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Studies Have Shown...
"What do the results of the latest study really prove? This quiz explores the techniques used to avoid inferring too much from scientific studies and tests."
15 Points Per Correct Answer - No time limit
I'll bet you've noticed the resemblance between the surface of a shelled walnut and the surface of a human brain. Perhaps, then, you won't be surprised to learn that in THREE separate surveys, 100% of HIGHLY SUCCESSFUL FunTrivia quiz takers reported using WALNUTS before taking quizzes!!!
Which of the following could be inferred with certainty from these survey results?
None of these.
Eating walnuts before taking quizzes improved the performance of the participants in my survey.
Eating walnuts before taking quizzes will improve your quiz performance.
The respondents to my survey believed that eating walnuts improved their performance.
During World War I, tin helmets replaced cloth helmets. Contrary to expectation, the number of injuries increased. Which of the following could be inferred with certainty from the facts presented?
The number of injuries increased after tin helmets were introduced.
Soldiers wearing tin helmets were more likely to suffer fatal injury than those wearing cloth helmets.
Tin helmets provided protection that was inferior to cloth helmets.
All of these.
Helmet laws for motorcyclists are controversial. Some years following the repeal of Louisiana's motorcycle helmet law, the journal "Academic Emergency Medicine" (Volume 9, Number 5 418-419, 2002) reported on changes in accident statistics. Which of the following unequivocally indicates an increased risk as a result of not wearing a helmet?
Unhelmeted fatalities increased from 8.4 to 29.0 per year after the law was repealed.
Unhelmeted motorcyclists were found to have a significantly higher incidence per collision of head injury and fatality.
After repeal of the helmet law, helmet use decreased from 79% to 46%, and fatalities in all patients increased from 3.4% to 5.2%.
All of these
I demonstrated that 100% of highly successful FunTrivia quiz-takers consumed walnuts prior to quizzes. Having been criticized for not having a control group, I undertook to make a comparison using historical controls. I analyzed an equal number of quiz-takers afflicted with chronically low quiz performance and could find no evidence that any of them reported eating walnuts prior to taking quizzes. Which of the following would NOT be a valid criticism of my study methods?
I failed to disclose the specifics of my methods for determining walnut use in the study and control groups and could be hiding an ascertainment error/bias.
I failed to specify the number of study participants.
Retrospective studies never prove cause and effect.
My study was retrospective, and retrospective studies never provide statistically valid, useful results.
Randomized, controlled, double-blinded studies are the gold standard for medical investigation. In 2001, a group of neurologists was asked to help investigate the importance of a component of this method during a study of a treatment for multiple sclerosis. These neurologists were asked to evaluate subjects but were told before doing the evaluation whether or not the subjects had received placebo or the proposed intervention. Which aspect of randomized, controlled, double blinded studies was being omitted for these neurologist to allow that particular aspect to be studied?
None of these
According to the coronary risk calculator provided at the NIH website, the risk of a coronary event for a 35 year old non-smoking woman with normal blood pressure, normal HDL cholesterol and a total cholesterol of 300 is 1% for ten years. Assuming that 200 such women were treated for ten years with cholesterol lowering drugs that reduced the risk of coronary events by 50%, how many coronary events would we expect to prevent in a ten year period?
A 35-year-old woman dentist is offered a free cardiac treadmill at a dental convention. Before accepting the offer she calculates her expected coronary risk and finds it to be 1%. Assuming a 20% false positive rate and a 10% false negative rate, what would her risk of coronary artery disease be should she be found to have an abnormal cardiac stress test?
David G. Myers' "Exploring Psychology" states, "There is a highly significant tendency for first-born individuals within a family to have higher average scores (on tests of intelligence) than their later-born siblings." Assuming Dr. Myers is speaking of statistical significance, what can we infer about intelligence test scores of first-born as opposed to later born siblings?
The difference in test scores is highly unlikely to be explained on the basis of chance variation of statistical samples.
The difference in test scores is large in magnitude and highly unlikely to be related to chance.
The difference is large in magnitude.
The difference in test scores results in highly significant differences in school performance.
"Web MD", an Internet medical information provider, ran a report on February 4, 2003 that was headlined "Selenium May Fight Prostate Damage" and "Supplementation May Reduce Prostate Cancer Risk". The study, however, was not performed on humans but on elderly, male beagles. The results of this study can be applied with complete confidence to which of the following groups?
All of these
Elderly male humans
Elderly male beagles
Any age and species of dog
I have decided to make a spring water extract of walnuts that I call "Quizzlenut" available in the United States for improving quiz taking health. (Remember, I have performed three surveys showing that walnuts improve quiz-taking performance!) Will the US Food and Drug Administration analyze either my product to verify its contents or my claims for the product before it is marketed?
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Compiled Jun 28 12