title: North German Confederation

text: The North German Confederation (), was first a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany, and later a federal state. It was preceded by a Zollverein, a customs union that allowed free trade among most German states. The Confederation started in August 1866, and the Kingdom of Prussia was the leading state. On July 1st 1867, the North German Constitution made the alliance a federal state.


title: Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari

text: Abi Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838-923 أبي جعفر محمد بن جرير الطبري) was one of the earliest, most important and famous Persian historians and explainers of the Qur'an, most famous for his "Tarikh al-Tabari" ("History of the Prophets and Kings") and "Tafsir al-Tabari".


title: Wu Zetian

text: Wu Zetian (Wu Tse-tien; ; 625 AD – 705 AD), was the first female monarch of China. She ruled under the name of her self-proclaimed Zhou Dynasty, from 690 to 705. She had previously been a member of the Tang Dynasty. Wu was a concubine of Emperor Taizong. After his death, she married his successor and 9th son, Emperor Gaozong in 655. After Gaozong's stroke in 660, Wu Zetian ruled as effective sovereign until 705. She is the only woman to have ruled China in her own right.


title: North German Confederation

text: An Austrian-Prussian rivalry, starting in the 1700s, had led to the Austro-Prussian War of July/August 1866. Immediate causes for the war had been the unsettled question of Slesvig-Holstein (which Prussia intended to annex) and a reform of the German Confederation. After a victory in summer 1866, agreements with Austria and France allowed Prussia to reshape the political landscape in Northern Germany (north of the river Main). The leading politician of Prussia was minister president Otto von Bismarck, serving under king William I.


title: Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari

text: Tabari (Persian: طبری), Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Jarir at-Tabari, His name means "father of Jafar, named after the Prophet Muhammad, son of Jarir, from the province of Tabaristan".


title: North German Confederation

text: On 18 August 1866, Prussia and most of the north German states signed the August Treaty. They agreed on a military alliance and declared their intention to create a federal state. (Some other states joined soon.) A federal state is different from an alliance as it has a federal government and legislation, and it is different from a unitary state as there are still rather powerful states below the federal level. Plans for a federal state in Germany had existed since the year 1848.


title: Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari

text: He was born in Amol, Tabaristan, some twenty kilometres south of the Caspian Sea, in the winter of 838-9. He was precocious. He left home to study in A.H. 236 (850-1) when he was twelve. He retained close ties to his home town. He did return at least twice, the last time in A.H. 290 (903) when his outspokenness caused some uneasiness and led to his quick departure.


title: North German Confederation

text: The allied governments led by Bismarck made a proposal for a North German constitution. An organ was elected to represent the people of Northern Germany, the "konstituierender Reichstag". The election took place in February 1867. After some modifications of the proposal, the states' governments and parliaments accepted the final draft. On July 1st, the constitution came into force.


title: North German Confederation

text: According to the constitution, legislation was the matter of two organs. The "Reichstag" was the parliament, elected by all men above the age of 25. The Federal Council was an organ representing the governments of the states. The holder of the "Bundespräsidium" was the king of Prussia (the 'republican' term 'president' had been avoided intentionally). The holder of the "Bundespräsidium" installed the Federal Chancellor. Not by name, but factually this was the (only) federal minister, the head of the executive.


title: North German Confederation

text: In 1870, during the Franco-Prussian War, the South German states joined the North German Confederation. The new constitution of January 1st, 1871, renamed the country from 'North German Confederation' to 'German Empire'. The holder of the "Bundespräsidium" received the additional title of an Emperor. The political system as described in the constitution, and the flag, remained the same. (The final constitution of the Empire stems from April/May 1871; as a result, nearly all terms that included 'federal' were changed to 'imperial'.)


title: North German Confederation

text: The modern national state of Germany is, as an international subject and as a legal entity, identical to the North German Confederation. Law and international treaties of the era 1867-1870 are in principle still valid. In a conservative-liberal cooperation lasting from 1867 to 1878, Germany saw a remarkable modernisation and unification. The North German Confederation introduced the metric system, a modern penal code (Strafgesetzbuch), same rights for all denominations, a postal union etc.


title: North German Confederation

text: The federation handled the mail and issued postage stamps, after 1 January 1868. But the federation did not issue its own money, so different stamps had to be issued. Stamps valued in groschen were used in the north, stamps in kreuzer in the Southern District. All of these stamps were marked "NORDDEUTSCHER POSTBEZIRK" (North German Postal Area).


title: Josh Hutcherson

text: Joshua Ryan "Josh" Hutcherson (born October 12, 1992) is an American movie and television actor. He began acting early in 2000. He performed in several minor movie and television roles. He became famous in his major roles in the 2005 movies "Little Manhattan" and "Zathura", the 2006 comedy "RV", the 2007 family adventure movie "Firehouse Dog", the movie adaptations of "Bridge to Terabithia", "Journey to the Center of the Earth" and "". 2010 He also plays the role of Himself\Self-Josh Hutcherson & Peeta Mellark in Easy A 2010 & the "Hunger Games" trilogy.


title: Tertiary

text: The Tertiary was an official geological period, but it is no longer used. It included the first part of the Cainozoic. This is now divided into the Palaeogene and the Neogene.


title: Alexandria Governorate

text: Alexandria Governorate ( "Muḥāfẓet El Eskenderiya") is one of the governorates of Egypt. The city of Alexandria was historically the capital of Egypt. Later Fustat was built, and this became Cairo. Today the governorate is considered second in importance to the Cairo Governorate. It is on the northern coast of Egypt, on the Mediterranean Sea. It is one of the most important harbours in Egypt.


title: Joshua

text: Joshua son of Nun is a person in the Bible. Joshua is used as a general against Amalek after Amalek attacks the Israelites. When Moses goes up to Biblical Mount Sinai to get the Torah from God, Joshua stays at the bottom of the mountain waiting for Moses to come back. He doesn't realise that the people are worshiping a Golden Calf as an idol until after Moses tells him.


title: Zonguldak

text: Zonguldak is a city in northern Turkey. The city is in the Karadeniz Region. In 2013, 125,914 people lived there.


title: Carnation Revolution

text: The Carnation Revolution, also known as the 25 April, was a coup on 25 April 1974 in Lisbon that overthrew the authoritarian Estado Novo regime, this caused social, economic, territorial, demographic and political changes through 1974 to 1975. Carnation Revolution resulted in the Portuguese transition to democracy and the end of the Portuguese Colonial War.


title: Tertiary

text: The previous use of the term "Tertiary" explains why the last period of the Cainozoic is called the Quarternary. There was a big debate about that. These decisions are made by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). This organisation runs an International Commission on Stratigraphy, which decides how we should name geological strata and stages.


title: Alexandria Governorate

text: Alexandria has a diverse history. It was occupied by several cultures through the years. Alexandria has many historic sites and several monuments .


title: Joshua

text: When two people named Eldad and Medad become prophets, Joshua is annoyed because he thinks only Moses should be a prophet though Moses tells Joshua that if it were up to him every Israelite would be a prophet.


title: Carnation Revolution

text: The revolution began as a coup organised by the Armed Forces Movement, made up of military officers who opposed the dictatorship regime, they also joined forces with an popular civil resistance movements in Portuguese colonies. By the end of 1974, Portuguese troops were withdrawn from Portuguese Guinea, which became a UN member state. This was followed by the independence of many Portuguese colonies. These events caused a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal's former territories (mostly from Angola and Mozambique), creating over a million Portuguese refugees.


title: Tertiary

text: In 19th and 20th century scientific literature, Tertiary is used where geologists now use Palaeogene and Neogene.


title: Alexandria Governorate

text: Alexandria Governorate follows the Egyptian Educational System in its public schools and universities.


title: Joshua

text: Joshua, it turns out was once named Hosea but then Moses sends him as one of Twelve spies to Canaan after first renaming him Joshua. Ten of the spies try to convince the Israelites that it would be better to go back to being slaves in Egypt than enter the Promised Land because if they tried to conquer Canaan they'd get killed. Joshua and Caleb said that if they came to the Promised Land, God would make sure they would survive against their enemies just like He had saved them from Egypt.


title: Carnation Revolution

text: The carnation revolution got its name from the fact that almost no shots were fired and from restaurant worker Celeste Caeiro offering carnations to the soldiers when the population took to the streets to celebrate the end of the dictatorship, with other demonstrators following suit and carnations placed in the muzzles of guns and on the soldiers' uniforms. In Portugal, 25 April is a national holiday (, Freedom Day) that commemorates the revolution.


title: Joshua

text: When Moses dies, he, at the command of God, appoints Joshua leader of the Israelites. Joshua mourns Moses for many months after his death but then God commands Joshua to conquer Canaan. Joshua enters the Promised Land as a general kills 39 kings and manages to take over most of the country. He then divides the land among the Twelve Tribes of Israel and then dies. There is a book in the Bible named after him called the Book of Joshua.


title: Frank B. Kellogg

text: Frank Billings Kellogg (December 22, 1856 – December 21, 1937) was an American lawyer, politician and statesman. He served in the United States Senate and as United States Secretary of State. Kellogg was part of a group who wrote the Kellogg-Briand Pact also known as the World Peace Act. For this, he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1929.


title: Herd immunity

text: Herd immunity (also called herd effect, community immunity, population immunity, or social immunity) is a form of protection from infectious disease. This happens when a large percentage of a population has become immune to an infection, whether through previous infections or vaccination.


title: Herd immunity

text: When many individuals have immunity, they do not spread the disease any more. This either stops or slows the spread of disease.


title: Herd immunity

text: While not every single individual may be immune, the group as a whole has protection. This is because there are fewer high-risk people overall. The infection rates drop, and the disease peters out.


title: Herd immunity

text: Herd immunity protects at-risk populations. These include babies and those whose immune systems are weak and can’t get resistance on their own.


title: Air Force One

text: Air Force One is the official air traffic control call sign aircraft carrying the president of the United States. Air Force One is usually always referred to any aircraft the president and his staff travels on. The official name of the plane is the SAM 2900 and VC-25.


title: Pyrrhic victory

text: It is one in which the side that won the victory suffers very badly. A Pyrrhic victory may take place when the victorious army has lost a huge number of men or when the enemy army has reinforcements about to arrive which greatly outnumber the winning army and mean that the chances of a second victory are very low. A Pyrrhic victory is named after King Pyrrhus of Epirus. He won a battle against the Romans in 280 BC but many of his men and most of his friends and top commanders died in the battle.


title: Baldwin County, Alabama

text: It is named in honor of Abraham Baldwin, a member of the United States Senate from Georgia who never actually lived in Alabama. In 2000 the population was 140,415. The estimated 2005 population from the U.S. Census Bureau is 162,586. The county seat (capital city) is Bay Minette.


title: Air Force One

text: Air Force One is one of the most recognizable symbols of the presidency not just in American culture but across the world. Emblazoned with the words “United States of America,” the United States flag, and the Seal of the President of the United States. Air Force One has an undeniable and amired presence wherever it goes and flies to.


title: Baldwin County, Alabama

text: Baldwin County was made on December 21, 1809 ten years before Alabama became a state. Before this, the county had been a part of the Mississippi Territory until 1817 when the area passed into the Alabama territory


title: Air Force One

text: Air Force One is maintained and operated by the Presidential Airlift Group, part of the White House Military Office. The Airlift Group was founded in 1944 as the Presidential Pilot Office at the direction of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.


title: Baldwin County, Alabama

text: In the first days of Baldwin County, the town of McIntosh Bluff (now in Mobile County) on the Tombigbee River was the county seat. Then the county seat moved to the town of Blakeley in 1810, and then to the City of Daphne in 1868. In 1900, by an Act of the Legislature of Alabama said that the county seat should move to the City of Bay Minette. The City of Daphne was not happy about this move, because being the county seat meant more people visit the city and businesses can sell more. To move the county seat to Bay Minette, some men from Bay Minette pretended that there had been a murder. When the sheriff and his deputy left the City of Daphne to look for the murderer the men from Bay Minette went to the City of Daphne. These men got the records from the Baldwin County Courthouse and took them back to the City of Bay Minette. A New Deal mural in the Bay Minette post office is a painting of this story.


title: Air Force One

text: For the next 15 years, various propeller-driven aircraft served until President Dwight D. Eisenhower flew to Europe aboard VC-137A, a Boeing 707 Stratoliner, in August 1959.


title: Baldwin County, Alabama

text: Baldwin County is close to the Gulf of Mexico. This is why it often has tropical weather systems which often are Hurricanes. Weather dameage can sometimes be very bad, and sometimes the county is made a "disaster area". For example, in September 1979 due to damage from Hurricane Frederic, in July 1997 due to Hurricane Danny, in September 1998 from Hurricane Georges in September 2004 due to damage from Hurricane Ivan and again in August 2005 due to damage from Hurricane Katrina.


title: Air Force One

text: In 1962, President John F. Kennedy became the first president to fly in a jet specifically built for presidential use a modified Boeing 707 until it retired in 1990.


title: Baldwin County, Alabama

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of . of it is land and is water. Baldwin County is the 12th largest county east of the Mississippi River.


title: Air Force One

text: The current presidential aircraft, Boeing 747-200B, became the new and modified presidential plane in 1990, when President George H.W. Bush became the first president to ride on the aircraft.


title: Baldwin County, Alabama

text: Two parts of Baldwin County have been called "Outstanding Alabama Water" by the Alabama Environmental Management Commission which oversees the Alabama Department of Environmental Management. As of April, 2007, only two other areas in Alabama have received what is the "highest environmental status" in the state. The areas are


title: Baldwin County, Alabama

text: Officials think that having very clean areas of water and sea will encourage tourists to vistit the county.


title: Baldwin County, Alabama

text: The census in 2000, there were 200,100 people, 55,336 households, and 40,284 families living in the county. The population density was 88 people per square mile (34/km²).


title: Baldwin County, Alabama

text: There were 55,336 households out of which 31.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.30% were married couples living together, 10.20% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.20% were non-families. 23.30% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 2.94.


title: Moundou

text: Moundou is the capital of the Logone Occidental in Chad. It has a population of 99,530 as of 2003. Moundou lies on one of the main roads in southern Chad. It is the main city of the Ngambai people. Moundou is a center for industry and makes cotton and oil.


title: Gareth Barry

text: Gareth Robert Barry (born 23 February 1981) is an English former football player who plays as a midfielder.


title: Hinge

text: A hinge is something that connects two objects and lets them rotate. The most common examples are the hinges that connect doors to walls or door frames. To open a door on hinges, one pushes the side far from the hinges and the door rotates around the side with hinges.


title: Kristen Wiig

text: Kristen Wiig (; born August 22, 1973) is an American actress and comedian. She is best known for acting on the NBC television comedy "Saturday Night Live". She also acted in many movies, including "Bridesmaids", "Adventureland", "Paul", and in the "Despicable Me" franchise.


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: Mary Elizabeth Winstead (born November 28, 1984) is an American motion picture and television actress. She is known for roles in many feature films, with horror movies and sequels to "Die Hard". Her recent TV roles include the comedy series "BrainDead" (2016), medical drama "Mercy Street" (2016-17), and black comedy "Fargo" (2017).


title: Palu

text: Palu is a chartered city on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, at the mouth of the Palu River. It is the capital of the province of Central Sulawesi.


title: Go (programming language)

text: Go, also known as Golang, is a statically-typed concurrent programming language made by an engineer team at Google.


title: Hinge

text: Hinges can be very large or very small. Small hinges are used for jewellery boxes and other small things with lids. Very large hinges have been used at the bottom of buildings, to let a building sit on loose soil or mud without breaking.


title: Kristen Wiig

text: In 2018, Wiig was cast as the villain Cheetah in the 2019 DC Extended Universe movie "Wonder Woman 1984".


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: She played Jessica in the soap opera "Passions" (1999-2000). She played Lucy McClane in "Live Free or Die Hard" (2007). She also played the scream queen in many horror pictures, including "Black Christmas" and "Final Destination 3".


title: Mary Elizabeth Winstead

text: Winstead was born in Rocky Mount, North Carolina. She was raised in Utah. In 2017, she began dating actor Ewan McGregor. They have one son, Laurie. McGregory and Winstead got married in April 2022.


title: Ayumi Hamasaki

text: Ayumi Hamasaki ( "Hamasaki Ayumi"; born October 2, 1978) is a Japanese singer, songwriter, and former actress. She is also called Ayu by her fans, and called the "Empress of Pop" because her music is very popular in Japan. She was born and raised in Fukuoka. When she was fourteen, she moved to Tokyo and began her career as an actress in 1993. In 1998, she was signed to the label Avex Trax and released a number of singles that were successful. In 1999, she released her first studio album "A Song for XX" which was very successful and made her popular in Japan.


title: Wadi

text: A Wadi is usually a valley, sometimes the bed of a river. The river that is part of the wadi only has water after heavy rain. Staying in a wadi can be a danger to life. This is because the water in a wadi can rise very quickly. Canyon is another name for it, used in other countries.


title: Gibraltar national football team

text: Gibraltar national football team is the national football team of Gibraltar. The team joined UEFA in May of 2013 and played their first match against Slovakia on 19 November 2013. They were also accepted into FIFA on 13 May 2016. So far, they have not qualified for any major tournament.


title: Curiosity rover

text: The Curiosity rover is a robotic car-sized Mars rover. It is exploring Gale Crater, which is near the equator of Mars. The rover uses a nuclear power and is part of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory (MSL).


title: Activation energy

text: The activation energy of a chemical reaction is the minimum energy that is needed to make the reaction happen. It usually has the symbol E and it is measured in kilojoule per mole. It can be thought of as a barrier between the reagents and the products of a reaction. The activation energy is the difference in energy between the transition state and the starting reagents.


title: Schist

text: The schists are a group of metamorphic rocks which have lamellar (plate-like) minerals, such as micas, chlorite, talc, hornblende, graphite, and others. Quartz often occurs in drawn-out grains so that a form called quartz schist is produced. By definition, schist contains more than 50% platy and elongated minerals, often finely interleaved with quartz and feldspar. Schist often contains garnets.


title: Abhijit Banerjee

text: Abhijit Vinayak Banerjee (; born February 21, 1961) is an Indian-American economist. Banerjee shared the 2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with his wife Esther Duflo and fellow economist Michael Kremer, "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty." He is the Ford Foundation International Professor of Economics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.


title: The Blue Marble

text: The Blue Marble is a photograph of the Earth. It was made on December 2, 1972, by the crew of the Apollo 17 spacecraft. At that time they were on their way to the Moon at a distance of about from the Earth. It is one of the most reproduced images in human history.


title: Andean mountain cat

text: The Andean cat, Andean highland cat or Andean mountain cat ("Leopardus jacobita") is a small wild cat that lives in the Andes mountain range. They live in Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina and northern Chile.


title: Ayumi Hamasaki

text: Because she changes her appearance and artistry very often, she is popular in other parts of Asia like China, Singapore, and Taiwan. Many of her songs are used in commercials and advertisements. She often appears in some of these.


title: Curiosity rover

text: The MSL mission has four main scientific goals: study Martian climate and geology, search for water, and find out whether Mars could have ever supported life. "Curiosity" carries the most advanced scientific equipment ever used on the surface of Mars.


title: Activation energy

text: Here, "k" is the rate constant of the reaction (which can be measured using chemical kinetics), "A" is a frequency factor, "R" is the universal gas constant, "T" is the temperature. If we measure how fast the reaction goes at different temperatures, then we can make a graph and calculate the activation energy using this equation.


title: Schist

text: The individual mineral grains in schist, drawn out into flaky scales by heat and pressure, can be seen by the naked eye. Schist is characteristically "foliated", (~leaf-like) meaning the mineral grains split off easily into flakes or slabs. The word "schist" is derived from the Greek word "σχίζειν schíxein" meaning "to split". This refers to the ease with which schists can be split along the plane in which the platy minerals lie.


title: Andean mountain cat

text: The adult Andean cat is 57 to 64 cm long from its nose to the end of its body, and its tail is another 41 to 48 cm long. It is about 36 cm tall and weighs between 4 and 6 kg. Its fur is gray with places that are brown and some stripes. Its hairs can be 5 cm long. Young cats have lighter fur than adult cats. Young Andean cats look like pampas cats, which live in the same places as the Andean cat.


title: Ayumi Hamasaki

text: Before she joined Avex Trax, she released a single and an album both called "Nothing From Nothing". But these did not become popular. Since she debuted in 1998 with "Poker Face," Hamasaki sold more than 50 records in Japan. This puts her as one of the highest ranking singers in the country. She holds many records as a female singer. These include the most number-one hits and highest sales.


title: Curiosity rover

text: "Curiosity" is the fourth NASA surface rover sent to Mars in 16 years. "Curiosity" is also the heaviest robotic wheeled vehicle (at 900 kg) to have ever landed on Mars (The Soviet Union's "Lunokhod 2" lunar rover (1800) used to be the largest with 840 kg). "Curiosity" was launched from Cape Canaveral on November 26, 2011 at 10:02 EST. It successfully landed on Aeolis Palus in Gale Crater on Mars on August 6, 2012, 05:21:27 UTC.


title: Activation energy

text: When using a catalyst the activation energy is made smaller. This means that the reaction can go faster at the same temperature. The catalyst does not change the energy of the reagents or the products. Also, the catalyst does not change in the reaction. Therefore, it can be used again and again and only a small amount of a catalyst is needed.


title: Schist

text: Most schists have been derived from clays and muds which have passed through a series of metamorphic processes involving the production of shales, slates and phyllites as intermediate steps. Certain schists have been derived from fine-grained igneous rocks such as basalts and tuffs. Most schists are mica schists, but graphite and chlorite schists are also common.


title: Andean mountain cat

text: It eats many different kinds of small animals, for example lizards and birds. Its main food is the mountain vizcacha. Its main food used to be the mountain chinchilla, but most of the chinchillas are dead now and the ones that are a live do not live where the Andean cat lives. This cat likes to live in rocky, open places more than it likes forests.


title: Ayumi Hamasaki

text: Hamasaki dated Tomoya Nagase (a singer and actor) since her short acting career. They announced they were dating in 2001. Six years later, there were rumors that Hamasaki and Nagase were going to get married. But on July 13, 2007 Hamasaki said that they had broken up. She did not say why, but she said that they will stay as friends.


title: Curiosity rover

text: In December 2012, "Curiosity" two-year mission was extended indefinitely. On August 7, 2017, NASA celebrated the fifth anniversary of the "Curiosity" rover landing and related exploratory accomplishments on the planet Mars. The rover is still operational, and as of , "Curiosity" has been on Mars for sols ( total days) since landing on August 6, 2012.


title: Schist

text: Schists are named after their mineral constituents, such as garnet schist, tourmaline schist, glaucophane schist, etc.


title: Andean mountain cat

text: The Andean cat is in danger of dying out because humans are using or want to use the land that it lives on, breaking its living space into small pieces so that it has to cross roads and other human areas to get from place to place. It is endangered because many of the animals it eats are gone. It is endangered because humans like to catch it for its fur. It is also endangered because the Andean cat and its body parts is important to traditional medicine in Peru and in religious ceremonies for some of the indigenous people of the Andes.


title: Ayumi Hamasaki

text: In 2008, Hamasaki revealed that she had become deaf in her left ear. This was because of tinnitus or Ménière's disease. She said that she had the condition in 2006 and that problems with her ear started in 2000. Hamasaki stated that she wants to continue singing. She said that she would "not give up" on her fans and that "as a professional", she wanted to "deliver the best performance for everyone".


title: Curiosity rover

text: "Curiosity" design served as the basis for the Mars 2020 rover that was landed on Mars in 18 February 2021.


title: Schist

text: Schists are frequently used as dimension stone. Dimension stone is stone that has been selected and cut to specific shapes or sizes.


title: Curiosity rover

text: The main scientific goals of the MSL mission is to search whether Mars could ever have supported life or water and to study the climate and geology of Mars. The "Curiosity" rover has six main scientific objectives:


title: Curiosity rover

text: The rover's landing was planned for a small region of Aeolis Palus within Gale crater. Gale crater is an about 2 billion-years-old impact crater on Mars. It was filled with sediments by water and wind. Later, wind erosion removed all sediments, leaving a 5.5 km (3.4 mile) high mountain (Mount Sharp).


title: Curiosity rover

text: The crater is 154 km (94 mi) wide. The crater was chosen because it may allow for the study of two billion years of Martian history. The landing site is also near an alluvial fan. The alluvial fan is believed to be the result of a flow of ground water.


title: Curiosity rover

text: NASA collected more than 1.2 million names from people who sent their names from 2009 to 2011. Their names are on a microchip which is located on the deck of "Curiosity".


title: Curiosity rover

text: Live videos showing the first footage from the surface of Mars was available at NASA TV. It was shown live during the night of August 5, 2012. The NASA website became unavailable because of the large number of people visiting it.


title: Curiosity rover

text: A 13-minute NASA video of the landing, on YouTube, also became unavailable for several hours. A robotic DMCA notice was sent from Scripps Local News who prevented access. Around 1,000 people gathered in New York City's Times Square, to watch NASA's live broadcast of "Curiosity"s landing.


title: Curiosity rover

text: The Curiosity rover has three scoops which can dig up the soil on Mars so it can be studied. These scoops are kept clean by using Martian sand as an abrasive cleaner. Soil samples are studied inside Curiosity using a chemistry and mineralogy instrument called CheMin. CheMin uses X-ray diffraction to discover what minerals are in the soil samples. This information is then sent back to Earth.


title: King County, Washington

text: King County is a county in the U.S. state of Washington. The population was 2,188,649 in the 2017 census estimate. King is the most populous county in Washington. The county seat is Seattle, which is the state's largest city.


title: Waistcoat

text: A waistcoat (known as a vest in the United States) is a sleeveless upper-body garment. It is worn over a dress shirt and necktie, and below a coat as a part of most men's formal wear. It is the third piece of the three-piece male suit.


title: Brunoy

text: Brunoy is a French commune. It is in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, from the center. 25,354 people lived here in 2018.


title: King County, Washington

text: King County is one of three Washington counties that are included in the Seattle–Tacoma–Bellevue metropolitan statistical area. About two-thirds of King County's population lives in Seattle's suburbs.


title: Waistcoat

text: The waistcoat has quite a long history, going back to King Charles II. It was derived from the Persian vests seen by English visitors to the court of Shah Abbas.


title: Waistcoat

text: As an item of clothing, the waistcoat has the advantage that if the jacket is taken off indoors, the outfit still keeps a degree of formality.


title: Choline

text: Choline is an organic compound. It is the precursor molecule (~building block) for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is involved in many functions including memory and muscle control.


title: Timbre

text: Timbre is a quality of sound. It is what makes two different musical instruments sound different from each other, even when each instrument plays the same musical note.


title: Jefferson Airplane

text: Some bands that were formed with members of Jefferson Airplane after they broke up include Jefferson Starship and Starship, while bands that modeled them include Hot Tuna and KBC Band.


title: Juncaceae

text: The Juncaceae, the rush family, is a family of rather small plants that often look like a type of grass. They often grow on wet, infertile soils. There are about 400 species organised into eight genera. "Juncus" is the most well-known and largest genus in the Juncaceae family.


title: Home appliance

text: A Home appliance is any consumer-electronic machine use to complete some household task, such as cooking or cleaning. Home appliances can be classified into:


title: Choline

text: Some animals cannot produce choline, but must have it in their diet to stay healthy. Humans make a small amount of choline in the liver. In the United States, choline is recommended as an essential nutrient after research showed that humans need to get it. They need to have choline in their diet or take a supplementation for proper health. Possible benefits include reducing the risk of neural tube defects and fatty liver disease. It has also been found that intake of choline during pregnancy can have long-term beneficial effects on memory for the child.


title: Timbre

text: "Playing the same note" means they have the same pitch and loudness. For instance, timbre is the difference between a guitar and a piano playing the same note at the same volume. In music, "tone quality" and "color" are synonyms for timbre.


title: Jefferson Airplane

text: Jefferson Airplane formed in San Francisco during the summer of 1965, and signed a recording contract with RCA Records in November of that year.


title: Juncaceae

text: They are one of the monocot flowering plant families, which means that their seeds only have one leaf to start off new growth.


title: Home appliance

text: This division is also detectable in the service area of these kinds of products. Most Brown goods require high technical knowledge and skills, while white goods need more practical skills and brute force to make the devices work, and heavy tools required to repair them.


title: Choline

text: Choline is usually grouped with the Vitamin B complex. It is a vitamin that is needed by the human body. Adults should take between 425 and 550 milligrams of it daily. Choline is used by the body in the walls of cells and as a neurotransmitter. It also helps to prevent heart disease. There are claims that it helps reduce body fat, but this has not been proven.


title: Timbre

text: There are many attempts by music theorists to explain timbre more fully. Unfortunately, their ideas depend on the reader having an advanced knowledge of musical theory. The "Acoustical Society of America" (ASA) Acoustical Terminology definition 12.09 of timbre is "that attribute of auditory sensation which enables a listener to judge that two nonidentical sounds, similarly presented and having the same loudness and pitch, are dissimilar". It adds "Timbre depends primarily upon the frequency spectrum, although it also depends upon the sound pressure and the temporal characteristics of the sound".


title: Juncaceae

text: Rushes are found all around the world. They are commonly found in wet marshy areas, as the plant prefers moist soil. However, seedlings can survive dormant once well established even in the driest of places. Seeds spread by water or birds and other animals. They can live for up to 50 years lying dormant in droughts.


title: Home appliance

text: The invention of home appliances led to a decline in employment of domestic workers in the 20th century.


title: Choline

text: Choline was discovered by Andreas Strecker in 1864. In 1998 choline was classified as an needed nutrient by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine (USA).


title: Juncaceae

text: Rushes are a basic food of many animal diets. They are also used as bedding and nesting material for many different types of birds and mammals. Rushes have been used throughout history by humans for various purposes such as weaving matts, medicine and animal feed. Today they are still used in some places for making sleeping mats but are mostly used as a decorative plant around ponds.


title: Choline

text: Sources of Choline are egg yolks, soy and cooked beef, chicken, veal and turkey (bird) livers. Many foods contain small amounts of choline, even iceberg lettuce.


title: Duffy

text: Amiee Ann Duffy (born 23 June 1984), usually known as just Duffy, is a Welsh singer, songwriter and actress from Bangor, Gwynedd. Her first album, "Rockferry", sold more than 6.5 million copies. "Rockferry", and a song from the album, "Mercy", both reached number one on the UK music charts. Her second album did not sell very well, with only 200,000 sold in the UK. In 2009 she made an advertisement for Diet Coke. The ad caused problems because she is shown riding a bicycle at night without a helmet or lights. Journalist Luke Lewis described the ad as "...blank, sterile and mildly unsettling."


title: Gene therapy

text: Gene therapy means putting in a working gene to a person who has a damaged gene. The European Commission has approved this method for one particular treatment. The treatment by the product "Glybera" uses a virus to infect muscle cells with a working copy of the gene. The European Commission has given "Glybera" marketing authorisation, which means it can be sold throughout the EU.


title: Wayne County, Michigan

text: Wayne County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, 1,820,584 people lived there. It is the 18th most-populous county in the United States. The county seat is Detroit which is the largest city in Michigan.


title: Gene therapy

text: One in a million people have damaged copies of the lipase gene needed to break down fats. Fat builds up in their blood; this leads to pain and inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis). It is life-threatening. Up to now, the only way to manage the condition is to have a very low-fat diet.


title: Wayne County, Michigan

text: Wayne County was one of the first counties formed when the Northwest Territory was created. It was named for the American general "Mad Anthony" Wayne. When it was created, the entire area of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and small sections that are now part of northern Ohio, Indiana and Illinois were part of Wayne County. On August 15, 1796, the boundaries of Wayne County were set to begin at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River then west to Fort Wayne, then to the southernmost point of Lake Michigan and along the western shore north to the territorial boundary in Lake Superior and then along the territorial boundary through Lake Huron, Lake St. Clair, and Lake Erie back to the starting point.


title: Gene therapy

text: When used in this way, a virus is a vector. That means it is a carrier; the gene has been inserted into the viral genome, and the virus sticks it into the human cells. The technique is called transfection. This technique is different from the gene knockout technique, which does not use a viral vector.


title: Wayne County, Michigan

text: On January 14, 1803, the Governor of Indiana Territory, William Henry Harrison, changed the boundary. This new boundary included Chicago, Illinois and a large strip of Wisconsin along Lake Michigan.


title: Gene therapy

text: China was the first country to approve the commercial production of a gene therapy, in 2003. That gene therapy is for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)—a cancer that occurs in 10% of new cancers in China. There are 2.5 million new cancer patients every year in China.


title: Wayne County, Michigan

text: These boundaries were later changed again when Indiana and Illinois became states and as other counties were created in Michigan Territory.


title: Gene therapy

text: Sold under the brand name "Gendicine", the world's first commercial gene therapy also uses a virus to insert the gene into the human genome.


title: Wayne County, Michigan

text: The county has a total area of . Of this, (or 91.36%) is land and (or 8.64%) is water Parts of the Detroit River and Lake St. Clair are included in the county.


title: Gene therapy

text: The possibility of gene therapy was talked about as soon as the roles of DNA and RNA were known about. The first specific publication was in 1972.


title: Wayne County, Michigan

text: The eastern boundary is a water boundary in the Detroit River and Lake St. Clair with Essex County, Ontario, Canada. Cars crosses this boundary at the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel and the Ambassador Bridge.


title: Gene therapy

text: Many more types of gene therapy are in the trial stage. It is clear that a cycle of events will be part of future clinical medicine: DNA sequence analysis > identify defective genes > fix genes with gene therapy or gene knockout. There are sometimes problems of side-effects; these may be discovered at the trial stage. There is now a database which lists all known clinical trials.


title: Wayne County, Michigan

text: Grosse Ile is the largest island in Wayne County. It is connected to the mainland by the Wayne County Bridge and the Grosse Ile Toll Bridge.


title: Heather Graham

text: Her father is a retired FBI agent. Her mother is a writer of books for children. Her sister, Aimee, is an actress and writer. Graham's parents are Catholics. They did not want their daughter to make any movies about sex. She does not talk to her parents.


title: Serenade

text: In music, a serenade (or sometimes serenata) is a song or piece of music which is sung or played in someone’s honour. The word comes from the Latin "serenare" meaning: "to make calm".


title: Forklift

text: A forklift is a type of truck with large metal forks, used for carrying and raising things. It is commonly used in large warehouses. It may also be used outdoors to load and unload trucks and trailers.


title: Quantum chromodynamics

text: Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory of the strong interaction between quarks and gluons. These are the fundamental particles that make up hadrons such as the proton, neutron and pion. It shows the interactions inside subatomic particles.


title: Monufia Governorate

text: The governorate is named after Menouf, an ancient city which was the capital of the governorate until 1826. Other main cities are Quesna, Tala, Bagour, and Ashmoun.


title: Tic-tac-toe

text: Tic-tac-toe, also called noughts and crosses or Xs and Os is a game for two people that only requires pencil and paper, although you can also use a board with tokens.


title: Heather Graham

text: Graham was a student at the University of California, Los Angeles. She met James Woods when she was a student. She stopped going to college so she could become an actress.


title: Serenade

text: In the Middle Ages and Renaissance a serenade was usually a song which was sung by a lover underneath the window of his sweetheart in a country such as Spain. The lover may accompany himself on a guitar. This kind of serenade is often seen in operas, e.g. Mozart’s "Don Giovanni ". There is also a verb: to serenade, e.g. “the lover was serenading his sweetheart”.


title: Monufia Governorate

text: Monufia Governorate is the birthplace of two Egyptian presidents: Anwar Sadat (1918–1981), born in Mit Abu El Kom and Hosni Mubarak (1928-2020), born in Kafr El Meselha.


title: Tic-tac-toe

text: The board (which can be a drawing on a paper or other place) consists of a square that is crossed by two vertical and two horizontal lines, so in total there are three small squares left in the top line, another 3 in the center line and 3 more in the bottom line.


title: Heather Graham

text: Graham was in the movie "Drugstore Cowboy" in 1989. In 1997, She was in the movie "Boogie Nights". She played a character called "Roller Girl". She played the character called "Felicity Shagwell" in the movie "" in 1999. She was in the movie "From Hell" in 2001, in which she played a character called "Mary Kelly".


title: Serenade

text: In the Baroque period a serenade was a type of cantata performed outdoors, in the evening, with singers and various musical instrumentas. Composers who wrote this kind of serenade include Alessandro Stradella and Alessandro Scarlatti.


title: Tic-tac-toe

text: Each player takes turns drawing a cross or a circle in a square (or placing tokens of different shapes or colors) The winner is the one who manages to place three equal pieces in a row, either vertically, horizontally or diagonally.


title: Heather Graham

text: Graham has dated several famous men. These include UK musician/actor Adam Ant, actors James Woods, Kyle McLachlan and Heath Ledger, and directors Stephen Hopkins and Edward Burns.


title: Serenade

text: In the Classical music period the serenade became a piece of music for a small orchestra or a group of several instruments. They are similar to a symphony but lighter in character. They are often the same as a divertimento. Mozart wrote several serenades of this type, e.g. his famous "Eine kleine Nachtmusik". Later composers such as Brahms also wrote orchestral serenades. Other Romantic composers often wrote short instrumental works which they called “serenades”.


title: Rethymno

text: Rethymno is the third biggest city of Crete island. It is in the north of Crete between Heraclion and Chania, the other big cities of Crete. Rethymno has 54,900 people. Rethymno has a big port and a beautiful old town and Castle. Today in Rethymno there is a university for literature studies.


title: Rishi Kapoor

text: Rishi Kapoor (4 September 1952 – 30 April 2020) was an Indian actor, director and producer. He was known for his work in Hindi cinema. He won the National Film Award for his debut role as a child artist in his father Raj Kapoor's 1970 movie "Mera Naam Joker" (1970).


title: Guanacaste Province

text: Guanacaste is a province of Costa Rica. It is in the northwestern part of the country, bordering Nicaragua. The provincial capital is the city of Liberia.


title: Lassi

text: Lassi (Urdu:لسی) is a popular traditional dahi (yogurt)-based drink that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Lassi is a blend of yoghurt, water, spices and sometimes fruit. Namkeen (salty) lassi is similar to doogh, while sweet and mango lassis are like milkshakes.


title: Chloë Sevigny

text: Chloë Sevigny (born November 18, 1974) is an American actress, fashion designer and former model. She was born in Springfield, Massachusetts and raised in Darien, Connecticut. Her father was of French Canadian origin; her mother is Polish American. Sevigny starred in many independent or "avant garde" movies during the 1990s and 2000s. She also had a fashion career during the mid 1990s.


title: Luigi Di Maio

text: Luigi Di Maio (; born 6 July 1986) is an Italian politician. He served as Vice President of the Chamber of Deputies. He was also the leader of the Five Star Movement, the anti-establishment party founded by Beppe Grillo between 2017 to 2020. He ran for Prime Minister of Italy in the 2018 general election.


title: Steven Universe

text: Steven Universe, or simply Steven, is an animated series on Cartoon Network. It is about a young boy called Steven Universe, who is half gem (an alien race who are made of gem crystals) and half human, and follows his story with the Crystal Gems, a rebel group against the Gem Homeworld.


title: The Snow Queen

text: "The Snow Queen" is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen. It was first published 21 December 1844 with "The Fir Tree" in "New Fairy Tales" "(Nye Eventyr)". It is one of Andersen's longest stories and is divided into seven chapters. It tells the story of a mirror fashioned by demons that is shattered. A piece of the glass enters the eye and the heart of a little boy named Kai. He is carried by the Snow Queen to her palace in the far north. He is rescued by his friend Gerda. His vision and his heart are restored. The story was adapted to movies and television. It is also in the book the land of stories the enchantress returns.


title: Rishi Kapoor

text: In 2018, Kapoor was diagnosed with bone marrow cancer, and therefore, he went to New York City for treatment and then went back to India after a successful year of treatment. However, he was hospitalized on April 29, 2020 due to breathing difficulties and died of respiratory failure caused by cancer at a hospital in Mumbai on 30 April 2020, aged 67.


title: Guanacaste Province

text: The province is named for the guanacaste tree, also known as the ear pod tree, which is the national tree of Costa Rica.


title: Luigi Di Maio

text: In September 2017, Di Maio was elected the Prime Minister candidate and Political Head of the M5S, with more than 82% of votes.


title: Steven Universe

text: Gems are an all-female-appearing alien race made up of a gem crystal and a "hard light" form that makes up their personal appearance. Gem society is divided in such a way that each type of Gem, such as diamonds, pearls, and so on, have a role in society that they were made for.


title: Guanacaste Province

text: The Guanacaste province borders the provinces of Alajuela to the east,and Puntarenas to the southeast and southwest. The Pacific Ocean is to the south and to the west, and Nicaragua is to the north of the province.


title: Steven Universe

text: Diamonds are the ruling class of the Gem Homeworld, served by servant Pearls. There are four known diamonds: Pink Diamond, Blue Diamond, Yellow Diamond and White Diamond. All other Gems are either assigned to a Diamond (apart from Pink Diamond, because she is not present on Homeworld), or unaligned. Unaligned gems are either rebels or corrupted (corruption is the corruption of a Gem's hard light form, forcing the Gem to take on the appearance of a monster).


title: Guanacaste Province

text: Guanacaste is the second largest province of Costa Rica, after the Puntarenas province, with an area of .


title: Steven Universe

text: Homeworld colonises other planets so that new Gems can be formed from the minerals found in the ground; this had a devastating impact when Earth was in the process of colonisation.


title: Guanacaste Province

text: The province is in the northwest of Costa Rica, along the Pacific Ocean. Most of the territory of the province is flat or with low hills. The "Cordillera de Guanacaste" ("Guanacaste mountain range") is on the border with the Alajuela; in this range are four important volcanos:


title: Steven Universe

text: The Crystal Gems are a rebel group led by Rose Quartz . They previously fought Homeworld because Rose Quartz wanted to protect the life on Earth. After the Diamonds (Yellow, Blue, and White) forced the end of the war with the corruption of all Gems on Earth (aside from the main cast of Crystal Gems, because of Rose's shield), the rebel group went into hiding, although since the birth of Steven, they have had more contact with Homeworld. (Rose gave up her physical form to make Steven, so she was never really in the show other than memories from the Crystal Gems and Greg ( Steven's dad)


title: Guanacaste Province

text: The Guanacaste province had a population, in 2011, of 326,953 for a population density of inhabitants/km, the province with the lower density. The canton of Liberia, with 62,987 inhabitants, is the canton with more inhabitants.


title: Steven Universe

text: The Crystal Gems are currently composed of Steven, Connie, Pearl, Garnet, Amethyst, Lapis Lazuli, Peridot and occasionally Bismuth at times.


title: Guanacaste Province

text: The main economic activity in the province is farming, mainly cattle raising. Important crops in the province are cotton, sugarcane and rice.


title: Steven Universe

text: Fusion is the process in which the hard light forms of two gems are mixed together by choice to create a new form, and a new personality of the Gem. It can only be achieved by perfect synchronisation of two Gems. Steven is an exception to this rule - because he possesses Pink Diamond's Gem in his body, he is capable of fusing with both humans and Gems, for example, with Connie to form Stevonnie.


title: Guanacaste Province

text: Alajuela has attracted many export-orientated manufacturing companies, especially within the free trade zones around the municipality of Alajuela.


title: Guanacaste Province

text: Tourism is an important activity because the combination of beaches as "Playas del Coco" and "Playa Tamarindo", and the sunny dry season that coincides with the winter months in northern latitudes. Many tourists also visit the national parks in the province.


title: Kikuyu

text: There are two theories explaining where the Kikuyu came from. First, it is believed the Kikuyus came from Central Africa, where all the Bantus once lived. They then moved south towards present day Tanzania where the migrating group separated again and the Kikuyus moved towards Mount Kenya, where they settled. The second theory is that they came from a mythical place called Shungwaya, which is present day Somalia.


title: Free verse

text: Free verse is a term for different styles of poetry that do not rhyme. Poets who have written in free verse include Rainer Maria Rilke, Saint-John Perse, T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, Carl Sandburg, William Carlos Williams, C.K. Williams, Charles Simic, and Giannina Braschi.


title: Semele

text: Semele is a person in Greek mythology. She is the daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia. She has a child called Dionysus, who grows up and becomes a god.


title: American crocodile

text: The American crocodile is a species of crocodile that lives in the Americas. They usually move from the southern United States to the northern South America. Its scientific name, "Crocodylus acutus", means "Pointy-snouted crocodile". It is because of the shape of its snout.


title: Veronica Lake

text: Veronica Lake (November 14, 1922 – July 7, 1973) was an American movie actress and pin-up model. She was well liked by both audiences and critics. Lake is most notably known for her role in "Sullivan's Travels" and for her femme fatale roles in film noir with Alan Ladd during the 1940s. These include "This Gun for Hire". Lake had bad marriages. At the end of her career, she had problems with mental illness and alcoholism. She was born in Brooklyn. Her father was of Irish and Danish ancestry.


title: Babrak Karmal

text: Babrak Karmal was an Afghan politician. Karmal was made President of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union at the beginning of the Soviet–Afghan War.


title: Exocrine gland

text: An exocrine gland puts out (excretes) its product by a duct. The duct goes to some environment outside the gland, either inside the body or onto the surface of the body.


title: French Wars of Religion

text: The French Wars of Religion were a total of eight wars that were fought in France in the 16th century. between Catholics and Protestants (also known as "Huguenots"). In all of the wars until 1585, the Catholics were supported by the French kings.


title: Massif

text: A massif is a part of the Earth's crust that has been pushed up. Usually this happens when continental plates press against each other. One set of rocks goes up, the other goes down towards the Earth's mantle.


title: Kikuyu

text: According to Kikuyu creation stories, Ngai (their God) made a man, called Gikuyu, and his wife, Mumbi, and settled them on Mount Kenya. Gikuyu and Mumbi had nine daughters who form the major groups of the Kikuyu people. Due to the fertile soil on Mount Kenya and the hard work of the Kikuyu people, they grew more than they needed and started trading with their neighbours, the Maasai (a Nilotic tribe). The Kikuyus swapped their farm produce and crops for the animal products from the Maasai, who kept livestock. It is also believed that the Maasai are the ones who married the nine daughters of Gikuyu and Mumbi.


title: American crocodile

text: The American crocodile is a species of a crocodile with a high adult survival rate. The American crocodiles can live for a long time. Like all crocodiles, the American crocodile has four short legs; a long, powerful tail; and scaly skin.


title: Babrak Karmal

text: Under Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet Union deposed Karmal and replaced him with Mohammad Najibullah. Following his loss of power, Karmal was exiled to Moscow.


title: Exocrine gland

text: An endocrine gland is its counterpart. It secretes its essential product directly into the bloodstream or else by diffusion into its surrounding tissue. Its product often acts on cells near the release site.


title: French Wars of Religion

text: The first war started in 1562, when the Protestant Prince of Condé, Louis de Bourbon, fled Paris with his supporters and captured the city of Orléans. His army was defeated by the Catholics at the Battle of Dreux in December, and the Catholics placed Orléans under siege. During the siege, a Huguenot killed the Catholic leader, Duke Francis of Guise. A peace treaty was signed in March, ending the first war.


title: Massif

text: The word "massif" means a block of mountains formed by this process, and surrounded by fault lines. Linear mountains like those on the western side of the Americas are usually not called massifs. They are called mountain chains.


title: Kikuyu

text: Members of the Kikuyu tribe speak the Kikuyu language. The Kikuyu greeting is "Wi mwega?" which means "Are you fine?". There are a few Kikuyu dialects depending on region. Kikuyus from Nyeri, for instance, have other forms of greeting including: "Wakia Maitu" greeting an elderly female, "Wakia Awa" greeting an elderly male, and "Wanyua" for agemates.


title: American crocodile

text: The nostrils, eyes, and ears are on the top of its head, so the rest of the body can be hidden underwater for surprise attacks Camouflage also helps it catch food. The snout is longer and narrower than that of the American alligator. American crocodiles are paler and more grayish than the dark-hued American alligator. The American crocodile crawls on its belly. It can also "high walk". Big ones can run as fast as nearly 16 km/h (10 mph). They can swim at as fast as 32 km/h (20 mph).


title: French Wars of Religion

text: The second war began in 1567, when the Prince of Condé tried to kidnap King Charles IX in an incident known as the "Surprise at Meaux." Condé put Paris under siege, but the Catholics attacked his army and defeated him. The Protestants and the Catholics raised large armies, but there were no more major battles. In March 1568, another peace treaty was signed.


title: Massif

text: An example of a massif is Saser Kangri in the Karakoram which is made up of six mountains. The most famous example of a massif is the Himalayan group.


title: Kikuyu

text: The Kikuyu language is also similar to other languages like Meru, Mbeere, and Embu which are believed to have been once part of the Kikuyu tribe but moved away and formed their own tribes. Even though English and Kiswahili are the main languages spoken in Kenya across tribes, the Kikuyu language is still spoken a lot today as a sense of cultural pride.


title: American crocodile

text: The average length for adult in the continental rivers can be 2.9 to 4 m (9 ft 6 in to 13 ft 1 in) long. Males weigh up to 382 kg (842 lb). Females can be 2.5 to 3 m (8 ft 2 in to 9 ft 10 in) and weigh up to 173 kg (381 lb).


title: French Wars of Religion

text: The third war began in 1568, when Condé and his ally, Gaspard de Coligny, suspected that the Catholics would try to murder them. They went south and raised an army. A Catholic army, led by the king's brother, Henry of Valois, who would later become Henry III of France, attacked them and won a victory at Jarnac. At the Battle of Jarnac, Condé was captured and executed. Coligny, now the leader of the main Protestant army, fought another battle against the Catholics at Moncontour. This battle, one of the deadliest of the era, was another Protestant defeat. Many of the Protestants withdrew into the fortress town of Saint Jean d'Angély, and the Catholics besieged them there. While the Catholics besieged Saint Jean d'Angély and lost thousands of troops, Coligny joined forces with the Protestant Count of Montgomery and his army. The Protestants marched across France and, in June 1570, defeated the Catholics at the Battle of Arnay-le-Duc. The Catholics, running out of money, made a peace treaty with the Protestants.


title: Kikuyu

text: Famous people from this tribe include: Jomo Kenyatta (the first president of Kenya), Mwai Kibaki (the third president of Kenya), Uhuru Kenyatta (current president) and Wangari Maathai (the first African female Nobel Peace Prize winner.)


title: American crocodile

text: American crocodiles are more vulnerable to cold weather than American alligators. While an American crocodile cannot survive in water temperatures of 7.2 °C (45.0 °F) and below. American crocodiles will lose consciousness and drown due to hypothermia in that temperature. American crocodiles have a faster growth rate than alligators.


title: French Wars of Religion

text: In 1572, the fourth war broke out when the Catholics, led by Henry of Valois and Henry of Guise, the son of Duke Francis, who was killed during the first war, killed Coligny and thousands of other Protestants during the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre. Many Protestant survivors fled to La Rochelle, one of the main centres of Protestantism in France. The Catholic army put La Rochelle under siege but could not conquer the city. After losing thousands of soldiers, the Catholics agreed to a peace treaty. Between the fourth and the fifth wars, King Charles IX died, and his younger brother, Henry, became King Henry III.


title: American crocodile

text: American crocodiles are a somewhat aggressive crocodile species and have been known to attack humans. Attacks on humans are rare, but happen more often in Mexico.


title: French Wars of Religion

text: In 1574, the fifth war began. The Catholic monarchy faced an alliance between the Protestants and a new group, known as the "Malcontents," Who were were Catholic noblemen who opposed the policies of the monarchy and wanted religious toleration for the Protestants. In 1575, King Henry III's younger brother, Francis, known as the Duke of Alençon, joined the Malcontents and raised an army. Henry III gave up and in 1576 agreed to a peace treaty with the Malcontents and Protestants. Called the Peace of Beaulieu, gave a lot of land and money to the Duke of Alençon and to the Malcontents. Many of the Malcontents, including Alençon, were satisfied and became loyal to the King and the Catholics again.


title: American crocodile

text: The American crocodile's range in southern Florida overlaps with that of the closely related American alligator. However, while the American alligator's range stretches as far north as Virginia, the American crocodile's range in the United States is confined to southern Florida.


title: French Wars of Religion

text: In late 1576, the sixth war began. The Protestants no longer had as many allies and lost the important cities of La Charité and Issoire. However, the King did not have enough money to continue the war and defeat the Protestants totally and so the war ended in 1577.


title: American crocodile

text: This is because alligators are much better at tolerating cold weather than crocodiles. The body temperature of alligators has been known to drop to 38 degrees Fahrenheit without any harm at all to the alligator. However, the American crocodile is better at tolerating saltwater than the alligator. American crocodiles have regularly been sighted 140 miles away from shore in the Caribbean Sea.


title: French Wars of Religion

text: The seventh war began in 1580 when Henry of Navarre, the most important Protestant leader, attacked the Catholic city of Cahors. He conquered the city, but the Catholics captured the Protestant city of La Mure later that year. In November 1580, another peace treaty was signed.


title: French Wars of Religion

text: In 1584, the Duke of Alençon died. King Henry III was the only living son of King Henry II (reigned from 1547 to 1559), and the next man in line to become king was the Protestant Henry of Navarre. Many Catholics wanted King Henry III to disown Henry of Navarre and to make someone else the heir to the throne because were scared of a Protestant becoming king, but Henry III refused.


title: French Wars of Religion

text: In 1585, the Catholics, led by Henry of Guise, raised an army and forced King Henry III to outlaw Protestantism in France. The war that followed, the eighth war, is also known as the "War of the Three Henrys" and is named after King Henry III, Henry of Guise, and Henry of Navarre. Even though Henry III and Henry of Guise were on the same side in 1585, many Catholics feared that Henry III secretly wanted Henry of Navarre to be the next king. In 1588, the supporters of Henry of Guise, known as "Leaguers," chased King Henry III out of Paris. In 1589, afraid that Henry of Guise wanted to take the throne from him, Henry III had him murdered, fled to the Protestant army, and joined forces with Henry of Navarre. Charles of Mayenne, Henry of Guise's brother, became the leader of the Leaguers.


title: French Wars of Religion

text: The Royal-Protestant army defeated the Leaguers at the Battle of Senlis and surrounded Paris. Before they could capture the city, King Henry III was killed by a Leaguer but named as his heir Henry of Navarre, a Protestant, before he died. The King if France was now Henry IV, who defeated Leaguer armies at the Battle of Arques (1589) and the Battle of Ivry (1590) but could not completely defeat the Leaguers. In 1593, King Henry IV converted to Catholicism.


title: French Wars of Religion

text: After six more years of fighting, the Leaguers gave up, and the war ended. Henry IV pardoned those who had fought against him, and made a settlement allowing Catholics and Protestants to practice their faith within certain limits.


title: Chastity

text: Chastity is the sexual behavior of a man or woman which is right and proper according to the moral rules of a culture or religion. It has recently begun to mean sexual abstinence (not having sex at all), especially before marriage. However, it can also be used for all kinds of people (even married people) with more meaning than simply not having sex. The word chastity came from the Latin word "castitatem", meaning "purity".


title: In Flames

text: In Flames is a melodic death metal band from Gothenburg, Sweden. They, along with At the Gates, are often said to be a major influence on the type of heavy metal known as "melodic death metal". The band is signed to the Century Media record label and have released nine albums.


title: The Kiss (Klimt)

text: The Kiss or The Lovers is a painting by Gustav Klimt. It was the last painting in Klimt's Gold Period. He painted it in 1907 or 1908. It is one of the most famous paintings in the world.


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: Ana María "Anne" Hidalgo Aleu (; born 19 June 1959) is a French politician. She is the Mayor of Paris since 2014. She is the first woman to hold the office. She has also the Spanish nationality.


title: Belize dollar

text: The Belize dollar is the official currency in Belize. It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign "$". It is sometimes written as "BZ$" to be different from other dollars. It is divided into 100 cents.


title: Mallika Sherawat

text: Mallika Sherawat (born October 24, 1976 as Reema Lamba) is an Indian actress. She was born in Rohtak to a Jat family. The first movie she acted in was the 2002 Bollywood movie "Jeena Sirf Merre Liye". She acted in the 2005 Chinese movie "The Myth". In 2010, "Hisss" was released. It was her first English movie. Sherawat played the main character, Naagin. In 2011, she was in another English movie, "The Politics of Love".


title: Wachau

text: The Wachau is an Austrian valley. It has pretty landscape formed by the Danube river. It is one of the biggest tourist places of Lower Austria. It is midway between the towns of Melk and Krems. It is in length. People lived here in prehistoric times.


title: Brain death

text: Brain death means that the brain has stopped working. Brain death is permanent, and cannot be cured or reversed. No treatment can help. When a person is brain dead, there is no activity in any part of their brain. Every part of the brain is dead; no oxygen flows to the brain, and there is no electrical activity in any part of the brain.


title: The Kiss (Klimt)

text: The Österreichische Galerie Belvedere museum, in the Belvedere palace, in Vienna, Austria is exhibiting the painting.


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: She is a member of the Socialist Party since 1994. She was the First Deputy Mayor of Paris under Bertrand Delanoë (2001–2014), holding the title of Paris City Councillor from the 15th arrondissement since 9 March 2001.


title: Wachau

text: A well-known place and tourist attraction is Dürnstein. This is where King Richard the Lion-Heart of England was held captive by Duke Leopold V.


title: Brain death

text: The brain controls everything we need to do to stay alive. For example, it controls breathing, body temperature, heart rate, and many other important things. When a person is brain dead, their brain cannot control any of these things. A brain-dead person cannot breathe on their own. They will never be able to wake up or be aware of what is going on around them.


title: The Kiss (Klimt)

text: The painting shows a couple embracing each other with gold leaf on canvas. The man is kissing the woman, who has green hair. Klimt has said he had obsession for the woman with redheads, and it was reflected in the woman in his painting.


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: On 12 September 2021, Hidalgo announced her candidacy for President of France in the 2022 presidential election. She came in tenth place in the election, winning 1.75% of the vote.


title: Brain death

text: Sometimes, brain-dead people are kept alive with special machines and medications. For example, doctors can put a tube down a person's throat and use a machine called a ventilator to pump oxygen into their lungs. While these machines can keep the person's other organs alive for a while, they cannot help the brain get better. Eventually, the person's other organs will stop working too.


title: The Kiss (Klimt)

text: The man and woman are on a flowery grassland. According to the psychoanalytical and biological distinction, Klimt expressed them in different ways. The man wearing a robe with black, white and gray rectangles is described in a rough way, while the woman is expressed with the smooth figures such as a circle, a curve, and flowery patterns. Her hair is also combined with flowers; it looks like she is surrounded with flowers. On the contrary, the part outside the couple in the painting is filled with flat patterning which has small gleaming dots.


title: Brain death

text: Doctors can diagnose brain death by examining the patient. They will check for reflexes which are controlled by the brainstem, and see if the person can breathe on their own. If the person is brain-dead, the doctor will find:


title: The Kiss (Klimt)

text: "The Kiss" represents fin-de-siècle spirit because it shows a decadence through opulent and sybaritic images. Also, the painting has some styles recalling the arts of other period. Of them, by using gold leaf, the painting reflects medieval "gold-ground" paintings and earlier mosaics, and the spiral patterns in the clothes recall Bronze Age art.


title: Brain death

text: Before diagnosing brain death, doctors will check for any other problem that could look like brain death (for example, a very low body temperature, or an overdose of sedatives). They will usually wait six to 24 hours before checking again to make sure the person still has no signs of activity in the brain. Then a second doctor is called in to do the same tests. If both doctors agree, the patient can officially be diagnosed "brain dead."


title: The Kiss (Klimt)

text: In the Kiss, Klimt portrays woman as the femme fatale who is a beautiful woman attracting men sexually but brings them unhappiness. It is said that the woman modeled for the painting, however, his life companion Emilie Flöge,who participated as the Viennese bohemian (Bohemianism) and fin-de-siecle circles like Klimt.


title: Brain death

text: Swelling or bleeding in the brain can cut off blood flow to the brain and push on the brainstem. If it gets bad enough, it can crush the brainstem.


title: The Kiss (Klimt)

text: The painting is 72 inches high and 72 inches wide (180 cm x 180 cm). It is decorated with gold leaf. At the time, people thought the panting was too sexy, even though both people are wearing clothes.


title: The Kiss (Klimt)

text: Klimt was a Symbolist artist and this painting was part of his Golden Period. Klimt went to the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna, where he saw Byzantine art, which also uses gold. Also, his father and brother were metalworkers. This is another reason why he liked to use gold leaf in paintings like "The Kiss". Japanese prints also affected the way Klimt made the painting.


title: The Kiss (Klimt)

text: As of the 21st century, the painting is in the Belvedere Gallery. Hundreds of thousands of people visit it each year.


title: Jamie Lynn Spears

text: Jamie Lynn Marie Spears (born April 4, 1991 in McComb, Mississippi) is an American actress and singer. She is the younger sister of pop singer Britney Spears. She played the lead role in the television series "Zoey 101". In late December 2007 it was revealed that Jamie Lynn was pregnant. Jamie Lynn's daughter, Maddie Briann Aldridge, was born on June 19, 2008. Spears is now a country music singer. In November 2013 Spears released her first single, "How Could I Want More".


title: Kofun period

text: The is a time in the history of Japan from around 250 to about 538. This grouping of years is named after the type of Imperial burial mounds called "kofun" which were raised in central Japan.


title: Snowdon

text: Snowdon is the highest mountain in Wales. Its top is known as "Yr Wyddfa" (Old Welsh meaning "the grave"). The English name Snowdon comes from Saxon "Snow Dun", meaning "snow hill".


title: Mary J. Blige

text: Mary Jane Blige (born January 11, 1971) is an American R&B/hip hop soul singer and actress. She has released 11 studio albums, 82 singles, and 8 other albums.


title: Tristan und Isolde

text: Tristan und Isolde ("Tristan and Isolde") is an opera in three acts by Richard Wagner. As always, Wagner wrote the words for the opera himself. He took the famous old legend which had been told by the German poet Gottfried von Strassburg


title: Tobacco mosaic virus

text: The tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was the first virus to be discovered. That is to say, it was the first to be known as a virus.


title: Ventilation

text: Ventilation is the introduction of fresh air, usually from the outside, into a space, while sending stale air back out. Fans and pumps, vent grates and air flow tunnels are common in these structures.


title: Maiden Tower (Baku)

text: The Maiden Tower, also called Giz Galasi, is in the Old City, Baku in Azerbaijan. It is an ancient tower that shows the presence of Zoroastrians, Sassanians, Arabs, Persians, Shirvanis, Ottomans, and Russians. It was built in the 12th century as part of the walled city of Baku. It is on the UNESCO World Heritage List. The tower is one of the most noted landmarks and Azerbaijan's most distinctive national emblems. It is on the Manat and other official letter heads.


title: Berlin Zoological Garden

text: The Berlin Zoological Garden is the largest zoo in the world in acreage (84 acres in 2013) and in number of species (1,500 in 2013). It holds the most comprehensive collection of species in the world. There were more than 20,219 individual animals in the zoo in 2017.


title: Saint-Gilles, Belgium

text: Saint-Gilles (in French) or Sint-Gillis (in Dutch) is one of the nineteen municipalities in the Brussels-Capital Region of Belgium.


title: Joe Hahn

text: Joseph Hahn (born March 15, 1977) is an American musician, DJ, director and visual artist best known as the DJ and backing vocalist of the American rock band Linkin Park, doing the scratching, turntables, sampling, and programming for all seven of Linkin Park's albums.


title: Alstom

text: Alstom is a French company specialized in rail transport. It is based in Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine, France. It is one of the largest rail transport manufacturer in the world.


title: Mick Schumacher

text: Mick Schumacher (born 22 March 1999) is a German F1 driver for Haas. He was born in Switzerland, but races as a German. He is the son of 7 time Champion Michael Schumacher.


title: Gough Island

text: Gough Island (), historically known as Gonçalo Álvares, is a rugged volcanic island in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is a dependency of Tristan da Cunha. It is part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Gough and Inaccessible Islands.


title: Snowdon

text: It is in Snowdonia National Park. As the highest mountain in Wales, Snowdon is one of three mountains climbed as part of the Three Peaks Challenge.


title: Mary J. Blige

text: In 1988, Blige recorded an cover of Anita Baker's "Caught Up in the Rapture" at a recording booth in a local mall. Her mother's boyfriend at the time later played the cassette for Jeff Redd, a recording artist and A&R runner for Uptown Records. Redd then sent it to the president and CEO of the label, Andre Harrell. Harrell met with Blige and, in 1989, she joined the label, becoming the company's youngest and first female artist.


title: Tristan und Isolde

text: Wagner composed the opera between 1857 and 1859. It was first performed, with Hans von Bülow conducting, in Munich on 10 June 1865. Many musicians think it is the greatest opera of the 19th century. Wagner’s dramatic handling of the story had enormous influence on many composers of the time. His harmonies were also an extremely important development in the language of Romantic music. Not everybody liked it. In particular, the music critic Eduard Hanslick said that he could not understand it.


title: Tobacco mosaic virus

text: It is a single stranded RNA virus which infects many plants, especially tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae. The infection causes "mosaic"-like discolouration on the leaves. Although it was known from the late 19th century that an infectious disease was damaging tobacco crops, it was not until 1930 that the infectious agent was known to be a virus.


title: Ventilation

text: The simplest systems are called “natural ventilation,” which usually means that they get their airflow through vents opening to the outside. Mechanical systems are more popular for industry. Mechanical systems are able to regulate other things, including temperature, relative humidity, and oxygen levels.


title: Berlin Zoological Garden

text: The zoo opened in 1844. It was the first Zoo to be built in Germany. It is located in the southwestern section of the Tiergarten. It was the home of the famous baby polar bear Knut.


title: Saint-Gilles, Belgium

text: In 1830, Brussels became the capital of newly founded Belgium. As a result, the rural village of Saint-Gilles went through a big growth. The population went from 2,500 around 1800 to more than 33,000 in 1880 to a peak of 60,000 in 1910.


title: Gough Island

text: It is about south-east of the Tristan da Cunha archipelago (which includes Nightingale Island and Inaccessible Island), , north-east from South Georgia Island, west from Cape Town. It is over from the nearest point of South America.


title: Mary J. Blige

text: Production for Blige's first album, "Whats the 411?", began in 1991. Sean "Puffy" Combs (at the time a beginning A&R executive at Uptown) organised the project. Also enlisted were some of the top R&B and hip hop producers of the time, among them are Tony Dofat, Mark Morales and Cory Rooney, Dave "Jam" Hall, and DeVante Swing.


title: Tristan und Isolde

text: The story of Tristan and Isolde was one of the great romances of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Several poets told the story, and each told it slightly differently. The themes of chivalry and courtly love are always there.


title: Tobacco mosaic virus

text: In 1886, Adolf Mayer first described the tobacco mosaic disease that could be transferred between plants, similar to bacterial infections.


title: Ventilation

text: Fresh air prevents issues like mold and bacteria growth, as well as the spread of disease. It helps eliminate dust, which can lead to cleaner living standards. Single rooms can sometimes be ventilated by opening a window or door, but this isn’t as successful for larger structures.


title: Berlin Zoological Garden

text: Several architects have created the houses for the different species in the zoo. The Antelope House dates to 1872 and the Elephant House to 1873. The Hippopotamus House dates to 1997. It demonstrates the application of modern zoo concepts to a particular species. The hippos live under a roof of 13,000 square feet of glass solar panel. They can now be seen above and beneath the water.


title: Saint-Gilles, Belgium

text: The pattern of the streets was completely remodeled in the 1860s by architect and urbanist Victor Besme. These were the years when the Louise Avenue, the Brussels-South railway station, and the new Saint Giles church were built. They were soon followed by the new jail and city hall. Today, Saint-Gilles is one of the densest municipalities of the Brussels agglomeration.


title: Gough Island

text: Nobody lives on Gough Island except for the workers of a weather station, which is usually six people. The South African National Antarctic Programme has maintained the island with British permission since 1956. It is one of the most remote places with a people always being there.


title: Tristan und Isolde

text: Isolde, an Irish princess, and her maid, Brangaene are on Tristan’s ship, being taken to King Marke’s lands in Cornwall where Isolde is to be married to the King. The opera opens with a young sailor singing about a “wild Irish maid”. Isolde thinks he is singing about her. She is furious and wishes the sea would rise up and sink the ship, killing all on board. She is particularly furious with Tristan, the knight who is taking her to the king. She asks her maid to get Tristan, but he will not come because his is steering the ship. His henchman, Kurwenal, speaks crossly to Brangaene, reminding her that Isolde’s previous fiancé, Morold, had been killed by Tristan and his head sent back to Ireland.


title: Tobacco mosaic virus

text: In 1892, Dmitri Ivanovsky gave the first concrete evidence for the existence of a non-bacterial infectious agent. He claimed that infected sap remained infectious even after filtering through finest filters.


title: Ventilation

text: Ventilation usually collaborates with heating and cooling systems, but not always and they aren’t only limited to buildings. Vehicles frequently have ventilation systems that control air circulation and air quality.


title: Berlin Zoological Garden

text: During World War II, the elephants at the Zoo were killed in the air raids of September 7-8, 1941. Zoo officials also killed animals at the time. In November 1943, more than 1,000 bombs were dropped over the zoo, destroying many buildings and burning to death many animals. As many as 12,000 animals were killed in the Berlin Zoological Garden during the bombings of World War II.


title: Saint-Gilles, Belgium

text: The local council usually has a socialist majority. The mayor as of 2012 is Charles Picqué. He is also Minister-President of the Brussels-Capital Region.


title: Gough Island

text: The island was first named "Ilha de Gonçalo Álvares" on Portuguese maps. It was named Gough Island after the British mariner Captain Charles Gough of the "Richmond", who first saw the island in 1732. Confusion of the unusual Portuguese saint name Gonçalo with Spanish Diego led to the wrong name Diego Alvarez Island in English-language sources from the 1800s to 1930s.


title: Tristan und Isolde

text: Brangaene returns to Isolde to tell her about what was said. Isolde sadly tells her how, after Morold had died, a man called Tantris had been brought to her because he was seriously injured, and that she had made him better using her powers of healing. However, she then found out that his real name was Tristan. He was Ireland’s worst enemy, and he was the man who had killed Morold. Isolde had tried to kill him with a sword, but when Tristan had looked into her eyes her heart had become full of love and she had dropped the sword. Tristan had been allowed to go back to Cornwall. However, it seemed now he had told his uncle, King Marke, all about the beautiful Isolde and had come to get her so that his uncle could marry her. Brangaene tries to make Isolde see that Tristan is doing an honourable thing to make her Queen of Ireland, but Isolde will not listen. She is furious, and wants him to drink a potion which had been intended by her mother for King Marke and Isolde as a love potion, but for Tristan it would be death.


title: Tobacco mosaic virus

text: In 1898, Martinus Beijerinck independently replicated Ivanovsky's filtration experiments and then showed that the infectious agent was able to reproduce and multiply in the host cells of the tobacco plant. Beijerinck coined the term of "virus" to indicate that the causal agent of tobacco mosaic disease was of non-bacterial nature.


title: Ventilation

text: In ancient Persia, structures called windcatchers were built to create natural ventilation. These structures are a traditional method in Persia. They became very popular and are still in use across the Middle East.


title: Saint-Gilles, Belgium

text: Saint Gilles has a football club called Royal Union Saint Gilloise. They were successful until the 1930s.


title: Gough Island

text: However, the most likely explanation is that it was simply a misreading of 'Is de Go Alvarez', the name by which the island is represented on some of the early charts, the 'de Go' mutating into 'Diego'.


title: Tristan und Isolde

text: Kurwenal now appears and says that Tristan has agreed after all to see Isolde. When he arrives, Isolde tells him that she now knows that he was Tantris, and that he owes her his life. Tristan agrees to drink the potion, now prepared by Brangaene, even though he knows it may kill him. As he drinks, Isolde snatches the rest of the potion from him and drinks it herself. They both believe they are about to die, and they declare their love for one other. Kurwenal comes and says that King Marke is arriving. Isolde asks Brangaene which potion she prepared and is told that it was not the death poison, but a love-potion. Outside, the sailors welcome the arrival of King Marke.


title: Tobacco mosaic virus

text: Tobacco mosaic virus was the first virus to be crystallized. It was achieved by Wendell Meredith Stanley in 1935 who also showed that TMV remains active even after crystallization. For his work, he was awarded 1/3 of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1946, The first electron microscopical images of TMV were made in 1939.


title: Gough Island

text: The details of the discovery of Gough Island are unclear, but the most likely occasion is July 1505 by the Portuguese explorer Gonçalo Álvares. Maps during the next three centuries named the island after him. On some later maps, this was erroneously given as Diego Alvarez.


title: Tristan und Isolde

text: King Marke and his men are hunting at night. His castle is empty except for Isolde and Brangaene who stand by a lighted torch. Isolde keeps thinking that the hunting horns are far enough away for her to put out the flames, giving the sign for Tristan to join her. Brangaene warns Isolde that one of King Marke’s knights, Melot, has seen Tristan and Isolde looking at one another lovingly. Isolde, however, thinks that Melot is Tristan’s best friend, and, desperate to see Tristan, she puts out the flames. Brangaene goes to the castle walls to keep a look-out as Tristan arrives.


title: Tobacco mosaic virus

text: In 1955, Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat and Robley Williams showed that purified TMV RNA and its capsid (coat) protein assemble by themselves to functional viruses, indicating that this is the most stable structure (the one with the lowest free energy).


title: Gough Island

text: According to some historians, the British merchant Anthony de la Roché was the first to land on the island in the austral autumn of 1675.


title: Tristan und Isolde

text: Tristan and Isolde can now tell one another they are madly in love. Brangaene tries to warn them that the night is ending, but they do not listen to her and Melot leads Marke to find the two lovers in one another’s arms. Marke is desperately sad because Tristan has been betrayed and also because he himself had come to love Isolde.


title: Tobacco mosaic virus

text: The crystallographer Rosalind Franklin worked for Stanley for about a month at Berkeley, and later designed and built a model of TMV for the 1958 World's Fair at Brussels. In 1958, she speculated that the virus was hollow, not solid, and hypothesized that the RNA of TMV is single-stranded. This conjecture was proved correct after her death.


title: Gough Island

text: Charles Gough rediscovered the island on 3 March 1732. He thought it was a new find. It had been named Gonçalo Álvares since 1505 after the captain of Vasco da Gama's flagship on his epic voyage to the east. It was under this name that it was marked with reasonable accuracy on the charts of the South Atlantic during the following 230 or so years.


title: Tristan und Isolde

text: Tristan now asks Isolde if she will follow him again into the night, and she agrees. Melot and Tristan fight, but then Tristan throws his sword to the side and is seriously wounded by Melot.


title: Tobacco mosaic virus

text: The investigations of tobacco mosaic disease and subsequent discovery of its viral nature were instrumental in the establishment of the general concepts of virology.


title: Gough Island

text: Then, in 1732, Captain Gough of the British ship "Richmond" reported the discovery of a new island. He placed it 400 miles to the east of Gonçalo Álvares. Fifty years later, cartographers realised that the two islands were the same. Despite the priority of the Portuguese discovery, and the greater accuracy of the position given by them, "Gough's Island" was the name adopted.


title: Tristan und Isolde

text: Kurwenal has brought Tristan home to his castle at Kareol in Brittany. A shepherd plays a sad tune on his pipes and asks if Tristan is awake. Kurwenal says that only Isolde’s arrival can save Tristan. The shepherd says he will keep watch and pipe a happy tune to mark the arrival of any ship. Tristan now wakes up and is sad that it is daylight. His sadness turns to joy when Kurwenal tells him that Isolde is coming. He asks if her ship is in sight, but only the shepherd’s sorrowful tune is heard.


title: Gough Island

text: In the early 19th century, sealers briefly inhabited the island. The earliest known example is a sealing gang from the U.S. ship "Rambler" (Captain Joseph Bowditch) which remained on the island in the 1804–1805 season. The sealing era lasted from 1804 to 1910 during which 34 sealing vessels are known to have visited the island, one of which was lost offshore.


title: Tristan und Isolde

text: Tristan sinks back again. He remembers that the shepherd’s tune is the one he had heard when his father and then his mother died. He collapses. The shepherd now pipes the arrival of Isolde’s ship, and as Kurwenal rushes to meet her, Tristan in his excitement tears the bandages from his wounds. As Isolde arrives at his side, Tristan dies while speaking her name.


title: Gough Island

text: The Scottish National Antarctic Expedition on the "Scotia" made the first visit to the island by a scientific party on 21 April 1904, when William Speirs Bruce and others collected specimens. The Shackleton–Rowett Expedition also stopped at the island in 1922.


title: Tristan und Isolde

text: Isolde collapses beside him as the appearance of another ship is announced. Kurwenal sees Melot, Marke and Brangaene arrive and furiously attacks Melot because he had killed Tristan. In the fight both Melot and Kurwenal are killed. Marke and Brangaene finally reach Tristan and Isolde. Marke is terribly sad. He explains that he has heard about the love-potion from Brangaene and he had come because he had decided that Tristan and Isolde should be united. Isolde seems to wake but, in a last aria describing her vision of Tristan risen again (the “Liebestod”), then falls lifeless next to his body, uniting the two lovers in death.


title: Gough Island

text: Gough Island was formally claimed in 1938 for Britain, during a visit by HMS "Milford" of the Royal Navy. In 1995, the island was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 2004, the site was extended to include Inaccessible Island and renamed Gough and Inaccessible Islands.


title: Tristan und Isolde

text: The very first chord in the piece is very famous. It has become known as the "Tristan chord". Although it had been used before, the way Wagner used it here was quite new. It makes the chromatic harmony very hazy, and the listener does not know for many bars what key the music is in. It creates a lot of tension. There are many other moments like this in the opera. The tension goes right through the opera. The story tells of a tension that can only come to rest through death.


title: Gough Island

text: Gough Island is the only place outside South America from which the solar eclipse of September 12, 2034, will be visible; the centre of the path of totality crosses over the island.


title: Tristan und Isolde

text: The Prelude and Liebestod is a concert version of the overture and Isolde's Act 3 aria, arranged by Wagner, which was first performed in 1862, before the first performance of the opera itself in 1865. The Liebestod can be performed either in a purely orchestral version, or with a soprano singing Isolde's vision of Tristan brought back to life.


title: Gough Island

text: Gough Island is roughly rectangular with a length of and a width of . It has an area of and rises to heights of over above sea level. Topographic features include the highest peak, Edinburgh Peak, Hags Tooth, Mount Rowett, Sea Elephant Bay, Quest Bay, and Hawkins Bay.


title: Gough Island

text: It includes small satellite islands and rocks such as Southwest Island, Saddle Island (South), Tristiana Rock, Isolda Rock (West), Round Island, Cone Island, Lot's Wife, Church Rock (North), Penguin Island (Northeast), and The Admirals (East).


title: Gough Island

text: According to the Köppen system, Gough Island features an oceanic climate ("Cfb"). Gough Island's temperatures are between and during the day year-round, due to its isolated position far out in the Atlantic Ocean. The Atlantic is much cooler in the southern hemisphere than the northern, but frosts are still very rare. As a result, summers are not very hot. It features a similar climate to the Fiordland area of New Zealand, the west coast of Scotland, or the Alaskan Panhandle. Precipitation is high during the entire year, and sunshine hours are few. Snow falls in the interior, but is rare at sea level.


title: Gough Island

text: A weather station has been running on Gough Island since 1956. It is operated as part of the network of the South African Weather Service. Because cold fronts approach South Africa from the south-west, the Gough station is particularly important in forecasting winter weather. Initially it was housed in the station at The Glen, but moved in 1963 to the South lowlands of the island, more precisely . The new location improved the validity and reliability of the data acquired for use in modeling.


title: Gough Island

text: Each year a new overwintering team arrives by ship from Cape Town (beginning in 2012, the "S. A. Agulhas II") to staff the weather station and perform scientific research. The team for a particular year may be termed as "Gough" and an expedition number: for example, the 1956 team were "Gough 01", and the team for 2013 were "Gough 58". Each new team directly replaces the departing one, thereby maintaining a continual human presence on the island.


title: Gough Island

text: The team is supplied with enough food to last the whole year. People and cargo are landed either by helicopter, from a helideck-equipped supply ship, or by a fixed crane atop a cliff near the station (a place aptly called "Crane Point").


title: Gough Island

text: In 2014 a member of the research team choked to death on the island and his body was taken back to South Africa.


title: Logical conjunction

text: Logical conjunction (very often called and) is a logic operation. It is represented by the symbol formula_1. Logical conjunction takes two truth values as inputs and returns an output. If both of the inputs are "true" at the same time, then logical conjunction outputs "true". If one of the inputs is false, or if both of the inputs are false, then logical conjunction outputs "false". Its logic gate equivalent is the AND gate.


title: Semantic Web

text: The Semantic Web is a project of the W3C that uses metadata, to write specific details related to a subject, to let computers better process the information on the internet. This plan, for saving additional semantic details, would make computers able to do more of the work involved in finding, sharing and combining information on the internet.


title: Zachary Levi

text: Zachary Levi Pugh, known as Zachary Levi, (b. September 29, 1980) is an American actor. He is best known for playing Chuck Bartowski in the television series "Chuck" and Captain Marvel in "Shazam!" and its upcoming sequel "Shazam! Fury of the Gods". He has also acted in "" and "Tangled". Levi was born in Lake Charles, Louisiana.