PRESS RELEASE: THE 2003 NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS
7 October 2003
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physics
for 2003 "for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"
Alexei A. Abrikosov
Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA,
Vitaly L. Ginzburg
P.N.Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, Russia, and
Anthony J. Leggett
University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
Flow without resistance
This year's Nobel Prize in Physics is
awarded to three physicists who have made decisive contributions
concerning two phenomena in quantum physics: superconductivity
and superfluidity. Superconducting material is used, for example,
in magnetic resonance imaging for medical examinations and particle
accelerators in physics. Knowledge about superfluid liquids can
give us deeper insight into the ways in which matter behaves in
its lowest and most ordered state.
At low temperatures (a few degrees above absolute zero) certain metals allow
an electric current to pass without resistance. Such superconducting materials
also have the property of being able to displace magnetic flows completely or
partly. Those that displace magnetic flows completely are called type-I superconductors
and a theory explaining them was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1972.
This theory, which is based on the fact that pairs of electrons are formed proved,
however, to be inadequate for explaining superconductivity in the technically
most important materials. These type-II superconductors allow superconductivity
and magnetism to exist at the same time and remain superconductive in high magnetic
Alexei Abrikosov succeeded in explaining this phenomenon theoretically.
His starting point was a theory that had been formulated for type-I superconductors
by Vitaly Ginzburg and others, but which proved to be so comprehensive
that it was also valid for the new type. Although these theories were formulated
in the 1950s, they have gained renewed importance in the rapid development of
materials with completely new properties. Materials can now be made superconductive
at increasingly high temperatures and strong magnetic fields.
Liquid helium can become superfluid, that is, its viscosity vanishes at low temperatures.
Atoms of the rare isotope 3He have to form pairs analogous with pairs of
electrons in metallic superconductors. The decisive theory explaining how the atoms
interact and are ordered in the superfluid state was formulated in the 1970s by
Anthony Leggett. Recent studies show how this order passes into chaos or
turbulence, which is one of the unsolved problems of classical physics.
Alexei A. Abrikosov, born 1928 (75 years)
in Moscow, the former Soviet Union, American (and Russian) citizen.
Doctor's degree in physics in 1951 at the Institute for Physical
Problems, Moscow. Distinguished Argonne Scientist, Argonne National
Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA.
Vitaly L. Ginzburg, born 1916 (87 years) in Moscow, Russia
(Russian citizen). Doctor's degree in physics at the University of Moscow. Former
Head of the Theory Group at the P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, Russia.
Anthony J. Leggett, born 1938 (65 years) in London, England
(British and American citizen). Doctor's degree in physics in 1964 at the University
of Oxford. MacArthur Professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
Prize amount: SEK 10 million, will be shared equally among the Laureates.
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