title: Imaginary unit

text: In general, "every" equation where the unknown appears with whole number powers can be solved by complex numbers, so once we know about the imaginary unit, we can solve any equation of this form. This result is so important that it is called the fundamental theorem of algebra.


title: Flip-flop (electronics)

text: In electronics, a flip-flop or latch is a circuit that has two stable states and can be used to store information. Signals applied to control inputs can change the circuit’s state. It is the basic storage element in sequential logic. Flip-flops and latches are fundamental building blocks of digital electronics systems used in computers, communications, and many other types of systems.


title: Flip-flop (electronics)

text: Flip-flops are mainly used as static RAM to store data in a computer. That data is represented in binary. Binary is represented in a 1 (“high state”) and 0 (“low state”). The structure of flip flops vary, but the general characteristic is that two branches affect each other's state by putting the current resulting state of one branch and using that as input for the next iteration of the other branch.


title: Flip-flop (electronics)

text: The first electronic flip-flop, originally called the Eccles-Jordan trigger circuit, was invented in 1918 by the British physicists William Eccles and F. W. Jordan. The initial design’s only active elements were two vacuum tubes. While working at Hughes Aircraft, Eldred Nelson coined the term JK for a flip-flop which changed states when both inputs were on (a logical "one").


title: Flip-flop (electronics)

text: Flip-flops can be either simple or clocked. A simple flip-flop changes state as soon as the input changes. A clocked flip-flop changes state only when an extra pulse occurs. This pulse is called the clock signal. Commonly, "flip-flop" only refers to clocked circuits; the simple ones are commonly called "latches".


title: Flip-flop (electronics)

text: The most fundamental flip-flop is the simple SR flip-flop. In the SR flip-flop, the S and R stand for set and reset. The stored bit is present on the output marked Q.


title: Flip-flop (electronics)

text: If S is pulsed high while R is held low, then the Q output is forced high. Conversely, if R is pulsed high while S is held low, then the Q output is forced low. When the R and S inputs are both low, the Q outputs are in a constant state. However, when the R and S inputs are both high, the Q outputs are in a forbidden state.


title: Flip-flop (electronics)

text: Since high and low mean logical '1' and '0', respectively, the SR flip-flop can have four combinations showing below:


title: Flip-flop (electronics)

text: A D Flip-Flop prevents an SR flip-flop from receiving the forbidden combination. It takes only one input for data, called D. It splits this data down two paths. On one path it flips the data to the opposite value. This is the “NOT” box in the animation. That way, S = 1, R = 1 is never fed to the internal SR latch.


title: Space rock

text: Space rock is a subgenre of rock music. The term originally referred to a group of early mostly British 1970s progressive rock and psychedelic bands such as Hawkwind and Pink Floyd. The music is characterised by slow, lengthy instrumental passages dominated by synthesisers, experimental guitar work and science fiction lyrical themes. Later the words were changed to mean a series of late 1980s British alternative rock bands that drew from earlier influences to create a more melodic but still ambient form of pop music.


title: Bromance

text: A bromance is a close non-sexual relationship between two or more men, a form of homosocial intimacy. Bromance is a portmanteau word of "bro" or "brother" and "romance". The word was created in the 1990s to describe the sort of relationships that develop between skateboarders who spend a great deal of time together.


title: Bromance

text: Womance, also called sismance, is the female flip side of bromance. It means a close non-sexual relationship between two or more women, a form of homosocial intimacy.


title: Devaki

text: Devaki was a woman mentioned in the Mahabharata. Her father’s name was Devaka, and she was the younger sister of Kansha, a cruel king of Mathura of Ancient India. Devaki was married to Vasudeva, a son of Sureshana. Krishna, an avatar of Vishnu (a god of Hindus) was son of Devaki and Vasudeva.She was Krishna's real mother.


title: Devaki

text: She had 8 sons in total including Krishna. The first six of her children were killed by her brother Kamsa. The seventh time there was a miscarriage and Balaram got carried to Mother Rohini's womb. All the time she was in prison by Kamsa till he released them out of pity. You can find more at the book Krsna by His divine Grace A.C Bhaktivedanta Swami Srila Prabhupada.


title: Hardcore hip hop

text: Hardcore hip hop (or Hardcore rap) is a form of hip hop that originated in the East Coast hip hop scene. It is known for being aggressive with noisy instruments. The most common things that hardcore artists talk about include sex, nudity, partying, drugs, profanity, police brutality, racism, personal conflicts, consciousness, social issues and the harsh surroundings of the rapper's environment. Types of music inspired by hardcore hip hop include gangsta rap (a type of rap about urban crime and the violent lifestyles of young people in cities), horrorcore (hip hop with horror-themed lyrics and images) and most recently trap (a form of southern hip hop).


title: Sri Maha Bodhi

text: The Sri Maha Bodhi is a Sacred Fig tree in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. The site where it's on, Sacred City of Anuradhapura, is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites.


title: Sri Maha Bodhi

text: It is said to be a tree grown from a sapling from the famous Bodhi tree where the first Buddha became enlightened. It brought down by Mihindu (Mahinda) and Sanghamitta. It was planted in 288 BC. It is the oldest living human-planted tree in the world with a known planting date.


title: Sri Maha Bodhi

text: It was planted on a high terrace about above the ground. It is surrounded by railings to protect it. It is one of the most sacred objects of the Buddhists in Sri Lanka, and respected by Buddhists all over the world.


title: Sri Maha Bodhi

text: Its wall was built during the reign of King Kirthi Sri Rajasingha, to protect it from wild elephants which might have attacked the tree.


title: Sri Maha Bodhi

text: In the 3rd century BC, the Buddha's fig tree was brought to Sri Lanka by Sangamitta, daughter of Emperor Asoka and founder of an order of Buddhist nuns, in Sri Lanka.


title: Sri Maha Bodhi

text: In 280 BC, Jaya Siri Maha Bodhi was planted in the Mahamevnāwa Park in Anuradhapura by King Devanampiya Tissa.


title: Rogelio Guerra

text: Hildegardo Francisco Guerra Martínez (8 October 1936 in Aguascalientes, Mexico – 28 February 2018 in Mexico City) or Rogelio Guerra, was a Mexican movie actor and television actor. He has also sometimes worked as a voice actor.


title: Rogelio Guerra

text: He appeared in over 200 Spanish sitcoms since his career began in 1957. He has also appeared on several international movies as a Spanish-dub actor such as Perry White in "Superman Returns".


title: Rogelio Guerra

text: Guerra was born on 8 October 1936 in Aguascalientes, Mexico. He was married to Maribel Robles. Guerra died in Mexico City of a heart attack while suffering from complications of a stroke he had in 2015. He was 81 years old.


title: Ilham Aliyev

text: Ilham Heydar oglu Aliyev (born December 24, 1961) is the current President of Azerbaijan and has been serving since 2003.


title: Ilham Aliyev

text: Aliyev succeeded his father Heydar Aliyev who was president of Azerbaijan from 1993 to 2003. On August 4, 2003, two months before the presidential elections, he was made prime minister by his father who was very ill and dying. In October he easily won the presidential elections and became president on October 31, 2003. He also functions as the head of the New Azerbaijan Party.


title: Shandong

text: Shandong () is a province on the east coast of China. It borders Hebei in its northwest, Henan in its west, and Anhui and Jiangsu in its south. Across the Bohai Strait to its north is Liaodong Peninsula, and across the Yellow Sea to the east is Korean Peninsula. Its capital is Jinan, and its largest city is Qingdao.


title: Virtue

text: Virtue (Latin "virtus"; Greek ἀρετή) is a kind of behaviour which is thought to be good. The adjective is "virtuous". Someone who lives a virtuous life is someone who leads a good moral life, doing things that society thinks are good. The opposite of virtue is vice.


title: Virtue

text: Philosophers throughout the ages have written their ideas about what they think virtue is. The Ancient Greek philosophers from Plato onwards said that virtue consisted of four things: Justice, Courage, Wisdom, and Moderation. In the Christian religion the three virtues were Faith, Hope and Charity. These are mentioned in the Bible in the First Epistle to the Corinthians chapter 13 verse 13. These virtues are also very important in the Judaic and Muslim traditions.


title: Valency

text: In chemistry, valency or valence is the number of chemical bonds that an atom of a certain element can form.


title: Valency

text: For a long time, people thought that this number was a fixed property of the element in question. They thought that carbon always has four bonds, oxygen always has two, and hydrogen always has one. The problem was seen only later. For example, phosphorous sometimes behaves as if it had three bonds, a valence of three. At other times, though, it seems to have five bonds.


title: Valency

text: IUPAC saw this problem, and proposed oxidation numbers. This means there is one number per chemical element. The problem with this approach is that it leaves aside most chemical properties of the elements in question.


title: Valency

text: A valence band is the highest occupied molecular orbital normally occupied by valence electrons for a given solid at absolute zero temperature.


title: The Magic Flute

text: The Magic Flute (German: Die Zauberflöte, K. 620) is an opera in two acts with music by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and a German libretto by Emanuel Schikaneder.


title: The Magic Flute

text: It premiered in Vienna on 30 September 1791 at Schikaneder's theater, the Freihaus-Theater auf der Wieden. The story has traditional fairy tale themes and Masonic elements.


title: The Magic Flute

text: Prince Tamino has got lost in the forest and now finds himself in a country which is ruled by the Queen of the Night. A huge monster chases him and he is very frightened. He falls down in a faint. Three ladies who work for the Queen of the Night come and kill the monster. Then they see the handsome prince and they argue about which one of them will stay to look after him.


title: The Magic Flute

text: The three ladies go off and Papageno enters. Papageno is a birdcatcher whose job is to catch birds for the Queen of the Night. He is a happy, simple young man. Tamino wakes up, sees him and asks him who he is. Papageno introduces himself. He has not noticed the dead monster. Tamino sees that the monster is dead and asks him who killed it. Papageno suddenly notices it and then decides to pretend that he killed it himself. The three ladies hear what he says and they come and punish him by giving him a stone instead of bread and wine, and by padlocking his mouth so that he cannot speak. Then they give Tamino a portrait of Princess Pamina. She is the daughter of the Queen of the Night. They tell him that Pamina has been captured by an evil man called Sarastro. In fact, Sarastro is a good man, and he is looking after Pamina because her mother, the Queen of the Night, is evil. The prince does not know this. He is already in love with the princess just from looking at her picture, and decides to go and rescue her.


title: The Magic Flute

text: The three ladies give the Prince a magic flute which will protect him if he finds himself in danger. They promise Papageno that he, too, will find a lovely wife for himself if he goes with Tamino. They take off his padlock and give him a set of magic bells which will help him if he is in danger. They are told that three lovely boys will show them the way.


title: The Magic Flute

text: In the next scene we see Princess Pamina who is being guarded by a cruel Moor called Monostatos. He has tied the princess up. Papageno arrives and both men are frightened of one another. Monostatos runs away, Papageno unties the rope around the princess and tells her about the prince who is on his way to rescue her.


title: The Magic Flute

text: In the next scene Tamino finds himself in a holy place. The three boys have guided him there. They tell him he must be patient and silent. He meets a priest who tells him he must not think that Sarastro is cruel. He tells him that Pamina is alive. Tamino is very happy to hear this, takes his flute and plays. The animals from the forest come round him. Pamina and Papagena are caught by Monostatos. He is about to tie them up, but Papageno plays his magic bells and, when they hear the music, Monostatos and all the animals cannot help dancing and they disappear, still dancing. Sarastro enters. He tells Pamina once more that she must stay with him to learn how to live a good, virtuous life. She must not become evil like her mother. Monostatos enters with Tamino whom he has caught. Tamino and Pamina see one another and embrace. Sarastro says that Monostatos must have a beating. He says that Tamino and Pamina cannot have one another yet. First they will have to go to the temple and go through some trials to show that they are good.


title: The Magic Flute

text: Sarastro explains to the priests that Tamino and Pamina will have to go through the trials to show that they are worthy of one another. If they can do this then they will be able to defeat the evil power of the Queen of the Night.


title: The Magic Flute

text: Tamino and Papageno go through the trials together. Tamino remains calm and brave. Papageno is frightened and finds it difficult to keep quiet, but he continues because he has been promised that a girl called Papagena will be waiting for him.


title: The Magic Flute

text: In the first trial the Three Ladies try to make them think that the dark place they are in will lead them to death. In the second trial they see Monostatos about to rape Pamina. The Queen of the Night explains why she wants power. She says that Tamino and Pamina will be cursed unless Sarastro is killed. Tamino realizes that this is all part of the trial and he must not do anything. Papageno is given food and drink by Papagena who is disguised as an old lady. Tamino plays his flute. Pamina appears but turns her back on him. The Queen of the Night sings a very famous song in this section. It is famous because it reaches the highest ranges of a female voice.


title: The Magic Flute

text: Tamino and Pamina have to go through the last trial together. Papagena enters and dances, then, when Papageno promises to be true, she throws off her disguise and disappears. Pamina thinks her mother is going to use her dagger, but at the last moment the boys save her and take her to Tamino. Tamino plays the flute as they go together through fire and water. The chorus sing in triumph.


title: The Magic Flute

text: Papageno cannot call Papagena back with his shepherd pipe. The three boys remind him about his magic bells. He plays them and Papagena appears. They are united.


title: The Magic Flute

text: In the last scene Monostatos and the Queen of the Night enter to do battle, but they are defeated. Good triumphs over evil.


title: The Magic Flute

text: Mozart belonged to a group of Freemasons. The Magic Flute is full of Masonic symbols. For example: the number three is an important number in masonry and there are lot of things in the opera that happen in threes: there are three long chords at the beginning of overture, and the three chords appear again in the scene in the temple. Even the key is E flat major which has a key signature of three flats. There are three ladies, three young boys and three trials. The scenery used in the early productions make it look as if the story comes from Egypt or somewhere in the Orient. Mozart and Schickaneder meant this to have a Masonic meaning. The trials are similar to the rituals in Masonic ceremonies.


title: Natural language processing

text: Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a field in Artificial Intelligence, and is also related to linguistics. On a high level, the goal of NLP is to program computers to automatically understand human languages, and also to automatically write/speak in human languages. We say "Natural Language" to mean human language, and to indicate that we are not talking about computer (programming) languages.


title: Rafflesia

text: Rafflesia is a genus of flowering plants. They are found in southeastern Asia, on the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Thailand and the Philippines. They are the biggest single flowers in the world. In one species the flowers can be over a meter (three feet) across.


title: Rafflesia

text: The flowers smell like a dead animal, which attracts flies. The flies, which normally lay their eggs on rotten flesh, pollinate the "Rafflesia" when they get inside.


title: Rafflesia

text: "Rafflesia" is a parasite, and does not use chlorophyll. The plant has no stem, leaves or true roots. It lives inside vines of the genus "Tetrastigma" (Vitaceae). It spreads its absorptive organ, the haustorium, inside the tissue of the vine. The only part of the plant that can be seen outside the host vine is the flower.


title: Electricity generation

text: Electricity generation is the making of electricity for use by people. Most comes from rotary electrical generators turned by various engines.


title: Electricity generation

text: Making electricity in one central place became useful when electric power distribution was possible. This required power transformers which could change voltage. Electricity could be sent as alternating current along electric power lines for great distances cheaply.


title: Electricity generation

text: People have been using electric light bulbs, electric motors, and other things that use electricty since the late 19th century. Different sources of energy have been used to run generators, including coal, nuclear, natural gas, hydroelectric, and petroleum power and a small amount from solar energy, tidal harnesses, wind generators, and geothermal sources.


title: Electricity generation

text: The demand for electricity can be met in two different ways. The main method is to build large centralized projects to generate and transmit the electricity required. Many of these projects have caused unpleasant environmental effects such as air or radiation pollution and the flooding of large areas of land.


title: Electricity generation

text: Distributed generation creates power on a smaller scale at locations on the electricity network. These sites often generate electricity as a byproduct of other industry such as using gas from landfills to power turbines.


title: Electricity generation

text: Rotating turbines attached to electrical generators produce most commercially available electricity. Turbines are driven by a fluid which acts as an intermediate energy carrier. The fluids typically used are:


title: Electricity generation

text: Combined cycle gas turbine plants are driven by both steam and gas. They generate power by burning natural gas in a gas turbine and use residual heat to generate additional electricity from steam. These plants offer efficiencies of up to 60%.


title: Electricity generation

text: Small electricity generators are often powered by reciprocating engines burning diesel fuel, biogas or natural gas. Diesel generators are often used for backup power, usually at low voltages. Biogas is often combusted where it is produced, such as a landfill or wastewater treatment plant, with a reciprocating engine or a microturbine, which is a small gas turbine.


title: Electricity generation

text: Unlike the solar heat concentrators, photovoltaic panels convert sunlight directly to electricity. Although sunlight is free, solar panels cost a lot of money to make and have only a 10-20% conversion efficiency. Until recently, photovoltaics were most commonly used in remote sites where there is no access to a commercial power grid, or as an extra electricity source for individual homes and businesses. Recent advances in manufacturing efficiency and photovoltaic technology, combined with subsidies driven by environmental concerns, have dramatically accelerated the deployment of solar panels. Installed solar capacity is growing by 30% per year in several regions including Germany, Japan, California and New Jersey.


title: Honda Civic

text: The Honda Civic is a subcompact and compact car that is built by the Honda company. The Civic has had 11 generations. The Honda Civic has been built and sold since 1972. The Chevrolet Vega and Ford Pinto were rolling sacrifices amid an international fuel crisis, but the small and efficient Civic felt like perfect timing. Honda offered the first-gen Civic as both a three-door hatchback and sedan. The sedan version essentially was exactly like the hatchback, except that the conventional trunk lid and fixed rear seat of the sedan were replaced by an upward-hinged rear window and a fold-down seat in the hatchback. Wheels were 12 inches in diameter, and radial tires, A/C, a two-speed automatic transmission, and a rear hatch wiper were the only options. The 8th and later generation Civics have a digital speedometer. The Civic DX, LX, LX-S / Sport, and EX are available with an automatic or manual transmission. The highest trim levels are the Civic Si and Type R, which are only available with a manual transmission and come with a more powerful engine. The Acura CSX, sold only in Canada, is nearly identical to the eighth generation (2006-2011) Civic.


title: Getty Center

text: The Getty Center, located in Brentwood, Los Angeles, California, is a campus founded by oilman J. Paul Getty. It is used for for cultural exhibitions.


title: Getty Center

text: People like its architecture, gardens, and views overlooking the Los Angeles. It is located at the top of a hill. Entrances to the building include traveling from a visitor's parking garage at the bottom of the hill. Alternatively, it also has a three-car cable-pulled tram.


title: Getty Center

text: It is one of two locations of the J. Paul Getty Museum. It has "pre-20th-century European paintings, drawings, illuminated manuscripts, sculpture, and decorative arts; and 19th- and 20th-century American and European photographs".


title: Getty Center

text: One of the paintings on display is "Irises" by Vincent van Gogh. Besides the museum, the center's buildings house the Getty Research Institute (GRI), the Getty Conservation Institute, the Getty Foundation, and the administrative offices of the J. Paul Getty Trust. The latter owns and operates the center.


title: Getty Center

text: It also has outdoor sculptures displayed on terraces and in gardens. The center was designed by architect Richard Meier. The campus includes a central garden designed by artist Robert Irwin.


title: Getty Center

text: GRI's separate building contains a research library with over 900,000 volumes and two million photographs of art and architecture. The center's design included special provisions to address concerns regarding earthquakes and fires.


title: Getty Center

text: The Getty Museum started in J. Paul Getty's house in Pacific Palisades in 1954. He made the house larger by adding a new section. In the 1970s, Getty built a copy of an Italian villa near his home.


title: Getty Center

text: This new building was a better place to keep his art collection. It opened as a museum in 1974. After Getty died in 1976, all of the land and buildings were given to the Getty Trust to be used as museum space. However, the collection grew too big for the site. The people running the museum looked for a new location closer to Los Angeles.


title: Getty Center

text: In 1983, the Trust bought the land where the center is now. The new campus has on a site in the Santa Monica Mountains above Interstate 405, surrounded by kept in a natural state. The land cost $25 million. The top of the hill is above I-405. So, on a clear day it is possible to see not only the Los Angeles skyline but also the San Bernardino Mountains to the east as well as the Pacific Ocean to the west.


title: Getty Center

text: In 1984, Richard Meier was chosen to be the architect of the center. It took a several years to get permits to build the Getty Center. The Hathaway Dinwiddie Construction Company built the new buildings starting in August 1989.


title: Getty Center

text: The construction was significantly delayed, with the planned completion date moved from 1988 to 1995 (as of 1990). By 1995, however, the campus was described as only "more than halfway complete".


title: Getty Center

text: The center finally opened to the public on December 16, 1997. Although the total project cost was estimated to be $350 million as of 1990, it was later estimated to be $1.3 billion. After the center opened, the villa closed for extensive renovations and reopened on January 28, 2006, to focus on the arts and cultures of ancient Greece, Rome, and Etruria. Currently, the museum displays collections at both the Getty Center and the site (called the Getty Villa) in Pacific Palisades.


title: Getty Center

text: In 2005, the "Los Angeles Times" printed a series of articles about how the Getty Trust and its president Dr. Barry Munitz were spending money. However, the California Attorney General investigated of the Getty Trust and found that no laws had been broken. The trust agreed to appoint a person from outside the Trust to review how money would be spent in the future. The Getty Trust experienced financial difficulties in 2008 and 2009 and cut 205 of 1,487 budgeted staff positions to reduce expenses. Although the Getty Trust endowment reached $6.4 billion in 2007, it dropped to $4.5 billion in 2009.


title: Getty Center

text: Meier has exploited the two naturally-occurring ridges (which diverge at a 22.5 degree angle) by overlaying two grids along these axes. These grids serve to define the space of the campus while dividing the import of the buildings on it. Along one axis lie the galleries and along the other axis lie the administrative buildings. Meier emphasized the two competing grids by constructing strong view lines through the campus. The main north-south axis starts with the helipad, then includes a narrow walkway between the auditorium and north buildings.


title: Getty Center

text: The axis continues past the elevator kiosk to the tram station. The axis goes through the rotunda, past the walls and support columns of the exhibitions pavilion, and finally the ramp besides the west pavilion and the central garden. Its corresponding east-west visual axis starts with the edge of the scholar's wing of the Getty Research Institute (GRI), the walkway between the central garden and the GRI, and the overlook to the azalea pool in the central garden. The east-west axis then follows the walkway between the central garden and the west pavilion, and finally the north wall of the west pavilion and the courtyard between the south and east pavilions.


title: Getty Center

text: The main axes of the museum grid that is offset by 22.5 degrees begins with the arrival plaza, carries through the edge of the stairs up to the main entrance, aligns with the columns supporting the rotunda as well as the center point of the rotunda, aligns with travertine benches in the courtyard between the pavilions, includes a narrow walkway between the west and south pavilions, a staircase down to the cactus garden and ends in the garden. The corresponding cross axis starts with the center point of the circle forming the GRI library garden, then passing to the center of the entrance rotunda, and aligning with the south wall of the rotunda building. Although all of the museum is aligned on these alternative axes, portions of the exhibitions pavilion and the east pavilion are aligned on the true north-south axis as a reminder that both grids are present in the campus.


title: Getty Center

text: The primary grid structure is a square; most wall and floor elements are squares or some derivative thereof. The buildings at the Getty Center are made from concrete and steel with either travertine or aluminium cladding. Around of travertine was used to build the center.


title: Getty Center

text: Throughout the campus, many fountains provide white noise as a background. The initial design has remained intact; however benches and fences have been installed around the plaza fountains to discourage visitors from wading into the pools. Some additional revisions have been made in deference to the Americans with Disabilities Act.


title: Getty Center

text: The north promontory is anchored by a circular grass area, which serves as a landing place for helicopters (heliport) in case of emergencies, and the south promontory is anchored by a succulent plant and cactus garden. Access roads also circle the complex and go to loading docks and staff parking garages on both the west and east sides of the buildings. The hillside around the complex has been planted with California Live Oak ("Quercus agrifolia") trees.


title: Getty Center

text: At the bottom of the hill, the museum has a seven-story deep underground visitor parking garage with over 1,200 parking spaces. Its roof has an outdoor sculpture garden. An automated three-car, cable-pulled tram takes passengers between the parking garage at the bottom of the hill and the museum at the top of the hill.


title: Getty Center

text: Visitors typically arrive at a tram station in the arrival plaza between the administrative buildings and the museum entrance. A large set of steps leads to the main doors of the rotunda building. The rotunda building houses information desks, two orientation theatres and museum shops. It also holds a grand staircase that starts a path toward the paintings on the second floor of each art pavilion. The rotunda opens to the south to a terrace that links all five of the museum pavilions. A separate building to the west of the arrival plaza and stairs holds a cafeteria and restaurant. Next to the restaurant is a stone arch, which separates the museum from the GRI. In between the GRI and the restaurant, outdoor stairs go down from the main level to the central garden.


title: Getty Center

text: The Getty Center's estimated 1.3 million visitors annually make it one of the most visited museums in the United States. The collection of the J. Paul Getty Museum on display at the Getty Center includes "pre-20th-century European paintings, drawings, illuminated manuscripts, sculpture, and decorative arts; and 19th- and 20th-century American and European photographs". The paintings include:


title: Getty Center

text: Getty's photograph collection is on the lower level of the west pavilion. It includes 35,000 individual prints, 1,500 daguerreotypes and other cased objects, 30,000 stereographs and cartes-de-visite, and 475 albums containing almost 40,000 mounted prints.


title: Getty Center

text: The museum building has a three-level base building that is closed to the public and provides staff workspace and storage areas. Five public, two-story towers on the base are called the North, East, South, West and the Exhibitions Pavilions. The Exhibitions Pavilion acts as the temporary residence for traveling art collections and the Foundation's artwork for which the permanent pavilions have no room. The permanent collection is displayed throughout the other four pavilions chronologically: the north houses the oldest art while the west houses the newest. The first-floor galleries in each pavilion house light-sensitive art, such as illuminated manuscripts, furniture, or photography. Computer-controlled skylights on the second-floor galleries allow paintings to be displayed in natural light. The second floors are connected by a series of glass-enclosed bridges and open terraces. The bridges and terraces both offer views of the surrounding hillsides and central plaza. Sculpture is also on display at various points outside the buildings, including on various terraces and balconies. The lower level (the highest of the floors in the base) includes a public cafeteria, the terrace cafe, and the photography galleries.


title: Getty Center

text: The Central Garden at the Getty Center is the work of artist Robert Irwin. Planning for the garden began in 1992, construction started in 1996, and the garden was completed in December 1997.


title: Getty Center

text: Irwin was quoted as saying that the Central Garden "is a sculpture in the form of a garden, which aims to be art." Water plays a major role in the garden. A fountain near the restaurant flows toward the garden and appears to fall into a grotto on the north garden wall. The resulting stream then flows down the hillside into the azalea pool. The designers placed rocks and boulders of varying size in the stream bed to vary the sounds from the flowing water. A tree-lined stream descends to a plaza, while the walkway criss-crosses the stream, which continues through the plaza, and goes over a stone waterfall into a round pool. A maze of azaleas floats in the pool, around which is a series of specialty gardens. More than 500 varieties of plant material are used for the Central Garden, but the selection is "always changing, never twice the same".


title: Getty Center

text: After the original design, an outdoor sculpture garden, called the "Lower Terrace Garden" was added in 2007 on the west side of the central garden just below the scholar's wing of the GRI building.


title: Getty Center

text: The Getty Research Institute (GRI) is "dedicated to furthering knowledge and advancing understanding of the visual arts." Among other holdings, GRI's research library contains over 900,000 volumes of books, periodicals, and auction catalogs; special collections; and two million photographs of art and architecture. GRI's other activities include exhibitions, publications, and a residential scholars program. At the Getty Center, GRI is to the west of the museum. The round building encircles a landscaped garden and is to the west of the central garden. The main entrance of GRI is connected by a terrace to the main arrival court of the museum, with outdoor sculptures placed along the route. GRI has one art gallery on its entrance level that is open to the public.


title: Getty Center

text: Meier also designed three other buildings next to the north promontory and offset at a 22.5 degree angle from the main axis of the museum pavilions. The north-most building is an auditorium. Next to it is the North Building, with the East Building sitting between the North Building and the rotunda. The main entrance to the East Building is flanked by two round silos that hold its elevators. A bridge over a sunken courtyard links the main entrance of the East Building to the main walkway that connects the auditorium and North Buildings to the rotunda. These buildings house the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI), the J. Paul Getty Trust and the Getty Foundation. These buildings are generally closed to the public except for special events held in the auditorium. They are linked to the museum both by landscaped terraces and by an enclosed glass walkway that leads from the main rotunda of the museum.


title: Getty Center

text: GCI, which is headquartered at the Getty Center but also has facilities at the Getty Villa, commenced operation in 1985. It "serves the conservation community through scientific research, education and training, model field projects, and the dissemination of the results of both its own work and the work of others in the field" and "adheres to the principles that guide the work of the Getty Trust: service, philanthropy, teaching, and access". GCI has activities in both art conservation and architectural conservation.


title: Getty Center

text: The Getty Foundation awards grants for "the understanding and preservation of the visual arts". In addition, it runs the Getty Leadership Institute for "current and future museum leaders". Its offices are north of the museum. The foundation offices are in the two administrative buildings that are north of the museum. The J. Paul Getty Trust, which oversees the Getty Conservation Institute, Getty Foundation, Getty Research Institute, and J. Paul Getty Museum, also has offices there.


title: Getty Center

text: Although the center's site was thought to have little motion during earthquakes, which are frequent in the Los Angeles area, in 1994, as the center was being constructed, the Northridge earthquake struck. It caused "disturbing hairline cracks... in the welds and plated joints of the steel framework." As a result, the steelwork through the site was retrofitted. The Center's buildings are thought to be able to survive an earthquake of 7.5 magnitude on the Richter scale.


title: Getty Center

text: In the 16 electrical transformers at the center, silicone fluid is used as a coolant "with less risk of ignition" than hydrocarbon coolant. The native flammable chaparral was removed and fire-resistant poverty weed was added to the slopes around the center. Each year, a herd of goats is rented to clear brush on the surrounding hills.


title: Getty Center

text: At the north end of the center, a tank with of water, together with a grass-covered helipad, allow helicopters to collect water. The access ramp from the entry plaza to the museum was constructed to allow a fire truck to pass over it. Inside the museum, the sprinkler system is designed to balance "between the potential damage of a fire and the risk of water damage to valuable artwork".


title: Ice dancing

text: Ice dancing is a form of figure skating related to ballroom dancing. Its first competition was at the World Figure Skating Championships in 1952, but it did not become a Winter Olympic Games medal sport until 1976. As in pair skating, dancers compete as a couple, a man and a woman.


title: Ice dancing

text: Ice dancing is different from pair skating because it limits the figures to those which are imitative of dance. Skaters must stay close together, and may not perform jumps. There are set dances, in which the style must be appropriate for the type of dance, and there is a Free Dance section which allows lifts up to shoulder level.


title: XOR gate

text: The XOR gate (Exclusive OR) is a logic gate that outputs 1 (true) when exactly one of its inputs is 1 (true). That means that if both of its inputs are the same, the output will be 0 (false). The XOR gate does what is called an exclusive disjunction in logic.


title: Geography of Taiwan

text: Taiwan is a medium-sized chain of islands in East Asia at 23°30" N, 121°00" E . It runs through the Tropic of Cancer. Also known as Formosa, it makes up most of the territories of the Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan).


title: Geography of Taiwan

text: The island of Formosa (or Taiwan) was formed about 4.5 million years ago from a Geosyncline. It is part of an island arc. It was formed when the Eurasian Plate slid under an old chain of volcanic islands in the Philippine Mobile Belt. At the northern end of the island, the Philippine Mobile Belt sank under the Eurasian Plate.


title: Geography of Taiwan

text: The main island of the chain of islands, which is made of 99% of the Republic of China. The other 1% is made up of smaller islands like Orchard Island and the Penghu Islands islands, along with far smaller islands. The chain is separated from mainland China by the Taiwan Strait which is 220 kilometers long.


title: Geography of Taiwan

text: The climate on the island is mostly ocean-like and changes very widely. The south end of the island is humid (very watery) During the summer, typhoons are very common. Most of the time, there are four each year.


title: Geography of Taiwan

text: The terrain of the island changes a lot. In the west, plains and grasslands are common. 90% of the population lives in the west. The highest point on Formosa is Jade Mountain at 3951.798 meters tall in the year 2003.


title: Geography of Taiwan

text: In the east of the island is mountainous terrain with thick forests and endemic (native-only) types of plants and animals such as the Formasan Black Bear and the Formosan Cypress. Many of these species are now endangered or extinct.


title: Geography of Taiwan

text: The few natural resources are gold, copper, coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos. The island is 55% forest, 24% farmable lands, 15% miscellaneous, 5% pastures, and 1% crops.


title: Geography of Taiwan

text: Earthquakes are the main natural hazards (problems). More than 2,000 people have died from earthquakes. The main environmental problems are air pollution and water pollution.


title: Amber Rayne

text: Meghan Wren, better known by her stage name Amber Rayne (September 19, 1984 – April 2, 2016), was an American pornographic actress. Rayne entered the adult movie industry in 2005. In April 2015, she announced her official retirement from adult films.


title: Amber Rayne

text: Rayne was born in Detroit, Michigan and raised in Northern California. Rayne was a non-Hodgkin lymphoma and uterine cancer survivor.


title: Amber Rayne

text: Rayne collapsed and died at her home in Los Angeles on April 2, 2016, aged 31. Results of an autopsy and toxicology report are pending. Her cause of death was caused by an accidental drug overdose through the consumption of a combination of cocaine and alcohol.


title: Victim

text: Victim is a term used for a person who suffers adverse circumstances, often in relation to having a crime committed against them. If someone is robbed, he or she is the victim. If someone is killed, that person is the victim. The person who committed the crime is the culprit.


title: Vinculum (symbol)

text: A vinculum is a horizontal line put over a mathematical expression. It shows that it belongs together as a group. ("Vinculum" is Latin for "chain".)


title: Vinculum (symbol)

text: 3. radicals (in the following example the quantity formula_3 is the radicand, and thus has a vinculum over it):


title: Doug Sahm

text: Douglas Wayne Sahm (November 6, 1941 – November 18, 1999), was an American musician. He was born in San Antonio, Texas. He was a child prodigy in country music. He later became best known in roots rock, tejano music, Americana and other genres.


title: Doug Sahm

text: He was the lead singer of a popular 1960s rock and roll band, the Sir Douglas Quintet. He later formed a Tex Mex band with Augie Meyers, Freddy Fender and Flaco Jimenez.


title: Doug Sahm

text: Sahm started his musical career singing and playing steel guitar, mandolin and violin. He first sang on the radio at age five. He recorded his first song, "A


title: Doug Sahm

text: Real American Joe", at age eleven. On December 19, 1952, when he was eleven, he played on stage with Hank Williams Sr. at the Skyline Club in Austin, Texas. It was Hank Williams's last time playing. He died on New Year's Day of 1953. He died of heart failure while on the road to his next show in Canton, Ohio.


title: Doug Sahm

text: When he was thirteen, Sahm was invited to join the Grand Ole Opry, but his mother wanted him to finish junior high school. When he was a teenager, he started sneaking into San Antonio rhythm and blues bars to play music.


title: Doug Sahm

text: In 1965, Sahm formed the band, Sir Douglas Quintet, with a childhood friend, Augie Meyers. A record producer picked the band's name so they would seem British. At the time, music from Britain was so popular in the United States, it had a name: "British invasion". The British name only helped a little. Sahm had a Texas accent and two band members were Hispanic. Some early photographs of the band tried to hide this from music fans.


title: Doug Sahm

text: The band had a Top Twenty US hit with "She's About a Mover". It also made the Top Twenty in the UK Singles Chart.


title: Doug Sahm

text: Bob Dylan liked the group's sound and said: "Look, for me right now there are three groups: Butterfield Blues Band, The Byrds and the Sir Douglas Quintet."


title: Doug Sahm

text: After the breakup, Sahm moved to San Francisco to begin a blues band. Later, he and Augie Meyers got back together as Sir Douglas Quintet, with new members. They recorded a successful album and single, both named "Mendocino".


title: Doug Sahm

text: In 1973, Jerry Wexler of Atlantic Records produced Sahm's first solo album, "Doug Sahm and Band". Bob Dylan, Dr. John and Flaco Jiménez also played on the album. Wexler said: "Then in October 1972, Dylan was in the studio with Doug Sahm... Dylan having been friendly with Sahm since the mid-sixties and having expressed enthusiasm for the Sir Douglas Quintet on more than one occasion".


title: Doug Sahm

text: Sahm also played on recordings by other artists during this time, including The Grateful Dead and Willie Nelson.


title: Doug Sahm

text: In 1989, Sahm started the Tex-Mex supergroup, the Texas Tornados, with Freddy Fender, Augie Meyers, and Flaco Jimenez. They recorded seven albums. These included two live ones, and a "Best of" collection. Their first album won a Grammy for Best Mexican-American Performance for their song "Soy de San Luis", in 1991.


title: Doug Sahm

text: Sahm played on the 1993 Uncle Tupelo album "Anodyne", on the song "Give Back the Key to my Heart". He also recorded a Grammy-winning solo album, "The Last Real Texas Blues Band", in 1994.


title: Doug Sahm

text: Sahm died of a myocardial infarction while asleep in a motel room in Taos, New Mexico, on November 18, 1999. He is buried in Sunset Memorial Park in San Antonio.


title: Doug Sahm

text: A posthumous album, "The Return of Wayne Douglas", was released in 2000. Sahm's son, Shawn, leads his own Tex Mex band. They were on the cover of Rolling Stone in 1968, as father and son. Doug Sahm's other son, Shandon Sahm, is the drummer for the Meat Puppets as of 2010.


title: Doug Sahm

text: Sahm has been named into in the South Texas Music Walk of Fame. In 2008, he was inducted into the Austin Music Memorial, in the first group.


title: Doug Sahm

text: In 2008, Austin, Texas approved the naming of Doug Sahm Hill, in a park near Lady Bird Lake, to honor him.


title: Doug Sahm

text: In October 2012, Steve Earle played a tribute to Sahm at Hardly Strictly Bluegrass Festival in Golden Gate Park. His group played several of Sahm's Americana songs.


title: Doug Sahm

text: A documentary movie, "Sir Doug & the Genuine Texas Cosmic Groove", premiered at South by Southwest (SXSW) music festival. This was in Austin, Texas on March 19, 2015.


title: Voot

text: Voot, Launched in March 2016, from the digital arms of Viacom 18. It's Viacom 18's advertising-led-video-on-demand platform. That is available as an app for iOS and Android Users, and a website for desktop consumption.


title: Voot

text: Voot is available only in India. And hosts over 40,000 hours of video content that includes shows from channels like, MTV India, Nickelodeon, Colors TV. Content is also available in multi languages like, Kannada,Marathi, Bengali,Gujarati and Tamil.


title: Hardelot Castle

text: Hardelot Castle () is a castle in Pas-de-Calais in France. It is located in a field next to the village of Condette, and south of the city of Boulogne-sur-Mer. The first castle at this place was built in the 12th century by the Counts of Boulogne. The present castle was built by Count Philippe Hurepel of Clermont in 1222. The castle was captured several times by the French, the English and the Burgundians.


title: Hardelot Castle

text: The 'pseudo Gothic' style mansion fort built in 1848 by Sir John Hare. He demolished the existing buildings within the walls of the old castle, and used a tower and underground passages, remains from the 13th century as the basis of his building. In 1899, Sir John Whitley acquired the site and then created the seaside resort of Hardelaut, making the castle the focal point of the estate with hospitality, club and various activities (golf, fishing, tennis, etc.)


title: Ludwig II of Bavaria

text: Ludwig II (German: "Ludwig der Zweite von Bayern"; Ludwig Otto Friedrich Wilhelm; 25 August 1845 – 13 June 1886) was king of Bavaria from 1864 until shortly before his death (Bavaria is now part of Germany, but at that time it was a separate country). He is well known for his support for the composer Richard Wagner.


title: Ludwig II of Bavaria

text: He is often referred to as the Mad King Ludwig because his behaviour was very odd. For example, he would leave his castle by climbing out of the window instead of walking out of the door. He is sometimes referred to as the Swan King in English and "der Märchenkönig" (the Fairy tale King) in German. This is because he built several very expensive and fancy castles, the most famous one being Neuschwanstein.


title: Ludwig II of Bavaria

text: Today tourists from all over the world visit the castles that he built. They also visit the Bayreuth Festspielhaus for which he gave a lot of money towards the building.


title: Shohreh Aghdashloo

text: Shohreh Aghdashloo () (Shohreh Vaziri-Tabar; May 9, 1952 – October 5, 2022) was an Iranian-American actress. Her first major part was in 1977 on the movie "The Report". She became well known for her part in "House of Sand and Fog" which she was considered for Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Aghdashloo currently has a starring role in "The Expanse". In 2013, she wrote a book about herself called "The Alley of Love and Yellow Jasmines".


title: Shohreh Aghdashloo

text: Aghdashloo was born in Tehran, Iran. Her parents were Effie al-Sadat and Anushiravan Vaziri-Tabar and she has three brothers: Shahram, Shahriar and Shahrokh. At the age of 19, Aghdashloo married painter Aydin Aghdashloo in 1972. During this time, she went to classes on theater even though her parents did not approve. She and Aydin divorced in 1979 when she left Iran for England during the Iranian Revolution.


title: Shohreh Aghdashloo

text: She went to Brunel University and earned a Bachelor's degree in international relations. Later, she moved to Los Angeles to pursue her acting career. She later became a U.S. Citizen. In 1987, she married actor and playwright Houshang Touzie. She was born to a Muslim family, but says she never practiced the religion.


title: Shohreh Aghdashloo

text: Aghdashloo died at Los Angeles Community Hospital in Los Angeles, California from breast cancer caused by type II myotonic dystrophy. on October 5, 2022, at the age of 70. She did not publicly disclose that she was ill.


title: Yassine Ben Gamra

text: Yassine Ben Gamra ( ; born on January 30, 1985 in Tunis ) is a Tunisian actor, model, television presenter and producer.


title: Yassine Ben Gamra

text: He began his career in 2005, playing a role in the television series Café Jalloul. In 2006, he took his first job as a television presenter on the Jetset show on Hannibal TV. He played the character of Elyes Abd El Hak in the series Destiny for five seasons, from 2008 to 2014, and the character of Badr Ben Saleh in Sons of Moufida, also for five seasons between 2015 and 2020.


title: Yassine Ben Gamra

text: In 2012, he played the role of Bahan in Farouk Omar, a historical-dramatic television series by MBC 1. The series was based on the life of Umar, the second caliph of Islam. The same year, he played the role of Matthias in Mary of Nazareth. He also played the role of Gaio in the movie Sant Barbara.


title: Yassine Ben Gamra

text: In 2018, he played Kheireddine Pasha on the soap opera Tej El Hadhra . The same year, he completed a training course in the United States to learn animation of a game show. In 2019, he appeared in Kingdoms of Fire r. In 2020, Ben Gamra hosted and produced the program L'Arena on El Hiwar El Tounsi.


Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS, also called postural tachycardia syndrome) is a medical problem. When a person has POTS, their heart beats faster than normal when they stand up. POTS may also cause many other symptoms.


title: Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome

text: Put together, the words "postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome" mean that when a person stands up, they get tachycardia, and they also have other symptoms.


text: When a healthy person stands up, their heart beats faster for a little while. It does this to push blood to the brain. Then the person's heart rate goes back to normal.


text: When a person with POTS stands up, their heart beats much faster than normal. POTS is diagnosed when a person's heart rate increases by at least 30 beats per minute within 10 minutes after they stand up. This is called "postural tachycardia".


text: People with POTS also have other symptoms of "orthostatic intolerance" (symptoms that get worse when a person is standing up, and get better when the person is lying down). These symptoms may include:


text: No medications have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration to treat POTS. However, sometimes doctors treat POTS with medications that:


text: Most people with POTS are able to get better with treatment. About 6 out of every 10 people with POTS is able to recover within 5 years of being diagnosed with POTS. About 9 out of every 10 people with POTS have some improvement with a combination of physical treatments and medicines.


title: Booker T. Washington

text: Booker Taliaferro Washington (April 5, 1856, – November 14, 1915) was an American political leader, teacher and author. He was born into slavery, but was eventually freed. He was one of the most important people in African American history in the United States from 1890 to 1915.


title: Booker T. Washington

text: Washington helped start the Tuskegee Institute, which was a university for African-American students, after attending the Hampton Institute. Washington believed that in order to create a peaceful post-slavery society, black and white people needed to "cast down the bucket" and become friends with each other. He saw violence and protests against discrimination of blacks as holding grudges between the races. Washington also stated that freed blacks should not aim for Congress right away, they needed to start by being able to support themselves economically.


title: Booker T. Washington

text: Washington was invited to dinner by President Theodore Roosevelt. The President wanted to appoint Washington to advise him on issues of race. This upset some American people. African Americans had visited the White House before but had never been asked to dine there. In reaction several newspapers published a racist poem called "Niggers in the White House". The poem was published again when the wife of Representative Oscar DePriest had tea with wife of President Hoover.


title: Rus' people

text: The Rus () were an early medieval group or people who gave their name to the lands of Russia, Ruthenia, and Belarus. In the mid-800s they were centered around Novgorod. They dominated the area for over a hundred years. Many of the leaders of the Rus had Scandinavian names, later both Scandinavian and Slavic names. The Varangian Ruses of Novgorod, intermingled (mixed) with the Slavs of Kiev and it became known Kievan Rus'.


title: Rus' people

text: Most western scholars believe them to be a group of Varangians. According to the "Povest vremennykh let" or Russian Primary Chronicle of Rus', compiled in about 1113 AD, the Rus' had relocated from Pomerania. Their leader was named Rurik. Later, Rurik's relative Oleg captured Kiev, founding Kievan Rus'. The descendants of Rurik were the ruling dynasty of Rus' (after 862). In the controversy, this is called the "Normanist" view. Most scholars believe that name Rus came from Swedish Vikings originating from Rothi or Roslagen as it is known today.


title: Rus' people

text: The "anti-Normanist" view is that the Rus' were Slavic people from south of Kiev. In support of this theory it has been pointed out that several rivers have similar names. Once example is the Ros river which is a tributary of the Dnieper river. This may have been where the Rus' took their name. The official Soviet Union history did not include the "anti-norman" viewpoint giving the reason: "The Normanist theory is politically harmful, because it denies the ability of the Slavic nations to form an independent state by their own efforts."


title: Rus' people

text: The story from the Russian Primary Chronicle is that the Slavs of Kiev were fighting among themselves. To restore order they invited the legendary Varangian Rus Rurik to be their leader. This is another area of controversy. One school of thought accepts the Russian Primary Chronicle account with the Norman origin of the Rus' people. The opposing view says the Scandinavians played a small part in the creation of the Kievan Rus. The Scandinavians were simply hired by the Slavs to protect them. Since the 1990s there has been a further controversy over who, Russia or Ukraine, had a better claim to be descended from the Kievan Rus princes. Since the breakup of the USSR Russian historians are not forced to accept the anti-Norman theory.


title: Rus' people

text: Another version is possible in this comment by scholars on "De Administrando Imperio", by the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII (913-959):


title: Rus' people

text: It was at this point in history the area of Kiev grew and expanded. The Kievan state lasted about a hundred years, until about 972. Between 839 and 1043 the Balto Slavs combined with the South Slavic peoples to form a new society. The name Rus came to mean those combined peoples. In 860 the Byzantine Patriarch Photios I described a people who were almost certainly Rani accompanied by Slavs. The leaders of the Rus had Balto Slavic names even into the tenth century. In 911 the Rus who signed a treaty with the Greeks all had Balto Slavic names. But in the treaty of 945 there were some South Slavonic names.


title: Rus' people

text: The word "Rus' is found in the slavonic languages. This parallels with , and . Words used to describe Pomeranians in Russia or the east were Veneti or Rujan (in medieval Latin literature known as Ruzzi ). The Finnish: "Venäjä", Estonian: "Vene", Karelian: "Veneä") denoting Russia


title: Giza

text: Giza or Gizah (Arabic, الجيزة, transliterated "al-Gīzah"; pronounced in dialect of Cairo of Egyptian Arabic "eg-Gīza;" also sometimes spelled in English as Gizeh, Ghizeh, or Geezeh) is a town in Egypt. It is on the west bank of the Nile river. It is about 20 km southwest of central Cairo. Today it is part of the greater Cairo metropolis. It is the capital of the Al Jizah Governorate, and is near the northeast border of this governorate in coordinates . It is right on the banks of the Nile River. It had 4,779,000 people living in it in 1998.


title: Giza

text: Giza is known for being the place where the Giza Plateau is. The plateau is the site of some of the most impressive ancient monuments in the world. There are a complex of ancient Egyptian royal mortuary and sacred structures there. These include the Great Sphinx, the Great Pyramid of Giza, and a number of other large pyramids and temples.


title: Giza

text: The Great Pyramid of Giza was once advocated (1884) as the location for the Prime Meridian, a reference point used for determining a base longitude.


title: Giza

text: Giza's most famous archaeological site, the Giza Plateau, holds some of the most astonishing monuments in Egyptian history. Once thriving with the Nile that flowed right into the Giza Plateau, the Pyramids of Giza were built overlooking the ancient Egyptian capital of Memphis, which was near modern-day Cairo.


title: Giza

text: The Giza Plateau is also home to many other Ancient Egyptian monuments, including the tomb of Pharaoh Djet of the First dynasty as well as that of Pharaoh Ninetjer of the Second dynasty.


title: Giza

text: The city itself has seen some changes over time. Changes in infrastructure during the different occupations of Egypt by various rulers, including the British in the 19th and early 20th century, focused on the construction of roads, streets, and buildings in the area. It is commonly misunderstood that the Giza area is a complete desert area; however, Giza has become a thriving centre of Egyptian culture and is quite heavily populated, with many facilities and buildings in the current area. Giza saw much attention in particular to its vast amount of ancient Egyptian monuments found on the Giza Plateau, and has astonished thousands of visitors and tourists over the years. Giza's infrastructure saw much attention from both the British government prior to the 1952 coup d'état as well as the current Egyptian government due to the city's importance in tourism.


title: Giza

text: Parts of Giza include Alharam famous in the past for its night clubs, Zamalek predominantly populated by middle class Egyptians and relatively recently overpopulated Almohan


title: Giza

text: Access to the city of Giza, which has its own Governorate adjacent to the governorate of Cairo, is dependent on Cairo International Airport, since no official International Airport is located in Giza.


title: Giza

text: Giza is also known for its appearance as a dig and discovery site in the fictional universe of Stargate. An interplanetary transportation device is found and is the central basis for a movie and 2 popular television shows.


title: Hubble's law

text: Hubble's law, or the HubbleLemaître law, is the name for an astronomical observation. The observation is that:


title: Hubble's law

text: The space-time volume of the observable universe is expanding. Hubble's law is the direct physical observation of this. This is why we believe the Universe is expanding. The evidence supports the Big Bang model.


title: Hubble's law

text: Although widely attributed to Edwin Hubble, the law was first derived from the General Relativity equations by Georges Lemaître in a 1927 article. There he proposed that the Universe is expanding, and suggested a value for the rate of expansion, now called the Hubble constant. Two years later Edwin Hubble confirmed the existence of that law and got a more accurate value for the constant that now bears his name. The recession velocity of the objects was inferred from their redshifts, as measured earlier by Vesto Slipher in 1917 and related to velocity by him.


title: Hubble's law

text: The law is often expressed by the equation , with "H" the constant of proportionality (the Hubble constant) between the "proper distance" "D" to a galaxy and its velocity "v" (see "Uses of the proper distance"). "H" is usually quoted in (km/s)/Mpc, which gives the speed in km/s of a galaxy away. The reciprocal of "H" is the Hubble time.


title: Hubble's law

text: A recent 2011 estimate of the Hubble constant, which used a new infrared camera on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to measure the distance and redshift for a collection of astronomical objects, gives a value of . An alternate approach using data from galactic clusters gave a value of .


title: Hubble's law

text: A number of other methods have been used, giving figures between 70 and 72 (km/s)/Mpc. A recent (2016) method using the oldest light in the universe suggests the Hubble Constant value was 66.53km/s per megaparsec soon after the expansion began. This implies that the rate of expansion has been increasing.


title: Hubble's law

text: The expansion of the Universe is accelerating. The accelerated expansion of the universe was discovered during 1998 by two independent projects. These were the Supernova Cosmology Project and the High-Z Supernova Search Team. They both used distant type 1a supernovae to measure the acceleration.


title: Hubble's law

text: According to an article in "New Scientist", there are two main ways of measuring this, and they do not agree. The two methods used are:


title: National Public Radio

text: National Public Radio (NPR) is a free media org. It's a national syndicator to a lot of public radio stations in the U.S. It began in '70. This was after the Public Broadcasting Act was passed in '67. This act was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. NPR produces/spreads news & cultural programming. Most public radio stations broadcast some NPR programs. NPR is very popular. In '05, NPR was voted the most trusted news source in the U.S.


title: National Public Radio

text: NPR makes a 5 min. newscast that plays at the top of every hour. During some shows, it has a shorter newscast that plays at the bottom of some hours.


title: National Public Radio

text: William R. Rathvon is the only known eyewitness of the Gettysburg Address to have left an audio recording of what he remembered. 1 year before he died in '39, Rathvon's remarks were rec. at Feb 12, '38. It incl. his reading the address itself. The title of the rec. was "I Heard Lincoln That Day - William R. Rathvon, TR Productions". NPR found a copy during a "Quest for Sound" project in '99. NPR allows people to hear the rec. around Lincoln's birthday.


title: Cross-platform

text: Cross-platform software is a type of software that can run on many different operating systems or computer architectures. Together, the combination of an operating system and computer architecture is commonly referred to as a "platform".


title: Cross-platform

text: Microsoft Windows, macOS, iOS, BlackBerry, Linux and Android are five different types of well-known platforms.


title: Cross-platform

text: Cross-Platform Development is very crucial towards marketing business over different platforms. Nowadays, there are multiple platforms for the customer base to surf the internet. A website has a particular pixel and differs in height and width that may not locate the different screen sizes. With the help of cross-platform development, a developer creates the website to mold to any screen size.


title: Cross-platform

text: Developing an application for multiple platforms is very complex, as it needs high-tech backend work to make the app run on different platforms. With the wide range of OS, mainly iOS and Android, the application needs to be developed. However, with a cross-platform, both iOS and Android can install and run the application. It means the business is targeting the world market for enhanced revenues.


title: Latto

text: Alyssa Michelle Stephens (born December 22, 1998), known professionally as Latto (formerly known as Mulatto), is an American rapper. She won the first season of the reality television series "The Rap Game" in 2016 as Miss Mulatto.


title: Latto

text: Her 2019 single "Bitch from da Souf" peaked at number 95 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in August 2020. It was accompanied by a remix by rappers Saweetie and Trina. "Muwop" (featuring Gucci Mane) followed. Both songs were certified platinum. They also appeared on Latto's first album "Queen of da Souf", which was released in August 2020. The album was re-issued as a deluxe edition in December 2020. Latto's mainstream breakthrough came with the release of "Big Energy", the lead single from her second studio album "777" (2022). It became Latto's highest-charting single to date, peaking at number three on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Jens Stoltenberg

text: Jens Stoltenberg (; born 16 March 1959) is a Norwegian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Norway from 2000 to 2001 and again from 2005 to 2013. He is a member of the Labour Party. On 28 March 2014, he was appointed by NATO's North Atlantic Council as Secretary General of NATO and chairman of the North Atlantic Council, in succession to Anders Fogh Rasmussen. He has held the position since 1 October 2014.


title: Jens Stoltenberg

text: Stoltenberg was born in Oslo, and is a member of the Stoltenberg political family. He is married to Ingrid Schulerud and they have two children together. He is an agnostic.


title: Jens Stoltenberg

text: During the 2011 Norway attacks, the building where the prime minister's office then was - was bombed; Stoltenberg was then at the prime minister's residence (or the building which becomes the prime mininster's home, until he no longer is a prime minister).


title: Jens Stoltenberg

text: Stoltenberg's father, Thorvald (1931–2018), was the Foreign Minister in the Brundtland government twice.


title: Jens Stoltenberg

text: On February 4th, 2022 he was named as the incoming governor of Norges Bank. However, after a NATO summit in March 2022 concerning the war in Ukraine, Stoltenberg accepted a renewed term of one year to continue as NATO secretary-general and thereby resigned as incoming central bank governor. Acting Governor Ida Wolden Bache was instead given the term that Stoltenberg was meant to take on.


title: Josh Groban

text: Joshua Winslow "Josh" Groban (born February 27, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, musician, actor, and record producer. He has won awards.


title: Josh Groban

text: Groban was born in Los Angeles, California. His parents are Lindy (nee Johnston), a school teacher, and Jack Groban, a businessman. He has a younger brother, Chris, who shares the same birthday, but four years younger. Groban's father was born Jewish, and is a descendant of Russian and Polish immigrants; he converted from Judaism to Christianity when marrying Groban's mother. Groban's mother's ancestry includes Norwegian (from Toten), German, and English; one of her own grandfathers had been Jewish. Groban's parents are Episcopalians.


title: Camargue

text: The Camargue a place in France near where the Rhone river flows into the Mediterranean Sea. Before it flows into the sea, the Rhone splits into two smaller rivers, forming a triangle. The Camague is the floodplain in that triangle between the two smaller rivers. This place is the Grande Camargue (Great Camargue). A smaller part just outside the triangle is named the Petite Camague (Little Camargue). The Carmargue is about long from east to west, and long from north to south. Part of it is a nature reserve.


title: Camargue

text: The Camargue is important to the animals that live there. Almost 400 types of birds live in the Camargue. There are also black bulls and horses. Many birds stop in the Camargue to rest when they fly south for the winter or north for the summer. There have been 30,000 flamingos there at the same time, and common cranes there as well. There are also European pond turtles. People have brought coypu to live there. As with any wetland, there are mosquitoes. In the Camargue, there are 40 different species of mosquito.


title: Camargue

text: Few people actually live in the Camargue. Its biggest City is Arles, just north of the triangle. Arles has about 60,000 people, and a long history. The economy in Camargue is based on three things:


title: Dispersion (chemistry)

text: In chemistry, dispersion is defined as a mixture whereby fine particles of one substance are scattered all through another substance.


title: Artie Shaw

text: Artie Shaw (May 23, 1910 – December 30, 2004) was an American musician. He is considered to be one of the best jazz musicians of his time. He was a jazz clarinet player, composer, and bandleader. He also wrote both fiction and non-fiction writings.


title: Artie Shaw

text: He was born Arthur Jacob Arshawsky in New York, New York. He began learning the saxophone when he was 15. By age 16 he began to tour with a band. He returned to New York City and became a session musician. During the Swing Era, his big bands were very popular with hits like "Begin the Beguine" and "Stardust".


title: Artie Shaw

text: During World War II he joined the U.S. Navy. He served in the Pacific theater as the leader of a service band (similar to Glenn Miller's wartime band in Europe).


title: Artie Shaw

text: In 1953, Shaw was brought up before the House Un-American Activities Committee for his leftist activities. The committee was investigating a peace activist organization, the World Peace Congress, which it considered a communist front.


title: Artie Shaw

text: Throughout his musical career, Shaw would take time off. He would quit the music business and pursue his writing career. In 1955, Shaw stopped playing the clarinet. After that, he focused on writing, especially semi-biographical fiction.


title: Artie Shaw

text: In 1981, he organized a new Artie Shaw Band with clarinetist Dick Johnson as bandleader and soloist. Shaw himself would guest conduct from time to time, ending his self-imposed retirement.


title: Artie Shaw

text: In 1991, Artie Shaw's band library and manuscript collection was donated to the University of Arizona. In 2004, he was presented with a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.


title: Artie Shaw

text: Shaw was married eight times: Jane Cairns (1932); Margaret Allen (1934-37); Lana Turner (1940); Betty Kern (1941-43), daughter of songwriter Jerome Kern; Ava Gardner (1945-46); "Forever Amber" author Kathleen Winsor (1946-48); Doris Dowling (1952-56) and Evelyn Keyes (1957-85). He had two sons by Kern and Dowling.


title: Artie Shaw

text: In his later years, Shaw lived and wrote in the Newbury Park section of Thousand Oaks, California. Shaw had adult onset diabetes. In December 2004, he died due to the disease at age 94.


title: Princess Benedikte of Denmark

text: Princess Benedikte of Denmark, Princess of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg (Benedikte Astrid Ingeborg Ingrid, born 29 April 1944) is a member of the Danish royal family. She is the second daughter and child of King Frederick IX and Queen Ingrid of Denmark. She is the younger sister of the reigning Queen of Denmark, Margrethe II, and the older sister of Queen Anne-Marie of Greece.


title: Princess Benedikte of Denmark

text: She is the widow of Richard, 6th Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg. They have three children. Princess Benedikte is currently 11th in the line of succession to the Danish throne.


title: Marasmus

text: Marasmus is a form of malnutrition. It happens in people (especially children) who do not get enough food. A healthy person gets energy from eating food, especially foods with protein and fat in them. Because a person with marasmus is not getting enough food, they do not get the energy they need to survive. This is due to deficiency of both proteins and calories. Generally, this disease occurs when there is an immediate second pregnancy or repeated child births. Lean and weak, swelling limbs, less developed muscles, dry skin, diarrhoea, etc.., are the symptoms of this disease.


title: Marasmus

text: Children with marasmus look emaciated (very skinny). This is because their bodies have burned up all of their fat and muscles to make energy. The child's body weight will be less than 60% of a normal child his or her age.


title: Marasmus

text: Marasmus can be treated. However, about half of children with bad malnutrition die because they cannot get treatment where they live.


title: Marasmus

text: The word “marasmus” comes from the Greek word μαρασμός "marasmos" (meaning "decay <nowiki>"</nowiki>)


title: Marasmus

text: Most children with marasmus look shrunken and have lost most of their muscles and body fat. Their bodies try to save as much energy as possible by shutting down the immune system, not growing, and giving less energy to the liver, kidneys, heart, and gastrointestinal system. This can cause problems like:


title: Marasmus

text: Marasmus is caused by a deficiency (not having enough) of nearly all nutrients, especially protein, carbohydrates, and lipids (fats).


title: Marasmus

text: Marasmus can be treated by giving emergency nutrients and fluids. However, treating the causes of marasmus is not enough. Often, the disease has complications (it causes other problems), like infections, dehydration, and problems with the circulatory system. These complications are very dangerous and often kill children if they are not treated correctly.


title: Manuel Valdés

text: Manuel "El Loco" Valdés (29 January 1931 – 28 August 2020) was a Mexican actor and comedian. He was member of the Valdés family. He was the brother of Ramón Valdés (aka "Don Ramón"), from the sitcom "El Chavo", and Germán Valdés (aka "Tin Tan").


title: Manuel Valdés

text: He was known for his roles in "La Carabina de Ambrosio", "La pulquería", "La leyenda de la Nahuala", "Caperucita y Pulgarcito contra los monstruos" and "Calabacitas tiernas". He was in three telenovelas: "Amy, la niña de la mochila azúl" (2004), "Entre el amor y el odio" (2002) and "Siempre te amaré" (2000).


title: Stained glass

text: Stained glass is glass coloured by adding metallic salts when it is made. The coloured glass is made into stained glass windows. Small pieces of glass are arranged to form patterns or pictures. The glass is held together by strips of lead and supported by a rigid frame.


title: Stained glass

text: Painted details and yellow stain are often used to improve the design. The term stained glass is also applied to windows in which the colours have been painted onto the glass and then fused to the glass in a kiln.


title: Stained glass

text: Stained glass is much used in Christian art but other themes are not rare. It is still popular today, and often called art glass. It is often used in luxury homes and commercial buildings.


title: Michelle Yeoh

text: Michelle Yeoh Choo-Kheng (or just Michelle Yeoh; born 6 August 1962) is a Malaysian actress. She became famous by having a number of roles in 1990s Hong Kong action movies. She is best known for her role as Wai Lin in "Tomorrow Never Dies". Also, she played as Yu Shu Lien in the 2000 movie "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon".


title: Michelle Yeoh

text: Yeow won the Miss Malaysia beauty pageant at age 20 in 1983. She also represented Malaysia at the Queen of the Pacific 1983 beauty pageant. The pageant was held in Australia. She won.


title: Michelle Yeoh

text: Yeoh started her career acting in martial arts and action movies. She did her own stunts. In a few earlier movies, she was credited as Michelle Khan. She later wanted to use her real name.


title: Cam Newton

text: Cameron "Cam" Jerrell Newton (born May 11, 1989) is an American football quarterback for the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Auburn University, where he won a National Championship in 2011.


title: Cam Newton

text: Newton was born in Savannah, Georgia to parents Cecil and Jackie Newton. His father also played professional football in the NFL. He grew up in College Park, Georgia. He attended Seaborn Lee Elementary School and then Camp Creek Middle School. In 2003, he attended Westlake High School in Fulton County, Georgia, where he played football and basketball.


title: Cam Newton

text: In 2007, as a freshman at the University of Florida, Newton earned the spot over fellow freshman quarterback John Brantley as the back-up for star quarterback and eventual Heisman Trophy winner Tim Tebow. He played in five games and threw for 40 yards on 5-of-10 passing and ran the ball 16 times for 103 yards and three touchdowns. In 2008, during his sophomore season, Newton played in the season opener against Hawaii. He then suffered an ankle injury and decided to take a medical redshirt season.


title: Cam Newton

text: On November 21, 2008, police arrested Newton for stealing a laptop computer from a student at the University of Florida. He was subsequently temporarily suspended by the team after the laptop was in fact found to be in his possession. Investigators tracked the stolen laptop to the athlete. Newton tossed the computer out his dorm window in an attempt to hide it from the Police. (A friend scooped up the laptop and hid it behind a dumpster at a nearby school building). Newton was suspended indefinitely and announced his intention to transfer three days before Florida's national championship win over Oklahoma. All criminal charges against Newton were dropped after he completed a court-approved pretrial diversion program. Foxsports.com reported that Newton left the University of Florida after the fall semester in 2008 rather than face suspension or expulsion in part because of three instances of academic cheating.


title: Cam Newton

text: In January 2009, Newton transferred to Blinn College a junior college in Brenham, Texas. In fall 2009, he was quarterback for the team. The team won the 2009 NJCAA National Football Championship. Newton then wanted to transfer to a four-year college, and his father allegedly sought money from the schools competing for Newton's attendance. Newton transferred to Auburn University where he also played quarterback.


title: Cam Newton

text: Newton spent much of the second half of the 2010 football season haunted by allegations that his father, Cecil Newton, who wanted a fair amount of money money in return for his son playing for a major-college team. If true, this would violate National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) rules. In early November, officials with Mississippi State University charged that Cecil Newton said that it would take "more than just a scholarship" to secure his son's services. This demand was apparently spread by Kenny Rogers, a recruiter who formerly played for the Bulldogs, to John Bond, his former teammate at MSU. Rogers later said in a Dallas radio interview that Cecil Newton said it would take "anywhere between $100,000 and $180,000" to get his son to transfer to MSU. Auburn maintained throughout the scandal that they were not involved in any pay-for-play scheme, and that Cam Newton was allowed to play.


title: Cam Newton

text: On December 1, the NCAA announced that Auburn had declared Cam Newton to be ineligible. Auburn found evidence that Cecil Newton did in fact solicit Mississippi State for money in exchange for Cam Newton's athletic service. Auburn immediately asked the NCAA to reinstate Newton. The NCAA quickly reinstated Newton, declaring him eligible for the 2010 SEC Championship Game three days later. The NCAA said that there was not sufficient evidence that Cam Newton or anyone from Auburn had any knowledge of Cecil Newton's actions. Auburn subsequently limited the access Cecil Newton had to the football program as result of NCAA findings. Also due to increased pressure by the media and the NCAA investigation, Cecil Newton announced he would not attend the Heisman Trophy Ceremony. The NCAA reinstatement did not clear Cecil Newton of any wrongdoing. The NCAA action did make Cam Newton eligible to win the Heisman Trophy. He won the award with 2,263 points and 729 first-place votes.


title: Cam Newton

text: In October 2011, the NCAA closed its 13-month investigation into the Auburn University recruitment of Newton. The NCAA conducted over 50 interviews, and reviewed bank records, IRS documents, telephone calls, and e-mail messages. The NCAA found nothing that would indicate Auburn participated in a pay-for-play in recruiting Newton to become an Auburn student. The NCAA would say that the charges failed to "meet a burden of proof, which is a higher standard than rampant public speculation online and in the media". The NCAA's Stacey Osburn would say "We've done all we can do. We've done all the interviews. We've looked into everything, and there's nothing there. Unless something new comes to light that's credible and we need to look at, it's concluded."


title: Cam Newton

text: Newton was selected 1st overall by the Carolinia Panthers in the 2011 NFL Draft. On July 29, 2011, Newton signed a four-year deal worth over $22 million that is fully guaranteed. He was the number one quarterback for the team, above Jimmy Clausen and Derek Anderson. In his first NFL game on September 11, 2011, Newton was 24–37 passing for 422 yards, 2 touchdowns and 1 interception in a 28–21 road loss to the Arizona Cardinals. With a quarterback rating of 110.4, he also rushed for a touchdown, and became the first rookie to throw for over 400 yards in his first career game. His 422 passing yards broke Peyton Manning's rookie record for most passing yards on opening day.


title: Cam Newton

text: In his second career game, his team lost 30–23 to the defending Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers. Newton broke his own record, set the weekend previously, with 432 yards passing, throwing and rushing for a touchdown. Newton's 854 passing yards in the first two games of the season was the most in league history by a rookie. Newton broke the NFL record of 827 set by Kurt Warner in the 2000 season and stood as the most by any quarterback in the first two weeks of the season until New England's Tom Brady broke the mark again later in the day with 940. He also became the only player to begin his career with consecutive 400-yard passing games He broke the Carolina Panthers franchise record of 547 yards previously held by Steve Beuerlein. After Newton's second career game, Packers quarterback Aaron Rodgers commented "I think someone said in the locker room that I'm kind of glad we played him early in the season because when he figures it out fully, he's going to be even tougher to stop." Newton's three additional interceptions against the Packers tied him for the most interceptions thrown in the league. He passed a total of 1,012 yards in the first three games.


title: Cam Newton

text: The Panthers won for the first time in the season against the Jacksonville Jaguars 16–10. Newton threw for 158 yards and one touchdown. The Panthers played the Atlanta Falcons, losing 31–17 while passing for 237 yards with no passing touchdowns. Newton's three interceptions returned him to leading the NFL in interceptions. On October 23, 2011, the Carolina won over the Washington Redskins, 33-20. Newton completed 18 of 23 passes for 256 yards and a touchdown. Newton also ran for 59 yards and a touchdown. Despite his bad interception count, Newton was voted the 2011Offensive Rookie of the Year.


title: Sicilian language

text: The Sicilian language ("") is a language spoken in Sicily island and central Calabria. It is spoken by the majority of the inhabitants of Sicily and by emigrants.


title: Sicilian language

text: 10 million people speak the language. It has three stocks: the Sicilian, the Calabro-Sicilian and Salentinu.


title: Sicilian language

text: Compared to Italian, it is a distinctly separate form of verbal communication patterned by many years of foreign influence. Efforts to force Sicilians to speak conventional Italian include schools, television and radio. Italians maintain that Sicilian is simply a subset dialect of Italian, while Sicilians see their spoken word as a true and separate language.


title: William Hurt

text: William McChord Hurt (March 20, 1950 – March 13, 2022) was an American actor. He won an Academy Award in 1985 for his work in the movie movie "Kiss of the Spider Woman". He played Thaddeus Ross in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.


title: William Hurt

text: In May 2018, Hurt was diagnosed with terminal prostate cancer. He later died from the disease on March 13, 2022 at his home in Portland, Oregon, only one week before his 72nd birthday.


title: Economic deficit

text: Economic deficit is a status of financial health in which expenditures exceed revenue (more money being spent than coming in). The term "budget deficit" is most commonly used to refer to government spending rather than business or individual spending. When referring to accrued federal government deficits, the term "national debt” is used.


title: AJ Lee

text: April Jeanette "AJ" Brooks (born Mendez, March 19, 1987) is an American retired professional wrestler. She is best known for her time in WWE under the ring name AJ Lee. She competed on the third season of NXT but finished fourth overall. Even though she did not win NXT she was still given a contract with the WWE and debuted in her first match for the SmackDown brand on May 27, 2011 edition where she teamed with Kaitlyn in a losing effort against Alicia Fox and Tamina.


title: AJ Lee

text: AJ Lee held the Divas Championship 3 times in the WWE, successfully retaining her title at WrestleMania XXX. the night after on 'Raw' she was defeated and lost her title to NXT Woman's Champion, Paige. On the June 30, 2014 episode of "Raw", Lee returned to the WWE. She challenged Paige for the Divas Championship and won her second championship.


title: Notebook

text: A notebook is a collection of sheets of paper, bound as a book or leaflet. It can be used to make notes and to draw things. Some notebooks also have a printed calendar.


title: South Pole

text: The South Pole is the most southern point on the Earth. It is in Antarctica and is the center of the Southern Hemisphere. From the South pole, everywhere is North.


title: South Pole

text: The geographic North and South poles are the poles the earth spins around, the ones people see on a globe where all the north–south lines meet. These poles stay in the same place, and are usually the ones we mean if we just say North or South Pole. People can tell that they are at these poles by looking at the stars (at the poles, a star just circles around at the same height, never dipping to the horizon). The Sun rises once a year and gives the South Pole half a year of summer but it is always cold. When the Sun sets half a year later it makes half a year of winter which is even colder. The South Pole is always cold because the Sun never rises high in the sky.


title: South Pole

text: The south magnetic pole is something different. It is defined by the Earth's magnetic field, as roughly where a magnetic compass needle points. People can tell they are near these poles by looking at a compass.


title: South Pole

text: The South Pole is hard to reach. Unlike the North pole, which is covered by the sea and flat sea-ice, the South Pole is on a mountainous continent. This continent is called Antarctica. It is covered by thick ice (more than a mile thick in the centre). The south Pole is very high up, and is very windy. It is far from places where people live, and ships going there often have to find their way through thick sea ice. Once ashore, land-travelling explorers have to travel more than a thousand miles to get to the pole. They must cross a floating ice shelf, then up onto the ice-covered land, up steep mountain glaciers covered in broken, twisted ice slowly sliding to the sea, and across a high level land ("plateau") covered in ice and swept by strong freezing winds.


title: South Pole

text: Two expeditions early in the 20th century, led by Robert Falcon Scott and then Ernest Shackleton, failed to reach the South Pole, but returned safely. Shackleton turned back quite close to the pole, but it was late in the season and supplies were low. He knew that he would be risking the lives of his men, so he turned back.


title: South Pole

text: The first men to reach the South Pole were a group from Norway led by Roald Amundsen. They arrived at the Pole on December 14, 1911 and left the Norwegian flag. Amundsen and his men returned home safely. Amundsen's story is one of excellent planning, good leadership, and willingness to learn from others: this made extreme endurance unnecessary, and perhaps made the successful expedition less of a story, and therefore perhaps less famous, than the next one.


title: South Pole

text: The most famous South Pole expedition is perhaps the one that failed badly. This was the British expedition (not just UK, it included people from the British Empire, who at that time were considered British citizens) led by Robert Falcon Scott. Scott and four other men, dragging their equipment on sledges, had hoped to be first to the Pole. When they arrived, they saw a Norwegian flag. A letter left for Scott showed that Amundsen and his men had beaten them by a month, by using dogs to pull their sledges.


title: South Pole

text: On their journey back from the Pole, Scott's team found that food "dumps" were short of supplies, particularly kerosene. Kerosene was very important: not just for cooking but for melting ice. Once it ran out, they would have no water to drink. One man collapsed and died while walking. Oates knew his frostbitten feet could not carry him back to base, and that he might delay his companions and risk their lives. He committed suicide by walking out of their tent into the cold. Scott and his remaining two companions died of starvation, thirst, and cold - trapped in the tent by bad weather until their supplies ran out. Next spring, the three bodies in the tent were found by a team from the main part of the expedition - who had spent the winter in the expeditions's hut by the sea. Scott's letters to his wife, written in the tent when he knew he was going to die, have just (Jan 2007) been made public.


title: South Pole

text: Apart from Ernest Shackleton's expedition to cross the Antarctic (another heroic failure, but Shackleton saved all his men, after a very courageous sea crossing in an open boat, and a crossing of an unknown mountain range while starving and freezing), this was the end of the "heroic" age of exploration. Motors, Planes, Radios, and GPS ensured that following expeditions were never truly "unsupported".


title: South Pole

text: Today there is an American science base at the South Pole. It is named the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station to honor the two explorers.


title: South Pole

text: The South Pole has a desert climate. It almost never gets any precipitation. Air humidity is near zero. However, high winds can cause the blowing of snowfall, and the accumulation of snow amounts to about per year. The former dome seen in pictures of the Amundsen-Scott station is partially buried due to snow storms, and the entrance to the dome had to be regularly bulldozed to uncover it. More recent buildings are raised on stilts so that the snow does not build up against the sides.


title: Le Havre

text: Le Havre is a city in Normandy. It is one of the most important ports in France. It is located on the right bank of the Seine river along the English Channel.


title: Le Havre

text: The city was bombed during World War II. The damaged area was rebuilt by Auguste Perret from 1945 to 1964. This section was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.


title: Hayao Miyazaki

text: His company made the animated movies "Spirited Away" (2001), "My Neighbor Totoro" (1988), "Kiki's Delivery Service" (1989), "Porco Rosso" (1992) and "Princess Mononoke" (1997).


title: Hayao Miyazaki

text: His company is named Studio Ghibli. In 2001, he won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for "Spirited Away". It was the first anime to win the award in that category.


title: Hayao Miyazaki

text: During a press conference at Italy's Venice Film Festival, he announced that he was going to retire from the production of feature-length films.


title: Minoan civilization

text: The Minoan civilization was a civilization on Crete called after Minos. It began in the Bronze Age between 3000 and 2700 BC. It lasted until about 1450 BC. The Minoan civilization is famous for its sea trading and well-planned cities. The Minoans had an agricultural system which relied mainly on olives and grapes. Their religion worshipped mostly goddesses. The Minoan civilization was later replaced by the Mycenaean culture.


title: Ian McKellen

text: Sir Ian Murray McKellen (born 25 May 1939) is an English actor. He has had a Tony Award and two Oscar nominations.


title: Minoan civilization

text: Cretans built palaces during their architecture era. In a non-royal palace there were many small rooms with cooler places to sit, because Crete got very hot in the summer. Palaces were used for many things. They were used as government centers, storerooms, stores, and administrative offices. Most palaces were very big. The Cretans might have gotten the money to create these palaces from working for the Egyptians. The royal palace was very different. Everyone had toilets, baths, and running water. The ones for the king and queen were very fancy. Their palace was fancy also. The architecture era was ended by a great fire. This era went from 2000 B.C. to 1450 B.C. Then they were no more


title: Ian McKellen

text: McKellen was born on 25 May 1939 in Burnley, Lancashire. In 1939, he moved to Wigan. In 1951, he moved to Bolton.


title: Ian McKellen

text: His work has spanned genres from serious Shakespearean and modern theatre to popular fantasy and science fiction movies.


title: Ian McKellen

text: In a television movie role in 1970 titled "Edward II", he and his co-star, James Laurenson kissed in British television's first gay kiss.


title: Ian McKellen

text: Best known for his roles as Gandalf in the 2001-2003 "Lord of the Rings" movie trilogy, as Sir Leigh Teabing in "The Da Vinci Code", and as Magneto in the "X-Men" series of movies.


title: Ian McKellen

text: He is openly gay and is a prominent activist for the rights of LGBT people. He said that the reason why he took the role in the "X-Men" movies was because of his sexuality. He said: "Mutants are like gays. They’re cast out by society for no good reason".


title: Ian McKellen

text: He was made a CBE in 1979 and knighted in 1990 for his outstanding work and contributions to the theatre. In 2008 he was made a Companion of Honour.


title: Ian McKellen

text: McKellen once signed an autograph to a fan stating "Fuck off, I’m gay." The person given the autograph was politician Michael Howard.


title: Hydrofluoric acid

text: Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is a solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. Its chemical formula is HF. It is a very dangerous acid, being very corrosive and extremely toxic. It can dissolve glass to make hexafluorosilicic acid. If it gets on the skin, it can kill you. It is made by reacting fluorite with sulfuric acid. It is used in the processing of petroleum. It is also used to make various other chemicals containing fluorine, such as teflon (the coating in a frying pan), freon (the cooling agent in an air conditioner), and fluorocarbons (used as propellants in aerosol cans). It is used to clean metals. It is very toxic because it bonds with calcium ions in the body and makes them so they cannot be used. As an acid, it can be deprotonated to produce fluorides, which are also the salts of hydrofluoric acid.


title: Hydrofluoric acid

text: If someone gets hydrofluoric acid on them, medical attention is needed, as just small amounts are very toxic.


title: Participle

text: In linguistics, a participle is a word that shares some characteristics of both verbs and adjectives. Examples of participle formation are:


title: Participle

text: As noun-modifiers, participles usually precede the noun (like adjectives), but in many cases they can or must follow it:


title: Participle

text: The present participle in English has the same form as the gerund, but the gerund acts as a noun rather than a verb or a modifier. The word "sleeping" in "Your job description does not include sleeping" is a gerund and not a present participle.