Francis Garnier, French in full Marie-Joseph-François Garnier, (born July 25, 1839, Saint-Étienne, France—died Dec. 21, 1873, outside Hanoi, Vietnam), French naval officer, colonial administrator, and explorer.
Garnier, the son of an army officer, overcame parental opposition to enter the naval school at Brest in 1856. Upon completion of his training he was posted as an ensign aboard a ship forming part of the French expeditionary force sent to China in 1860. He accompanied Adm. Léonard Charner to Saigon in 1861 and took part in the Battle of Chi Hoa that marked the end of effective Vietnamese resistance to the French advance into southern Vietnam (Cochinchina). In 1863 Garnier joined the newly formed colonial administration in Cochinchina, while still retaining his naval rank, and was appointed prefect of Cho Lon, the twin city to Saigon.
An enthusiastic believer in France’s imperial destiny, Garnier vigorously advocated the expansion of French power in Vietnam and the commercial benefits he believed would flow from the exploration of the Mekong River. Largely as the result of his advocacy, a French expedition led by Doudart de Lagrée, with Garnier as second in command, left Saigon to explore the Mekong in June 1866. The mission was a failure in commercial terms, and the river was found to be unnavigable by boats of any size. But the explorers, despite great hardships and frequent sickness that finally took Lagrée’s life, accomplished a major task in mapping unknown territory, and they were the first Europeans to enter Yunnan province by a southern route. Garnier, who assumed command of the expedition after Lagrée’s death three months before its completion in June 1868, was honoured by the award of several medals.
Garnier was in France supervising the publication of an account of the Mekong River expedition when the Franco-German War broke out. He served with distinction during the siege of Paris but was passed over for promotion because of his public criticism of the peace terms imposed on France. Disappointed by this development and resentful of suggestions that he had denigrated Doudart de Lagrée’s role in the exploration of the Mekong, Garnier travelled to China in the hope of combining exploration with commercial success.
He was called to Saigon from Shanghai in August 1873, when the French governor of Cochinchina, Adm. Marie-Jules Dupré (q.v.), sought to take advantage of an unauthorized attempt by a French trader, Jean Dupuis (q.v.), to open the Red River for commerce with China. Although Garnier’s formal orders instructed him to extricate Dupuis from the Hanoi region of northern Vietnam, he appears to have received secret instructions from Dupré to establish a French position in the area. Such a plan was contrary to French government policy, but both Dupré and Garnier seem to have believed that a successful seizure of territory would result in approval from Paris.
Garnier reached Hanoi on Nov. 5, 1873, and forced a confrontation with Vietnamese officials. On November 20 he led an attack against the Hanoi citadel and was able, with his small band of well-equipped troops, to overcome a numerically superior Vietnamese force. This action was followed by Garnier’s troops seizing other positions in the Red River Delta. By mid-December, however, the Vietnamese authorities had enlisted the aid of the Chinese Black Flag bandits led by Liu Yung-fu. In attempting to repel the Black Flag forces that attacked the Hanoi citadel on Dec. 21, 1873, Garnier was killed. His actions were disavowed by Governor Dupré, and, despite the opposition of Dupuis and others, a French envoy, Paul-Louis-Félix Philastre (q.v.), negotiated a withdrawal from northern Vietnam in early 1874.
Garnier, impetuous and headstrong, held a chauvinist vision of France’s role in Asia that appealed to many of his contemporaries. He was at the same time a man of wide accomplishments in history, languages, and general science, in addition to his skills as a navigator and cartographer. The account he prepared of the Mekong River expedition, Voyage d’exploration en Indo-Chine, 1866–68 (1873; “Voyage of Exploration in Indochina, 1866–68”), is a most valuable record of the political and economic situation of the countries through which the explorers passed in the 1860s.