title: Richard Mentor Johnson

text: Johnson was not chosen to run with Van Buren in 1840. Johnson served in the Kentucky House of Representatives again as well as ran for a Senate seat again. In 1850 he was elected to the United States House of Representatives again but died two weeks into his term on November 19, 1850.


title: Luxembourg Palace

text: Sometime after the French Revolution it became a prison. During World War II it was a headquarters for the Luftwaffe.


title: Kurt Weill

text: In 1928, he wrote the music for a play by Brecht which was to become world-famous. It was called "Dreigroschenoper" ("The Threepenny Opera"). It was based on an opera called "The Beggar's Opera" which had been written in 1728 by John Gay. The "Threepenny Opera" includes a song which became Weill's most famous song, "Mack the Knife". Weill stopped working with Brecht in 1930 because they had political disagreements. Brecht was becoming more and more interested in Communism, but Weill did not want to be a “Communist composer”.


title: Kurt Weill

text: In Berlin, Weill taught composition to several young composers. He also gave many radio broadcasts. By 1929, he was well-known enough as a composer to make his living just from his compositions.


title: Kurt Weill

text: Weill had to flee from Nazi Germany in March 1933. As a famous and popular Jewish composer, he was a target of the Nazi authorities, who criticized and even interfered with performances of his later stage works, such as "Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny", "Die Bürgschaft" (1932), and "Der Silbersee" (1933). He went first to Paris, where he started a work with Jean Cocteau but it was not finished. He wrote one more work with Brecht: the ballet "The Seven Deadly Sins". In 1934, he completed his "Symphony No.2", his last purely orchestral work, conducted in Amsterdam and New York by Bruno Walter.


title: Kurt Weill

text: In 1935, Weill went to America with his wife Lotte Lenya. The rest of his life he spent writing for the American stage. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1943. He thought most of his compositions in Germany had been destroyed by the Nazis. He never spoke German again except when writing to his parents who had escaped to Israel.


title: Kurt Weill

text: Weill changed his musical style. He wrote in a popular way, working with writers such as Ira Gershwin. He wrote an opera "Street Scene" for which he won an award. He took part in political movements, encouraging America to join in the war.


title: Etruscan shrew

text: The Etruscan shrew ("Suncus etruscus") is also known as the Etruscan pygmy shrew or the white-toothed pygmy shrew. It is the smallest known mammal by mass. The Bumblebee bat has a smaller skull.


title: Nerima, Tokyo

text: Nerima is called "the town of animation" because the earliest anime businesses started up in the area.


title: Stuart Sutcliffe

text: Stuart Fergusson Victor Sutcliffe (23 June 1940 – 10 April 1962) was an early member of the English band The Beatles. He was born in Edinburgh, Scotland and raised in Liverpool, England. He was the band's original bassist, but left before they became famous. He wanted to be an artist, and he returned to art school, which he had quit to join the Beatles.


title: Anton Rubinstein

text: Anton Rubinstein (born Vikhvatinets 28 November 1829; died Petershof 20 November 1894) was a Russian pianist and composer. Rubinstein and Franz Liszt were thought to be the greatest pianists of the 19th century. He was very important as a teacher and influenced many Russian musicians. He composed lots of music, although hardly any of it is heard nowadays. As a composer he is best remembered today by a little piece of piano music called “Melody in F”.


title: Nunchaku

text: Nunchaku is a weapon made up of two sticks connected by a short chain or rope. The two sections are mostly made out of wood and the middle part that links them is cord or metal chain. It is mostly used in martial arts. It is a traditional Japanese weapon originally developed in Okinawa. The Nunchaku consists of two sticks linked together by a short chain or rope. In more modern times, the nunchaku was popularized by the martial arts icon Bruce Lee. It is widely used in karate and the Okinawan kobudō martial arts. Nunchaku is considered a great training weapon that develops quicker movements and improves posture.


title: Steven Pinker

text: Steven Arthur Pinker (born September 18, 1954) is a Canadian-American experimental psychologist. He has written six popular psychology books. He is a Harvard College professor.


title: Zaria

text: It was one of the original seven Hausa city-states. Today, it is known for housing Nigeria's largest university, Ahmadu Bello University.


title: Barnsley

text: Barnsley () is a large market and college town in South Yorkshire, England, the town is surrounded by several towns and villages, which together form the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley, of which Barnsley is the administrative centre. At the 2011 Census, Barnsley had a population of 91,297 out of close to 250,000 in the wider borough in the Dearne Valley. Historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire. It is located between the cities of Sheffield, Manchester, Wakefield and Leeds.


title: 2022 Kazakh unrest

text: Bloody January was a series of protests that began in Kazakhstan on 2 January 2022 after a sudden sharp increase in gas prices. The Kazakh government said this was because of high demand and price fixing. The protests began in the oil town of Zhanaozen and quickly spread to other cities.


title: Oolong

text: Oolong (; ("wūlóng", "black dragon") is a traditional semi-oxidized Chinese tea ("Camellia sinensis)" produced through a process including withering the plant under strong sun.


title: Etruscan shrew

text: The smallest adults of this shrew weigh about 1.3 grams and are 36 mm (1.42 inches) long. This small mammal is 60 mm from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail; the tail is about 40 mm long.


title: Nerima, Tokyo

text: Nerima is a western ward. It borders Nakano and Suginami on the south. Musashino and Nishitokyo are on the ward's western border. Saitamo Prefecture is on the northern border. Itabashi and Toshima are on the west.


title: Stuart Sutcliffe

text: Sutcliffe died in 1962, at the age of 21, in Hamburg, Germany from a brain hemorrhage. It was long thought that the hemorrhage was from a fight with locals after a concert in 1961, but it is now believed he may have been born with a medical condition which caused it.


title: Anton Rubinstein

text: Rubinstein gave his first piano concert when he was ten. Between 1840 and 1843 his piano teacher took him on long concert tours of Europe. He met Chopin and Liszt and was received in London by Queen Victoria. Between 1844 and 1846 the family lived in Berlin. His friends there included Mendelssohn and Meyerbeer.


title: Nunchaku

text: The term nunchaku is from the Japanese Ryukyuan languages. The word itself was derived from a short Southeast Asian agricultural tool used for threshing rice or soybeans.


title: Steven Pinker

text: Pinker was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada in 1954, to a middle-class English-speaking Jewish family.


title: Zaria

text: In December 2015, Nigeria's military was reported to have killed 300 Shia Muslims and buried their bodies in a mass grave. Although the government denies the event, it has been described as a Massacre.


title: Oolong

text: The creation of oolong tea involves repeating stages to achieve the desired amount of bruising and browning of leaves. Withering, rolling, shaping, and firing are similar to black tea.


title: Etruscan shrew

text: The shrew has a lifespan of 15 months. The Etruscan shrew lives in forests and brush areas between southern Asia and southern Europe. The shrew mostly eats insects.


title: Anton Rubinstein

text: In 1846 his father died and Anton went to Vienna where he gave piano lessons to try to earn some money. When he returned to Russia in 1848 the tsar’s sister-in-law let him live in her palace. He played for lots of parties. Often the tsar came.


title: Nunchaku

text: Today, the usage of the Nunchaku as a weapon is utilized in many different styles of martial arts such as karate, taekwondo, aikido, and even Eskrima, a Filipino martial arts discipline.


title: Steven Pinker

text: When he was 13 he became an atheist. Pinker was given the American Humanist Association's Humanist of the Year award on May 13, 2006.


title: Anton Rubinstein

text: In 1854 he toured Europe again. Then he returned to Russia. He wanted to improve music education in Russia so he started the Russian Musical Society and then he started the St Petersburg Conservatory. During his long career he spent many years as director of the Conservatory as well as conducting concerts.


title: Anton Rubinstein

text: He wrote a lot of music, but although his compositions often started off with good ideas they often become rather boring. His opera "Tom the fool" was not a success. He was annoyed and wrote an article in a music magazine saying that it was not possible to write operas using Russian stories. He criticized several composers who were writing music which used Russian folktunes. This included the composer Mily Balakirev and his friends who were called The Mighty Handful. He said that they had not learned how to compose properly.


title: Anton Rubinstein

text: Rubinstein very much wanted to be famous as a composer as well as a teacher, but this made him very narrow-minded. However, it was as a pianist and conductor that he was important. He helped to improve the standard of music making in Russia by teaching and performing, and by starting the conservatory in St Petersburg.


The Recording Industry Association of America or RIAA is an organization that was created and paid for by large record companies. It is based in Washington, D.C. It symbolizes the entire recording industry of the United States of America. The RIAA also participates in the collection, management and distribution of music licenses and royalties.


title: Rugby League

text: Rugby League is a ball sport. Two teams of thirteen players play against each other. The ball used is oval in shape. The field is a rectangle shape. It is 100 metres long and 70 metres wide. It is played for 80 minutes (40 minutes each half).


title: Pretty Good Privacy

text: Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) is a computer program that provides cryptographic and authentication. PGP is often used for signing, encrypting and decrypting electronic mails (e-mails) to increase the security of e-mail communications. It was originally created by Phil Zimmermann in 1991.


title: Charybdis

text: Charybdis is a sea monster in Ancient Greek mythology. It was said that she was a daughter of Poseidon and that when she breathed in and out the sea would rise and fall. She was also the sister of Scylla.When angry she would turn into a whirlpool and suck in anything within half a mile


title: Ben E. King

text: Benjamin Earl "Ben" King (born Benjamin Earl Nelson; September 28, 1938 – April 30, 2015) was an American soul and R&B singer. He was best known as the singer and co-composer of "Stand by Me". The song became a US Top 10 hit in both 1961 and later in 1986 (when it was used as the theme to the movie of the same name).


title: Function composition

text: In mathematics, function composition is a way of making a new function from two other functions through a chain-like process.


title: Complement system

text: The complement system helps or “complements” the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism. It is part of the innate immune system.


title: Silo

text: A silo is a building that holds silage. Silage is green chopped plants (usually grass or corn stalks) that is kept wet (this is different than hay, which is stored dry). It ferments and can be kept all winter. It makes good food for livestock, particularly dairy cows.


title: Brendan Gleeson

text: Brendan Gleeson (born 29 March 1955) is an Irish actor. His best-known movies include "Braveheart", "Gangs of New York", "In Bruges", "28 Days Later", "Troy", the "Harry Potter" movies, "The Guard", the role of Michael Collins in "The Treaty" and as Knuckles in "Paddington 2".


title: Space tourism

text: Space tourism is human space travel for non-government reasons such as private or entertainment reasons.


title: Hermès

text: Hermès is a French fashion house founded in 1837. It sells leather goods, furniture, perfume, jewelry, ready-to-wear.


title: Recording Industry Association of America

text: The association is responsible for certifying gold and platinum albums and singles in the U.S. Its goals are:


title: Rugby League

text: A "try" is scored when a player scores or touches the ball down in the in-goal area (the try line included). A try is worth 4 points and if its converted (the goal kicker kicks the ball in between the top of the goal post), the team gets an extra 2 points. Another method of scoring points is through drop goals which are worth 1 point, or penalty goals which are worth 2 points.


title: Pretty Good Privacy

text: OpenPGP is on the Internet Standards Track; the current specification is (November 2007). OpenPGP is still under development and the successor to , which is , has been made a proposed standard. Many e-mail clients provide "OpenPGP-compliant" email security as described in .


title: Ben E. King

text: King was born in Henderson, North Carolina and grew up in Harlem, New York City from age nine. He later lived in Teaneck, New Jersey. He was married to Betty from 1964 until his death. He had three children.


title: Function composition

text: More specifically, given a function "f" from "X" to "Y" and a function "g" from "Y" to "Z", then the function ""g" composed with "f"", written as "g ∘ f", is a function from "X" to "Z" (notice how it is usually written in the opposite way to how people would expect it to be).


title: Complement system

text: The complement system consists of a number of small proteins found in the blood, made by the liver. Normally they circulate as inactive precursors ("pro-proteins"). When stimulated by a trigger, proteases split specific proteins to release active cytokines. This starts a series (a cascade) of further cleavages which release more cytokines. This amplifies (makes bigger) the response. So, if the original stimulus was an invading bacterium, the cytokines disrupt the phospholipid bilayer cell membrane of the target, which kills it.


title: Silo

text: The silo is a fairly recent part of the farmyard. It was first widely used in the late 1800's. They are still used today.


title: Space tourism

text: There are many different types of space tourism, including orbital, suborbital and lunar space tourism. This is being done by aerospace companies like Blue Origin and Virgin Galactic. SpaceX is planning to send a space tourist to the Moon.


text: The RIAA was created in 1952 to create technical standards for vinyl records so any record could play on any record player without difficulty. In today's times, the RIAA's goals is to prevent piracy of records. The RIAA says that the music industry loses nearly 4.2 billion U.S. dollars a year because of this.


title: Rugby League

text: Rugby League is played in over 30 countries in the world. The countries that play it the most are Australia, England, Ireland and New Zealand. The Rugby League World Cup has been played by Australia, New Zealand, England, Ireland, France, Wales, Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Scotland, United States, Italy, Cook Islands, Lebanon, Russia and South Africa. The current world champions are Australia, who won the 2017 Rugby League World Cup. The 2021 Rugby League World Cup will be held in England.


title: Pretty Good Privacy

text: The Free Software Foundation has developed its own "OpenPGP-compliant" program called GNU Privacy Guard (abbreviated GnuPG or GPG). GnuPG is freely available together with all source code under the GNU General Public License (GPL) and is maintained separately faraway from several Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) that interact with the GnuPG library for encryption, decryption and signing functions (see KGPG, Seahorse, MacGPG). Several other vendors have also developed "OpenPGP-compliant" software.


title: Function composition

text: The value of "f" given the input "x" is written as "f"("x"). The value of "g ∘ f" given the input "x" is written as ("g" ∘ "f")("x"), and is defined as "g"("f"("x")).


title: Silo

text: While silage can be stored in many ways, the typical silo is a tall cylinder. It usually has a cone or dome cap on top. There is an opening at the top to put silage in, and doors running down one side to take it out. Originally a farmer would climb the outside of the silo to the top of the silage, go inside, and shovel out the silage. There is typically a chute on the outside, and the silage would fall down the chute, where it could be gathered and fed to the cows. Now there is machinery that does that job.


title: Function composition

text: As an example. let "f" be a function which doubles a number (multiplies it by 2), and let "g" be a function which subtracts 1 from a number. These two functions can be written as:


title: Function composition

text: Here, "g" composed with "f" would be the function which doubles a number, and "then" subtracts 1 from it. That is:


title: Function composition

text: On the other hand, "f" composed with "g" would be the function which subtracts 1 from a number, and "then" doubles it:


title: Function composition

text: Composition of functions can also be generalized to binary relations, where it is sometimes represented using the same formula_5 symbol (as in formula_6).


title: Function composition

text: This can be also seen in the first example, where "(g ∘ f)(2) = 2*2 - 1 = 3" and "(f ∘ g)(2) = 2*(2-1) = 2".


title: Capsaicin

text: Capsaicin is a chemical substance. It is responsible for the sense of "spiciness" or "hotness" found in chili peppers. In mammals, it causes a sensation of "burning" of the tissues it comes in contact with. Capsaicin, and other similar substances called capsaicinoids are produced by chili peppers and other plants, probably as a protection against being eaten. Pure capsaicin is a hydrophobic, colorless, odorless, crystalline to waxy compound.


title: Sith

text: In the fictional "Star Wars" universe, the Sith are users of the Dark side of The Force and the opposite of the Jedi.


title: Kite surfing

text: Kite surfing or Kite boarding is a kind of water sports that uses the wind to pull a rider on the water surface on a small surfboard or a kiteboard. There are a number of different styles of kiteboarding.


title: Kronstadt rebellion

text: The Kronstadt rebellion was a left-wing revolt which occurred in Russia from 7–17 March 1921. It was carried out by Communists who did not like the way the Bolsheviks made the Workers' Councils do what the new Russian state, the RSFSR told them to do.


title: Colleen McCullough

text: Colleen Margaretta McCullough (; married name Robinson, previously Ion-Robinson; 1 June 193729 January 2015) was an Australian author. She was famous world-wide.


title: The Fault in Our Stars (movie)

text: The Fault in Our Stars is a 2014 American romantic drama movie. This movie is set in Indianapolis, Indiana and Amsterdam, Netherlands. It is based on the novel of the same name by John Green. Shailene Woodley plays Hazel Lancaster. Laura Dern plays Mrs. Lancaster. The movie was released on June 6, 2014. The film made over US$303 million. Critics mostly gave the film positive reviews.


title: Edogawa, Tokyo

text: Edogawa is in eastern Tokyo. It borders Tokyo Bay on the south. Kōtō and Sumida are on the west. Katsushika is on the northwestern border. On the east, the ward shares boundaries with the cities of Urayasu, Ichikawa and Matsudo in Chiba Prefecture.


title: Smart

text: smart is a brand of microcars and superminis based in Böblingen, Germany. It is a division of Daimler AG. The brand was started in 1994.


title: Mon language

text: The Mon language is one of oldest language in Mainland Southeast Asia, and is part of an Austroasiatic language families. The language is non tonal unlike most of Southeast Asia language


title: Capsaicin

text: Capsaicinoids are added to food to make it have a "hot" taste, but it can also be used as an analgesic, a painkiller. Such painkillers are often directly used on the skin. The "burning" of the capsaicin will mask the real pain. Capsaicin is also the main agent in pepper spray.


title: Sith

text: The Sith live to dominate all others and to control society throughout the "Star Wars" galaxy so they can get more power. Some famous Sith are Darth Vader, Darth Sidious and Darth Maul.


title: Kite surfing

text: A "kitesurfer" or "kiteboarder" uses a board with or without foot-straps or bindings, combined with the power of a large controllable kite to propel the rider and the board across the water. In 2006, the number of kitesurfers has been estimated at around 150,000 to 210,000, with 114,465 inflatable kites sold that same year. Various surfing styles have appeared to suit both kitesurfers and conditions, such as "waveriding", "freestyle", "freeride", "jumping", and "cruising".


title: Colleen McCullough

text: McCullough was born in 1937. Her parents were James and Laurie McCullough. Her mother was a New Zealander of part-Māori descent. During her childhood, her family moved many times. She read a lot. She attended Holy Cross College.


title: The Fault in Our Stars (movie)

text: This movie is about a teenage girl named Hazel. She has terminal cancer. She falls in love with a teenage boy named Augustus she meets at a support group. Hazel finds out that he likes her, too, and invites her over to watch a movie. The next day, Gus calls her, asking if she can come over. His friend, Isaac, is having a nervous breakdown after his girlfriend breaks up with him. Hazel realizes that Gus has read her favorite book to get to know her better, and in exchange, Hazel reads his. The movie courses over multiple meetups, when one day Augustus finds out Hazel's favorite reclusive author's email.


title: Mon language

text: The Mon script was originally adapted from the Pallava script. Oldest Mon script was found in Central Thailand, the inscriptions dated back around the 6th century, which mon people used to live here, the era called "Dvaravati".The Mon script also has been adopted by the Burmese.The Mon alphabet contains 35 consonants


title: Capsaicin

text: Capsaicin is not soluble in water; it binds to oil and fat. Soap can be used to wash it off. If something too hot has been eaten, milk or yoghurt can be used.


title: Sith

text: They lead the Galactic Empire, the antagonists of the Star Wars series who are known for brutality, being a dictatorship, and having a strong control over peoples lives. The Sith lost power for hundreds of years, before slowly taking over the Republic, or the Jedi Government, and turning it into the Galactic Empire.


title: Colleen McCullough

text: McCullough earned a living as a teacher, librarian, and journalist. In her first year of medical studies at the University of Sydney she suffered dermatitis. She was told not to be a medical doctor. Instead, she switched to neuroscience and worked in Royal North Shore Hospital in Sydney.


title: Sith

text: In the Expanded Universe, The Sith at the start were a different species, looking like Humans, but with red skin and small bones coming out from their heads.


title: Colleen McCullough

text: In 1963, McCullough moved to the United Kingdom for four years. At Great Ormond Street Hospital in London, she met the chairman of the neurology department at Yale University. He offered her a research associate job at Yale. McCullough spent ten years from April 1967 to 1976 researching and teaching in the Department of Neurology at the Yale Medical School in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. It was while at Yale that she wrote her first two books.


title: Sith

text: The Sith Species almost all died after the Jedi committed genocide on them thousands of years before the movies. This is why some people think the Sith Empire are the "good guys", who bring law and order to the Galaxy and are just responding to the Jedi actions.


title: Colleen McCullough

text: Because these books were successful, McCullough stopped being a doctor. In the late 1970s, she lived in London and Connecticut, USA. She finally picked Norfolk Island in the Pacific. There she met her husband, Ric Robinson (then 33 years old). They married on 13 April 1983 (she was 46 years old).


title: Colleen McCullough

text: In 1984 a portrait of McCullough, painted by Wesley Walters, was a finalist in the Archibald Prize. The prize is for the "best portrait painting preferentially of some man or woman distinguished in Art, Letters, Science or Politics".


title: Colleen McCullough

text: McCullough did a lot of historical research for the novels on ancient Rome. This led to her getting a Doctor of Letters degree by Macquarie University in 1993.


title: Colleen McCullough

text: McCullough was a member of the New York Academy of Sciences. She was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. She now lives in Sydney.


title: Colleen McCullough

text: Some people did not like McCullough's 2008 novel "The Independence of Miss Mary Bennett". She changed some of the characters in Jane Austen's "Pride and Prejudice".


title: First Triumvirate

text: The First Triumvirate is the name most historians give to the political alliance between Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey). They made it in 60 BC to give each other power. Each person helped the others to be more powerful.


title: Art museum

text: An art museum or art gallery is a place where works of arts are shown for people to look at. These works of art are usually paintings, but they can also be sculptures, photographs or other visual art works. Most art museums are open for the public to visit, but there are also some which are private.


title: Star Trek: The Original Series

text: Star Trek is a science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry that aired from September 8, 1966 to September 2, 1969. Though the original series was just called "Star Trek", it got the nickname Star Trek: The Original Series ("ST:TOS" or "TOS") to make it different from the spinoffs, and from the "Star Trek" universe or franchise they take up. Set in the 23rd century, the first "Star Trek" follows the adventures of the starship USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) and its crew, led by Captain James T. Kirk (William Shatner), his First Officer Mr. Spock (Leonard Nimoy), and his Chief Medical Officer Leonard McCoy (DeForest Kelley). William Shatner's voice-over introduction during each episode's opening credits stated the starship's purpose:


title: Jody Scheckter

text: Jody David Scheckter (born January 29, 1950) is a South African former auto racing driver. He won the Formula One driver's title in 1979 driving for Ferrari.


title: Cap-Haïtien

text: Cap-Haïtien, also known as "Le Cap", (Kréyòl: "Kap Ayisyen", "Okap") is a city in northern Haiti. It is the capital city of the Nord "Département".


title: Republic of Taiwan (1895)

text: The Republic of Taiwan was a short-lived republic on the island of Taiwan. It is also called in ; which means "Democratic State of Taiwan". In English it was also called the: Formosan Republic, Taiwan Republic and the Republic of Formosa.


title: Red-eared slider

text: The red-eared slider ("Trachemys scripta elegans") is a semi-aquatic turtle. It belongs to the family Emydidae. It is the most popular pet turtle in the United States. It lives in Southern United States. It is also found in many other places as an invasive species. They can be found in the US state of California where it was introduced. Rhubarb leaves are poisonous for them. Overfeeding may cause diseases for the turtles.


title: Rebecca Ferguson

text: Rebecca Louisa Ferguson Sundström (born 19 October 1983) is a Swedish actress and model. She is known for her role as Elizabeth Woodville in the British television miniseries "The White Queen" (2013).


title: Ravine

text: A ravine usually has steep sides, and they are 20-70% in gradient. Ravines sometimes have streams running down the side of them. Ravines are naturally formed.


title: Elizabeth Gillies

text: Elizabeth Egan Gillies (born July 26, 1993 in Haworth, New Jersey) is an American actress, singer, dancer and voice actress.


title: Stalemate

text: Stalemate is a situation in chess where the player whose turn it is to move is not in check but has no legal move.


title: Kalispell, Montana

text: Kalispell (ˈkæl əˌspɛl, ˌkæl əˈspɛl) is a city in, and the county seat of Flathead County, Montana, United States. The 2015 Census estimates put Kalispell's population at 22,052.


title: Human–computer interaction

text: Human-computer interaction (often shortened to HCI) is a field of computer science that looks at the ways in which a human uses a computer and interacts with it. The focus in human-computer interaction is in the design of interactive systems, and in the user interfaces by which the human interacts.


title: Loris Karius

text: Loris Sven Karius (born 22 June 1993) is a German football player. He plays as a goalkeeper for Premier League club Newcastle United.


title: Phuket

text: Phuket (; , , or "Tongkah") is a municipality and island off the coast of Thailand. It is the largest Thai island. It's capital is the tourist city of Phuket.


title: Black-footed ferret

text: The black-footed ferret ("Mustela nigripes"), is a type of weasel. It is also called the American polecat or prairie dog hunter. It is native to central North America. It is an endangered species.


title: First Triumvirate

text: Caesar was able to gain money from Crassus to finance his public works campaign. He also gained military power from Pompey's loyal legions. Crassus, who was much envied and hated for his wealth and the means he used to attain it, was also able to gain popularity from Pompey as well as Caesar who had a loyal following in the plebeian class. Pompey was grateful to Caesar for his support against slander in the senate. Caesar's speeches in the senate were in favor of giving the newly conquered land to Pompey's returned legions. Pompey and Crassus ended their old grudge that dated back to the Third Servile War because they realised the advantages they allowed each other. To cement the Triumvirate, Crassus told Caesar's numerous debt holders that he would pay Caesar's loans if Caesar defaulted. Pompey married Caesar's only child, Julia. The Triumvirate lasted until Crassus' death in the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC.


title: Art museum

text: What distinguishes an art museum from other galleries is that it owns the works of art. A museum has staff called "curators", who are expert on art. Art museums are often used to help teach students about the history of art. There are about 700 university art museums and galleries in the United States.


title: Star Trek: The Original Series

text: When "Star Trek" first came on NBC in 1966, it was not successful to begin; ratings were low and advertising revenue was very little. Even at the end of the first season of "Star Trek", there were already calls in the network to cancel the series due to its low Nielsen ratings. Bay Area "Creature Features" host John Stanley in his memoir "I Was a TV Horror Host" relates how Desilu head Lucille Ball at that time "single handedly" kept "Star Trek" from being removed from the NBC-TV lineup."


title: Cap-Haïtien

text: The city is on the coast of the "Cap-Haïtien" Bay, on the Atlantic Ocean, about 260 km north of the Haitian capital Port-au-Prince. The central part of the city is between the bay to the east, and mountains to the west.


title: Republic of Taiwan (1895)

text: The Republic of Taiwan was formed in 1895. It did not last for very long. The Treaty of Shimonoseki which ended the war between the Qing Dynasty of China and the Empire of Japan, gave Taiwan to the Japanese. The republic began when the Chinese left in May, 1895, and ended when the Japanese soldiers arrived in October, 1896. Some historians say it was the first republic in Asia, but there was one earlier, the , which had been started in 1777.


title: Rebecca Ferguson

text: Ferguson starred as MI6 agent Ilsa Faust in the action spy movies "" (2015) and its sequel "" (2018). She played Jenny Lind in the musical "The Greatest Showman" (2017), and also starred in the comedy-drama "Florence Foster Jenkins" (2016).


title: Elizabeth Gillies

text: Elizabeth Gillies went to Haworth Public School in her hometown. After this she went to Northern Valley Regional High School at Demarest in Demarest. She has a younger brother named George.


title: Stalemate

text: When stalemate occurs, the game is a draw. Actual stalemate is rare, but the threat of stalemate has a big effect on endgame play. Many K+R+P vs K+R endings are drawn when stalemate cannot be avoided. The existence of stalemate is a main reason why draws are common in chess, but rare in the chess derivative shogi.


title: Kalispell, Montana

text: The name Kalispell is a Salish word meaning "flat land above the lake". Kalispell is also the gateway to Glacier National Park. Flathead Lake is nearby.


title: Black-footed ferret

text: The black-footed ferret has a long, slender body with black lines on the feet, ears, parts of the face and its tail. The neck is long and the legs short. The toes have sharp claws. The top and bottom of the feet are covered with hair, even to the soles. The fur on its feet hides the claws.


title: First Triumvirate

text: Caesar and Pompey started fighting. Caesar won at the Battle of Pharsalus. Caesar became dictator in the year 44 BC.


title: Star Trek: The Original Series

text: Close to the end of the second season the show was still in danger of being canceled. Its fans succeeded in giving it a third season; but NBC moved the show to the "Friday night death slot" at 10 PM. "Star Trek" was finally canceled at the end of the third season, making 79 episodes in total. However, this was enough for the show to be stripped in syndication, allowing it to become very popular and gather a large cult following during the 1970s. After the success of the program, five additional television series and eleven movies, including the newest movie "Star Trek", which came out in May 2009. "Guinness World Records" lists the original "Star Trek" as having more spin-offs than any other television show in history.


title: Cap-Haïtien

text: Cap-Haïtien is also the chief town of an "arrondissement" (a part of a department) with the same name. The "arrondissement" has three "communes" (a "commune" is like a municipality): Cap-Haïtien, Limonade and Quartier-Morin.


title: Republic of Taiwan (1895)

text: The republic was started by a group of high officials and local people who still supported the Qing. They wanted to stop the Japanese take over of Taiwan. On May 24, 1895 the new republic sent a copy of its declaration of independence to all the embassies on Taiwan. The next day the new government held an independence ceremony. The Republic of Taiwan made their own stamps. They also printed their own paper money, which is now very hard to find.


title: Elizabeth Gillies

text: Gillies made her Broadway debut at age 15 in the musical "13", playing the character of Lucy. She made her first television appearance in "The Black Donnellys" (2007), later starring as Jade West in the Nickelodeon series "Victorious" (2010-2013). From 2011-2014, she provided the voice of Daphne in Nickelodeon's "Winx Club", and she had a main role in the FX comedy series "Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll" (2015-2016). Since 2017, Gillies has starred as billionaire heiress and energy executive Fallon Carrington in The CW's series "Dynasty", a reboot of the 1980s series of the same name. She has also appeared in various feature and television films, including the horror film Animal (2014), the television film "Killing Daddy" (2014), the comedy film "Vacation" (2015), and the black comedy thriller film "Arizona" (2018).


title: Stalemate

text: In the old Persian form of chess, shatranj, stalemate was a win for the side with the most pieces. The idea of stalemate as a draw in modern chess took a long time to be agreed. It was finally decided by the early 19th century British master J.H. Sarratt in the London Chess Club rules of 1807.


title: Black-footed ferret

text: Males are 500–533 millimetres (19.7–21.0 in) long. Females are usually 10% smaller than males. It weighs 650–1,400 grams (1.43–3.09 lb).


title: Cap-Haïtien

text: On the left side of the river Haut du Cap, Christopher Columbus built a small fort with the rest of the ship "Santa María" when it was destroyed on Christmas Day on 1492; he named the fort as "La Navidad" (in English, "Christmas").


title: Republic of Taiwan (1895)

text: They were always loyal to the Qing, and said that the Republic would be part of the Qing state. The first president of the Republic of Taiwan was the old governor, Tang Ching-sung, who served from May 25, 1895 to June 5, 1895. The second president was Liu Yung-fu, June 5, 1895 – October 21, 1896.


title: Stalemate

text: All uses of the term "stalemate" in other contexts come from its use in chess. Stalemates in bargaining, politics and general life are examples of figurative language. The term is used as a metaphor.


title: Black-footed ferret

text: Before, the black-footed ferret's range was from southern Alberta and southern Saskatchewan south to Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. In 2007, the only known wild black-footed ferret population was found in the western Bighorn Basin near Meeteetse, Wyoming. Since 1990, black-footed ferrets have been reintroduced into the following places: Shirley Basin, Wyoming; UL Bend National Wildlife Refuge and Fort Belknap Indian Reservation, Montana; Conata Basin/Badlands, Buffalo Gap National Grassland, and the Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation in South Dakota; Aubrey Valley, Arizona; Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge and Wolf Creek in Colorado; Coyote Basin, and Grasslands National Park, Canada.


title: Cap-Haïtien

text: The region around the city had the Taíno name of "Guarico", the name used by the Spanish colonists for the region and the new city. When French people came from the Tortuga Island to live here, they founded the city in 1670 and the French King Louis XIV named the place as "Cap-Français" in 1711; it was then the capital city of the "Saint-Domingue" colony until 1770 when Port-au-Prince became the new capital city.


title: Republic of Taiwan (1895)

text: When the Japanese soldiers invaded Taiwan there was a lot of fighting. They quickly defeated the new republic. Most of the republic's official quickly left the island.


title: Black-footed ferret

text: Before, the black-footed ferret lived in lots of habitats prairies with short grass, prairies with different types of grasses, desert grassland, shrub steppe, sagebrush steppe, mountain grassland, and semi-arid grassland. Black-footed ferrets use the burrows of prairie dog to raise their young ones, stay away from predators, and to keep themselves warm.


title: Cap-Haïtien

text: The town was destroyed by Spanish people in January 1691, after the Battle of La Limonade; La Limonade is a savanna just to the east of Cap-Haïtien. Later, in 1695, the town was again destroyed by Spanish and English soldiers.


title: Republic of Taiwan (1895)

text: The modern Taiwan independence groups want to start a new Republic of Taiwan. They say that there is no connection between them and the 1895 Republic. The first Republic of Taiwan was loyal to China, but the new Republic of Taiwan would be started to be independent of China.


title: Cap-Haïtien

text: Haiti, known as "Saint-Domingue" during colonial times, was the richest colony of France, and Cap-Français was the richest city in the colony. The city was known then as the "Paris of the west".


title: Cap-Haïtien

text: During the Haitian Revolution, there was a battle on 18 November 1803 in Vertières, near Cap-Haïtien. In this battle, the army of Jean-Jacques Dessalines defeated a French colonial army led by the Comte de Rochambeau, leading to the independence of Haiti on 1 January 1804.


title: Cap-Haïtien

text: After the Haitian independence, the country was divided in two parts and the northern part was made a kingdom by Henri Christophe and the name of the city was changed to "Cap-Henry". Christophe made Milot, a town 15 km to the south of the city, the capital of his kingdom.


title: Cap-Haïtien

text: The city was named "Cap-Haïtien" after the death of Christophe and when Haiti became again one country.


title: Trial by ordeal

text: Trial by ordeal was a way to decide if someone was guilty or innocent of a crime. This was usually done by causing the accused person to do a painful task. If that task completed without injury or if the injuries healed fast, this taken as a "sign of God", which meant that the accused was innocent. People believed that God would not allow innocent people to be harmed. He would therefore help them by doing a miracle. There were three common types of Trial by Ordeal:


title: Spandau

text: Spandau is the westernmost borough ("Bezirk") of Berlin. It is along the western bank of the Havel, and is where the rivers Havel and Spree meet.


title: Allsvenskan

text: Allsvenskan (; ; also known as Fotbollsallsvenskan) is a men's football league. It is the top division in Sweden.


title: Cold Mountain (movie)

text: Cold Mountain is a 2003 American drama movie set in North Carolina. It was directed by Anthony Minghella. The main actors in the movie are Jude Law, Nicole Kidman, and Renee Zellweger. It was nominated for seven Academy Awards and won one, for Zellweger as Best Supporting Actress.


title: Megamind

text: Megamind is a 2010 animated, science fiction-comedy movie that was produced by Lara Breay and Denise Nolan Cascino. Ben Stiller and Stuart Cornfeld were executive producers. The movie was directed by Tom McGrath. The movie was released in Russia on October 28, 2010 and on November 5, 2010 in North America. The movie received mixed reviews from critics but it was positively welcomed from audience who praised its story, characters, humor, soundtrack, animation, emotional weight and message, even becoming an animated cult during the years. There is also a video game based on the movie with the same name.


title: Madame du Barry

text: Jeanne Bécu, Countess of Barry (19 August 1743 – 8 December 1793) was the last mistress of King Louis XV of France. She was one of the victims of the Reign of Terror.


title: Silence

text: The right to silence is a legal protection for people being interrogated by police in some countries.


title: Erin Brockovich (movie)

text: Erin Brockovich is a 2000 American docudrama movie. It stars Julia Roberts as environmental activist Erin Brockovich. It is about Brockovich's legal actions in California against companies there in the 1990s. This movie was nominated for several Academy Awards. Roberts won an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award for her role. In the movie, the real Erin Brockovich has a as a waitress named Julia.


title: Prosopagnosia

text: Prosopagnosia, also called face blindness, is a condition where a person cannot recognize faces, "even their own". At first it was thought to be a condition caused by severe brain damage (acquired prosopagnosia). It may be caused by a head injury to the temporal lobe of the brain.


title: Reverse transcriptase

text: A reverse transcriptase is an enzyme which works 'backwards' from RNA to DNA. Normal transcription involves the synthesis of RNA from DNA; reverse transcription is the "reverse" of this. It is a DNA polymerase enzyme that transcribes single-stranded RNA into single-stranded DNA. It also synthesizes a second strand of DNA complementary to the reverse-transcribed single-stranded cDNA.


title: Siquijor

text: Siquijor is an island province of the Philippines. It is located in the Visayas region. To the west of Siquijor is Negros Oriental, to the east is Bohol, to the north is Cebu, and to the south is Mindanao. The population of Siquijor is about 90,000. It has six municipalities: "Larena", "Enrique Villanueva", "Maria", "Lazi", "San Juan", and the capital also named "Siquijor".


title: Colonoscopy

text: Colonoscopy () or coloscopy () is the endoscopic test of the large bowel and parts the small bowel. Tests use a CCD camera or a fiber optic camera on a flexible tube passed through the anus. It can provide a visual diagnosis and allow biopsy or removal of suspected colorectal cancer lesions.


title: Heemskerk

text: Heemskerk is a municipality in the Dutch province of North Holland. In 2019, 39,164 people lived there.


title: Trial by ordeal

text: Ordeals had to be watched over by a religious person, such as a priest, because each ordeal was supposed to show the judgement of God. In England, Ordeals were common up to and including the reign of Henry II, who introduced Trials by Jury.


title: Spandau

text: It has an area of and has (as of 2003) about 226,100 inhabitants. Its current mayor is Helmut Kleebank (SPD).


title: Cold Mountain (movie)

text: The movie is about a Civil War deserter named W. P. Inman. He has deserted the Confederate Army – he does not to fight the war anymore and they would not let him go, so he left and has not come back. In the Civil War, the Confederacy wanted to break away from the United States, but the Union would not let them, so they fought for whether the Confederacy (also called the South) should be allowed to break away or not. Before he left, he fell in love with a woman named Ada and now he wants to be back with her.


title: Madame du Barry

text: Jeanne Bécu was born in Lorraine, France. Her mother was Anne Bécu, whom was a seamstress. Jeanne Bécu was an illegitimate child, and her father is not known. Some people say her father was Jean Jacques Gomard, a friar known as "frère Ange".


title: Prosopagnosia

text: However, a congenital (inherited birth defect) or developmental form of the disorder does exist, with a prevalence rate of 2.5%. That is quite a high rate. What this defect shows is that our picture of the world is built up by various brain systems, and we do not notice how this is done. It seems seamless and automatic. Actually, there are many brain mechanisms which normally work together, tying the visual scene to memory so that we recall vital information. It is difficult to think of anything more vital than remembering who we know, and what their relationship is to us.


title: Reverse transcriptase

text: Reverse transcriptase was discovered by Howard Temin at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in a cancer virus. It was independently isolated by David Baltimore in 1970 at MIT from two RNA tumour viruses. For their achievements, they shared the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (with Renato Dulbecco).


title: Siquijor

text: Siquijor is one of the smallest island provinces in the Philippines, in terms of both land area and population. Sights to see in Siquijor include an old tree, a few waterfalls, butterfly gardens, old churches, and many beaches. Siquijor is also home to one of the oldest existing convents in Asia.


title: Trial by ordeal

text: In pre-modern society, the ordeal typically was done together with the oath and witness accounts as the central means by which to reach a verdict. The term "ordeal" itself, Old English "ordǣl", has the meaning of "judgment, verdict" (German "Urteil", Dutch "oordeel"), from Proto-Germanic "*uzdailjam" "that which is dealt out".


title: Spandau

text: The history of Spandau begins in the 7th or 8th century, when Slavs settled in the area and built a fortress. It was conquered in 928 by the German King Henry I, but returns to Slavic rule later in the 10th century.


title: Cold Mountain (movie)

text: Along the way, Inman finds a preacher named John. John is a drunk, but he goes with Inman. However, they are caught by the Home Guard, a group of men who try to find deserters and round them up. They are put in chains with a bunch of other people and are forced to march for a few days. However, the Home Guard gets tired of moving them and decides to shoot them all. Inman manages to not get hit and soon breaks free.


title: Madame du Barry

text: Jeanne Bécu was educated at a convent called Couvent de Saint-Aure. When she was 15 years old, she left the convent. She and her mother moved to Paris, where Jeanne sold small items on the streets. Jeanne was a very beautiful blonde haired woman, and was later found by Jean-Baptiste du Barry, who owned a casino and trained women to be courtesans. Jean-Baptiste du Barry made Jeanne his mistress.


title: Prosopagnosia

text: "People with prosopagnosia never develop the ability to recognize faces". They may be able to rely on other physical features, such as the way someone walks and talks, their hair color, their height and build, etc. Prosopagnosia is not curable or treatable.


title: Reverse transcriptase

text: The idea of reverse transcription was very unpopular at first because it contradicted the central dogma of molecular biology. This states that DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into proteins. However, in 1970 when Howard Temin and David Baltimore both independently discovered the enzyme responsible for reverse transcription, the possibility that genetic information could be passed on in this manner was finally accepted.


title: Trial by ordeal

text: In Europe, ordeals commonly required an accused person to test himself or herself against fire or water. How this was done varied in detail, and was different at different places and times. In England, ordeals were common under both the Anglo-Saxons and the Normans. Fire was the element typically used to test noble defendants, while water was more commonly used by lesser folk.


title: Spandau

text: The Spandau Citadel was completed in 1594 by Joachim II of Brandenburg. In 1558 the village of Gatow became part of Spandau. Spandau was surrendered to the Swedes in 1634.


title: Cold Mountain (movie)

text: At home, Ada is living with her father. Her father dies soon after Inman leaves and soon the farmhouse and the farm breaks down and looks bad. A woman named Ruby comes and teaches Ada how to work and fix the farmhouse up. They soon become good friends. One day, Ruby's father comes to the farm. He had left his wife and the children before, and Ruby slaps him because of it but she lets him in. He can play an instrument.


title: Madame du Barry

text: As time passed, Jeanne became well-known with powerful people in the Kingdom of France. She had many clients in the king's court. The king soon noticed her and had her brought to his bedroom many times. Since she was a commoner and did not have a royal title, she could not be a "maîtresse-en-titre" (official mistress). The king was worried what people would think of him being with a commoner, so the king ordered that Jeanne be married to a man who had a noble title.


title: Prosopagnosia

text: The opposite of prosopagnosia is the skill of superior face recognition ability. People with this ability are called "super recognizers".


title: Reverse transcriptase

text: Out of this work has come the idea that the first genomes were made of RNA genes. The RNA genes surviving today might be all that remain of this early condition. Reverse transcriptase might be the remnant of a stage when DNA genes were made by copying RNA genes. This theory is relevant to the earliest stages of evolution. Reverse transcription is also used by various semi-independent elements called transposons.


title: Trial by ordeal

text: Priestly cooperation in trials by fire and water was forbidden by Pope Innocent III at the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215, and replaced by compurgation. Trials by ordeal became more rare over the Late Middle Ages, often replaced by confessions extracted under torture, but the practice was discontinued only in the 16th century. Johannes Hartlieb in 1456 reports a popular superstition for how to identify a thief by an ordeal by ingestion practiced privately without judicial sanction.


title: Spandau

text: In 1806, after the Battle of Jena and Auerstedt, French troops under Napoleon took possession of the city and stayed there until 1807. In 1812, Napoleon returned and the Spandau Citadel was besieged in 1813 by Prussian and Russian troops.


title: Madame du Barry

text: On 1 September 1768, Jeanne was married to Jean-Baptiste du Barry's brother, Comte Guillaume du Barry. After the wedding, Jeanne was made Louis XV's official mistress. She lived in a small room above the king's room. Jeanne was very lonely since some people still considered her a commoner.


title: Prosopagnosia

text: Prosopagnosia can be caused by lesions (damage or changes to body tissue) in the lower part of the brain. It can also be caused by damaging the nerves in the lower part of the brain, called 'acquired prosopagnosia'. It can be caused by birth defects, carbon monoxide poisoning, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), Parkinson's disease, or Alzheimer's disease.


title: Trial by ordeal

text: Trial by ordeal has existed in polytheistic cultures as far back as the Code of Hammurabi and the Code of Ur-Nammu, and in animist tribal societies, such as the trial by drinking "red water" (calabar bean) in Sierra Leone. There the intended effect is magical rather than calling forth justice from a god.


title: Spandau

text: In 1920, the city of Spandau became a borough of Berlin. Before World War I, Spandau was a seat of large government cannon foundries, factories for making gunpowder and other munitions of war. The most dangerous weapon invented in Spandau was the "Renana". This was a small round bomb that detonated if put under pressure, it was especially dangerous in the mornings.


title: Madame du Barry

text: Jeanne died at the age of 50 due to execution made by supporters of the French Revolution, a time where the common people were against people of the royalty. She is buried at the Madeleine Cemetery.


title: Prosopagnosia

text: Doctors can check patients for prosopagnosia by using PET and fMRI scans to see if their brain reacts when they see faces.


title: Spandau

text: After World War II, it was part of the British Occupation Zone in West Berlin and the Spandau Prison, built in 1876, was used to house Nazi war criminals who were sentenced to imprisonment at the Nuremberg Trials. After the death of Rudolf Hess, the prison's last inmate, Spandau Prison was completely destroyed by the allied powers. A "NAAFI" supermarket was built on the site. When the Allies left Berlin this military supermarket became a "MediaMarkt" store and carpark.


title: Prosopagnosia

text: An analysis of family inheritance (pedigree trees) suggest that a dominant gene mutation may be the root cause of the condition when it is present from birth. This mode of inheritance explains why HPA is so common among certain families.


title: Prosopagnosia

text: An account of a woman who cannot recognise her own face is an example of prosopagnosia. Its special interest is that she can recognise all inanimate objects, and all animals except humans and chimpanzees!


title: Stern

text: The stern area has always been the place near the steering apparatus (rudder, tiller, ship's wheel, etc.), and by extension became the domain of the ship's captain and other officers. In particular, the stern was the location of the officers' quarters, and during the age of sail became the most luxurious part of the ship, with rows of windows, galleries, walkways, and fine decorations. That meant that this part was rather vulnerable, and the goal of much maneuvering in battle was to achieve the stern rake, in which a ship would pour its entire broadside into the stern.


title: Los Angeles Kings

text: The team began in 1967. They were named at least in part for a former minor league hockey team called the Los Angeles Monarchs. They made the finals in 1993, and lost to the Montreal Canadiens. They won their first Stanley Cup in team history on June 11, 2012, defeating the New Jersey Devils 4 games to 2. The team won their second Stanley Cup on June 13, 2014 after they defeated the New York Rangers in double overtime of Game 5.


title: Haute couture

text: Haute couture (pronounced '') is a French term for high fashion. It refers to the creation of exclusive custom-fitted clothing. The term refers to:


title: Jet lag

text: Jet lag is a physiological condition, often occurring when humans travel from one time zone to another. It happens because of the time difference between two places. Some people suffer from jet lag more than other people do.


title: Edwards syndrome

text: Trisomy 18, also known as Edwards syndrome is a trisomy. It is a genetic disorder. People with trisomy 18 have three copies of chromosome 18. "Normal" people have two copies of the chromosome. It is named after John H. Edwards, who first described the syndrome in 1960. It is the second most common autosomal trisomy, after Down Syndrome, that carries to term.


title: Limón

text: Puerto Limón is the capital city of Limón Province in Costa Rica. It is also a major Costa Rican port for exporting and importing. A part of the community has its roots in Jamaican laborers. They worked on the nineteenth-century railroad project. The railroad connected San José to Puerto Limón. Other parts of the population have their roots in the Nicaraguan, Panamanian, and Colombian turtle-hunters who settled in the city.


title: A Star Is Born (2018 movie)

text: A Star Is Born is a 2018 musical drama movie. It was directed by Bradley Cooper, who co-wrote the screenplay. It stars Cooper as country star Jackson Maine. Lady Gaga plays upcoming singer-songwriter Ally. The movie deals with themes of love, addiction, and suicide. It is the fourth version of the movie. It grossed $433 million worldwide against a budget of $36 million.


title: Chandra Shekhar

text: Chandra Shekhar (1 July 1927 – 8 July 2007) was an Indian politician. He was the 8th Prime Minister of India between 10 November 1990 and 21 June 1991. He was born in Ibrahimpatti, Ballia, United Provinces, British India. Shekhar was mainly a member of the Janata Party.


title: Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic

text: The T. D. F. R. also known as the Transcaucasian Federation, was a short-lived country in the South Caucasus (a region in Europe and Asia) extending across what are now the modern-day countries of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia.


title: Tyler Posey

text: Tyler Posey (born October 18, 1991) is an actor. He is most famous for his lead role on MTV's "Teen Wolf" series. Posey plays Scott McCall, a teenager whose life was changed by a bite he received in the woods.


title: José Maria Neves

text: José Maria Pereira Neves (born 1960) is a Cape Verdean politician. Neves is the 5th President of Cape Verde since 2021. He was elected Prime minister of Cape Verde in 2001. His predecessor was Gualberto do Rosário. Before he was Prime minister, Neves was President of the Santa Catarina Town Counsil.


title: Greenwich, Connecticut

text: Greenwich is a town in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. As of the 2010 census, the town had 61,171 people. It is home to many hedge funds and other financial service companies.


title: Los Angeles Kings

text: The Kings have been known for their high scoring teams. Marcel Dionne won the Art Ross Trophy as NHL scoring champion in 1980, and Wayne Gretzky won it on the Kings in 1990, 1991, and 1994. Gretzky also won the Hart Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player on the Kings in 1989. Charlie Simmer tied for the most goals (now the Richard Trophy) in 1980. Luc Robitaille, one of the ten highest goal scorers in NHL history, spent most of his years on the Kings.


title: Haute couture

text: "Haute couture" is made to order for a specific customer. It is usually made from high-quality, expensive fabric and sewn with extreme attention to detail and finish by the most experienced and capable seamstresses, often using time-consuming, hand-executed techniques. "Couture" is a common abbreviation of "haute couture".


title: Jet lag

text: If the departure time (the original body clock) is not the same as the destination time, jet lag can occur. Traveling east is more likely to cause jet lag than traveling west. That is because a cycle of the human's biological time is usually more than 24 hours, and going east makes the day shorter, which is a more difficult adjustment.


title: Edwards syndrome

text: It is estimated that about one in 3,000 live births are affected. The incidence increases as the mother's age increases. The syndrome has a very low rate of survival. People with Edwards syndrome often have heart abnormalities, kidney malformations, and other internal organ disorders.


title: Limón

text: Puerto Limon suffered the 1991 Limon Earthquake. This earthquake affected the city and the coastline.


title: A Star Is Born (2018 movie)

text: Cooper and Gaga received cats and dogs for herself for the movie. It holds a "fresh" rating on the review site, Rotten Tomatoes, with a score of 90%.


title: José Maria Neves

text: In October 2021, José Maria Neves, won the presidential election in the first round of October 17, according to the first results published on an official website. won 51.5% of the vote, an absolute majority necessary to be elected in the first round, according to these results relating to 97% of the polling stations.


title: Greenwich, Connecticut

text: Greenwich is the southernmost and westernmost town in Connecticut. In July 2005, CNN/Money and "Money" magazine listed Greenwich 4th on its list of the 100 Best Places to Live in the United States. "Money" magazine also ranked Greenwich #1 in the "Biggest Earner" category. The town is named after Greenwich, England.


title: Los Angeles Kings

text: Other strong players have included Rob Blake, who won the Norris Trophy as best defenceman in 1998; goaltender Rogie Vachon, who was second in voting for the Hart Trophy in 1975; and Dave Taylor, Bernie Nicholls, and Larry Murphy.


title: Haute couture

text: In France, "haute couture" is "une appellation juridiquement protégée" (a legally protected name). It may only be used by firms which meet certain well-defined standards. However, the term is also used to describe all high-fashion custom-fitted clothing in other 'fashion capitals' such as Milan, London, New York, Tokyo and Madrid.


title: Jet lag

text: Jet lag can have several symptoms. It usually takes the form of fatigue and insomnia. Also, headache, depression, even nausea may strike people. Sufferers can use caffeine or sleeping pills as a way of treatment. Using caffeine (such as in tea or coffee) is helpful, either in the morning when going westward or in the afternoon when going eastward. The hormone melatonin is said to help people sleep. Also, doing things like changing sleeping patterns several days before departure may help people adjust to the new time zone.


title: Edwards syndrome

text: About 95% of the babies with Edwards syndrome die before they are born. About half of all babies born with the condition will reach two months of age, and only 5-10% will survive for a year. The median life span is five to fifteen days. One percent of children born with this syndrome live to age ten, typically in cases of the less severe mosaic Edwards syndrome.


title: Limón

text: The pirates Edward Mansvelt and his vice admiral Henry Morgan arrived at "Portete" in 1666. Portete is a small bay between Limón and Moín. They moved toward Cartago. It was the capital of Costa Rica at the time. The pirates were driven away by the inhabitants of Turrialba on 15 April. This pirate army left on 16 April and arrived in Portete on 23 April. They left Costa Rica and did not return again.


title: A Star Is Born (2018 movie)

text: The soundtrack entered at number one on the "Billboard" 200 album chart, making Gaga the first female artist to earn five number-one albums in the 2010s decade.


title: Greenwich, Connecticut

text: The town of Greenwich was settled in 1640. One of the founders was Elizabeth Fones Winthrop, daughter-in-law of John Winthrop. Winthrop was founder and Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Greenwich was officially made a town on May 11, 1665.


title: Haute couture

text: The "couturier" Charles Frederick Worth (13 October 1826–10 March 1895), is widely considered the father of "haute couture" as it is known today. Although born in Lincolnshire, England, Worth made his mark in the French fashion industry. He revolutionized how dressmaking was organised. Worth made it so the dressmaker became an "artist": a fashion designer. He created one-of-a-kind designs to please his titled or rich customers. More importantly, he prepared designs which were shown on live models at the "House of Worth". Clients selected a design, specified colours and fabrics, and had a version tailor-made in Worth's workshop. Worth combined individual tailoring with a standardization more characteristic of the ready-to-wear clothing industry, which was also developing during this period.


title: Limón

text: Limón has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen’s climate classification). Average temperatures are very constant all the year. The average is 25 degrees Celsius. Limón has no dry season. The driest month is September. It has an average of 160 mm of rain. The wettest month is December. It has an average of 400 mm of rain. Limon has 3,400 mm of rain annually.


title: A Star Is Born (2018 movie)

text: The movie received many awards, including a Best Original Song Golden Globe Award and Academy Award ("Oscar") in the same category for the single "Shallow". At the 2019 MTV Movie & TV Awards, Gaga also won Best Performance in a Movie for her role.


title: Greenwich, Connecticut

text: The town has four beaches on Long Island Sound: Greenwich Point, Byram Beach, Island Beach (Little Captain's Island), and Great Captain Island.


title: Haute couture

text: To earn the right to call itself a couture house and to use the term "haute couture", members of the "Chambre syndicale de la haute couture" must follow these rules:


title: Haute couture

text: Membership is seldom given. Outside the "Chambre syndicale" are many successful fashion houses which deal in "prêt-à-porter" (the French term for ready-to-wear fashion). They have their own "Chambre syndicale du prêt-à-porter".


title: Walter Zenga

text: Walter Zenga (born 28 April 1960) is a former Italian football player. He has played for the Italian national team.


title: Cultural geography

text: Cultural Geography is the study of cultures, customs, foods, clothing, music, architecture, traditions, religions and languages of the world - and how and why these cultures are spread across the world.


title: Kevin Smith

text: Kevin Patrick Smith (born August 2, 1970) is an American screenwriter, movie director and the founder of View Askew Productions. He is also known as a comic book writer and actor. Smith's movies often take place in his home state of New Jersey. The movies are filled with pop culture references. Many of the references are about comic books and the "Star Wars" movies. They often take place in the View Askewniverse.


title: Depleted uranium

text: Depleted uranium is what is left over after uranium is enriched. Enriched uranium has enough uranium-235 to be used in nuclear reactors or nuclear weapons. Depleted uranium is made up mostly of the isotope uranium-238. Uranium-238 is mildly radioactive. Uranium is very dense, or heavy for its size. Because of this, depleted uranium is used in armor piercing bullets and heavy machine guns. Its high density allows weapons to put more energy into a fired bullet which causes more damage to its targets. Bullets made from it will burn when they hit something hard, and their smoke is dangerous to breathe.


title: Norman Cook

text: Norman Cook (born Quentin Leo Cook on 16 July 1963), known by his stage name Fatboy Slim, is an English musician, disc jockey, rapper, and record producer. He is known for songs like "Weapon of Choice", "The Rockafeller Skank", "Praise You", "Eat Sleep Rave Repeat", and "Right Here Right Now".


title: Benjamin Spock

text: Benjamin McLane Spock (May 2, 1903 – March 15, 1998) was an American pediatrician whose book "Baby and Child Care" (1946) is one of the best-sellers of all time. The book said to mothers "you know more than you think you do".


title: Tia Carrere

text: Tia Carrere (born January 2, 1967) is an American movie and television performer. Her career was launched around 1985. She was born in Honolulu, Hawaii to Filipino parents. Her notable movies include the 1992 comedy "Wayne's World". She began her career with the TV series "Airwolf". Other television shows and movies followed. In 2006, she was a contestant on the show "Dancing with the Stars".


title: Burt Bacharach

text: Burt F. Bacharach (born May 12, 1928) is an American composer, singer, songwriter, and music producer. He wrote many hit songs. Some songs were written specifically for the singers who originally recorded them. Some of his songs were:


title: Long pepper

text: Long pepper ("Piper longum"), also known as the Indonesian long pepper, is a flowering vine in the family "Piperaceae", known for its fruit, which is usually dried and used as a spice.


title: Constant function

text: In mathematics, a constant function is a function whose output value is the same for every input value. For example, the function formula_1 is a constant function because the value of  formula_2  is 4 regardless of the input value formula_3 (see image).


title: Monotonic function

text: In algebra, a montonic function is any function whose gradient never changes sign. In simple words, it is a function which is either always increasing or decreasing. For example, "sin x=f(x)" isn't a monotonous function or simply, non monotonous function. That is to say there are no turning points but there may be stationary points where the gradient is momentarily zero. The derivative function of a monotonic function which describes its gradient will never change sign.


title: Stanislav Shushkevich

text: Stanislav Stanislavovich Shushkevich (, Łacinka: Stanisłaŭ Stanisłavavič Šuškievič; ; December 15, 1934 – May 3, 2022) is a Belarusian politician.


title: Parineeti Chopra

text: Chopra appeared in her first movie with the 2011 romantic comedy "Ladies vs Ricky Bahl". She later starred in "Ishaqzaade" (2012), "Shuddh Desi Romance" (2013) and "Hasee Toh Phasee" (2014), "Golmaal Again" (2017) and the war drama "Kesari" (2019).


title: Cultural geography

text: An example would be the Arab World, there are many nations inhabited by Arabic people, from Morocco in the north-west of Africa and lies near to Spain, to Syria which borders Turkey - and Yemen which is near to Ethiopia.


title: Kevin Smith

text: Smith was born in Red Bank, New Jersey to Grace and Donald Smith. He has an older sister, Virginia, and an older brother, Donald Jr. Smith was raised in the Catholic religion. He went to Henry Hudson Regional High School in Highlands, The New School for Social Research New York and the Vancouver movie School. Smith studied making movies but dropped out halfway through his studies.


title: Depleted uranium

text: Depleted uranium has long been been used in nuclear reactors to make plutonium for producing nuclear energy. In 2010 a new kind of "traveling wave reactor" was proposed to use it more directly.


title: Norman Cook

text: Cook was born in Bromley, Kent. He was raised in Reigate, Surrey. He married Zoe Ball in 1999. The couple have a son and daughter. They separated in 2016.


title: Benjamin Spock

text: Spock was the first pediatrician to study psychoanalysis to try to understand children's needs. His ideas influenced parents to be more flexible and affectionate with their children, and to treat them as individuals. However, his theories were also widely criticized by colleagues. According to the critics, he relied too heavily on anecdotal evidence rather than serious academic research.


title: Long pepper

text: Today, long pepper is a very rare ingredient in European cuisines, but it can still be found in Pakistani vegetable pickles, some North African spice mixtures, and in Indonesian and Malaysian cooking.


title: Constant function

text: Formally, a constant function "f"("x"):R→R has the form  formula_4. Usually we write formula_5  or just  formula_6.


title: Stanislav Shushkevich

text: From August 25, 1991 to January 26, 1994, he was the first head of state of independent Belarus after it seceded from the Soviet Union, he was Chairman of the Supreme Soviet.


title: Kevin Smith

text: Smith is married to Jennifer Schwalbach Smith. They have a daughter, Harley Quinn Smith, born in 1999. He named his daughter after Harley Quinn, a comic-book character from "".


title: Constant function

text: Example: The function  formula_7  or just  formula_8  is the specific constant function where the output value is  formula_9. The domain is all real numbers ℝ. The codomain is just {4}. Namely, "y"(0)=4, "y"(−2.7)=4, "y"(π)=4... No matter what value of "x" is input, the output is "4".


title: Kevin Smith

text: On February 25, 2018 he suffered a non-fatal "massive heart attack" with 100% blockage of the left anterior descending artery.


title: Constant function

text: In the context where it is defined, the derivative of a function measures the rate of change of function (output) values with respect to change in input values. A constant function does not change, so its derivative is 0. This is often written:  formula_12 .


title: Constant function

text: Example:  formula_13  is a constant function. The derivative of "y" is the identically zero function   formula_14  .


title: Constant function

text: The converse (opposite) is also true. That is, if the derivative of a function is zero everywhere, then the function is a constant function.


title: Constant function

text: A function "f" : "A" → "B" is a constant function if "f"("a") = "f"("b") for every "a" and "b" in "A".


title: Constant function

text: Real-world example: A store where every item is sold for 1 euro. The domain of this function is "items in the store". The codomain is "1 euro".


title: Constant function

text: Example: Let "f" : "A" → "B" where "A"={X,Y,Z,W} and "B"={1,2,3} and "f"("a")=3 for every "a"∈"A". Then "f" is a constant function.


title: Constant function

text: Example: "z"("x","y")=2 is the constant function from "A"=ℝ² to "B"=ℝ where every point ("x","y")∈ℝ² is mapped to the value "z"=2. The graph of this constant function is the horizontal plane (parallel to the "x"0"y" plane) in 3-dimensional space that passes through the point (0,0,2).


title: Constant function

text: Example: The polar function "ρ"("φ")=2.5 is the constant function that maps every "angle" φ to the "radius" ρ=2.5. The graph of this function is the circle of radius 2.5 in the plane.


title: Flag of Alaska

text: The Flag of Alaska has eight gold stars on dark blue. These stars form the Big Dipper and the North Star.


title: Franz Josef Strauß

text: Franz Josef Strauß () (6 September 6 1915 – 3 October 1988) was a German politician (CSU) and minister-president of the state of Bavaria. Press reports called him the ""Strong Man of Europe"".


title: Thomas Tallis

text: Thomas Tallis (born c.1505; died Greenwich November 23 1585) was the most important English composer of his generation.


title: Seremban

text: Seremban is the capital of the Malaysian state of Negeri Sembilan, it is in district of Seremban, one from the seven districts of Negeri Sembilan. The town's administration is run by the Seremban Municipal Council also known as Majlis Perbandaran Seremban. On 9 September 2009, Seremban was to be declared as a city, however it was later deferred due to technical reasons. However, the idea of granting city status has been brought up again and Seremban is expected to become a city on September 9, 2013. Finally, Seremban gained its city status on 20 January 2020


title: Oleksiy Honcharuk

text: Oleksiy Valeriyovych Honcharuk (; born July 7, 1984) is a Ukrainian politician and lawyer. Honcharuk was the 17th Prime Minister of Ukraine from 29 August 2019 to 4 March 2020. He was the Deputy Head of the Office of the President of Ukraine Zelensky. Honcharuk is the youngest Prime Minister in the modern Ukrainian history.


title: Entognatha

text: The Entognatha is a class of ametabolous arthropods, which, together with insects, makes up the superclass Hexapoda. Their mouthparts are entognathous, meaning they are retracted within the head. The class contains three orders: Collembola (springtails), Diplura and Protura.


title: Lisa Murkowski

text: Lisa Murkowski (born May 22, 1957) is an American politician. She is a member of the U.S. Republican Party. On December 20, 2002, she became a United States Senator from Alaska. In 2009, she became the senior senator from Alaska. She was in the Alaska House of Representatives from 1999 to 2002.


title: Empress Masako

text: , born on 9 December 1963, is the wife and empress consort of the current Emperor of Japan, Naruhito, the eldest son of the previous emperor Akihito, who took the throne after abdication of the latter on 30 April 2019.


title: Flag of Alaska

text: The flag was created in 1927 by Benny Benson, a 13-year-old Alaska native. Up to that time, Alaskans had flown only the U.S. flag. Benson's design was chosen over 700 other submissions from school-children in grades 7–12. Most other entries showed the seal, the midnight sun, the northern lights, polar bears, and gold pans. To celebrate his achievement, Benson was awarded $1,000 and an engraved watch. The Alaska Legislature adopted the flag on May 2, 1927. It was kept as the state flag upon statehood in 1959.


title: Franz Josef Strauß

text: Born as "Franz Strauß" in Munich as the second child of a butcher. Strauß studied at the University of Munich from 1935 to 1939.


title: Thomas Tallis

text: We know very little about Tallis’s youth. He may have started his career as organist at Dover and then Waltham Abbey. After the Dissolution of the monasteries he had a job at Canterbury Cathedral for a short time. He was soon made a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal. He had a job in the royal household until his death. He worked for four monarchs: Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary Tudor and Elizabeth I.


title: Lisa Murkowski

text: Murkowski was born on May 22, 1957 in Ketchikan, Alaska. She studied at Georgetown University and at Willamette University. She is married to Verne Martell. They have two children.


title: Franz Josef Strauß

text: He became a member of the "NSDStB" (Nationalsozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund), (). All students had to be members, or they would not be allowed to study.


title: Thomas Tallis

text: Tallis was an organist and composer. He had to write music for the royal chapels. He was given the lease of a big house in Kent and a salary of £91 12s a year (12s is 60p in modern money). That was a very good salary in those days. In 1575, Queen Elizabeth I gave Tallis and William Byrd a licence which meant they were the only people allowed to print and publish music in England (music printing was a very new invention at the time). Tallis owned a house in Greenwich where he died in 1585.


title: Lisa Murkowski

text: On February 13, 2021 Murkowski voted that former Republican President Donald Trump was guilty of starting the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol. She and six other Republican senators also voted that Trump was guilty. This was after the House of Representatives Second impeachment of Donald Trump.


title: Franz Josef Strauß

text: In World War II, he served in the German army, on the Western and Eastern Fronts. While on furlough, he passed the German state exams to become a teacher. He got severe frostbite on the Eastern Front at the end of 1942, so he became an "Offizier für wehrgeistige Führung" (political officer) at the anti-aircraft artillery school in Altenstadt, near Schongau, Bavaria.


title: Thomas Tallis

text: In the early 16th century church music was often very polyphonic. Voices imitated one another and sang different things at the same time. Tallis wrote church music which was much simpler. In a lot of his music the choir sing homophonic music instead of using the older polyphony. For a short time, during the reign of the Catholic Mary Tudor, polyphonic music was in fashion again. This was the time when Tallis wrote an antiphon “Gaude gloriosa Dei mater” and a mass musical setting|mass “Puer natus est nobis”. These two works are once more very complicated polyphonic works. After that his works become simpler once more, but he was always keen to try out new ideas from the continent of Europe. He wrote some very fine anthems. Many of his works are settings of Latin words, but he also made settings of English texts.


title: Franz Josef Strauß

text: In 1957 Strauß married Marianne Zwicknagl. They had three children (Max Josef, Franz Georg and Monika). Monika also became a Bavarian minister and member of the Bavarian parliament.


title: Thomas Tallis

text: One of his works is called "Spem in Alium". The choir divide into forty parts i.e. the choir need at least 40 people to sing it, and each person sings a different line. It is possible that he wrote it for Queen Elizabeth I’s 40th birthday in 1573, but we cannot be sure.


title: Franz Josef Strauß

text: After the war, he was appointed deputy "Landrat" (county president) of Schongau by the American army, and helped to found the local CSU there.


title: Thomas Tallis

text: His "Diliges Dominum" is a collection of contrapuntal exercises which includes a very famous canon often simply called “Tallis’s canon”.


title: Franz Josef Strauß

text: He became a member of the first "Bundestag" (Federal Parliament) in 1949 and, in 1953, Federal Minister for Special Affairs in the second cabinet of Chancellor Konrad Adenauer. In 1955 he became Federal Minister of Nuclear Energy, and in 1956 defence minister. As defence minister he helped to build-up of the new "Bundeswehr".


title: Franz Josef Strauß

text: Strauß had to resign as defence minister in 1962 because of the Spiegel scandal. The important magazine "Der Spiegel" said that the Bundeswehr could not defend Germany. Strauß said this was treason and Rudolf Augstein, editor of the magazine, was arrested for 103 days.


title: Franz Josef Strauß

text: Strauß had to admit that he had lied to the Bundestag, and had to resign. He complained that he was treated like a "Jew who had dared appear at an NSDAP party convention".


title: Franz Josef Strauß

text: He worked with the SPD minister for economy, Karl Schiller, but after the SPD was able to form a government without the CDU/CSU, in 1969, Strauß lost his job and became a critic of Willy Brandt's "Ostpolitik."


title: Franz Josef Strauß

text: In 1976, when Helmut Kohl failed to become chancellor Strauß cancelled the alliance between the CDU and CSU parties in the Bundestag. He only started the alliance again when the CDU threatened to move into Bavaria.


title: Franz Josef Strauß

text: In the 1980 federal election Strauß was the CDU/CSU candidate for chancellor. Some people thought that this showed that the CDU and CSU leaders thought Strauß had better policies and style than Kohl. Others said that the CDU/CSU thought that Helmut Schmidt and the SPD was bound to win the 1980 election, and felt that they had nothing to lose in running Strauß: but it might stop Strauß criticising anyone whon disagreed with him.


title: Franz Josef Strauß

text: From 1978 until his death in 1988, Strauß was minister president of Bavaria. He served as President of the Bundesrat in 1983/84.


title: Franz Josef Strauß

text: After he lost the 1980 federal election, he left federal politics. But he did not stay quiet, and often commented on federal affairs from his safe seat in Bavaria. He especially criticised Kohl's ideas, even after Kohl ascended to the Chancellorship.


title: Franz Josef Strauß

text: In 1983, Strauß helped to arrange a loan of 3 billion Deutschmarks for East Germany. This was not popular, and today it is regarded by some as having artificially prolonged the life of the then-bankrupt communist state.


title: Franz Josef Strauß

text: Strauß visited communist Albania on 21 August 1984, while Enver Hoxha, the absolute dictator from the end of World War II until his death in 1985, was still alive. Strauß was one of the few Western leaders to visit Albania in decades. Some thought Strauß might be helping to start diplomatic links between Albania and West Germany but the visit did not result in anything concrete.


title: Franz Josef Strauß

text: On 1 October 1988, Strauß collapsed while hunting with the Prince of Thurn and Taxis in the Thurn and Taxis forests, east of Regensburg. He died in a Regensburg hospital on October 3 without having regained consciousness.


title: Franz Josef Strauß

text: Strauß was very important in post-war Germany even though he was not very well known outside Germany. He polarized (split) the public like few other politicians.


title: Franz Josef Strauß

text: A well known spokesman for conservatives, and brilliant speech-maaker, he was a "red flag" to the left (his ideas made left wing people very angry).


title: Franz Josef Strauß

text: He helped transform Bavaria from a farming state to a centre of technology in Germany. He was an aerospace enthusiast, and supported the Airbus in the 1970s. This is why the new airport in Munich was named after him in 1992 (see Franz Josef Strauß International Airport).


title: Clinical trial

text: A clinical trial is one of the steps needed to introduce a new drug or therapy. Depending on the drug, either volunteers or patients suffering from a disease or condition are enrolled in a study. In general, a number of the people taking part will receive the real drug, or a good treatment, and the rest of the people will receive a treatment or drug that has no effect, called a placebo. These tests are statistical tests.


title: Dhow

text: The dhow is a type of boat. It is Middle Eastern in make. The boat is a popular type of transport along the Nile river. The dhow is normally small with a big sail.


title: Popular science

text: If a book or a TV show is about science, and is made easy so everyone can understand, then it is popular science. It is "popular" because it is made for the whole "population", not just for scientists. Nature documentaries are examples of popular science.


title: Vortex

text: flow of fluid. The motion of the fluid swirling rapidly around a center is called a vortex. The speed and rate of rotation of the fluid are greatest at the center and become smaller with distance from the center.


title: Diabetic retinopathy

text: Diabetic retinopathy, is the most common eye disease caused by diabetes, it damages the retinas in both eyes, causing vision problems which may lead to blindness.


title: Lincoln Motor Company

text: The Lincoln Motor Company is an automobile company in the United States. It is a part of the Ford Motor Company that sells cars in North America. The current Lincoln cars in the United States includes two sedans (the MKS and MKZ), two crossovers (the MKT and MKX) and one SUV (the Navigator).


title: Gigi

text: Gigi is a 1958 musical romantic comedy movie. Leslie Caron plays Gigi. It also stars Maurice Chevalier, Louis Jourdan and Eva Gabor. The movie is about relationships in Paris in the early 20th century.


title: Visual novel

text: A visual novel is a type of video game. They use mostly static (non-moving) graphics, and usually have anime/manga-styled art. Sometimes they contain video footage. Almost all visual novels are produced in Japan, very few of these are ever sold in the Western market. Examples of popular visual novels are Kanon, Clannad, and Air.


title: Clinical trial

text: Clinical trials were first introduced in Avicenna's "The Canon of Medicine" in 1025 AD, where he laid down rules for the experimental use and testing of drugs. He wrote a precise guide for practical experimentation in the process of discovering and proving the effectiveness of medical drugs and substances. He laid out the following rules and principles for testing the effectiveness of new drugs and medications, which still form the basis of modern clinical trials:


title: Popular science

text: Popular science is non-fiction, so it is not the same as "science fiction". Popular science is also not the same as "Science journalism". Science journalism is what journalists write to report the newest theories and discoveries made in science, but popular science is not always about what is newest.


title: Diabetic retinopathy

text: It affects up to 80 percent of all patients who have had diabetes for 10 years or more. However it is possible that at least 90% of these new cases could be kept from becoming severe with early diagnosis and proper treatment.


title: Lincoln Motor Company

text: Lincoln is the luxury brand of Ford. It makes upscale luxury vehicles. The company was founded by Henry M. Leland in 1917 as its own company. It was bought by Ford in 1922. The brand is named after Abraham Lincoln.


title: Gigi

text: The movie was directed by Vincente Minnelli. The screenplay by Alan Jay Lerner was based on the 1944 novella of the same name by the Parisian author Colette. The film features songs with words by Lerner and music by Frederick Loewe, arranged and conducted by André Previn.


title: Visual novel

text: Visual novels are different from other types of video games in that there is not much gameplay, most of the time the player clicks the screen to move through the game, and occasionally choices will come up for the player to make, which will determine what happens in the game. Most visual novels have more than one storyline and ending, the gameplay has been compared to "Choose Your Own Adventure" books.


title: Clinical trial

text: One of the most famous clinical trials was James Lind's demonstration in 1747 that citrus fruits cure scurvy. He compared the effects of various different acidic substances, ranging from vinegar to cider, on groups of afflicted sailors, and found that the group who were given oranges and lemons had largely recovered from scurvy after 6 days.


title: Popular science

text: Some famous people who make popular science are David Attenborough, Isaac Asimov, Jacob Bronowski, Arthur C. Clarke, Martin Gardner, J.B.S. Haldane, Stephen Hawking, Bill Nye, and Carl Sagan.


title: Diabetic retinopathy

text: Diabetic retinopathy often has no early warning signs. As new blood vessels form at the back of the eye as a part of "proliferative diabetic retinopathy" (PDR), they can bleed (ocular hemorrhage) and blur vision. The first time this happens, it may not be very severe. In most cases, it will leave just a few specks of blood, or spots, floating in a person's visual field, though the spots often go away after a few hours.


title: Gigi

text: This movie won nine Academy Awards including Best Picture, Best Director and Best Costume Design. Critics gave the movie very positive reviews.


title: Visual novel

text: Many visual novels are centered around drama, particularly themes involving romance or family, but visual novels centered around science fiction, fantasy fiction, and horror fiction are not uncommon.


title: Clinical trial

text: Frederick Akbar Mahomed (d. 1884), who worked at Guy's Hospital in London, made substantial contributions to the process of clinical trials during his detailed clinical studies, where "he separated chronic nephritis with secondary hypertension from what we now term essential hypertension." He also founded "the Collective Investigation Record for the British Medical Association; this organization collected data from physicians practicing outside the hospital setting and was the precursor of modern collaborative clinical trials."


title: Popular science

text: When scientists write about their work, first they publish in scientific journals such as "Nature" and "Science". Then they may write books. The purpose of popular science is to show scientific literature in a way that different types of scientists, and people who are not scientists, will easily understand. When people take an idea from scientific literature and change it into popular science, important things about that idea may be left out or added in.


title: Diabetic retinopathy

text: These spots are often followed within a few days or weeks by a much greater leakage of blood, which blurs vision. In extreme cases, a person will only be able to tell light from dark in that eye. It may take the blood anywhere from a few days to months or even years to clear from the inside of the eye, and in some cases the blood will not clear. These types of large hemorrhages tend to happen more than once, often during sleep.


title: Visual novel

text: Many visual novels have sexual or pornographic scenes in the game, even if they are not the whole purpose of the story.


title: Popular science

text: Popular science is a bridge between the literature written for scientists, and the realms of popular writing which ordinary people use. The goal of the genre is to capture the methods and accuracy of science, while making the language more accessible.


title: Diabetic retinopathy

text: Elevation of blood-glucose levels can also cause edema (swelling) of the crystalline lens as a result of sorbitol (sugar alcohol) building up in the lens. This edema often causes temporary myopia (nearsightedness). A common sign of swelling of the lens is blurring of distance vision while near vision remains adequate.


title: Popular science

text: Popular science has its problems. Some popular science is made by people who do not understand the subject well. Some is made by people who have a strong bias. Some is part science and part pseudoscience. It can be hard for someone who is not an expert to tell which works of popular science are reliable. Museums, television programs and websites are also in the business of communicating science to the wider public. Not all of these are reliable. The oldest institution devoted to link science to the public may be the Gresham College, which was founded in 1597 in London. It was not entirely devoted to science. The Royal Institution in London has similar aims, and is devoted to science. It was founded in 1799. Both of these institutions have always given lectures by experts to the general public.


title: Diabetic retinopathy

text: During the first three stages of diabetic retinopathy, no treatment is needed, unless there is macular edema. To prevent diabetic retinopathy from getting worse, diabetics should control their levels of blood sugar, blood pressure, and blood cholesterol.


title: Diabetic retinopathy

text: Proliferative retinopathy is treated with scatter laser surgery, which helps to shrink the abnormal blood vessels. During the surgery 1,000 to 2,000 laser burns are placed in the areas of the retina away from the macula, causing the abnormal blood vessels to shrink. Two or more sessions usually are required to complete treatment. There may be some loss of peripheral (side) vision, and color vision, and night vision may also be slightly reduced.


title: Diabetic retinopathy

text: Scatter laser treatment works best before the abnormal fragile, new blood vessels which grow because of the disease have started to bleed. Treatment may still be possible after bleeding has begun in some cases.


title: Diabetic retinopathy

text: Macular edema is treated with focal laser treatment. Up to several hundred small laser burns are placed in the areas of retinal leakage surrounding the macula. These burns cauterize the blood vessels, reduces tha amount of leakage and fluid build-up in the retina. The surgery is usually done in one session but further treatments may be needed. If both eyes are affected by macular edema only one is treated at a time usually a few weeks apart.


title: Diabetic retinopathy

text: Focal laser treatment stabilizes vision and reduces the risk of vision loss by 50 percent. In a small number of cases, if vision is lost, it can be improved.


title: Diabetic retinopathy

text: Viteroctomy is the surgical removal of the "vitreous humur". The vitreous humur is a clear, thick, gel-like fluid, that fills the inside of the eyeball and helps it to maintain its shape.


title: Diabetic retinopathy

text: This treatment is done in cases of proliferative retinopathy that causes severe scar tissue to form on the retina or when new blood vessels continue to grow on the retina after laser treatments.


title: Diabetic retinopathy

text: According to research done by the National Eye Institute, prompt treatment of diabetic macular edema with the drug Lucentis, with or without laser treatment, resulted in better vision than laser treatment alone, or steroid injections. When injected into the eye, Lucentis, and two other similar drugs, Avastin or Aylea, reduce fluid leakage and interfere with the growth of new blood vessels in the retina.


title: Void (astronomy)

text: In astronomy, voids are the empty spaces between filaments. Both filaments and Voids are one of the largest-scale structures in the Universe. There are no or few galaxies in voids. Most voids have a diameter of 11 to 150 Mpc.


title: Clancy Brown

text: Clarence John "Clancy" Brown III (born 5 January 1959) is an American actor and voice actor. He is known for his roles as Byron Hadley in "The Shawshank Redemption" and Career Sergeant Zim in "Starship Troopers". He is perhaps best known for his role as the Kurgan in the cult classic "Highlander". Brown also works extensively as a voice actor in animated TV series. He was the voice of Lex Luthor on "" and "Justice League"/"Justice League Unlimited". He was also the voice of Mr. Krabs on "SpongeBob SquarePants".


title: Creator

text: In some religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam) God (or Allah meaning the God in Arabic) is the most important and original creator of the whole universe - including Man who is made "in his image" (see Genesis) to observe it and control it like God. The idea that anything that a person is creating, like an idea, can be owned as property comes from the ethical traditions and legal codes that came from these religions.


title: Claude Rains

text: William Claude Rains (10 November 188930 May 1967) was a British-American actor. He played Dr. Jack Griffin in "The Invisible Man" (1933). He also starred in "The Adventures of Robin Hood" (1938), "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington" (1939), "The Wolf Man" (1941), "Casablanca" and "Kings Row" (both 1942), "Notorious" (1946) and "Lawrence of Arabia" (1962).