was one of three finalists for the 1997 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. Other awards won by Le Guin include three James Tiptree Jr. Awards, two World Fantasy Awards, and three Jupiter Awards. She won her final Hugo and Locus awards in the year of her death, for the essay collection "No Time to Spare: Thinking About What Matters", and an anthology of the Hainish cycle, respectively.


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: Other awards were for Le Guin's contributions to speculative fiction. She was voted a Gandalf Grand Master Award by the World Science Fiction Society in 1979. The Science Fiction Research Association gave her its Pilgrim Award in 1989 for her "lifetime contributions to SF and fantasy scholarship". At the 1995 World Fantasy Convention she won the World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement. She became a member of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame in 2001. The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America made her its 20th Grand Master in 2003. She was the second, and as of 2019, one of only six women to receive that honor. In 2010, Le Guin was awarded the Lyman Tower Sargent Distinguished Scholar Award by the North American Society for Utopian Studies. In 2013, she was given the Eaton Award by the University of California, Riverside, for lifetime achievement in science fiction.


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: Later in her career Le Guin was also recognized her contributions to literature more generally. In April 2000 the U.S. Library of Congress made Le Guin a Living Legend in the "Writers and Artists" category for her significant contributions to America's cultural heritage. The American Library Association granted her the annual Margaret Edwards Award in 2004, and also selected her to deliver the annual May Hill Arbuthnot Lecture. The Edwards Award recognizes one writer and a particular body of work: the 2004 panel cited the first four "Earthsea" volumes, "The Left Hand of Darkness" and "The Beginning Place". The panel said that Le Guin "has inspired four generations of young adults to read beautifully constructed language, visit fantasy worlds that inform them about their own lives, and think about their ideas that are neither easy nor inconsequential". At its 2009 convention, the Freedom From Religion Foundation awarded the Emperor Has No Clothes Award to Le Guin. A collection of Le Guin's works was published by the Library of America in 2016, an honor only rarely given to living writers. The National Book Foundation awarded Le Guin its Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters, stating that she had "defied conventions of narrative, language, character, and genre, and transcended boundaries between fantasy and realism to forge new paths for literary fiction". The American Academy of Arts and Letters made her a member in 2017.


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: Le Guin strongly influenced the field of speculative fiction. Jo Walton argued that Le Guin was important in both making the genre more open and accepting of new ideas, and in helping genre writers get mainstream success. "A Wizard of Earthsea" introduced the idea of a "wizard school", which would later be made more famous by the "Harry Potter" series of books, and with popularizing the trope of a boy wizard, also present in "Harry Potter".


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: In 2022, Le Guin's son, Theo Downes-Le Guin, announced a new prize named for his mother. The Ursula K. Le Guin Prize for Fiction gives money to a writer. They must write a full-length book of "imaginative fiction."


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: Le Guin created the word "ansible" for an instantaneous interstellar communication device in 1966. Several other writers, including Orson Scott Card and Neil Gaiman, used the word later. The notion that names can exert power is also present in Hayao Miyazaki's 2001 film "Spirited Away"; critics have suggested that that idea started with Le Guin's Earthsea series.


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: Her 1971 novel "The Lathe of Heaven" has been adapted twice, in 1979 by WNET with Le Guin's participation, and the in 2002 by the A&E Network. In a 2008 interview, she said 1979 adaptation is "the only good adaptation to" a movie of her work to date. In the early 1980s Hayao Miyazaki asked to create an animated adaptation of Earthsea. Le Guin, who was unfamiliar with his work and anime in general, initially turned down the offer, but later accepted after seeing "My Neighbor Totoro". The third and fourth Earthsea books were used as the basis of "Tales from Earthsea", released in 2006. Miyazaki's son, Gorō Miyazaki directed the movie, not Hayao Miyazaki himself. Le Guin was disappointed by the change. Le Guin was positive about how the movie looked. She wrote that "much of it was beautiful", but she did not like the moral sense of the movie. She disliked the physical violence, especially the death of a villain as the movie's ending. In 2004 the Sci Fi Channel adapted the first two books of the Earthsea trilogy as the miniseries "Legend of Earthsea". Le Guin was highly critical of the adaptation, calling it a "far cry from the Earthsea I envisioned", objecting to the use of white actors for her red-, brown-, or black-skinned characters.


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: Le Guin's novel "The Left Hand of Darkness" and novella "Paradises Lost" have both been adapted for theater. In 1995, Chicago's Lifeline Theatre presented its adaptation of "The Left Hand of Darkness". Reviewer Jack Helbig at the Chicago Reader wrote that the "adaptation is intelligent and well crafted but ultimately unsatisfying", mainly because it is extremely difficult to compress a complex 300-page novel into a two-hour stage presentation. She also said she was better pleased with stage adaptations, including "Paradises Lost", than screen adaptations of her work till date. In 2013, the Portland Playhouse and Hand2Mouth Theatre produced a stage adaptation of "The Left Hand of Darkness", directed and adapted by Jonathan Walters, with text adapted by John Schmor. The play opened May 2, 2013, and ran until June 16, 2013, in Portland, Oregon.


title: Ursula K. Le Guin

text: "Paradises Lost" was adapted into an opera at the University of Illinois. The opera was composed by Stephen A. Taylor; the libretto has been attributed both to Kate Gale and to Marcia Johnson. Adapted in 2005, the opera premiered in April 2012. Le Guin described the effort as a "beautiful opera" in an interview, and expressed hopes that it would be picked up by other producers.


title: Apache

text: Apache is the name for several culturally related groups of Native Americans in the southwestern United States. They hunted deer and they also ate berries and lots of fruit.They were nomadic which meant that they followed food and never stayed in one place for a long period of time. They are from the second migration of Native Americans which were the Na Dene which also includes the Chipewyan and the Cheyenne of Canada. Evidence proves that the Na Dene came from the Ket people of Siberia.


title: Mongolic languages

text: The Mongolic languages are a group of languages that are spoken in Central Asia. Some linguists propose to put Mongolic languages in the same group as the Turkic and Tungusic languages. They call this group the Altaic languages, but not all linguists agreed upon this.


title: Mongolic languages

text: The best-known member of this language family is Mongolian. In Cyrillic orthography as it is used in Mongolia it is written Монгол Хэл. In the vertical Uygur-derived script as used in Inner Mongolia in China it is written Mongγol Kele. It is the primary language of most of the residents of Mongolia, and is spoken by around 5.7 million people in Mongolia, Russia, and China.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: The Carolingian dynasty was a Frankish noble family who ruled over a large part of western Europe from 751 to 987. They were a line of mayors, kings, and princes who succeeded the Merovingian dynasty. The most famous member of the family was Charlemagne. The dynasty was named after Charlemagne's grandfather, Charles Martel. He was a Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia and Neustria. The mayors of the palace were the real power behind the throne.


title: True owl

text: They are one of the two families of owls, with 189 living species in 25 genera. The other family is the barn owls. True owls are found on every continent except Antarctica.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: Charles Martel (meaning "the hammer") left his wealth and power to his two sons, Pepin III and Carloman. In 771 Carloman died leaving his half to Pepin who became Mayor of the Palace. When the last of the Merovingian kings, Childeric III, was deposed by the Pope in Rome, Pepin was made king of the Franks. Pope Stephen III traveled to France and placed the crown on his head. Pepin left the kingdom to his two sons, Charles and Carloman.


title: True owl

text: The division of owls into these two groups is quite ancient. The relationships of the owls in general are still unresolved.


title: Carolingian dynasty

text: Charles and his brother shared the kingdom for some time. Carloman then traveled to Rome and became a monk. Charles became the sole king. He then earned his name "Charles the Great" (Charlemagne) by defeating the Lombards, the Saxons, and the Avars. In 800 Charlemagne was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III. The dynasty was passed down to his son, Louis the Pious and to his grandsons. By the time Louis inherited the kingdom the Carolingian Empire had already started to decline. By the end of the 9th century it came to an end. With the collapse of the empire the dynasty came to an end.


title: True owl

text: Typical owls vary greatly in size. The smallest is the elf owl. Its weight is a hundred times less than the largest, the Eurasian eagle owl and Blakiston's fish owl. Most owls have very similar bodies. They have large heads, short tails, and round facial circles around the eyes. Most live in trees (with a few exceptions like the burrowing owl) and get their food on the wing. The wings are large, broad, rounded and long. Like other birds of prey many owls have females that are larger than males.


title: True owl

text: They are nocturnal. Because of this the plumage is not much different between males and females. The feathers are soft and the base of each is downy. This give them silent flight. Hearing in owls is highly sensitive. The ears are asymmetrical which lets the owl localise a sound. Owls have massive eyes relative to their body size.


title: Leicestershire

text: Leicestershire (abbreviated Leics) is a county in central England. It takes its name from the heavily populated City of Leicester, its traditional administrative centre, although the City of Leicester is today administered separately from the rest of Leicestershire. The county borders onto Lincolnshire, Rutland, Northamptonshire, Warwickshire, Staffordshire, Derbyshire, and Nottinghamshire.


title: Braunau am Inn

text: Braunau am Inn is a town in the Innviertel region of Upper Austria (Oberösterreich), the north-western state of Austria. It lies about 90 km west of Linz and about 60 km north of Salzburg, on the border with the German state of Bavaria. It has a continental climate ("Dfa" in the Koeppen climate classification). The population in 2001 was 16,372. A port of entry, it is connected by bridges over the Inn River with its Bavarian counterpart, Simbach am Inn. It is the birthplace of Adolf Hitler. It was in the American Occupation Zone of Austria from 1945-1955 .


title: Aschaffenburg

text: Aschaffenburg (; East Franconian: "Aschebersch" ]) is a German city in the west of Franconia. It has a population of about 68,000. It is a part of the European metropolitan area of Frankfurt am Main.


title: Lithography

text: Lithography (from Greek "λίθος" - "lithos", 'stone' + "γράφω" - "graphο", 'to write') is a method for printing using a stone (lithographic limestone) or a metal (steel or aluminium) plate with a completely smooth surface.


title: Lithography

text: Lithography was invented in 1796 by Bavarian author Alois Senefelder as a low-cost method of publishing theatrical works. Lithography can be used to print text or artwork onto paper or other suitable material.


title: Lithography

text: Lithography originally used an image drawn in wax or other oily substance applied to a lithographic stone as the medium to transfer ink to the printed sheet. In modern times, the image is often made of polymer applied to a flexible aluminium plate.


title: Lithography

text: The flat surface of the plate or stone is slightly roughened, or etched, and divided into hydrophilic (= water-loving) regions that accept a film of water and repel the greasy ink, and hydrophobic regions which repel water and accept ink. The image may be printed directly from the stone or plate (in which case it is reversed from the original image) or may be offset by transfer to a flexible sheet, usually rubber, for transfer to the printed article.


title: Lithography

text: This process is different from gravure or intaglio printing where a plate is engraved, etched or stippled to make cavities to contain the printing ink, and in woodblock printing and letterpress where ink is applied to the raised surfaces of letters or images.


title: Lithography

text: In the early days of lithography, a smooth piece of limestone was used (hence the name "lithography"—"lithos" (λιθος) is the ancient Greek word for stone). After the oil-based image was put on the surface, a solution of gum arabic in water was applied, the gum sticking only to the non-oily surface. During printing, water adhered to the gum arabic surfaces and avoided the oily parts, while the oily ink used for printing did the opposite.


title: Lithography

text: Chromolithography (colour lithography) was invented by Engelmann and son, who were granted a patent in 1837. After that, it was a matter of time before it reached full commercial development.


title: Lithography

text: By using more than one stone, different colours can be added to the same picture. Each colour needs a separate stone. The great posters of such artists as Alphonse Mucha and Toulouse-Lautrec are made like this. Complicated graphics may need twenty or more stones.


title: Ewan McGregor

text: Ewan Gordon McGregor (born 31 March 1971) is a Scottish actor who has had a lot of success in both mainstream and indie movies. He is ranked #36 in Empire magazine's "The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time" list. He played the lead role in Danny Boyle's "Trainspotting", Obi-Wan Kenobi in the prequel trilogy of "Star Wars", and in his motorcycle adventures with friend Charley Boorman.


title: Orange County, California

text: Orange County (established 1889) is one of the counties of California, in the United States. It is in southern California, along the coast of the Pacific Ocean. Its county seat and largest city is Santa Ana.


title: Ewan McGregor

text: McGregor starred as Christopher Robin in the 2018 Disney movie "Christopher Robin". He also starred as the villain Black Mask in the 2020 DCEU movie "Birds of Prey".


title: Orange County, California

text: The county has 3,121,251 people, spread across just 948 square miles (2,455 square kilometers). It is the third most populous county in California. The west-flowing Santa Ana River divides the county into north and south parts. On the north, the San Gabriel River forms its border with Los Angeles County. Some other big cities include Anaheim, Orange, Huntington Beach, Fullerton and Irvine. The county is mostly residential.


title: Orange County, California

text: The highest average income in Orange County is $203,091, in the city of Villa Park. Some famous attractions, such as Disneyland and Knott’s Berry Farm, are in Orange County. The tallest building in Orange County is the 37-story One Broadway Plaza, an unfinished building in Santa Ana. It will be tall when it is completed.


title: Alexander Pope

text: Alexander Pope (21 May 1688 O.S. – 30 May 1744) is usually thought of as the greatest English poet in the eighteenth century. He is best known for his satirical writing and for his translation of Homer. He is the third most often quoted writer in "The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations", after Shakespeare and Tennyson. Pope was a master of the heroic couplet.


title: Polyhedron

text: A polyhedron (one polyhedron, many "polyhedra", or "polyhedrons") is a geometrical shape. It is a 3D shape with flat faces, and straight edges. Each face is a polygon surrounded by edges. Usually it is defined by the number of faces, or edges.


title: Polyhedron

text: Two types of polyhedron are convex and concave. The line connecting any two points of a convex polyhedron is inside the polyhedron. The line connecting two points of a concave polyhedron may go outside the polyhedron.


title: Polyhedron

text: Mathematicians do not agree on what makes a polyhedron. They do agree that there are five Platonic solids, which are regular polyhedra. On a regular polyhedron, all faces are the same and all vertices are the same.


title: Polyhedron

text: Usually, polyhedra are named by the number of faces they have. The first polyhedra are the tetrahedron, which is made of four triangles, pentahedron (five faces, can look like a four-sided pyramid), hexahedron (six faces, a cube if it is regular), heptahedron (seven faces) and octahedron (eight faces). Prisms, pyramids and other shapes can also be named according to how many faces they have.


title: Hematite

text: Hematite or haematite is the main ore of iron. It is mostly iron(III) oxide. Millions of tons are dug up every year. This is usually to feed to blast furnaces to make steel. It is a mineral related to corundum. It is an oxide.


title: Hematite

text: It has a metallic luster. It has no cleavage (the way a mineral breaks). It has a fracture. The fracture is irregular and uneven. Hematite on the hardness scale is 5 to 6. It has a bright red to dark red streak. To find the streak, you take the mineral and run it across a plate of unglazed porcelain. The colours can be metallic grey to a dark, rough and earthy red colour. Hematite has the chemical formula of FeO.


title: Banten

text: Banten is a province of Indonesia. It is on the island of Java. The capital city is Serang. The population was 10.6 million during the 2010 census. The government reported the population to be 11,834,087 in 2014. Banten was part of the province of West Java. It became a separate province in 2000.


title: Aphorism

text: An aphorism is a memorable saying. It often contains a surprising truth. Most aphorisms are quite short, but not all:


title: Banten

text: In the 5th century, Banten was part of the Kingdom of Tarumanagara. After Srivijaya attacked Tarumanagara, it became weaker. Then, the Kingdom of Sunda became more powerful in West Java. In the early 16th century, the port of Bantam (Banten) was an important port in the Kingdom of Sunda. In 1527, Javanese Muslims captured the port of Banten. Their leader was Sunan Gunungjati. They started the Sultanate of Banten.


title: Banten

text: Banten is near the Sunda Strait. This strait is important as a link bewteen Australia and New Zealand and Southeast Asia. Also, Banten is the link between Java and Sumatra.


title: Carnation

text: A carnation is a type of flower. It has been grown for so many years, we are not sure where it came from.


title: Denis Mukwege

text: Denis Mukengere Mukwege (; born 1 March 1955) is a Congolese gynecologist. He founded and works in Panzi Hospital in Bukavu. He works in the treatment of women who have been gang-raped by rebel forces. He has treated thousands of women who were victims of gang wartime rape since the Second Congo War.


title: Denis Mukwege

text: In 2018, he and Nadia Murad were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for "their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict."


title: Engagement

text: An engagement is an agreement or promise to marry, and also refers to the time between proposal and marriage. During this time, a couple is said to be affianced, engaged to be married, or simply engaged. An engagement can be seen by witnesses to confirm their marriage.


title: Claudia Cardinale

text: Claudia Cardinale is an Italian actress. She was in some of the most famous European movies of the 1960s and 1970s. Most of Cardinale's movies have been Italian or French.


title: Claudia Cardinale

text: Cardinale has been honoured at nearly every major movie festival. She has been given lifetime achievement awards from festivals in Canada, France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Turkey, Armenia, Russia, Bulgaria, Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, Australia, the UK and US. The "Los Angeles Times Magazine" named Cardinale among the 50 most beautiful women in movie history.


title: Justus Liebig

text: Justus Liebig (12 May 1803 – 18 April 1873) was a German chemist who made major contributions to agricultural and biological chemistry, and worked on the organization of organic chemistry.


title: Parathyroid glands

text: Parathyroid glands are small endocrine glands in the neck of humans and all tetrapods ,embedded in the posterior surface of the Thyroid glands .


title: Justus Liebig

text: At 21 he was appointed professor of chemistry at Giessen, recommended by Alexander von Humboldt. There he established the world's first major school of chemistry. He invented the chemical laboratory, and used it for teaching. He founded and edited the "Annalen der Chemie", the leading German-language journal of chemistry.


title: Parathyroid glands

text: These glands produce parathyroid hormones (PTH). This has an important role in controlling the amount of calcium in blood and bones. Calcium is an important element in our body: it is the only element with its own control system (the parathyroid glands).


title: Justus Liebig

text: Liebig invented new methods for the analysis of organic materials. He showed that, to grow, plants need (as well as water and sunlight) carbon dioxide, minerals and nitrogen compounds. He discovered that nitrogen was an essential plant nutrient, and invented the first nitrogen-based fertiliser. His Law of the Minimum stated that a plant's development is limited by the one essential mineral that is in the shortest supply. He described the effect of individual nutrients on crops.


title: Parathyroid glands

text: There are two pairs of parathyroid glands, just behind the thyroid glands. Each gland is about 6 mm long and 3–4 mm wide. Parathyroid glands get their blood supply from the inferior thyroid arteries.


title: Justus Liebig

text: Where others thought that organic chemicals were entirely separate fron inorganic ones, Liebig thought diffferently:


title: Justus Liebig

text: Liebig also developed a manufacturing process for beef extracts, and founded a company, Liebig Extract of Meat Company, that later trademarked the Oxo brand beef cube.


title: Justus Liebig

text: Liebig's work was closely followed in Britain, and he was awarded the Royal Society's Copley Medal in 1840. His own country made him a Baron in 1845.


title: Illyria

text: Illyria (Ancient Greek: Ἰλλυρία, Illyría or Ἰλλυρίς, Illyrís) was an ancient region in the western part of today's Balkan Peninsula in modern-day Epirus, Greece. The people who lived there were called Illyrians and spoke the Illyrian languages.


title: Ring-tailed lemur

text: The ring-tailed lemur ("Lemur catta") is a primate from the group of lemurs (Lemuriformes). It lives in the dry regions of southwest Madagascar.


title: Ring-tailed lemur

text: This lemur weighs between . It can live up to 20 years. It is a mid-sized lemur. The striped tail makes it easy to recognize. Its behaviour is somewhat unusual for lemurs: it is active during the day, and spends much time on the ground. Ring-tailed lemurs live in groups of 12 to 15 animals. Each group is led by a female. Ring-tailed lemurs eat both meat and plants, but they mainly eat fruit. They live only in Madagascar. The main threats to ring-tailed lemurs are destroying the places where it lives and hunting.


title: Brain tumor

text: The treatment varies based on the type of tumor. For meningiomas, surgical removal of the tumor alone is often sufficient. Malignant tumors like anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme require more aggressive therapy. For glioblastoma multiforme, surgical removal of the tumor followed by radiation therapy, also called radiotherapy, is used. Temozolomide (also known as Temodar) is also used for gliomas (including Glioblastoma multiforme).


title: Mead

text: Mead is a fermented alcoholic drink. It is made from honey. Its history may be as old as that of beer. It is made by mixing honey, water, and yeast. Some kinds of mead also include spices or fruit. Mead is sometimes called "honey wine".


title: Mead

text: Archaeologists discovered that people made mead 9,000 years ago. Mead was described in the Rigveda, which is a Hindu religious text. Mead is popular in Central Europe and the Balkans. Mead is also made in Ethiopia and South Africa.


title: Chinese river dolphin

text: The Chinese river dolphin ("Lipotes vexillifer") or baiji was a river dolphin. It was found only in the Yangtze River in China. The last confirmed sighting of the baiji was in 2004 but there were possible sightings in 2007 and 2016 as well. The baiji was declared functionally extinct in 2007. that means experts said that even if there had been a few baiji left alive in 2007, there were probably not enough left to have young and keep the species alive. The IUCN Red List says the baiji is critically endangered but not really extinct.


title: Chinese river dolphin

text: The baiji was a graceful animal, with a long, narrow and slightly upturned beak and a flexible neck. As opposed to some other freshwater dolphins, like the Indus River dolphin, its eyes were functional, although greatly reduced. Its coloration was bluish-gray to gray above and white to ashy-white below. It weighed 135 – 230 kg (300 - 510 lb) and measured as much as 2.5 m (8.2') in length.


title: Chinese river dolphin

text: Further studies have noted the environmental impact of building the Three Gorges Dam on the living space of the baiji.


title: Monocyte

text: Monocytes are a type of white blood cell, part of the human body's immune system. They are usually identified in stained smears by their large two-lobed nuclei. They are a kind of reserve cell which turn into macrophages and immune helper cells called dendritic cells.


title: A.Z. Alkmaar

text: AZ (Alkmaar Zaanstreek) or AZ Alkmaar is an football club from Alkmaar and the Zaanstreek, the Netherlands.


title: Channing Tatum

text: Channing Matthew Tatum (born on April 26, 1980 in Cullman, Alabama) is an American movie producer and actor. He is a main actor in the movies "Coach Carter", "Dear John", Easy A, "21 Jump Street", its sequel "22 Jump Street", "White House Down", "The Lego Movie", "Foxcatcher", "The Hateful Eight", and in "Hail, Caesar!".


title: Queen Rania of Jordan

text: Queen Rania of Jordan (; born Rania al-Yassin and sometimes called Rania al-Abdullah; born on 31 August 1970 in Kuwait City, Kuwait) is the Queen consort of Jordan. After she married Abdullah II of Jordan, she became known for her work in education, health, community empowerment and micro-finance. She also uses social media often (Facebook, Twitter and YouTube). She has two daughters and two sons. She has been given many awards by governments.


title: Monocyte

text: Monocytes are produced by the bone marrow from stem cell precursors called "monoblasts". Monocytes circulate in the bloodstream for about one to three days and then typically move into tissues throughout the body. They make up three to eight percent of the leukocytes in the blood.


title: Channing Tatum

text: In 2006, Tatum met actress Jenna Dewan. They became engaged in 2008. They married on July 11, 2009. Their daughter was born in 2013.


title: Queen Rania of Jordan

text: Rania al-Yassin was born in Kuwait to Palestinian parents. She went to the New English School in Jabriya, Kuwait. She got a degree in business administration at the American University in Cairo. Before graduating from the American University, she worked with Citibank and Apple, Inc..


title: Monocyte

text: Monocytes which migrate from the bloodstream to the tissues will then differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells, which then stay in the tissue. Macrophages are responsible for protecting tissues from foreign substances. They are cells that possess a large smooth nucleus, a large area of cytoplasm and many internal vesicles for processing foreign material.


title: Queen Rania of Jordan

text: In July 2005, in partnership with the Ministry of Education, the King and Queen created the Queen Rania Award for Excellence in Education. It is an annual award for teachers.


title: Monocyte

text: Monocytes and their macrophage and dendritic cell progeny serve three main functions in the immune system. These are phagocytosis, antigen presentation and cytokine production.


title: Queen Rania of Jordan

text: Queen Rania is the chairperson of Jordan's first children's museum. It was opened in May of 2007. It encourages lifelong learning for children and their families. In 2007, Queen Rania began a program to renovate 500 of Jordan's schools in a period of five years. Queen Rania is also chairperson of the Royal Health Awareness Society (RHAS).


title: Queen Rania of Jordan

text: Queen Rania created the Jordan River Foundation in 1995. This foundation works to empower society, especially women and children, to improve the quality of life and make a better future for all Jordanians. She also created the Jordan River Children Program (JRCP). This program wants to place children’s well-being above politics and cultural taboos. After two children were killed in Jordan because of child abuse, Queen Rania called for an emergency meeting to discuss where the system was failing.


title: Queen Rania of Jordan

text: On 30 March 2008, Queen Rania launched her own YouTube channel. It was originally to invite viewers to give their opinions on the Middle East and talk about the stereotypes they may have of Arabs and Muslims.


title: Velvet Revolution

text: Velvet Revolution (Czech: sametová revoluce, Slovak: nežná revolúcia) is a name for political changes in Czechoslovakia between November 17 and December 29, 1989. It ended with the fall of the one-party government of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and start of the democratization process. The name "Velvet" was chosen for its softness.


title: Maserati

text: Maserati is an Italian luxury car making company. It began working with the company known as Ferrari, but recently changed to a group that includes Alfa Romeo. The Maserati brothers were named Alfieri, Bindo, Carlo, Ettore, and Ernesto. Alfieri initially raced with cars from a company called Diatto, but in 1926 when they stopped being produced, Alfieri and his brothers created a company called Maserati. One of the first cars that they made (driven by Alfieri) won the 1926 Targa Florio. Alfieri died in 1932, but the three other brothers continued making the cars. Their trident logo was probably created by an artist named Mario.


title: Velvet Revolution

text: After the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia ended the Prague Spring in August 1968, censorship began again and the Communist Party purged many of its members. This event during the 1970s is known as Normalization. Despite these events, the economic situation in Czechoslovakia was better than in other countries of Eastern Bloc (for example in Poland or Hungary).


title: Maserati

text: Maserati also ran a Formula One racing team between 1950 and 1957, employing numerous drivers, including the five-time drivers' champion Juan Manuel Fangio.


title: Velvet Revolution

text: The Velvet Revolution started at an official event for 50th anniversary of the closing of Czechoslovakian universities on November 17, 1939 by the Nazis in Prague. This event continued after its official end and was violently ended by state police on the street "Národní třída". In following days people organized meetings for protest against the actions of state police. 750-800 thousand people were at one of the biggest protests on November 25.


title: Velvet Revolution

text: On November 19, the Civic Forum, the political movement which led the dialogue with the communist government, was created in The Drama Club in Prague. The same day, the movement "Public Against Violence" was created in Bratislava.


title: Velvet Revolution

text: On November 27 a general strike took place. On this day there was a protest at Wenceslas Square with 300,000 people. Its main slogan was "Konec vlády jedné strany" - "End of one-part government".


title: Velvet Revolution

text: Václav Havel was named as president of Czechoslovakia on December 29, 1989. He was the first non-communist president of Czechoslovakia since 1948.


title: Edward, the Black Prince

text: Edward, the Black Prince (Woodstock Palace, Oxfordshire, 15 June 1330 – Westminster Palace, 8 June 1376) was the eldest son of King Edward III of England.


title: Melodrama

text: A melodrama is a dramatic or literary work where the plot is sensational. It appeals strongly to the emotions. It has crude characterization. Characters are simply-drawn, and stereotyped.


title: Tautiška giesmė

text: "Tautiška giesmė" (; literally "The National Hymn") is the national anthem of Lithuania. It is also known by its opening words "Lietuva, Tėvyne mūsų" (official translation of the lyrics:[1] "Lithuania, Our Homeland", literally: "Lithuania, Our Fatherland") and as "Lietuvos himnas" (The National Anthem of Lithuania).


title: Paella

text: Paella is a traditional rice dish in Valencia, Spain. Paella named after the traditional pan (frying pan) used to cook the dish on an open fire. This dish consists of grain rice, green beans, peas, chicken, rabbit, lima bean. Also paella (paella de marisco) consists of seafood instead of meat.


title: Edward, the Black Prince

text: Edward was born at Woodstock Palace, near Oxford. He was made Prince of Wales in 1343, and followed his father into battle against France. He became a famous soldier, helping win the Battle of Crécy and commanding the Battle of Poitiers. He was a founding member of the Order of the Garter. In 1361, he married his cousin, Joan of Kent. They had two sons, Edward and Richard. The older son, Edward, died when he was only six.


title: Melodrama

text: Melodrama is a portmanteau word, formed by combining the words "melody" from the Greek "melōidía", meaning "song") and "drama". Originally it referred to the use of music in a play.


title: Tautiška giesmė

text: The music and lyrics were written in 1898 by Vincas Kudirka, when Lithuania was still part of the Russian Empire. The fifty-word poem was a condensation of Kudirka's conceptions of the Lithuanian state, the Lithuanian people, and their past. Shortly before his death in 1899, the anthem was performed for Lithuanians living in Saint Petersburg, Russia.


title: Edward, the Black Prince

text: Edward of Woodstock has become known in history as "the Black Prince", but no one is quite sure of the reason for the nickname. He died at the age of 45, and was buried at the Canterbury Cathedral. As his father was still living, he never became king himself. He asked his father to give the title Prince of Wales to his son Richard, who later became King Richard II of England. .


title: Melodrama

text: A melodrama is often a play with very simple characters: a villain, hero, heroine, policeman, damsel in distress and an elderly person (which usually ends happily). Melodramas were popular in the Victorian era on the stage and in novels. In the 20th century the term came to mean bad, crude art, lacking thought. It is rarely applied to the inclusion of music.


title: Plectrum

text: A plectrum or pick is a small object used to play certain types of string instruments. The plectrum is held in the hand and used to pluck a string. This makes a hard, metallic, "twangy" sound. The instruments most commonly plucked include the guitar, lute and mandolin. The strings of a harpsichord are also plucked, although the plectra in this instrument are called "jacks". They pluck the string when the player presses a key down.


title: Erinyes

text: The Erinyes (or Eumenides) were the goddesses of revenge in Greek mythology. They are also known as the Furies. These three female divinities were named Alecto, Tisiphone, and Megaera.


title: Louis I of Spain

text: Louis I of Spain (25 August 1707 – 31 August 1724) was the King of Spain and eldest son of Philip V of Spain and Maria Luisa of Savoy. His reign was one of the shortest in Spanish history. It is often considered unremarkable. However, his marriage to his father's cousin Louis Élisabeth d'Orléans helped the country's relations with France. His wife was a minor French princess.


title: Impulse (physics)

text: Impulse is also described as the change in momentum. If the force and the mass of the object do not change, impulse can be simply expressed as:


title: Quagga

text: It was one of the six subspecies of plains zebra. It was a yellowish-brown zebra with stripes only on its head, neck and forebody, and looks similar to an Okapi. The Quagga was native to dry grassy plains in the south of the African continent. It was found as far north as the Orange River. It is believed to have separated from other plains zebras between 120,000 and 290,000 years ago. The name "Quagga" comes from the noise that they made. (kwa-ka-ka) (qua-ga-ga).


title: Erinyes

text: The Erinyes were born from Mother Earth and the blood of Uranos. They avenged family crimes such as matricide and patricide. They also tormented evil men in the "Hell" of the underworld, Tartarus.


title: Louis I of Spain

text: Louis was born in Madrid. He was the heir to the throne from birth. He held the title Prince of Asturias. He was given the names Louis, after his grandfather the King Louis XIV, and Felipe, in honour of his father. He was a first cousin of Louis XV of France as well as the future Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia.


title: Quagga

text: The Quagga was hunted for food, for their skin and also because farmers did not want it to eat the grass they needed for their sheep and goats. The last wild Quaggas died during a drought in 1878. The last captive Quagga died in the Amsterdam Zoo on 12 August 1883. Her body is now in a museum. There are 23 Quagga specimens in museums, seven skeletons, and some skulls and other bones.


title: Erinyes

text: The Erinyes forever followed a person who did a crime. They even could make the person go mad. They are often shown with snakes on their heads, blood coming out of their eyes, and looking horrific.


title: Louis I of Spain

text: Louis was King of Spain from 14 January to 31 August 1724, less than eight months. During his short reign he was nicknamed "The beloved" and "The liberal" ("El Bien Amado" and "El Liberal" in Spanish). His reign ended when he died of smallpox. He had no children.


title: Quagga

text: A foundation in Africa is trying to bring Quaggas back to life by taking zebras that have very light stripes and breeding them. They began in 1987 and the first Quagga foal was born in 2005.


title: Erinyes

text: A well known story about the Erinyes is that of Orestes. Orestes' mother Klytaimnestra, and her lover Aegisthos, killed Orestes' father Agamemnon. The god Apollo told Orestes to kill the murderers of his father, which he did. Orestes was then pursued by the Erinyes for his crime. With the help of Athena and Apollo Orestes went to a court in Athens. It was decided that Orestes acted correctly and nobody should hurt him. Even the Erinyes accepted the decision, and from then on they were also called Eumenides, which means "the kind ones", because they could also let people go in peace if their crime was done for a good reason.


title: Necrophilia

text: Necrophilia is a paraphilia of being sexually attracted to dead bodies. Some necrophiliacs have sex with dead bodies. It is usually considered bad. It is illegal in many parts of the world, "but not all".


title: Tuff

text: It consists of consolidated volcanic ash ejected from vents during a volcanic eruption. Rock with more than 50% tuff is called "tuffaceous". The chemical and mineral composition of tuff varies according to what was in the molten magma.


title: Carolingian Empire

text: Carolingian Empire (800–888) is a historiographical term for the realm of the Franks under the Carolingian dynasty in the Early Middle Ages. This dynasty is seen as the predecessor of modern day France, Austria and Germany. Its beginning date is based on the crowning of Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, and ends with the death of his descendant Charles the Fat. This Empire can be seen as the later history of the Frankish Realm or the early history of France and of the Holy Roman Empire. they also rulled under absolute power and killed many catholics


title: Tuff

text: In a volcanic eruption, Magma is blown apart by volcanic gases and steam. The products are volcanic gases, lava, steam, and tephra (fragments). The solid material produced and thrown into the air is called "tephra", regardless of composition or fragment size. If the pieces of ejecta are small, the material is called volcanic ash, defined as such particles less than 2 mm in diameter, sand-sized or smaller. These particles are small, slaggy pieces of magma and rock that have been tossed into the air by outbursts of steam and other gases.


title: Tuff

text: Among the loose beds of ash that cover the slopes of many volcanoes, three classes of materials are represented.


title: Tuff

text: In some great volcanic explosions nothing but materials of the second kind were emitted, as at Mount Bandai in Japan in 1888. There have also been many eruptions in which the quantity of broken sedimentary rocks that mingled with the ash is very great.


title: Tuff

text: These materials, in contrast to true ashes, tend to occur in "angular fragments". When they form a large part of the mass the rock is more properly a 'volcanic breccia' than a tuff. A breccia is a rock with sharp-edged fragments in it.


title: Tuff

text: The ashes vary in size from large blocks twenty feet or more in diameter to the minutest impalpable dust. The large masses are called 'volcanic bombs'; they have mostly a rounded, elliptical or pear-shaped form owing to rotation in the air before they solidified. Many of them have ribbed or nodular surfaces, and sometimes they have a crust intersected by many cracks like the surface of a loaf of bread. Any ash in which they are very abundant is called an agglomerate.


title: Tuff

text: A tuff of recent origin is generally loose, but the older tuffs have usually been cemented together by pressure and the action of infiltrating water. This makes rocks which, while not very hard, are strong enough to be used for building purposes (e.g. in the neighborhood of Rome).


title: Tuff

text: Many volcanoes stand near the sea, and the ashes cast out by them are mingled with the sediments that are gathering at the bottom of the waters. In this way ashy muds or sands or even in some cases ashy limestones are formed. As a matter of fact most of the tuffs found in the older rock formations contain mixtures of clay, sand, and sometimes fossil shells, which prove that they were beds spread out under water.


title: Tuff

text: During some volcanic eruptions a layer of ashes several feet in thickness is deposited over a considerable district, but such beds thin out rapidly as the distance from the crater increases, and ash deposits covering many square miles are usually very thin.


title: Tuff

text: The showers of ashes often follow one another after longer or shorter intervals, and hence thick masses of tuff, whether of subaerial or of marine origin, have mostly a stratified character. In the fine beds it is often developed in great perfection.


title: Tuff

text: Welded tuff is a pyroclastic flow of lava which was hot enough to weld together. During welding, the glass shards and pumice fragments adhere together (necking at point contacts), deform, and compact together.


title: Tuff

text: A hot lava flow welded by heat can be highly voluminous, such as the Lava Creek Tuff erupted from Yellowstone Caldera in Wyoming 640,000 years ago. Lava Creek Tuff was at least 1000 times as large as the deposits of the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. It had a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 8—greater than any eruption known in the last 10,000 years.


title: Tuff

text: Basaltic tuffs are occur widely. They are found in Skye, Mull, Antrim and other places, where there are tertiary volcanic rocks; in Scotland, Derbyshire and Ireland among the carboniferous strata; and among the still older rocks of the Lake District, southern uplands of Scotland and Wales.


title: Tuff

text: Basaltic tuffs are black, dark green or red in colour. They vary greatly in coarseness. Often submarine, they may contain shale, sandstone, grit and other sedimentary material, and are occasionally fossiliferous. Recent basaltic tuffs are found in Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Jan Mayen, Sicily, Sandwich Islands, Samoa, etc.


title: Placozoa

text: The Placozoa are an animal phylum, a primitive form of invertebrate. They are the simplest in structure of all metazoa.


title: Coat of arms of France

text: The national emblem of France has been a symbol of the country since 1953. It is not officially the coat of Arms but it appears on French passports.


title: Rudolph Valentino

text: Rudolph Valentino (May 6, 1895 – August 23, 1926) was an Italian actor of silent movies. He was born Rodolfo Alfonso Raffaello Piero Filiberto Guglielmi in Castellaneta, Italy. He became popular as one of the first sex symbols in Hollywood in the 1920s.


title: Shoot

text: In botany, shoots are stems plus the leaves and lateral buds, flowering stems and flower buds. The new growth from seed germination that grows upward is a shoot where leaves will develop. In the spring, perennial plant shoots are the new growth that grows from the ground in herbaceous plants or the new stem or flower growth that grows on woody plants.


title: Placozoa

text: The Placozoa is usually considered to have only one species, Trichoplax adhaerens, but there is enough genetic diversity that it is possible that there are multiple, morphologically similar species.


title: Rudolph Valentino

text: Valentino did not live long enough to see movies with sound replace silent movies. He died of peridontis on August 23, 1926, at the age of 31.


title: Placozoa

text: Although they were first discovered in 1883, a common name does not exist for the taxon. The scientific name literally means "flat animals".


title: Placozoa

text: "Trichoplax" is a small, flattened, animal around a millimetre across. Like an Amoeba, it has no regular outline, although the upper surface is always flattened. The body consists of an outer layer of simple epithelium enclosing a loose sheet of cells. The epithelial cells bear flagella, which the animal uses to help it creep along the seafloor. Between these layers is the fiber syncytium, a liquid-filled cavity strutted open by star-like fibers.


title: Placozoa

text: "Trichoplax" feed by absorbing food particles—mainly microbes—with their underside. They generally reproduce asexually, by dividing or budding, but can also reproduce sexually. Though "Trichoplax" has a small genome in comparison to other animals, nearly 87% of its 11,514 protein-coding genes are similar to known genes in other animals.


title: Placozoa

text: In the 1960s and 1970s renewed interest among researchers led to the discovery that the animals people had been studying are adults, not larvae. This newfound interest also included study of the organism in nature (as opposed to aquariums).


title: Phenylketonuria

text: Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder (a disease a person is born with) where a person's body cannot break down an amino acid called phenylalanine. Amino acids are necessary to make proteins, an important part of the human body. Phenylalanine only comes from the food we eat; our bodies do not make any by themselves.


title: Witness

text: A witness is someone who sees something happen. They are often used in court to help find the truth. During a trial, the two lawyers will bring in witnesses to help back up their arguments.


title: Tortilla

text: A tortilla is a flat bread used in Mexican cuisine. They are used in burritos, enchiladas, and mainly as a wrap called taco. They are normally made of maize (corn), but can also be made of wheat or potatoes.


title: New Line Cinema

text: New Line Film Productions Inc., often called New Line Cinema, is an American movie studio. It was founded in 1967 by Robert Shaye. It became a subsidiary of WarnerMedia in 1996. It was merged into the bigger studio Warner Bros. in 2008.


title: Büsingen am Hochrhein

text: Büsingen am Hochrhein often just known as Busingen, is a German village. It is part of the German state "(Bundesland)" of Baden-Württemberg. The village belongs to the district "(Kreis)" of Konstanz. Büsingen has an area of about . About 1,350 people live there. The village is the only exclave of Germany. It is surrounded by territory that belongs to Switzerland.


title: Phenylketonuria

text: Average people produce an enzyme called phenylalanine hydroxylase in their bodies. When they ingest phenylalanine, the body cannot use it, so this enzyme changes phenylalanine into tyrosine, which the body can use. In people with PKU, very little or no enzyme is made. Since the phenylalanine they eat is not being changed into tyrosine, it builds up in their bodies. This can cause problems with the way their bodies work.


title: Witness

text: In a criminal trial, the prosecution lawyer will often bring in the victim of the crime to say what happened, and anyone else who can prove the accused person did the crime. The defense lawyer will nearly always call up the accused person to explain why they are not guilty, and bring in other witnesses who can prove the accused person is not guilty. Each time a lawyer brings in a witness, the other lawyer will "cross examine" the witness - they will ask them questions to make sure they are telling the truth.


title: Tortilla

text: In Spanish cuisine, tortillas are very different; they are closer to an omelette based on potatoes, usually mixed with other ingredients like onions, pork sausages or other vegetables; they can be baked or cooked in a frying pan. Also many Latin-American countries call omelettes tortillas, and the ingredients can be different in every country, using their local ingredients and by choice of the chef.


title: New Line Cinema

text: Unlike other independent studios such as Orion Pictures, Carolco Pictures, or Cannon Films, New Line Cinema has grown and prospered to become one of Hollywood's major movie studios, culminating in the hit "Lord of the Rings" movie trilogy that brought prestige to the studio.


title: Büsingen am Hochrhein

text: A 680-metre wide strip of Swiss land separates the village from the rest of Germany. The village next to Büsingen is the Swiss village Dörflingen.


title: Phenylketonuria

text: Symptoms vary from person to person. Because of the rarity of PKU, many symptoms go undiagnosed or unrecognized. In addition, there are variations in the categories of PKU individuals. There are untreated, early treated, late treated, those returning to diet, Hyperphe, Classical PKU, uncontrolled, and highly controlled. For your average infant a doctor will diagnose PKU with a quick blood test. Their symptom will be high PHE levels. If that infant goes undiagnosed for weeks or months, he/she may start to exhibit some or all of the following symptoms for uncontrolled PKU. The symptoms include:


title: Witness

text: Witnesses have to swear to tell the truth during the trial. If a witness lies in court, it is known as "perjury", which is a crime. A witness can be subpoenad, which means they are required to testify in court. If the witness does not testify when given a subpoena, they can be punished.


title: Büsingen am Hochrhein

text: There are no border controls between Büsingen and Switzerland because Büsingen is in a customs union with this country. The two countries agreed this in 1964 and the treaty became law in 1967. At the same time another even small part of West Germany separated from the rest of the country by land belonging to Switzerland, called Verenahof became part of the Swiss village of Büttenhardt.


title: Phenylketonuria

text: Today, scientists know what foods have phenylalanine in them, and they have created a special diet for people with PKU. Since they cannot use it, people with PKU cannot eat foods that have a lot of phenylalanine, like eggs, meat and milk. An artificial sweetener called aspartame is also a source of phenylalanine. People with PKU take a lot of vitamins to make up for the foods they cannot eat, especially vitamins B6 and B12.


title: Büsingen am Hochrhein

text: Because the village is completely surrounded by Swiss territory, but is politically German, many things exist twice there. Büsingen has for example two postal codes and residents may have phone numbers from two countries. The official currency is the Euro. However, most things like electricity and cable television come from Switzerland and have to be paid in Swiss francs. Büsingen depends heavily on Switzerland in economics.


title: Phenylketonuria

text: Babies with PKU are fed a special formula. It has everything babies need to stay healthy, but with very little phenylalanine. There are also low protein foods like breads and flour (Made from corn and starch instead of regular wheat).


title: Büsingen am Hochrhein

text: Büsingen only has one elementary school. Pupils can attend the school there up to the fourth grade. After this, the parents have to decide whether the children should attend a German or a Swiss school.


title: Phenylketonuria

text: Women with PKU who are pregnant or trying to get pregnant have to be especially careful to follow this diet. If they do not follow the diet, their babies could be born with severe birth defects and mental retardation. Babies born to women with PKU who have followed the PKU diet throughout their pregnancy are usually healthy and do not necessarily but may develop PKU. Whether or not they have PKU themselves depends on the mother and father's genes. In fact there are people who are Carriers (Dormant Genes) that can be passed on until they resurface in the future generations. These are so far undetectable, However, since PKU is genetically recessive it takes PKU genes from both parents to cause PKU.


title: Büsingen am Hochrhein

text: A Swiss Postbus connects the village to the Swiss city Schaffhausen the Swiss villages Dörflingen, Buch and Ramsen and the German village Randegg.


title: Phenylketonuria

text: PKU kids usually have light hair and eyes due to the effect of phenylalanine in the production of melanin. They also tend to have very fair skin which can cause them to burn easily. Solar protection is a must for those who wish to work, play, or engage in activities outdoors.


title: Büsingen am Hochrhein

text: Büsingen has a large proportion of residents who are retired people, many are Swiss, because they pay little or no tax on their pensions.


title: Phenylketonuria

text: Most people with PKU can live as long and healthy as anyone else if the low-phenylalanine diet is started when they are babies and continued for the rest of their lives. The symptoms will usually disappear after the diet is started.


title: Büsingen am Hochrhein

text: The oldest finds in the area of Büsingen date back to the Bronze Age. The village was first mentioned in historical documents in 1090. The area belonging to the village contains the sites of two abandoned villages.


title: R. Lee Ermey

text: Ronald Lee Ermey (March 24, 1944 – April 15, 2018) was an American actor and voice actor. Ermey served with the United States Marine Corps in Vietnam and was retired in 1971. He was the voice of Sarge in "Toy Story", "Toy Story 2", and "Toy Story 3". Ermey was born on March 24, 1944 in Emporia, Kansas. He was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for his role as Gunnery Sergeant Hartman in "Full Metal Jacket".


title: Paul Verhoeven

text: Paul Verhoeven (born 18 July 1938) is a Dutch movie director, producer and writer. He was born in Amsterdam. He directed American movies "RoboCop", "Total Recall", "Basic Instinct", "Showgirls" and "Starship Troopers". He wrote and directed Dutch movie "Black Book".


title: Interface

text: An interface or shell is what the user uses on an operating system to make the computer do tasks, like writing a document, or loading a web page. There are two types of interfaces, a command line interface (CLI for short) - where people write commands to make the computer perform tasks, or a graphical user interface (GUI for short), where people use their Computer mouse to click on buttons to perform tasks.


title: Zagazig

text: Zagazig is a city in Egypt. It is located near the Nile Delta and is the home town of former president Mohamadd Morsi.


title: R. Lee Ermey

text: Ermey was married to Nila Ermey from 1975 until his death in 2018; they had 4 children. Ermey retired as a Staff Sergeant but was later given the honorary rank of Gunnery Sergeant.


title: Paul Verhoeven

text: During his youth Verhoeven was for a short time a Pentecostal Christian. Although he is an atheist, he takes a great interest in Jesus. He is a member of the Jesus Seminar and wrote ""Jesus of Nazareth"" in 2007, a liberal view on Jesus. He is intending to make a movie about Jesus.


title: Interface

text: Command line interfaces ask the user to type in commands in a text-based environment, not allowing images, like the screen image to the right.


title: R. Lee Ermey

text: Ermey died on April 15, 2018 of complications from pneumonia at a hospital in Santa Monica, California at the age of 74.


title: Interface

text: This is hard to use for most people, mostly because when the user has to do a long command, he or she can miss a letter or two, so the computer shows an error, and he or she has to do it all over again, which can waste hours.


title: Interface

text: Graphical user interfaces are instead made of not only text, but also images. The first computer to do this was the Apple Lisa (1983).


title: Interface

text: Since the top operating systems (listed above) use graphical user interfaces, they are seen on every computer. Anyone can still use a command line interface on any computer very easily.


title: Bože Pravde

text: "Bože pravde" ; ; "God of Justice") is the national anthem of Serbia, enshrined in Article 7 of the Constitution. It has been around since the 19th century; the music was composed by Slovene musician Davorin Jenko (Davorin Yenko) and the lyrics were written by Jovan Đorđević (Yovan Gyorgyevich) in 1872. Ten years later, it was first adopted when the Kingdom of Serbia was formed, which then lasted until 1919, a year after the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (then known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) was formed. It was fully relinquished in 1945 and was replaced by "Hej, Slaveni!".


title: Space suit

text: A spacesuit is the specialised covering of protective clothing worn by astronauts when they travel into outer space occasional cases such as extravehicular activity (EVA) or into the upper atmosphere. Spacesuits are completely sealed, so that an astronaut can survive in the harsh, cold, and airless environment of space. Spacesuits have their own heating and cooling systems and a radio communication system. Spacesuits also provide a supply of fresh air for the astronauts to breathe and create a normal atmospheric pressure. Spacesuits cover the entire body, and they have gloves for the hands and a helmet for the head, including a clear visor for the face. Astronauts wear spacesuits when they fly in the space shuttle, rockets, or space stations. For Extravehicular activity they wear a heavier, more complex kind of spacesuit.


title: Fibula

text: The fibula is one of the two bones which make up the lower leg (humans), or back leg in tetrapods. The other one is the tibia. Above them is the knee and femur; below are the feet. Muscles are attached to the top of the fibula which help move the knee. It is also used to support the knee and the tibia.


title: Phalanx formation

text: The phalanx formation is an Ancient Greek term for a block-like infantry formation. The Greek hoplites (heavy infantry) were armed with spears, swords, or similar weapons. The mass of infantry marched forward as one entity against opponents. The system was used by city states, who often fought each other. Cavalry were rare, partly because horses were a scarce resource, and partly because the lack of space on valley floors in the Peloponnese left little room for cavalry manoeuvres. Later, the Macedonian phalanx was always supported by cavalry in the conquests of Alexander the Great.


title: Compound (linguistics)

text: Compound words are words that add together to make a new word, like the word "side" and "walk", to make "sidewalk". These words often develop over time. They can start as two words joined with a hyphen, and then become a compound word. There are three types of compound words; closed, hyphenated and open. A closed compound word is joined into one word like "keyboard" or "makeup". A hyphenated word is two words joined with a hyphen like "mother-in-law". Open compound words are words which are used together like "police station", or "fire engine".


title: Vitali Klitschko

text: Vitali Volodymyrovych Klitschko (; ; born 19 July 1971) is a Ukrainian politician and former professional boxer. He has served as the mayor of Kyiv since 2014.


title: Phalanx formation

text: Early battles with the phalanx usually resulted in similar formations pushing against each other until one broke. The potential of the phalanx to do more was shown at the Battle of Marathon (490 BC). Facing the huge army of Darius I, the Athenians thinned out their phalanx and lengthened their front to avoid being outflanked. However, even a reduced-depth phalanx proved unstoppable to the lightly armed Persian infantry. After routing the Persian wings, the hoplites on the Athenian wings wheeled inwards, destroying the elite troop at the Persian centre. This was a crushing victory for Athens. Throughout the Greco-Persian Wars the hoplite phalanx continued to defeat the Persian infantry (e.g. the battles of Thermopylae and Plataea).


title: Vitali Klitschko

text: As a heavyweight boxer, Klitschko held the WBO title from 1999 to 2000, "The Ring" magazine title from 2004 to 2005, and the WBC title twice in 2004 and between 2008 and 2013. In 2011, Vitali and his brother Wladimir entered the Guinness World Records book as the pair of brothers with most world heavyweight title fight wins. Of his 47 bouts, he won 45 (41 by KO) and lost twice.