title: Sid Eudy

text: Sid started his career in 1989, hired by World Championship Wrestling. During these years, Sid competed as one of the members of the team known as "The Skyscrapers" with "Mean" Mark Callous and then later with Dan Spivey; he used the powerbomb as his maneuver fight. After recovering from an injury, Sid returned to the ring in May 1990 as a member of the team of Ric Flair. After leaving WCW Sid was incorporated into the World Wrestling Federation, he made his presentation as Sid Justice on July 20, 1991 episode of WWF Superstars of Wrestling and was also was chosen as the referee for the main fight at SummerSlam that year in a tag team match between The Ultimate Warrior and Hulk Hogan versus Sgt. Slaughter and Col. Mustafa billed as "The Match Made In Hell." At the 1992 Royal Rumble he was one of the last two in the ring with Ric Flair when Hogan, who was already eliminated pulled Sid over the top rope with Flair assisting from behind helping Flair win his 1st WWF/E title. His crowning moment came at WrestleMania VIII, where Sid was faced with Hulk Hogan, Sid lost the fight by disqualification when Papa Shango interrupted to help Sid. Sid return to WCW in May 1993. That year he teamed with Big Van Vader. After leaving WCW again, Eudy joined the United States Wrestling Association July 16, 1994, and faced with defeating Jerry Lawler and Sid getting the World Heavyweight Championship.


title: Sid Eudy

text: In 1995 Sid returns to the WWF/E on Monday Night Raw. Time after time he confronted Shawn Michaels for the title and at Survivor Series in 1996, where Sid applies a powerbomb to Michaels and gets the WWF/E Championship. At the 1997 Royal Rumble in Michaels' hometown of San Antonio, Texas the two fought again for the title with Michaels winning his 2nd title. One month later Sid captured his 2nd title by defeating Bret Hart on Raw,who had defeated Vader, Stone Cold Steve Austin and The Undertaker in a Fatal Four Way match the night before. At Wrestlemania 13 in Chicago, Sid lost the title to the Undertaker. Sid's last match in the WWF/E was June 9, 1997.


title: Sid Eudy

text: After his separation from the World Wrestling Federation, Sid was hired by Extreme Championship Wrestling (1999). Soon after, he found himself back with his former company, WCW. There he joined his former colleagues of the WWF Hulk Hogan, Randy Savage, Kevin Nash, Scott Hall, Bret Hart, and new WCW superstars Bill Goldberg and Chris Benoit. His best moment was when he won the WCW championship by defeating Kevin Nash twice.


title: Black operation

text: A black operation (black op for short) is a covert operation which is done by a government or military. Black operations are secret and whoever does them does not admit that they ever happened. There are differences between black operations and ones which are just secret. The main difference is that a black operation often uses deception. This deception might be not telling anybody who did the operation. It might also be blaming the operation on someone else ("false flag" operations).


title: Black operation

text: One example of a black operation is a "black bag operation". A black bag operation is when agents or soldiers secretly go into buildings and collect intelligence. It is known that the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Central Intelligence Agency, Mossad, MI6 and other intelligence services have done operations like these.


title: Black operation

text: The word "black" can be used for any secret action done by a government. For example, some militaries and intelligence services have classified "black budgets" to carry out black operations. Almost all details about this budget is hidden from the public.


title: NASDAQ

text: NASDAQ is a stock exchange in New York City. It stands for National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations. About 3,800 companies trade on it. It is owned by a company called Nasdaq, Inc.


title: Nynorsk

text: Nynorsk (New Norwegian) is one of the two official written standards of Norwegian; the other is Bokmål. It is based on Norwegian dialects and was created by Ivar Aasen during the 19th century as a Norwegian alternative to Danish upon which it is based. Danish was then often written in Norway.


title: Laugh

text: A laugh is a way of showing happiness. It is a vocal sound which a person makes when something is funny, like a joke, or a tickle.


title: Laugh

text: Sometimes people laugh when they are not happy. When people are ashamed or embarrassed, sometimes they react by laughing.


title: Laugh

text: There are different ways to laugh. A person can laugh using mostly their voice, mostly their throat, or mostly their nose.


title: Laugh

text: You can write a laugh in different ways. Some people write "ha ha ha", or "he he he", or "hehe". If they are on the internet, they also use "LOL". "LOL" does not sound like a laugh, but it stands for Laughing Out Loud.


title: Laugh

text: Human babies first laugh at the age of around three or four months, usually as an expression of surprise. Babies' laughter often produces a positive response in adults who will involuntarily copy the child. Video footage, on the YouTube site, of babies laughing was shown to Queen Elizabeth II during her visit, on 16 October 2008, to the Google headquarters, where both she and her husband the Duke of Edinburgh were reduced to 'fits of giggles'.


title: History of Iran

text: Iran is home to one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations, with historical and urban settlements dating back to 4000 BC. The Medes unified Iran as a nation and empire in 625 BC.


title: History of Iran

text: The Islamic conquest of Persia (633–656) and the end of the Sassanid Empire was a turning point in Iranian history. Iran had been a monarchy ruled by a shah, or emperor, almost without interruption from 1501 until the 1979 Islamic revolution, when Iran officially became an Islamic Republic on 1 April 1979.


title: History of Iran

text: Before Iran was called Iran, and before Iranians lived there, a different group of people lived in Iran. These people were called the Elamites. The Elamites are mentioned in the Bible. The Elamites lived in a kingdom called Elam. Elam was conquered by Iranian peoples, such as the Medes (a type of Iranian), because the Elamites became weak after fighting the Assyrian people (a different people) for too long. The Iranians would then go on to conquer the Assyrians, as well.


title: History of Iran

text: The name Iran comes from "Aryan" and is also mentioned in the ancient book of the Zoroastrians, which was called the Avesta. "Iran" means "Aryan" in Persian. In the 19th and early 20th century, the name "Aryan" was used by Europeans to mean "all Indo-Europeans".


title: History of Iran

text: Around 500 BC, present-day Iran was the center of the Persian Empire. Then, Alexander the Great took the country by fighting and the "Achaemenid dynasty" of Persia later ruled. After them the "Sassanian dynasty" (224-651) took over.


title: History of Iran

text: Other people took Persia by fighting, like the Arabs (7th century), Turks (10th century) and Mongols (13th century). However, Iran has always maintained a distinct culture and continued to survive.


title: History of Iran

text: The "Safavid dynasty" (1502-1736) made Islam and Shi'a the state religion of Iran although Islam was already popular then. The latest kings of Iran were from the "Pahlavi dynasty", and ruled from 1925 until 1979, when there was a revolution and Ayatollah Khomeini created an Islamic republic.


title: History of Iran

text: In 1951, Mohammed Mossadegh was brought to power after being elected as prime minister by nearly all members of the Majlis (parliament) in Iran. His first act in office was to take control of the oil industry in Iran which had been controlled by Great Britain. Most of Britain's oil was pumped from Iran at the time. This move was seen as a danger to Great Britain's security and empire, so they tried to overthrow the government but failed. After this they convinced the United States through diplomacy that the government of Iran was a communist threat.


title: History of Iran

text: The CIA worked in Iran to create riots which led to the removal of Prime Minister Mossadegh. The United States and Great Britain then made the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi King of Iran, again.


title: History of Iran

text: The Shah ruled in Iran for 38 years. When he left Iran the Iranian government was changed to an Islamic Republic by Islamic Revolution. Soon afterwards, Iranian Students Movement (Tahkim Vahdat), with the backing of the new government took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and held most of the diplomats hostage for 444 days. Relations between the two countries have not been good since. For example. The US has imposed various types of economic sanctions against Iran. The US claims the Iran supports terrorist groups against Israel. Iran does not recognize Israel as a state. Iran, along with most Arab countries believe that Israel does not have the right to occupy the land of Palestinians.


title: History of Iran

text: Iran has long borders in common with Iraq. (The words "Iran" and "Iraq" are similar only in Latin alphabet. In Arabic and Persian, they are written differently.) Iranians are ethnically not Arabs. Iran defended itself against Iraqi invasion in 1980, a war that lasted eight years. Many Arab and Western countries, including the United States provided weapons (including biological and chemical weapons of mass destruction) and technical support for Iraq's Saddam Hussein.


title: History of Iran

text: Now, the West is trying to prevent Iran from mastering nuclear technology, even though Iran is a member of the NPT. They voice their concern claiming that Iran's intention is to develop nuclear weapons. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has reported numerous times that there is no evidence that Iran is developing nuclear weapons, however, it also says that it can not say for sure that Iran is not doing so in secret. A CIA report on nuclear activity in Iran, in December 2007 claimed that Iran's secret program to achieve nuclear weapons technology was stopped in 2003, and that since then, it was never restarted. It reports that Iran's ability to build a nuclear weapon will probably not happen soon.


title: History of Iran

text: The presidential elections of 13th June 2009 were officially won by the existing president M. Ahmadinejad, but certain people do not believe this is true. There were demonstrations because of these results, and some protesters fought with police forces. Many people who demonstrated thought that the election was a fraud. Officially nine people died during the protests.


title: Linux kernel

text: Linux is an operating system kernel used by a group of Unix-like operating systems. These are known as Linux operating systems.


title: Linux kernel

text: The Linux kernel is released with the GNU General Public License version 2 (GPLv2) and developed by programmers worldwide.


title: Linux kernel

text: In April 1991, Linus Torvalds, then 21 years old, started working on some simple ideas for an operating system. Then, on 25 August 1991, Torvalds posted to "comp.os.minix":


title: Linux kernel

text: After the post, many people made code for the project. By September 1991, Linux version 0.01 was released. It had 10,239 lines of code. In October 1991, Linux version 0.02 was released.


title: Linux kernel

text: The newsgroup "alt.os.linux" was started, and on January 19, 1992, the first post to alt.os.linux was made. On March 31, 1992, alt.os.linux became "comp.os.linux".


title: Linux kernel

text: The X Window System was soon moved to Linux. In March 1992, Linux version 0.95 was the first to be capable of running X. This large version number jump (from 0.1x to 0.9x) was because of a feeling that a version 1.0 with no major missing parts would be released soon.


title: Linux kernel

text: On March 14, 1994, Linux 1.0.0 was released, with 176,250 lines of code. In March 1995, Linux 1.2.0 was released (310,950 lines of code).


title: Linux kernel

text: In the start, Torvalds released Linux under a license which did not allow anyone to sell it. This was soon changed to the GNU General Public License (GPL), during version 0.12. This license allows distribution and sale of modified and unmodified versions of Linux, but requires that all those copies be released under the same license, and be accompanied by the complete corresponding source code.


title: Shraddha Kapoor

text: Shraddha Kapoor is an Indian actress and singer who appears in Hindi movies of Bollywood. Shraddha made her career in 2010 alongside Amitabh Bachchan in "Teen Patti". She gained wide recognition for playing a singer in the commercially successful romantic drama film "Aashiqui 2" (2013), which was starred by Aditya Roy Kapur.


title: Hayley Williams

text: Hayley Nichole Williams (born December 27, 1988) is an American singer and songwriter. She is the lead singer of the American rock band Paramore. She has also been on the songs of R&B musicians and rappers. In 2002, at the age of 13, Hayley moved from her hometown in Mississippi, to Tennessee, where she met two of her future band members Josh and Zac Farro at her new school.


title: Hayley Williams

text: While still in school, she tried out for a local funk cover band called ‘The Factory’, in which she met her Jeremy Davis, who also went on to be in Paramore.She was discovered in 2003 by managers Dave Steunebrink and Richard Williams who signed the her to a production deal at just 14 years of age.


title: Vesta (mythology)

text: Vesta was the virgin goddess of the hearth, home, and family in Roman mythology. She rarely appeared in art, as her presence was symbolized by the sacred fire that burned at her temple. The temple was forbidden to all except her priestesses, the Vestal Virgins. The Roman equivalent of the Greek Hestia, Vesta was seen to protect everything that was most important to people's survival. She was not a central figure of many myths. The lack of an easy source of fire in the early Roman community placed a special premium on the ever-burning hearth fire, both publicly and privately maintained; thus, from the earliest times Vesta was assured of a prominent place in both family and state worship. Her worship was observed in every household along with that of the Penates and the Lares, and her image was sometimes encountered in the household shrine.(1)


title: Vesta (mythology)

text: The state worship of Vesta was much more elaborate. Her sanctuary was traditionally a circular building, in imitation of the early Italian round hut and symbolic of the public hearth. The Temple of Vesta in the Roman Forum was of great antiquity and underwent many restorations and rebuildings in both republican and imperial times. There burned the perpetual fire of the public hearth attended by the Vestal Virgins. This fire was officially extinguished and renewed annually on March 1 (originally the Roman new year), and its extinction at any other time, either accidentally or not, was regarded as a portent of disaster to Rome.(2)


title: Valence electron

text: In chemistry, valence electrons are the electrons in the outside or "valence" electron shell of an atom. They determine the valency of the atom which is important in how a chemical element reacts with other elements. Elements which have eight valence electrons (noble gases) are inert and they do not tend to create chemical reactions with other elements in the Periodic table group.


title: Valence electron

text: The number of valence electrons is also important for determining the group of an element in the Periodic table, because an element's number of valence electron is the same as the number of its group in the periodic table. To calculate the amount of valence electrons present in an element you have to find the last number of the electron configuration.


title: Emphysema

text: It is one of the diseases that make up chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This is a set of diseases where the flow of air in the lungs is obstructed. Emphysema is most often caused by smoking but can be caused by other diseases or have no known cause at all.


title: Emphysema

text: It occurs when the very small air sacs (called the alveoli) at the ends of the airways in the lungs start to break down from many sacs to form much bigger sacs. The alveoli are the areas of the lung where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged into and out of the blood. Emphysema makes it hard for people to blow air out of the lungs because air gets trapped inside the broken alveoli due to the collapse of the walls. The trapped air in the lungs creates the characteristic "barrel chest" of emphysema.


title: Emphysema

text: There is no cure for emphysema. Treatment includes stopping smoking and taking medicines ('broncho-dilators' and sometimes corticosteroids). Supplemental oxygen is recommended in those with low oxygen levels at rest. It decreases the risk of heart failure and death if used 15 hours per day, and may improve people's ability to exercise. In those with normal or mildly low oxygen levels, oxygen supplementation may improve shortness of breath. There is a risk of fires and little benefit when those on oxygen continue to smoke.


title: Emphysema

text: Emphysema is commonly associated with chronic bronchitis. As it is rather difficult to delineate "pure" cases of emphysema or chronic bronchitis they are classed together into chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).


title: Partisan

text: A partisan is an armed fighter, who is not part of the regular troops of a country or state. The term comes from Italian, where it meant member of a political party. There is no separate legal status for partisans in international law. The law of war uses four criteria to legally define someone as a prisoner of war, if the person is captured:


title: Partisan

text: In 1977, there were two additional protocols: They clarified that it is sufficient to carry the weapons openly only on some occasions, to be titled armed combatant.


title: Chernobyl (miniseries)

text: Chernobyl is a historical drama television miniseries, produced by HBO and Sky Uk. The series was written by Craig Mazin and directed by Johan Renck. The series narrates Chernobyl nuclear disaster of April 1986 and the cleanup efforts that followed. It features an cast led by Jared Harris, Stellan Skarsgård, Emily Watson, and Paul Ritter. The series premiered in the United States and the United Kingdom on May 6–7, 2019. It received mostly positive reviews.


title: Chernobyl (miniseries)

text: "Chernobyl" dramatizes the story of the nuclear plant disaster which occurred in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (Soviet Union), showing the stories of the people who caused the disaster and those who responded to it. The series depicts some of the least known stories of the disaster, including the efforts of the firefighters who were the first responders on the scene, volunteers, and teams of miners tasked with digging a critical tunnel.


title: Chernobyl (miniseries)

text: The miniseries is based in large part on the memories of Pripyat locals, as told by Belarusian Nobel laureate Svetlana Alexievich in her book "Voices from Chernobyl".


title: Chernobyl (miniseries)

text: Writer Craig Mazin began researching for the project in 2014, by reading books and government reports from inside and outside of the Soviet Union. Mazin also interviewed nuclear scientists to learn how a reactor works, and former Soviet citizens to gain a better idea of the culture in 1986. Furthermore, Mazin read several first-person accounts in order to bring additional authenticity to the story. He explained, "When you're reading the personal stories of people who were there — people who lived near the plant, people who worked at the plant, people who were sent to Chernobyl as part of the effort to clean it up — in those individual accounts, that's really where the story came alive".


title: Chernobyl (miniseries)

text: In preparation for the miniseries, Mazin visited the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone. Mazin also did not cast any American actors, as that could potentially pull the audience out of the story.


title: Chernobyl (miniseries)

text: On July 26, 2017, it was announced that HBO and Sky will produce a series named "Chernobyl". It was HBO's first co-production with Sky UK. The five-episode miniseries was written by Craig Mazin and directed by Johan Renck. Mazin was the executive producer together with Carolyn Strauss and Jane Featherstone. Chris Fry and Renck acted as co-executive producers. On March 11, 2019, it was announced that the miniseries would premiere on May 6, 2019. On June 4, 2019, Craig Mazin made the original scripts of all episodes available for downloading in PDF format (see External links below).


title: Chernobyl (miniseries)

text: Simultaneously with the initial series announcement, it was confirmed that Jared Harris would star in the series. On March 19, 2018, it was announced that Stellan Skarsgård and Emily Watson had joined the main cast. In May 2018, it was announced that Paul Ritter, Jessie Buckley, Adrian Rawlins, and Con O'Neill also joined the cast.


title: Chernobyl (miniseries)

text: Principal photography began in April 2018 in Lithuania. Initial filming started on May 13, 2018. The majority of the filmings took place in Fabijoniškės, a residential district in Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania. Fabijoniskes has maintained an authentic Soviet atmosphere. Accordingly, it was used to portray the Ukrainian city of Pripyat. An area of densely built panel housing apartments served as a location for the evacuation scenes. Director Johan Renck heavily criticised the amount of diverse and eye-catching modern windows in the houses, but was not concerned about removing them in post-production. At the end of March, production moved to Visaginas, Lithuania, to shoot the exterior and interior of the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant, a decommissioned nuclear power station, also known as "Chernobyl's sister" due to its visual resemblance and the nuclear reactor design used at both Chernobyl and Ignalina (RBMK nuclear power reactor). In early June 2018, production moved to Ukraine to shoot minor final scenes. The filming of "Chernobyl" took 16 weeks.


title: History of the automobile

text: The early history of the automobile can be divided into a number of eras, based on the method of propulsion. Later periods were defined by trends in exterior styling, size, and utility preferences. The question of who invented the first automobile depends on how automobiles are defined.


title: History of the automobile

text: This is the period starts with the car made by Karl Benz in 1885. There were earlier inventions that used mainly steam-power to move the vehicles but the Benz car was the first to use a gasoline powered internal combustion engine in what could be called an automobile. The period goes up to the start of the production of Henry Ford's Model T.


title: History of the automobile

text: This period dates from 1908 to 1914 and the beginning of World War I. While earlier designs were more ornamental, vehicles from this period are simpler and more affordable. It is the time when hundreds of smaller automobile manufacturers were trying to compete for attention and sales. A number of improvements were developed during this time. These include the electric ignition system, four-wheel brakes and the independent suspension. Transmissions were adopted. Along with throttle controls, these allowed the vehicles to travel at a number of speeds depending on conditions.


title: History of the automobile

text: From about 1920 to 1930, car manufacturers began creating a closed body on the vehicle. This protected the driver and passengers from the weather. Vehicles began using curved glass and the new enclosed bodies gave a sense of privacy. Heaters were added for comfort. Many of the features of modern cars came from this period. These include four-wheel drive, front-wheel drive, and hybrid electric vehicles. Safety glass protected those inside the car from sharp glass in cases of an accident. By the end of the 1920s cars were becoming faster and were showing a level of style and beauty.


title: History of the automobile

text: The classic era began about 1930 during the Great Depression and ended just before World War II. The Great Depression was a time when many in the United States were just trying to survive. But it is also the era of some of the most significant improvements to the automobile. Cars took on a great deal of style and sophistication. They became works of art in many cases.


title: History of the automobile

text: Many new features were introduced during this era including the automatic transmission, the V-8, the V-12 and the V-16 engines. The gearshift lever moved to the steering column, hydraulic brakes were introduced for faster stopping and cars got trunks to carry luggage and cargo.


title: History of the automobile

text: The car industry changed during the 1930s. It saw the rise of the Big Three automakers. These were General Motors, Ford Motor Company and Chrysler. They were able to successfully design and sell cars during the Great Depression when fewer people could afford a new car.


title: History of the automobile

text: In 1949, the automobile industry finally got back on its feet after World War II. This same year General Motors, Cadillac and Oldsmobile introduced the integrated one-piece automobile body. The process joined all the different parts of the body into one body shell. Cars produced during this period concentrated on safety. Cars were big during this time. But in the late 1960s carmakers tried to market much smaller cars. The attempts by General Motors, Chrysler and Ford were all marketing failures. Instead, what sold was the performance car. Cars like the Ford Mustang and the Plymouth Barracuda were very successful. During the late 1950s, many smaller countries began producing cars. Both India and Iran were making cars from about 1959. The first Indian car design from 1950 was very similar to the Opel Kapitän. The first Iranian cars were very similar to several American cars. Both were designed in the United Kingdom.


title: History of the automobile

text: This period started about 1968 and continues to today. Body styles changed dramatically. The three most popular are the hatchback, the Minivan and the Sport utility vehicle (SUV). Starting in the Integration period, car manufacturers began designing cars for men while others are designed to attract women. The body shapes, colors and other cues are designed to appeal to a particular sex.


title: History of the automobile

text: Today, women tend to prefer crossovers more than men. Examples are the Kia Sportage and the Honda CR-V. Men seem to prefer powerful cars like the Chevrolet Camaro and the GMC Sierra pickup truck. In car colors, men seem to prefer brighter colors while more women seem to prefer traditional neutral colors.


title: Planets beyond Neptune

text: The planet Neptune was discovered in 1846. After this, many people thought that there might be more planets, which are further away from the sun than Neptune. In the early 20th century, Percival Lowell stated that there must be another planet-like body, farther out than Neptune. Lowell said that such a planet-like object could explain some irregularities in the orbits of the gas giants, in particular Uranus and Neptune. The gravity of a large unseen ninth planet could have perturbed Uranus enough to explain the irregularities. He called it "Planet X".


title: Planets beyond Neptune

text: In 1930, Clyde Tombaugh discovered Pluto. This seemed to validate Lowell's hypothesis. Pluto was officially considered the ninth planet until 2006. There was a problem, however: In 1978, Pluto was found to be too small. Its gravity would be unable to affect the gas giants. This finding triggered a search for a tenth planet. The spacecraft Voyager 2 supplied new measurements in the early 1990s. These measurements showed that Pluto was even smaller than in the 1978 measurement. According to a scientific study published at the time, the error could explain the irregularities observed in Uranus's orbit. After the study had been published, the search was largely abandoned.


title: Planets beyond Neptune

text: After 1992, the discovery of many small icy objects with similar or even wider orbits than Pluto led to a debate over whether Pluto should remain a planet, or whether it and its neighbours should, like the asteroids, be given their own separate classification. Although a number of the larger members of this group were initially described as planets, in 2006 the International Astronomical Union reclassified Pluto and its largest neighbours as dwarf planets, leaving only eight planets in the Solar System. Pluto was taken as a model for a dwarf planet.


title: Planets beyond Neptune

text: Today, the astronomical community widely agrees that Planet X, as originally envisioned, does not exist. A number of astronomers have used the concept of Planet X to explain other anomalies observed in the outer Solar System. In popular culture, and even among some astronomers, "Planet X" has become a stand-in term for any undiscovered planet in the outer Solar System, regardless of its relationship to Lowell's hypothesis. Other trans-Neptunian planets have also been suggested, based on different evidence.


title: Planets beyond Neptune

text: Beyond the orbit of Neptune, there is a structure called the Kuiper belt. It contains objects called centaurs. Plutinos have also been discovered beyond the orbit of Neptune. Many of these were discovered between 1980 and 1992.


title: Planets beyond Neptune

text: In 2004, the media again talked about the subject, when Sedna was discovered, twice as far from the sun than Pluto. Sedna is not a planet. In 2005, the discovery of Eris was announced. This was called a planet at first; but later reclassified. Today it is the biggest of the dwarf planets. Many other objects were discovered, but none of these is made of solid rock, they more resemble asteroids and comets.


title: Planets beyond Neptune

text: As of 2013, it is possible that a planet outside the orbit of Neptune exists. If it does, it would have to meet the following conditions:


title: Planets beyond Neptune

text: Different hypotheses have been put forward: A hypothetical star, located at about 50,000 AU distance, has been called "Nemesis". Nemesis might be either a red dwarf or a brown dwarf. In the original article, it was claimed Nemesis would orbit the sun at about 95,000 AU. The existence of Nemesis could explain events of mass extinction on earth which seem to occur at intervals of 26 million years. However, its existence is not necessary to explain the extinctions. There are actually fewer brown dwarfs in our cosmic neighborhood than previously thought. Rather than one star for every brown dwarf, there may be as many as six stars for every brown dwarf. The majority of solar-type stars are single.


title: Planets beyond Neptune

text: A hypothetical planet, located in the Oort cloud has been called Tyche. Tyche would be at least as large as Jupiter, and could be up to ten time as large. Originally, it was postulated to be hundreds of times farther than Neptune, at a distance of between 30,000 to 50,000 AU.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: John McDouall Stuart (7 September 18155 June 1866) is regarded as one of Australia's greatest explorers. He went on seven major exploring trips into the centre and north of Australia. He was leader of six of these expeditions. He spent more time out in the Australian bush exploring the land than any other explorer. On each trip, he was able to go further north and found water sources that helped him with his final long journey. In 1862, he crossed Australia from Adelaide, South Australia, to Van Diemen Gulf in the Northern Territory. He was the first European to cross the continent from north to south and then return again.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: Exploring Australia caused Stuart to become very sick from diseases such as scurvy and beriberi. He pushed himself to the very limits of human endurance. Each trip left him weaker and at the end of his last trip he was unable to walk or ride and had to be carried back. Stuart's discoveries opened up the country for the growth of farming sheep and cattle. His route was used to build the Australian Overland Telegraph Line from Adelaide to Darwin which joined an undersea line from Java. This meant that for the first time, Australians could communicate quickly with the rest of the world. But his personal rewards were small. He was given some land by the government and a small salary from his employers. Stuart died poor in England at the age of 50.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: Stuart was born on 7 September 1815, at Dysart, Fife, Scotland. His father, William Stuart, had been a captain in the British Army. His mother was Mary McDouall. They had nine children, John McDouall was the sixth. His parents died when he was ten years old. The children were separated and sent to live with different relatives. Stuart was educated at the Scottish Naval and Military Academy in Edinburgh. He studied to be an engineer and surveyor.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: In 1839, Stuart moved to Adelaide, South Australia, and began work as a surveyor. Adelaide had only been settled for two years and was mainly still a tent city. The government needed to have maps so that land could be sold or leased. Stuart worked for three years on the edges of the settled areas, measuring the land and dividing it into farm blocks. He learned skills to live and travel in the Australian bush. He was known as a heavy drinker, often spending days at a time drunk. When a recession hit the South Australian economy, Stuart found himself without a job.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: Stuart joined Charles Sturt's Central Australian Expedition to search for an inland sea in August 1844. Sturt was so sure that there was an inland sea in the centre of Australia, that he took a large boat as part of his equipment. Stuart joined the group as a draftsman, who would draw up the maps. He was paid one pound a week, and provided with food. Stuart and James Poole, the second in command, were sent out ahead of the main group to find water. The main group could only travel as fast as their flock of sheep could walk. Stuart and Poole found water at Depot Glen, near the current site of Milparinka.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: In the hot dry climate of summer, the group remained trapped at the waterhole for seven months. Stuart took a small group to find water to the north, west, and east, but found none. Stuart was left behind in charge of the main group at Depot Glen. It was very hot so they dug an underground room to keep cool. All the men became sick from scurvy because of the lack of fresh fruit and vegetables. This caused their gums to become soft and their teeth to fall out. They had headaches, their noses bled, and their skin began to turn black. When Poole died, Stuart was made second in command. He also became the surveyor and did all the mapping as Sturt could not see properly. When it finally rained the group tried to keep going north but were blocked by the sand dunes of the Simpson Desert. They turned south and went back to the Darling River. Stuart took over as leader when Sturt became blind and too ill to lead the group. They arrived back in Adelaide after six weeks hard travelling. Sturt had to be carried in a cart, and Stuart, crippled with scurvy and beriberi, looked like a skeleton.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: It took Stuart nearly a year to recover from the expedition. He wrote in a letter: "I lost the power of my limbs for ... six months, and was quite unable to do anything for myself for ... twelve months." For the next few years he was unable to work. The money he had made was spent on doctors and living expenses. In 1849 he moved to near Port Lincoln on the Eyre Peninsula and worked on a farm. He soon found work surveying in the area, and met William Finke and James Chambers. Finke and Chambers were rich men and they paid Stuart to explore for them. They wanted him to find them new farm lands and water, as well as minerals like gold and copper.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: Stuart learned from his trip with Sturt that large groups were not able to move quickly through the dry Australian lands. He believed that a small group would have more success. Finke paid him to find out if the land north of Lake Torrens would be suitable for sheep. On this first trip he went with two men, Forster and an unnamed Aboriginal youth. They took six horses, enough food for six weeks, a watch and a compass. In May 1858 they went through settled areas until they reached Oratunga Station, one of the most remote farms in South Australia. It is near the present day town of Blinman, in the north of the Flinders Ranges. From here they went northwest and found a permanent water hole, Andamooka Waterhole, on a creek Stuart named Chambers Creek. It has since been renamed Stuart Creek. The country was very dry, and they could only find water in Aboriginal wells. The stony ground hurt the horses feet. At the end of July they reached the site of the present day town of Coober Pedy. Their horses were in poor condition and they were running out of food. Stuart decided to change direction to the south west and try and reach the coast near Fowlers Bay. The Aboriginal youth would not go any further and went back. He was scared of other Aborigines in the area they were going into. Stuart said the land was "...dreary, dismal, dreadful desert." Stuart and Forster reached the coast at Denial Bay in August 1858, and were back in settled farm lands by 11 September. They had completed a journey of in four months. He gave his diary and maps to the South Australian government. As a reward, Stuart was given the lease to 1,000 square miles of land at Chambers Creek.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: The official South Australian government explorer Benjamin Herschel Babbage followed Stuart's maps and went to Chambers Creek. He reported that the map showed the creek was marked too far to the north. Stuart went back to Chambers Creek to survey the area again. This expedition was paid for by James Chambers and William Finke who realized the value of reliable water supplies on the other side of the salt lakes. Stuart left Oratunga Station on 2 April 1859, with a small group, three men and 14 horses. The men he took with him included a Bavarian naturalist and artist, David Herrgott, and Louis Müller, a stockman and botanist. Both Herrgott and Müller had been gold miners in Victoria, and would know how to look for gold in the country around Chambers Creek. They did not carry much equipment, only a blanket to sleep with, but no tents. The only food they took was flour, dried beef (jerky), tea, sugar and tobacco. He took more equipment than just his watch and compass on this trip; a sextant, a copy of the Astronomical Almanac and a telescope.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: Stuart went a different way to Chambers Creek, going through a gap in between the salt lakes that had been explored by Major Peter Warburton earlier in the year. Herrgott found a group of 12 artesian springs, which Stuart named after him. This name later became the settlement of Herggott Springs. The name was changed again during World War One because of strong anti-German feelings in Australia. The town is now called Marree after the Aboriginal word for possum. These springs were mound springs; over thousands of years the salt in the water had formed small hills, and the water came out of them like water out of a volcano. Some of the mounds were over high. They were valuable because they provided reliable water for people and animals moving north to Chambers Creek.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: After surveying Chambers Creek again, Stuart explored the area to the north west of Chambers Creek. They found more mound springs which Stuart named Elizabeth Springs after one of Chamber's daughters. They continued north west and searched for gold in the Davenport Range. They found more springs which they named the Spring of Hope. They were able to continue and found more springs, which Stuart named Freeling Springs, after Major Freeling, a South Australian politician. By the time they had passed the current site of Oodnadatta, both the men and the horses were suffering from the lack of water and proper food. The horses' shoes had worn out in the rocks around the Davenport Range. On 12 June 1859, Stuart turned around and went back. They rode south back to Port Augusta and then took a boat back to Adelaide.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: The South Australian government offered a prize of £2,000 to the first person to cross Australia from the south to the north. They hoped this would be a route for the Australian Overland Telegraph Line that would connect Australia to the line that came from Europe. Stuart and Chambers plans for the trip were not accepted by the government. The government sent Alexander Tolmer to lead the trip. His expedition did not make it out of the settled areas. In August 1859, one month after his last trip, Stuart went back to do more surveying for Chambers at Chambers Creek. With William Darton Kekwick and two other men, they took 12 horses and explored the west side of Lake Eyre. Chambers and Stuart believed that the lake might hold water. Instead Stuart found mud after he walked several kilometres into the dry salt lake. He found another artesian mound spring, more than in height, which he named William Springs, after one of Chamber's sons. He then set off for the Spring of Hope. He saw grasslands and eventually made a base at Freeling Springs. He explored much of the surrounding area hoping to find gold. On 6 January 1860, with his food supplies getting low, and two of the men refusing to go any further, Stuart once again returned home.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: There was a lot of support for an expedition to cross Australia. In Melbourne, the biggest exploring expedition in Australian history, the Victorian Exploring Expedition, was being organized for the crossing. This became known as the Burke and Wills expedition, named after its two leaders, Robert O'Hara Burke and William John Wills. Stuart knew that he would be able to travel further and faster by only going with a small group. In March 1860, with Kekwick, Benjamin Head and 13 horses, Stuart left Chambers Creek and headed north. They were the first Europeans to enter central Australia. They reached the Finke River, the MacDonnell Ranges, and the strange rock formation Stuart called Chambers Pillar. On 23 April, Stuart worked out that they were at the very centre of Australia. He named a small hill near the spot Mount Sturt, after Charles Sturt. Stuart and Kekwick climbed the hill and raised the British flag. Stuart wrote that the flag would be a sign to the Aborigines "...that the dawn of liberty, civilization, and Christianity is about to break upon them." The name was later changed to Central Mount Stuart. From here Stuart tried to go northwest to reach the Victoria River. This took them into the Tanami Desert, but they could not find water and were forced to go back.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: They continued to travel north, beyond the site of the town of Tennant Creek. On 26 June they reached a creek, now called Attack Creek, about north of Adelaide. A large group of Aborigines from a group called the Warramunga, attacked the explorers. The Warrumunga threw boomerangs at the explorers, and then set fire to the grass. Stuart and his men fired their guns at the Warrumunga, but Stuart does not say in his diary if any were killed or injured. The men quickly left the creek and went south.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: Stuart decided they could not get any further north because they were running out of food, water was scarce and the horses were in poor condition. He wrote "...I think it would be madness and folly to attempt more." The return journey was very difficult. Stuart could only ride for a few hours a day; on one day he just dug a hole in the sand and curled up in it. Head was so hungry he stole food, which left them with even less. Their clothes were only torn rags and their bodies were covered in bruises caused by scurvy. Stuart wrote in his diary that "My men have now lost all their former energy...and move about as if they were a hundred years old. It is sad to see them..." Stuart wrote in his diary that sores on his hands had made them to painful to be used and he could only just sit in the saddle. He gums had become so sore and his teeth so loose that he could only eat flour boiled in water. He wrote on 16 May that "...I almost wished that death would come and relieve me from my fearful torture..." The medicines he had with him did not help.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: The explorers made their way back to Adelaide as Burke and Wills were starting their journey north from Melbourne. Stuart was treated as a hero when he arrived in Adelaide. In 1859 the Royal Geographical Society in London presented him with gold watch. This was given to the explorer Count Paul Strzelecki to take back to Australia.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: The cost of Stuart's exploring had been paid for by Chambers. Because of this, Stuart would not make his journals and maps available to the public. This led to claims that Stuart had not really travelled that far north and that he was lying about his discoveries. In Victoria it was even said that Stuart had not really gone north, but had been hiding in a cellar in Adelaide.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: The public and the newspapers began to talk about a race across the continent of Australia. Could Stuart, experienced and used to moving quickly, beat the better equipped, but very slow moving Burke and Wills expedition. After their failures with Babbage and Tolmer's expeditions, the South Australian government now believed that Stuart would succeed if he had enough support. They gave £2,500 to set up another expedition and provided ten armed men to protect Stuart from any more attacks by the Aborigines. Chambers agreed to supply more horses and to pay Stuart and Kekwick's wages. In Victoria, a policeman was sent off to tell Burke to get going to the Gulf of Carpentaria as fast as possible, but Burke had already heard about Stuart's planned trip. Burke divided his group in two, and leaving most of his supplies behind at Menindee on the Darling River, he headed north to Cooper Creek.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: On 1 January 1861, Stuart with a group of 12 men and 49 horses set off from Chambers Creek. The hot weather made it hard to find water and many waterholes from his earlier trips were dry. In February Stuart sent back two men with five horses. They reached the northern border of South Australia at about the same time that Burke and Wills reached the Gulf of Carpentaria. He was able to travel 240 km north of Attack Creek, where he found a large waterhole he called Glandfield Lagoon, after the mayor of Adelaide. Chambers later changed the name on Stuart's maps to Newcastle Waters, after the Duke of Newcastle, a British politician. From here Stuart again looked for a way to go north west to the Victoria River, but he was unable to find water. With the food running out, the men becoming sick, and horses in poor condition, Stuart again decided to return to Adelaide. Burke and Wills had not returned to Cooper Creek and were missing.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: Stuart set out on his third attempt to cross Australia on 25 October 1861. This expedition was called the Great Northern Exploring Expedition. The group was: John McDouall Stuart, William Darton Kekwick, Francis William Thring, William Patrick Auld, Stephen King Jnr., John William Billiatt, James Frew Jnr., Heath Nash, John Woodforde, John McGorrery and Frederick George Waterhouse.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: McGorrey was a blacksmith who would be able to fix the shoes on the group's 78 horses. Waterhouse was a naturalist who would be able to keep a scientific notes of their discoveries. Stuart was injured when a horse stood on his right hand, and remained behind for a month to recover. He learned about the deaths of Burke and Wills at Cooper Creek.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: The group left Chambers Creek on 8 January 1862 moving fast, covering between 30 and 50 kilometres a day. The fast pace meant that in the first three weeks eight horses died and Woodforde left and went back. Stuart left some of the supplies behind and cut the amount each man was allowed to eat. At Mount Hay in central Australia, they were again attacked by Aboriginal warriors, but they were no match for the group's guns and several may have been killed.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: They reached Newcastle Waters in three months, and then took a week to rest. Stuart spent the next five weeks searching for water. He finally found a series of waterholes, creeks and rivers which meant the whole group were able to continue to the north. He gave up trying to reach the Victoria River. When they got to the Roper River, which had been explored by Ludwig Leichhardt in 1845, he knew he could easily go west to the Gulf of Carpentaria, but instead chose to continue north. Auld later said that "...the mosquitos and flies were terrible. Our hands, feet and necks were blistered with their bites." They crossed Arnhem Land, and made the way along the edge of what is now Kakadu National Park. He followed the Adelaide River, but when the ground became too soft and muddy, they went further north to the Mary River and eventually reached the sea.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: They arrived at Van Diemen's Gulf on 24 July 1862. On a tall tree branch they raised a Union Jack flag with Stuart's name embroided on it which had been made by Chamber's daughter, Elizabeth. Wood from the tree, which has since been destroyed, is in the collection of the Royal Geographical Society of South Australia's collection. The group then had to travel back to Adelaide. Food was becoming scarce, and the hot weather meant there was little water. Many horses died, and Stuart was again forced to leave behind equipment. Waterhouse had to leave all his carefully collected plants and animals. The men were very hungry and even shot and ate dingos. Stuart was in poor health and became blind. He was unable to speak for several days and the men thought he was going to die. He was unable to ride his horse, and they made a bed with long poles and blankets that could be carried between two horses. Stuart was carried by this method. after crossing the MacDonnell Ranges, they discovered that rain had fallen and there was lots of grass. On reaching the settled areas, Stuart learned that his friend and partner, James Chambers had died. He left Kekwick in charge of the group, and went ahead with Auld. They got on the train at Kapunda and arrived in Adelaide on 17 December 1862.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: Stuart and his group were given a special welcome in Adelaide on 16 January 1863. They dressed in their old clothes and rode into the city as heroes. This was also the day that Burke and Wills were buried in Melbourne after the failure of their expedition.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: Stuart was in poor health, almost blind, and had a crippled right hand after the sixth trip. With Chambers dead, he no longer had a job. The government tried not to pay him the £2,000 reward, saying that they had paid for the cost of the expedition. After public pressure, they gave in, but invested the money and only gave Stuart a small amount each year. He was drinking a lot of alcohol and none of his friends would give him any help. The government then wanted £500 for the lease of the land they had given him at Chambers Creek. Stuart sold it to James Chambers' brother, John Chambers, for only £200, losing money on the deal.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: He decided to return to Great Britain in April 1864. He lived with his sister Mary in Glasgow, Scotland. The Royal Geographical Society asked the South Australian government for a pension for Stuart, but they said he had been rewarded enough with grants of land. During the debate over the pension it was said that it was not the exploring that had ruined his health, but his drinking habits. He suffered from dementia, and it is possible he also had tuberculosis. He died in London on 5 June 1866 from a stroke and was buried in the Kensal Green Cemetery. Only seven people went to the funeral, four relatives, two members of the Royal Geographical Society, and Alexander Hay, a South Australian farmer who was in London at the time. The grave was damaged in World War II, but was repaired in 2011 by the Stuart Society and the Royal Geographical Society of South Australia.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: The Australian Overland Telegraph Line was built along the route taken by Stuart. Using his notes they were easily able to find water supplies and trees to make the poles. The accuracy of his maps made building the line much easier. His journey is remembered in the Stuart Highway, one of Australia's major roads which joins Port Augusta to Darwin. It follows much of the same route discovered by Stuart. In June 1904, a statue of Stuart was put up in Adelaide. The Royal Geographical Society of South Australia has a wooden chair and table made by Stuart in 1854.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: Benjamin Head later said about Stuart "...that he was a born leader of men: the sharpest little fellow you would find in a year's march."


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: Stuart and A.C. Gregory were arguably Australia’s greatest inland explorers. The latter was certainly financed and equipped much better than Stuart who had to rely on Chambers and Finke’s support rather than the State Government. It may very well have been possible for Stuart to reach the north coast earlier if he had the Government support that Gregory, Babbage and Tolmer were granted. That said, he didn’t and was totally driven to reach the north coast despite illness and afflictions that arguably he had since arriving in South Australia and were to see him die at such an early age in England in 1866. The key attributes that made Stuart one, if not the best inland explorer, include:


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: - He had exceptional dead reckoning and navigational skills that enabled him to understand exactly where he was.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: - He spent more time in the field and explored more land than any other explorer without the loss of a man.


title: John McDouall Stuart

text: - He understood and cared for his horses and knew their limits and ability to move quickly through land and how far each type could survive without water. - He was courageous, a great leader and his concern and respect for his fellow expedition members was reciprocated.


title: Western Interior Seaway

text: The Western Interior Seaway was a huge inland sea. It split North America into two halves for most of the mid- and late-Cretaceous Period. It was up to deep, wide and over long.


title: Western Interior Seaway

text: Sea level was high in the Cretaceous, and the middle part of North America sank down. A shallow subducting plate pulled on the bottom of the lithosphere, causing it to move down. The sea entered both north and south, and came and went during the course of the Cretaceous. Widespread carbonate deposition suggests that the Seaway was warm and tropical, with abundant calcareous algae. The shrunken, regressive phase of the Western Interior Seaway is sometimes called the Pierre Seaway.


title: Western Interior Seaway

text: The long, narrow western border of the seaway called Laramidia had one of the most diverse collections of dinosaurs anywhere on Earth.


title: Western Interior Seaway

text: The Western Interior Seaway was a shallow sea filled with abundant marine life. This included predatory marine reptiles such as plesiosaurs, and mosasaurs that grew up to 18 meters long. Other marine life included sharks such as "Squalicorax" and the giant shellfish-eating "Ptychodus mortoni" (believed to be 10 meters long). There were advanced bony fish such as the massive 5-meter long "Xiphactinus" – a fish larger than any modern bony fish. Other sea life included invertebrates such as molluscs, ammonites, squid-like belemnites, and plankton including coccolithophores that secreted the chalky platelets that give the Cretaceous its name, foraminiferans and radiolarians.


title: Western Interior Seaway

text: The Western Interior Seaway was home to early birds also, including the flightless "Hesperornis" which had stout legs for swimming through water and small wing-like appendages used for marine steering rather than flight; and the tern-like "Ichthyornis", an early avian with a toothy beak. "Icthyornis" shared the sky with large pterosaurs such as "Nyctosaurus" and "Pteranodon". "Pteranodon" fossils are very common and it was likely a major component of the surface ecosystem, though it was only found in the southern reaches of the Seaway.


title: Western Interior Seaway

text: On the bottom, the giant clam "Inoceramus" left common fossilized shells in the Pierre Shale. This clam had a thick shell paved with prisms of calcite deposited at right angles to the surface, giving a pearly luster in life. Paleontologists suggest that its giant size was an adaptation for life in the murky bottom waters, where a correspondingly large gill area would have allowed the animal to cope with oxygen-depleted waters.


title: Bermuda rig

text: A Bermuda rig, also called a Marconi rig, is a fore-and-aft rig that uses a triangular mainsail. The sail is usually attached to a boom at its foot. It has a number of variations. Due to the physics of the wind, the tall thin sails of the Bermudian rigs have more power sailing into the wind than other types. This is why it is such a popular rig with modern sailboats. It was called a Marconi rig after the inventor Guglielmo Marconi because its system of mast stays that looked like the early wireless masts. However, the name Bermuda rig was in use two centuries earlier. It came from the late 1600s when European sailors noticed how well the small sloops in Bermuda worked.


title: Bermuda rig

text: It was developed in Bermuda in the 17th century. It was based on the leg-of-mutton sail. The strong gusty winds around the Bermuda islands made sailing around the waters difficult to navigate. The prevailing winds came out of the west which lined up with the islands. In addition, the number of reefs around the islands required caution. Most other sail designs did not address these issues.


title: Bermuda rig

text: It is widely thought the first of these designs was a fore-and-aft rig built by in the 17th century by a Dutch-born Bermudan. While his name is not remembered, he may have seen the Moorish lateen rigs that were widely used during the time Spain ruled Holland. The Dutch modified early lateen rigs turning the yards into angled masts. This design was called "bezaanjacht" in Dutch (in English this meant "leg of mutton"). By the 19th century the design had evolved into using tall triangular sails and jibs. They also used Bermuda cedar for the hulls which is much lighter than oak. This made the Bermuda sailboats very fast and easily maneuverable. They could travel into the wind with ease and were especially fast when heading downwind. Very soon they were being raced.


title: Bermuda rig

text: The name Marconi rig came from the 1899 America's Cup yacht race held in New York City. Guglielmo Marconi demonstrated his new wireless radio by reporting on the race. The masts of the Bermudan rigged vessels with their supporting cables looked like the wireless mast of Marconi's radio. This is how they came to be named Marconi rigs.


title: Abuja

text: Abuja () is a city in Nigeria. It is the national capital of Nigeria. Around 2.5 million people live there. Abuja is in the middle of the country, in the center of the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. It replaced Lagos, the country's most populous city but very small in size, as the capital on 12 December 1991.


title: Abuja

text: Abuja is a planned city, which means that architects designed it specifically to be Nigeria's capital city. Construction of the first parts of the city was finished in the late 1980s.


title: Montreux

text: Montreux () is a municipality of the district of Riviera-Pays-d'Enhaut in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.


title: Montreux

text: It is on Lake Geneva shoreline at the foot of the Alps and has a population, , of and nearly 90,000 in the agglomeration.


title: Montreux

text: The earliest settlement was a Late Bronze Age village at Baugy. Montreux lies on the northeast shore of Lake Geneva at the fork in the Roman road from Italy over the Simplon Pass, where the roads to the Roman capital of Aventicum and the road into Gaul through Besançon separated. This made it an important settlement already in Roman times.


title: Montreux

text: In the 12th century, viticulture was introduced to the region, and the sunny slopes of the lake from Lavaux to Montreux became an important wine-growing region.


title: Montreux

text: The region was subject to various princes, most notably the princes of Savoy from the south side of the lake. They unified the territory which comprises the present canton of Vaud and were generally popular sovereigns.


title: Montreux

text: After the Burgundian Wars in the 15th century, the Swiss in Berne occupied the region without resistance, an indication of the weakness of the princes of Savoy. The Reformation made the region around Montreux and Vevey an attractive haven for Huguenots from Italy, who brought their artisanal skills and set up workshops and businesses.


title: Montreux

text: In 1798, Napoleon liberated the region from the Bernese. In the 19th century, the tourist industry became a major commercial outlet, with the grand hotels of Montreux attracting the rich and cultured from Europe and America.


title: Montreux

text: Starting in the 19th century there were three independent municipalities that shared a central authority. This county council was made up of four deputies from Le Châtelard, two from Les Planches and one from Veytaux. The church, the market hall of La Rouvenaz, the secondary school (the building was from 1872 and 1897) and the slaughter-house (1912) were all owned by the county council. Each municipality had its own taxes and a mayor. In 1962, the municipalities of Le Châtelard and Les Planches merged, while Veytaux remained independent.


title: Montreux

text: Baugy, Brent, Caux, Chailly-sur-Montreux, Chamby, Chaulin, Chêne, Chernex, Clarens, Collonge, Cornaux, Crin, Fontanivent, Glion, Jor, Le Châtelard, Les Avants, Les Planches, Mont-Fleuri, Pallens, Pertit, Planchamp, Sonzier, Tavel, Territet, Vernex, Villard-sur-Chamby and Vuarennes.


title: Montreux

text: The Köppen climate classification subtype for Montreux's climate is "Cfb" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).


title: Montreux

text: Montreux is twinned with the towns of Menton, France and Wiesbaden, Germany, and with the city of Chiba in Japan.


title: Oxytocin

text: Oxytocin is a hormone found in mammals. It is a peptide hormone and neuropeptide. It acts on the brain. In humans it is released during female reproduction, especially during and after childbirth.


title: Oxytocin

text: It has other effects. It encourages pair bonding, and parental behaviour. It is released during intimate moments during orgasms and even hugs. For this reason it is often called the 'love hormone'.


title: Oxytocin

text: Strange to say, the oxytocin released by the pituitary gland cannot reach the brain: it does have effects on the rest of the body. The reason is that there is a blood–brain barrier which prevents large molecules from getting into the brain. Instead, the hormone is produced by special nerve cells inside the brain.


title: Oxytocin

text: Oxytocin is also released through the use of recreational drugs like MDMA and some prescription anti-depressants.


title: Oxytocin

text: Oxytocin was the first polypeptide hormone to be sequenced and synthesized, by Vincent du Vigneaud and colleagues in 1953.


title: FreeBSD

text: FreeBSD is an operating system for many different kinds of computers. This means that if the user has a computer around the house and want to run FreeBSD on it, the user probably can. Computers that run Microsoft Windows will also run FreeBSD. It is based on BSD, the version of UNIX developed at the University of California, Berkeley.


title: FreeBSD

text: FreeBSD is open source. This means that anyone can download the source code and change, or learn from it. The people who work on FreeBSD do not usually get paid. They keep working on it because they enjoy it or want to become more experienced programmers.


title: FreeBSD

text: Most open source software that runs on Linux will run natively on FreeBSD without the need for any compatibility layer.


title: Becky Lynch

text: Rebecca Mary Lopez (ne'e Quinn) (; born 30 January 1987) is an Irish professional wrestler best known by her current ring name of Becky Lynch. She is currently signed to WWE on its SmackDown brand. She is the current WWE SmackDown Women's Champion. Before joining WWE, she was also known by the ring name Rebecca Knox.


title: Becky Lynch

text: Quin is previously known for her work in France-based professional wrestling promotion Queens of Chaos, where she is a former one-time World Queens of Chaos Champion which she won in 2006. She has also wrestled for England's One Pro Wrestling, Germany's German Stampede Wrestling, and Canada's SuperGirls Wrestling promotion (an offshoot of Extreme Canadian Championship Wrestling). In 2006, she wrestled for the Shimmer Women Athletes promotion, and was involved in a matches with Daizee Haze, which also included an well known two out of three falls match.


title: Becky Lynch

text: On 8 April 2013, it was reported that Quin had signed a two-year developmental contract with the WWE and moved to Florida to start at their developmental territory WWE NXT.


title: Becky Lynch

text: On 29 August, 2013, it was announced that her new ring name would be Becky Lynch. Lynch made her televised debut on the June 26, 2014 episode of "NXT" and defeated Summer Rae.


title: Becky Lynch

text: On the July 3 episode of "NXT", she teamed with Bayley in an losing effort to the BFFs (Charlotte and Sasha Banks) in a tag team match. Lynch would spend the next few months in non-title matches against Charlotte, where she lost three matches against her in a row. On the 23 October episode of NXT, Lynch would turn heel and would align with Sasha Banks by attacking Bayley.


title: American League

text: The American League (or AL) is one of the two leagues that make up Major League Baseball (MLB). The other is the National League (or NL). The American League is made up of 15 teams. At the end of each season, five of these teams go to the "post-season" where one will win the American League championship. The champions of the American League plays against the champions of the National League in the World Series. The team that wins the World Series is the champion of Major League Baseball. Teams in the American league usually play against other teams in the American league, except for a few games a year when they play National league teams. There are 3 Divisions of the American League: AL East, AL Central, and AL West.


title: American League

text: The only big difference between the American League and the National League is that the AL uses the "Designated Hitter" (or DH). The Designated Hitter is a player who does not play in the field, but is used to bat for the worst hitter in his team's "lineup" (usually the pitcher). The NL does not use the Designated Hitter, and all players in the "lineup" must bat and field for themselves. If the DH plays an NL game in an NL park, he often plays First Base if at all. If they play in an AL park, the NL can use a DH.


title: Governance

text: Governance is the term for the way a group of people such as a country do things. Many groups create a government to decide how things are to be done. Governance is different from politics. Politics deals with people with different ideas working together to create an agreement about what to do, and governance is doing what politics decided needed to be done.Governance is also how government decision making affects people in that nation.


title: JVKE

text: Jacob Lawson, best known as JVKE or Jake (born March 3, 2001), is an American singer and songwriter. He is known mainly for his TikTok skit videos, one of which made him go viral in 2021. The platform was where he started showing his production and making of his songs, mainly with his mother. In July 2022, Lawson announced his biggest song yet, named "Golden Hour". He announced a music video for the song two months later.


title: JVKE

text: Within a week of the songs release it became Lawson's first debut on the Billboard Hot 100 of which he topped at #71. His song also reached New Zealand of which it starred at #34 in the country.


title: JVKE

text: Lawson was born on March 3, 2001 to his mother a public school music teacher and his father a pastor Lawson is related to Zachary Lawson, his brother of which is a Grammy-nominated producer. At a early age, Lawson joined a Catholic school in his city and later joined his hometown´s public high school of which he graduated.


title: JVKE

text: In 2020, during the coronavirus quarantine JVKE and his family joined TikTok in the same year with his mother he announced the song "Upside Down." His song quickly blew up on the platform his following grew within it, the song is what the platform now considers a "Mega-Viral Song" the song went on to have a remix featuring Charlie Puth another growing artist at the time.


title: JVKE

text: In September 2021, Lawson announced not only a song but an entire album that he´d produce called "This is What Falling In Love Feels Like," The first song of the album was the namesake of the name of the album followed by many other songs which continued being produced onto 2022, The album blew up like Upside Down on TikTok this time reached a higher popularity with the app growing since 2020 by the millions.


title: JVKE

text: After the success of This is What Falling in Love Feels Like he announced Golden Hour in July and This is What Sadness Feels Feels Like to mark the one year anniversary of the album. A day later on 23 September 2022 he announced his debut album this is what ____ feels like From here Golden Hour started to get noticed by the general public, the song just from July to November ranked up nearly 25 million views his biggest hit yet.


title: Ram Baran Yadav

text: Ram Baran Yadav (born 4 February 1948) is a Nepalese politician and physician. He was the 1st President of Nepal following the declaration of a republic in 2008. He was president from 23 July 2008 to 29 October 2015.


title: Ram Baran Yadav

text: Yadav was Minister of State for Health in the 1991–1994 Nepali Congress government. He was elected to the House of Representatives in 1999.


title: Henry Purcell

text: Henry Purcell (born in Westminster, ; died in Westminster, 21 November 1695) was an English composer. Many musicians think he is the greatest English composer of all time. Although he only lived until he was 36, he wrote a large amount of music. His compositions include church music, instrumental music, music for the theatre, even popular drinking songs. He wrote the first English opera. He lived in the time called the Baroque period. He liked Italian and French music, and combined those styles to make something that was typically English.


title: Henry Purcell

text: We do not know very much about Purcell’s childhood. His mother’s name was Elizabeth. In 1664, Henry Purcell senior died and the widow took her children to live with her brother in law, Thomas Purcell, who was very kind to them. Thomas Purcell was a gentleman of the Chapel Royal which meant that he sang in the king’s choir. Soon Henry was singing in the Chapel Royal. This was the best musical training a boy could have in England. His teachers were Captain Henry Cooke, and then Pelham Humfrey. Henry sang in the choir until his voice broke in 1673. He was then given the job of looking after the king’s musical instruments.


title: Henry Purcell

text: Purcell may have been composing already when he was nine. We know that he wrote an ode for the King's birthday in 1670. When Humfrey died Purcell studied with the famous composer John Blow. He went to Westminster School. In 1676 he was made organist at Westminster Abbey. He started writing music for the theatre. He also wrote church music, including an anthem for a singer called John Gostling who had a very good, deep bass voice. Purcell wrote several anthems for him during his life. One is called "They that go down to the sea in ships". It goes down to a low D.


title: Henry Purcell

text: In 1680, Blow, who had been made organist of Westminster Abbey in 1669, resigned so that the 22-years-old Purcell could have his job. Purcell then spent the next six years just writing sacred (religious) music. Later he went back to writing music for the theatre, including the first English opera "Dido and Aeneas".


title: Henry Purcell

text: In 1682 Purcell became organist of the Chapel Royal. He did this job as well as being organist at Westminster Abbey. His first printed composition, "Twelve Sonatas", was published in 1683. Music printing was expensive in those days, so it was unusual to have something printed. He continued to write music including odes to the king and royal family. In 1685, he wrote two of his finest anthems, "I was glad" and "My heart is inditing", for the coronation of King James II.


title: Henry Purcell

text: In 1687 he wrote more "theatre music." Sometimes this music was for masques (a kind of ballet with some singing as well), sometimes it was music for tragedies, e.g. plays by Dryden. In 1691, he wrote "King Arthur", also written by Dryden. In 1692, he composed songs and music for "The Fairy-Queen" (an adaptation of Shakespeare's "A Midsummer Night's Dream"). Purcell’s music for this was lost for many years, and was rediscovered and published in 1901. In these works the characters in the plays do not sing, they speak their lines.


title: Henry Purcell

text: Purcell's "Te Deum and Jubilate" was written for Saint Cecilia's Day, 1693, the first English "Te Deum" ever composed with orchestral accompaniment. He composed an anthem and two elegies for Queen Mary II's funeral.


title: Henry Purcell

text: He was very famous when he died in 1695, possibly from tuberculosis. His wife and two of his six children survived him.


title: Henry Purcell

text: Purcell is buried next to the organ in Westminster Abbey. His epitaph reads, "Here lyes Henry Purcell Esq., who left this life and is gone to that blessed place where only his harmony can be exceeded."


title: Henry Purcell

text: Purcell wrote a lot of music for the theatre. He was born one year before the time known in England as the “Restoration”. Before the Restoration Oliver Cromwell had been ruling England for nearly 20 years. Most music had been banned. People were therefore very glad to be able to make music again, and they wanted lots of songs and instrumental music in their plays. Opera, however, was not wanted. In Europe opera was very popular in countries such as Italy, Germany and France, but it did not become popular in England until Handel came to England in 1709 and introduced Italian opera.


title: Henry Purcell

text: "Dido and Aeneas" is an exception because it is a real opera: everything is sung, and the words are in English. It was written for a performance at a girls’ school. It is quite short, lasting just one hour. It contains the famous lament "When I am laid in earth" sung by Dido.


title: Henry Purcell

text: Purcell wrote a very large amount of music for the church. This includes anthems and service settings. Although he was an organist he wrote very little for organ. He wrote chamber music, including some very beautiful fantasias for viols.


title: Henry Purcell

text: Although Purcell was recognized as a great composer at the time he did not have much influence on other composers after his death. He was the last in a line of great English musicians in the 16th and 17th centuries. After his death English music was not as important as it had been. In the 18th century the music heard in England was largely imported from the continent, e.g. Italian opera.


title: Henry Purcell

text: Much later, in the 20th century, English composers were often inspired by Purcell’s music. Benjamin Britten wrote a piece called "The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra" which is based on a tune from Purcell's "Abdelazer". The aria "I know a bank" from Britten's opera "A Midsummer Night's Dream" is inspired by Purcell's aria "Sweeter than Roses". Sir Michael Tippett loved Purcell’s harmonies and rhythms and they influenced him in his compositions.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Kanglatongbi is a village in the Imphal West district of the Indian state of Manipur. As per the 2011 Population Census, the total population is 7,152. The average high temperature in Kanglatongbi is 24.3°C (75.7°F) and an average low-temperature of 6.3°C (43.4°F), January is the coldest month in Kanglatongbi.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Kanglatongbi is known for one of the fiercest battles of world war II, which was challenged by the Ordnance personnel of 221 Advance Ordnance Depot (AOD) between 6-7th April 1944 when the 15th Division of Japanese troops encompassed Imphal from the north to capture Imphal and the encircling areas.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Burma (Myanmar) in 1942 was seized by the Japanese Army after defeating the Commonwealth troops and established their strategic strength in Burma appropriating it as the “war-base” for the ‘attack’ on Imphal and Assam to contain the Chinese air forces across the Himalayas.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: At Kanglatongbi, a little yet settled positions of the 221 AOD corps set up hardened impediments against the propelling Japanese powers.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The situation of 221 AOD was not in any demeanor note from a strategic perspective and was exposed to the adversary from all sides and needed to depend on its soldier intrepidity for its defense.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: After the annihilation in Burma, the British armed force had withdrawn to Imphal in India since it was the most expedient route from Burma.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The British fortified the military foundation at Imphal by framing the 23rd Indian Division positioned in Manipur and new air-runways were developed.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The commonwealth armed forces were also augmented with enough armies and air force units, thereby making their primary healthcare, the general hospital utilitarian in late 1944.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Considering Imphal’s quintessential significance, the Japanese powers launched an attack in Manipur in the spring of 1944.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: They began bombarding Imphal, cut off a piece of the highway interface among Imphal-Dimapur road, and continued attacking over Imphal for more than a quarter of a year.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The fourteenth Army of the Commonwealth Forces battled furiously and copious difficulties of the Japanese powers were caused.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The attack of Imphal was lifted in the late spring of 1944, with the tough battle ending up on June 22, 1944, when British and Indian soldiers from Kohima and Imphal met at Milestone 109.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: For the Japanese armed forces, the prestige over Imphal, in the “wicked fields” was pricey concerning difficulties as almost 50,000 of their troopers losing their lives.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: It is deemed that during the Second World War, the number of deaths in Kohima and Imphal capitals in India, was about 65,000 Japanese soldiers while the British had lost 17,000 armies slaughtered, and injured, while the Allies endured 12,603 losses.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: On their failed mission to demolish the Allied powers at Imphal and attack India, the Japanese were crushed once more into Burma confronting hefty misfortunes.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Lt. Gen. Renya Mutaguchi had sacked the commanders of his divisions’ during the fight and consequently, he and Lt. Gen. Musaku Kawabe was dismissed of command subsequently.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The Battle of Kanglatongbi is one such battle faced during the battle of Imphal which shook the Japanese to retreat after losing thousands of their own.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: It has always been the biggest defeat in Japanese history with many of the Japanese soldiers losing life from starvation, disease, and exhaustion suffered during their departure.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: It is viewed as perhaps the most tumultuous skirmish of World War II resulting in the Japanese forces withdrawing.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Kanglatongbi is located at 24.9666° N, 93.8808° E in the extreme part of Eastern India, with an eminence of 2600 ft. above sea level.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The climatic condition is humid subtropical with dry, cool winter days and moderate hot monsoon season.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Temperatures in the summer average about 24 to 26°C to down 6.3°C (43.4°F) in the winter. The month of January is the coldest.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: It is surrounded by two rivers, the Kanglatongbi river to the east near Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Makhan, Senapati district, and Sekmai river to the west of the village.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Imphal city lies to the north, connected through Imphal-Dimapur national highway no. 2 and Kanglatongbi war-memorial on the south.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The village follows the civic administration of the city which is under Imphal Municipal Corporation, with its foremost district headquarters in Lamphelpat, Imphal, and sub-division in Lamshang.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Kanglatongbi is further subdivided into six wards and each ward is represented by respective members. The ward members are elected by the villagers.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The Panchayat is chaired by the president and vice-president of the village, known as Pradhan and Oopa-Pradhan.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The term of the elected delegates is of five years. Every five years, a general election takes place in the village. Villagers over the age of 21 can participate to vote.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The village strictly promotes women empowerment and reserves one-third of the seats for women candidates as well as scheduled castes and tribes.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Before the 2021 General Census, the total population of the village is 7152 people. Among them, 52% are female, and 48% are male.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The bulk of the population is from the general caste, 8% from the Scheduled caste and scheduled tribes.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The population has drastically increased by 65.3% between 2001 to 2011, with the reasonableness of a high accretion in the 2021 census of India.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The sex ratio in schedule caste is 1375, higher than the schedule tribe and the general caste at 1079 and 1115 respectively.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Each ward is directed by its ward member, they work hand-in-hand with the Pradhan and oopa-Pradhan to maintain and promote the village’s welfare, development, socio-economic enrichment, cultural and safety arrangements.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Additionally, the Pradhans and the ward members are also accountable for any sort of issues- reimbursement, thereby intensifying peace at all levels in the village.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Apart from the panchayat system, there is another kind of inner-village unit called the women society, a form of ensemble-driven by the women residents of the village who act to restrain, moderate, and resist any form of brutality in and throughout the society.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: There are several youth unions, an alliance of the young generation fellows, to treasure, preserve, and assist society by encouraging education, sports, and public safety.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The majority of the people living in the Kanglatongbi area are the Indian Gorkhas (also Gurkhas) who converse in Nepali, Hindi, Manipuri, and other local dialects.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The main religions are Hinduism and Christianity. 50% of the population are Hindus and the other 40% are Christians whereas the 10% are other inherited religions inhabited by the people of mixed-race.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Kanglatongbi is a diverse community, where individuals of distinctive ethnicity, religion, race, language, and beliefs bring a common interest, experience, and knowledge for the peace and welfare of the village.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The primary source of income is Agriculture. The majority of the villagers are farmers, small and medium business owners, and teachers.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: There has been rapid progress in many of the young generation and millennials to join the armed forces of India and that adds up to 1/4th of the population serving in the Indian Army and Para-military forces.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Most of the women in the Kanglatongbi village are housewives, teachers, small retail shop owners, and only one percent of the women population are employed in the Government sectors.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: With the recent invention of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005, an initiative by Raghuvansh Prasad Singh, Minister of Rural Development, most of the males and females in the society are taking a significant role in the improvement of the village toward infrastructure development.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Currently, Kanglatongbi village has one major public market, namely Kanglatongbi Bazaar Board, and the other being outside the jurisdiction of Village, called Sekmai Bazaar, in Sekmai.The weekly market which rotates around the KPI area occurs in Bazar Board every Saturday where people have the options of buying fresh vegetables, second-hand clothes, meat, and other essential commodities.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Kanglatongbi has one operating bank, Punjab National Bank, and one State Bank of India, ATM near Kanglatongbi, Mandir.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Kanglatongbi has one post office as the main branch. The Postal code or PIN of Kanglatongbi is 795136 and the post office is located near the Kanglatongbi Mandir.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The village hosts several events that allow the villagers to host many local and division tournaments in Hindi High School Football ground, near Vijayanagar.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The same ground is also used to host other functions and occasions, like music concerts, social gatherings, meetings, etc.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: There are numerous temples and few churches as the majority of the residents follow Hinduism however, that has nothing to do with any form of prejudice, class and other forms of anti-religion entropy as Kanglatongbi villagers are well-known for peace, integrity, and unison.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Every ward has its main temples, where major festivals like Durga Puja, Diwali, Makar Sankranti, and Krishna Janmashtami are celebrated.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The nearest airport is the Tulihal International Airport which is 30 kilometers and has direct flights to Guwahati, Kolkata, and New Delhi.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Kanglatongbi is connected by the main highway, national highway 2, also known as Imphal-Dimapur road.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The major transport service from Kanglatongbi to Imphal is the private and public buses, auto-rickshaws, and a mini-van service.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The only railway line that unites Manipur to other states of India is the Jiribam-Silchar railway which is due for construction.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The extension of the railway line is expected to be completed by 2022. If so ever, the distance from Kanglatongbi to Imphal railway station will be approximately 28 km.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The major sports venue is in the Hindi High school Football ground, a natural grass football ground where it is used mostly for football tournaments.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The most important tournament held is the “Khasi Tournament’, a local tournament organized every year by every village ward before the Durga pooja, the participating teams are six to ten and divided into team A and team B.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: This was the prize because of the so-called, Balli-day (the beheading of animals as a sacrifice, to offerings the Hindu goddesses) during the Durga Pooja festival, celebrated by the Hindus.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: However, with due respect to animal cruelty, and Animal welfare and rights in India, this practice of awarding khasi has been abolished by the seniors of the village.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Furthermore, the name “Khasi” was not renamed as the name has become popular and also the majority of the villagers are happy calling it, Khasi Tournament.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The other biggest tournament organized in a sequence of venue-selection is the All-Manipur Gorkha Football Tournament, held every year in the state of Manipur.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The uniqueness of this tournament is that only Gorkha players are allowed to participate, nonetheless making it a super round-robin football tournament.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Cricket is another game that is popular in Kanglatongbi. There are many local, inter-village tournaments going on every month.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Kanglatongbi villagers understand the importance of sports, and their respect for any form of games has always been the consequence of how rich, and amicable the community has to be affirmed.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: This has been possible due to the villagers, massive awareness of the importance of education in the current world.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: Many well-known and impressive schools produce toppers, scholars, and exceptional education enthusiasts.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: There are many high schools in the villages, most of them are private institutions, and only one government-funded high school called Hindi High school, located at Vijayanagar, that produced many graduates, serving in the Indian Army.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: There are many private high schools as well as higher secondary schools affiliated to the Council of Higher Secondary Education, (COHSEM) Manipur, and Central Board of Secondary Education, (CBSE) India.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: There is also a non-profit Student organization knows as the All-Manipur Gorkha Students Union, administered by the Gorkhas of Manipur to magnify, safeguard, strengthen, sustain, and support students from any background in any social challenges and education.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The major hospital which serves the villagers in Kanglatongbi is the Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, (RIMS) Imphal which is 26 km away from the village.


title: Kanglatongbi

text: The other primary health care services is Sekmai Primary Health Care, Sekmai. It is 5kms away from the main village.


title: Pump

text: Pumps need some kind of power, often kinetic energy, to make them work. Sometimes the power comes from a person. Sometimes the power comes from a motor.


title: Johnston Atoll

text: The island is named after Captain James Johnston, who discovered it in 1807. The island was mined for guano until 1890. After that, it was used as an army base.


title: Sriharikota

text: Sriharikota is a barrier island off the coast of the southern state of Andhra Pradesh in India. It houses India's only satellite launch centre in the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (also known as SHAR) and is used by the Indian Space Research Organisation to launch satellites using multi-stage rockets such as the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle.


title: Sriharikota

text: Sriharikota separates the Pulicat Lake from the Bay of Bengal, and is home to the town of Pulicat. It is in Sri Amarajeevi Potti Sri Ramulu Nellore district in Andhra Pradesh. The nearest town is Sullurpeta, which has the nearest railway station. The nearest business city is Sri City. It is also connected by expressways to Chennai.


title: Letter box

text: A letter box (or mail box) is a box or hole for receiving mail at a house or office. For collecting mail that is being sent, a post box is generally used instead.


title: Manila Sound

text: Manila Sound is a type of music that started in Manila, Philippines, from the last years of the 1960s to the middle of the 1970s. It is commonly known as the "bright side" of the time of President Ferdinand Marcos because of its cheerful words and was often used in protest to his dictatorship.


title: Manila Sound

text: This music type has affected all modern music types in the country as the beginner of Original Pilipino Music (OPM).


title: Manila Sound

text: Manila Sound was made famous by a folk rock band called Hotdog. Their songs: ""Ikaw Ang Miss Universe Ng Buhay Ko"" (or "You Are the Miss Universe Of My Life"), ""'Manila'"", and ""Beh Buti Nga""; had catchy melody phrases common to the music type. Later, the singer-songwriter, Freddy Aguilar, used the music type with his music to express the suffering of the people. His song, "Bayan Ko", was popular in protests.


title: Manila Sound

text: The music type is a mix of Filipino folk music and rock music added with some funk, light jazz, and disco, and is sung in both Tagalog and English languages.


title: Manila Sound

text: The lyrics are childlike and often humorous caused by the disco fever in that period and in contrast to the oppression by Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos. It is sometimes described as "the marshmallow sound".


title: Violence against women

text: Violence against women (VAW in short), also called gender-based violence, is violent acts mostly against women and girls. It is sometimes considered a hate crime. The reason for that is such acts of violence are done against women and girls mainly because they're female.


title: Violence against women

text: The United Nations' Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women says: "violence against women is a manifestation of historically unequal power of relations between men and women."


title: Violence against women

text: Violence against women has several broad categories: rape, sexual harassment, domestic violence, sexual violence, forced marriage and female genital mutilation are among those categories.


title: Violence against women

text: On 11 May 2011, Council of Europe has adopted Istanbul Convention against domestic violence and violence against women.


title: Bill Burr

text: William Frederick Burr (born June 10, 1968) is an American comedian, writer and actor. He is the host of the "Monday Morning Podcast", and appeared in the AMC crime-drama show "Breaking Bad". In 2013, "The New York Times" wrote that Burr "has been one of the funniest, most distinctive voices in the country for years. He has released six stand-up specials.


title: Bill Burr

text: Burr was born in Canton, Massachusetts. His parents are of German and Irish ancestry. His father worked as a dentist. He married producer, director and screenwriter Nia Hill in 2013. Their daughter was born in 2017. As of May 2015, Burr is a licensed helicopter pilot and he has played the drums for a long time.


title: Bill Burr

text: "Rolling Stone" magazine called Burr "the undisputed heavyweight champ of rage-fueled humor." Burr often makes himself look like "that loud guy in the bar" with "uninformed logic." In an interview with the "The Boston Globe", Burr stated, "I'm the 'dude, bro' guy." He has also been known to not care about being politically correct."


title: Synesthesia

text: Synesthesia, or synaesthesia, is a condition where the brain mixes up the senses. People who have synesthesia are called synesthetes.


title: Synesthesia

text: Synesthesia is usually inherited (called congenital synesthesia), but exactly how people inherit it is unknown.


title: Synesthesia

text: Synesthesia is sometimes reported by people using psychedelic drugs, after a stroke, or during an epileptic seizure. It is also reported to be a result of blindness or deafness. Synesthesia that comes from events unrelated to genes is called adventitious synesthesia. This synesthesia results from some drugs or a stroke but not blindness or deafness. It involves sound being linked to vision or touch being linked to hearing.


title: Synesthesia

text: Synesthesia was investigated a lot in the 19th and early 20th centuries, but in the middle of the 20th century, it was less studied. Only recently has it been studied again in much detail.


title: Synesthesia

text: Some musicians and composers have a form of synesthesia that allows them to "see" music as colors or shapes. This is called chromethesia. Mozart is said to have had this form of synesthesia. He said that the key of D major had a warm "orangey" sound to it, while B-flat minor was blackish. A major was a rainbow of colors to him. This may explain why he wrote some of his music using different colors for different music notes, and why much of his music is in major keys.


title: Synesthesia

text: Another composer who had color-hearing was the Russian composer Alexander Scriabin. In 1907, he talked with another famous composer, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, who had synesthesia, and they both found that some musical notes made them think of certain colors. Scriabin worked with a man named Alexander Mozer who made a color organ.


title: Synesthesia

text: The same type of synesthesia may have different effects (pronounced and less pronounced) on different people.


title: Synesthesia

text: Synesthetes often say that they did not know their experiences were unusual until they found out that other people did not have them. Others report feeling as if they had been keeping a secret their entire lives. Most synesthetes consider their experiences a gift—a "hidden" sense. Most synesthetes find out in their childhood that they have synethesia. Some learn to apply it in daily life and work. For example, they might use their gift to memorize names and telephone numbers or do mental arithmetic. Many people with synesthesia use their experiences to help them be more creative, for example, in making drawings and music.