Document ID: 12905
Cisco IOS® Network Address Translation (NAT) is designed for IP address simplification and conservation. It enables private IP internetworks that use nonregistered IP addresses to connect to the Internet. NAT operates on a Cisco router that connects two networks together, and translates the private (inside local) addresses in the internal network to public addresses (outside local) before packets are forwarded to another network. As a part of this functionality, you can configure NAT to advertise only one address for the entire network to the outside world. This effectively hides the internal network from the world. Therefore, it provides additional security.
There are no specific requirements for this document.
This document is not restricted to specific software and hardware versions.
For more information on document conventions, refer to the Cisco Technical Tips Conventions.
One of the main features of NAT is static Port Address Translation (PAT), which is also referred to as "overload" in a Cisco IOS configuration. Static PAT is designed to allow one-to-one mapping between local and global addresses. A common use for static PAT is to allow Internet users from the public network to access a Web server located in the private network.
In order to get more information about NAT, refer to the NAT Technical Support pages.
This table shows the three blocks of IP address space available for private networks. Consult RFC 1918 for more details about these special networks.
|IP Address Space||Class|
|10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 (10/8 prefix )||Class A|
|172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 (172.16/12 prefix )||Class B|
|192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 (192.168/16 prefix )||Class C|
Note: The first block is nothing but a single class A network number, while the second block is a set of 16 contiguous class B network numbers, and third block is a set of 256 contiguous class C network numbers.
In this example, the Internet Service Provider (ISP) assigns the DSL subscriber only a single IP address, 188.8.131.52/24. The assigned IP address is a registered unique IP address and is called an inside global address. This registered IP address is used by the entire private network to browse the Internet and also by Internet users that come from the public network to reach the Web server in the private network.
The private LAN, 192.168.0.0/24, is connected to the Ethernet interface of the NAT router. This private LAN contains several PCs and a Web server. The NAT router is configured to translate the unregistered IP addresses (inside local addresses) that come from these PCs to a single public IP address (inside global - 184.108.40.206) to browse the Internet.
IP address 192.168.0.5 (Web server) is an address in the private address space that cannot be routed to the Internet. The only visible IP address for public Internet users to reach the Web server is 220.127.116.11. Therefore, the NAT router is configured to perform a one-to-one mapping between IP address 18.104.22.168 port 80 (port 80 is used to browse the Internet) and 192.168.0.5 port 80. This mapping allows Internet users on the public side to have access to the internal Web server.
This network topology and sample configuration can be used for the Cisco 827, 1417, SOHO77, and 1700/2600/3600 ADSL WIC. As an example, the Cisco 827 is used in this document.
In this section, you are presented with the information you can use to configure the features described in this document.
This document uses this network setup.
Current Configuration: ! version 12.1 service timestamps debug uptime service timestamps log uptime ! hostname 827 ! ip subnet-zero no ip domain-lookup ! bridge irb ! interface Ethernet0 ip address 192.168.0.254 255.255.255.0 ip nat inside !--- This is the inside local IP address and it is a private IP address. ! interface ATM0 no ip address no atm ilmi-keepalive pvc 0/35 encapsulation aal5snap ! bundle-enable dsl operating-mode auto bridge-group 1 ! interface BVI1 ip address 22.214.171.124 255.255.255.240 ip nat outside !--- This is the inside global IP address. !--- This is your public IP address and it is provided to you by your ISP. ! ip nat inside source list 1 interface BVI1 overload !--- This statement makes the router perform PAT for all the !--- End Stations behind the Ethernet interface that uses !--- private IP addresses defined in access list #1. ip nat inside source static tcp 192.168.0.5 80 126.96.36.199 80 extendable !--- This statement performs the static address translation for the Web server. !--- With this statement, users that try to reach 188.8.131.52 port 80 (www) are !--- automatically redirected to 192.168.0.5 port 80 (www). In this case !--- it is the Web server. ip classless ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 184.108.40.206 !--- IP address 220.127.116.11 is the next hop IP address, also !--- called the default gateway. !--- Your ISP can tell you what IP address to configure as the next hop address. ! access-list 1 permit 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.255 !--- This access list defines the private network !--- that is network address translated. bridge 1 protocol ieee bridge 1 route ip ! end
From the show ip nat translation command output, the Inside local is the configured IP address assigned to the Web server on the inside network. Notice that 192.168.0.5 is an address in the private address space that cannot be routed to the Internet. The Inside global is the IP address of the inside host, which is the Web server, as it appears to the outside network. This address is the one known to people who try to access the Web server from the Internet.
The Outside local is the IP address of the outside host as it appears to the inside network. It is not necessarily a legitimate address. But, it is allocated from an address space that can be routed on the inside.
The Outside global address is the IP address assigned to a host on the outside network by the owner of the host. The address is allocated from an address or network space that can be globally routed.
Notice that the address 18.104.22.168 with port number 80 (HTTP) translates to 192.168.0.5 port 80, and vice versa. Therefore, Internet users can browse the Web server even though the Web server is on a private network with a private IP address.
In order to get more information about how to troubleshoot NAT, refer to the Verifying NAT Operation and Basic NAT Troubleshooting.
827# 827#show ip nat translation Pro Inside global Inside local Outside local Outside global tcp 22.214.171.124:80 192.168.0.5:80 --- --- tcp 126.96.36.199:80 192.168.0.5:80 188.8.131.52:11000 184.108.40.206:11000 827#
In order to troubleshoot address translation, you can issue the term mon and debug ip nat detailed commands on the router to see if the address translates correctly. The visible IP address for outside users to reach the Web server is 220.127.116.11. For example, users from the public side of the Internet who try to reach 18.104.22.168 port 80 (www) are automatically redirected to 192.168.0.5 port 80 (www), which in this case is the Web server.
827#term mon 827#debug ip nat detailed IP NAT detailed debugging is on 827# 03:29:49: NAT: creating portlist proto 6 globaladdr 22.214.171.124 03:29:49: NAT: Allocated Port for 192.168.0.5 -> 126.96.36.199: wanted 80 got 80 03:29:49: NAT: o: tcp (188.8.131.52, 11000) -> (184.108.40.206, 80)  <... snipped ...>
- Cisco DSL Technology Support Information
- Product Support Information
- Technical Support & Documentation - Cisco Systems
|Updated: Apr 09, 2007||Document ID: 12905|