title: Dagger

text: A dagger is a knife which is used to stab people. It has a double-edged blade, so it cannot be used for normal cutting like a knife.


title: Brian David Josephson

text: Brian David Josephson, FRS (born 4 January 1940; Cardiff, Wales) is a Welsh physicist who became a Nobel laureate in 1973. He is of Jewish descent.


title: Al-Kindi

text: Abu Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindī (, ; 801 – 873 CE), was an Iraqi philosopher. He was called "the Philosopher of the Arabs". He is often thought of as the first Arab philosopher, and one of the most important scholars in the Islamic world.


title: Hermann von Helmholtz

text: Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (31 August 1821 – 8 September 1894) was a German physician and physicist who made significant contributions in several scientific fields. The Helmholtz Association is named after him.


title: Region of Southern Denmark

text: Odense is the region's largest city. It is home to the main campus of the University of Southern Denmark with branch campuses in Esbjerg, Kolding and Sønderborg.


title: Huế

text: It was also the place where the Battle of Huế was fought, which was one of the longest and deadliest battles in the Vietnam War.


title: Dagger

text: Daggers are small, so they can often be hidden under the attacker's clothing and then suddenly produced.


title: Brian David Josephson

text: As of late 2007, he was a retired professor at the University of Cambridge, where he is the head of the Mind–Matter Unification Project in the Theory of Condensed Matter (TCM) research group. He is also a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge.


title: Al-Kindi

text: Al-Kindi was born in Yemen to a rich family. As well as philosophy, he worked in astronomy, alchemy, mathematics, medicine, geography, and many other topics. He became a member of a scientific place of study called the House of Wisdom. As a member there, he helped to preserve a type of philosophy called Hellenistic philosophy. He also edited Greek treatises (written works that formally explain a topic). He also wrote his own treatises on vision, precious stones and minerals. He wrote the first treatise on various types of steel swords, metallurgy. His treatises on music were thought to be the best works on the subject of music in Arabic. He died at age 72 in 873.


title: Hermann von Helmholtz

text: In physiology and psychology, he is known for his mathematics of the eye, theories of vision, ideas on the visual perception of space, and color vision research. His work on the sensation of tone, perception of sound, and the physiology of perception is also notable.


title: Brian David Josephson

text: Josephson is one of the more well-known scientists who say that parapsychological phenomena may be real, and is also interested in the possibility that Eastern mysticism may have relevance to scientific understanding. In 2005, Josephson said that "parapsychology should now have become a conventional field of research, and yet parapsychology's claims are still not generally accepted". He compared this situation to that of Alfred Wegener's hypothesis of continental drift, where there was initially great resistance to acceptance despite the strength of the evidence.


title: Hermann von Helmholtz

text: In physics, he is known for his theories on the conservation of energy, work in electrodynamics, chemical thermodynamics, and on a mechanical foundation of thermodynamics.


title: Hermann von Helmholtz

text: As a philosopher, he is known for his philosophy of science, ideas on the relation between the laws of perception and the laws of nature, the science of aesthetics, and ideas on the civilizing power of science.


title: Elbląg

text: Elblag ( ) is a city in northern Poland on the eastern edge of the Żuławy region with 124,257 inhabitants (December 31, 2011). Elbląg is one of the oldest cities in the province and in Poland.


title: Albert Szent-Györgyi

text: Albert Szent-Györgyi (Albert Szent-Györgyi de Nagyrápolt, 16 September 1893 22 October 1986) was an Hungarian scientist. He won the 1937 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his discoveries about Vitamin C.


title: Fano

text: Fano is a city and "comune" of the province of Pesaro and Urbino in the Marche region, central Italy.


title: Elbląg

text: Elbląg is located about 55 kilometres (34 miles) south-east of Gdańsk and 90 km (56 mi) south-west of Kaliningrad, Russia. The city is a port on the river Elbląg, which flows into the Vistula Lagoon about 10 km (6 mi) to the north, thus giving the city access to the Baltic Sea via the Russian-controlled Strait of Baltiysk. The Old Town (Polish: Stare Miasto) is located on the river Elbląg connecting Lake Drużno to the Vistula Lagoon, about 10 km (6 mi) from the lagoon and 60 km (37 mi) from Gdańsk.


title: Fano

text: It is a beach resort southeast of Pesaro, along the Adriatic Sea. It is the third city in the region by population after Ancona and Pesaro.


title: Fano

text: Fano is on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. The "comune" of Fano has an area of and its altitude is above sea level.


title: Fano

text: Fano borders with the "comuni" Cartoceto, Mombaroccio, Mondolfo, Pesaro, San Costanzo and Terre Roveresche.


title: Fano

text: There are 60,852 persons living in the "comune" in 2017, for a population density of inhabitants/km².


title: Dominoes

text: Dominoes is a game played with small tiles called dominoes. A domino is a rectangular tile with a line in the middle that separates it into two sides. Each side has a number of black spots. The number of spots is different on each domino. Some dominoes have a side that is blank. The games possible with these objects resemble card games.


title: George F. Smoot

text: George Fitzgerald Smoot III (born February 20, 1945) is an American professor of astrophysics and cosmology. In 2006 he won a Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on cosmic microwave background radiation and COBE with John C. Mather. That work made it possible to measure black holes and cosmic radiation much more exactly than was possible before.


title: Blackbuck

text: The blackbuck ("Antilope cervicapra") is a species of antelope. It lives mainly in western India, but also in parts of Pakistan within the Republic of India. It also lives in Nepal.


title: Ambérieu-en-Bugey

text: Ambérieu-en-Bugey is a commune. It is found in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in the Ain department in the east of France. In 2010, 13,835 people lived in the commune. The inhabitants are the "Ambarrois". The local economy is mostly based around commerce, industry, construction and agriculture. The most important monuments in the commune are the "Château des Allymes", a castle from the 13th century and the "Tour de Gy" (officially called "La maison forte de Saint-Germain"), a fortified house from the 14th century. Both monuments are listed as "monuments historiques". Famous people from Ambérieu-en-Bugey include Laure Manaudou and Florent Manaudou, both French swimmers.


title: Coat of arms of Azerbaijan

text: The Coat of arms of Azerbaijan mixes traditional and modern symbols. The focal point of the emblem is the fire symbol. This symbol comes from the fact that Azerbaijan has many everlasting fires which also gives the name "land of eternal fire".


title: Gomel Region

text: Homiel Voblast, Homyel Oblast or Gomel Oblast is a province (voblast) of Belarus. Its administrative center is Gomel.


title: Flag of East Timor

text: It has a red field with the black isosceles triangle based on the hoist-side bearing a white five-pointed star in the center superimposed on the larger yellow triangle, also based on the hoist-side, that extends to the center of the flag.


title: Surgut

text: Surgut (; Khanty: Сәрханӆ, "Sarkhanl") is the largest city in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Russia. It is on the Ob River near its junction with the Irtysh River. Population: 396,443 (2021 Census);


title: George F. Smoot

text: This work gave new evidence for the big-bang idea that the universe was once a big explosion. This work was completed using the Cosmic Background Explorer Satellite (COBE). The Nobel Prize committee said: "the COBE-project can also be regarded as the starting point for cosmology as a precision science."


title: Blackbuck

text: The blackbuck was once the state animal of Osmanistan. It is now the provincial animal of Eastern Punjab.


title: Coat of arms of Azerbaijan

text: The colors used in composing the emblem are taken from the national flag. These colors are found in the background behind the eight pointed star (۞ Rub El Hizb) upon which the flame is shown. The star itself stands for the eight branches of the Turkic peoples, and between each point of the star, there is a smaller eight pointed star found.


title: Gomel Region

text: Important cities in the voblast include: Gomel, Mazyr, Zhlobin, Svetlahorsk, Rechytsia, Kalinkavichy, Rahachow, Dobrush


title: Surgut

text: The name of the city might come from the Khanty words "sur" 'fish' and "gut" 'hole, pit'. It was founded in 1594 by order of Tsar Feodor I. For many centuries it was a fortress and center of Russian development in Siberia.


title: George F. Smoot

text: Professor Smoot works for the University of California, Berkeley Department of Physics. In 2003 he was awarded the Einstein Medal.


title: Coat of arms of Azerbaijan

text: Like other post-Soviet republics whose arms do not predate the October Revolution, the current arms retains some components of the Soviet one. At the bottom of the emblem is a stalk of wheat, representing the main agricultural product of the nation, which was also part of the earlier arms. The other plant represented at the bottom is oak.


title: Gomel Region

text: Homiel Province and Mahilyow Voblast were hurt severely after the Chernobyl nuclear reactor catastrophe. The Gomel Province borders the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone in places. Part of it is a mandatory or voluntary resettlement areas as a result of the radioactive contamination.


title: Surgut

text: It became a major center of oil and gas production in the 1960s. This made the population of the city go up.


title: George F. Smoot

text: Professor Smoot was born in Yukon, Florida. He went to Upper Arlington High School in Upper Arlington, Ohio until 1962. He studied mathematics for some time before going to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he was awarded two bachelor's degrees for mathematics and physics in 1966, and a Ph.D. in particle physics in 1970.


title: Surgut

text: Surgut is home to the Surgut Bridge. This bridge is the longest one-tower cable-stayed bridge in the world.


title: George F. Smoot

text: Smoots cousin, Oliver R. Smoot, also studied at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), and was made famous for the Smoot measurement of the Harvard Bridge between Cambridge and Boston. The "Smoot" length was marked in paint over 360 times on the bridge and is repainted there every year. Oliver later worked as the Chairman of the American National Standards Institute.


title: Surgut

text: Surgut is the largest port on the Ob River. It is also the largest roadway/railway junction in northwest Siberia. It has two of the world's most powerful power plants, the SDPP-1 (State District Power Plant 1) and SDPP-2 (State District Power Plant 2). These power plants make over 7,200 megawatts and give the region cheap electricity.


title: George F. Smoot

text: Professor Smoot began to study cosmology, and went to Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory where he worked with Luis Walter Alvarez on the experiment HAPPE, a high up weather balloon for detecting antimatter in the upper atmosphere.


title: Surgut

text: The city has the Surgut International Airport, which gives flights to Moscow, St. Petersburg, Dubai, Irkutsk, and many other cities.


title: George F. Smoot

text: He then took up an interest in the microwaves in cosmic radiation which had been discovered by Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson in 1964. This work gave new evidence of what the universe is made of. Some researchers thought that the universe was rotating, which would mean that temperature of microwaves would seem different when measured from different angles. With the help of Alvarez and Richard A. Muller, Professor Smoot developed a radiometer to measure the difference in temperature from two angles 60 degrees apart. The radiometer was put on top of a Lockheed U-2 plane, but the measurements seemed to show that the universe was not rotating. It did, however, detect another difference in the microwave temperature on one side of the sky. They called this a dipole pattern and a Doppler effect of the Earth's motion. A doppler effect happens because the Sun, and the Milky Way are moving at nearly 600 km/s. They think this is caused by gravity from the Great Attractor.


title: Surgut

text: Surgut also has many trains that go to the east (in Novy Urengoy, Nizhnevartovsk), and to the south-west (in Tyumen, Moscow, Novosibirsk, Ufa, Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg).


title: George F. Smoot

text: The measurements from the radiometer showed that one side of the sky was different to the other but this was surprising because it was expected that many differences would be found all over the sky. Smoot was working on finding these smaller differences in the late 1970s when he gave NASA an idea to make a satellite with a detector that was similar to the one mounted on the Lockheed aeroplane. This detector would be much more powerful and it would not be affected by the atmosphere. NASA spent US$160  million on the satellite and named it the COBE. The COBE satellite was delayed after the Space Shuttle Challenger was destroyed, but was launched successfully on November 18, 1989. After more than two years, on 21 April 1992, the COBE research team claimed that the satellite had detected the small differences they were looking for. This was very important in the study of the early universe. The study was "evidence for the birth of the universe". Professor Smoot said: "If you're religious, it's like looking at God."


title: Surgut

text: Surgut has a continental subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification "Dfc"). It has long, cold winters and short, warm summers.


title: George F. Smoot

text: More than 1,000 researchers, engineers and other workers helped to make the COBE. John Mather was in control of the whole project and the experiments that made the COBE possible. George Smoot was in control of measuring the small differences in the temperature of the radiation.


title: Surgut

text: The modern coat of arms of Surgut, featuring "in the golden field - a black fox with a silver tail end, walking along the azure land", was approved on November 20, 2003 by the city duma on November 4, 2003.


title: George F. Smoot

text: Smoot worked with the "San Francisco Chronicle"s journalist, Keay Davidson, to write a book called "Wrinkles in Time", all about the team's work. In the book "The Very First Light", John Mather and John Boslough write more of the COBE story. Mathers book says that Professor Smoot was giving news of COBE to the press before NASA did. This made problems between Smoot and Mather in the past.


title: George F. Smoot

text: After COBE, Smoot helped with another experiment with a stratospheric balloon called the MAXIMA experiment. This ballon took some better measurements than the COBE. Smoot has continued studying cosmic radiatin and now works on the third generation COBE satellite Planck. He is also working on the design of a Supernova/Acceleration Probe (SNAP), a satellite which is to measure dark energy. He has also assisted in analyzing data from the Spitzer Space Telescope in connection with measuring far infrared background radiation.


title: Saud of Saudi Arabia

text: Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (; ; 15 January 1902 – 23 February 1969) was King of Saudi Arabia from 1953 to 1964. His father was King Ibn Saud.


title: Snow goose

text: The snow goose ("Chen caerulescens" or "Anser caerulescens"), also known as the blue goose, is a North American species of goose. Its name comes from its white feathers. Some authorities place this species in the "Chen" genus. Other authorities place these species in the "gray goose" genus "Anser". In addition to a white phase they also have a blue phase. In the white phase they are all-white except for their primary feathers which are black. In the blue phase the head and upper neck remain white.


title: Molde

text: Molde () is a Town and municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The city is nicknamed "The City of Roses".


title: Novocherkassk

text: Novocherkassk (, lit. "New Cherkassk") is a city in Rostov Oblast, Russia. 168,746 people lived here in 2010.


title: Pitchfork

text: A pitchfork is a tool used in farming. It is similar to a garden fork, made of metal or another hard material, with three or more pointed ends. Its long handle, made of wood or hard plastic, is for use while standing. It is usually about the same size as a shovel. It is used to move hay and other materials.


title: Robert Woodward

text: Robert Burns Woodward (April 10, 1917 – July 8, 1979) was an American organic chemist. He made many important discoveries in modern organic chemistry. He worked on the synthesis and structure of complex natural products. He worked closely with Roald Hoffmann on the theory of chemical reactions. Woodward won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1965.


title: George E. Smith

text: George Elwood Smith (born May 10, 1930) is an American scientist and applied physicist. He is known for being the co-inventor of the charge-coupled device (CCD).


title: Karakol

text: Karakol (, "Qaraqol"/"Karakol", formerly Przhevalsk (), is a city of about 68,800 people in Kyrgyzstan, near the eastern tip of Lake Issyk-Kul and about from the Kyrgyz-Chinese border. It is the capital of Issyk-Kul Region.


title: South Sumatra

text: South Sumatra () is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the southeast of the island of Sumatra, The province is about and about 8,497,196 people lived here.


title: Père Lachaise Cemetery

text: Père Lachaise Cemetery ( ; formerly , "Cemetery of the East") is the largest cemetery in Paris, France (). More than 3.5 million people visit here every year. It is the most visited necropolis in the world.


title: Sulmona

text: Sulmona (; ; ) is a city and "comune" of the province of L'Aquila in Abruzzo, Italy. It is in the Valle Peligna, a plateau once occupied by a lake that disappeared in prehistoric times. In the ancient era, it was one of the most important cities of the Paeligni and is known for being the native town of the Roman poet Ovid, of whom there is a bronze statue, located on the town's main road and named after him.


title: Robert Woodward

text: Woodward was born in Boston, Massachusetts. When he was one year old, his father died in the influenza pandemic of 1918.


title: George E. Smith

text: He was awarded a one-quarter share in the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics for "the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit—the CCD sensor, which has become an electronic eye in almost all areas of photography".


title: Père Lachaise Cemetery

text: The Père Lachaise is in the 20th arrondissement and was the first garden cemetery, as well as the first municipal cemetery in Paris. There are three World War I memorials in the cemetary.


title: Robert Woodward

text: He was interested in chemistry at an early age. By the time he entered high school, he had already done most of the experiments in Ludwig Gattermann's textbook of experimental organic chemistry. In 1928, Woodward asked the Consul-General of the German consulate in Boston, to send him copies of a few original papers published in German journals. He was fascinated to read Otto Diels and Kurt Alder's original communication about the Diels–Alder reaction.


title: Robert Woodward

text: In 1933, he entered the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), but did not do well enough to continue. MIT readmitted him in 1935, and by 1936 he had received the Bachelor of Science degree. Only one year later, MIT awarded him the doctorate. This was very unusual at the time, because most MIT students earned only a Bachelor of Science degree after four years. Woodward's studies were about the synthesis of the female sex hormone estrone, a natural type of estrogen. He held a Junior Fellowship at Harvard University from 1937 to 1938, and stayed at Harvard for the rest of his life. In the 1960s, Woodward was named Donner Professor of Science, a post which allowed him to spend all his time on research.


title: Robert Woodward

text: In the early 1940s Wooward was using ultraviolet spectroscopy to discover the structure of natural products. Woodward collected a large amount of information, and then worked out a series of rules, later called the Woodward's rules. These rules could be used to find out the structures of new natural products, as well as non-natural synthesized molecules. Woodward was always quick to use newly developed techniques. Woodward's discovery saved chemists from spending a lot of time using chemical methods to work out the structures of compounds.


title: Robert Woodward

text: In 1944 Woodward and William von Eggers Doering reported the synthesis of the alkaloid quinine, used to treat malaria. The synthesis was a breakthrough, as quinine was hard to get from Japanese occupied southeast Asia. In fact, Woodward's method could not be used on a practical scale, but it was a landmark for chemical synthesis. Organic synthesis was still largely a matter of trial and error, and nobody thought such complex structures could actually be constructed. Woodward showed that organic synthesis could be made into a science. Woodward's synthesis of quinine was the first of many of his very complicated and elegant syntheses.


title: Robert Woodward

text: By the 1930s, the British chemists Christopher Ingold and Robert Robinson among others had studied the mechanisms of organic reactions. They had come up with rules which could predict reactivity of organic molecules. Woodward was probably the first synthetic organic chemist who used these rules to predict what steps would work in a synthesis.


title: Robert Woodward

text: During the late 1940s, Woodward synthesized many complex natural products including quinine, cholesterol, cortisone, strychnine, lysergic acid, reserpine, chlorophyll, cephalosporin, and colchicine. With these, Woodward opened up a new era of synthesis, sometimes called the 'Woodwardian era'. He showed that natural products could be synthesized by careful applications of the principles of physical organic chemistry, and by very careful planning.


title: Robert Woodward

text: Many of Woodward's syntheses were described as spectacular by his colleagues. Before he did them, some people thought it would be impossible to create these substances in the lab. Woodward's syntheses were also described as having an element of art in them, and since then, synthetic chemists have always looked for elegance as well as utility in synthesis. His work also involved the exhaustive use of the then newly developed techniques of infrared spectroscopy and later, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Another important feature of Woodward's syntheses was their attention to stereochemistry or the particular configuration of molecules in three dimensional space. Most natural products of medicinal importance are effective, for example as drugs, only when they possess a specific stereochemistry. This creates the demand for 'stereospecific synthesis', producing a compound with a defined stereochemistry. Woodward was a pioneer in showing how one could conduct reactions that were stereospecific. Many of his syntheses involved forcing a molecule into a certain configuration by installing rigid structural elements in it, another tactic that has become standard today. In this regard, especially his syntheses of reserpine and strychnine were landmarks.


title: Robert Woodward

text: Woodward also applied the technique of infrared spectroscopy and chemical degradation to determine the structures of complicated molecules. Notable among these structure determinations were santonic acid, strychnine, magnamycin and terramycin. About terramycin, Woodward's colleague and Nobel Laureate Derek Barton said:


title: Robert Woodward

text: "The most brilliant analysis ever done on a structural puzzle was surely the solution (1953) of the terramycin problem. It was a problem of great industrial importance, and hence many able chemists had performed an enormous amount of work trying to determine the structure. There seemed to be too much data to resolve the problem, because a significant number of observations, although experimentally correct, were very misleading. Woodward took a large piece of cardboard, wrote on it all the facts and, by thought alone, deduced the correct structure for terramycin. Nobody else could have done that at the time."


title: Robert Woodward

text: In each one of these cases, Woodward again showed how rational facts and chemical principles, combined with chemical intuition, could be used to achieve the task.


title: Robert Woodward

text: In the early 1950s, Woodward, and British chemist Geoffrey Wilkinson, proposed a structure for ferrocene, a compound consisting of a combination of an organic molecule with iron. This marked the beginning of the field of transition metal organometallic chemistry. The field later grew which grew to be important to the chemical industry. Wilkinson won the Nobel Prize for this work in 1973, with Ernst Otto Fischer. Some historians think that Woodward should have shared this prize along with Wilkinson. Woodward himself thought so, and voiced his thoughts in a letter sent to the Nobel Committee.


title: Robert Woodward

text: Woodward won the Nobel Prize in 1965 for his synthesis of complex organic molecules. In his Nobel lecture, he described the total synthesis of the antibiotic cephalosporin, and claimed that he had pushed the synthesis schedule so that it would be completed around the time of the Nobel ceremony.


title: Robert Woodward

text: In the early 1960s, Woodward began work on what was the most complex natural product synthesized to date- vitamin B. In a remarkable collaboration with his colleague Albert Eschenmoser in Zurich, a team of almost one hundred students and postdoctoral workers worked for many years on the synthesis of this molecule. The work was finally published in 1973, and it marked a landmark in the history of organic chemistry. The synthesis included almost a hundred steps, and involved the rigorous planning and analyses that had always characterised Woodward's work. This work, more than any other, convinced organic chemists that the synthesis of any complex substance was possible, given enough time and planning. However, as of 2006, no other total synthesis of Vitamin B has been published.


title: Robert Woodward

text: That same year, based on observations that Woodward had made during the B synthesis, he and Roald Hoffmann devised rules (now called the Woodward–Hoffmann rules) for elucidating the stereochemistry of the products of organic reactions. Woodward based his ideas on his experiences as a synthetic organic chemist; he asked Hoffman to perform theoretical calculations to verify the ideas. This was done using Hoffmann's Extended Hückel method. The predictions of these rules were verified by many experiments. Hoffmann shared the 1981 Nobel Prize for this work along with Kenichi Fukui, a Japanese chemist who had done similar work using a different approach. Woodward had died two years before and so was not eligible to share this Prize.


title: Robert Woodward

text: A recent paper in the journal "Nature" describes how mechanical stress can be used to reshape chemical reaction pathways to lead to products that apparently violate Woodward–Hoffman rules.


title: Robert Woodward

text: Woodward Research Institute, based at Basel, Switzerland in 1963. He also became a trustee of his alma mater, MIT, from 1966 to 1971, and of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel.


title: Robert Woodward

text: Woodward died in Cambridge, Massachusetts from a heart attack in his sleep. At the time, he was working on the synthesis of an antibiotic, erythromycin. A student of his said:


title: Robert Woodward

text: "I owe a lot to Woodward. He showed me that one could attack difficult problems without a clear idea of their outcome, but with confidence that intelligence and effort would solve them. He showed me the beauty of modern organic chemistry, and the relevance to the field of detailed careful reasoning. He showed me that one does not need to specialize. Woodward made great contributions to the strategy of synthesis, to the deduction of difficult structures, to the invention of new chemistry, and to theoretical aspects as well. He taught his students by example the satisfaction that comes from total immersion in our science. I treasure the memory of my association with this remarkable chemist."


title: Robert Woodward

text: During his lifetime, Woodward authored or coauthored almost 200 publications, of which 85 are full papers. The remainder comprising preliminary communications, the text of lectures, and reviews. The pace of his scientific activity soon outstripped his capacity to publish all experimental details, and much of the work in which he participated was not published until a few years after his death. Woodward trained more than two hundred Ph.D. students and postdoctoral workers, many of whom later went on to distinguished careers.


title: Robert Woodward

text: His lectures were legendary and frequently used to last for three or four hours. [His longest known lecture defined the unit of time known as the "Woodward", and thereafter his other lectures were deemed to be so many "milli-Woodwards" long!] In many of these, he eschewed the use of slides and used to draw beautiful structures by using multicolored chalk. As a result, it was always easy to take good notes at a Woodward lecture. Typically, to begin a lecture, Woodward would arrive and lay out two large white handkerchiefs on the countertop. Upon one would be four or five colors of chalk (new pieces), neatly sorted by color, in a long row. Upon the other handkerchief would be placed an equally impressive row of cigarettes. The previous cigarette would be used to light the next one. His famous Thursday seminars at Harvard often lasted well into the night. He had a fixation with blue, and all his suits, his car, and even his parking space were coloured in blue. In one of his laboratories, his students hung a large black and white photograph of the master from the ceiling, complete with a large blue "tie" appended. There it hung for some years (early 1970s), until scorched in a minor laboratory fire. He detested exercise, could get along with only a few hours of sleep every night, was a heavy smoker, and enjoyed Scotch whisky and a martini or two. Hoffmann would correspond with Woodward using blue paper.


title: Paktia Province

text: Paktia ( - Paktyā) is a province under Afghanistan. Its capital (city) is Gardez. There are about 1.3 million people who live in the Province. Most of the people are Pashtun.


title: Mily Balakirev

text: Mily Alexanyevich Balakirev (born Nizhny-Novgorod 2 January 1837; died St Petersburg 29 May 1910) was a Russian composer. His music sounds very Russian, and he was a very important influence on other Russian composers such as Modest Mussorgsky, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Alexander Borodin and César Cui. These five composers were known as the “Mighty Handful”. Balakirev mainly wrote music for orchestra, choir and piano and solo songs.


title: Santa Barbara County, California

text: Santa Barbara County is a county in the U.S. state of California. It is in the southern part of the state. The county seat is Santa Barbara. At the 2010 United States census, 423,895 people lived in the county.


title: Artvin

text: Artvin is a city in northeastern Turkey. The city is in the Karadeniz Region. In 2013, 33,415 people lived there.


title: Willard Boyle

text: Willard Sterling Boyle, CC (August 19, 1924– May 7, 2011) was a Canadian physicist and co-inventor of the charge-coupled device. On October 6, 2009, he won the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics for "the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit—the CCD sensor".


title: Central District (Israel)

text: The Central District (, "Meḥoz haMerkaz"; ) is one of the six districts of Israel. Its capital is Ramla.


title: Nikita Mikhalkov

text: Nikita Sergeyevich Mikhalkov (; born 21 October 1945) is a Russian filmmaker, actor, and head of the Russian Cinematographers' Union. He was nominated for the Academy Award (1993) for the movie "Close to Eden". He won an Academy Award (1995) for Best Foreign Language Film and the Grand Prix of the Cannes Film Festival (1994) for the movie "Burnt by the Sun".


title: William Wyler

text: William Wyler (; born Willi Wyler (); July 1, 1902 – July 27, 1981) was a German-Swiss movie director, producer and screenwriter.


title: Melitopol

text: Melitopol (; ) is a city in Zaporizhzhia Oblast (province) of southeastern Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Melitopol Raion (district). In 2021, 150,768 people lived there.


title: Willard Boyle

text: Born in Amherst, Nova Scotia, he was the son of a medical doctor and moved to Quebec with his father and mother Beatrice when he was three. He was home schooled by his mother until age fourteen, when he attended Montreal's Lower Canada College to complete his secondary education. Boyle attended McGill University, but his education was interrupted in 1943, when he joined the Royal Canadian Navy during World War II. He was loaned to the Britain's Royal Navy, where he was learning how to land Spitfires on aircraft carriers as the war ended. He gained a Bachelor of Science (1947), Master of Science (1948) and PhD (1950) from McGill University.


title: William Wyler

text: His best known works were "Ben-Hur" (1959), "The Best Years of Our Lives" (1946), and "Mrs. Miniver" (1942), all of which won Academy Awards for Best Director, as well as Best Picture.


title: Willard Boyle

text: After receiving his doctorate, Boyle spent one year at Canada's Radiation Laboratory and two years teaching physics at the Royal Military College of Canada. In 1953 Boyle joined Bell Labs a part of Bellcomm, where he invented the first continuously operating ruby laser with Don Nelson in 1962. He also helped invent a semiconductor injection laser. He became director of Space Science and Exploratory Studies at the Bell Labs in 1962. They provided support for the Apollo space program and helped to select Moon landing sites. He returned to Bell Labs in 1964, working on the development of integrated circuits.


title: Willard Boyle

text: In 1969, Boyle and George E. Smith invented the charge-coupled device (CCD). Before CCDs were used in cameras, all cameras used chemicals to capture photographic images. CCDs made electronic photography possible. Boyle and Smith jointly received the Franklin Institute's Stuart Ballantine Medal in 1973, the 1974 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award, the 2006 Charles Stark Draper Prize, and the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics for inventing the CCD. NASA used the CCD to send clear pictures to Earth back from space. CCD is also used in many digital cameras today. Smith said of their invention: "After making the first couple of imaging devices, we knew for certain that chemistry photography was dead."


title: Willard Boyle

text: Boyle was Executive Director of Research for Bell Labs from 1975 until his retirement in 1979. In retirement, he split his time between Halifax and Wallace, Nova Scotia where he helped launch an art gallery with his wife Betty, a landscape artist. He married Betty in 1947, and has four children, 10 grandchildren and one great-grandchild. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of Canada in 2010. Boyle died in Wallace from kidney disease.


title: Hannover 96

text: The sports club was founded in 1896. Hannover 96 is famous for its football (AE: "Soccer") team that has almost always played in the first or second German football league (Except 1996-1998).


title: El Dorado County, California

text: El Dorado County, officially the County of El Dorado, is a county in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 181,058. The county seat is Placerville.


title: Nerbudda River

text: The Nerbudda River (other spellings are "Narbudda" and "Narmada") is a river in western India. The source of the Nerbudda is in the east of the state of Madhya Pradesh. At Jabalpur it turns southwest and follows a course between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges. It then follows a more westerly course across Madhya Pradesh and then Gujarat. Finally the river flows into the Gulf of Khambhat through an estuary 13 miles wide.


title: Shida Kartli

text: Shida Kartli is a region in Georgia. The capital city is Gori. Part of the region is under South Ossetian control.


title: Hebe (asteroid)

text: Hebe ( 6 Hebe) is a large asteroid. It orbits the Sun in our solar system's asteroid belt. It has around 0.5% of the mass of the belt. Hebe is the fifth-brightest object in the asteroid belt after Vesta, Ceres, Iris, and Pallas. It has a mean opposition magnitude of +8.3, about equal to the mean brightness of Titan, and can reach +7.5 at an opposition near perihelion.


title: Ukhta

text: Ukhta (; Komi: Уква, "Ukva") is an important industrial town in the Komi Republic, Russia. It was known as Chibyu before 1939.


title: Nightjar

text: Nightjars are medium-sized birds that are active during the dawn and dusk, or during the night. They can be found all over the world. They primarily feed on insects. In English, they are also known as goatsuckers, or bugeaters. The word goatsucker was translated to Latin as "Caprimulgus". Some of them are also called nighthawks. There are about 100 species.


title: Hannover 96

text: Hannover 96 was German Football Champion in 1938 and 1954 and German Cup winner in 1992. The club played eight seasons in European cup competitions (24 matches).


title: Ukhta

text: Ukhta was founded in 1929 as an oil drilling village. It was given town status in 1943. As well as a link to the Pechora Railway, Ukhta has a small airport. The town was used in the gulag in the 1940s and 1950s by the Soviet Union.


title: Hannover 96

text: In 1963 the German national Football League, the "Fußball-Bundesliga" was founded. Hannover 96 joined the Bundesliga in 1964 and played there for the following ten years. In the 1970s and 1980s the club went down to the second league and up again several times. In the 1990s Hannover 96 played eight seasons in the second "Bundesliga" and two years in the third league, the "Regionalliga Nord" (1996-98).


title: Ukhta

text: Ukhta is located in the Timan-Pechora Basin, a major oil and gas-producing region in the Komi Republic. Its oilfields are located to the south of the town. Most of the town's oil is refined in oil refineries in Moscow and Saint Petersburg, although some is refined locally.


title: Hannover 96

text: Some famous players who have been in the team for a long time: Altin Lala Albanian national player, Steven Cherundolo, USA-national player, Robert Enke, former German national goalkeeper.


title: Ukhta

text: Ukhta has a subarctic climate (Köppen: "Dfc") with long, cold winters and short, warm summers. Winters in Ukhta are less extreme compared to areas at a similar latitude in Siberia, although still very cold from a European point of view.


title: Hannover 96

text: Former Coaches: Dieter Hecking 2009, Andreas Bergmann 2009, Peter Neururer 2006, Ewald Lienen 2005, Ralf Rangnick 2004, Horst Ehrmanntraut 2001, ...


title: Welwitschia

text: Welwitschia or "Welwitschia mirabilis" is known as one of the oldest living plants. It can be called a "living fossil". The plant is mainly found in the deserts of Namibia. Some of these plants may be more than 5000 years old. This would make them the oldest living things on Earth.


title: Veronica Guerin

text: Veronica Guerin (5 July 1958 - 26 June 1996) was an Irish journalist who was born in Dublin. She was murdered by Irish drug dealers. Her death made many Irish people angry, which brought down many drug dealers on the island. The criminal John Gilligan was later convicted of her murder and sentenced to 28 years in prison, though Gilligan said in High Court that it was his friend John Traynor who murdered Guerin.


title: Solifugae

text: Solifugae is an order of arachnids sometimes called 'camel spiders', 'wind scorpions' or 'sun spiders'. Although they look rather like spiders, they are not spiders, and they are not scorpions.


title: Ars-sur-Formans

text: Ars-sur-Formans is a commune. It is found in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in the Ain department in the east of France. In 2009, 1,326 people lived in the commune. The inhabitants are the "Arsois". The most important monuments in the commune are the Ars basilica, built in 1862, and the "Presbytère du curé d'Ars", located at the side of the basilica, and which contains a relic (his heart) of Jean-Marie Vianney, "curé" of Ars in the 19th century. The commune is twinned with Freihalden in Germany since 1977.


title: Flag of Montenegro

text: It has a red field surrounded by a golden border; charged with the Coat of arms of Montenegro at the centre. The coat of arms in the flag occupies of its height. The width of the golden border is the width of the hoist-side.


title: Susanne Blakeslee

text: Susanne Ann Blakeslee (born January 27, 1956) is an American actress, voice artist, comedian, clown, jester, mime, tap dance, and street dance. best known for voicing Wanda in The Fairly OddParents, Cruella de Vil and for Maleficent's voice in the Kingdom Hearts. She was born in Los Angeles, California.


title: Binali Yıldırım

text: Binali Yıldırım (born 20 December 1954) is a Turkish politician who was the 27th Prime Minister of Turkey and the leader of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) from May 2016 to 2018. He was the Minister of Transport, Maritime and Communication from 2002 to 2013 and again between 2015 and 2016. Between 2014 and 2015, he served as Senior Advisor to President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.


title: George Eastman

text: Eastman was born in Waterville, New York. He founded the Eastman Kodak Company and invented roll film. This made photography popular and led to other men inventing film stock. His Kodak company still runs today, but more focused on printers and printing.


title: Jura Mountains

text: The Jura Hills are a long mountain arc. The Jura rock or stone consists of limestone. It reaches from Lake Geneva to the Rhine River. The Jura Hills are not only in Switzerland, but also in France. The Chasseral is one of the highest hills in the Jura Mountains. It has an altitude of 1607 metres above sea level. The highest part of the Jura Hills is the “Crêt de la Neige“ in France and it is 1718 metres high. Many fossils and dinosaur tracks have been found there. The rocks of the Jura were formed between 144 million and 208 million years ago. The agriculture and winter tourism are very important for the principal economics.


title: Marktl

text: Marktl (unofficial name: Marktl am Inn, lit. "Little market on the river Inn") is a village and historic market municipality. It is in Altötting, a district ("Landkreis") in Upper Bavaria. It is the birthplace of Pope Benedict XVI.


title: Duncan Haldane

text: Frederick Duncan Michael Haldane (born 14 September 1951), known as F. Duncan Haldane, is a British-born physicist. He is the Sherman Fairchild University Professor of Physics at Princeton University. He is a co-recipient of the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics, along with David J. Thouless and J. Michael Kosterlitz.


title: Welwitschia

text: It is named after the discoverer, Dr. Friedrich Welwitsch. The plant is locally called "long haired thing". Its structure consists of a short, woody, top-shaped stem, and never more than two leaves, which are enormously long, (two or three metres) and break up at the ends.


title: Solifugae

text: The order includes more than 1,000 species in about 153 genera. Much like a spider, the body of a Solifugid is separated into an opisthosoma (abdomen) and a prosoma (a combined head and thorax). Unlike scorpions, they do not have tails, and they do not have venom.


title: Solifugae

text: Most species of Solifugids live in dry climates. They are found in Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas. The largest species grow to a length of , including legs. They are not normally dangerous to people.


title: Thirst

text: Thirst is the need to drink water or some other liquid. People can survive quite a while without food, but without something to drink they die very quickly. See dehydration.


title: Lund University

text: Lund University is a public university in Lund. It was founded in 1666 and is the second oldest university in Sweden.


title: Lycaenidae

text: The Lycaenidae are the second-largest family of butterflies, with about 6000 species worldwide. They are also called gossamer-winged butterflies.


title: Istituto Nazionale di Statistica

text: Istituto Nazionale di Statistica is the national statistical institute of Italy. The name translates to 'National Institute of Statistics'. This institute collects information about the country, including counting the people in Italy (the "census"). It is sometimes called "Istat".


title: Shafi`i

text: The Syafi'i (Arabic: الشافعي) or Shafi'i is one of the four schools of jurisprudence within Sunni Islam, third largest by population, and it was founded by Imam Syafi'i.


title: Lake Lugano

text: It is at the border between Switzerland and Italy. About 2/3 of the lake is in Switzerland, and 1/3 in Italy. The lake, named after the city of Lugano, is between Lake Maggiore and Lake Como.


title: Flag of Brunei

text: It has a red centered crest of Brunei on a yellow field cut by black and white diagonal stripes (parallelograms at an angle).


title: Gary Becker

text: Gary Stanley Becker (December 2, 1930 ~ May 3, 2014) was an American economist. He was a professor of economics and sociology at the University of Chicago and a professor at the Booth School of Business. He won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1992 and received the United States Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2007.


title: County Meath

text: County Meath () is a county in Ireland. It is part of the province of Leinster. It is named after the ancient "Kingdom of Mide" (in Gaelic "Mide" means "middle"). 184,135 people lived in the county according to the 2011 census. The county town is Navan, this is where the county hall and government are located. Trim used to be the county town.


title: County Limerick

text: County Limerick () is a county of Ireland. County Limerick is in the province of Munster. It is named after the city of Limerick, which is in County Limerick. At the 2011 census, 191,809 people lived in County Limerick.


title: Lycaenidae

text: The family includes many beautiful species. Some, like the Palos Verdes blue, are critically endangered. The Lycaenids were favourites of the Russian novelist and lepidopterist Vladimir Nabokov.


title: Shafi`i

text: South Asia: Maldives, Sri Lanka and most of South Indian states including Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh comes with Maharashtra, along with the largest city Mumbai.


title: Gary Becker

text: Becker was one of the first economists to study topics that were usually researched in sociology. He studied family organization in new and interesting ways. He studied racial discrimination, crime, and rational addiction. He said that many different types of human behavior that seem self-destructive or irrational can be seen as rational and utility-maximizing. He also studied altruism in human behavior. He showed that sometimes altruism was really to help oneself. He was a strong supporter of studying human capital. According to Milton Friedman, he was "the greatest social scientist who has lived and worked" in the second part of the twentieth century.


title: County Meath

text: The county is sometimes known by the nickname "The Royal County" because of its history as the seat of the High King of Ireland.


title: Gary Becker

text: Becker was born in Pottsville, Pennsylvania. Gary Becker died in Chicago, Illinois from complications of ulcer surgery, aged 83.


title: County Meath

text: County Meath formed the eastern part of the former Kingdom of Mide. The seat of the High King of Ireland was at Tara which is not far from Navan.


title: County Meath

text: The archaeological complex of "Brú na Bóinne" is 5,000 years old. It includes the burial sites of Newgrange, Knowth and Dowth, in the north-east of the county. It is a UNESCO designated World Heritage Site.


title: County Meath

text: The county has a lot of farms, mainly cattle, dairying, potatoes and grain. Meath is Ireland's leading county producer of potatoes, and a significant producer of beef, barley, milk, wheat, and root vegetables. Europe's largest underground lead-zinc mine, Tara Mines, has operated since 1977, at a location to the west of Navan.


title: Digitalis

text: Digitalis is a genus of about 20 species of herbaceous perennials shrubs, and biennals that are commonly called foxgloves. The genus is native to Europe, western and central Asia, and northwestern Africa.


title: Janez Drnovšek

text: Janez Drnovšek (; 17 May 1950 – 23 February 2008) was a Slovenian liberal politician. He was President of the Presidency of Yugoslavia (1989–1990), Prime Minister of Slovenia (1992–2002) and President of Slovenia (2002–2007).


title: John Kendrew

text: Sir John Cowdery Kendrew CBE FRS (24 March 1917– 23 August 1997) was an English biochemist and crystallographer.


title: Mauno Koivisto

text: Mauno Koivisto (25 November 1923 – 12 May 2017) was a Finnish politician. He was the ninth President of Finland and the 32nd Prime Minister of Finland.


title: Ernesto Teodoro Moneta

text: Ernesto Teodoro Moneta was an Italian journalist and soldier. He later became a pacifist and won the 1907 Nobel Peace Prize.


title: Hans Georg Dehmelt

text: Hans Georg Dehmelt (9 September 1922 – 7 March 2017) was a German-born American physicist. He was awarded Nobel Prize in Physics in 1989, for co-developing the ion trap technique with Wolfgang Paul. They shared one-half of the prize (the other half of the Prize in that year was awarded to Norman Foster Ramsey). Their technique was used for high precision measurement of the electron g-factor.


title: Dark nebula

text: Dark nebulae are astronomical objects. They do not emit or reflect light. They are seen when they hide stars and galaxies behind them.


title: Bingu wa Mutharika

text: Bingu wa Mutharika (born Brightson Webster Ryson Thom; 24 February 1934 – 5 April 2012) was a Malawian politician and economist. He was President of Malawi from May 2004 until his death in April 2012. He was also President of the Democratic Progressive Party. He was also Chairperson of the African Union in 2010–2011. He died of cardiac arrest in Lilongwe while in office on 5 April 2012, at age 78.


title: Manetho

text: Manetho was an ancient Egyptian historian and priest from Sebennytos. He lived during the Ptolemaic era, in about 300 BC.


title: Daniel C. Tsui

text: Daniel Chee Tsui (, born February 28, 1939) is a Chinese-born American physicist. He is a professor at Princeton University. Tsui shared the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics with Robert B. Laughlin and Horst L. Störmer for their discovery of fractional quantum Hall effect. He was born in Henan, China.


title: Digitalis

text: The term digitalis is also used for preparations containing cardiac glycosides, particularly digoxin, extracted from plants of this genus.


title: John Kendrew

text: He shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Max Perutz. Their group in the Cavendish Laboratory was the first to determine the structure of proteins, using X-ray crystallography. He was also a Fellow (teacher) at Peterhouse College in Cambridge.


title: Mauno Koivisto

text: Koivisto was born in Turku. His family was not rich, his father was a carpenter building ships. His mother died when he was young. He finished school in young age, and took odd jobs. In Second world war Koivisto volunteered at the front. After the war he joined Social democratic party.


title: Dark nebula

text: The astronomer Edward Emerson Barnard compiled a list of dark nebulae known as the "Barnard Catalogue of Dark Markings in the Sky", or the Barnard Catalogue for short. The nebulae listed by Barnard have become known as Barnard objects.


title: Manetho

text: Manetho wrote the "Aegyptiaca" ("History of Egypt"). His book is used by Egyptologists to work out the dates for events in ancient Egypt. The earliest reference to Manetho's "Aegyptiaca" is in Jewish historian Josephus's book, "Against Apion".


title: John Kendrew

text: In what became the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Kendrew determined the structure of the protein myoglobin, which stores oxygen in muscle cells.


title: Mauno Koivisto

text: In 1968 Koivisto become prime minister of Finland. He was very popular. His popularity helped him to become president in 1982 when Urho Kekkonen was too sick to continue. Koivisto won a second term in election.


title: Manetho

text: We do not know what Manetho's name means, some suggestions are "Gift of Thoth", "Beloved of Thoth", "Truth of Thoth", "Beloved of Neith", or "Lover of Neith", "Myinyu-heter" ("Horseherd" or "Groom") and "Ma'ani-Djehuti" ("I have seen Thoth").


title: John Kendrew

text: He spent the early months of World War II doing research on radar. In 1940 he became engaged in operational research at the Royal Air Force headquarters, holding the honorary rank of Wing Commander R.A.F.


title: Mauno Koivisto

text: As a president, Koivisto continued line of Kekkonen and was careful to practice neutral policy. This meant hthat he was not too visibly anti-soviet or pro-soviet. During his time Finland changed constituttion so that the president had less power than before.


title: Manetho

text: We do not know when he was born or died. His book may have been written during the rule of Ptolemy I Soter (323–283 BC) and Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285–246 BC). The "Hibeh Papyri", dated to 241/40 BC, suggests he may been writing during the rule of Ptolemy III Euergetes (246–222 BC). He wrote in the Greek language. Other works he wrote include "Against Herodotus", "The Sacred Book", "On Antiquity and Religion", "On Festivals", "On the Preparation of Kyphi", and the "Digest of Physics". The "Book of Sothis" on astrology, may also be written by him.


title: Mauno Koivisto

text: Koivisto's health declined in December 2016 due to Alzheimer's disease and his wife Tellervo started as his caregiver.


title: Manetho

text: He was probably a priest of the sun god Ra at Heliopolis. He knew a lot about the cult of Sarapis based on Osiris and Apis. Sarapis was a Greco-Macedonian version of the Egyptian cult dating back to Alexander the Great. Tacitus and Plutarch wrote that Ptolemy (probably Ptolemy Soter) imported a statue of the god.


title: Mauno Koivisto

text: In January 2017, Koivisto fell badly at his home and broke his hand, after which he moved to a nursing home. In May 2017, Koivisto was put in end-of-life care. Koivisto died on 12 May 2017 in Helsinki from complications of Alzheimer's disease, aged 93.


title: Manetho

text: The "Aegyptiaca", the "History of Egypt", may have been Manetho's largest work. It was in date order and divided into three volumes. In "Aegyptiaca", he invented the word "dynasty" to mean a group of kings with a common origin. It came from the Greek word "dynasteia", meaning "governmental power". He was the first person to group the rulers into dynasties. He did not use the word to mean families. He began a new dynasty when there was a break or change in the power of government. For example, there was a break between the Fourth Dynasty in Memphis, and the Fifth Dynasty at Elephantine. He included details of many of the kings.


title: Manetho

text: "Aegyptiaca" may have been written as an Egyptian history, to be more accurate than Herodotus' "Histories". Hiis other book, "Against Herodotus", may be just have been a short version of "Aegyptiaca". There are no original copies of either book.


title: Manetho

text: "Aegyptiaca" has not survived as a complete book. It is very possible that what has been kept was rewritten by other writers to support their Egyptian, Jewish, or Greek histories. This makes it difficult for modern historians to know how reliable it is as a history.


title: Manetho

text: The earliest mention of Manetho is in Josephus' "Contra Apionem" ("Against Apion"). This was written nearly 400 years after "Aegyptiaca". It is clear that Josephus did not have the original of Manethos' book. At about the same time, a short version, the Epitome, of the book was being used. This kept Manetho's brief list of dynasties and a some parts that were seen as important. For example, it had that the first Dynasty, Menes, "was snatched and killed by a hippopotamus". It is not known if any of the short version is Manetho's original writing. Copies were written by Sextus Julius Africanus and Eusebius of Caesarea. Eusebius's copy was used by Jerome in his Latin translation, an Armenian translation, and by George Syncellus. Syncellus saw that the copies by Eusebius and Africanus were almost the same, so he placed them side by side in his work, "Ecloga Chronographica".


title: Manetho

text: These last four copies are the only copies of the epitome of Manetho. Other sections are in Malalas's "Chronographia" and "Excerpta Latina Barbari" ("Excerpts in Bad Latin").


title: Manetho

text: Manetho used lists of kings to provide a structure for his history. Josephus wrote that Manetho also used stories, myths and legends for his book. This was common among historians of that time. He must have known the Greek work of Herodotus. He tried to link Egyptian history with Greek history. For example, he links King Memnon with Amenophis, and Armesis with Danaos). It is possible that these links may have been the work of later writers. We do know he could write in the Greek language.


title: Manetho

text: The king-list that Manetho used is unknown. The Turin King List is the one that is the most similar. The oldest source to compare with Manetho are the "Old Kingdom Annals" (c. 2500-2200 BC). There are also the Karnak king list, two at Abydos and the Saqqara list.


title: Manetho

text: The "Old Kingdom Annals" only survive on the Palermo Stone. There are many differences between the stone and Manetho. The stone stops at the fifth dynasty. It includes the early kings of Lower Egypt and kings of Upper Egypt. Manetho lists several Greek and Egyptian gods beginning with Hephaistos and Helios. The "Annals" also give annual reports of the activities of the kings.


title: Manetho

text: The New Kingdom lists left out some rulers. The list prepared for Seti I, has 76 kings from the First Dynasties to the Fourteenth, but leave out the Hyksos rulers and those linked to Akhenaten. The Saqqara list also does not include them in its list of 58 names. These names were left out for religious, rather than political reasons. If Manetho used these lists at all, he would have been unable to get all of his information from them.


title: Manetho

text: The Turin King List was probably a government, rather than a religious document. It would not have needed to leave out kings for religious reasons. These sort of documents must have been available to Manetho. As a priest he would have had access to all written materials in the temple.


title: Manetho

text: Manetho's list was probably from Lower Egypt. He included kings from the Third Intermediate Period, even such short-lived kings like Amenemnisu (5 years) and Osochor (6 years). But he left out the kings from Thebes, such as Osorkon III, Takelot III, Harsiese A and Pinedjem I and kings from Middle Egypt like Peftjaubast of Herakleopolis. Manetho's information must have come from a local city's temple library in the River Nile Delta. The Middle and Upper Egyptian Pharaohs did not control this part of the Delta; which is why they are left out of Manetho's king-list.


title: Manetho

text: By the Middle Kingdom, Egyptian kings each had five different names. These were the "Horus" name; the "Two Ladies" name; the "Gold Horus" name; the "praenomen" or "throne name"; and a "nomen", the personal name given at birth (also called a "Son of Ra" name as it was preceded by "Sa Re'"). Some Pharaohs also had more than one of these names. For example, Ramesses II used six Horus names at various times. We do not know if Manetho knew about the different names of rulers long past. Not all the different names for each king have been discovered, and it maybe that the kings were known by other names as well as the official names. Because Manetho translated the names into Greek, we do not know the original Egyptian name.


title: Manetho

text: Volume 1 begins from the earliest times. It lists gods and demigods as kings of Egypt. Stories of Isis, Osiris, Set, or Horus might have been found here. The book then lists kings from the First Dynasty I to the Eleventh Dynasty. This would have included the Old Kingdom, the First Intermediate Period, and the early Middle Kingdom.


title: Manetho

text: Volume 2 covers Twelfth Dynasty to the Nineteenth. This includes the end of the Middle Kingdom and the Second Intermediate Period (XV–XVII—the Hyksos invasion), and the start of the New Kingdom. Josephus believed the Hyksos or "shepherd-kings" were the ancient Israelites who made their way out of Egypt ("Apion" 1.82–92).


title: Manetho

text: Egyptologists still use Manetho's way of grouping the pharaohs into dynasties. The French explorer and Egyptologist, Jean-François Champollion, had a copy of Manetho's lists to help him read the hieroglyphs. Modern histories now use both the modern translation of names and Manetho's version.


title: Please Please Me

text: Please Please Me is the first studio album by the English band The Beatles. It was produced by George Martin and was released in the United Kingdom on 22 March 1963 on EMI's Parlophone record label. Eight of the fourteen songs were written by Lennon–McCartney. "Please Please Me" was voted 39th on "Rolling Stone"s list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time" in 2012.


title: Hénin-Beaumont

text: Hénin-Beaumont is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.


title: Wig

text: A wig is an artificial covering of hair. The word is short for periwig and appeared in the English language around 1675. Some people wear wigs to hide the fact that they are bald, which means they have very little or no scalp hair. Actors often wear wigs to disguise their appearance or get into character. In Britain and other Commonwealth nations, some public employees, such as judges and barristers, wear wigs.


title: City of David

text: The City of David (, "Ir David"), called in , Wadi Hilweh, is an archaeological site in Jerusalem. It is next to the south-eastern corner of the walls of the Old City of Jerusalem. The site is attributed to the palace of king David, and includes a water tunnel that was built by the king Hezekiah.


title: Flag of Madagascar

text: The flag of Madagascar was adopted on 14 October 1958. It has two horizontal bands of red and green, with a white vertical band on the hoist side.


title: Lys Assia

text: Lys Assia (born Rosa Mina Schärer; 3 March 1924, Rupperswil, Aargau, Switzerland – 24 March 2018 in Zürich, Switzerland) was a Swiss singer. She won the first Eurovision Song Contest in 1956. When Assia was a young girl she was a dancer. In 1940, however, she stood in for a female singer.


title: County Monaghan

text: County Monaghan (in Gaelic ) is a county in Ireland. It is part of the province of Ulster. It is also part of the Border Region, as it borders Northern Ireland. It is named after the town of Monaghan. 60,483 people live in the county according to the 2011 census.


title: Lodine

text: Lodine ("Lodìne") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Nuoro in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 339 people lived there. Its area is 7.7 km². It is 884 meters above sea level.


title: Dési Bouterse

text: Desiré Delano "Dési" Bouterse (born 13 October 1945) is a Surinamese politician. He was the President of Suriname from 2010 to 2020. From 1980 to 1987 he was Suriname's "de facto" leader when the country was under military rule.


title: Dubrovnik-Neretva County

text: On the local level, the Dubrovnik–Neretva county is further subdivided into 5 cities ("grad", pl. "gradovi") and 17 municipalities ("općina", pl. "općine"):


title: Spotlight (movie)

text: Spotlight is a 2015 American biographical-crime-drama directed by Tom McCarthy and written by McCarthy and Josh Singer. The movie is about "The Boston Globe"'s "Spotlight" team, the oldest operating newspaper investigative journalist unit in the United States, and its investigation into cases of widespread and systemic child sex abuse in the Boston area by many Roman Catholic priests.


title: Wolverine (character)

text: Wolverine (birth name James Howlett; alias Logan and Weapon X) is a fictional character which is today one of the most famous superhero character. He is create by Len Wein, Roy Thomas and John Romita Sr..


title: Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi

text: Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi (ʿAbdrabbuh Manṣūr Hādī;   ; born 1 September 1945) is a Yemeni politician. He was a Field Marshal of the Yemeni Armed Forces. He was Vice President from 1994 to 2012. He became the second President of Yemen on 27 February 2012.


title: Conflans-Sainte-Honorine

text: Conflans-Sainte-Honorine is a commune. It is found in the region Île-de-France in the Yvelines department in the north-central of France.


title: Richard R. Ernst

text: Richard Robert Ernst (14 August 1933 – 4 June 2021) was a Swiss physical chemist. He was born in Winterthur, Switzerland. Ernst won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1991 for his works on the creation of Fourier transform Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy while at Varian Associates in Palo Alto, California.


title: Torreblacos

text: Torreblacos is a municipality found in the province of Soria in the autonomous community of Castile and León in Spain.


title: County Monaghan

text: There is a lot of countryside in County Monaghan. There are a few mountains like Mullyash Mountain, Slieve Beagh (on the border with Tyrone and Fermanagh) and Coolberrin Hill (214 m, 702 ft). Lakes include Lough Egish, Lough Fea, Muckno Lough, Lough Avaghon, Inner Lough (in Dartrey Forest), Drumlona Lough, White Lough and Emy Lough.


title: Dési Bouterse

text: On February 25, 1980, the government of Suriname underwent a military coup led by Bouterse. Though the Suriname Presidency was retained, Bouterse was the nation's ruler until his resignation in 1988.


title: Spotlight (movie)

text: It is based on a series of stories by the "Spotlight" team that earned "The Globe" the 2003 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service. The movie stars Mark Ruffalo, Michael Keaton, Rachel McAdams, John Slattery, Stanley Tucci, Brian d'Arcy James, Liev Schreiber, Billy Crudup and Richard Jenkins with Len Cariou as Cardinal Bernard Francis Law.


title: County Monaghan

text: Rivers in Monaghan include the River Fane (along the Louth border), the River Glyde (along the Louth and Meath borders), the Ulster Blackwater (along the border with County Tyrone) and the Dromore river (along the border of County Cavan, linking Cootehill to Ballybay). The Ulster Canal runs through Monaghan, but is not fully open to navigation.


title: Dési Bouterse

text: Bouterse is held responsible for the numerous human rights violations committed under his dictatorship, such as the murder of 15 people known as the , and the massacre in the village Moiwana.


title: Spotlight (movie)

text: The movie was released on November 6, 2015, by Open Road Films and grossed $92 million worldwide. It won the Academy Award for Best Picture in 2016.


title: County Monaghan

text: Monaghan has a number of forests, including Rossmore Forest, Dartrey Forest and Dún na Rí Forest Park. Managed by Coillte since 1988, the majority of trees are conifers. Due to a long history of intensive farming and recent intensive forestry practices, only small pockets of native woodland remain.


title: County Monaghan

text: In 1585, the English lord deputy of Ireland, Sir John Perrot, visited the area and met the Irish chieftains. They wanted Ulster to be divided into counties, and that land in the kingdom of Airgíalla be split up and given to each of the McMahon chiefs. That is how County Monaghan was created. The county was divided into five baronies: Farney, Cremorne, Dartrey, Monaghan and Truagh, which was left under the control of the McKenna chieftains.


title: County Monaghan

text: After the defeat of the rebellion of Hugh O'Neill, The O'Neill and the Ulster chieftains in 1603, the county was not colonised by the English ("planted") like the other counties of Ulster. The lands were instead left in the hands of the native chieftains. In the Irish Rebellion of 1641, the McMahons and their allies joined the general rebellion of Irish Catholics. Following their defeat, some plantation of the county took place with Scottish and English families.


title: County Monaghan

text: County Monaghan is the birthplace of the poet and writer Patrick Kavanagh, who based much of his work in the county. Kavanagh is one of the most significant figures in 20th century Irish Poetry. The poems "Stony Grey Soil" and "Shancoduff" refer to the county.


title: County Monaghan

text: George Collie (1904–75) is a famous painter from Monaghan. He was born in Carrickmacross and trained at the Dublin Metropolitan School of Art.


title: County Monaghan

text: Monaghan was also the home county of the Irish writer Sir Shane Leslie (1885–1971), 3rd Baronet of Glaslough, who lived at Castle Leslie in the north-east corner of the county. He was a Catholic convert, Irish nationalist and first cousin of British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill. Leslie became an important literary figure in the early 1900s. He was a close friend of many politicians and writers of the day including the American novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896–1940), who dedicated his second novel, "The Beautiful and Damned", to Leslie.


title: Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea

text: The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea is a London borough, west of central London. Notting Hill is in North Kensington.


title: Thiago Motta

text: Thiago Motta (born 28 August 1982) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Internazionale Milano.


title: Gymnasium (school)

text: The gymnasium is a form of higher education in Western Europe, especially in Germany. It is the same as a grammar school Gymnasiums are also common in Hungary and Austria. Graduating from a gymnasium is considered an accomplishment seeing as how difficult it is to do so.


title: Culver City, California

text: Culver City is a city in western Los Angeles County, California. It is known for being the headquarters of NPR West and Sony Pictures and was at one time home to studios for NFL Network.


title: Edward Adelbert Doisy

text: Edward Adlebert Doisy (November 13, 1892 - October 23, 1986) was an American biochemist. He won the 1943 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Henrik Dam, for the discovery of Vitamin K.


title: Carl Orff

text: Carl Orff (July 10, 1895 – March 29, 1982) was a German composer. Today, he is perhaps best remembered for his work Carmina Burana. Carmina Burana is a collection of texts from the Middle Ages. In 1937, Carl Orff wrote the music for some of these texts. His other well-known work, the Orff Schulwerk is aimed at teaching children about music. Carl Orff received many awards for his works. Amongst others he wrote "Reigen der Kinder", which was performed at the opening ceremony of the 1936 Summer Olympics. He also adapted the music for A Midsummer Night's Dream, which was originally written by Felix Mendelssohn. The problem was that Mendelsohn had Jewish roots, and the rulers of Germany at the time did not think this was suitable. Orff was a close friend of Kurt Huber, a prominent oppoent of the regime. Huber was a founding member of the opposition group White Rose. Huber was tried and executed in 1943.


title: Giovanni Ribisi

text: Antonino Giovanni Ribisi (born December 17, 1974) is an American actor. He began acting on television shows, guest-starring in "Friends". He starred in many movies, including "Saving Private Ryan", "Avatar" and "Ted".


title: Ma Ying-jeou

text: Ma Ying-jeou (, born 13 July 1950) is a Taiwanese politician. He was the President of the Republic of China from 20 May 2008 to 20 May 2016.


title: Chuck McCann

text: Charles John Thomas McCann (September 2, 1934 – April 8, 2018) was an American actor and television personality. He was known for his roles in "Far Out Space Nuts", "DuckTales", and "".


title: Jesse Lingard

text: Jesse Lingard (born 15 December 1992) is an English footballer. He plays for Manchester United. He also plays for the England national football team.


title: Benjamin Pavard

text: Benjamin Jacques Marcel Pavard (born 28 March 1996) is a French professional footballer who plays as a right-back at Bayern Munich.


title: El Hierro

text: El Hierro, nicknamed Isla del Meridiano (the "Meridian Island"), is the second-smallest and farthest-south and -west of the Canary Islands (an Autonomous Community of Spain), in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa, with a population of 10,968 (2019). Its capital is Valverde. At , it is the second-smallest of the eight main islands of the Canaries.


title: Landsberg am Lech

text: Landsberg am Lech (Landsberg at the Lech) is a town in southwest Bavaria, Germany, about 65 kilometers west of Munich and 35 kilometers south of Augsburg. It is the capital of the district of Landsberg am Lech.


title: Portoferraio

text: Portoferraio is an Italian town in Tuscany, on the island of Elba. Portoferraio is in the Province of Livorno. It has 11,918 people.


title: Villanueva de Gormaz

text: Villanueva de Gormaz is a municipality found in the province of Soria in the autonomous community of Castile and León in Spain.


title: Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea

text: The borough includes several districts in the west of London; before 1965 the two boroughs of Kensington and Chelsea were separately administered.


title: Ma Ying-jeou

text: Ma Ying-jeou was born in Kwong Wah Hospital in Kowloon, British Hong Kong on 13 July 1950. He studied in National Taiwan University, New York University and Harvard University.


title: Chuck McCann

text: McCann died in Los Angeles, California of congestive heart failure on April 8, 2018 at the age of 83.


title: Landsberg am Lech

text: Landsberg is on the Romantic Road and is the center of the Lechrain region, the boundary region between Swabia and Bavaria. It is noted for its historic center.


title: With the Beatles

text: With the Beatles is The Beatles' second UK album. It was recorded four months after the band's first album, "Please Please Me" and was released on 22 November, 1963. The album sold so well in England, it qualified to enter the hit singles charts.


title: Archibald Hill

text: Archibald Vivian Hill (26 September 1886 – 3 June 1977) was an English physiologist. He won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for finding out how muscles make heat.


title: Flag of Zambia

text: It is completely covered in green, except with the black, orange, and red stripes at the right-hand corner. It has a golden eagle on top of the multi colored stripes. It has a ratio of 2:3.


title: Thai Wikipedia

text: The Thai Wikipedia () is the Thai-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition started in December 2003. As of October 2019, it has over 133,000 articles.


title: Benedikt Höwedes

text: Benedikt Höwedes (born 29 February 1988 in Haltern) is a world cup winning German association football defender. He played for FC Schalke 04 and captained the team for six years. He also represented the Germany national football team. He represented Germany in the 2014 FIFA World Cup.


title: Alain Resnais

text: Alain Resnais (; 3 June 1922 – 1 March 2014) was a French movie director, actor, editor and screenwriter. His career has lasted over more than six decades. He was born in Vannes, Morbihan. He was first married to Florence Malraux (daughter of the French statesman and writer André Malraux).


title: Nördlingen

text: Nördlingen is a town in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. The mayor is currently Hermann Faul. Two battles during the Thirty Years' War took place here. It is one of only three German towns to still have a complete city wall.


title: John I of France

text: John I (15 - November 20, 1316), called the Posthumous was King of France and Navarre, as the posthumous son and successor of Louis X of France, for the five days he lived. He thus had the shortest recognized reign of any French king.


title: Valdelagua del Cerro

text: Valdelagua del Cerro is a municipality found in the province of Soria in the autonomous community of Castile and León in Spain. It has a church, built in Romanesque style, dating from the 13th century.


title: With the Beatles

text: Most of the songs were used again in the first American Beatles album issued by Capitol Records, "Meet The Beatles!" Other songs appeared on "The Beatles' Second Album". In 2003, the album was ranked number 420 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.


title: Flag of Zambia

text: The flag's colours and emblems all have a meaning. Each of the four colours represents an aspect of Zambia: green is for the natural resources and vegetation; red is for the struggle for freedom; black is for the people and orange is for rhe mineral wealth (primarily copper). The eagle is an African fish eagle, which also appears in the national coat of arms and represents the people's ability to rise above the country's problems.


title: Alain Resnais

text: At first, Resnais wanted to become a comedian actor, but he ended up making short films. Most of these films were produced in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Many are documentaries. The best known are probably Van Gogh (1949), Guernica (1950) and Night and Fog (1955). His longer films include "Hiroshima mon amour" (1959), "Last Year at Marienbad" (1961), and "Muriel" (1963). All of the films are important for the history of cinema.


title: John I of France

text: He was born a king of the House of Capet and the posthumous son of Louis X of France and Clementia of Hungary. John I was king for five days under his uncle's regency, until his death on November 20, 1316. John I was buried in Saint-Denis Cathedral. He was succeeded by his uncle Philip V of France.


title: Alain Resnais

text: Resnais died on 1 March 2014 in Paris. He was 91 years old. He was outlived by his second wife, actress Sabine Azéma.


title: Teruyoshi Ito

text: Ito was born in Shizuoka on August 31, 1974. After graduating from Tokai University Daiichi High School, he joined J1 League club Shimizu S-Pulse based in his local in 1993. He debuted in June 1994 and played several matches in 1994 season. He became a regular midfielder under manager Masakatsu Miyamoto from 1995 season and played as central player for the club for a long time. In 1996, S-Pulse won the champions in J.League Cup first title in the club history. In 1999, S-Pulse the 2nd place in J1 League and he also was selected Best Eleven award. In 2000, S-Pulse won the Asian title, 1999–2000 Asian Cup Winners' Cup. In 2001, S-Pulse won Emperor's Cup. After that, the club results was sluggish. In 2005, former teammate Kenta Hasegawa became a new manager. Although S-Pulse finished at the 15th place which is worst position in the club history in J1 League, S-Pulse won the 2nd place in 2005 Emperor's Cup. However the club results was raised under manager Hasegawa from 2006 and S-Pulse won the 2nd place in 2008 J.League Cup. Ito also played all matches in J1 League from 2006 to 2008 season and received the "fair play award" in 2007. In 2010, his opportunity to play decreased and he resigned end of 2010 season.


title: Java Man

text: Java man is one of the first known specimens of "Homo erectus". The name was given to fossils discovered in 1891 at Trinil on the banks of the Bengawan Solo River in East Java, Indonesia. Its discoverer, Eugène Dubois, gave it the scientific name Pithecanthropus erectus. The name derives from Greek and Latin roots meaning "upright ape-man".


title: Complutense University of Madrid

text: The Complutense University of Madrid (, UCM) is one of the oldest universities in the world and the top public university in Spain. It is located on a sprawling campus that occupies the entirety of the Ciudad Universitaria district of Madrid, with annexes in the district of Somosaguas in the neighbouring city of Pozuelo de Alarcón.


title: Mike Havenaar

text: Havenaar was born in Hiroshima on May 20, 1987. He joined J1 League club Yokohama F. Marinos in 2006. He also played for Avispa Fukuoka (2008), Sagan Tosu (2009) and Ventforet Kofu (2010-2011). At Kofu, he became a top scorer with 20 goals in 2010 J2 League and was selected Best Eleven in 2011 J1 League. In January 2012, he moved to Dutch Eredivisie club Vitesse. He played 78 matches and scored 26 goals in 3 seasons. From summer 2014, he played for Córdoba (2014), HJK Helsinki (2015) and Den Haag (2015-2017). In July 2017, he returned to Japan and joined Vissel Kobe. However he could not play many matches and moved to Vegalta Sendai in July 2018. In 2019, he moved to Thai League 1 club Bangkok United. In 2020, he returned to Japan and joined Ventforet Kofu and played 1 season.


title: Breccia

text: Breccia is a type of rock formed of broken fragments of minerals or rock cemented together by a fine-grained matrix. The matrix may be similar to or different from the composition of the fragments.


title: Absheron District

text: Absheron Rayon, also spelled as Apsheron, is a raion of Azerbaijan. There is also an Absheron Peninsula, but they are not in the same area.


title: Lusitania

text: Lusitania () was an ancient Roman province in modern Portugal (south of the Douro river) and part of western Spain (Extremadura and a part of the province of Salamanca).


title: China National Space Administration

text: The China National Space Administration (CNSA) is the national space agency of China, and is based in the Haidian District. It is in charge of the national space program and of managing different space-related activities.


title: Flag of Mauritius

text: The flag of Mauritius has four horizontal bands of red, blue, yellow and green. The flag was recorded at the College of Arms in London on 9 January 1968.


title: Lucy (2014 movie)

text: Lucy is a 2014 French science fiction superhero action movie. It is about street gangs, drugs and changing of the title character to superhuman. It was written and directed by Luc Besson and is set in Taipei. Scarlett Johansson plays Lucy. Morgan Freeman plays Norman.


title: Galician Wikipedia

text: The Galician Wikipedia (; also called Galipedia) is the Galician-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition started in March 2003.


title: Greater rhea

text: The greater rhea, "Rhea americana", is a flightless bird found in South America. The greater rhea is also known as grey, common rhea, or the American rhea. The species, first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay.


title: Paul Muni

text: Paul Muni (born Frederich Meshilem Meier Weisenfreund; September 22, 1895 – August 25, 1967) was an American actor. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in the 1936 movie "The Story of Louis Pasteur".


title: Teruyoshi Ito

text: In 2011, Ito moved to newly was promoted to J1 club Ventforet Kofu with Daisuke Ichikawa who is teammate in S-Pulse for 13 seasons. On July 16, 2011, he became a first player to earn 500th matches in J1 League. Although, Ventforet was relegated to J2 League from 2012, the club won the champions in J2 and returned to J1 in a year. However Ito played only 6 matches in 2013 season and left the club end of 2013 season. In 2014, he moved to newly was promoted to J3 League club AC Nagano Parceiro. However he could not play many matches and left the club end of 2015 season. In 2016, he moved to J3 club Blaublitz Akita. In 2017, he moved to newly was promoted to J3 club Azul Claro Numazu.


title: Java Man

text: Estimated to be between 700,000 and 1,000,000 years old, it was, at the time of its discovery, the oldest hominid fossils ever found. It still is the type specimen for "Homo erectus".


title: Complutense University of Madrid

text: According to the annual university rankings conducted by "El Mundo", the Complutense University ranks as the top public university in Spain.


title: Mike Havenaar

text: In 2007, Havenaar was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2007 U-20 World Cup. In 2011, he was selected the Japan national team for 2014 World Cup qualification. At this qualification, he debuted against North Korea on September 2. He also played at 2013 Confederations Cup. He played 18 games and scored 4 goals for Japan until 2016.


title: Breccia

text: Rocks formed by sticking together pieces of previous rocks (clasts) are called clastic rocks. There are two types of clastic rock: conglomerates and breccias. What divides these two categories is the amount of rounding. The particles that make up conglomerates are well rounded, whereas in breccias they are angular.


title: Absheron District

text: Absheron was started in 1963 by the Soviet government. There are lots of historical monuments in Absheron. For example, in the village Aşağı Güzdək there are agricultural tools from the 19th century. In Goradile village, there is Abdurrahman mosque from the 19th century. Mosques from the 18th century are in Məmmədli. Ancient wells which provided water supply to people living in this territory are still used in Aşağı Güzdək and Xirdalan. Tombs from 8th - 18th centuries are also kept: in Fatmai, Digah, Masazir, Hökməli and Saray.


title: Greater rhea

text: The greater rhea takes its scientific name from the Greek goddess Rhea and the Latin word for "America".


title: Teruyoshi Ito

text: In July 1996, Ito was selected for the Japan U-23 national team for the 1996 Summer Olympics. At this tournament, he played the whole 90 minutes in all 3 matches. He is most remembered for his goal against Brazil which earned Japan a shock 1–0 victory. It was known as the "Miracle of Miami" () in Japan.


title: Breccia

text: A breccia may have a variety of different origins, as indicated by the named types including sedimentary breccia, tectonic breccia, igneous breccia, impact breccia and hydrothermal breccia.


title: Absheron District

text: The name Absheron comes from the words 'ap shuran'. This means 'place of salty water' in an ancient Iranian Azeri language.


title: Greater rhea

text: It has a length of and a wingspan of . Weighing , the greater rhea is the largest bird in South America.


title: Teruyoshi Ito

text: Ito was capped 27 times for the Japan national team between 1997 and 2001. He was an unused substitute at the 1998 World Cup.


title: Breccia

text: The basic sequence is as follows. Sediment is laid down in the sea, and is gradually transformed into sedimentary rock. After a long period of time something violent happens to the rock, breaking it up into many jagged pieces. Later the pieces are cemented together by another deposition, forming a new sedimentary rock. This is a breccia. On examination, the rock is seen to include fragments of the original rock.


title: Breccia

text: Brecciated marble can have a marvellous appearance. The Pantheon in Rome is full of the most wonderful marble, many of which are breccias. It includes two gigantic columns of pavonazzetto, a breccia coming from Phrygia (in modern Turkey). Pavonazzetto obtains its name from its extremely colourful appearance, which is reminiscent of a peacock's feathers ("pavone" is "peacock" in Italian).


title: Campagna

text: The town, located in a mountainous district, gradually lost importance in the 20th century. All its district offices have been moved to other cities since the 1930s, and the Diocese of Campagna merged with the Archdiocese of Salerno in 1973.


title: Yasuto Honda

text: Honda was born in Kitakyushu on June 25, 1969. After graduating from Teikyo High School, he joined Japan Soccer League club Honda in 1988. In 1992, he moved to J1 League club Kashima Antlers. The club won the champions at J1 League 4 times, J.League Cup 3 times and Emperor's Cup 2 times. He retired end of 2006 season. He played 400 games and scored 6 goals in the league at both clubs.


title: Cryosphere

text: The cryosphere is the part of the Earth’s surface where water is in solid form, including sea ice, lake ice, river ice, snow cover, glaciers, ice caps and ice sheets, and frozen ground (which includes permafrost). It often overlaps with the hydrosphere, the water on, under and over the surface of the Earth. The cryosphere is an important part of the global climate system. It influences surface energy, clouds, precipitation, hydrology, and the way both air and water move about in the atmosphere and oceans. The cryosphere is important to understanding how the climate of Earth works and how it affects global climate. The word "cyrosphere" comes from the Greek word "cryo" meaning "cold" or "to cold".


title: Rosignano Marittimo

text: Rosignano Marittimo is a "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Livorno in the Italian region Tuscany. It is about 80 km southwest of Florence and about 20 km southeast of Livorno. As of 31 December 2004, it had 31,516 people. It has an area of 120.3 km².


title: Sooronbay Jeenbekov

text: Sooronbay Sharipovich Jeenbekov (, "Sooronbay Şaripoviç (Şarip uulu) Jéénbekov"; or Sooronbay Zheenbekov; born 16 November 1958) is a Kyrgyz politician. He was the President of Kyrgyzstan. He officially took office on 24 November 2017. He was also the Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan from April 2016 to August 2017. He resigned on 15 October 2020 due to the 2020 Kyrgyzstan protests.


title: Naomie Harris

text: Naomie Melanie Harris (born 6 September 1976) is a British movie, stage, voice, and television actress. She is known for her role as Tia Dalma/Calypso in "" and in "". She was born in London on September 6, 1976 to a Jamaican mother and a Trinidadian father. Harris played Winnie Mandela in the 2013 movie "".


title: Coat of arms of Hungary

text: The coat of arms of Hungary was adopted on 3 July 1990, after the end of the communist rule, although it has been used before, both with and without the Holy Crown of Hungary, sometimes as part of a larger, more complex coat of arms, and many of its elements date back to the Middle Ages. It has four red and white stripes. Traditionally, the silver stripes represent four rivers: Duna (Danube), Tisza, Dráva, and Száva. It is an white double cross on a red shield, inside a small golden crown, the crown is on the middle heap of three green hills, representing the mountain ranges Tatra, Mátra, and Fátra (made up of the Veľká Fatra and Malá Fatra ranges).


title: Fast Five

text: Fast Five is a 2011 American action movie directed by Justin Lin and written by Chris Morgan. It is the fifth installment in The Fast and the Furious franchise. It was released first in Australia on April 20, 2011, and then in the United States on April 29, 2011. Fast Five follows Dominic Toretto (Vin Diesel), Brian O'Conner (Paul Walker), and Mia Toretto (Jordana Brewster) as they plan a heist to steal $100 million from corrupt businessman Hernan Reyes (Joaquim de Almeida) while being pursued for arrest by U.S. Diplomatic Security Service (DSS) agent Luke Hobbs (Dwayne Johnson).


title: Ivar Aasen

text: Ivar Andreas Aasen (5 August 1813 – 23 September 1896) was a Norwegian philologist and lexicographer. He is best known for creating a new variant of the Norwegian language based on the way people in Norway spoke. His aim was to replace Danish as the official written language in Norway. He wanted a new written language that sounded more like the spoken Norwegian of ordinary people. Danish had become the official written language during Norway's union with Denmark (1400s-1814). It was only mastered by a few middle and upper class Norwegians.


title: Solar Impulse

text: Solar Impulse 1 and Solar Impulse 2 are airplanes powered by solar energy. André Borschberg and Bertrand Piccard from Switzerland created these planes as an experiment. The goal of this experiment is to fly around Earth using only solar energy.


title: Tito Vilanova

text: Francesc "Tito" Vilanova Bayó (17 September 1968 – 25 April 2014) was a Spanish footballer and manager. He played as a central midfielder for, and later managed, FC Barcelona. He retired in 2013 because of his ill health. He was born in Bellcaire d'Empordà, Catalonia.


title: Ravensburg

text: Ravensburg is a town in Upper Swabia in southern Germany. It is the capital of the district of Ravensburg, Baden-Württemberg.


title: Caxias do Sul

text: Caxias do Sul () is a city in Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. In 2020, the population of Caxias do Sul was estimated at 517,451 people. The city is known for having a large population of German descent.


title: Mátyás Rákosi

text: Mátyás Rákosi (; born Mátyás Rosenfeld; 9 March 1892 – 5 February 1971) was a Hungarian communist politician who was the "de facto" leader of Hungary from 1947 to 1956.


title: Gulf of Kutch

text: The Gulf of Kutch is a large bay in the Arabian Sea, on the west coast of India. It lies in the Indian state of Gujarat. The gulf is about long, and wide. The Gulf od Kutch is important: 41 percent of imports and exports are done through this waterway.


title: Flag of Hong Kong

text: The flag of Hong Kong is a white stylized five-petal Hong Kong orchid tree ("Bauhinia blakeana") flower in the centre of a red field. It was adopted on 1 July 1997.


title: Campagna

text: During World War II, Campagna was the site of an internment camp. The Bishop Giuseppe Maria Palatucci turned the camp into a shelter for Italian and foreign Jews, many of them sent there for protection by his nephew Giovanni Palatucci; Giovanni was later honored as a Righteous Among the Nations by the Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial.


title: Yasuto Honda

text: On October 24, 1995, Honda debuted for the Japan national team against Saudi Arabia. In 1996, he played in all matches including 1996 Asian Cup. In 1997, although he played at 1998 World Cup qualification, his opportunity to play decreased in the latter half. He played 29 games and scored 1 goal for Japan until 1997.


title: Rosignano Marittimo

text: The "comune" of Rosignano Marittimo contains the "frazioni" of: Castiglioncello, Rosignano Solvay, Vada, Castelnuovo della Misericordia, Gabbro, and Nibbiaia.


title: Naomie Harris

text: She played Eve Moneypenny in the James Bond movie "Skyfall" (2012), "Spectre" (2015) and "No Time to Die" (2021).


title: Tito Vilanova

text: He won the treble with Barcelona in his first season, the 2008-09 season. This means he won La Liga, the Copa del Rey, and the UEFA Champions League.


title: Ravensburg

text: Ravensburg was first mentioned in 1088. In the Middle Ages, it was an Imperial Free City and an important trading centre. The "Great Ravensburg Trading Society" ("Große Ravensburger Handelsgesellschaft") owned shops and trading companies all over Europe.


title: Mátyás Rákosi

text: During his rule in Hungary, there was a political transition from the regime of people's democracy to a socialist state, as well as the accelerated Sovietization of Hungary, accompanied by political repression. Three years after Stalin's death, some time after the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, which adopted the historic resolution "On the cult of personality and its consequences", he was dismissed.


title: Gulf of Kutch

text: The area is renowned for extreme daily tides which often cover the lower lying areas – comprising networks of creeks, wetlands and alluvial tidal flats in the interior region. The Gulf of Kutch has several ports including Okha (at the entrance of the gulf), Māndvi, Bedi, and Kandla. Kandla, visible on the northern peninsula in the left of the image, is one of the largest ports in India by volume of cargo handled.


title: Rosignano Marittimo

text: Rosignano Marittimo borders the following "comuni": Castellina Marittima, Cecina, Collesalvetti, Livorno, Orciano Pisano, Santa Luce.


title: Tito Vilanova

text: Vilanova died on 25 April 2014 due to complications from throat cancer in a hospital in Barcelona, aged 45.


title: Ravensburg

text: The historic town centre is still very much intact, including three town gates and over 10 towers of the medieval fortification.


title: Gulf of Kutch

text: The gulf is rich in marine biodiversity. Part of the southern coast of the Gulf of Kutch was declared Marine Sanctuary and Marine National Park  in 1980 and 1982 respectively – the first marine conservatory established in India. The park covers an area of around 270 sq km, from Okha in the south (not visible) to Jodiya. There are hundreds of species of coral in the park, as well as algae, sponges and mangroves.


title: François Couperin

text: François Couperin (born in Paris on 10 November 1668; died in Paris, on 12 September 1733) was a French composer who lived in the Baroque period. Many of his relatives were composers. He is often called "François Couperin le Grand" (The Great) because he was the most famous of the Couperin family. He is best known today for his harpsichord music. He wrote several pieces which he called "Ordres" meaning the same as the word "suite" i.e. a collection of dance movements. Sometimes these movements have strange titles and we cannot always be sure what they mean. Some of them may have been nicknames of people he knew. He also wrote important organ music. He never had a family of his own before he died.


title: Xfce

text: Xfce () is a free software desktop environment for Unix and other Unix-like platforms, such as Linux, Solaris and BSD. It is made to be fast and lightweight, while still looking nice and easy to use.