title: Maurice Tempelsman

text: Maurice Tempelsman (born August 26, 1929) is a Belgian-American businessman. He was the longtime companion of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, former First Lady of the United States. He was born in Antwerp, Belgium. He is also a general partner of Leon Tempelsman & Son, an investment company specializing in real estate and venture capital.


title: Madea

text: Mabel "Madea" Simmons is a fictional African American character. "Madea" is played by Tyler Perry in drag clothing.


title: Madea

text: Madea was born in New Orleans, Louisiana on April 26, 1935. "Big Mabel" Murfy was the name of her mother. Frederick Simmons was the name of her father. Madea grew up with a strict mother who was also nurturing to Madea's emotions. At age 9, Madea was charged for petty theft. When Madea was 16 years of age, her parents moved to Atlanta, Georgia. There, she attended Booker T. Washington High School. She had tried out for cheerleading and became a cheerleader. By the time Madea was 17, she began going out to night clubs and house parties. Her parents allowed Madea to party at this age. Around this time, Madea became a stripper and was given the name "Delicious". At 18, Madea was charged with illegal gambling, check fraud and identity theft. Around this time, Madea had at least two or three children. She supported herself and her children by pool dancing, stripping and professional wrestling. Madea graduated her high school in May 1959. That night, she had an affair with Thoedure Leroy Brown (also known as "Mr. Brown"). Madea became pregnant and had given birth to Cora Jean Simmons Brown. However, in the movie Madea's Big Happy Family, Mr. Brown had a DNA test which confirmed that he was not the father. Madea was diagnosed with type one diabetes and depression in her early 20s. She had became a bitter women around this time.


title: Madea

text: Madea's appearance is an elderly women who is not afraid to threaten anybody with her pistol. Madea usually helps her family through life situations, struggles and helping her family cope with one another. She teaches them wisdom; which helps them in their everyday life. Madea is also a forceful women who teaches young adults to act mature. Madea has been locked up in prison several times. She has outlived several of her husbands and lives off of their life security checks. Madea uses bad language and tone to speak to her family when they are disrespectful. She also has a bad temper and bad way of dealing with anger. Madea is known to be half African American and quarter-Cherokee Indian. She likes going to the casino on Sunday, rather than going to the church. Although Madea does not read the bible, she uses it to manipulate situations in order to justify what she had done.


title: South Holland

text: South Holland is a province in the west of the Netherlands. It is called "Zuid-Holland" in Dutch. It is surrounded by the North Sea and the provinces North Holland, Utrecht, Gelderland, North Brabant, and Zeeland. About 3,726,000 people are living in South Holland (2021).


title: South Holland

text: The biggest cities are Rotterdam and The Hague. The Hague is the capital of the province. The Hague is also the administrative capital of the Netherlands. That means that the parliament is there.


title: South Holland

text: Rotterdam has the largest port of Europe. Leiden, Gouda, and Delft have town centers with many old buildings. Zoetermeer is a quite new city. Most of it was built in the 1970s. Another important city is Dordrecht.


title: South Holland

text: In South Holland there are some typical Dutch landscapes. Near Leiden there is a region that is known as the "Bollenstreek" ("bulb district"). In springtime many large fields with flowers can be found here. These fields are called "bulb fields". Near Rotterdam there is a small village called Kinderdijk with 19 windmills near each other.


title: South Holland

text: The south of the province has many islands. The largest of them are Voorne-Putten, Goeree-Overflakkee, IJsselmonde, the Hoeksche Waard and the island of Dordrecht. These big islands are connected by bridges and/or tunnels.


title: South Holland

text: The most important rivers and other bodies of waters are Nieuwe Maas, Nieuwe Waterweg, Oude Maas, Haringvliet, and Hollands Diep.


title: 2011 Christchurch earthquake

text: The 2011 Christchurch earthquake was a 6.3 magnitude earthquake which struck the South Island of New Zealand at on NZT. (This is 23:51 UTC). It was about 5 km underground. It struck the Canterbury region of the island and caused a lot of damage and many deaths in Christchurch, New Zealand's second largest city.


title: 2011 Christchurch earthquake

text: It was the largest aftershock of the 4 September 2010 Canterbury earthquake, although it is being regarded as a separate earthquake. It was smaller than the September earthquake, but it was more damaging because it was closer to Christchurch and nearer to the surface of the earth. It also happened at lunchtime on a Tuesday compared to before dawn on a Saturday, which meant that more people were outside and in danger of being injured by falling buildings. Buildings were also already weakened from the previous quakes. The intensity felt in Christchurch was MM VIII.


title: 2011 Christchurch earthquake

text: At the end of the first day 65 people were known to have died, and the number is expected to rise. Over 100 people may be trapped in one building alone. The New Zealand Fire Service says many people were injured and trapped in buildings. At 5pm local time Radio New Zealand reported that 80% of the city was without electricity. Water and wastewater services are not working in many parts of the city. People are being asked to use as little water as possible and to collect rainwater. It is expected that the State of Emergency Level 3, the highest possible in a regional disaster, will last at least five days. Medical staff from the army are being used.


title: 2011 Christchurch earthquake

text: The "Sydney Morning Herald" reported that two buses and a number of cars were crushed by falling buildings.


title: 2011 Christchurch earthquake

text: Buildings have collapsed around Cathedral Square in downtown Christchurch. The spire of ChristChurch Cathedral has completely collapsed. Christchurch Hospital was evacuated due to damage in some areas, but soon reopened to treat the injured. It has treated over 220 serious injuries so far, even though sometimes they were working by torchlight. The New Zealand defence forces have been called in to help move people out of the central business district. Fires were reported at the Canterbury Television (CTV) building.


title: 2011 Christchurch earthquake

text: The Pyne Gould Corporation building on Cambridge Terrace has suffered a lot of damage (photo), and some of the building's 200 workers are believed to be trapped within. Screams have been heard from inside.


title: 2011 Christchurch earthquake

text: The historic Canterbury Provincial Chambers building has also suffered major damage from the earthquake.


title: 2011 Christchurch earthquake

text: The Statistics New Zealand buildings in Christchurch were also damaged. They were due to process much of the March 2011 census of New Zealand. The census has been cancelled because people living in Christchurch have had their lives seriously disrupted. This is the third time the census has been cancelled, the previous two times being during the Great Depression and World War II.


title: 2011 Christchurch earthquake

text: ChristChurch Cathedral has lost the top of its main spire and its roof has fallen in. (photos ) Initial reports said 22 people were in the spire at the time of the collapse. However, after the building was made safe to enter over a week after the quake, and searched thoroughly, "no" bodies were located.


title: 2011 Christchurch earthquake

text: Buildings in Lyttelton have been damaged; a fire officer said that 60% of the buildings in the main street have collapsed. The town's historic Timeball Station was also badly damaged. The New Zealand Historic Places Trust who own the building have decided that it is unsafe to try to repair it. It will be dismantled, if possible, and perhaps re-constructed.


title: 2011 Christchurch earthquake

text: Around 30 million tonnes of ice fell off Tasman Glacier into Tasman Lake, about from the epicentre, hitting tour boats with waves 3.5 high.


title: 2011 Christchurch earthquake

text: The quake was felt as far north as Tauranga and as far south as Invercargill, where the 111 emergency network was damaged and stopped working.


title: 2011 Christchurch earthquake

text: New Zealand Prime Minister, John Key, said "All Civil Defence procedures have now been activated; the Civil Defence bunker at Parliament is in operation here in Wellington." Civil Defence has alerted all Urban Search and Rescue teams in Christchurch. The New Zealand Red Cross is also involved.


title: 2011 Christchurch earthquake

text: Australia has offered help, and immediately sent a search and rescue team of 70 from New South Wales on a RAAF C-130 Hercules. Foreign Affairs Minister Kevin Rudd also said a second team from South Australia will also be sent with more equipment. Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard has offered John Key any other help he may need.


title: 2011 Christchurch earthquake

text: Christchurch International Airport was only open for emergency air traffic, but has now been opened to all local and domestic flights. The earthquake has affected all air traffic in New Zealand. Air traffic control services by Airways New Zealand, the national Air Traffic Control organisation, have been disrupted.


title: Pikwik Pack

text: Pikwik Pack was created by Mary Bredin, Frank Falcone and Rachel Reade Marcus. It was produced by Corus Entertainment and Guru Studio. The series premiered on Disney Junior in the United States on November 7, 2020, and on Treehouse TV in Canada on December 26, 2020 and of United Kingdom on Tiny Pop.


title: Pikwik Pack

text: The Pikwik Pack includes four colorful animal friends. Suki is a thoughtful hedgehog, Axel is a fearless raccoon, Tibor is a reliable hippo, and Hazel is an adventurous cat. They travel by land, sea, and air in their various vehicles to deliver packages. The difficulty can be rough rapids, stormy skies, or a foggy forest, but when the Pikwik Pack work together, they always deliver!


title: Pikwik Pack

text: Carter, ironically, does not feel relaxed in Relaxing Ridge. Meanwhile, the Pikwik Pack must get to Relaxing Ridge, which is higher than they’ve ever gone before(save “Above and Beyond”). Then, the team must do the improbable - go along the Towering River. Suki, Axel, and Tibor do not think the team has the will to sail up the river, but Hazel tries to teach them that you can do anything - so long if you believe in yourself, and Suki, Axel, and Tibor get the message and to Relaxing Ridge with the impossible - not a single obstacle. Meanwhile, an unnamed shark wants to clear the Towering River without a single obstacle, just like the Pikwik Pack, yet he keeps falling down to the bottom of the river, and also gets Hazel’s message, and then the shark sings You Are The Magic from Disney Enchantment. He then FINALLY makes it to Relaxing Ridge, making the delivery, reprising You Are The Magic after that, and then ending the film.


title: Pei Haozheng

text: Pei Haozheng (Chinese: 裴浩正; Pinyin: "Péi Hào Zhèng"; born Nanjing, Jiangsu in 1996), also known as Hotz Pei, is a Chinese origami artist, TV program designer, and Guinness World Record holder. He got his master's degree from the Nanyang Technological University (NTU) in Singapore in 2021.


title: Pei Haozheng

text: Pei designed several origami-themed TV projects and hundreds of lifelike models, promoting the art form to a growing audience. His work has a positive influence on modern origami art because of its cultural value and humanitarian ideal. For instance, his "Zijin Grass" models have been known by over 100 million people as the "flower of peace" to remember victims.


title: Pei Haozheng

text: Pei is a special guest on various Chinese variety shows, including "Super Brain", "Forward to the Future", "Voice", "Day Day Up", etc.


title: Pei Haozheng

text: Pei started folding paper when he was in kindergarten. At first, he learned origami from teachers and parents, and later he copied the patterns from books.


title: Pei Haozheng

text: In early 2007, Pei came across a crease pattern designed by Robert J. Lang, an origami master from the United States. It was mind-blowing for him, opening a new world of the craft.


title: Pei Haozheng

text: Pei continued to learn origami through theory books, such as "Origami Design Secrets" by Lang. As the quantity of his work grew, so did the variety and quality.


title: Pei Haozheng

text: During the middle school period, Pei created several unique designs, including a 60-centimeter-tall work featuring an angel with six wings folded from a 2-meter-long square sheet of paper. It took him numerous attempts to get everything right.


title: Pei Haozheng

text: In 2016, Pei won a bronze prize at the International Origami Internet Olympiad (IOIO). The next year, he became the champion in the competition. For the event's final task, Pei folded an ancient Chinese woman holding a mirror from a sheet of handmade xuanzhi (rice paper), which impressed judges with its exquisite shape and Eastern style.


title: Pei Haozheng

text: In 2018, Pei was invited to be the event's task designer. His work "Bailuyuan" was selected as the edition's mascot.


title: Pei Haozheng

text: In 2019, Pei attended the Zijin Grass International Peace Summer School and taught origami to a dozen of international peace envoys.


title: Pei Haozheng

text: In 2021, his renowned artworks, such as "Zijin Grass", "Yuanhang Bainian ("100 years of sailing")", and "Join Hands to Build a Peaceful China", were displayed in an exhibition — "The Praise of Youth · Centennial of the Original Mind" in Beijing, China. The exhibition attracted over 72,500 visitors.


title: Pei Haozheng

text: In 2022, to celebrate the 103rd anniversary of the May Fourth Movement, Pei released a tutorial on how to use a newspaper to fold into a flower, named "The Flower in May" — representing the country’s young generation.


title: Pei Haozheng

text: On 9 September 2022, a Guinness World Record — The most origami flowers made from a single sheet of paper (100) was achieved by Pei in Beijing, China.The origami paper used measures 3 m (9 ft 10.08 in) x 3 m (9 ft 10.08 in) and was folded by 4 people. Pei and his team crafted an origami deer with 100 twisty roses on its antlers. It took the team for 5 days to complete it.


title: Pei Haozheng

text: In 2017 and 2018, Pei was invited to attend the Chinese version of "Super Brain", a competitive reality show on Jiangsu Satellite TV. The show gave him an opportunity to meet Lang, both as judges for the show. Pei made 20 models for display there and Lang praised his techniques.


title: Pei Haozheng

text: In late 2018, Pei took up the challenge of creating a solar panel in origami style at "Forward to the Future", a science show on China Central Television. He successfully built the panel that folds up to 1 square meter－while unfolded, it becomes a structure of 81 square meters.


title: Pei Haozheng

text: In 2020, Pei participated in 10 editions of "Power of Youth", a competitive reality show on Anhui Satellite TV. He successfully went through all the challenges about ancient and modern civilization and won the most "power medals" as well as a scientific research fund.


title: Pei Haozheng

text: In 2021, on behalf of Chinese youth, Pei was invited to express his ideas at "Voice", the first open class for youth on China Central Television. He gave an "Ice Cube" Voronoi tessellation model to Zheng Fang, the architect of several Olympic stadiums in the 2008 Summer Olympic Games and the 2022 Winter Olympic Games.


title: Pei Haozheng

text: In 2022, Pei was invited to deliver a speech titled "5 Minutes to Change the Future" at "Day Day Up" on Hunan Satellite TV, bringing a new perspective to the audience.


title: Dome of the Rock

text: The Dome of the Rock (, transliteration: "Masjid Qubbat As-Sakhrah") is an Islamic mosque building in East Jerusalem.


title: Dome of the Rock

text: It was built from 691 from 692 by Caliph Abd al-Malik. It is built on the spot where the Jewish Temple is believed to have been, and where Muslims believe Muhammad went up to heaven. The rock on which the building stands is believed by Jews, Christians, and Muslims to be the holiest place on Earth.


title: Black powder rocket motor

text: A black powder rocket motor pushes a model rocket using black powder. Black powder in the rockets is made of charcoal, sulphur, and potassium nitrate. The amount of each part can be changed to change how fast the black powder burns. The black powder burns very fast. The hot gases move fast as they leave the back of the rocket. This pushes the rocket forward.


title: Black powder rocket motor

text: Black powder rocket motors were made in a simple form by the Chinese. They were first written about in the early 13th century. The rocket motors have gotten better over the years. They have several uses. Some can be used as weapons. Some have cameras to take pictures from a height to get information. Some are also used just for fun.


title: Black powder rocket motor

text: Black powder rocket motors are only made in small sizes. If they are bigger there is a bigger chance of exploding. They also do not perform as well if they are bigger. They are made in different sizes called classes. The classes are 1/4 A through E. If the motor needs to be bigger than this, a different type of fuel is used. This is called a composite fuel. Some examples of composite fuels are ammonium perchlorate or ammonium nitrate.


title: Black powder rocket motor

text: Black powder is the oldest type of mixed rocket fuel. It was used in rockets even before it was used in guns. The three main parts of black powder are charcoal, sulphur, and saltpetre (or potassium nitrate). The Chinese were making black powder as early as 1045, which is about 1000 years ago. In the early thirteenth century (about 800 years ago) the Chinese turned black powder into a way to power weapons. Before that it was only used for fun. The first recorded use of rockets as military weapons was in 1232. The Chinese ‘arrows of fire’ were fired from a sort of catapult. The black powder was packed in a closed tube that had a hole in one end for escaping hot gases. The tube was mounted on a long stick so it was more balanced.


title: Black powder rocket motor

text: Black powder had a very low specific impulse. The way rockets were made got more advanced, but only on paper. People had not really built a much better rocket yet. They only had ideas and sketches of better models. In 1591 a Belgian, Jean Beavie, wrote about and drew the important idea of rockets that had more than one stage. This is called Multistaging. This means that the fuel is burned through in more than one step. This is the answer to escaping earth’s gravity and going into space.


title: Black powder rocket motor

text: By 1600, rockets were being used in some parts of Europe. They were used against cavalry, which is a group of fighting soldiers on horseback. By 1688, rockets weighing over 120 pounds had been built and fired in Germany. These German rockets could carry 16-pound warheads.


title: Black powder rocket motor

text: During the late 1700s, a London lawyer, Sir William Congreve, wanted to try to make rockets better. He did many experiments with different fuels and cases. His experiments were careful and orderly. He improved how far rockets could go, how stable they were, and how accurate they were. The British army used Congreve's new rockets to help them in the Napoleonic wars.


title: Black powder rocket motor

text: In 1939 researchers at the California Institute of Technology were trying to make a motor to help launch aircraft. They mixed black powder with common road asphalt to make the first composite motor. This was the beginning of the composite motor. It also ended the use of black powder for big rockets.


title: Black powder rocket motor

text: Black powder rocket propellant is a lot like old fashioned gunpowder. It has one different part called a binder. The binder is usually a substance called Dextrin. One common model rocket engine company is Estes Industries. Their motors are made with black powder propellant. Black powder propellant must be pressed very tightly to work well. If it is not packed tightly, it will burn too fast and might explode. A simple way of combining the parts to make black powder rocket propellant is: 75% potassium nitrate, 10% sulphur, and 15% charcoal. This is the most common way of making it. Dextrin may be added as a binder (usually between 0 and 5%). Extra (coarse) charcoal or metal powders (5 - 10%) may be added to make a spark trail. Adding these extras might change how fast the fuel burns.


title: Black powder rocket motor

text: Thrust is how hard of a push the rocket produces. Burn time is how long the fuel in the motor takes to burn while pushing gases out of the back of the rocket. The impulse of a rocket motor is the area under the thrust-time curve. This means the impulse is a number for how much force the rocket makes and for how long. The impulse of a black powder motor is used to tell what size class it is in. Motors are divided into classes from 1/4A to E. These classes hold rockets with impulses from 0 to 40 Ns (Newtons*seconds). Other kinds of model rocket motors can be named up to an ‘H’, which is up to 320 Ns.


title: Black powder rocket motor

text: Figures from tests of Estes rocket motors are used in the following examples of rocket motor performance.


title: Black powder rocket motor

text: For miniature black powder rocket motors (13 mm diameter), the maximum thrust is between 5 and 12 N, the total impulse is between .5 and 2.2 Ns, and the burn time is between .25 and 1 second. For Estes ‘regular size’ rocket motors (18 mm diameter), there are three classes: A, B, and C. The A class 18 mm motors have a maximum thrust between 9.5 and 9.75 N, a total impulse between 2.1 and 2.3 Ns, and a burn time between .5 and .75 seconds. The B class 18 mm motors have a maximum thrust between 12.15 and 12.75 N, a total impulse between 4.2 and 4.35 Ns, and a burn time between .85 and 1 second. The C class 18mm motors have a maximum thrust from 14 – 14.15 N, a total impulse between 8.8 and 9 Ns, and a burn time between 1.85 and 2 seconds.


title: Black powder rocket motor

text: There are also 3 classes included in Estes large (24 mm diameter) rocket motors: C, D, and E. The C class 24 mm motors have a maximum thrust between 21.6 and 21.75 N, a total impulse of between 8.8 and 9 Ns, and a burn time between .8 and .85 seconds. The D class 24 mm motors have a maximum thrust between 29.7 and 29.8 N, a total impulse between 16.7 and 16.85 Ns, and a burn time between 1.6 and 1.7 seconds. The E class 24 mm motors have a maximum thrust between 19.4 and 19.5 N, a total impulse between 28.45 and 28.6 Ns, and a burn time between 3 and 3.1 seconds.


title: Central Province, Sri Lanka

text: The Central Province ( ', ') is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka. It is located in the central mountainous area of the island. It is the sixth largest province by area. About 2.5 million people live here. The border of this province are North Central Province on the North, Uva Province on the East, North Western Province on the West and Sabaragamuwa Province on the South and West. The province's capital is Kandy.


title: Purdue University

text: Purdue University, in West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S., is the flagship university of the six-campus Purdue University System. Purdue was founded on May 6, 1869, as a land-grant university, accepted a donation of land and money from Lafayette businessman John Purdue to establish a college of science, technology, and agriculture in his name. The first classes were held on September 16, 1874, with three buildings, six instructors, and 39 students. Today, Purdue enrolls the second largest student body of any university in Indiana as well as the second largest international student population of any public university in the United States.


title: Purdue University

text: Purdue offers both undergraduate and graduate programs in over 210 major areas of study. Purdue has produced multiple Nobel Prize winners, CEOs of Fortune 500 companies, and NFL Super Bowl MVPs. The university has been highly influential in America's history of aviation, and Purdue's aviation technology and aeronautical engineering programs remain among the highest rated and most competitive in the world. In the mid-20th century, Purdue's aviation program expanded to encompass advanced spaceflight technology giving rise to Purdue's nickname, "Cradle of Astronauts".


title: Purdue University

text: Purdue's tenured faculty comprises sixty Academic Deans, Associate Deans, and Assistant Deans; 63 Academic Department Heads; 753 Professors; 547 Associate Professors and 447 Assistant Professors. Purdue employs 892 non-tenure-track faculty, Lecturers, and Postdoctorals at its West Lafayette campus. Purdue employs another 691 tenured and 1,021 Non-Tenure Track Faculty, Lecturers, and Postdoctorals at its Regional Campuses and Statewide Technology.


title: Purdue University

text: Purdue University generated a record $333.4 million in sponsored research funding during the 2007–08 fiscal year with participation from National Science Foundation, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the U.S. departments of Agriculture, Defense, Energy, and Health and Human Services.


title: Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies

text: Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies was the first King of the united Kingdom of the Two Siclies. The Kingdom was created on 12 December 1816 having united the separate crown of Naples and Sicily. He was a member of the House of Bourbon. Before that he had been, since 1759, Ferdinando IV of the Kingdom of Naples and Ferdinando III of the Kingdom of Sicily. He was deposed twice from the throne of Naples. The first time by the French revolutionary armies in 1799 and again by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1806.


title: Thoibi

text: Moirang Thoibi () or Ewanglon Thoibi () is the main character of the Khamba Thoibi story from ancient Moirang Kangleirol legends. She is a princess from the Ancient Moirang kingdom. She is not the king's daughter. She is the daughter of the King's younger brother "Chingkhu Akhuba" and of King "Chingkhu Telheiba" of Moirang. Khuman Khamba, a poor orphan prince, loved Thoibi.


title: Thoibi

text: One day, Princess Thoibi visited the marketplace of Moirang. She saw the girl Khamnu selling wood. She asked Khamnu many questions. She even gave her food and jewelry. Thoibi and Khamnu became good friends. The next time Thoibi went to the market, she met Khamnu again. Thoibi asked Khamnu to come with her fishing on Loktak lake. The king heard that the princess and her friends were going fishing for fun on the lake. He ordered all the men in the kingdom to stay away from the lake. Khamnu told her brother Khamba about this the royal order. The next day, she left him at home. Khamba was sleeping and had a dream.


title: Thoibi

text: In Khamba's dream, Goddess Ayangleima (either Panthoibi or Koiren Leima) made herself look like Khamnu and asked him to get vegetables. Khamba woke up and wondered about his dream. God Thangjing made him think that he had truly seen his sister Khamnu. So he rowed down the lake in a rowboat. But he went in the wrong direction. The God Thangjing spread clouds over the hills, and there was a storm. It blew the boat towards Thoibi and her friends on their fishing trip. Thoibi saw Khamba standing close to her. She asked Khamnu if she knew the strange man disobeying the royal order. Khamnu said no. Khamba did not know what to do. Hearing his sister's voice, he went closer. Thoibi saw that Khamba was handsome, manly, muscular, and well fashioned. Khamba was also amazed at Thoibi's beauty and glamour. It was God's will that they should be lovers. Khamnu worried that her brother might get punished for disobedience. Thoibi noticed a piece of Khamnu's cloth matching Khamba’s headdress. She also discovered Khamba wearing the bracelet she had given to Khamnu. Later, Khamnu revealed the truth. Then, Thoibi became kind to Khamba. She gave him good food. She told him to go home before the King heard that he had broken his rule and come to the lake.


title: Thoibi

text: Princess Thoibi visited Khamnu's house. Thoibi sat on the red cloth near the post of the north side (ukoklel). The walls of the old house were full of holes. So Khamba hid himself within a mat. Thoibi asked Khamnu about the mat. Khamnu said that it was the worshipping place of God Khuman Pokpa. So Thoibi asked if she could pray to the God. She wanted to be blessed by the God. Thoibi knew the truth very well. But she pretended if she knew nothing. She prayed out loud to the God to allow her to worship him daily in the house. Khamba heard her voice. He laughed aloud. Thoibi said the God was speaking. She came out in the veranda. Meanwhile, Khamba sent his sister to the market to get some fruit. At Khamnu's absence, Thoibi presented him gifts. The two bound themselves by an oath before the God Khuman Pokpa. They drank the water in which a golden bracelet had been dipped. They vowed to be lovers forever. After this oath, Thoibi addresed Khamnu as "sister".


title: Thoibi

text: The King made Khamba the ""Khuntak Leiroi Hanjaba"" (Floriculture Minister) to gather flowers from the hills. Thoibi prepared delicious food for Khamba. She tied the food in a bundle of leaves. She fastened it with silks of seven kinds. By the grace of God Thangjing, not a petal of a single flower brought by Khamba was broken. At Khamba's return, Thoibi washed his feet and offered him fruits.


title: Thoibi

text: On the day of customary rituals to be performed, Khamba first offered his flowers to God Thangjing. After that, Khamba gave the flowers to the king, to the queen and then to the high officers of Moirang.


title: Thoibi

text: Everyone was happy with the flowers. They gave Khamba gifts. Khamba and Thoibi danced before God Thangjing's holy shrine. The pairing was great. The people watching shouted with joy during the dance. Finally, Khamba and Thoibi knelt before God Thangjing.


title: Thoibi

text: Thoibi's father asked her to marry Nongban Kongyamba. But she said no. Her father was angry and he said, "I will be better to be childless than be the father of this evil girl." He asked his Minister Hanjaba to sell Thoibi to the Kabaw chief for silver and gold. He exiled her to Kabaw chiefdom. He did not want to see her any more. Thoibi told Khamba about what happened. For his sake, she had to go exile to Kabaw. She told Khamba not to forget her.


title: Thoibi

text: On the day of her exile, she cried so hard that she sounded like thunder. The queen and all her maids also wept. Minister Hanjaba took her away to Kabaw. On the way, she met Khamba. He wept with her remembering the past happy days. Both the lovers felt the pain of separation.


title: Thoibi

text: Khamba gave Thoibi a staff to lean on as she walked. On her way, Thoibi planted the staff by the roadside. She wished for it to grow flowers and become a living, leafy tree if she remained faithful to Khamba. She also marked a roadside stone. Finally, she reached Kabaw. But Chief Tamurakpa of Kabaw felt sorry for Thoibi. He kept her as a guest. Thoibi became a friend of Changning Kanbi, the daughter of the chief. But the evil women of Kabaw persuaded Changning to treat Thoibi like a servant. Thoibi was sent to catch fish and to gather firewood. Thoibi was busy with her work. However, she always dreamed that Khamba was with her. Thangjing took pity on her. Chief Tamurakpa heard about the harsh treatments of Thoibi by his own daughter. So he asked all the women to weave one cloth each. Changning called Thoibi a wayward child. It was because of Thoibi had not wanted to marry Kongyamba. Changning knew Kongyamba was muscular, attractive and the son of famous ancestors. So she thought Kongyamba as a good man.


title: Thoibi

text: Tamurakpa heard his daughter's words. He was angry with her. He was about to strike her but Thoibi stopped him. The two ladies wove their cloths. Changning was jealous of Thoibi. In the night, Changning tore holes in Thoibi's cloth with a porcupine quill. Later, Thoibi found all that had been done. However, she repaired all the holes and made the cloth even more beautiful than before. Tamurakpa liked Thoibi's cloth very much. He threw his own daughter's cloth away.


title: Thoibi

text: One day, when Thoibi was working at her cloth making machine, a wind brought ashes towards her. She knew it was from Moirang. She wept remembering her beloved Khamba and her hometown. The God Thangjing softened her father's heart. He sent men to bring her back. However, he asked Kongyamba to marry Thoibi on her way home. However, Thoibi prayed to the patron deity of the Kabaw chiefdom. She thanked Chief Tamurakpa for his kindness.


title: Thoibi

text: On her way, she saw the stone on which she had written her promise to be faithful to Khamba. She prayed to it and offered gold and silver on it. She saw Khamba's staff which she had planted. It had grown flowers and become a living, leafy tree.


title: Thoibi

text: When Thoibi was on her way back home, her suitor Angom Nongban Kongyamba waited for her. Kongyamba asked his watchmen if Princess Thoibi was coming. After looking carefully, they shouted,


title: Thoibi

text: Thoibi heard the shout. She instructed her companions to sit near her if the man was Khamba but far away if the man was Kongyamba.


title: Thoibi

text: However, she went on. She pretended to be friendly to him. She sat on the red carpet Kongyamba had brought. However, she placed a stick between Kongyamba and herself. She asked him for fruit to eat. Kongyamba brought her fruit. But she did not eat the fruit. She pretended to get ill due to her long journey from Kabaw. Kongyamba was worried.


title: Thoibi

text: She asked Kongyamba to let her ride on his horse. He agreed. So Thoibi rode Kongyamba's horse and Kongyamba rode in Thoibi's palanquin.


title: Thoibi

text: Suddenly, Thoibi galloped off on the horse towards Khamba's house. Khamba met her there. They wept because they were together again.


title: Thoibi

text: Kongyamba was angry that he had been tricked a girl. He asked the king's ministers to act. Minister Thonglen and Minister Nongtholba sent men to protect Khamba and Thoibi from their enemies.


title: Thoibi

text: The matter was set before the King in the royal court. The king wanted to solve the issue by the trial of the spear. During the talk, an old man came to the meet the king. The old man told him that a ferocious tiger was a great threat to the villagers in a place called Khoirentak.


title: Thoibi

text: The king changed his mind. He said he would use the tiger to decide what to do. He said that person who killed the tiger could marry Princess Thoibi.


title: Thoibi

text: One day, Khamba wondered if Thoibi was faithful to him. He wanted to test her chastity. One night, he pretended to travel away from home. Then, he secretly returned home. In disguise as a stranger, he pushed a stick through the wall of Thoibi's room. He was teasing Thoibi. Thoibi was not aware of all this. So, she thought it had been done by a stranger. She got angry.


title: Thoibi

text: She pushed a spear through the wall to hit the stranger. Khamba was severely wounded. He called her. Thoibi knew his voice. She immediately went out and carried him inside. Khamba was dying. She was extremely shocked. Before he died, she killed herself upon him with the same spear.


title: Thoibi

text: Khamba and Thoibi are the incarnations of a god and a goddess. They were sent by Thangjing. Unlike normal mortal beings, God Thangjing denied their happiness of long life and children.


title: Block (periodic table)

text: A block on the periodic table is a group of elements that all have their electrons in the same atomic orbital. There are four blocks, s-, d-, f, and p-. The word "block" was first used to describe this by Charles Janet.


title: Block (periodic table)

text: The p-block is on the right side of the periodic table. Elements from groups 13-18 are in the p-block.


title: Block (periodic table)

text: The f-block is shown in green in the illustration above. The elements 57 to 71 are called Lanthanides, elements 89 to 103 are called Actinides.


title: Tux

text: Tux is a mascot of the Linux operating system; a cartoon penguin made by Larry Ewing in 1996. Wherever he is seen, it means such a system can work with Linux. He is also a character in some video games made for Linux, like "Super Tux".


title: Tux

text: The name "Tux" comes from James Hughes, who named the Linux mascot that as an shortened form of "Torvalds' UniX," as Linus Torvalds was the creator of the Linux kernel. Tux is also an abbreviation of tuxedo.


title: Yahya Khan

text: Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan (February 4, 1917 – August 10, 1980) was the final President of United Pakistan from 1969 to 1971, following the resignation of Ayub Khan. He has one son, Ali Yahya and one daughter, Yasmeen Khan.


title: Scotch whisky

text: Whisky made in Scotland is known as Scotch whisky, or simply as "Scotch" (especially in North America).


title: Scotch whisky

text: It means the whisky is distilled in Scotland. It is usually a blend of malt and grain whiskies, and aged in barrels ('casks') for at least three years (four years for exports).


title: Scotch whisky

text: Single malt scotch is made only from malted barley and no other grain, sugar, or fermentable material. They are made at the same distillery and not blended with any other scotch. Most single malt scotches are aged an average of 8 to 12 years.


title: Scarlet

text: Scarlet is a slight brilliant red colour. It is a colour of the rainbow. It is redder than vermilion. The colour's name comes from the Persian "saqirlat".


title: Diponegoro

text: Diponegoro was a Javanese prince who opposed the Dutch rule in Indonesia. He was the eldest son of Sultan


title: Diponegoro

text: Hamengkubowono III. Diponegoro was born at Yogyakarta in 1785 and died at Makassar in 1855. During the Dutch rule, a ruler like his father had lost many rights such as the ability to lease land. Instead, he was paid by the Dutch to keep peace. This was an indignity to his father. This led to an open battle headed by Diponegoro himself using guerrilla tactics, which was called the Java War. It lasted for five years, from 1825 until 1830. During that period Diponegoro had successfully led battles, ambushing Dutch camps and raiding food supplies. Over the period of five years, more than 200,000 people were dead because of the war. In 1830, he was sent away by the Dutch to Manado, then moved to Ujungpandang, and he spent the rest of his life there. After being held by the Dutch in Fort Rotterdam in Ujungpandang for 25 years, he died there in 1855.


title: Prey (2022 movie)

text: Prey is science fiction action horror film directed by Dan Trachtenberg. It will be released in summer of 2022 on Hulu. It is the fifth movie in the "Predator" franchise and a prequel to the other films in the franchise. This movie will be about the Predator going to Earth.


title: Harry Brearley

text: Harry Brearley (18 February 1871 – 14 July 1948) was an English metallurgist who invented stainless steel, that is, steel which does not rust.


title: Harry Brearley

text: Brearley was born in Sheffield, England, the son of a steelworker and his wife. He left Woodside School at the age of twelve to enter as a labourer in his father's steelworks. Later he got the post of general assistant in the company's chemical laboratory.


title: Harry Brearley

text: For several years, in addition to his laboratory work, he studied to specialize in steel production techniques and related chemical analysis methods.


title: Harry Brearley

text: In 1908, two of Sheffield's principal steelmaking companies agreed to jointly finance a common research laboratory (Brown Firth Laboratories). Harry Brearley was asked to lead the project.


title: Harry Brearley

text: After leaving Brown Firth, Brearley joined Brown Bayley's Steel Works, also in Sheffield. He became a director of the firm in 1925.


title: Harry Brearley

text: In 1941 Brearley created a charitable trust The Freshgate Trust Foundation, a grantmaking charity operating in Sheffield and South Yorkshire.


title: Harry Brearley

text: In the troubled years immediately before World War I, arms manufacturing increased greatly in the UK. There were problems due to erosion (excessive wear) of the internal surfaces of gun barrels. Brearley began to research new steels which could better resist the erosion caused by high temperatures. He began to add chromium to steel, which was known to raise the material’s melting point, as compared to the standard carbon steels.


title: Harry Brearley

text: The research concentrated on quantifying the effects of varying the levels of carbon (C, at concentrations around 0.2 weight %) and chromium (Cr, in the range of 6 to 15 weight %).


title: Harry Brearley

text: In order to do examine the alloys, a metal sample is treated. For a carbon steel, a dilute solution of nitric acid in alcohol is sufficient to produce the required effect. Brearley found that the new chromium steels were very resistant to chemical attack.


title: Harry Brearley

text: Up to that time carbon-steel knives rusted if they were not polished. Only expensive sterling silver or EPNS cutlery avoided the problem. With this in mind, Brearley tested his chromiun steel with food acids such as vinegar and lemon juice. The results were very promising.


title: Harry Brearley

text: At first, Brearley called the new alloy "rustless steel". The better-sounding "stainless steel" was suggested by Ernest Stuart, a local cutlery manufacturer.


title: Harry Brearley

text: The first true stainless steel, a 0.24wt% C, 12.8wt% Cr ferrous alloy, was produced by Brearley in an electric furnace on 13 August 1913. He was subsequently awarded the Iron and Steel Institute's Bessemer Gold Medal in 1920. The American Society for Metals gives the date for Brearley's creation of casting number 1008 (12.8% chromium, 0.44% manganese, 0.2% silicon, 0.24% carbon and 85.32% iron) as 20 August 1913.


title: Harry Brearley

text: Almost all research projects into stainless steels were interrupted by the 1914–18 War. The work was taken up again in the 1920s. Brearley had left the Brown Firth Laboratories in 1915, but the research continued under the direction of his successor, Dr. W. H. Hatfield. It is Hatfield who is credited with the development, in 1924, of a stainless steel which even today is probably the widest-used alloy of this type, the so-called "18/8", which in addition to chromium, includes nickel (Ni) in its composition (18wt% Cr, 8wt% Ni).


title: Shortening

text: Shortening is a semisolid fat used in baking. It makes foods crumbly. Shortening doesn't smoke as easily as butter or oil, and it is 100% fat. Butter is 80% fat. It works by stopping long gluten polymers from forming in the food. It does not need to be refrigerated. It also is cheaper than butter. It can make foods last longer.


title: Shortening

text: Shortening is mostly made from hydrogenated oils, which have trans fats in them. Trans fats can cause heart attacks. People making shortening try to take out the trans fats.


title: Alon Abutbul

text: In 2005, he was voted the 158th-greatest Israeli of all time, in a poll by the Israeli news website "Ynet" to determine who the general public considered the 200 Greatest Israelis. Abutbul has appeared in more than 50 years and have a career of 33 years. Abutbul has recently appeared in Christopher Nolan's 2012 movie "The Dark Knight Rises".


title: Fenway Sports Group

text: Fenway Sports Group, LLC (FSG), is an American sports company who own major baseball team Boston Red Sox and professional Premier League Football club, Liverpool FC.


title: Alon Abutbul

text: Abutbul was born in Kiryat, Israel on May 28, 1965. Abutbul lives in Los Angeles, California with his partner Shir Bilya. They have four children together.


title: Fenway Sports Group

text: FSG was founded in 2001 as New England Sports Ventures (NESV) when John W. Henry joined forces with Tom Werner, Les Otten, The New York Times Company, and other investors to successfully bid for the Red Sox. NESV changed their name to Fenway Sports Group in March of 2011.


title: Farsi1

text: Farsi1 is a Persian language satellite television channel. It was created in 2009. The channel is broadcast into Iran from Hong Kong by a company co-owned by Rupert Murdoch. Since the channel's creation, Farsi1 has become the most popular TV channel in Iran. The channel broadcasts TV series from Korea, Latin America and the United States. Its most popular series tend to be Colombian telenovelas.


title: Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston

text: Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, KG, GCB, PC (20 October 1784 – 18 October 1865) was a British statesman who served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the mid-19th century. He began his parliamentary career as a Tory and ended it as a Liberal.


title: Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston

text: He is best remembered for his leading of British foreign policy in a period of time when the United Kingdom was at its strongest. He served as both Foreign Secretary and Prime Minister. Some of his actions, now sometimes called 'liberal interventionist', were disliked by the Queen and by many of his fellow politicians.


title: Easter Monday

text: Easter Monday is the day after Easter Sunday. It is a holiday in many Christian countries. It is also the second day of the Octave of Easter. In 2022 it falls on April 18.


title: Kim Cattrall

text: Kim Victoria Cattrall (; born 21 August 1956) is a British-Canadian actress. She was born in Liverpool and moved to Canada when she was three months old. She holds British, Canadian and American citizenship. She played Samantha Jones in "Sex and the City" on HBO. She has starred in many films.


title: Easter Monday

text: In the Catholic Church, Easter Monday is also called "Monday of the Angel" in relation to the announcement of the Resurrection of Jesus in the New Testament.


title: Kim Cattrall

text: Catrall has no children. She was married to Larry Davis from 1977 until the marriage was annulled in 1979. She was married to Andre J. Lyson from 1982 until they divorced in 1989. She was married to Mark Levinson from 1998 until they divorced in 2004. Levinson and Cattrall co-wrote a 2002 book called "Satisfaction: The Art of the Female Orgasm".


title: Motion Picture Association

text: The Motion Picture Association (MPA), originally called the Motion Picture Association of America, is a non-profit group based in the United States. Its members are the "big six" major Hollywood studios: Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures (The Walt Disney Company), Sony Pictures (Sony), Paramount Pictures (Viacom -- which bought DreamWorks in February 2006), Universal Studios (Comcast), and Warner Bros. (WarnerMedia). It also represents Netflix streaming platform movies. The organization produces the well-known voluntary film rating system. On January 22, 2019, Netflix became the first streaming service to become a member of the MPA.


title: Renaissance art

text: Many of the most famous and best-loved works of art in the world were created during the time known as the Renaissance. The Renaissance began about 1400 and lasted until about 1600. Italy, and in particular the city of Florence is thought of as the home of Renaissance art.


title: Transgender Day of Remembrance

text: Transgender Day of Remembrance (TDoR) is an event that happens every year on November 20 around the world. It is about remembering transgender people who were killed by people who do not like transgender people (transphobes). It was started in 1998 by Gwendolyn Ann Smith, a transwoman. Smith made the event because a Afro-American transwoman called Rita Hester was murdered. It happens on the last day of Transgender Awareness Week.


title: Renaissance art

text: Many Flemish painters from the area of modern Belgium were also very busy at this time. The style of their pictures, and their use of oil painting influenced the Italian painters.


title: Renaissance art

text: The painting is a half-length portrait and depicts a woman whose expression is often described as enigmatic. The ambiguity of the sitter's expression, the monumentality of the half-figure composition, and the subtle modeling of forms and atmospheric illusionism were novel qualities that have contributed to the painting's continuing fascination. Few other works of art have been subject to as much scrutiny, study, mythologizing and parody.


title: Linda McMahon

text: Linda Marie McMahon (née Edwards; born October 4, 1948) is an American professional wrestling magnate and politician. She is the 25th Administrator of the Small Business Administration serving from February 14, 2017 to April 12, 2019. McMahon was active with the WWE (WWF until 2002) from 1980 to 2009. She has been married to Vince McMahon since 1966.


title: Linda McMahon

text: McMahon was born Linda Marie Edwards in New Bern, North Carolina, the daughter of Evelyn and Henry Edwards. She earned her Bachelor of Arts degree from East Carolina University.


title: Linda McMahon

text: McMahon was active with the WWE from 1980 to 2009. During this time, the company grew from a small regional business in the North East to a large multinational corporation.


title: Linda McMahon

text: As President and later CEO of the company, she created the company's civic programs, "Get REAL" and "Smackdown Your Vote". She occasionally made on-screen appearances, most notably in a wrestling "feud" with her husband which climaxed at WrestleMania X-Seven. McMahon and her husband became wealthy through WWE's success, and the McMahon family name is now synonymous with the professional wrestling industry.


title: Linda McMahon

text: In 2009, McMahon left the WWE to run as a Republican for a seat in the United States Senate from Connecticut, but lost to Democratic Party nominee Richard Blumenthal in the general election of 2010.


title: Linda McMahon

text: McMahon was the Republican nominee for Connecticut's other Senate seat in the 2012 race, but lost to Democratic Representative Chris Murphy.


title: Linda McMahon

text: On December 7, 2016, President-elect Donald Trump announced his intention to nominate McMahon to be the Administrator of the Small Business Administration when he takes office. McMahon was confirmed by the full Senate on February 14, 2017, with a vote of 81-19.


title: Linda McMahon

text: On March 29, 2019, it was officially made public by the Trump administration that McMahon would be stepping down as the Administrator of the Small Business Administration. The resignation took effect on April 12, 2019.


title: Linda McMahon

text: On April 15, 2019, McMahon was officially named Chairman of America First Action, a pro-Trump Super PAC.


title: Linda McMahon

text: McMahon married Vince McMahon in 1966. Together they had two children: Shane and Stephanie. McMahon is a Roman Catholic.


title: Trough (meteorology)

text: A trough is an elongated area of comparatively low atmospheric pressure, usually in association with weather fronts.


title: Trough (meteorology)

text: Convective cells may form in the surrounding area of troughs and give birth to a tropical cyclone. Some tropical or subtropical areas, such as the Philippines or south China are greatly affected by convection cells along a trough. In the mid-latitude westerlies, troughs and ridges often exchange with each other, especially when upper-level winds are in a high-amplitude pattern. For a trough in the westerlies, the region just west of the trough axis is typically an area of convergent winds and descending air - and hence high pressure - while the region just east of the trough axis is an area of fast, divergent winds and low pressure. Tropical waves are a type of trough in easterly currents, a cyclonic northward deflection of the trade winds.


title: Susana Dosamantes

text: She is the mother of Mexican pop diva Paulina Rubio, She has appeared in around 50 movies and TV series, including telenovelas.


title: Battle of Sievierodonetsk (2022)

text: The Battle of Sievierodonetsk was a military engagement that started on 6 May 2022. It is located in the Luhansk Oblast; however, Russia uses another name, for the oblast - Luhansk People's Republic.


title: Susana Dosamantes

text: In her final years Dosamantes worked in the United States so that she could live near her daughter, Paulina. Both Susana and Paulina lived in Miami, Florida.


title: Battle of Sievierodonetsk (2022)

text: By 29 May 2022, Russian forces were engaged in close quarters fighting with Ukrainian soldiers; Combat was taking place in the "middle of the city", according to media. On 25 June, Russian LPR forces captured the city and advanced on the nearby city of Lysychansk.


title: A Touch of Class (band)

text: A Touch of Class (also known as ATC) was a pop group based in Germany. It had four members. They each came from different countries— Joseph "Joey" Murray from New Zealand, Livio Salvi from Italy, Sarah Egglestone from Australia and Tracey Packham from the United Kingdom. The group was active from 1998 to 2003.


title: A Touch of Class (band)

text: They were most popular after the release of their first single, "Around The World (La La La La La)", in 2000. This song was an English version of the song "Pesenka" by Ruki Vverh! It was first released on 9 May 2000. It charted at #1 in Germany for six weeks. It was later a Top 40 hit in the United Kingdom and United States. The song was in a television commercial for General Electric in early 2002. Similar-sounding songs were successful in parts of Europe, but A Touch of Class are mainly remembered for this first hit.


title: A Touch of Class (band)

text: Their first album was "Planet Pop". It was released on 6 February 2001 by Sony BMG Music Entertainment and Republic Records. Their second album was "Touch The Sky". It was not very successful. The group broke up in mid-2003.


title: Tetrasulfur tetranitride

text: Tetrasulfur tetranitride, also known as tetrasulphur tetranitride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SN. It contains sulfur in its +3 oxidation state. It also contains nitride ions.


title: Tetrasulfur tetranitride

text: It is a gold solid. It is an explosive, releasing sulfur and nitrogen when detonated. The purer the substance is, the more easily it explodes. It is pale yellow when cold, orange at normal temperature, and red when hot. It reacts with bases. It can be split into disulfur dinitride when it is reacted with silver. It does not dissolve in water.


title: Tetrasulfur tetranitride

text: It can be made by reacting disulfur dichloride with ammonia. It can also be made by reacting ammonium chloride with disulfur dichloride.


title: Korouhanba

text: Korouhanba (, ) is the God of the Sun, the Sky and the Heaven in Meitei mythology and religion of Ancient Kangleipak (Antique Manipur). He is also known as Taohuireng and is one of the two sun brothers in the Numit Kappa epic legend. For having the ability to remove darkness, he is also called "Ngantureng". He is described as "Songbu Chiraitangba", a physician who is bald headed.


title: Korouhanba

text: The Meitei name "Korouhanba" (ko.rəu.hən.bə, ꯀꯣꯔꯧꯍꯟꯕ) is a term for the Sun. This term is generally used in verses or in poems. "Korouhanba" (ko.rəu.hən.bə, ꯀꯣꯔꯧꯍꯟꯕ) can be fragmented into "Korou" (ko.rəu, ꯀꯣꯔꯧ), "Han" (hən, ꯍꯟ) and "Ba" (bə, ꯕ). "Korou" (ko.rəu, ꯀꯣꯔꯧ) means the day. "Han" (hən, ꯍꯟ) means ""to be older"". "Ba" (bə, ꯕ) denotes noun form.


title: Korouhanba

text: According to the Meitei tradition, Sun God Korouhanba has strong connection with human body, human soul and origin of life. The human body is a "Lang" (lit. trap). Inside the trap, the "Thawai Polpi" (lit. soul bird) is kept. The soul bird leaves the former "Lang" and enters into another "Lang". The process is called "Langon" (lit. Changing of Lang). The "Polpilang Puya" text describes that the sun is the origin of life. It was told to Luwang Leikoiba by Mangang Laininghal according to the text. He (the Sun) represents the Supreme Being in the world of things (non living) and beings (living). He is Korouhanba.


title: Korouhanba

text: The Lai Haraoba festival is celebrated in honor of God Korouhanba every year. The most significant shrine dedicated to God Korouhanba is in Moidangpok town in Manipur.


title: Korouhanba

text: The cults and pantheons dedicated to God Korouhanba are mainly maintained by the Thokchom family of Meitei ethnicity.


title: Korouhanba

text: The Ibudhou Korouhanba Thang-Ta Moidangpok is a club of Thang Ta, a martial art form of the Meitei ethnicity. This martial arts association was a leading participant in the 31st State Thang Ta Championship in the year 2021.


title: Yummy (Justin Bieber song)

text: "Yummy" is a song by Canadian singer Justin Bieber. It was released on January 3, 2020, along with a lyric video through Def Jam Recordings as the lead single from his upcoming fifth studio album. The song is Bieber's first solo single to be released in three years. Upon its release, the song has received mostly mixed reception from critics: many praised its R&B production but most dismissed its lyrics. Its official music video was directed by Bardia Zeinali, which premiered on January 4, 2020.


title: Yummy (Justin Bieber song)

text: On December 23, 2019, Bieber teased the release by posting a picture of himself in front of a piano accompanied by two posts with the caption "tomorrow". On the following day, he announced the single through a trailer he uploaded to YouTube that shows him walking through an abandoned gas station. The trailer also serves as an announcement for his upcoming North American tour starting May 14, 2020, as well as a documentary covering "all different stories". About the upcoming music, Bieber stated that he feels like "this is different than the previous albums just because of where I'm at in my life".


title: Yummy (Justin Bieber song)

text: "Yummy" is a "straightforward R&B number" that moves along on pop-trap beats. The song contains a "crisp bass line and plinking keyboards". Bieber sings the pre-chorus, while he hits his "signature falsetto" in the bridge. Bryan Rolli of "Forbes" magazine called the chorus "seductive", albeit "meaningless". The song is considered an ode to Bieber's wife Hailey Bieber.


title: Yummy (Justin Bieber song)

text: "Yummy" received polarizing reviews from music critics, who complimented the "catchy" R&B production. They also criticized the "asinine" lyrical content.


title: Yummy (Justin Bieber song)

text: Rania Aniftos of "Billboard" said "Yummy" brings back "the flirtatious Bieber we've missed and been waiting for", describing the chorus as "catchy". Bryan Rolli, a writer for "Forbes", said that Bieber "sings his heart out" on the song and noted although "the lyrics may not invite scholarly analysis ... Bieber sure does sound good singing them". Rolli concluded calling the song a "win, an inevitable chart smash" and opined that it is "sure to sound even better when 50,000 fans scream it every night on his upcoming tour". Mikael Wood from the "Los Angeles Times" described the song as "a lithe little R&B number that faintly recalls Ginuwine's mid-'90s classic "Pony" and basically three-and-a-half minutes of PG-13 sex talk seemingly directed at Hailey Baldwin". He stated that "though it's very cute, 'Yummy' feels awfully lightweight for a single that has as much hanging on it as this one does" and added that the song "loses much of its flavor after only a few spins".


title: Yummy (Justin Bieber song)

text: "NME"s Sam Moore complimented the song's R&B production, who dismissed the lyrics. He termed as "failed expectations". He opined that the song's producers opted for "minimalism with their choice of instrumentation, melding airy keys with pop-trap beats with an evident view of creating something as universal as the likes of 'Hotline Bling' and Childish Gambino's 'Feels Like Summer'". Moore further wrote that Bieber's layered vocals and harmonies are "able to glide along rather effortlessly—it's just a shame he doesn't have more to say with them" and that Bieber's embrace of R&B "isn't a complete turn-off". "Pitchfork"s Eric Torres criticized the song for being "shamelessly engineered for the truncated attention span of TikTok" and "a bloodless shell of an R&B song crippled by asinine lyrics and a tired, syncopated backdrop". He further wrote that the song "plateaus as soon as it starts, never inching past the toddler-like repetition of 'yummy-yum' in its chorus". Brad Callas from "Complex" listed "Yummy" among the best new music of the week and said Bieber's "pivot back to R&B is refreshing for those who were fans of his slept-on 2013 project, "Journals"". Callas further remarked that the "silky vocals" is at times reminiscent of Bieber's 2016 collaboration with Post Malone, "Deja Vu".


title: Yummy (Justin Bieber song)

text: The music video for "Yummy" was directed by Bardia Zeinali, which premiered on January 4, 2020. In the video, it portrays Bieber with pink hair at a dinner party in a fancy restaurant, eating various colorful food items with the guests.


title: Adriatic Sea

text: The Adriatic Sea is a body of water and is a part of the Mediterranean Sea. The Italian Peninsula from the Balkan Peninsula was sepatated by the sea. Countries that have a coastline in the Adriatic Sea are Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Albania.


title: Adriatic Sea

text: The average width of the sea is about 160 km. The Strait of Otranto joins the Adriatic Sea and the Ionian Sea and is only 85 to 100 km wide. The sea is very shallow. Its average depth is 240 m (133 fathoms). The sea is deepest east of Monte Gargano and south of Dubrovnik where it dips below 1,460 m (800 fathoms).


title: 2016 Summer Olympics

text: The 2016 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad was a major international sport and cultural event from 5 August 2016, to 21 August. The host city was Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The 2016 Summer Paralympic Games was also held in the same city and organized by the same organizing committee.


title: 2016 Summer Olympics

text: The bidding process for the 2016 Summer Olympic Games began on May 16, 2007. Each city had to submit an initial application to the IOC before September 13, 2007, saying they plan to make a bid. Completed official bids were submitted by each applicant city by January 14, 2008. The final candidate cities were shortlisted in June 2008, and the final selection was made by the full IOC membership, on October 2, 2009, in Copenhagen, Denmark.


title: Uppsala

text: Uppsala is a city in Sweden. It is the 4th biggest city in Sweden, and the center of the Church of Sweden.


title: Uppsala

text: The city is home to the well-known student residential area of Flogsta. It is the largest student residence in the city. It is also known for the 'Flogsta scream'. At 10 pm every evening, students scream their frustrations from windows and balconies.


title: Antofagasta

text: Antofagasta is a city in northern Chile. It is the capital of the province of Antofagasta and of the region of Antofagasta. In the 2002 census, the city had a population of 296,905.


title: Nursultan Nazarbayev

text: Nursultan Äbishuly Nazarbayev (; born 6 July 1940) is a Kazakh politician who served as the first President of Kazakhstan from 1990 to 2019. Some opposition groups call him an "unofficial leader" and "dictator".


title: Nursultan Nazarbayev

text: Nazarbayev has been the president since December 1991, when Kazakhstan became independent of the Soviet Union. He has been the country's leader since 1989. This is when he was named First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR. In April 2011, Nazarbayev was re-elected to another five-year term.


title: Nursultan Nazarbayev

text: In February 2014, he proposed renaming Kazakhstan to "Kazakh Eli". In 2006 he rewrote the words to "My Kazakhstan" which was then accepted as the country's national anthem. Shortly after his resignation as president the capital city was named after him in his honour.


title: Coahuila

text: Coahuila is a state in north Mexico. About 2,500,000 people live there. Its capital is called Saltillo.


title: Aswan

text: Aswan (, population 200,000) is a city in the south of Egypt and the capital of the Aswan Governorate. It is on the east bank of the Nile and is a busy market and tourist center.


title: Aswan

text: Aswan is one of the driest places in the world where people live; as of early 2001, the last rain there was 6 years earlier. As of October 13, 2007, the last rainfall was a thunderstorm on May 13, 2006. In Nubian settlements, the people often do not put a roof over all of the rooms in their houses.


title: Himnusz

text: "Himnusz" ( ; "Hymn" or "Anthem") is the national anthem of Hungary. It was adopted in 1844 as the "de facto" (unofficial) anthem of Hungary, then later in 1989 as "de jure" (in accordance with the law). The lyrics (music words) were written by Ferenc Kölcsey in 1823, and the melody was composed by Ferenc Erkel in 1844.


title: Himnusz

text: It has been translated into many languages. It was translated into English in 1881 by American-Hungarian translator and author William Noah Loew (1847–1922).


title: Marcello Mastroianni

text: Marcello Mastroianni (September 28, 1924 – December 19, 1996) was an Italian movie actor. He played Marcello Rubini in "La Dolce Vita". He also played Ferdinando in "Divorce Italian Style".


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: Harriet Beecher Stowe (June 14, 1811 – July 1, 1896) was an American abolitionist and writer. Her novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin" (1852) showed the lives of African-Americans slaves. It was very popular as a novel and a play, and had a great influence in the United States and Britain, helping people who did not like slavery and making many people disagree with slavery.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: Stowe was born Harriet Elisabeth Beecher in Litchfield, Connecticut, on June 14, 1811. Her parents were religious leaders Lyman Beecher (a leader of the Second Great Awakening) and Roxana (Foote) Beecher. Her mother died when Harriet was five years old. She had a sister, Catharine Beecher, who was an educator and author, and three brothers Henry Ward Beecher, Charles Beecher, and Edward Beecher.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: Harriet went to the girls' school run by her sister Catharine. She received an education in the classics, including study of languages and mathematics. At 21, she moved to Cincinnati, Ohio to join her father. He had become the president of Lane Theological Seminary. She also joined the literary salon and social club called the Semi-Colon Club.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: Harriet married Calvin Ellis Stowe on January 6, 1836. He was a widower and professor at the seminary. They had seven children together, including twin daughters. Calvin Stowe was a critic of slavery. The Stowes supported the Underground Railroad. They briefly sheltered several fugitive slaves in their home.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: In 1850, the Stowe family moved to a house near the campus of Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine. Calvin Stowe was teaching in the college. On March 9, 1850, Stowe wrote to the editor of the antislavery journal "National Era". She told him that she was planning to write a story about slavery. In June 1851, the first installment of her book, "Uncle Tom's Cabin", was published in the "National Era". She originally used the subtitle "The Man That Was A Thing". It was changed to "Life Among the Lowly". Installments were published every week from June 5, 1851, to April 1, 1852.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: For the newspaper serialization (published in parts) of her novel, Stowe was paid only $400. "Uncle Tom's Cabin" was published in book form on March 20, 1852, by John P. Jewett with an initial print run of 5,000 copies. Each of its two volumes included three illustrations and a title-page designed by Hammatt Billings. In less than a year, the book sold an unprecedented 300,000 copies. By December 1851, sales began dropping off. A cheap edition was published to stimulate more sales.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: Americans were captivated by the book. It provoked more debate about abolition and slavery. Southerns hated the book. Within a year of the book's publication, 300 babies were named "Eva" in Boston alone.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: After the start of the American Civil War, Stowe went to Washington, D.C. She met President Abraham Lincoln on November 25, 1862. Stowe's daughter Hattie reported, "It was a very droll time that we had at the White House I assure you ... I will only say now that it was all very funny—and we were ready to explode with laughter all the while."


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: Harriet's own accounts are vague, including a letter reporting the meeting to her husband: "I had a real funny interview with the President."


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: Harriet Beecher Stowe died on 1 July 1896 in Hartford, Connecticut. She is buried in the cemetery at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: Diah Permata Megawati Setiawati Soekarnoputri (born January 23, 1947), was President of Indonesia from July 23, 2001 to October 20, 2004. She was the Indonesia's first female President, and leader born after independence. On September 20, 2004, she lost her campaign for re-election in the 2004 Indonesian presidential election. She was also the country's vice president from 21 October 1999 to 23 July 2001. She is the daughter of Indonesia's first president, Sukarno.


title: Viper

text: Vipers are a family of venomous snakes, the Viperidae. All have long, hinged fangs that dig deep into their prey and inject venom. The venom causes internal bleeding. There are four subfamilies of the Viperidae.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: Megawati was born in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Her father is Indonesia's first President, Sukarno, and her mother is Fatmawati, one of Sukarno's nine wives. Megawati was Sukarno's second child and first daughter. She grew up in her father's Merdeka Palace, one of Indonesia's presidential palace. She used to dance for her father's guests and had a hobby of gardening. Megawati was 19 when her father gave up his power in 1966 and was taken over by a government which was later led by President Suharto.


title: Viper

text: All vipers have a pair of long hollow fangs which are used to inject venom from glands found in the back of the upper jaws. The venom is a kind of protease, a destroyer of protein.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: Megawati studied agriculture at Padjadjaran University in Bandung but dropped out in 1967 to be with her father following his loss of power. In 1970, the year her father died, Megawati went to the University of Indonesia to study psychology but dropped out two years later.


title: Viper

text: Almost all vipers have ridged scales, a well built body with a short tail and, to make room for the venom glands, a triangular-shaped head. Their slit-shaped pupils can open wide to open most of the eye, or close almost completely. This helps them to see in a wide range of light levels. Vipers are nocturnal, meaning that they sleep in the day and wake up at night to go hunting.


title: Viper

text: Like other snakes, vipers are predators, meaning that they eat other animals. Their main diet is birds (including bird eggs), amphibians, such as frogs and toads, and other small reptiles like lizards and smaller snakes.


title: Viper

text: Most viper species are ovoviviparous, giving birth to live young, but a few lay eggs. The word "viper" is derived from Latin "vivo" = "I live" and "pario" = "I give birth".


title: Viper

text: Viper snakes are found in Americas, Africa, Eurasia. In the Americas they live from southern Canada, through the United States, Mexico, Central America, and into South America. The only type of viper which lives in the United Kingdom are the adders.


title: Viper

text: Vipers are predators, meaning that they eat other animals, their main diet is eating birds (including bird eggs), amphibians, such as frogs and toads, and other small reptiles like lizards and other smaller snakes.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: Islamic Renaissance, lasted from the 8th century AD to the 13th century. It is regarded as starting with the reign of Harun al-Rashid. Some scholars think one should count even the 15th and the 16th centuries to this period.


title: Islamic Golden Age

text: This period was called "Golden Age", because engineers, scholars and traders in the Islamic world did much for the arts, agriculture, economics, industry, law, literature, navigation, philosophy, sciences, and technology in this time. They built upon earlier traditions and added inventions and innovations of their own. Howard R. Turner writes: "Muslim artists and scientists, princes and laborers together created a unique culture that has directly and indirectly influenced societies on every continent."


title: Rojava

text: Rojav (or West Kurdistan or Syrian Kurdistan) is part of the divided Kurdistan in Middle East. It consists of three areas known as "cantons" in northern Syria, but the Syrian government has no control there. Instead, since the revolution that occurred at the beginning of the Syrian civil war, it has its own independent government, although it does not claim to be a new independent country, calling itself a "federal region autonomous ”inside Iraq instead.


title: Rojava

text: Many people in Rojava are Kurds, but there are also many different ethnic groups living there, such as Turkmen, Arabs, Syriacs, Assyrians, and Yezidis. Kurds are the largest ethnic minority group in Syria. Before the civil war, many human rights organizations such as Amnesty International said that the Syrian government treated the Kurds very poorly. Kurds in Syria are not allowed to officially use the Kurdish language, and also not allowed to register children with Kurdish names, start businesses that do not have Arabic names, build Kurdish private schools, or publish any books or other materials written in Kurdish. But this is no longer enforced due to the civil war.


title: Rojava

text: This gave the Kurds many reasons to support a revolution against the government. They also needed to organize an army to defend themselves from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) which almost took control of Rojava because the government could not defend it due to the civil war. ISIL is still at war with Rojava. As of 2017, there is a truce between Rojava and the Syrian government. The United States have given money and weapons to Rojava to help defeat ISIL but some say that they are supporting ISIL.


title: Rojava

text: Rojava is Internationally Recognized to be the democracy of the Arab States. It has the constitution that says women's rights and the rights of ethnic and religious minorities must be respected. This is very unusual in the Middle East. There are two rebel organizations, one for men, the YPG, and the army for women, the YPJ.


title: Rojava

text: The Kurds are the largest ethnic group ("group of people") in the world that does not have its own state. The Kurds are traditionally nomadic ("with no fixed living place") and live in a region in Asia called Kurdistan. Most of Kurdistan is mountainous. There are parts of Kurdistan in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and in Syria. There is discussion in academia about the origins ("start") and migrations ("movements of people") of the Kurds in history. Many other groups have also lived in Kurdistan in the past. The ancestors of modern Kurds probably arrived in Iran in the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. Kurdistan was part of the empire of the Medes, then the Achaemenid Empire, the Seleucid Empire, the Roman and Byzantine empire, and then the Sassanid Empire.


title: Rojava

text: In the 7th century AD, the Muslim conquests of the Ancient Near East meant that Kurdistan became part of the Rashidun Empire. The Kurdish tribes ("social groups") in Upper Mesopotamia and the western Iranian plateau fought against the attacking armies for a time. Most Kurds became part of the Shafi`ite division of Islam. In the three centuries after this, some Kurds gained some autonomy ("self-rule") for their culture and politics, in the time of the Umayyad Caliphate and the following Abbasid Caliphate.


title: Rojava

text: The Kurdish Ayyubid dynasty ("line of rulers") rose to power in the 10th century, as the power of the Abbasid Caliphate fell. The first Ayyubid ruler was Saladin. He was greatly famous for taking back Jerusalem for the Muslims in the Siege of Jerusalem in 1187. His empire took over much of Syria and the Near East. In 1193, Saladin died and was buried in Damascus, where some of his soldiers then chose to live. The "Kurdish quarter" ("an area in the city") where these soldiers lived was a place where Kurdish language and culture was in existence into the 20th century. In the 11th century, Krak de Chevaliers, a castle ("military building made strong against attack") in the Alawite Mountains, was named "fortress of the Kurds" or "Castle of the Kurds".


title: Rojava

text: The armies of the Mongol Empire attacked Ayyubid Syria in the middle of the 13th century. The Mamluks overcame the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260. In the early 16th century, the Mamluks lost control of Syria when the Ottoman Empire overcame them in war.


title: Rojava

text: Sharaf Khan Bidlisi wrote the "Sharafnama" in 1596. The "Sharafnama" was an epic history of the Kurds from the 13th century to the late 16th century. In the "Saharfnama", Sharaf Khan Bidlisi wrote that Kurdistan was the country between the Persian Gulf and the "vilayets" ("local government" "areas") of Malatya and Marash (modern Kahramanmaraş). Sharaf Khan Bidlisi thought that the Lurs people were Kurds and that Kurdistan was very large. He wrote that parts of the "vilayets" of Diyarbakır, Mosul, "Persian Iraq", "Arabic Iraq", Fars Province, Azerbaijan, Lesser Armenia, and Greater Armenia were part of Kurdistan. Ahmad Khani wrote the "Mem û Zîn" in 1692. He wrote that Kurdistan was about the same size. Haji Qadir Koyi wrote poetry in the 19th century. He wrote that northern Syria was part of Kurdistan. He also wrote that Kurdistan contained the cities of Nusaybin (ancient Nisibis) and Alexandretta (İskenderun). Alexandretta is a port ("harbour city") on the Mediterranean Sea.


title: Rojava

text: At the start of the 17th century, the Ottoman Sultans ordered Kurds from different parts of their empire to move to the area around the Euphrates river. These Kurds were told to live on both sides of the river. The western side of the river and the town of Kobanî were where most of these Kurds lived afterwards. In the 18th century, some of these Kurdish people in Greater Syria (also named "Bilad al-Sham") kept their Kurdish culture and their relations with Kurds in other parts of Kurdistan. Other Kurdish tribes were assimilated ("taken in") by Arab tribes who also lived there.


title: Rojava

text: The result of World War I (1914—1918) was very important for the history of the Kurds. The Triple Entente overcame the Ottoman Empire, and the lands where Kurdish people lived before the war were separated. The lands were cut by the borders belonging to the new countries of Iraq, Turkey, and Syria. In 1916, the United Kingdom and French Third Republic had secretly agreed on how to share the territory in the Near East in the Sykes–Picot Agreement. The agreement was used to decide the borders for a long time. This was very influential and important, and stayed in the memory of Kurdish people as a betrayal by imperialism.


title: Rojava

text: When the fighting was completed in World War I and the Arab Revolt, Britain and France suggested a Kurdish state could be set up. However, neither country wanted to pull back their armies from the lands that had been Ottoman (the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration). In late 1919, the French Armed Forces fought their first battle with the Kurds, in the Kurd Mountains. In this campaign ("military operation"), the French soldiers soon won victory, but they also had to fight Kurds in al-Jazira, and there they did not succeed so easily.


title: Rojava

text: The British and French governments did not want to move their armies back, and because of this they said any Kurdish state would have to be in parts of Kurdistan controlled by Turkey in August 1920, when the Ottomans, British, and French all signed the Treaty of Sèvres. The Turks did not fully agree to (ratify) this treaty ("agreement between nations"), but it would have brought into existence a small independent Kurdistan under French control (suzerainty). This state, which did not become a material fact, would have been without the Kurdish lands in Iraq, Iran, or Syria.


title: Rojava

text: The Turkish National Movement led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and the Kemalists ("supporters of Atatürk") did not agree to the Treaty of Sèvres. After they fought the Franco-Turkish War, France and Turkey signed the Treaty of Ankara in 1921. This treaty meant that the border between French-controlled Syria and the new Republic of Turkey was moved further south than had been agreed in the Treaty of Sèvres. Turkey and France both tried to make good relations with tribes in the border area, hoping that they would help to get control over the land.


title: Rojava

text: In 1923, Turkey and the great powers ("most powerful nations") agreed the Treaty of Lausanne. This treaty meant that no independent Kurdistan or Kurdish state would come into existence. Instead, the Kurdish areas of the old Ottoman Empire were separated by the border between Turkey to the north, and British Iraq and French Syria to the south. The new border between Turkey and Syria was agreed to be the railway line running through the area: the part of the Berlin–Baghdad railway line that went between the cities of Aleppo and Mosul. The north side of the railway became Turkey, and the south side became French Syria. This meant that Arab areas were left in Turkey and Kurdish areas in Syria. Thomas Schmidinger, a German cultural anthropologist wrote that modern Rojava, or Syrian Kurdistan, came into existence as "a waste product of the colonial division of the Middle East" south of the Berlin–Baghdad railway line. From then until the present day, Kurdish people do not see themselves as "Syrian" or "Turkish". For Kurds in Turkey, Syria is "below the line" () on the map, but for Kurds in Syria, Turkey is "above the line" ().


title: Rojava

text: On the south side of the railway line, in French Syria, some mostly Kurdish areas came under the control of France. These Kurdish areas were around the Kurd Mountains (Kurd-Dagh), around the town of Jarabulus, and the lands in Upper Mesopotamia (the Northern Jazira). They had been given to France after World War I. From the start of French control in Syria, the geography of these separated areas was very important for their later history. According to the historian Jordi Tejel, "These three Kurdish enclaves constituted … a natural extension of Kurdish territory into Turkey and Iraq".


title: Rojava

text: The new borders meant that the Kurdish people in the area were divided into two groups, with two different governments. However, they were able to come and go across the border: there was at first no material separation. However, events in Turkey had deep effects on Syrian Kurds. Many Kurds ran away from Turkey in the 1920s and 1930s because of repression by the Kemalist government. The Kurds in Turkey rose up against the government in the Sheikh Said rebellion (1925) and the Ararat rebellion (1927–1930). These uprisings failed, and after them many Kurds ran away from the Turkish government, coming to live in Syria. The French government in Syria, led by the High Commissioner of the Levant in Beirut, tried to improve the profits from land in the Jazira by making these Kurdish refugees live there. The government hoped to make their control over Syria more popular in France, where the population disliked French colonialism in Syria. France's military operations were made more difficult by propaganda supporting Turkey which the Turks gave to the Kurdish and Arab tribes. There was fighting against the French in the Jazira until 1926.


title: Rojava

text: The French government's settlement of Kurdish refugees in the Jazira made Kurdishness a political subject in Syria. By 1927, there were 47 villages in the Jazira whose population had a Kurdish majority. The population of Kurds and the number of Kurdish villages both increased from 1918 to 1939. The Kurds came from outside Syrian Kurdistan, which meant that the Kurdish population in the Jazira increased even more.


title: Rojava

text: The brothers Celadet Bedir Khan and Kamuran Alî Bedirxan started to use the Latin alphabet, which then became normal in Syrian Kurdistan and in Turkish Kurdistan. At the start, French Syria's Kurds mostly spoke Kurmanji, a Kurdish language spoken in the north of Kurdistan. In French Syria, Kurds lived both in the three enclaves of Syrian Kurdistan and outside them, in the rest of Syria. There were large Kurdish populations in the biggest cities (Aleppo and Damascus), and there were also Kurdish nomads ("people with no fixed living place") and Yazidi Kurds on the hills of Jabal Sam'an. The Kurds' lands were discontinuous and Kurdish populations were a mixture. Kurdish refugees from Turkish Kurdistan and Iraqi Kurdistan helped the Kurds become active in political work. A political movement of "pan-Kurdism" ("for all the Kurds") started to come into existence, together with different Kurdish identities.


title: Rojava

text: In 1924, Kurdish delegate from the Kurd Mountains made a petition to the French Syrian government, requesting for self-rule in Kurdish-majority lands in French Syria. In 1927, Kurds from Turkish land started Xoybûn in Beirut. Xoybûn was an important pan-Kurdish political movement making early arguments for Kurdish nationalism. Xoybûn supported a military resistance in Turkish Kurdistan, but in French Syria, Xoybûn worked for self-rule in Syrian Kurdistan. Xoybûn were popular in Syrian Kurdistan and Xoybûn delegates were elected from Kurd Dagh, Jarabulus, and the Jazira in the elections of 1931. The French government refused Xoybûn's requests for self-rule.In 1936, the French government and the First Syrian Republic made an agreement on Syria's independence from France: the Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence. World War II meant that this process was not completed. After the Battle of France, Nazi Germany occupied France, and Syria came under the control of Vichy France. When Syria was captured by the Allies of World War II in 1941's Syria–Lebanon campaign, they accepted the Syrian Republic's independence and sovereignty ("right" "to self-rule"). Xoybûn had worked all through the war, but they disbanded in 1946.


title: Rojava

text: Syria was given independence in 1946. The Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria (KDPS) was formed in 1957. They were the first Kurdish national political party in Syria, and worked to better the lives of Syrian Kurds. The KDPS did not request the independence of Syrian Kurdistan, and worked for a "Syrianized" agenda.


title: Rojava

text: Oil was discovered in Syrian Kurdistan in the 1960s. At the same time, events in Iraqi Kurdistan meant that the lives of the Kurdish population Syria became much worse. In August 1961, the Syrian government ordered a special census of al-Jazira Province in November that year. By the time the census was done, the Kurds in Iraqi Kurdistan had risen up to claim self-rule. The census took away Syrian citizenship and civil rights from about 120,000 Kurds in al-Jazira Province. The government decree ("order") in August 1961 said that Kurds were "illegally infiltrating" from Turkish Kurdistan into Syria, in order to "destroy its Arab character". The Kurdish lands in the Kurd Mountains were not changed by this census, and Kurdish people there kept their citizenship and were not made stateless.


title: Rojava

text: In 1962 the Syrian government started the Arab Belt plan to "save Arabism" and stop the "Kurdish threat". The Arab Belt plan was to move the Kurdish population away from the Syria–Turkey border. In the Kurds' place, the government would move more Arabs onto the land. The Kurds would be moved to other parts of Syria, away from one another. The government's decision was made after the discovery of an oil field at Qaratchok, in the Kurdish Jazira. Much of the land in the Arab Belt was fertile arable land ("for growing crops") and had rich oil fields. More than half (50–60 percent) of all the petroleum in Syria is near Derik in the Jazira.


title: Rojava

text: Things became worse for the Kurdish population when the ultra-nationalist Ba'ath Party of Michel Aflaq took power by a coup d'état in Damascus in March 1963. In November, the party published a pamphlet named "Study of the Jezireh Provnce in its National, Social, and Political Aspects" and written by the al-Jazira Province's chief of police, Mohamed Talab Hilal. Hilal was an Arab nationalist, and said he used "anthropological" arguments to "prove scientifically" that Kurds "do not constitute a nation". He wrote that "the Kurdish people are a people without history or civilization or language or even definite ethnic origin of their own. Their only characteristics are those shaped by force, destructive power and violence, characteristics which are, by the way, inherent in all mountain populations". Hilial also wrote in the pamphlet that "The Kurds live from civilization and history of other nations. They have taken no part in these civilizations or in the history of these nations." The Ba'ath Party's pamphlet had twelve plans to Arabize ("make Arab") al-Jazira Province. The planned steps were:


title: Rojava

text: Many of these steps were taken over the following years and the Arab Belt continued to be the government's plan. The 120,000 Kurds of al-Jazira Province whom the government decided were non-Syrians could not get education or health care, and could not marry or vote. They could, however, be conscripted into the Syrian military. They could be sent to fight on the Golan Heights (lands fought over by Syria and Israel). These Kurds were victims of the Arab Belt plan. The government planned to move 140,000 Kurds off their land and move Arabs onto it. In 1966, the government was considering doing the same in the Kurd Mountains. (Like all of Syrian Kurdistan, the Kurd Mountains are on the Syria–Turkey border, and they are to the west of the areas first named as Arab Belt land.) In 1967, the lands of Kurds in al-Jazira Province were nationalized by a law named the "Plan to establish model state farms in the Jezireh Province". This was a euphemism for the Arab Belt plan. The Six-Day War meant that the plan was not fully completed. Many of the Kurds did not leave their lands when the government ordered them to do so. In 1975, the Syrian government built forty "model villages" in the Arab Belt area, and moved in 7,000 armed Arab peasant families to live in them. The government built the "model villages" in an area stretching from Amuda to Derik, with some near Qamishli. The government gave Derik (a Kurdish name) the new Arabic language name "al-Malikiyah". Water from the new Lake Assad flooded the lands of Arabs living in the Euphrates valley when Syria built the Tabqa Dam. The Arabs whose lands were flooded were moved to the mostly Kurdish al-Jazira Province.


title: Rojava

text: The Ba'athist government moved slowly, in order not to get attention from other countries. The government suppressed Kurdish culture, harassed Kurdish people, and confiscated Kurdish literature and Kurdish music. The government sent people in the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria to jail for years for what the government said were "anti-Arabist" crimes. Official government documents in Syria do not mention Kurds or other non-Arab people. There were Kurdish people in the People's Council of Syria (the legislature of Syria), but the official identity was Arab-only for everyone in the Syrian Arab Republic. Between 1965 and 1975, 30,000 Kurds left al-Jazira Province to escape persecution or look for work. According to Kurds, the government took of land away from Kurdish farmers in al-Jazira Province: the government was following Hilal's plan. In the Kurd Mountains, the government's land reforms mostly redistributed land to Kurdish farmers, but in other parts of Syria, the government took many Kurds' lands and gave them to Arabs. Even in the Kurd Mountains, which were outside the lands of the Arab Belt in al-Jazira Province, all schools taught in Arabic language only and Kurdish language was marginalized in public life.


title: Rojava

text: In 1976, Hafez al-Assad stopped the Arab Belt plan going any further by not building any more Arab villages. The villages the government had built and the Arabs the government had moved stayed where they were. Kurdish music was again heard and official harassment became less intense. The position of Kurds in Syrian Kurdistan was related to the changing political positions of Kurds in Iraqi Kurdistan. In 1977, the government changed all Kurdish language place names in the Kurd Mountains to official Arabic language names, as in other parts of Syria. The 120,000 Kurds whose citizenship the Syrian government removed in 1961 – and all their descendants – were not given official documents or passports. The government was still conscripting these Kurds into the Syrian military in the 21st century.


title: Lymph node

text: A Lymph node () is an organ consisting of many types of cells, and is a part of the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes are found all through the body, and remove foreign ("not of the body") objects from the body. Lymph nodes contain white blood cells. They are important for the correct use of the immune system.


title: Lymph node

text: In the human body, the most likely place where lymph nodes can be felt are the neck, underarms, and groin area.


title: Pharmacist

text: A pharmacist is a person who works in a pharmacy. Pharmacists have to be trained to work there, and have knowledge about the drugs package. Pharmacists interact with customers, give the prescribed medication and telling them about the drugs.


title: North West England

text: North West England is one of the regions of England in the United Kingdom. The cities of Liverpool and Manchester are in the south of this region. The northern area (which includes Cumbria and part of Lancashire) is full of villages.


title: Oscilloscope

text: An oscilloscope (sometimes abbreviated CRO, for cathode ray oscilloscope, or commonly just scope or O-scope) is a piece of electronic equipment that lets you see changes in signal voltage. For example, if you want to see the signal a small electronic timer was producing, you could connect it to an oscilloscope and see.


title: Oscilloscope

text: Usually, it shows a two-dimensional graph of one or more electrical potential differences (vertical axis). These graphs are plotted with time or of some other voltage along horizontal axis.


title: Oscilloscope

text: A typical oscilloscope is usually box shaped with a display screen, numerous input connectors, control knobs and buttons on the front panel.


title: Oscilloscope

text: To aid measurement, a grid called the "graticule" is drawn on the face of the screen. Each square in the graticule is known as a "division".


title: António Costa

text: António Luís Santos da Costa (born 17 July 1961) is a Portuguese lawyer and politician. He is the 119th and current Prime Minister of Portugal since 26 November 2015. He served as Mayor of Lisbon from 2007 to 2015.


title: Mural

text: A mural is a painting on a wall or a ceiling. Murals are usually big. They may be in public places, such as the outside of a building, or indoors.


title: FIBA

text: The International Basketball Federation (FIBA ; French: ) is the governing body of the sport of basketball. Originally known as the , in 1989 it dropped the word "amateur" from its name but kept the acronym; the "BA" now represents the first two letters of "basketball".


title: FIBA

text: FIBA defines the rules of basketball such what equipment and facilities to use, organises international competitions, regulates the transfer of athletes across countries, and controls the appointment of international referees. A total of 213 national federations are now members, organized since 1989 into five zones: Africa, Americas, Asia, Europe, and Oceania.


title: FIBA

text: The FIBA Basketball World Cup is a world tournament for men's national teams held every four years. Teams compete for the Naismith Trophy, named in honor of basketball's Canadian creator James Naismith. The tournament occurred in the same year as the FIFA World Cup from 1970 through 2014, but starting in 2019, the Basketball World Cup will move to the year following the FIFA World Cup.


title: Galaxy cluster

text: Galaxy clusters are large collections of galaxies. They consist of hundreds of galaxies and galaxy groups, bound together by gravity. Galaxy clusters are much larger than galaxy groups, like our Local Group.


title: Galaxy cluster

text: Clusters of galaxies should not be confused with either star clusters, which are "inside" galaxies, or with globular clusters, which usually orbit galaxies.


title: Galaxy cluster

text: Notable galaxy clusters in the relatively nearby universe include the Virgo Cluster (which includes our Local Group), Fornax Cluster, Hercules Cluster, and the Coma Cluster.


title: Galaxy cluster

text: Still larger than galaxy clusters are superclusters. A very large aggregation of galaxies known as the Great Attractor, dominated by the Norma Cluster, is massive enough to affect the local expansion of the universe (Hubble's law).


title: Galaxy cluster

text: Notable galaxy clusters in the distant, high-redshift universe include SPT-CL J0546-5345, the most massive galaxy cluster ever found in the early universe.


title: Galaxy cluster

text: Universe > observable universe > very large-scale structures > superclusters > galaxy clusters > galaxy groups > galaxies > star clusters > stars