Balete is a strangling, smooth plant, assuming a tree form and reaching a height of 15 meters or more. Branches are drooping. Leaves are leathery, oblong-ovate, 6 to 9 centimeters long, with prominent and rather slender point, rounded base, entire margins, smooth green and shining; the nerves slender and spreading, not prominent. Petioles are 5 to 10 millimeters long. Fruit is axillary, solitary, stalkless, dark-purple and fleshy when mature, somewhat spherical, and 1 centimeter in diameter.
- From northern Luzon to Mindanao, in most islands and provinces, n primary forests at low and medium altitudes.
- In Manila, planted as avenue and shade tree.
- Also occurs in India to southern China, Malaya, northern Australia, and the islands of the South Pacific.
- Bark contains 4.2 percent tannin.
- Latex contains 30% caoutchouc, along with 59% resin.
- Wax contains cerotic acid.
Extraction of leaves, bark, and fruits yielded six compounds: cinnamic acid, lactose, naringenin, quercetin, caffeic acid and stigmasterol. (11)
- Dermatitis and Allergic Reactions: Plant sap from all parts reported to cause minor skin irritation. Frequent contact may cause itching of the eyes, coughing, and wheezing. (4)
Bark, root, leaves.
• Root, bark of root and leaves boiled in oil and applied on wounds and bruises.
• Juice of bark used for liver diseases.
• Pounded leaves and bark applied as poultice for rheumatic headache.
• Landscape: In Manila, used as an avenue and shade tree.
• Rope: In the provinces, rope made from its bast.
• Household Allergen:
Ficus benjamin is a relatively common source of indoor household allergen, with a prevalence of sensitization similar to moulds. (1)
• Allergic / Toxic Irritative:
Study showed more complaints of asthmatic bronchitis, rhinoconjunctivitis and skin symptoms among gardeners handling Ficus benjamina (weeping fig) and Hedera helix (Ivy). (2)
• Asthma / Weeping Fig / Cross-Reactivities:
Study showed hypersensitivity to F. benjamina may cause IgE-mediated respiratory allergy. The association with allergy to fig and papains is likely due to cross-reactive allergen structures. (3)
Study showed a hepatoprotective activity of an ethanolic extract of Ficus benjamina against CCl4-induced liver damage in rats. Silymarin was used as standard reference drug. (7)
• Leaves as Indicator of Atmospheric Pollution:
Study evaluated the suitability of Ficus benjamina leaves as a captor of heavy metal particles from atmospheric dusts in urban areas. Samples collected yielded values almost ten times higher than those obtained from unpolluted reference. (8)
• Hypersensitivity to Ficus benjamina / Implications in Food Allergy:
Study of exposure to Ficus benjamina and other Ficus species was documented in 101 (29%) of patients. Of the 22 with hypersensitivity to F. benjamina, 8 showed hypersensitivity to common edible fig, seven to kiwi and two to latex. Study concludes that both prevalence of exposure and sensitization to F. benjamina and presence of allergic manifestations in some patients should be a concern for the plant as an indoor allergen which may also have implications in food allergy. (9)
• Cross-Reactivity / Latex and Fig Fruit:
Allergic reactions to fresh or dried figs can present as a consequence of primary sensitization to airborne FB allergens independent of sensitization to rubber latex allergens. Other fruits like kiwi, papaya, avocado, pineapple, and banana may be associated with sensitization to Ficus allergens. (10)
• Constituents / Antibacterial / Cytotoxicity:
Leaves, bark, and fruits yielded six compounds: cinnamic acid, lactose, naringenin, quercetin, caffeic acid and stigmasterol. Caffeic acid showed strong cytotoxic activity against T-lymphoblastic leukemic (CEM-SS) cell line. The compounds showed antibacterial activity against B. cereus and P. aeruginosa.