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Detailed Explanation of FAT Boot Sector
Article ID: 140418 - View products that this article applies to.
This article was previously published under Q140418
Understanding the content and function of a file system "boot sector" can be helpful when troubleshooting boot failures or disk corruption.
From time to time, usually due to hardware failure or virus infection, a boot sector may become corrupted. If the partition is the active primary partition, or a partition containing operating system files, this can prevent the system from starting. Otherwise, it may simply prevent access to data on the drive.
Usually, if you suspect disk corruption, it is best to use commercial anti- virus or disk recovery software. In some cases, however, detailed knowledge of the boot sector can come in handy.
This article explains the various fields of a FAT boot sector. Using the following information, it may be possible to manually repair a damaged FAT boot sector. In order to attempt such a repair, disk editing tools capable of editing raw disk sectors are required. This article does not discuss specific tools which can be used to perform such a repair operations.
While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the following information, different operating systems, including future versions of Microsoft operating systems, may use different data structures. Therefore you should make use of the following information at your own risk.
Background and TerminologyIn this document, a "file system boot sector" is the first physical sector on a logical volume. A logical volume might be a primary partition, a logical drive in an extended partition, or a composite of two or more partitions, as is the case with mirrors, stripe sets, and volume sets.
On floppy disks, the boot sector is the first sector on the disk. In the case of hard drives, the first sector is referred to as the "Master Boot Record" or "MBR." This MBR is different from a file system boot sector and contains a partition table, which describes the layout of logical partitions on that hard drive. The file system boot sector would be the first sector in one of those partitions.
The Boot ProcessThe boot process of 80x86-based personal computers (as opposed to RISC- based systems) makes direct use of a file system boot sector for executing instructions. The initial boot process can be summarized as follows:
In the case of FAT volumes which have Windows NT installed, the FAT boot sector is responsible for identifying the location of the file "NTLDR" on the volume, loading it into memory, and transferring control to it.
Inside the FAT Boot SectorBecause the MBR transfers CPU execution to the boot sector, the first few bytes of the FAT boot sector must be valid executable instructions for an 80x86 CPU. In practice these first instructions constitute a "jump" instruction and occupy the first 3 bytes of the boot sector. This jump serves to skip over the next several bytes which are not "executable."
Following the jump instruction is an 8 byte "OEM ID". This is typically a string of characters that identifies the operating system that formatted the volume.
Following the OEM ID is a structure known as the BIOS Parameter Block, or "BPB." Taken as a whole, the BPB provides enough information for the executable portion of the boot sector to be able to locate the NTLDR file. Because the BPB always starts at the same offset, standard parameters are always in a known location. Because the first instruction in the boot sector is a jump, the BPB can be extended in the future, provided new information is appended to the end. In such a case, the jump instruction would only need a minor adjustment. Also, the actual executable code can be fairly generic. All the variability associated with running on disks of different sizes and geometries is encapsulated in the BPB.
The BPB is stored in a packed (that is, unaligned) format. The following table lists the byte offset of each field in the BPB. A description of each field follows the table.
Bytes Per Sector: This is the size of a hardware sector and for most disks in use in the United States, the value of this field will be 512.
Field Offset Length ----- ------ ------ Bytes Per Sector 11 2 Sectors Per Cluster 13 1 Reserved Sectors 14 2 FATs 16 1 Root Entries 17 2 Small Sectors 19 2 Media Descriptor 21 1 Sectors Per FAT 22 2 Sectors Per Track 24 2 Heads 26 2 Hidden Sectors 28 4 Large Sectors 32 4
Sectors Per Cluster: Because FAT is limited in the number of clusters (or "allocation units") that it can track, large volumes are supported by increasing the number of sectors per cluster. The cluster factor for a FAT volume is entirely dependent on the size of the volume. Valid values for this field are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128. Query in the Microsoft Knowledge Base for the term "Default Cluster Size" for more information on this subject.
Reserved Sectors: This represents the number of sectors preceding the start of the first FAT, including the boot sector itself. It should always have a value of at least 1.
FATs: This is the number of copies of the FAT table stored on the disk. Typically, the value of this field is 2.
Root Entries: This is the total number of file name entries that can be stored in the root directory of the volume. On a typical hard drive, the value of this field is 512. Note, however, that one entry is always used as a Volume Label, and that files with long file names will use up multiple entries per file. This means the largest number of files in the root directory is typically 511, but that you will run out of entries before that if long file names are used.
Small Sectors: This field is used to store the number of sectors on the disk if the size of the volume is small enough. For larger volumes, this field has a value of 0, and we refer instead to the "Large Sectors" value which comes later.
Media Descriptor: This byte provides information about the media being used. The following table lists some of the recognized media descriptor values and their associated media. Note that the media descriptor byte may be associated with more than one disk capacity.
Sectors Per FAT: This is the number of sectors occupied by each of the FATs on the volume. Given this information, together with the number of FATs and reserved sectors listed above, we can compute where the root directory begins. Given the number of entries in the root directory, we can also compute where the user data area of the disk begins.
Byte Capacity Media Size and Type F0 2.88 MB 3.5-inch, 2-sided, 36-sector F0 1.44 MB 3.5-inch, 2-sided, 18-sector F9 720 KB 3.5-inch, 2-sided, 9-sector F9 1.2 MB 5.25-inch, 2-sided, 15-sector FD 360 KB 5.25-inch, 2-sided, 9-sector FF 320 KB 5.25-inch, 2-sided, 8-sector FC 180 KB 5.25-inch, 1-sided, 9-sector FE 160 KB 5.25-inch, 1-sided, 8-sector F8 ----- Fixed disk
Sectors Per Track and Heads: These values are a part of the apparent disk geometry in use when the disk was formatted.
Hidden Sectors: This is the number of sectors on the physical disk preceding the start of the volume. (that is, before the boot sector itself) It is used during the boot sequence in order to calculate the absolute offset to the root directory and data areas.
Large Sectors: If the Small Sectors field is zero, this field contains the total number of sectors used by the FAT volume.
Some additional fields follow the standard BIOS Parameter Block and constitute an "extended BIOS Parameter Block." The next fields are:
Physical Drive Number: This is related to the BIOS physical drive number. Floppy drives are numbered starting with 0x00 for the A: drive, while physical hard disks are numbered starting with 0x80. Typically, you would set this value prior to issuing an INT 13 BIOS call in order to specify the device to access. The on-disk value stored in this field is typically 0x00 for floppies and 0x80 for hard disks, regardless of how many physical disk drives exist, because the value is only relevant if the device is a boot device.
Field Offset Length ----- ------ ------ Physical Drive Number 36 1 Current Head 37 1 Signature 38 1 ID 39 4 Volume Label 43 11 System ID 54 8
Current Head: This is another field typically used when doing INT13 BIOS calls. The value would originally have been used to store the track on which the boot record was located, but the value stored on disk is not currently used as such. Therefore, Windows NT uses this field to store two flags:
ID: The ID is a random serial number assigned at format time in order to aid in distinguishing one disk from another.
Volume Label: This field was used to store the volume label, but the volume label is now stored as a special file in the root directory.
System ID: This field is either "FAT12" or "FAT16," depending on the format of the disk.
On a bootable volume, the area following the Extended BIOS Parameter Block is typically executable boot code. This code is responsible for performing whatever actions are necessary to continue the boot-strap process. On Windows NT systems, this boot code will identify the location of the NTLDR file, load it into memory, and transfer execution to that file. Even on a non-bootable floppy disk, there is executable code in this area. The code necessary to print the familiar message, "Non-system disk or disk error" is found on most standard, MS-DOS formatted floppy disks that were not formatted with the "system" option.
Finally, the last two bytes in any boot sector always have the hexidecimal values: 0x55 0xAA.
TroubleshootingIf you suspect that a FAT boot sector is corrupt, you can check several of the fields listed above to see whether the values listed there make sense. For example, BytesPerSector will be 512 in the vast majority of cases. You would also expect to see text strings in the executable code section of the boot sector that are appropriate for the operating system that formatted the disk.
Typical text strings on FAT volumes formatted by MS-DOS include: "Invalid system disk."; "Disk I/O error."; "Replace the disk, and then press any key"; "Non-System disk or disk error"; "Replace and press any key when ready."; and "Disk Boot failure." Text strings on FAT volumes formatted by Windows NT include: "BOOT: Couldn't find NTLDR."; "I/O error reading disk."; and "Please insert another disk." You should not regard this list as being all-inclusive. If you find other messages in the boot sector, this does not necessarily indicate that there is a problem with the boot sector. Different versions of MS-DOS and Windows NT will sometimes have slightly different message strings in their boot sectors. On the other hand, if you find no text whatsoever, or if the text is clearly not related to MS-DOS or Windows NT, you should consider the possibility that your boot sector may have been infected by a virus or that some other form of data corruption may have taken place.
To recover from a boot sector that has been infected by a virus, it is usually best to use a commercial anti-virus program. Many viruses will do much more than just write data to the boot sector, so manual repair of the boot sector is not recommended, as it may not completely eliminate the virus and in some cases, may do more harm than good.
If you suspect that the boot sector was damaged for some other reason, it is usually best to use commercial disk recovery tools. While it may be possible to recover from boot sector damage without resorting to reformatting the drive by manually modifying the fields described above, manual editing of boot sectors should only be attempted as a last resort and cannot be guaranteed to work in situations where other disk structures may also have been damaged.
Article ID: 140418 - Last Review: December 6, 2003 - Revision: 3.0