How Options Work
How You Can Use Options >
Options are the most versatile trading instrument ever invented. Since options cost
less than stock, they provide a high leverage approach to trading that can significantly
limit the overall risk of a trade or provide additional income. Simply put, option
buyers have rights and option sellers have obligations. Option buyers have the right,
but not the obligation, to buy (call) or sell (put) the underlying stock at a specified
price until the 3rd Friday of their expiration month. There are two kinds of options:
calls and puts. Call options give you the right to buy the underlying asset. Put
options give you the right to sell the underlying asset. It is essential to become
familiar with the inner workings of both. Every strategy you learn from this point
on depends on your thorough understanding of these two kinds of options.
There are no margin requirements if you want to purchase an option because your
risk is limited to the price of the option. In contrast, option sellers receive
a credit in their account for selling an option and get to keep this amount if the
option expires worthless. However, option sellers also have an obligation to buy
(put) or sell (call) the underlying instrument if their option is exercised by an
assigned option holder. Therefore, selling an option requires a healthy margin.
To trade options, you must be acquainted with the select terminology of the option
market. The price at which an underlying stock can be purchased or sold if the option
is exercised is called the strike price. Options are available in several strike
prices above and below the current price of the underlying asset. Stocks priced
below $25 per share usually have strike prices at 2 dollar intervals. Stocks priced
over $25 usually have strike prices at $5 dollar intervals.
The date the option expires is referred to as the expiration date. A stock option
expires by close of business on the 3rd Friday of the expiration month. All listed
options have options available for the current month and the next month as well
as specific future months. Each stock has a corresponding cycle of months available
for options. There are three fixed expiration cycles available. Each cycle has a
- January, April, July and October
- February, May, August and November
- March, June, September and December
The price of an option is called the premium. An option's premium is determined
by a number of factors including the type of option (call or put), the current price
of the underlying asset, the strike price of the option, the time remaining until
expiration, and volatility. An option premium is priced on a per share basis. Each
option on a stock generally corresponds to 100 shares. Therefore, if the premium
of an option is priced at 2, the total premium for that option would be $200 (2
x 100 = $200). Buying an option creates a debit in the amount of the premium to
the buyer's trading account. Selling an option creates a credit in the amount of
the premium to the seller's trading account:
Example: Jane wants to buy a house. After a few weeks of searching,
she discovers one she really likes. Unfortunately, she won't have enough money for
a substantial down payment for another six months. So, she approaches the owner
of the house and negotiates an option to buy the house within 6 months for $100,000.
The owner agrees to sell her the option for $2,000.
Scenario 1: During this 6-month period, Jane discovers an oil field
underneath the property. The value of the house shoots up to $1,000,000. However,
the writer of the option (the owner) is obligated to sell the house to Jane for
$100,000. Jane buys the house for a total cost of $102,000; $100,000 for the house
plus the $2,000 premium paid for the option. She promptly turns around and sells
it for a million dollars for huge profit of $898,000 and lives happily ever after.
Scenario 2: Jane discovers a toxic waste dump on the property.
Now the value of the house drops to zero and she obviously decides not to exercise
the option to buy the house. In this case, Jane loses the $2,000 premium paid for
the option to the owner of the property.
How Options Work Review
- Options give you the right to buy or sell an underlying instrument.
- If you buy an option, you are not obligated to buy or sell the underlying instrument;
you simply have the right to do so.
- If you sell an option and the option is exercised, you are obligated to deliver
the underlying asset (call) or take delivery of the underlying asset (put) at the
strike price of the option regardless of the current price of the underlying asset.
- Options are good for a specified period of time, after which they expire and you
lose your right to buy or sell the underlying instrument at the specified price.
- Options when bought are done so at a debit to the buyer.
- Options when sold are done so by giving a credit to the seller.
- Options are available in several strike prices representing the price of the underlying
- The cost of an option is referred to as the option premium. The price reflects a
variety of factors including the type of option, the current price of the underlying
asset, the strike price of the option, the time remaining until expiration, and
- Options are not available on every stock. There are over 3,000 stocks with tradable
options, as well as dozens for exchange-traded funds (ETFs). Most equity options
represent 100 shares of the underlying stock or ETF.
How You Can Use Options >