title: New Musical Express

text: By the end of 1990, although the magazine still supported new British bands, the paper was dominated by American bands, because that was what the music scene in general was about.


title: New Musical Express

text: Although the period from 1991 to 1993 was dominated by American bands like Nirvana, this did not mean that British bands were being ignored. The "NME" still covered the Indie scene a lot.


title: New Musical Express

text: By 1992, some new British bands were beginning to appear. "Suede" were quickly hailed by the paper as an alternative to the heavy Grunge sound and hailed as the start of a new British music scene. Indie however was still the dominant force, but the rise of new British bands would become something the paper would focus more and more upon.


title: New Musical Express

text: In April 1994 Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain was found dead, a story which affected not only his fans and readers of the "NME", but would see a massive change in British music. Grunge was about to be replaced by Britpop , a new form of music influenced by British music of the 1960s and British culture. The phrase was coined by "NME" after the band Blur released their album "Parklife" in the same month of Cobain's death. Britpop began to fill the musical and cultural void left after Cobain's death, and Blur's success, along with the rise of a new group from Manchester called Oasis saw Britpop gather popularity for the rest of 1994. By the end of the year Blur and Oasis were the two biggest bands in the UK and sales of the "NME" were increasing thanks to the Britpop effect.


title: New Musical Express

text: 1995 saw the "NME" cover many of these new bands and saw many of these bands play the "NME Stage" at that years Glastonbury Festival where the magazine had been sponsoring the second stage at the festival since 1993.


title: New Musical Express

text: The new millennium saw the "NME" focus on new British bands such as Franz Ferdinand and the Kaiser Chiefs who emerged as "indie music" continued to grow in commercial success. This commercial success has led to bands such as the Arctic Monkeys being both successful in the extreme and being championed by the NME; a phenomenon not seen since Britpop.


title: New Musical Express

text: In December 2005 accusations were made that the "NME" end of year poll had been edited for commercial and political reasons. These criticisms were rebutted by McNicholas, who claimed that webzine Londonist.com had got hold of an early draft of the poll.


title: New Musical Express

text: Its first editor was Brendan Fitzgerald. Later Anthony Thornton redesigned the site, focusing on music news. The website was awarded Online Magazine Of The Year in 1999 and 2001 and Anthony Thornton was announced as Website Editor Of The Year on three occasions.


title: New Musical Express

text: It was awarded 'Best Music Website' at the Record Of The Day awards in October 2005. In 2006 NME.COM celebrated with a party at London's KOKO featuring Leicester band Kasabian and was subsequently awarded the BT Digital Music Award for Best Music Magazine and the first 'Chairman's Award' from the Association of Online Publishers awarded by the Chairman, Simon Waldman.


title: New Musical Express

text: In 2007 NME.COM was launched in the USA with additional staff and plans to launch its Breaking Bands contest and the NME Awards across the Atlantic.


title: New Musical Express

text: The site now provides news, reviews, gig listings, and videos as well as featuring downloads, merchandising and message boards.


title: New Musical Express

text: The website over the last year has shifted it focus to also include tabloid gossip alongside its traditional music news. With regular news articles entitled "Daily Ligger" and "Tabloid Hell."


title: New Musical Express

text: In 2007 NME.com had a free download from the Verve, and it was the first songs the Verve released since they got back together.


title: Felix Magath

text: Felix Magath (born 26 July 1953) is a former German football player. He has played for Germany national team.


title: Günter Netzer

text: Günter Netzer (born 14 September 1944) is a former German football player. He has played for Germany national team.


title: Ohio Wesleyan University

text: Ohio Wesleyan University is a private university in Delaware, Ohio and a member of the Five Colleges of Ohio. Wesleyan was founded in September 1844.


title: Cottontail rabbit

text: Cottontail rabbits live in America. They are any of several North, Central and South American rabbit species of the genus "Sylvilagus".


title: Moldoveanu Peak

text: Moldoveanu Peak (Romanian: "Vârful Moldoveanu") is the highest mountain in Romania. It is in the Făgăraş Mountains of the Southern Carpathians.


title: Normal, Illinois

text: Normal is a city in McLean County, Illinois, in the United States. It is considered a "Twin City" of Bloomington, Illinois. Normal was originally called North Bloomington. Its name was changed to Normal after Illinois State Normal University was built there.


title: Bridle

text: A bridle is equipment used to direct and control a horse. The bridle holds a bit which goes in the mouth of a horse, and has reins which are joined to the bit.


title: Valbonne

text: Valbonne is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.


title: LaGrange County, Indiana

text: LaGrange County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2010, 37,128 people lived there. The county seat is LaGrange.


title: Li Xiannian

text: Li Xiannian (; 23 June 1909 - 21 June 1992) was a Chinese politician. He was the 3rd President of the People's Republic of China from 18 June 1983 until 8 April 1988 and 5th Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference until his death.


title: Shinobu Ohno

text: Ohno was born in Zama on January 23, 1984. She played for Nippon TV Beleza from 1999 to 2010. In 12 seasons, she played 192 matches and scored 136 goals. She became top scorer 3 times (2007, 2008 and 2010) and she was selected MVP awards 3 times (2005, 2007 and 2010). She was also selected Best Eleven 8 times (2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010). The club won Nadeshiko League championship 8 times and 2nd position 4 times. In 2011, she moved to INAC Kobe Leonessa. In 2011 season, she became top scorer with teammate Nahomi Kawasumi. From 2013, she played for Olympique Lyonnais (2013), AS Elfen Sayama FC (2013), Arsenal WFC (2014), INAC Kobe Leonessa (2015-2017) and Nojima Stella Kanagawa Sagamihara (2018-2019). She retired end of 2019 season.


title: Muharraq

text: Muharraq (meaning Place of Ashes), is Bahrain's third largest city. It was the capital until 1923. The Muharraq Town was replaced by Manama as the capital of Bahrain.


title: Stockholm Palace

text: The Stockholm Palace () is the royal castle in Stockholm in Sweden. It was built in the 18th century, after a fire in 1697 destroyed the old castle Tre Kronor.


title: Jomo Kenyatta International Airport

text: Jomo Kenyatta International Airport , is an international airport in Nairobi, the capital of and largest city in Kenya. Located in the Embakasi suburb southeast of Nairobi's central business district, the airport has scheduled flights to destinations in over 50 countries. Originally named Embakasi Airport, the airport's name was changed in 1978 to honour Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya's first president and prime minister. The airport served over 7 million passengers in 2016, making it the seventh busiest airport in passenger traffic in Africa.


title: Millbrae, California

text: Millbrae is a city in San Mateo County, California, United States, just west of San Francisco Bay, with San Bruno on the north and Burlingame on the south. The population was 21,536 at the 2010 census.


title: Wallace Carothers

text: Wallace Hume Carothers (; April 27, 1896 – April 29, 1937) was an American chemist and inventor. He was the leader of organic chemistry at DuPont. He is known for the invention of nylon.


title: Box Butte County, Nebraska

text: Box Butte County is a county in the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2010 census, 11,308 people lived there. The county seat is Alliance. It was founded in 1886.


title: Chase County, Nebraska

text: Chase County is a county in the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2010 census, 3,966 people lived there. The county seat is Imperial. It was founded in 1873.


title: Harlan County, Nebraska

text: Harlan County is a county in the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2010 census, 3,423 people lived there. The county seat is Alma. It was founded in 1871.


title: Berserker

text: Berserkers (or berserks) were a special kind of Norse warrior who were widely feared. Old Norse literature said they fought in a wild, trance-like fury. This later gave us the English word "berserk".


title: Shakopee, Minnesota

text: Shakopee ( ) is a city in and the county seat of Scott County, Minnesota. It is located southwest of downtown Minneapolis. The population of Shakopee was 37,076 at the 2010 census.


title: Hill County, Montana

text: Hill County is a county found in the U.S. state of Montana. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 16,096 people. Its county seat is Havre. It lies along the United States border with Canada, abutting Alberta and Saskatchewan.


title: Massillon, Ohio

text: Massillon is a city in Stark County in the U.S. state of Ohio. It is about west of Canton, south of Akron, and south of Cleveland. The population was 32,149 at the 2010 census, which makes it the 44th largest city in Ohio.


title: Perleberg

text: Perleberg (Low German: "Perlberg") is a German town in the state of Brandenburg. It is halfway between the cities Berlin and Hamburg. It is the capital of the district of Prignitz. In 2010 about 12,400 persons lived in this town.


title: Hans Asperger

text: Hans Asperger (18 February 1906 – 21 October 1980) was an Austrian doctor of children. Asperger syndrome (AS) was named after him. Today, Asperger syndrome is seen as a form of Autism. Asperger was born in Vienna and died there. Asperger studied medicine at the University of Vienna under Franz Hamburger. Because he wrote in German, his work was not widely known. It was only in the 1980s that it was translated. One of his students translated it in honor of Asperger.


title: Diplura

text: The Diplura are a biological order. It is one of the four groups of hexapods, with insects, springtails and Protura.


title: Alan J. Pakula

text: Alan Jay Pakula (April 7, 1928 – November 19, 1998) was an American movie director, writer and producer. He was nominated for three Academy Awards: Best Picture for "To Kill a Mockingbird" (1962), Best Director for "All the President's Men" (1976) and Best Adapted Screenplay for "Sophie's Choice" (1982). He was also known for his movies "Klute" and "The Parallax View". He was born in New York City.


title: Alluvial fan

text: An alluvial fan is a fan-shaped deposit of soil and rocks. It forms where a fast-flowing river spreads out over a flat plain. They are usually found in between mountain ranges that are crumbling away. If it rains a lot, the fan area will usually flood.


title: Michael Rooker

text: He is best known for his roles as Henry in "" (1986), Terry Cruger in "Sea of Love" (1989), Rowdy Burns in "Days of Thunder" (1990), Bill Broussard in "JFK" (1991), Hal Tucker in "Cliffhanger" (1993), Jared Svenning in "Mallrats" (1995), Merle Dixon in AMC's "The Walking Dead" (2010–2013) and Yondu Udonta in "Guardians of the Galaxy" (2014) and "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2" (2017).


title: Tomiichi Murayama

text: He was the head of the Social Democratic Party of Japan (until 1996, the Japan Socialist Party) and the first socialist prime minister in nearly fifty years. He is most remembered today for his speech "On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the war's end," in which he said sorry for what his country of Japan did over World War II.


title: Dickinson County, Kansas

text: Dickinson County (county code DK) is a county in Central Kansas. In 2010, 19,754 people lived there. Its county seat is Abilene. Abilene is also the biggest city in Dickinson County. The county was named after Daniel S. Dickinson.


title: Harold Bloom

text: Harold Bloom (July 11, 1930 – October 14, 2019) was an American literary critic and Sterling Professor of Humanities at Yale University.


title: Carpinteria, California

text: Carpinteria is a small oceanside city located in southeastern Santa Barbara County, California, east of Santa Barbara and northwest of Ventura. The population was 13,040 at the 2010 census, down from 14,194 at the 2000 census.


title: Lincoln County, Tennessee

text: Lincoln County is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee. In the 2010 census, 33,361 people lived there. The county seat is Fayetteville.


title: Onslow County, North Carolina

text: Onslow County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2010, 177,772 people lived there. Its county seat is Jacksonville.


title: Eric Dane

text: Eric William Dane (born November 9, 1972) is an American actor. He played Jason Dean in "Charmed". He also played Dr. Mark Sloan on the ABC medical drama television series "Grey's Anatomy".


title: National emblem of Cape Verde

text: The national emblem of Cape Verde contains a circle within which is written the name of the nation in Portuguese. Adopted in 1992.


title: Hey, Slavs

text: "Hey, Slavs" is a patriotic song made for the Slavs which was used as the national anthem of Yugoslavia and later of Serbia and Montenegro. Its tune is based off that of Poland is Not Yet Lost", the national anthem of Poland.


title: Saint-Gobain

text: Saint-Gobain is a French company in construction materials production and retail, glass, ceramics, plastics, abrasives. Created in 1665, its headquarters are in La Défense.


title: Elfen Lied

text: The series' title is German for "Elves' Song" or more formally "song of the elves" and takes its name from the song "Elfenlied", which is featured in the story. "Elfen Lied" involves themes of discrimination, social alienation, identity, prejudice, revenge, abuse, jealousy, regret, and the value of humanity.


title: Cottontail rabbit

text: Most cottontail rabbits of the genus have a short tail with a white underside that shows when they are running away. This gives them their name, "cottontails." However, this feature is not present in all cottontails. Some can be different.


title: Moldoveanu Peak

text: The most-used paths to reach Moldoveanu are over the Vistea Mare Peak (2527m), by paths coming from Podragu, Sambata, or by the Vistea Valley.


title: Bridle

text: Bridles are usually made of leather. They are made of different parts which are buckled together. The headpiece, also called a crownpiece, goes behind the horse's ears. The browband is placed across the horse's forehead. Sometimes, a strap called a martingale is attached to the noseband.


title: Shinobu Ohno

text: In August 2002, Ohno was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2002 U-19 World Championship. She played 4 games and scored 3 goals. On January 12, 2003, she debuted for the Japan national team against United States. Her first major tournament was the 2006 Asian Cup, where Japan placed fourth. The following year she played in the 2007 World Cup, but Japan fell in the group stage. She also competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics, and the 2011 World Cup, where she scored a goal in the group stage match against Mexico as Japan won the championship. Ohno started the final against the United States. She then competed for the Japanese silver medal-winning team at the 2012 Summer Olympics. At 2015 World Cup, Japan won 2nd position. At 2016 Summer Olympics qualifying tournament, following Japan's failure to qualify for the 2016 Summer Olympics. This qualifying became her last match for Japan. She played 139 games and scored 40 goals for Japan until 2016.


title: Muharraq

text: Muharraq is home to Muharraq Club, which is Bahrain's most successful football club. The city is also known for its traditional market, or souq, and as a home of traditional arts and music. Ali Bahar, a popular and successful Bahraini singer is from Muharraq.


title: Wallace Carothers

text: Carothers went to the University of Illinois to study for his Ph.D. under Roger Adams. His degree was awarded in 1924. After receiving his Ph.D., he taught at several universities before joining DuPont. He was a group leader at the DuPont Experimental Station laboratory. The laboratory was near Wilmington, Delaware and it was where most polymer research was done.


title: Berserker

text: Many Old Norse sources say that berserkers were real. Most historians believe that berserkers worked themselves into a rage before battle. Others think they might have eaten drugged foods. The Ynglinga saga said they charged their enemy without any armour. Also that they were as mad as wolves. They could kill the enemy with a single blow of their sword while neither fire nor iron could hurt them.


title: Hans Asperger

text: Hans Asperger worked in Austria when it was occupied by Nazi Germany. Some people say that he was complicit in the forced euthanasia of disabled children by the Nazis.


title: Diplura

text: The Dipleura are sometimes called "two-pronged bristletails". About 800 species have been described, of which around 70 occur in North America, 12 in Great Britain and two in Australia.


title: Alluvial fan

text: An alluvial plain is a mostly flat landform where sediment is deposited over time. The cause is the same: one or more rivers coming from highland regions. A floodplain is the smaller area over which the rivers flood at a particular period of time, and the alluvial plain is the larger area, where floodplains have shifted over geological time.


title: Dickinson County, Kansas

text: In 1887, the Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska Railway built a railroad from Topeka to Herington. This main line connected Topeka, Valencia, Willard, Maple Hill, Vera, Paxico, McFarland, Alma, Volland, Alta Vista, Dwight, White City, Latimer, Herington.


title: Harold Bloom

text: Since the publication of his first book in 1959, Bloom has written more than forty books, including twenty books of literary criticism, several books talking about religion, and a novel. He has edited hundreds of anthologies about many literary and philosophical figures for the Chelsea House publishing firm. Bloom's books have been translated into more than 40 languages.


title: Hey, Slavs

text: The song has been translated into all of the major Slavic languages. However, the song was most commonly sung in Yugoslavia.


title: Cottontail rabbit

text: The cottontail rabbit lives most across North America, Central America, and South America. Most species live in nests called "forms".


title: Moldoveanu Peak

text: The closest locality is Victoria, on the north side. On the south side it is accessible from northwest of Câmpulung.


title: Bridle

text: A bridle without a bit uses a noseband to control a horse, and is called a hackamore, or a bitless bridle. Bitless bridles work by pressure and leverage on the horse's nose and chin groove. Bitless bridles can be useful for horses that have problems with their mouths. It is more difficult to turn a horse using a bitless bridle. Bitless bridles can provide tremendous leverage and stopping power.


title: Wallace Carothers

text: He married Helen Sweetman on February 21, 1936. On April 28, 1937 he committed suicide by drinking potassium cyanide. His daughter, Jane, was born on November 27, 1937.


title: Dickinson County, Kansas

text: In 2010, the Keystone-Cushing Pipeline (Phase II) was built through Dickinson County. There was a lot of controversy about tax exemption and environmental concerns.


title: Harold Bloom

text: Bloom came to public attention in the United States as a commentator during the canon wars of the early 1990s.


title: Dickinson County, Kansas

text: Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower was the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He moved to Abilene when he was 2 years old. Prior to that he was a five-star general in the United States Army. He was Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe World War II. He planned the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–43 and the invasion of France and Germany in 1944–45. The Eisenhower Library is in Abilene.


title: Flash Gordon (album)

text: Flash Gordon is a 1980 album by English rock band Queen. It is the soundtrack album to the science fiction movie "Flash Gordon".


title: Ruoms

text: Ruoms is a "commune" of the Ardèche "département" in the southern part of France. The commune has a population of about 2,100 people as of the year 1999.


title: A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

text: A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is a novel written by the Irish writer James Joyce. It was first printed as a book in 1916. It tells the story of Stephen Dedalus, a young man who is trying to be a writer in Dublin. The story begins from his childhood and ends with him deciding to go to Paris and leave Dublin, his hometown, to become a writer.


title: Marshall County, Oklahoma

text: Marshall County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, 13,184 people lived there. Its county seat is Madill.


title: Oenothera

text: Oenothera is a genus of about 125 species of annual, biennial and perennial herbaceous flowering plants, native to North and South America. It is the type genus of the family Onagraceae. Common names include evening primrose, suncups, and sundrops.


title: Aurich (district)

text: Aurich is a district ("Landkreis") in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the North Sea, the districts of Wittmund and Leer, and the city of Emden.


title: Chromic acid

text: Chromic acid is a chemical that comes in several forms. It is made by reacting chromates or dichromates with acids or by reacting chromium(VI) oxide with sulfuric acid. As its name shows, it is an acid. It is a strong oxidizing agent. When it is reduced, it turns green. It is used to oxidize many chemicals, such as alcohol. It is very toxic because it contains the chromate ion. It is either a reddish solution or red flakes. It is used to make chromyl chloride.


title: Vitantonio Liuzzi

text: Vitantonio "Tonio" Liuzzi (born 6 August 1981) is an Italian raceing driver. He was born in Locorotondo. He currently drives for the Hispania Formula One team. He has homes in Lugano, Switzerland and Pescara, Italy.


title: Anna Atkins

text: Anna Atkins (16 March, 1799 – 9 June, 1871) was an English botanist and photographer. Atkins used cyanotypes to photograph algae and make books about them.


title: C.F. Pachuca

text: Club de Fútbol Pachuca is a Mexican professional football team from Pachuca, Hidalgo. They compete in the Mexican Premier Division. Founded by Cornish miners in 1901, it is amongst the oldest Mexican football clubs in existence. They won five national championships, four CONCACAF Champions' Cups, the 2007 SuperLiga, and one Copa Sudamericana in 2006. It is also an original member of the Mexican Primera División.


title: Furnas County, Nebraska

text: Furnas County is a county in the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2010 census, 4,959 people lived there. The county seat is Beaver City.


title: 2014 Hong Kong protests

text: The 2014 Hong Kong protests, also known as the Umbrella Revolution, are a series of protests in Hong Kong that started on 27 September 2014. They are protesting against the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress' (NPCSC) decision on the proposed electoral reform for the planned 2017 Hong Kong Chief Executive election. The NPCSC would need a nomination committee to pre-approve up to three electoral candidates before they go on to a vote that involves the general population. After the election, the Chief Executive-elect still has to be formally appointed by the central government before they can officially take their post.


title: Prince of Asturias

text: Prince of Asturias (, ) is the traditional title given to the heir to the Spanish throne. John I of Castile first gave the title to his oldest son, prince Henry (Henry III of Castile) in 1388. The title lapsed in 1931 when the monarchy was overthrown. Military dictator Francisco Franco appointed Juan Carlos de Borbón as his "successor with the title of King". But he gave him the new title of "Prince of Spain" instead of Prince of Asturias. In 1977 the title was given to Felipe VI of Spain, who was the eldest son and then heir apparent of King Juan Carlos I.


title: TD Garden

text: TD Garden is a sports arena in Boston, Massachusetts. The arena opened on September 30, 1995, and is the current home to the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League (NHL) and the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA).


title: James Michel

text: James Alix Michel, GCSK (born August 16, 1944) is a Seychellois politician. He was President of Seychelles from 2004 to 2016. He was Vice-President under his predecessor, France-Albert René, from 1996 to 2004.


title: Luis Carrero Blanco

text: Luis Carrero Blanco, 1st Duke of Carrero Blanco, Grandee of Spain (4 March 1904 – 20 December 1973) was a Spanish admiral. He was a trusted associate of dictator Francisco Franco. He was assassinated by a member of ETA, a Basque group.


title: Grevenmacher District

text: The District of Grevenmacher () was one of three districts of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Its capital was the city of Grevenmacher.


title: Richard Neutra

text: Richard Joseph Neutra (April 8, 1892 – April 16, 1970) was a Jewish Austrian-American architect. His career was set in Southern California. He is seen as one of the most famous modernist architects.


title: Stormarn (district)

text: Stormarn is a district ("Kreis") in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The capital is Bad Oldesloe. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Segeberg and Ostholstein, the city of Lübeck, the district of Lauenburg, and the city-state of Hamburg.


title: Christian Democratic Appeal

text: The Christian Democratic Appeal, (shortened "CDA"), is a political party in the Netherlands. It was the merger of three major former political parties: Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP), Christian Historical Union (CHU) and Catholic People's Party (KVP).


title: Rudolf Schuster

text: Rudolf Schuster (born 4 January 1934) is a Slovakian politician. He was the President of Slovakia from 1999 to 2004. He was elected on 29 May 1999. In the April 2004 election, he lost to Ivan Gašparovič. He received only 7.4% of the vote.


title: George Miller (director)

text: George Miller (born 3 March 1945) or Dr. George Miller is an Australian movie director, screenwriter, producer, and a former doctor. Miller is mostly known for the "Mad Max" franchise and "Babe" movie series. He also wrote and directed the Academy and BAFTA Award winning movie "Happy Feet". Miller was born in Brisbane, Australia.


title: Coffey County, Kansas

text: Coffey County (county code CF) is a county in Eastern Kansas. In 2010, 8,601 people lived there. Its county seat is Burlington. Burlington is also the biggest city in Coffey County.


title: Eric Prydz

text: Eric Prydz is a Swedish DJ and producer. He is best known for his 2004 hit single "Call On Me" which was at the top of the UK singles charts for 4 weeks.


title: Stillwater, Minnesota

text: Stillwater is a city in Washington County, Minnesota. It is on the St. Croix River directly across from the state of Wisconsin. The population was 18,225 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat. Stillwater is part of the Twin Cities Metro Area.


title: Albrandswaard

text: Albrandswaard is a municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. In 2019, 25,271 people lived there.


title: Brummen

text: Brummen is a municipality found in the Dutch province of Gelderland. In 2019, 20,698 people lived there.


title: Unbreakable (movie)

text: Unbreakable is a 2000 American psychological superhero thriller mystery movie. It is set in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and was directed by M. Night Shyamalan. It stars Bruce Willis and Samuel L. Jackson.


title: Open data

text: Open data is data that is openly accessible, exploitable, editable and shared by anyone for any purpose, even commercially. Open data is licensed under an open license.


title: The Fly (1986 movie)

text: The Fly is a 1986 American British Canadian science fiction horror movie directed by David Cronenberg (who also stars) and is the second version of the 1957 short story of the same name by George Langelaan. It also starring Jeff Goldblum, Geena Davis, John Getz, Joy Boushel, Leslie Carson and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. It won an Academy Award in 1987.


title: UEFA European Under-21 Championship

text: The UEFA European Under-21 Championship is a football competition that happens every two years. It is played by the European men's under-21 national teams of the member associations of UEFA.


title: Raymond Barre

text: Raymond Octave Joseph Barre (; 12 April 192425 August 2007) was a French centre-right politician and economist. He was a Vice President of the European Commission and Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs. He was Prime Minister under Valéry Giscard d'Estaing from 1976 until 1981.


title: 1992 King Fahd Cup

text: 1992 King Fahd Cup was the first King Fahd Cup tournament. It took place in Saudi Arabia from 15 October to 20 October. Argentina won the tournament after defeating Saudi Arabia. United States got third place.


title: Resident Evil: Extinction

text: Resident Evil: Extinction is a 2007 action horror movie directed by Russell Mulcahy and a sequel to 2004's "". It starred Milla Jovovich.


title: A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

text: The book is written in a new style of writing called stream of consciousness. Therefore, the beginning of the book is very simple while the later parts become less simple. It shows how, when a person grows up, the language he or she uses becomes more and more complex.


title: 2014 Hong Kong protests

text: The student groups Hong Kong Federation of Students and Scholarism started protesting outside of the government headquarters on the 22 September, 2014. During the evening of 26 September, there were a group of several hundred demonstrators that broke through a security barrier and had entered the plaza in front of the Central Government Complex. The police then closed off and blockaded it overnight. This caused more protesters to join and surround the police. The standoff between the protesters and police lasted for a day, during which the police started attacking unarmed protesters with shields, batons, and pepper spray. The movement Occupy Central with Love and Peace announced that they would start their civil disobedience campaign with starting immediately.


title: Prince of Asturias

text: In preservation of the legacy of the family and its heirs, they've established The Princess of Asturias Foundation. It is a non-profit organization assembled the Princess of Asturias Awards, which presents academic ceremony each year in Oviedo, the capital of the Principality of Asturias. The foundation celebrates and promotes excellence in the cultural, scientific, and humanistic values.


title: TD Garden

text: The arena was originally known as FleetCenter from 1995 to 2005. TD Banknorth acquired the naming rights for the arena on March 3, 2005. The name was changed to TD Banknorth Garden on July 1, 2005.


title: Grevenmacher District

text: It was the easternmost of the districts and the smallest of the three districts, with an area of . It is the district with less people living in it with a population of 64,978 inhabitants and a population density of inhabitants/km².


title: Christian Democratic Appeal

text: The party was established on 11 October 1980. From 1982 to 2006, the party was very popular in the Netherlands. Their support was strongest in the 1986, 1989, 2002, 2003 and 2006 elections. In the 2010 elections, they lost 20 seats and received less than half of the votes from the previous election. In the 2012 elections, they received 801,620 and lost 8 more seats. In the 2017 elections they won 19 seats (+6), and in the 2021 elections 15 (-4).


title: Coffey County, Kansas

text: The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that, is land and (4.2%) is water.


title: Stillwater, Minnesota

text: On July 29 and September 29, 1837, treaties were signed between the US government and the local Ojibwa and Dakota nations. They allowed settlement in the St. Croix River Valley. The town was founded by settlers drawn by the area's then-abundant lumber and river traffic. It is one of Minnesota's oldest towns, preceding Minneapolis by several years. Stillwater was officially incorporated as a city on March 4, 1854 (the same day as St. Paul). The city was named for the calm waters of the St. Croix River.


title: Open data

text: Data is information that is in a machine-readable form. Data can be text, statistics, maps, images, video recordings, music, financial data and other.


title: UEFA European Under-21 Championship

text: Italy and Spain have won the trophy more times than anyone else. They have won five times each. Spain are also the current champions.


title: 2014 Hong Kong protests

text: On 28 September at around noon, the protesters moved onto Harcourt Road and went on to occupy Queensway. After a standoff that lasted for several hours, police started using tear gas and water cannons on the crowds and they also threatened to open fire with rubber bullets if they did not leave.


title: TD Garden

text: TD Garden has held many WWE events as well including: WrestleMania XIV in 1998, King of the Ring in 2000, Royal Rumble in 2003, SummerSlam in 2006, Survivor Series in 2008, Royal Rumble in 2011, Night of Champions in 2012, and Survivor Series in 2013.


title: Grevenmacher District

text: When the districts were created on 24 February 1843, Grevenmacher was one of the three of the country.


title: Christian Democratic Appeal

text: The party supports Christian democracy. The party can also have Jewish, Muslim and Hindu members of parliament. The party heavily supports the European Union and environmentalism. They call themselves a moderate party, but they have been in an alliance with the centre-right People's Party for Freedom and Democracy. The CDA believes that the toleration of "soft drugs" like marijuana should stop, and practices like abortion and prostitution should be limited. They also want a more friendly and open immigration policy. However, they do want immigrants to integrate into Dutch culture.


title: Stillwater, Minnesota

text: Stillwater is often called the birthplace of Minnesota. In 1848, a territorial convention that began the process of establishing Minnesota as a state was held in Stillwater. The convention selected three leading Minnesota cities as locations for three important public institutions. Minneapolis got the University of Minnesota, Saint Paul became the capital, and Stillwater was chosen as the site of the territory's first prison. The Minnesota Territorial Prison was opened in 1853.


title: Grevenmacher District

text: On 2012, the communes of Burmerange and Wellenstein were made part of the commune of Schengen. So the number of communes changed from 26 to 24.


title: Stillwater, Minnesota

text: Lumbering was the main industry in the St. Croix River Valley in the second half of the nineteenth century. For many years logs were sent down the St. Croix river, collected at the St. Croix Boom Site two miles upstream of Stillwater, and processed in Stillwater's many sawmills. Steamboats were used most widely from 1860 to 1890, and a few are still used for entertainment today.


title: Grevenmacher District

text: The district of Grevenmacher is bordered to the north by the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, to the east by the German states of Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland, to the south by France (the Moselle "département") and to the west by the Luxembourg district.


title: Stillwater, Minnesota

text: Stillwater sent men of the 1st Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Company B and the 8th Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment Company C to fight during the American Civil War.


title: Brunswick, Georgia

text: Brunswick is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia and the county seat of Glynn County. In 2006, the city had an estimated population of 16,074 and an estimated metropolitan population of 100,613. Brunswick is the principal city of the "Brunswick, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area", which is often called "Metropolitan Brunswick".


title: Klang

text: Klang (also known as Kelang) is the royal capital of Selangor, Malaysia. A popular harbour called Port Klang is located there. It is one of the busiest ports in the world.


title: Sheffield F.C.

text: Sheffield F.C. is the oldest football club in the world. It was set up in 1857 in the city of Sheffield.


title: Soda

text: What is soda made of Sodas and other carbonated soft fizzy drinks usually contain carbonated water (water with dissolved carbon dioxide), some kind of sweetener, and natural or artificial flavoring.


title: Enzo Bearzot

text: Enzo Bearzot (26 September 1927 - 21 December 2010) was a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Emperor Suinin

text: No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign. The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.


title: Live-action

text: In movie and video, live-action is a work that is acted out by human actors, instead of animating the works as in the animated version of E. B. White's Charlotte's Web.


title: Cesny-aux-Vignes

text: Cesny-aux-Vignes is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Virgin Group

text: Virgin Group Ltd is a branded venture capital organization founded by British business tycoon Sir Richard Branson. The core business areas are travel, entertainment and lifestyle, among others. Virgin Group's date of incorporation is listed as 1989 by Companies House, who class it as a holding company; however Virgin's business and trading activities date to 1970. The net worth of Virgin Group LTD as of September 2008 is £5,010,000,000.


title: British American Racing

text: British American Racing was a Formula One constructor that competed in the sport from 1999 to 2005. BAR began by acquiring Tyrrell, and used Supertec engines for their first year. Subsequently they formed a partnership with Honda which lasted for the next six years.


title: Prana

text: Prana is the vital air or breath of the human body in Hinduism. It is also the vital, life-sustaining force of both the individual body and the universe. Its was first written about in the Upanishads. Prana is in all living forms, but is not itself the soul.


title: Ocean Springs, Mississippi

text: Ocean Springs is a city in Jackson County, Mississippi, USA, about 2 miles east of Biloxi. It is part of the Pascagoula, Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 17,225 at the 2000 census.


title: Rochester Hills, Michigan

text: Rochester Hills is a city in Oakland County, Michigan, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 70,995.


title: Sixto Durán Ballén

text: Sixto Alfonso Durán-Ballén Cordovez (July 14, 1921 – November 15, 2016) was an American-born Ecuadorian political figure and architect. He served as Mayor of Quito between 1970 and 1978, and as President of Ecuador between 1992 and 1996. He served as congressman in 1984 and again in 1998.


title: Step Up

text: Step Up is a 2006 American romantic musical teen drama movie set in Maryland. This movie is similar to "Bring It On" (which was released in 2000), except there is hip hop involved. This movie was released August 11, 2006 in the United States. The reviews were mixed to negative, though the movie had a high box office intake.


title: 27 Dresses

text: 27 Dresses is a 2008 American romantic comedy movie. Katherine Heigl plays a bridesmaid. The movie got mixed reviews. The movie made a lot of money.


title: East Lansing, Michigan

text: East Lansing is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan, United States. It is east of Lansing, the state capital. The population was 48,579 at the 2010 census. It is best known as the home of Michigan State University.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The Battle of the Netherlands () was part of the German invasion of France and the Low Countries (Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands) during World War II. The battle lasted from 10 May 1940 until the main Dutch forces surrendered on the 14th. Dutch troops in the province of Zealand continued to fight the until 17 May, when Germany occupied the whole nation.


title: 2012 Russian presidential election

text: The 2012 Russian presidential election was a presidential election. It occurred on 4 March 2012 in the Russian Federation. The election was for an extended term of six years.


title: France at the Olympics

text: France has taken part in every Olympic Games with the possible exception of the 1904 Games. In 1904, different sources list Albert Corey as taking place in the games for either the United States or France.


title: Cercopithecus

text: All members of the genus are live in sub-Saharan Africa, and most are forest monkeys. Many of the species have small ranges, and some have local subspecies. Many are threatened or endangered because of habitat loss.


title: Kennesaw, Georgia

text: Kennesaw is a city in Cobb County, Georgia, United States. It had a population of 29,783 according to the 2010 census.


title: Palm-nut vulture

text: The palm-nut vulture ("Gypohierax angolensis") is a bird found throughout most of Africa. It feeds mainly on the fruit of the oil palm. Like many African vultures, it is quite approachable and can be seen near habitation.


title: Pygmy rabbit

text: The pygmy rabbit ("Brachylagus idahoensis") is a North American rabbit. It is found in the desert areas of the Great Basin and Montana.


title: Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo

text: Leopoldo Ramón Pedro Calvo-Sotelo y Bustelo, 1st Marquis of the Ría of Ribadeo, Grandee of Spain (; 14 April 1926 – 3 May 2008) was a Spanish politician. He was the prime minister during the end of Francisco Franco's dictatorship in Spain.


title: Talk That Talk

text: Talk That Talk is the sixth studio album released by Barbadian singer Rihanna. It was released on November 18, 2011. The album produced big hits around the world, including the number one single "We Found Love", "You da One" and "Where Have You Been", rapper Jay-Z was featured on the title track.


title: Olympus Has Fallen

text: Olympus Has Fallen is an American action movie from 2013. It is about commandos from North Korea holding people hostage in the White House. It stars Gerard Butler, Morgan Freeman, and Aaron Eckhart. It was released in summer of 2013.


title: Tino Insana

text: Silvio Peter "Tino" Insana (February 15, 1948 – May 31, 2017) was an American actor, producer, writer, singer, voice artist, and comedian, best known for his roles in "Barnyard", "Back at the Barnyard", "Bubble Guppies", "Bobby's World", and "".


title: Butler, Pennsylvania

text: Butler is a city in western Pennsylvania. It is about 35 miles north of Pittsburgh. At the 2010 United States Census, 13,757 people lived in Butler.


title: Eliel Saarinen

text: Gottlieb Eliel Saarinen (; August 20, 1873 – July 1, 1950) was a Finnish-American architect known for his work with art nouveau buildings in the early years of the 20th century.


title: The Office (British TV series)

text: The Office is a British mockumentary sitcom. It was shown on BBC Two. It began on 11 July 1994 and ended on 28 December 1996. The series was created, written and directed by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant. The series starred Gervais, Martin Freeman, Mackenzie Crook, Lucy Davis, Oliver Chris, Patrick Baladi, Stacey Roca, Ralph Ineson, Stirling Gallacher, Joel Beckett and Ewen MacIntosh.


title: Helene Schjerfbeck

text: Helena Sofia (Helene) Schjerfbeck (July 10, 1862 – January 23, 1946) was a Finnish painter. She painted in realist and modernist styles. She is known for her self-portraits, landscapes and still lifes. Schjerfbeck's birthday, 10 July, is Finland's national day for the painted arts.


title: Edgar, King of Scotland

text: Edgar (c. 1074 – 8 January 1107), ruled over Scotland from 1097 to 1107. He was the fourth son of Malcolm III and Margaret of Wessex. Donald III was his uncle and Duncan II was his half-brother. His brother Alexander I became king after his death.


title: Academy Honorary Award

text: The Academy Honorary Award is given every year by the Board of Governors of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS).


title: Southern Min Wikipedia

text: The Southern Min Wikipedia (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: "Wikipedia Bân-lâm-gú") or "Holopedia" is the Southern Min version of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. It is the second biggest Wikipedia that is a variety of Chinese. The biggest variety of Chinese wikipedia is Mandarin. It mostly uses the Hokkien Taiwanese dialect. It has over [ 400,000] articles.


title: Antonine Plague

text: Antonine Plague (English: Antonine Plague), also named the Galen Plague (after the Roman doctor Claudius Galen), was a time from 165 to 180 AD when many people became very sick. Historians think they had smallpox.


title: Prince Claus of the Netherlands

text: Prince Claus of the Netherlands, Jonkheer van Amsberg (born Klaus-Georg Wilhelm Otto Friedrich Gerd von Amsberg; 6 September 1926 – 6 October 2002) was the husband of Queen Beatrix, and the Prince Consort of the Netherlands from when Beatrix became Queen in 190 until he died in 2002.


title: System on a chip

text: Systems on a Chip, AKA SoCs, are small electronic pieces that have all parts of a computer in one small "microchip." Many devices have SoCs along with other parts. SoCs are used in smaller computers or devices that fit in your pocket and can be moved around.


title: Klang

text: In Klang, it rains all year round. The monthly rainfall is slightly higher here in April and November. It might be because of the monsoon season.


title: Emperor Suinin

text: The "Gukanshō" records that Suinin he ruled from the palace of "Tamaki-no-miya" at Makimuku in what will come to be known as Yamato province.


title: Prana

text: In yoga, prana is divided into different type. There are said to be five pranas or vital currents. They are called prana, apana, vyana, udana and samana.


title: Sixto Durán Ballén

text: Ballén was born Sixto Alfonso Durán-Ballén Cordovez on July 14, 1921 in Boston, Massachusetts. He married Josefina Villalobos in 1948.


title: Step Up

text: The sequel, "", was released February 14, 2008. It stars Briana Evigan, Robert Hoffman, and Cassie and directed by Jon Chu. A second sequel called "Step Up 3D" was released on August 6, 2010. A third sequel called "Step Up Revolution" was released in 2012 and the fifth and final movie, Step Up: All In, was released in 2014.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The Battle of the Netherlands was one of the first major uses of paratroopers to land near important targets before ground troops reached the area. The German "Luftwaffe" used paratroopers to capture several major airfields in the Netherlands.


title: 2012 Russian presidential election

text: The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe gave an overall positive review of the election, but they did notice some issues. They found that Putin was given more airtime than other candidates. There were also some cases of carousel voting (which is a type of electoral fraud where supporters drive to multiple polling stations and vote multiple times).


title: France at the Olympics

text: French athletes have won 671 medals at the Summer Olympic Games. Fencing and cycling are their best sports. France has won 94 medals at the Winter Olympic Games. Most of these are in alpine skiing.


title: Cercopithecus

text: The species now put in the genus "Chlorocebus", such as vervet monkeys and green monkeys, used to be species in this genus, "Cercopithecus aethiops".


title: Pygmy rabbit

text: The pygmy rabbit is the world's smallest leporid. An average adult weights about . It has a body length of . The female rabbit is slightly larger than the male.


title: The Office (British TV series)

text: "The Office" is about David Brent (Gervais), an office manager in Slough, and his employees dealing with his cringe personality.


title: Academy Honorary Award

text: The award honors motion picture achievements that are not covered by existing Academy Awards, although past winners of competitive Academy Awards are not excluded from receiving the Honorary Award.


title: Klang

text: The average temperature in Klang is around 25°C to 36°C (77°F to 96.8°F). There is no distinct seasonal difference in temperature in the town. Klang is hot and humid throughout the year.


title: Emperor Suinin

text: Suinin is almost certainly a legend; but the "Kojiki" and "Nihonshoki" record his name and genealogy. He was the third son of Emperor Sujin.


title: Sixto Durán Ballén

text: He was elected mayor of Quito in 1970 and re-elected in 1974. In 1979 he ran as the PSC's presidential candidate, but was defeated by the populist Jaime Roldós Aguilera. In 1988 he ran again, but was eliminated in the first round.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The battle ended soon after the terrible bombing of Rotterdam by the German "Luftwaffe". The Germans threatened to bomb other large Dutch cities if Dutch forces refused to surrender. The Dutch surrendered to prevent other cities from being destroyed. The Netherlands was occupied by Germany until 1945, when Dutch territory was freed.


title: 2012 Russian presidential election

text: Ruža Tomašić, a OSCE observer from Croatia, noted that there were no violations at the five polling stations she observed.


title: Pygmy rabbit

text: The pygmy rabbit is different from other leporids by its small size, short ears, gray color and small hind legs. It also does not have any white fur on its tail.


title: Klang

text: There are two districts in Klang, Klang North and Klang South. Both are divided by a river called the Klang River.


title: Emperor Suinin

text: The limited information about Suinin does not imply that no such person ever existed. Very little information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.


title: Sixto Durán Ballén

text: After León Febres Cordero's faction inside the PSC succeeded in appointing Jaime Nebot as the party's presidential candidate in 1992, Durán Ballén and his supporters left the party to form the more right-wing Republican Union Party. Eventually, Durán defeated Nebot in the second round of the presidential election.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Britain and France declared war on Germany in 1939, after Germany invaded Poland. No major land attacks happened in Western Europe during the winter of 1939–1940. During this time, the British and French built up their forces to get ready for a long war, and the Germans occupied Poland.


title: 2012 Russian presidential election

text: A few days after the election, 15,000–20,000 people protested in Moscow against the results. The Communist Party of the Russian Federation did not recognize the results.


title: Pygmy rabbit

text: Weasels are the main predators of pygmy rabbits. Coyotes, red foxes, badgers, bobcats, owls and hawks also hunt pygmy rabbits.


title: Klang

text: Klang is famous for its Bak Kut Teh, a herbal soup which contains pork. Klang is also famous for its "Rojak Klang".


title: Emperor Suinin

text: One of Suinin's daughters was Yamatohime-no-mikoto. She established a site for ceremonies honouring the Shinto sun goddess (Amaterasu Omikami). In the region of Ise, she founded the Ise Shrine. She became the first Saiō at Ise.


title: Sixto Durán Ballén

text: Ballén has two children. He was married to Josefina Villalobos. He lived in Quito. He was the oldest living former Ecuadorian president.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: On 9 October, Adolf Hitler ordered plans for an invasion of the Low Countries. He wanted to use them as a base to attack Great Britain. He also wanted to prevent an attack by the Allied forces, which could threaten the Ruhr Area.


title: Pygmy rabbit

text: One isolated population, the Columbia Basin pygmy rabbit, is listed as an endangered species by the U.S. Federal government. The International Union for Conservation of Nature lists the species as lower risk. This species only lives naturally in the Columbia Basin of Washington State.


title: Emperor Suinin

text: The records of Asama Shrine at the base of Mount Fuji describe events in this time frame. The earliest Shinto ceremonies in honour of Konohanasakuya-hime were in the 3rd year of the reign of Emperor Suinin (垂仁天皇3年).


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The Dutch were not ready to stop an invasion. When Hitler came to power, the Dutch had begun to re-arm, but more slowly than France or Belgium. Only in 1936 did the Dutch government start to increase their defense budget.


title: Pygmy rabbit

text: The last male purebred Columbia Basin pygmy rabbit died March 30, 2006, at the Oregon Zoo in Portland. The last purebred female died in 2008. A program by the Oregon Zoo, Washington State University and Northwest Trek is trying to preserve the genes by breeding surviving females with the Idaho pygmy rabbit.


title: Emperor Suinin

text: This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Suinin.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Dutch governments did not see Germany as a military threat. Partly this was because they did not want to cause problems with an important trade partner. The Dutch did not criticize Nazi policies. The Dutch made strict budget limits to fight the Great Depression, which was hard on Dutch society.


title: Emperor Suinin

text: The actual site of his grave is not known. According to the Imperial Household Agency, this emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") at Nara.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Hendrikus Colijn, the Dutch Prime Minister between 1933 and 1939, did not think Germany would go against Dutch neutrality and invade the Netherlands. Senior officers did not try to encourage improving military defence.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: International stress grew in the late 1930s. Countries got concerned by the German occupation of the Rhineland in 1936; the "Anschluss" and Sudeten crisis of 1938; the German occupation of Bohemia and Moravia in 1939; and the Italian invasion of Albania in the spring of 1939.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: These events made the Dutch government be more careful, but they limited their reaction as much as they could. Their most important reaction was to get 100,000 men ready to fight in April 1939.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: After the German invasion of Poland in September 1939 and the start of the Second World War, the Netherlands hoped to remain neutral. The Netherlands had been neutral during the First World War 25 years earlier.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The Dutch army was ready by 24 August and set up in trenches. Large amounts of money (almost 900 million guilders) were spent on defence. It was very difficult to obtain new weapons in wartime. The Dutch had ordered some equipment from Germany, which delayed deliveries.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: A lot of the defence funds were used for the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). A lot of the money was spent on a plan to build three battle cruisers.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The Low Countries' position between France and Germany made the area a good route for either side to attack the other. In a 20 January 1940 radio speech, Winston Churchill tried to get the Dutch to join with the British. Both the Belgians and the Dutch refused, even though Belgium had learned about Germany's plans to attack.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The Allies planned to attack Germany in the summer of 1941. The French thought about going against the neutrality of the Low Countries and attacking them if they had not joined the Allies before then. If Germany attacked the Netherlands, the Allies would have to go through Belgium. The Allies also worried that the Netherlands might allow a German army into Belgium through the southern part of their lands.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The Dutch government never decided what to do. Most of the ministers wanted to resist an attack. A minority refused to become a German ally. The Dutch tried to organize a peace settlement between the Allies and Germany.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: After the German invasion of Norway and Denmark, followed by a warning by Japan that a German attack on the Netherlands was going to happen, the Dutch military knew they would have to fight. They started to prepare for war. Dutch border troops were put on alert.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Reports of a Fifth Column (enemy agents acting in a country) in Scandinavia caused fears that the Netherlands also had German agents and traitors. The Dutch prepared for attacks on airfields and ports.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: On 19 April, the Netherlands declared a state of emergency. However, most civilians thought their country might not have a war. The Dutch hoped to avoid a war with terrible numbers of deaths. On 10 April, Britain and France again asked the Dutch to enter the war on the Allies' side. Again, the Dutch refused.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: In the Netherlands, a good defence was possible. The land helped the defender, and there was a strong industrial base, including an arms industry. The Wehrmacht lacked equipment and training, but the Dutch army was very weak.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The Germans had better equipment than the Netherlands. The modern German army had tanks and dive bombers (such as the Junkers Ju 87 "Stuka"). The Dutch army's armoured forces were only 39 armoured cars and five tankettes, and an air force of biplanes.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The Dutch military had not got much new equipment since before the First World War. During the 1920s, the Dutch government limited their defense budget because of an economic recession that lasted from 1920 until 1927. In that decade, only 1.5 million guilders per year was spent on equipment. Only in February 1936 was a bill passed creating a special 53.4 million guilder defence fund.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The lack of trained troops, a large professional organization, or good weapons made it hard to make the Dutch forces larger. There was just enough artillery for the larger units. Light infantry battalions were spread all over the country to delay enemy movement.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: They had many pillboxes, about two thousand in number, but the lines were thin. Modern large fortresses like the Belgian fortress of Eben Emael did not exist. The only modern fortification was the one at Kornwerderzand.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Total Dutch forces were 48 regiments of infantry, as well as 22 infantry battalions for border defence. In comparison, Belgium had 22 full divisions and 30 divisions when smaller units were included.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: After September 1939, the Dutch tried to improve the situation, but with little result. Germany delayed its deliveries of weapons. France did not want to sell weapons to an army that would not take its side. The Dutch could not get weapons from the other possible source, the Soviet Union, because the Dutch did not recognize their communist government.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Other countries had good armoured forces. The Dutch Army had two groups of armoured cars, each with a dozen vehicles; A single platoon of five Carden-Loyd Mark VI tankettes was all the armour they had.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The Dutch Artillery had 676 howitzers and field guns: 310 Krupp 75 mm field guns; 52 105 mm Bofors howitzers, the only really modern pieces; 144 obsolete Krupp 125 mm guns; 40 150 mm sFH13's; 72 Krupp 150 mm L/24 howitzers and 28 Vickers 152 mm L/15 howitzers.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: As antitank-guns 386 Böhler 47 mm L/39s were available, but there were not enough. There were another three hundred old "6 Veld" (57 mm) and "8 Staal" (84 mm) field guns. Only eight of the 120 modern 105 mm pieces ordered from Germany had been delivered at the time of the invasion. Most artillery was horse-drawn.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The Dutch Infantry used about 2,200 7.92 mm Schwarzlose M.08 machine guns, and eight hundred Vickers machine guns. Many of these were in the pillboxes; each battalion had a heavy machine gun company of twelve.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The Dutch infantry squads had a light machine gun, the M.20 Lewis machine gun of which about eight thousand were available. This weapon often jammed and it was not good for attacks. Most Dutch infantry had the Dutch Mannlicher rifle. This weapon had been used for over 40 years, and it was out of date, but the Dutch military did not have the money to replace it.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: There were but six 80 mm mortars for each regiment. This made it hard for the Dutch infantry to fight.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Despite the Netherlands having the company of Philips, one of Europe's largest producers of radio equipment, the Dutch army mostly used telephones. Only the Artillery had been given 225 radio sets.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: After the German attack on Denmark and Norway in April 1940, when the Germans used large numbers of airborne troops, the Dutch were worried about a similar attack.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: To stop this type of attack, five infantry battalions were put at the main ports and airbases, such as The Hague airfield of Ypenburg and the Rotterdam airfield of Waalhaven. These were given AA-guns, two tankettes and twelve of the 24 operational armoured cars. The Dutch put 32 hospital ships throughout the country and fifteen trains to help make troop movements easier.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The Dutch air force had 155 aircraft: 28 Fokker G.1 twin-engine destroyers; 31 Fokker D.XXI and seven Fokker D.XVII fighters; ten twin-engined Fokker T.V, fifteen Fokker C.X and 35 Fokker C.V light bombers, twelve Douglas DB-8 dive bombers (used as fighters) and seventeen Koolhoven FK-51 reconnaissance aircraft. 74 of the 155 aircraft were biplanes. Of these aircraft 125 worked.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The air force school used three Fokker D.XXI, six Fokker D.XVII, a single Fokker G.I, a single Fokker T-V and seven Fokker C.V, along with several training airplanes. Another forty aircraft were the marine air service along with about an equal number of reserve and training craft.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: There was a Dutch military aircraft industry, consisting of Fokker and Koolhoven. However, the Dutch military could not afford new planes.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The Dutch Army was poorly equipped. It was also poorly trained. There was little experience leading forces bigger than the battalion level. From 1932 until 1936, the Dutch Army did not hold summer field exercises to save money. Also, soldiers lacked many skills. Until 1938, those who were joined only served for 24 weeks, just enough to receive basic infantry training. That same year, service time was increased to eleven months. There was not many professional military staff. In 1940 there were only 1206 professional officers.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Most available time was spent constructing defences. During this period, munition shortages limited live fire training, and units were not organized. In May 1940, the Dutch Army was not ready for battle. It could not do a major attack or move around on the battlefield.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: German generals and Hitler thought that the Dutch military was weak. They expected that Holland could be captured in about three to five days.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: In the 17th century, the Dutch Republic had developed a defensive system called The Dutch Water Line. It could protect all major cities in the west by flooding part of the countryside. In the early 19th century this line was shifted to the east, beyond Utrecht. Later, fortresses were built.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: This new position was called the New Holland Water Line. The line was given new pillboxes in 1940. The line was below sea level. This allowed it to be flooded with a few feet of water. This was too shallow for boats, but deep enough to turn the soil into mud. The area west of the New Holland Water Line was called Fortress Holland (Dutch: "Vesting Holland"; German: "Festung Holland"). The eastern side was covered by Lake IJssel and the southern side protected by three rivers. It was expected to hold out for a long period of time.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Some people thought the defences would protect the country for three months without any Allied help. Before the war the intention was to move to this position, and hope that Germany would only travel through the southern provinces on its way to Belgium and leave Holland undamaged.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: In 1939, this attitude made it impossible to negotiate with the Allies about defence. Proposals by German diplomats that the Dutch government would accept a German advance into the country were rejected.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: From September 1939 a more easterly Main Defence Line (MDL) was built. This second defensive position was dug on orders from the commander of the Field Army, Lieutenant-General Jan Joseph Godfried baron van Voorst tot Voorst. This line was extended by a southern part between the river Maas and the Belgian border. In the south the goal was to delay the Germans so that the French could advance.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Fourth and Second Army Corps were put at the Grebbe Line; Third Army Corps were put at the Peel-Raam Position with the Light Division behind it to cover its southern side. Brigade A and B were positioned between the Lower Rhine and the Maas. First Army Corps was a reserve in the Fortress Holland, the southern edge of which was protected by another ten battalions and the eastern side by six battalions. All these lines were protected by pillboxes.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: In front of this Main Defence Line was the "IJssel-Maaslinie". It had pillboxes and fourteen "border battalions". Late in 1939 General Van Voorst tot Voorst wanted to use the rivers as a defence. He proposed a battle at the crossing sites near Arnhem and Gennep to force the German divisions to use a lot of their energy before they had reached the MDL.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: This was deemed too risky by the Dutch government and General Reijnders. The Government wanted the army to resist at the Grebbe Line and Peel Raam Position, and then fall back to the Fortress Holland. Reijnders was not given full military authority in the defence zones. On 5 February 1940 he resigned because of these disagreements with his superiors. He was replaced by General Henry G. Winkelman who decided that in the north the Grebbe Line would be where the battle was to be fought, partly because it would be easier to counterattack.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: During the Phoney War the Dutch said they were neutral. In secret, the Dutch military talked with both Belgium and France to organize a common defence to a German invasion. This failed because of differences of opinion about which strategy to follow.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Belgium, though it said it was neutral, had made arrangements for working with Allied troops. This made it more difficult for the Dutch to make arrangements with the Belgians. He did not approve of a plan by Van Voorst tot Voorst to occupy the "Orange Position to form a continuous line with the Belgian lines.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: When Winkelman took over command, he proposed on 21 February that Belgium would set up a connecting line with the Peel Raam Position along the Belgian part of the Zuid-Willemsvaart. The Belgians refused to do this unless the Dutch sent in new troops in Limburg. The Dutch had no forces available. Repeated Belgian requests to defend the Orange Position were refused by Winkelman.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Therefore, the Belgians decided to withdraw, in an invasion, all their troops to their main defence line, the Albert Canal. This created a gap forty kilometres wide. The French were asked to fill it. Now the French Commander in Chief General Maurice Gamelin was more than interested in including the Dutch in his continuous line. But he would not stretch his supply lines that far unless the Belgians and Dutch would take the allied side. When both nations refused, Gamelin said he would occupy a position near Breda.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Winkelman decided on 30 March to abandon the Peel-Raam Position after a German attack. He withdrew his Third Army Corps to the Linge. This Waal-Linge Position was planned to have pillboxes; the budget for pillboxes was increased with a hundred million guilders.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: In addition to the Dutch Army and the German 18th Army, a third force would operate on Dutch soil: the French 7th Army. Both the French and the Germans saw the possibility of a surprise attack. For the Germans this would mean bypassing the Antwerp-Namur line.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Rapid forces were needed to protect important locations from the enemy. Long before the Germans did, the French had thought of using airborne troops to do speedy attacks. A naval division and an infantry division were set to go to Zealand to block the Western Scheldt against a German crossing.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: French Commander in Chief General Maurice Gamelin feared the Dutch would surrender or accept German protection. He reassigned the former French strategic reserve, the 7th Army, to go in front of Antwerp. The force consisted of the 16th Army Corps, the 9th Motorised and the 4th Infantry Division; and the 1st Army Corps, consisting of the 25th Motorised Infantry Division and the 21st Infantry Division.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: This army was later reinforced by the 1st Mechanised Light Division, an armoured division of the French Cavalry. Together with the two divisions in Zealand, seven French divisions were to be used.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Although the French troops would have more motorised units than the Germans, they could not hope to reach their places in the battle before the enemy did. Their only prospect of beating the Germans was using rail transport.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: They would have to build up their forces near Breda. They needed the Dutch troops in the Peel-Raam Position to delay the Germans for a few extra days to allow French forces to move in and dig trenches. These consisted of the reconnaissance units of the armoured and motorised divisions, with armoured cars. These would be put into two task forces.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: During the plans for "Fall Gelb" the idea of leaving the Fortress Holland alone was considered. The first plan of 19 October 1939 suggested a full occupation. In the version of 29 October it was proposed to limit the invasion to a line south of Venlo. In the "Holland-Weisung" (Holland Directive) of 15 November it was decided to conquer the entire south, but in the north to advance no further than the Grebbe Line, and to occupy the Frisian Isles.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Hermann Göring wanted a full capture of Holland as he needed the Dutch airfields to use against Britain. He was afraid the Allies might reinforce Fortress Holland and use the airfields to bomb German cities and troops. A swift defeat would also free troops for other sectors.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: On 17 January 1940 they decided to conquer all of the Netherlands. However, few units were available for this task. The main effort of "Fall Gelb" would be made in the centre, between Namur and Sedan. The attack at central Belgium was only a trick; and the attack at Fortress Holland only a trick as well.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Although both the 6th and 18th Army were in place at the Dutch border, the first, larger force would move south of Venlo to Belgium. This would leave just the 18th Army under General Georg von Küchler to attack the Dutch main force.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Of all German armies in the battle, this was the weakest. It contained only four regular infantry divisions (the 207th, 227th, 254th and 256th Infantry Divisions), assisted by three reserve divisions (208th, 225th, and 526th Infantry Divisions). Six of these divisions were units created in August 1939 from territorial "Landwehr" units. They had few professional officers and little fighting experience.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Like the Dutch Army, most soldiers (88%) lacked training. The seventh division was the 526th Infantry Division, which lacked combat training. The German divisions had 17,807 men, fifty percent larger than their Dutch counterparts. They had twice their firepower, but even so they did mot have enough men for a successful attack.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: To add more men, the only German cavalry division, the 1st "Kavalleriedivision" was told to capture the weakly defended provinces east of the river IJssel. A landing in Holland near Enkhuizen was to be attempted, using barges. As both efforts were unlikely to do well, the regular divisions were reinforced by the "SS-Verfügungsdivision" (including "SS-Standarten" "Der Führer", "Deutschland" and "Germania") and "Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler". These would attack the Dutch fortified positions. Still this added only 1 division to the equation.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: To ensure a victory the Germans used new methods. The Germans had trained two airborne divisions. The first of these, the "7. Flieger-Division", was paratroopers; the second, the 22nd "Luftlande-Infanteriedivision", of airborne infantry. The airborne troops would capture the airfields around The Hague, and then capture that government, together with the Dutch High Command and Queen Wilhelmina.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The plan, "Fall Festung", had been developed by Hitler. If the first attack did not succeed, the bridges at Rotterdam, Dordrecht and Moerdijk would be captured to allow a mechanised force to move in. This force was to be the German 9th Panzer Division. They were the only German armoured division having just two tank battalions. the total number of tanks in the group was 141. The plan was for them to go through a gap in the Dutch lines created by the 254th and 256th Infantry Divisions. Then they would join up with them, forming the "XXVI. Armeekorps". At the same time, an attack would be made against the Grebbe Line in the east by the 207th and 227th Infantry Divisions, united to form "X. Armeekorps", to fight the Dutch Army. The plan was to force the Dutch back to the east front of the Fortress Holland or beyond. If the Dutch did not surrender on the first day, the Eighteenth Army would attack Fortress Holland on the third day from the south.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The German people and troops disliked the idea of going against Dutch neutrality. The Germans said the invasion was to stop the Allies from occupying the Low Countries. Some German officers did not like the Nazi government and were also unhappy with the invasion.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: One of them was Colonel Hans Oster, a German intelligence officer. In March 1939 he began to pass information to his friend, a Dutch military officer in Berlin Major Gijsbertus J. Sas. This information included the German attack date. Sas informed the Allies. Sas knowing the date of the attack on Denmark and Norway was not noticed. Though he said a German armoured division would try to attack the Netherlands and that there was a plan to capture the Queen, the Dutch defence plan was not changed.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: On 4 May Sas warned that an attack was coming soon. When in the evening of 9 May Oster phoned his friend saying the attack would be soon, the Dutch troops were put on alert.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Oster was a leader of the German resistance from 1938 to 1943, and was one of those hanged after the 20 July 1944 bomb plot to kill Hitler.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: In the night the Luftwaffe flew into Dutch lands. One group, "Kampfgeschwader 4" (KG 4), attacked the Dutch airfields. Led by "Oberst" (Colonel) Martin Fiebig, KG 4 attacked the naval airfield at De Kooy, destroying 35 aircraft. Fiebig was shot down and spent five days as a Dutch prisoner of war.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: KG 4 also attacked Amsterdam-Schiphol, where the Dutch lost a third of their medium bombers, and The Hague airfields where KG 4 destroyed half of the 21 defending fighters. KG 4 lost 11 Heinkel He 111 bombers on 10 May and three Junkers Ju 88s; KG 30 and 54 another nine bombers. "Jagdgeschwader 26" (JG 26) and "Zerstörergeschwader 26" (ZG 26) shot down 25 Dutch aircraft for a loss of nine fighters, with Albert Kesselring's "Luftflotte 2" destroying 41.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The Dutch were left with just 70 aircraft by the end of the day. They continued to fight the "Luftwaffe", shooting down 13 German fighter aircraft by 14 May.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Paratroopers were landed near the airfields. Dutch anti-aircraft batteries shot down numerous Ju 52 transport planes. German Ju 52 losses in the battle were about 250 planes.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The attack on The Hague was a failure. The paratroopers did not capture the main airfield at Ypenburg in time for the airborne infantry to land in their Junkers. Five Landsverks, assisted by machine guns, destroyed the eighteen Junkers, killing many troops.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: When the airstrip was blocked by wrecks the remaining planes landed in meadows or on the beach, spreading out the troops. The small airfield of Ockenburg was captured by the Germans.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The airfield of Valkenburg was occupied. However, the landing strip was still being built and the water level had not yet been lowered: planes landing there sank in the soft soil.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: None of the airfields could be used to land new troops. The paratroopers occupied Ypenburg but did not get into The Hague. They were blocked by Dutch troops. Early in the afternoon they fired on by three Dutch artillery batteries. Dutch artillery drove away the German troops from the other two airfields.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The attack on Rotterdam was much more successful. Twelve Heinkel He 59 seaplanes landed in the city. They captured the Willemsbrug, a bridge over the Nieuwe Maas. At the same time the military airfield of Waalhaven was attacked by airborne forces.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Here an infantry battalion was close to the airfield. The paratroopers landed near them. A fight followed. The first group of Junkers suffered no losses and the transports continued to land. In the end the Dutch defenders were defeated. The Germans occupied IJsselmonde.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The Royal Netherlands Navy's torpedo boats "Z5" and "TM 51" attacked the "Willemsbrug". The destroyer HNLMS "Van Galen" sailed up the Nieuwe Waterweg to bomb the airfield, but the ship got bombed. A plan to send the gunboats HNLMS "Flores" and HNLMS "Johan Maurits van Nassau" was stopped.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: At the Island of Dordrecht the Dordrecht bridge was captured but the Dutch fought on. The long Moerdijk bridges were captured and fortified on the southern side.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: An armoured train crossed it followed by a troop train, which unloaded an infantry battalion behind the defence line.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Generally German soldiers behaved in a civilised manner towards the Dutch population, buying food at the shops.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: After the failed assaults on the bridges, the German divisions began crossing over the rivers IJssel and Maas. The first attacks were destroyed by fire from the pillboxes.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: At most places, bombing destroyed the pillboxes and the infantry divisions crossed the river by building pontoon bridges. At Arnhem, "Leibstandarte Der Fuehrer" led the attack and advanced to the Grebbe Line, followed by "207. Infanteriedivision".


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: A withdrawal was planned for the first night after the invasion, in the darkness. Due to the rapid German advance a quick retreat was ordered at 06:45. The corps joined "Brigade G", six battalions already occupying the Waal-Linge line.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The Light Division, based at Vught, was the only force the Dutch Army had that could move about. Its withdrawal had been done a day early. Its regiments had reached the Noord river in the evening.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Meanwhile, on the evening of the 10th, around 22:00, French troops using Panhard 178 armoured cars started to arrive at the Dutch border. After them, the French 1st Mechanised Light Division moved forward. Attempts to get the French to move forward with the Dutch troops towards Noord-Brabant did not work well.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: When a first attack had been stopped, an attack at the Main Defense Line was postponed because most artillery had not arrived. In the early evening, they attacked even though there was only one 105 mm battery.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Colonel Schmidt at 20:30 ordered the Peel-Raam Position to be abandoned. He told his troops to go to the west at a new line at the Zuid-Willemsvaart canal.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: In the North, by the end of the day, "1. Kavalleriedivision" had reached the line Meppel–Groningen. They were delayed by Dutch teams blowing up 236 bridges. Dutch troop strength in that area was weak.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: In the south, the six border battalions in the province of Limburg delayed the advance of the German Sixth Army. Before noon Maastricht had surrendered. The Germans did not capture the main bridge intact. This delayed the crossing by the 4th Panzer Division until the next day.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: On 11 May the Dutch commander General Winkelman had two goals. First of all he wanted to kill the German airborne troops. He thought that the German possession of the Moerdijk bridges would stop the movement of new Allied troops.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Little was achieved this day. The attack by the Light Division against the airborne troops on IJsselmonde failed. The bridge over the river Noord was defended by the German paratroopers, and it was impossible to cross it. Several attempts to cross the river by boats were not that successful.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: At 10:15, the Light Division was told to join the Dutch troops on the Island of Dordrecht. After killing German troops on the Island of Dordrecht the division was to advance into IJsselmonde over the Dordrecht bridge to reach Rotterdam.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Earlier during the day, two attempts were made by Dutch battalions to attack the western side of the German line. The First Battalion tried to attack the bridge at Barendrecht into IJsselmonde. The second battalion tried to capture more land.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Although its crossings were successful, the first battalion was attacked by the Germans. The second battalion had many men being taken prisoner.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Then a French force and another Dutch border battalion attacked the southern Moerdijk bridge, but the armoured cars were bombed by German Stukas and had to retreat.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: In Rotterdam, the Dutch failed to kill the German airborne troops from their bridge on the northern bank of the Maas. The two remaining Dutch bombers failed to destroy the "Willemsbrug". None of the attempts to kill the groups of 1600 paratroopers and airlanded forces was successful.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: In North Brabant, the situation got worse. The French commanders of the 7th Army had expected that Dutch fighting would give them four days to build up a defensive line near Breda. However, the best three divisions had been moved to the north and the remaining forces were retreating.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The withdrawal of the Peel Division from the Peel-Raam Position to the Zuid-Willemsvaart, a canal to the west, meant leaving behind their trenches and artillery for a totally unprepared line. The eastern bank of the canal was higher than the western bank, providing excellent cover for the attackers.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: One part of the canal, near Heeswijk, was left undefended; as this area contained a bridge which was not destroyed, the Germans were able to cross the canal around 13:00.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: A second crossing at Erp, led to a collapse of the line. By the end of the 11th, the Germans had crossed the Zuid-Willemsvaart at most places and the Peel Division had fallen apart. The French refused to advance further to the northeast than Tilburg, apart from some armoured cars that went as far as Berlicum.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Winkelman asked the British government to sent an Army Corps to add to allied positions in the area and bomb Waalhaven airfield.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Motorised elements of "SS Standarte "Der Fuehrer"" had reached the southernmost part of the Grebbe Line, in front of the "Grebbeberg", on the evening of the 10th. This Main Defense Line sector was protected by a line of outposts and two groups of infantry.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: At about half past three in the morning of the 11th, German artillery started bombing the outposts. At dawn, two battalions of "Der Fuehrer" attacked. As the German bombing had cut the telephone lines, no artillery could be requested by the Dutch defenders.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The vegetation offered good cover for the attackers. At noon, the Germans broke a hole at the extreme north. By evening, all outposts were held by the Germans.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The commander of 2nd Army Corps, Major-General Jacob Harberts, did not realise that motorised SS troops had been involved in the attack. He thought that the outposts had surrendered to a small German force. He ordered a night attack by the single reserve battalion of 4th Division.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: This attack was abandoned. However, heavy Dutch artillery fire caused the Germans to abandon their plans for a night attack.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Meanwhile, in the North, "1. Kavalleriedivision" advanced through the province of Friesland, reaching Sneek in the evening. Most Dutch troops had been evacuated from the north.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: On the morning of 12 May General Winkelman still had hope. He thought a defence line could be set up in North Brabant with the help of the French. He also expected that the Dutch could kill the German airborne forces. He was not aware of any danger to the Grebbe Line.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: "9. Panzerdivision" crossed the Meuse in the early morning of 11 May. It could not advance quickly over roads filled with infantry. The armoured division was told to join with the airborne troops as soon as the Peel-Raam Position had been captured by the infantry forces.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Because the German 6th Army was threatening its right side and there was no time to prepare a defence line, Gamelin ordered the 7th Army to withdraw its left side. "2e Brigade Légère Mécanique" retreated to the south.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The 9th Panzer Division took Colonel Schmidt prisoner. The Dutch troops in the province lost all command. Shortly after noon the German armoured cars got thirty kilometres more to the west, cutting off the Fortress Holland from the Allied main force. At 16:45 they had reached the bridges.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The Light Division tried to recapture the Island of Dordrecht by advancing with four battalions with little artillery support. On its left side, where there was almost no enemies, the advance went well. The battalion on the right side ran into an attacking German battalion. In the street fighting the German troops blocked the battalion. The other Dutch units then halted their advance around noon. No attack was made that day.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: In Rotterdam and around The Hague little was done against the paratroopers. Most Dutch commanders did not attack.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: In the east the Germans attacked the Dutch defenders on the "Grebbeberg". After artillery bombing in the morning, at around noon a battalion of "Der Fuehrer" attacked the main line, occupied by a Dutch company.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The Germans got through the thin line. A second German battalion then attacked to the north. Dutch artillery, though equal in strength to the Germans, did not fire on the enemy infantry.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Due to a lack of numbers, training, and heavy weapons, the attacks failed against the well-trained SS troops. By the evening the Germans had the area under their control. Spotting a weak point, one of the SS battalion commanders, Obersturmbannführer Hilmar Wäckerle, attacked. The defenders mostly abandoned their positions. The SS company became surrounded.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The earlier German advance later caused the main line to be abandoned for over two miles to the north because the troops there feared an attack from behind.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The Dutch knew that the forces on the Grebbe Line would not be strong enough to stop all attacks by themselves. They were intended to delay an attack long enough for new troops to be sent. In the late evening it was decided to attack from the north the next day.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: In the North, the Wons position had a long perimeter of about nine kilometres, which gave space for retreating troops. On 12 May units with a combined strength of only two battalions were still present, so the line was weakly held. The first German unit to arrive broke through. This forced the defenders to withdraw to the Enclosure Dike.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: General Winkelman ordered the artillery bin the Hoekse Waard to try to destroy the Moerdijk bridges and sent a team to Rotterdam to blow up the "Willemsbrug". He also ordered the oil reserves of Royal Dutch Shell at Pernis to be set on fire.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The Dutch government asked Winston Churchill for three British divisions to battle the Germans. The new prime minister said he did not have any reserves; however, three British torpedo boats were sent to Lake IJssel. Also, 2nd Welsh Guard battalion was prepared to be sent, but it was too late.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The German command was very happy with the day's events. von Bock had requested another Army Corps. The French were retreating. von Bock decided to follow the French south towards Antwerp. Some forces would be sent to advance north with "254. Infanteriedivision", most of "9. Panzerdivision", and "SS Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler".


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: In the early morning of 13 May General Winkelman told the Dutch government that there were serious problems. On land the Dutch had been cut off from the Allied front and no major Allied landings were planned by sea. Without support, there was no hope of successful resistance.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: German tanks might quickly pass through Rotterdam; Winkelman had already ordered all antitank-guns to be placed around The Hague, to protect the government. However, a collapse of the Dutch defences might still be prevented if attacks could seal off the southern front near Dordrecht and restore the eastern line at the Grebbeberg. Therefore, the cabinet decided to continue the fight, giving the general the power to surrender the Army when he thought he had to.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Queen Wilhelmina was brought to safety; she departed around noon from Hoek van Holland, where a British "Irish Guards" battalion was present, on "HMS Hereward", a British destroyer, and went to England.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The previous evening, the Queen's only child and Princess Juliana, together with her husband and their children, had departed from IJmuiden on "HMS Codrington " for Harwich.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: As the Queen was part of the government, when she left, the cabinet had to whether to follow her or remain. After many discussions it was decided to leave also: the ministers sailed at 19:20 from Hoek van Holland on "HMS Windsor" to form a government in exile in London.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Three Dutch merchant ships, escorted by British warships, transferred government gold and diamonds to the United Kingdom.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: While two tank companies of "9. Panzerdivision" remained to pursue the French, the other four began to cross the Moerdijk bridge at 05:20. Two staff companies with tanks also went to the northern side. The Dutch attempted to block the German armour.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: At around 06:00 the last medium bomber, a Fokker T. V, dropped two bombs on the bridge. The one bomb that hit the bridge did not explode. The bomber was shot down. The Dutch tried to destroy the bridge by artillery fire, but the bridge was only slightly damaged. Attempts to flood the Island of Dordrecht failed.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The Light Division tried to advance to the west. However, two of the four battalions could not recapture the suburbs of Dordrecht. When the other two battalions approached the main road, they were met by a few dozen German tanks.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: The battalions were hit by a Stuka bombing and they fled to the east. 47mm and 75 mm batteries halted the attack of the German tanks. The left part of the Light Division then withdrew to the Alblasserwaard at around 13:00.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: A tank company also tried to capture the Dordrecht, but it was ordered to retreat after heavy street fighting. in At least two Panzerkampfwagen IIs were destroyed and three tanks heavily damaged. All Dutch troops were withdrawn from the island in the night.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: German armoured forces advanced north over the Dordrecht bridge into IJsselmonde island. Three tanks, two PzKpfw. IIs and a Panzerkampfwagen III attacked the Barendrecht bridge into the Hoekse Waard. All of them were destroyed by a single 47 mm antitank-gun. Though the Germans did not make another attack, this area was abandoned by the Dutch troops.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: In Rotterdam a last attempt was made to blow up the "Willemsbrug". Two Dutch companies attacked the bridge. The bridge was reached and the fifty German almost surrendered. However, the attack was stopped because of heavy fire from the other side of the river.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: In the North, the commander of "1. Kavalleriedivision", Major General Kurt Feldt, had to go over the Enclosure Dike because of a lack of ships. The main fortifications contained 47 mm antitank-guns. There was no cover for any attacker.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: On 13 May the position was reinforced by a 20 mm anti aircraft battery. It had been Feldt's intention to destroy the position by mortars, but the train transporting it had been blocked on 10 May by a blown railway bridge at Winschoten.


title: German invasion of the Netherlands

text: Several air attacks on 13 May had little effect. In the late afternoon five sections tried to attack under cover of an artillery bombing, but soon fled after being fired upon.