Snapshot 1: survival curve of a hypothetical pathogen having upward concavity exposed to a heat treatment and the corresponding histogram of its survival ratios
Snapshot 2: like snapshot 1 but with downward concavity
Snapshot 3: survival curve of hypothetical heat resistant Clostridium spores having upward concavity exposed to a 120 °C heat treatment and the corresponding histogram of its survival ratios
Snapshot 4: like snapshot 3 but with Bacillus spores having downward concavity
The isothermal survival curves of viruses, bacterial, yeast, or mold cells, and bacterial spores are commonly presented as plots of the logarithmic survival ratio
versus time, where
being the number of survivors after time
at a given temperature
their initial number. For many microorganisms [1, 2], the survival curve can be described by the Weibullian model
a "rate parameter" and
a concavity index. When
, the semi-logarithmic survival has upward concavity. When
, it has downward concavity, and when
, it is linear ("first-order kinetics"). For many microbes,
has very weak temperature dependence and can be assumed constant,
, [1, 2]. The rate parameter's temperature dependence can frequently be described by the log logistic model,
marks the onset of lethality and
is approximately the slope of
. Incorporating this
expression in the inactivation equation produces the Weibull–Log Logistic (WeLL) survival model whose parameters are
Experimental determination of microbial survival curves is hampered by technical and logistic considerations and therefore replications are frequently kept at a minimum. The occasional need to use a surrogate medium in place of the food itself and the difficulty in determining contributions of the come-up and cooling stages add to the uncertainty concerning the magnitude of experimentally determined survival parameters. Therefore, it would be more appropriate that they be treated not as single values but as the lower and upper limits of their plausible ranges.
In this Demonstration, you can enter the time
, and the lower and upper limits of the WeLL model's survival parameters
with sliders and also choose the number of Monte Carlo simulation trials. Clicking the "seed repeatable random numbers" checkbox lets you reproduce the random simulations from the same seed value. The program then generates the chosen number of simulations with random combinations of the survival parameters, assumed to be uniformly distributed within their respective ranges ("maximum ignorance") and calculates the corresponding logarithmic survival ratio using the WeLL model's equation. These ratios' mean,
, is considered the best estimate and their standard deviation,
, is the measure of the spread. A plot of the generated ratios' histogram is displayed with a superimposed PDF plot of the normal (Gaussian) distribution having the same
(the method of moments). In order to produce new random trial data with exactly the same parameter settings, first click the "clear" button, then click the "generate" setter.
Above the histogram, a representative complete survival curve is drawn on which the chosen time is shown as a blue dot that you can drag. You can also vary this plot's coordinate scales,
with sliders. The displayed representative survival curve is calculated using the WeLL model's equation with the parameters assigned the mean values of their entered lower and upper limits. The corresponding survival ratio, which is close but not identical to that calculated by the Monte Carlo simulations, is also shown for comparison above the two plots.
labels on the plots refer to base-10 logarithms, as is customary in food microbiology. Not all possible control settings produce realistic survival curves.
 M. Peleg, Advanced Quantitative Microbiology for Food and Biosystems: Models for Predicting Growth and Inactivation
, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2006.
 M. A. J. S. von Boekel, Kinetic Modeling of Reactions in Foods
, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2008.
 M. G. Corradini, M. D. Normand, and M. Peleg, "Non-Linear Growth and Decay Kinetics—Principles and Potential Food Applications," in Food Engineering: Integrated Approaches
(G. F. Gutiérrez-Lopez, G. V. Barbosa-Cánovas, J. Welti-Chanes, and E. Parada Arias, eds.), New York: Springer, 2008, pp. 47–71.