Japan announces moon program

Japan announced on Wednesday a program to send astronauts to the moon by 2025. The plan calls for the establishment of a moon base that would be operated by Japanese astronauts and robots.

"Until now, the question has been, 'Can Japan develop its own manned spaceship?' We will know the answer in another 10 years," JAXA Chairman Keiji Tachikawa told the Associated Press.

The plan includes the development of robots and nanotechnology, and calls for the design of a space vehicle to carry passengers and cargo to the moon. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) asked for a budget increase to about US$2.6 billion a year to fund the program.

Aerospace professor Taketoshi Hibiya, who works at the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Technology, questioned the value of going to the moon.

"If you are hoping to exploit energy resources for example, the question is whether you gain more energy than you expend getting to the moon and back," Hibiya told Reuters. "As scientists, we want to experiment with everything, including manned flight, if we can get the money," he said. "Unfortunately, the country's budget is in a bad way at the moment."

Japan is running a national debt of 751 trillion yen (US$6.94 trillion).

Japan said it would decide within 10 years whether it would pursue its moon program on its own, or if it would team up with other nations.

No country has sent a manned mission to the moon since the Apollo program of the 1960s and 1970s. China and Russia are both planning moon programs of their own. China plans to send a satellite to the moon in 2007. Russia has a plan to send personnel to the moon sometime between 2015-2020 as part of a larger program to one day send a mission to Mars.

JAXA's next mission will survey the moon with the SELENE probe. The mission was scheduled to launch this year, but has been delayed for unknown reasons.


Japó anuncia programa per a enviar astronautes i crear una base a la Lluna

El Japó va anunciar aquest dimecres un programa per a enviar astronautes a la Lluna en el 2025. El pla apunta a la construcció d'una base lunar que seria operada per astronautes i robots nipons.

"Fins ara la pregunta ha estat 'Japó pot desenvolupar la seva pròpia nau espacial tripulada?' Sabrem la resposta dintre de 10 anys", va dir el president de l'Agència Japonesa d'Exploració Aeroespacial (JAXA), Keiji Tachikawa, a la Associated Press.

El pla inclou el desenvolupament de robots i nanotecnologia, a més del disseny d'un vehicle espacial que duria passatgers i càrrega a la Lluna. La JAXA va sol·licitar un augment en el pressupost de prop de US$2600 milions a l'any per a sostenir el programa.

El professor aeroespacial Taketoshi Hibiya, qui treballa en l'Institut Metropolità de Tecnologia de Tòquio, va qüestionar la importància d'anar a la Lluna. "Si esperen gastar recursos energètics, per exemple, la qüestió és si es pot guanyar més energia de la qual gasten anant i tornant a la lluna", va dir Hibiya a Reuters. "Com que els científics, volem experimentar amb tot, incloent vols tripulats, si podem obtenir els diners. Desafortunadament, el pressupost de la nació no va per bon camí de moment."

Japó posseïx un dèficit nacional de 751 bilions de iens (US$6,94 bilions). Japó podria decidir en un termini de 10 anys portar a terme el seu programa lunar pel seu compte o unint-se a altres països.

Cap país ha enviat una missió tripulada a la Lluna des del programa Apollo dels seixanta i setanta. La Xina i Rússia planegen pel seu compte programes lunars. La Xina enviaria un satèl·lit a la Lluna en el 2007, mentre que Rússia planeja enviar personal al nostre satèl·lit entre 2015 i 2020 com part d'un programa major amb l'objectiu d'enviar una missió a Mart.

La pròxima missió de la JAXA explorarà la Lluna utilitzant la sonda SELENE. Estava programat per a llançar-se aquest any, però va ser posposada per raons desconegudes.


Japón anuncia programa para enviar astronautas y crear una base en la Luna

6 de abril de 2005Tokio, Japón — Japón anunció este miércoles un programa para enviar astronautas a la Luna en el 2025. El plan apunta a la construcción de una base lunar que sería operada por astronautas y robots nipones.

"Hasta ahora la pregunta ha sido '¿Japón puede desarrollar su propia nave espacial tripulada?' Sabremos la respuesta dentro de 10 años", dijo el presidente de la Agencia Japonesa de Exploración Aeroespacial (JAXA), Keiji Tachikawa, a la Associated Press.

El plan incluye el desarrollo de robots y nanotecnología, además del diseño de un vehículo espacial que llevaría pasajeros y carga a la Luna. La JAXA solicitó un aumento en el presupuesto de cerca de US$2600 millones al año para sostener el programa.

El profesor aeroespacial Taketoshi Hibiya, quien trabaja en el Instituto Metropolitano de Tecnología de Tokio, cuestionó el valor de ir a la Luna. "Si esperan gastar recursos energéticos, por ejemplo, la cuestión es si se puede ganar más energía de la que gastan yendo y volviendo a la luna", dijo Hibiya a Reuters. "Como científicos, queremos experimentar con todo, incluyendo vuelos tripulados, si podemos obtener el dinero. Desafortunadamente, el presupuesto de la nación no va por buen camino por el momento."

Japón posee un déficit nacional de 751 billones de yenes (US$6,94 billones). Japón podría decidir en un plazo de 10 años llevar a cabo su programa lunar por su cuenta o uniéndose a otros países.

Ningún país ha enviado una misión tripulada a la Luna desde el programa Apollo de los sesenta y setenta. China y Rusia planean por su cuenta programas lunares. China enviaría un satélite a la Luna en el 2007, mientras que Rusia planea enviar personal a nuestro satélite entre 2015 y 2020 como parte de un programa mayor con el objetivo de enviar una misión a Marte.

La próxima misión de la JAXA explorará la Luna utilizando la sonda SELENE. Estaba programada para lanzarse este año, pero fue pospuesta por razones desconocidas.


Japão anuncia programa para enviar astronautas e criar uma base na Lua

O Japão anunciou nesta quarta-feira um programa para enviar astronautas à Lua no ano 2025. O plano almeja a construção de  uma base lunar que seria operada por  astronautas e robôs japoneses.

"Até agora a pergunta tem sido:'O Japão pode desenvolver sua própria nave espacial tripulada?' Saberemos a resposta dentro de  10 anos", disse o presidente da Agência de  Exploração Aeroespacial do Japão (JAXA), Keiji Tachikawa, à Associated Press.

O plano inclui o desenvolvimento de  robôs e nanotecnologia, além do desenho de  um veículo espacial que levaria passageiros e ônus à Lua. A JAXA solicitou um aumento no orçamento de  cerca de  US$2600 milhões ao ano para sustentar o programa.

O professor aeroespacial Taketoshi Hibiya, quem trabalha no Instituto Metropolitano de  Tecnologia de  Tokio, questionou o valor de  ir à Lua. "Se esperam gastar recursos energéticos, por  exemplo, a questão é se é possível ganhar mais energia do que se  gasta para ir e voltar da Lua", disse Hibiya a  Reuters. "Como cientistas, queremos experimentar de tudo, inclusive vôos tripulados, se conseguirmos obter  dinheiro. Infelizmente, o orçamento do país não vai por um bom caminho ultimamente."

O Japão possui um déficit nacional de  751 bilhões de  ienes (US$6,94 biliões). O Japão poderia decidir num prazo de  10 anos levar a  cabo seu programa lunar por conta própria ou unir-se a  outros países.

Nenhum país enviou uma missão tripulada à Lua desde o programa Apollo dos sessenta e setenta. chinesa e Rússia planejam por  sua conta programas lunares. China enviaria um satélite à Lua no 2007, enquanto Rússia planeja enviar pessoal a  nosso satélite entre 2015 e 2020 como parte de  um programa maior com o objetivo de  enviar uma missão a  Marte.

A próxima missão da JAXA programada para explorar a Lua utiliza a sonda SELENE. Estava programada para ser lançada este ano, mas foi adiada por  razões desconhecidas.


Jet Blue airliner lands with broken nose gear

JetBlue Flight 292, en route to New York's JFK Airport from Burbank, California, encountered nose gear malfunctions shortly after takeoff.  It safely landed three hours later at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) with no apparent injuries.

The pilots first realized something was wrong when the landing gear failed to retract; television footage showed that the plane's front wheels were pointing sideways, perpendicular to the plane's body. The plane was diverted to Long Beach Airport, where it tried and failed to land, and then on to LAX, which has better emergency facilities. The aircraft circled near the airport for several hours to burn fuel; the Airbus A320 aircraft is not designed to dump fuel.

Commentators predicted that the nose gear would either snap off, immediately twist to parallel upon touch down, or withstand the friction from the landing while remaining at a 90 degree angle.

At approximately 6:19PM local time, almost three hours after takeoff, the aircraft successfully managed to touch down. The pilot landed the plane first on its two rear wheels, keeping its nose in the air as long as possible until it slowed enough that the nose could be safely lowered.  The front tires remained at a 90 degree angle and were incinerated through the friction.  A cloud of white smoke and sparks burst out from behind the nose gear as the plane traveled down the runway. As the airplane finally stopped, the pilot had managed to keep the plane no more than 6 inches from the runway's centerline.  Officials were prepared with a brigade of fire engines as well as fire retardant foam in case the front wheel ignited. The plane was evacuated a few minutes later.

Reports indicate that the pilots acted in a "calm and professional manner."

JetBlue flight 292 was in a unique situation as each seat in the plane was equipped with live TV through DirecTV. Several of the stations carried on the LiveTV system had cameras trained on the plane and were monitoring the situation. It has been established that the televisions were operating as the plane circled the airfield, though there are conflicting reports on whether or not the televisions were in operation during the landing. For a time, passengers on board were able to watch their own airplane circle the airfield in a precarious situation.

139 passengers and 6 crew were on board Flight 292.


US-Fernsehen berichtete live über die Notlandung eines Jet-Blue-Airbusses

Hinweis: „Achtung: Teile des Artikels wurden aufgrund Quellenvorgaben verfasst, die inhaltlich falsch sein könnten. Siehe dazu die Richtigstellung

Los Angeles (USA), 23.09.2005 – In den USA wurde gestern die Notlandung eines Passagierflugzeuges mit 139 Passagieren und sechs Besatzungsmitgliedern an Bord erstmals live im Fernsehen übertragen.

Die Maschine, ein Airbus A 320 der US-amerikanischen Billigfluglinie „jetBlue“ mit dem Namen „Canyon Blue“ und der Flugnummer 292, befand sich auf dem Weg von Burbank in Kalifornien und sollte in New York landen.

Kurz nach dem Start bemerkte der Pilot einen Defekt am Bugfahrwerk, das vordere Fahrwerk inklusive der Reifen hatte sich seitlich verdreht. Der Pilot entschloss sich zur Notlandung. Die Luftsicherheitseinsatzkräfte wählten dazu den Flughafen in Los Angeles (LAX) aus. Dort existiert eine wesentlich längere Landebahn als in Burbank.

Nach der Genehmigung zur Notlandung durch die Luftsicherung bereitete der Pilot den Landevorgang sorgfältig vor. Mit einem Zusammenbrechen des defekten Bugrades musste er rechnen, andererseits war das Hauptfahrwerk intakt. Zunächst nahm der Pilot Kurs auf den Pazifik. Dort ließ er über dem Meer Kerosin ab, damit die Maschine beim Aufsetzen möglichst wenig Treibstoff an Bord hatte, das sich entzünden könnte. Am vorgesehenen Flughafen in Los Angeles bereiteten sich inzwischen Sanitäter und rund 100 Feuerwehrleute auf die Notlandung vor.

Während der Landevorbereitungen sahen die Passagiere über den Bord-TV-Sender einen Live-Bericht im amerikanischen Fernsehen, in dem über die bevorstehende Notlandung berichtet wurde. Auch der Landevorgang selbst wurde im Fernsehen übertragen, den Passagieren an Bord wurde jedoch wenige Minuten vor der Landung der Sender abgestellt.

Die Maschine setzte dann trotz des defekten Bugrades um 03:20 Uhr MESZ sicher auf der Landebahn auf. Das defekte Bugrad fing noch während des Landevorganges Feuer und ein Funkenregen sprühte unter der Maschine auf, es brach jedoch entgegen den Befürchtungen nicht zusammen. Glücklicherweise sprangen die Funken nicht von den Reifen auf die Maschine über. Die Passagiere konnten das Flugzeug über die regulären Treppen verlassen. Verletzt wurde niemand. Alle Passagiere wurden mit anderen Maschinen weitertransportiert.

Flugexperten bezeichneten die Landung des Piloten als Meisterleistung. Er hatte die Maschine während des Landevorganges mit dem vorderen Teil solange wie nur möglich in der Luft gehalten, um so wenig Druck wie möglich auf den defekten Reifen zu haben. Nach der geglückten Notlandung wurde eine Ermittlungskommission gegründet, die die Ursachen für das Verdrehen der Bugreifen eruieren soll. Die Kommission setzt sich aus der Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), dem National Transportation Safety Board und Vertretern von Airbus zusammen. Airbus gab noch am gleichen Tag bekannt, die Baureihe A 320 sei so gebaut worden, dass sie auch landen könne, wenn das Bugfahrwerk defekt sei. Die Fluglinie „jetBlue“ besitzt insgesamt 81 Flugzeuge des Typs A 320.


ジェットブルー航空機、ロサンゼルス空港に緊急着陸

アメリカ合衆国で、21日午後3時（太平洋夏時間、UTC+7、日本時間22日午前7時）過ぎにロサンゼルス近郊のバーバンクのボブホープ空港を離陸した旅客機の前輪が横向きになったまま動かなくなり、午後6時20分（同、日本時間22日午前10時20分）ロサンゼルス国際空港に緊急着陸した。NHK、CNN、朝日新聞、読売新聞などが伝えた。

航空機は米国ジェットブルー航空の国内線旅客機、ニューヨーク行き292便のエアバスA320。乗客乗員合わせて146人が乗っていた。

車輪が動かなくなったため緊急着陸が避けられないと判断したパイロットは、はじめは最寄りのロングビーチ空港を目指したが、ロサンゼルス国際空港に変更。燃料を太平洋上に捨てながら約3時間ロサンゼルス近郊を旋回した。前輪をなるべく使わないため、通常よりも機首を上げた姿勢で着陸に臨み、後輪から滑走路に下りた。横を向いて正常に作動しない前輪から、摩擦による煙、続いて炎が上がったが、着地から約50秒後に無事に停止した。けが人は報告されていない。


Jewel in King Tut's necklace created by possible asteroid impact

A jewel that once belonged to King Tutankhamen of ancient Egypt is believed to have been created by an exploding meteorite entering Earth's atmosphere "hugely bigger in energy than the atomic [bomb] tests," said geophysicist John Wasson. The explosion was "Ten thousand times more powerful," added Wasson.

The Egyptian Mineral Resources Authority says the jewel is composed of 98% silica or glass, making it the purest jewel of its kind on the planet and can only be found in a certain area of the Sahara Desert.

Wasson also says the impact that created the jewel can be compared to the "Tunguska event" that occurred in Tunguska, Siberia in 1908 causing at least 80 million trees to be flattened, but left no visible impact crater.

"When the thought came to me that it required a hot sky, I thought immediately of the Tunguska event," said Wasson.

The event was recreated by a computer simulation. The results of the simulation reveal that the impact of a meteorite or an event similar to Tunguska could have been the cause of the
formation and heating the ground up to nearly 1,800 degrees Celsius causing a thin layer of glass to form on the Earth's surface at the site of an impact.

Researchers also added that events like this are likely to happen at least every 100 years or so. Wasson says there are likely to be more impacts; it's "just a matter of when."


Jóia do colar do Faraó Tutankhamon pode ter sido criada pelo impacto de um asteróide

Acredita-se que uma jóia que uma vez pertenceu ao antigo Rei do Antigo Egipto, Tutankhamon, pode ter sido criada por um meteorito que entrou na atmosfera terrestre, explodindo depois e liberando uma quantidade de energia energia "10 mil vezes maior do que a energia liberada pela explosão de uma bomba atômica", disse o geofísico John Wasson.

A Autoridade de Recursos Minerais Egípcia disse que a jóia é composta de 98% de sílica ou vidro, e que é a jóia mais pura  da sua espécie, encontrada no planeta somente em certa área do Deserto do Saara.

Wasson também disse que o impacto que criou a jóia pode ser comparado ao "evento de Tunguska" que ocorreu em Tunguska, na Sibéria, em 1908, causador a derrubada de pelo menos 80 milhões de árvores, sem contudo deixar qualquer cratera de impacto visível.

"Quando me veio à mente que ela precisava ter se formado num céu aquecido, pensei imediatamente no evento Tunguska," disse Wasson.

O evento foi recriado pelos pesquisadores através de uma simulação virtual de computador. Os resultados da simulação revelaram que o impacto de um meteorito, ou um evento similar como o de Tunguska, pode ter sido a causa da formação e aquecimento do solo em até aproximadamente 1800 graus Celsius, o que terá contribuído para que uma camada fina de vidro se formasse à superfície, no local do impacto.

Os pesquisadores também acrescentaram que eventos como este provavelmente acontecem apenas a cada 100 anos, mais ou menos. Wasson disse que provavelmente haverá mais impactos e que é "somente uma questão de tempo."


Juno spacecraft bound for Jupiter

On Friday at 12:25 a.m. EDT, NASA's newest spacecraft, Juno, launched into orbit from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on its way to Jupiter. Juno will engage in an analysis of the planet from an orbit around it.

Researchers hope that the spacecraft and its myriad of instruments will shed light on the origins of Jupiter.  Furthermore, being the largest and oldest planet in the solar system, scientists believe that Jupiter may also hold clues to the formation and evolution of the early solar system. Additionally, the data gathered from Juno may help scientists to understand early planetary processes occurring in other star systems beyond our own.

Juno will travel roughly 1,740 million miles (2,800 million kilometers) over the course of its five-year journey.


Espace : la sonde Juno lancée de Cap Canaveral

La fusée Atlas V, emportant la sonde spatiale Juno qui étudiera Jupiter, a été lancée hier depuis Cap Canaveral à 16 h 25 GMT, rapporte la NASA, l'agence spatiale américaine.

Un problème technique, qui a pu être rapidement résolu, a retardé le lancement de 50 minutes.

Juno est la deuxième mission du programme de la NASA baptisé New Frontiers, après le lancement de la sonde New Horizons, qui se dirige actuellement vers Pluton.

La sonde Juno, qui deviendra l'appareil fonctionnant à l'énergie solaire le plus éloigné du Soleil, doit atteindre les environs de Jupiter au mois de juillet 2016 après avoir parcourue 2 800 millions de kilomètres. Elle passera près d'une année en orbite autour de la plus grande planète du système solaire. Le coût total du projet se chiffre à plus de 1,1 milliard de dollars.

La sonde étudiera la composition chimique de Jupiter, ainsi que son champ gravitationnel afin de déterminer si la planète possède un noyau solide, en plus de découvrir ses origines. Par ailleurs, la planète étant la plus grande et la plus ancienne du système solaire, les scientifiques pensent que Jupiter peut aussi détenir des indices sur la formation et l'évolution du système solaire primitif.


Лансирана Јунона

Пасадена, Калифорнија, САД (NASA) - Наса је у петак, 5. августа 2011, успешно лансирала свемирску сонду Јунона (Juno) чија детаљна студија Јупитера треба да помогне људском разумевању настанка и развитка Јупитера и његовог система.

Летелица, названа по жени римског бога Јупитера, је лансирана са Кејп Канаверала у Флориди у 12:25 по локалном времену, а пут до циља ће трајати пет година. Када стигне до циља, Јунона треба да направи 33 ротације око Јупитера у поларној орбити, и да — користећи својих 8 научних инструмената — проникне испод облака који покривају планету испитујући пореко, структуру, атмосферу и магнетосферу Јупитера и покушавајући да дође до одговора на питање: има ли Јупитер чврсто језгро.

У међувремену, успостављена је комуникација са летелицом и потврђено је да је успешно раширила соларне ћелије.


சூரிய ஆற்றலில் இயங்கும் ஜூனோ விண்கலத்தை வியாழனை நோக்கி அமெரிக்கா ஏவியது

வியாழன் கோளை நோக்கி ஆளில்லா நாசா விண்கலத் திட்டம் 1.1 பில்லியன் டாலர் செலவில் புளோரிடாவில் இருந்து ஆரம்பித்து வைக்கப்பட்டது.

நாசாவின் ஜூனோ விண்கலம் செவ்வாய்க் கோளைத் தாண்டி வியாழனின் சுற்று வட்டத்தை 2016 ஆம் ஆண்டில் அடையும் என எதிர்பார்க்கப்படுகிறது. வியாழனை நோக்கிச் செலுத்தப்படும் முதலாவது சூரிய ஆற்றலில் இயங்கும் விண்கலமாக இது இருக்கும்.

நேற்று வெள்ளிக்கிழமை உள்ளூர் நேரம் 12:25 மணிக்கு புளோரிடாவில் அமைந்துள்ள கேப் கேனவரல் வான்படைத் தளத்தில் இருந்து அட்லஸ் 5 என்ற ராக்கெட் மூலம் இது ஏவப்பட்டது. ஈலியக் கசிவு காரணமாக சிறிது நேரத் தாமதத்துக்குப் பின்னரே விண்ணுக்குச் சென்றது.

"இத்திட்டத்தை ஆரம்பித்ததன் மூலம் புதிய ஒரு எல்லையை நாசா தாண்ட விருக்கிறது," என நாசாவின் நிர்வாகி சார்ல்ஸ் போல்டன் தெரிவித்தார்.

வியாழன் கோளில் பூமியை விட 1/25 பங்கு சூரிய ஒளியே காணப்படுவதால், அங்கு அனுப்பப்படும் விண்கலங்கள் புளுட்டோனியம் மின்கலங்களையே பயன்படுத்துகின்றன. ஆனால், ஜூனோ விண்கலம் 18,000 சூரியக் கலங்கள் பொருத்தப்பட்ட மூன்று இறக்கைகளுடன் செல்கிறது.

"ஜூனோவின் சூரியக் கலங்கள் எப்போதும் சூரியனை நோக்கியே இருக்க வேண்டும். இதனால் வியாழனின் நிழலுக்குள் நாம் செல்லப்போவதில்லை," என இத்திட்டத்தின் பிரதம அறிவியலாளர் ஸ்கொட் போல்ட்டன் தெரிவித்தார்.

ஜூனோ திட்டம் ஆரம்பத்தில் 2009 ஜூன் மாதத்தில் ஏவுவதற்காக 700 மில்லியன் அமெரிக்க டாலர் செலவில் திட்டமிடப்பட்டது. ஆனாலும், நாசாவின் வரவு-செலவுத் திட்டத்தில் ஏற்பட்ட பற்றாக்குறையினால் திட்டம் பின்போடப்பட்டது. தற்போது இதன் மொத்தச் செலவீனம் $1.1 பில்லியன் ஆக மதிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ளது.

வியாழனின் முனைவுச் சுற்று வட்டத்திற்கு இது சென்று அங்கிருந்து அக்கோளின் பொதிவுகள், ஈர்ப்புப் புலம், காந்தப் புலம், வியாழனின் காந்தக்கோளம் போன்றவற்றை ஆராயும். அத்துடன், வியாழன் எவ்வாறு தோன்றியது, பாறைகளை அது கொண்டுள்ளதா, அங்குள்ள நீரின் அளவு, கோளில் அதன் திணிவுப் பரம்பல் போன்றவற்றையும் ஆராயும்.

நாசாவின் நியூ ஃபுரொண்டியர்ஸ் வகைத் திட்டத்தில் ஜூனோ இரண்டாவது விண்கலம் ஆகும். முதலாவது விண்கலம் நியூ ஹரைசன்ஸ் 2006 ஆம் ஆண்டில் புளூட்டோ என்ற குறுங்கோளை நோக்கி ஏவப்பட்டது. இது புளூட்டோவை 2015 இல் அடையும்.

சனி, ஆகத்து 6, 2011


NASA Jüpiter'e uzay aracı gönderdi

NASA'nın yeni uzay aracı Juno, Florida'daki Cape Caneveral üssünden fırlatıldı. Güneş Sistemi'nin en eski gezegeni olduğu düşünülen Jüpiter'e gönderilen Juno, beş yıl sürecek bir yolculuğun ardından, 2016 yılında Jüpiter'e varacak. İnsansız uzay aracı beş yılda yaklaşık 1.740 milyon mil (2.800 milyon km) yol alacak.

Üç büyük güneş paneliyle çalışan ve Jüpiter'e daha önce hiç olmadığı kadar yaklaşacak olan Juno'nun yolculuk maliyetinin 11 milyar doları bulması bekleniyor. Jüpiter yörüngesinde bir yıl geçirecek olan Juno, dev gezegenin ne kadar su tuttuğunu araştıracak. Ayrıca bu keşif yolculuğu ile, Jüpiter'in çok büyük olan manyetik alanlarını neyin tetiklediği, yoğunluğunun ve sıcak atmosferinin altında sert bir çekirdeğin olup olmadığı gibi sorulara da yanıt aranacak.

Konuya ilişkin olarak, Teksas'taki Güneybatı Araştırma Enstitüsü bilim adamlarından Scott Bolton, "Jüpiter, nasıl oluştuğuna ilişkin birçok bilinmeyeni barındırıyor." dedi.

((Türkçe))  "Jüpiter yolcusu kalmasın!" Akşam, 28 Temmuz 2011

((Türkçe))  "NASA için büyük adım: Jüpiter" Akşam, 29 Temmuz 2011

((Türkçe))  "Jüpiter’e yolculuk bugün" Focus Haber, 5 Ağustos 2011

((Türkçe))  "NASA Jüpiter'e uzay aracı gönderdi" Sabah, 5 Ağustos 2011


Jupiter at its brightest in 47 years

The planet Jupiter will be at its closest to the Earth since 1963 tomorrow and Tuesday, scientists say. This will cause the planet's appearance to peak at a brightness and size not seen since then. The planet Uranus will also make a close approach, but will be more difficult to spot, as it is much farther away.

Scientists say that Jupiter will rise at about the time of sunset and will be nearly directly overhead at midnight. The only brighter object that will be in the sky at that time will be the moon. NASA scientist Tony Phillips said "Jupiter is so bright right now, you don't need a sky map to find it." It will not appear this bright again until 2022.

Jupiter will pass within 368 million miles of Earth at the time of closest approach. Although this will occur on Monday and Tuesday, it will remain large and bright for approximately another month.

During this event, the planet will be located in the sky not far from the moon. Some of the planet's own moons will be visible with the aid of a telescope or binoculars.

According to NASA scientists, Earth-Jupiter encounters occur about every 13 months. Since both planets' orbits are slightly elliptical, meaning they are not perfect circles around the Sun, the distance varies in each encounter.

Jupiter, the largest planet in the Solar System, is the fifth planet from the Sun and is more massive than all of the other planets combined, about 318 times as massive as the Earth.


Giove non è mai stato così vicino da 47 anni

Oggi e domani Giove sarà più vicino alla Terra che negli ultimi 47 anni. L'evento causerà un significativo aumento della luminosità del pianeta. Il pianeta Urano sarà nei pressi, ma sarà difficile da vedere a occhio nudo, per via della sua grande lontananza e scarsa luminosità.

Giove sorgerà all'incirca al tramonto, e sarà allo Zenit a mezzanotte circa. L'unico altro oggetto fortemente luminoso presente nel cielo sarà la Luna. Lo scienziato della NASA Tony Phillips ha detto «Giove in questi giorni è così luminoso che non sarà necessaria una mappa per trovarlo». Non sarà nuovamente così luminoso fino al 2022.

Giove passerà a 592 milioni di chilometri dalla Terra. Anche se il picco dell'evento avverrà lunedì e martedì, rimarrà molto luminoso per un altro mese circa.

Durante quest'evento, il pianeta si troverà in cielo non lontano dalla Luna. I satelliti medicei saranno facilmente visibili con l'ausilio di un piccolo telescopio o di un binocolo sufficientemente potente.

Secondo gli scienziati della NASA, gli "incontri" tra la Terra e Giove avvengono ogni 13 mesi. Poiché le orbite dei pianeti sono ellittiche (cioè non sono dei cerchi perfetti, ma sono schiacciate), le distanze tra i due pianeti variano ogni volta.


Kai-fu Lee: Developers will rule the next-generation Internet world

The 2008 Google Developer Day started its second day today at Beijing International Convention Center, China. "Cloud Computing" was chosen as its theme for this event, driving more discussions between several participating programmers on the applications of Internet APIs.

Since Google Gears, Android, and the Google App Engine was already discussed in Japan, Google China announced that they will cooperate with several local internet communities including MySpace, Tianya Club, and Xiaonei Web on an interactive platform - "OpenSocial" in China.


2008年Google開發者日中國站 李開復：網際網路成重要關鍵

Google的全球巡迴活動─Google開發者日，今（12）日進軍第二站─中國北京，並選定北京國際會議中心舉行，而這也是中國第二次舉辦這項盛會。今年，「雲端運算」成為中國站的主題，使得網際網路API的應用，廣受與會者討論。

繼日本站提出Google Gears、Android、Google App Engine等三大核心產物後，Google中國分公司也在本次論壇開幕前，宣布要和myspace、天涯虛擬社區、校內網等中國當地網站，合作完全開放的互動平台─OpenSocial，以達成「平台開放」的目標。


Keep your eyes peeled for cosmic debris: Andrew Westphal about Stardust@home

Stardust is a NASA space capsule that collected samples from comet 81P/Wild (also known as "Wild 2) in deep space and landed back on Earth on January 15, 2006. It was decided that a collaborative online review process would be used to "discover" the microscopically small samples the capsule collected. The project is called Stardust@home. Unlike distributed computing projects like SETI@home, Stardust@home relies entirely on human intelligence.

Andrew Westphal is the director of Stardust@home. Wikinews interviewed him for May's Interview of the Month (IOTM) on May 18, 2006. As always, the interview was conducted on IRC, with multiple people asking questions.

Some may not know exactly what Stardust or Stardust@home is. Can you explain more about it for us?

Stardust is a NASA Discovery mission that was launched in 1999. It is really two missions in one. The primary science goal of the mission was to collect a sample from a known primitive solar-system body, a comet called Wild 2 (pronounced "Vilt-two" — the discoverer was German, I believe). This is the first [US]] "sample return" mission since Apollo, and the first ever from beyond the moon. This gives a little context. By "sample return" of course I mean a mission that brings back extraterrestrial material. I should have said above that this is the first "solid" sample return mission — Genesis brought back a sample from the Sun almost two years ago, but Stardust is also bringing back the first solid samples from the local interstellar medium — basically this is a sample of the Galaxy. This is absolutely unprecedented, and we're obviously incredibly excited. I should mention parenthetically that there is a fantastic launch video — taken from the POV of the rocket on the JPL Stardust website — highly recommended — best I've ever seen — all the way from the launch pad, too. Basically interplanetary trajectory. Absolutely great.

Is the video available to the public?

Yes [see below]. OK, I digress. The first challenge that we have before can do any kind of analysis of these interstellar dust particles is simply to find them. This is a big challenge because they are very small (order of micron in size) and are somewhere (we don't know where) on a HUGE collector— at least on the scale of the particle size — about a tenth of a square meter. So...

We're right now using an automated microscope that we developed several years ago for nuclear astrophysics work to scan the collector in the Cosmic Dust Lab in Building 31 at Johnson Space Center. This is the ARES group that handles returned samples (Moon Rocks, Genesis chips, Meteorites, and Interplanetary Dust Particles collected by U2 in the stratosphere). The microscope collects stacks of digital images of the aerogel collectors in the array. These images are sent to us — we compress them and convert them into a format appropriate for Stardust@home.

Stardust@home is a highly distributed project using a "Virtual Microscope" that is written in html and javascript and runs on most browsers — no downloads are required. Using the Virtual Microscope volunteers can search over the collector for the tracks of the interstellar dust particles.

How many samples do you anticipate being found during the course of the project?

Great question. The short answer is that we don't know. The long answer is a bit more complicated. Here's what we know. The Galileo and Ulysses spacecraft carried dust detectors onboard that Eberhard Gruen and his colleagues used to first detect and them measure the flux of interstellar dust particles streaming into the solar system. (This is a kind of "wind" of interstellar dust, caused by the fact that our solar system is moving with respect to the local interstellar medium.) Markus Landgraf has estimated the number of interstellar dust particles that should have been captured by Stardust during two periods of the "cruise" phase of the interplanetary orbit in which the spacecraft was moving with this wind. He estimated that there should be around 45 particles, but this number is very uncertain — I wouldn't be surprised if it is quite different from that. That was the long answer! One thing that I should say...is that like all research, the outcome of what we are doing is highly uncertain. There is a wonderful quote attributed to Einstein — "If we knew what we were doing, it wouldn't be called "research", would it?"

How big would the samples be?

We expect that the particles will be of order a micron in size. (A millionth of a meter.) When people are searching using the virtual microscope, they will be looking not for the particles, but for the tracks that the particles make, which are much larger — several microns in diameter. Just yesterday we switched over to a new site which has a demo of the VM (virtual microscope) I invite you to check it out. The tracks in the demo are from submicron carbonyl iron particles that were shot into aerogel using a particle accelerator modified to accelerate dust particles to very high speeds, to simulate the interstellar dust impacts that we're looking for.

And that's on the main Stardust@home website [see below]?

Yes.

How long will the project take to complete?

Partly the answer depends on what you mean by "the project". The search will take several months. The bottleneck, we expect (but don't really know yet) is in the scanning — we can only scan about one tile per day and there are 130 tiles in the collector…. These particles will be quite diverse, so we're hoping that we'll continue to have lots of volunteers collaborating with us on this after the initial discoveries. It may be that the 50th particle that we find will be the real Rosetta stone that turns out to be critical to our understanding of interstellar dust. So we really want to find them all! Enlarging the idea of the project a little, beyond the search, though is to actually analyze these particles. That's the whole point, obviously!

And this is the huge advantage with this kind of a mission — a "sample return" mission.

Most missions rather do things quite differently... you have to build an instrument to make a measurement and that instrument design gets locked in several years before launch practically guaranteeing that it will be obsolete by the time you launch. Here exactly the opposite is true. Several of the instruments that are now being used to analyze the cometary dust did not exist when the mission was launched. Further, some instruments (e.g., synchrotrons) are the size of shopping malls — you don't have a hope of flying these in space. So we can and will study these samples for many years. AND we have to preserve some of these dust particles for our grandchildren to analyze with their hyper-quark-gluon plasma microscopes (or whatever)!

When do you anticipate the project to start?

We're really frustrated with the delays that we've been having. Some of it has to do with learning how to deal with the aerogel collectors, which are rougher and more fractured than we expected. The good news is that they are pretty clean — there is very little of the dust that you see on our training images — these were deliberately left out in the lab to collect dust so that we could give people experience with the worst case we could think of. In learning how to do the scanning of the actual flight aerogel, we uncovered a couple of bugs in our scanning software — which forced us to go back and rescan. Part of the other reason for the delay was that we had to learn how to handle the collector — it would cost $200M to replace it if something happened to it, so we had to develop procedures to deal with it, and add several new safety features to the Cosmic Dust Lab. This all took time. Finally, we're distracted because we also have many responsibilities for the cometary analysis, which has a deadline of August 15 for finishing analysis. The IS project has no such deadline, so at times we had to delay the IS (interstellar, sorry) in order to focus on the cometary work. We are very grateful to everyone for their patience on this — I mean that very sincerely.

And rest assured that we're just as frustrated!

I know there will be a "test" that participants will have to take before they can examine the "real thing". What will that test consist of?

The test will look very similar to the training images that you can look at now. But.. there will of course be no annotation to tell you where the tracks are!

Why did NASA decide to take the route of distributed computing? Will they do this again?

I wouldn't say that NASA decided to do this — the idea for Stardust@home originated here at U. C. Berkeley. Part of the idea of course came…

If I understand correctly it isn't distributed computing, but distributed eyeballing?

…from the SETI@home people who are just down the hall from us. But as Brian just pointed out. this is not really distributed computing like SETI@home the computers are just platforms for the VM and it is human eyes and brains who are doing the real work which makes it fun (IMHO).

That said… There have been quite a few people who have expressed interested in developing automated algorithms for searching. Just because WE don't know how to write such an algorithm doesn't mean nobody does. We're delighted at this and are happy to help make it happen

Isn't there a catch 22 that the data you're going to collect would be a prerequisite to automating the process?

That was the conclusion that we came to early on — that we would need some sort of training set to be able to train an algorithm. Of course you have to train people too, but we're hoping (we'll see!) that people are more flexible in recognizing things that they've never seen before and pointing them out. Our experience is that people who have never seen a track in aerogel can learn to recognize them very quickly, even against a big background of cracks, dust and other sources of confusion... Coming back to the original question — although NASA didn't originate the idea, they are very generously supporting this project. It wouldn't have happened without NASA's financial support (and of course access to the Stardust collector). Did that answer the question?

Will a project like this be done again?

I don't know... There are only a few projects for which this approach makes sense... In fact, I frankly haven't run across another at least in Space Science. But I am totally open to the idea of it. I am not in favor of just doing it as "make-work" — that is just artificially taking this approach when another approach would make more sense.

How did the idea come up to do this kind of project?

Really desperation. When we first thought about this we assumed that we would use some sort of automated image recognition technique. We asked some experts around here in CS and the conclusion was that the problem was somewhere between trivial and impossible, and we wouldn't know until we had some real examples to work with. So we talked with Dan Wertheimer and Dave Anderson (literally down the hall from us) about the idea of a distributed project, and they were quite encouraging. Dave proposed the VM machinery, and Josh Von Korff, a physics grad student, implemented it. (Beautifully, I think. I take no credit!)

I got to meet one of the stardust directors in March during the Texas Aerospace Scholars program at JSC. She talked about searching for meteors in Antarctica, one that were unblemished by Earth conditions. Is that our best chance of finding new information on comets and asteroids? Or will more Stardust programs be our best solution?

That's a really good question. Much will depend on what we learn during this official "Preliminary Examination" period for the cometary analysis. Aerogel capture is pretty darn good, but it's not perfect and things are altered during capture in ways that we're still understanding. I think that much also depends on what question you're asking. For example, some of the most important science is done by measuring the relative abundances of isotopes in samples, and these are not affected (at least not much) by capture into aerogel.

Also, she talked about how some of the agencies that they gave samples to had lost or destroyed 2-3 samples while trying to analyze them. That one, in fact, had been statically charged, and stuck to the side of the microscope lens and they spent over an hour looking for it. Is that really our biggest danger? Giving out samples as a show of good faith, and not letting NASA example all samples collected?

These will be the first measurements, probably, that we'll make on the interstellar dust There is always a risk of loss. Fortunately for the cometary samples there is quite a lot there, so it's not a disaster. NASA has some analytical capabilities, particularly at JSC, but the vast majority of the analytical capability in the community is not at NASA but is at universities, government labs and other institutions all over the world. I should also point out that practically every analytical technique is destructive at some level. (There are a few exceptions, but not many.) The problem with meteorites is that except in a very few cases, we don't know where they specifically came from. So having a sample that we know for sure is from the comet is golden!

I am currently working on my Bachelor's in computer science, with a minor in astronomy. Do you see successes of programs like Stardust to open up more private space exploration positions for people such as myself. Even though I'm not in the typical "space" fields of education?

Can you elaborate on your question a little — I'm not sure that I understand...

Well, while at JSC I learned that they mostly want Engineers, and a few science grads, and I worry that my computer science degree with not be very valuable, as the NASA rep told me only 1% of the applicants for their work study program are CS majors. I'm just curious as to your thoughts on if CS majors will be more in demand now that projects like Stardust and the Mars missions have been great successes? Have you seen a trend towards more private businesses moving in that direction, especially with President Bush's statement of Man on the Moon in 2015?

That's a good question. I am personally not very optimistic about the direction that NASA is going. Despite recent successes, including but not limited to Stardust, science at NASA is being decimated.

I made a joke with some people at the TAS event that one day SpaceShipOne will be sent up to save stranded ISS astronauts. It makes me wonder what kind of private redundancy the US government is taking for future missions.

I guess one thing to be a little cautious about is that despite SpaceShipOne's success, we haven't had an orbital project that has been successful in that style of private enterprise It would be nice to see that happen. I know that there's a lot of interest...!

Now I know the answer to this question... but a lot do not... When samples are found, How will they be analyzed? Who gets the credit for finding the samples?

The first person who identifies an interstellar dust particle will be acknowledged on the website (and probably will be much in demand for interviews from the media!), will have the privilege of naming the particle, and will be a co-author on any papers that WE (at UCB) publish on the analysis of the particle. Also, although we are precluded from paying for travel expenses, we will invite those who discover particles AND the top performers to our lab for a hands-on tour.

We have some fun things, including micromachines.

How many people/participants do you expect to have?

About 113,000 have preregistered on our website. Frankly, I don't have a clue how many will actually volunteer and do a substantial amount of searching. We've never done this before, after all!

One last thing I want to say ... well, two. First, we are going to special efforts not to do any searching ourselves before we go "live". It would not be fair to all the volunteers for us to get a jumpstart on the search. All we are doing is looking at a few random views to make sure that the focus and illumination are good. (And we haven't seen anything — no surprise at all!) Also, the attitude for this should be "Have Fun". If you're not having fun doing it, stop and do something else! A good maxim for life in general!


维基记者独家采访星尘计划负责人

星尘是 NASA 发射的一艘用于采集深空中被称为 81P/Wild (也称为 Wild 2 ) 彗星样本的飞行器, 它已于2006年1月15日返回地球. 现在有一项与其相关的在线协作计划, 将 “检视” 星尘飞行器所采集到的细微样本. 这个计划的正式名称是 Stardust@home. 不像如 SETI@home 那样的分布式计算计划, Stardust@home 完全依赖于人类的判断能力.

Andrew Westphal 先生是 Stardust@home 计划的负责人，维基记者在2006年5月18日独家采访了他. 如通常一样, 本次采访在 IRC 上举行, 有多人进行了发问.

维基新闻（下简称 WN）: 可能有些人仍然不太清楚星尘计划或 Stardust@home. 你能稍微给大家解释一下吗?

Andrew Westphal（下简称 “安”）:星尘计划是美国航空航天局(NASA)1999年启动的一项探索任务. 该项任务实际包含两个部分. 主要的科学任务是从太阳系内一颗古老的天体－即被称为 Wild2 (读作 "Vilt-2" -- 我想发现者是德国人)的彗星中采集样本. 这是美国自阿波罗任务后第一次进行这类 "带回样本" 任务, 同时也说第一次从比月球更远的星体进行此类任务. 这里我解释一下. 我说的 "带回样本" 不只是将地球以外的物质带回来. 而是第一次把 "固体" 样本带回地球 -- “起源号飞行器”(Genesis)在两年前曾把一些太阳气体样本带回过地球, 但星尘计划是第一次带回来自于本星际介质的固体样本 -- 简单来说就是来自本星系"银河"的样本. 这是空前的, 我们对此非常期待. 我还要附带推荐一下当时的发射视频 -- 发射使用的POV火箭视频你可以在喷气推进实验室(JPL)的星尘计划网站上找到 -- 高度推荐你看一看 -- 这是我所见过中间最好的 -- 可以从发射台的任意地方看到. 基本行星际的路线. 绝对棒.

WN: 你是说视频对公众开放?

安: 是的. OK, 我有点离题了. 我们对这些星际尘埃粒子进行任何分析前所面临的第一个挑战, 是如何是找到它们! 这实际上是个大问题, 因为这些尘埃太小了(正常情况是微米大小) 而在巨大的采集器里到处都是它们 (我们无法知道它在哪里) -- 采集器体积对于粒子的大小来说是巨大的 -- 大约有 0.1 平方米. 所以...

我们现在使用一个几年前我们开发用于核天体物理学的自动显微镜来检测采集器. 这个显微镜位于约翰逊太空中心31号楼的宇宙尘埃实验室. ARES小组负责掌管所有带回地球来的尘埃样本 (包括月球火箭, 起源号, 陨石甚至还有U2飞机在同温层搜集的行星际尘埃颗粒). 显微镜在气凝胶采集器中拍摄下一幅幅数字图像, 然后按顺序把图像发给我们 -- 我们再把图像进行压缩幷转换为适合 Stardust@home 项目的格式.

Stardust@home 是一个高度分布式的项目, 使用者通过使用网页上一架用 html 和 javascript 语言编写的 "虚拟显微镜" 进行检视 -- 不需要下载. 这种设定在大部分网络浏览器上都可以使用. 志愿者可以通过这架虚拟显微镜, 找寻到采集器中星际尘埃粒子的轨迹.

WN: 你们预期在这计划中能找到多少尘埃样本?

安: 很好的问题. 简单来说我们不知道能找到多少. 准确来解释这一点有些复杂. 我告诉你我们知道的吧. 伽利略号和尤利西斯号等飞船上的尘埃探测器曾对太阳系尘埃做过一些测量, Eberhard Gruen 和他的同事分析过当时测定的星际尘埃通量. (这是一种星际"风", 风的起因是由于我们的太阳系穿越过本星际介质而引起的.) Markus Landgraf 对星尘号, 在两个行星际轨道阶段中, 所捕获的星际尘埃粒子也做过估算, 当时飞行器正在星际风中飞行. 他估算的结果是大约有 45 个粒子, 但这个数字是很不确定的 -- 就算事实与这个相差很多我也不会吃惊. 这就是我的回答! 我必须指出的一件事情是...如同所有的研究一样, 我们研究的结果是很不确定的. 这里我想引用爱因斯坦的名言 -- "如果我们知道我们正在做什么, 那它就不能成为 '研究', 难道不是这样吗?"

WN: 这些样本会有多大?

安: 我们期待的通常情况下, 这些粒子应该是微米大小(百万分之一米). 当人们通过虚拟显微镜进行搜索时, 他们将不会看见粒子本身, 相反的, 他们应该是去寻找粒子运动产生的轨迹, 轨迹可能相当大 -- 直径可能有好几微米. 就在昨天, 我们发布了一个新网站, 在这个新网站上有关于VM(虚拟显微镜)的演示. 我邀请你们可以去看看. 演示中你看见的轨迹是用特制的粒子加速器将羰基铁亚微粒以超高速撞入气凝胶而产生, 这模拟了我们希望找的星际尘埃撞击效果.

WN: 是在 Stardust@home 主站上吗?

安: 是的.

WN: 本专案计划多久能完成?

安: 答案部分的依赖于"专案"的含义. 搜寻将会持续好几个月. 瓶颈是: 我们认为(但还不真正知道)在搜寻中 -- 每天只能找到一板块那么大的地方, 而整个采集器有130板块组成. 这些粒子都非常不同, 所以我们期望在初始发现后仍然能持续有志愿者与我们合作. 可能直到我们找到第50颗尘埃粒子时, 如同罗塞塔石碑那样, 我们才能真正理解星际尘埃的关键. 所以我们真的希望把采集器中的尘埃全部找到! 把专案的含义再扩大点, 除了搜寻粒子, 当然还包括分析粒子!

DragonFire2410: 当然 :)

安: 这类任务有个很大的好处 -- 我指 "样本返回" 这类任务, 大部分任务做完全不同的事...你不得不为测量制作一套设备, 设备的设计在发射前几年就固定了, 然后发射时, 这些设计已经过. 而这里的情况正相反. 一些用于分析彗星星尘的设备在任务开始时还不存在. 而且, 有些设备 (如, 同步加速器) 的大小有超级市场那麽大 -- 你...

DragonFire2410: 这个我还是头次听说 :)

安: ...不会想把这种大小的东西发射到宇宙中的. 所以我们将会研究这些样本很多年. 我们也将为我们的子孙后代保存部分星尘粒子, 以便他们用他们的"超夸克-胶子"等离子显微镜(或其他什么)来分析!

WN: 你预期这项计划什么时候开始?

安: 我们对现在的拖延真的很沮丧. 一些不得不做的事是去掌握处理气凝胶采集器的技巧, 它们比我们想像的更粗糙和脆弱. 好消息是它们很干净 -- 你在我们的训练图像上看见的灰尘 -- 是故意留在实验室里的, 这样就能让人们对我们认为最坏的情况有所准备. 为了学习在真实的气凝胶上如何进行搜寻, 我们还保留了扫描软件里的几个缺陷 -- 这能迫使我们回头重新进行搜寻. 推迟的另外部分原因是我们不得不去了解如何掌控采集器 -- 如果它出了问题就得再花 $200000000 来替换它, 所以我们一定要设定一套步骤来处理采集器, 并且, 给彗星星尘实验室添加一些新的安全措施. 这些都要花费时间. 最後, 我们对进行彗星分析所要担负的这么多职责有点心烦意乱, 我们的最后期限是8月15日完成分析. 而IS计划就没有类似的最后期限, 所以我们就得稍微延后IS (interstellar, sorry) 来集中精力于彗星的工作上. 我们真诚的对大家在此事上表现的耐心表示感激.

DragonFire2410: :)

安: 我们对此也感到着急!

WN: 我了解到志愿者在真的能够检视"真家伙"前必须要通过一项"测验". 测验的内容是什么呢?

安: 测试将会和你现在看见的测试图像非常相似. 但.. 当然...图像上不会有注解告诉你轨迹在哪!

WN: 为什么NASA决定采用分布式计算的方法? 以后还会采用吗?

安: 我不能说是 NASA 决定的 -- Stardust@home 计划的这个主意和组织大部分来自加州大学伯克利分校. 部分主意则来...

brianmc: 如果我没有理解错的话, 准确来说这不是分布式计算而是分布式眼球...?

安: ...自于 SETI@home 团队的好人. 但就如 brianmc 刚刚指出的那样. 这实际上不是一个如同 SETI@home 那样的分布式计算项目. 电脑在本项目中只是 VM 的一个平台, 在这个平台上真正工作的是人们的眼球和脑子, 这很有趣 (IMHO)

DragonFire2410: 我同意 :)

安: 即...对开发自动搜寻算法表现出兴趣的人很少. 当然我们不知道如何编写这样的算法幷不意味着没人知道. (如果可能)我们对自动搜寻持乐见其成的态度.

WN: 是不是搜寻到22个此类数据是进行自动操作的先决条件?

安: 这只是我们早期的推算结果 -- 我们对算法需要用一些数据集进行训练. 当然人也要进行训练, 但我们希望(我们一定会看到..!)人们在认识到这些前所未见的东西后会越来越熟练. 我们发现那些从未见过气凝胶轨迹的人们学习起来非常快, 甚至在背景中有间隙、灰尘或其他混乱时也是如此... 回到你最初的问题 -- 这个主意虽然不是 NASA 的, 但他们很宽容的支持了这项计划. 如果没有 NASA 的经费支援 (当然还有星尘采集器的访问权), 就不会有这项计划. 这样回答了你的问题了吗?

DragonFire2410: 哈 :)

brianmc: 我想是的, 并且还有一些题外话.

WN: 这样的计划还会再做吗?

安: 我不知道... 能采用这种方法的工程不是很多... 事实上, 坦白的说, 我没有在宇宙科学中进行过另外一个类似计划. 但我对这种方法持开放的态度. 我不主张只是"为了采用" -- 而人为的采取这种方法，因为另外一种方法可能更合理.

WN: 这类工程的主意是从何而来?

安: 其实这也是没有办法的办法. 我们最初首先想到的办法, 是采用某种自动图像识别技术. 我们询问了一些计算机科学专家, 直到我们检视过一些真实的例子后, 我们得出结论, 那样做没有意义并且显然是不可能的. 在与 Dan Wertheimer 和 Dave Anderson (与我们相处的很好) 商讨了分布式计划的想法后, 他们对此也表示赞同. Dave 提议了 VM 架构, Josh Von Korff, 这位物理系毕业生, (优美的, 我想. 我不担保!)实现了这个架构.

WN: 我曾在三月的德州JSC的航空学术项目里见过星尘计划的一位负责人. 她谈了在地球上最干净的大陆南极洲寻找陨石. 现在的计划是否是个很好的机会, 能让我们在彗星或陨石中发现新的讯息? 或者应该进行更多星尘计划才对?

安: 这是一个很好的问题. 问题的答案在很大程度上依赖于在官方彗星分析的"预备检测"阶段我们能找到些什么. 气凝胶采集本身做的很好, 但是它并不是完美的, 并且情况可能由于采集的方式而有所改变. 我想这也很大程度上依赖于你想要找到什么. 举例来说, 一些最重要的科学任务将通过测量样本中同位素的相对丰量得出, 这种测量就不会 (至少很难) 由于气凝胶的问题而受到影响.

WN: 另外, 她也谈到他们把样本交给一些机构进行分析, 结果造成样本丢失和 2-3 个样本被破坏. 后者的情况是: 有一些样本因为带上了静电, 结果粘在了显微镜透镜上面, 他们花了一个小时才找到它. 这是我们最大的威胁吗? 出于善意给出样本进行展览, 并不让 NASA 的例子出现在这些采集的样本上?

安: 大概, 这将是我们的第一次测量, 有一定的损失风险. 幸运的是我们的彗星样品有不少, 因此, 就不会是一个问题. NASA有一定的分析能力, 特别是在 JSC, 但绝大多数的分析能力, 是在大学、政府实验室或世界其它地方的机构内, 而不是在 NASA. 我必须指出的是, 几乎所有分析方法都有一定程度的破坏作用. (也有少数例外, 但不多). 对于陨石来说, 除了极少数的情况, 我们不知道它们来自何处. 所以对于这些明确知道来自于彗星的样品, 对我们来说就是黄金一样!@

WN: 目前我的学士学位是在攻读计算机科学、幷兼修天文学. 你是否乐见类似星尘这样的计划, 使如我这样的人在宇宙探索领域里取得成功? 虽然我不是典型的"宇宙科学"教育出身?

安: 你能否详细说明一下你的问题 -- 我想我还没太理解你的意思...

WN: 好吧...在 JSC 的时侯我了解到他们很需要工程师以及一些科学毕业生, 这使我怀疑我的计算机技术不是很有价值, 因为 NASA 的人告诉我说他们现在研究项目中只有 1% 的人原来学的是计算机专业. 我只是很好奇, 现在在诸如星尘计划, 或是在已经取得巨大成功的火星探索任务中, 计算机专业学生是否变得比较吃香? 你是否乐见更多的私人商业在此领域的开拓? 特别是在布什总统先生承诺在2015年让人类重返月球之后.

安: 这是一个很好的问题. 我个人来说对 NASA 现在的步调并不乐观. 抛开近期的成功不说, 包括星尘这样的很多科学计划都在 NASA 遭到否决.

WN: 我与在 TAS 竞赛中的人曾开过玩笑说将来有一天太空飞船一号将会派往去拯救搁浅的国际空间站(ISS)宇航员. 这使我对于是美国政府如何消减未来任务私人感到兴趣

安: 我想我们需要保持谨慎的一点是, 抛开太空飞船一号的成功不说, 我们实际还没有一个如私人企业那样的轨道任务计划. 我乐观其成. 我知道很多人对此有兴趣...!

WN: 现在我知道问题的答案了...但还有更多疑问...但找到样本後, 它们将进行什么样的分析? 找到的人又会得到什么?

安: 第一个找到星际尘埃的人将在网站上登出 (并且可能会有大量媒体要求采访!), 他将会有命名粒子的特权,

DragonFire2410: 可怕哇!

安: 而且还将成为我们(在加州大学伯克利分校)出版的任何粒子分析论文的合作者. 并且, 虽然我们不能为其旅行付费, 但我们将邀请这位粒子发现者和最佳发现者来我们的实验室进行一次可以亲身动手的参观.

DragonFire2410: 太酷了

安: 我们这里还有些有趣的东西, 比如微型机器.

WN: 你期待能有多少人参与?

安: 在我们的网站上已经有113000人预注册. 坦白的说, 我不能肯定这中间能有多少志愿者并持续做搜寻. 毕竟我们以前从来没做过类似的事情!

最後一件我想说的事情是... 好吧, 是两件事. 第一, 我们在"活跃"前, 我们自己将不做任何搜寻工作. 因为突然的开始将对所有的志愿者不公平. 我们所做的惟一事情就是查看随机图片以确认对焦和图像都没出错. (我们还没看任何东西 -- 还没有惊喜!) 第二, 对此事的态度应该是: 怀着兴趣的玩. 如果你在做的时候没有任何乐趣, 那麽请停止做别的事去吧! 这也是一个好的人生格言!

【2006年6月1日讯】


Kuiper Belt object to become comet in approx. 2 million years

A Kuiper Belt object just outside our solar system is on its way to becoming a new comet, possibly a very bright-looking one.

The object, 2003 EL61, is currently in the shape of a potato, is roughly the size of Pluto, and rotates on its axis every 4 hours. The top layer of the object is covered in a thin layer of an ice like substance and has a rocky center. Simulations show that the object is in an unstable orbit.

According to California Institute of Technology Professor Mike Brown, the object may enter Neptune's gravity, causing 2003 EL61 to be shot into interstellar space, or the inner solar system to become a comet. In the latter case, the object, because of nearing the sun, will begin to melt and a tail would form behind it.

"If you came back in two million years, EL61 could well be a comet. When it becomes a comet, it will be the brightest we will ever see," said Brown.

Brown also says that nearly 4.5 billion years ago, the object was made of half rock and half ice. Sometime after the object's birth, an object slammed into it causing most of the ice inside it to be broken off. The pieces to be broken off then became satellites, which are believed to be made of very pure water-ice.

Pieces of the object may currently be inside our solar system, already forming to become comet material.

"It's a bit like the story of Mercury. Mercury got hit by a large object early in the Solar System. It left mostly a big iron core, with a little bit of rock on the outside. This is mostly a rock core with a little bit of ice on the outside," added Brown.

But don't expect to get a light show from this object in the near future. Brown estimates that the comet will form in about 2 million years, but will be visible from Earth.


Kuipergürtel-Objekt soll Komet werden

Pasadena (Vereinigte Staaten), 21.01.2007 – Ein Kuipergürtelobjekt, das sich knapp außerhalb unseres Sonnensystems befindet, entwickelt sich gerade zu einem neuen Kometen. Möglicherweise entsteht der hellste Komet, den Wissenschaftler je zu Gesicht bekommen haben.

Das Objekt, genannt 2003 EL61, hat momentan die Form einer Kartoffel oder eines Footballs und in etwa die Größe des ehemaligen Planeten Pluto. Das Objekt rotiert innerhalb von vier Stunden um seine eigene Achse. Die oberste Schicht ist bedeckt von einer dünnen Schicht einer eisartigen Substanz und hat ein felsiges Zentrum. Simulationen zeigen, dass das Objekt sich auf einer instabilen Umlaufbahn befindet.

Nach Meinung von Mike Brown, Professor am California Institute of Technology, könnte das Objekt in die Nähe Neptuns geraten und durch dessen Anziehungskraft entweder ins Innere des Sonnensystems geschleudert werden oder aber in die endlosen Weiten des Universums und so zum Kometen werden. Das Objekt könnte aber auch zur Sonne geschleudert werden, wo es schmelzen und einen langen Schwanz nach sich ziehen würde.

„Wenn Sie in zwei Millionen Jahren noch mal wiederkämen, könnte EL61 durchaus ein Komet sein. Und wenn es ein Komet wird, dann wird es der hellste, den wir jemals sehen werden“, sagt Professor Brown.

Brown sagt auch, dass das Objekt vor etwa 4,5 Milliarden Jahren ursprünglich je zur Hälfte aus Gestein und aus Eis bestanden habe. Einige Zeit nach des Objektes Geburt jedoch sei ein weiteres Objekt daraufgekracht, und dieses habe ein Abplatzen des meisten Eises verursacht. Die abgebrochenen Teile seien so zu Satelliten geworden, von denen man glaube, dass sie aus sehr reinem Wassereis bestünden.

Kleine Stücke des Objektes könnten sich heute bereits im Sonnensystem befinden und nur darauf warten, Kometenmaterial zu werden.

„Das ist ein wenig wie beim Merkur. Der Merkur wurde in der Frühzeit des Sonnensystems von einem großen Objekt getroffen. Zurück blieb vor allem ein großer Eisenkern und ein bisschen Gestein an der Oberfläche. Hier haben wir vor allem einen Gesteinskern mit ein bisschen Eis an der Oberfläche“, fügte Brown hinzu.

Es ist nicht damit zu rechnen, von diesem Objekt in naher Zukunft eine Lichtschau geliefert zu bekommen. Brown schätzt, dass der Komet erst in zwei Millionen Jahren entstehen wird und dann von der Erde aus sichtbar ist.


Large fireball observed after object strikes Jupiter

A large object, possibly an asteroid or a meteor, hit the planet Jupiter Thursday, resulting in a large fireball.

The fireball was seen on June 3 at 2031 UTC by two independent amateur astronomers, Christopher Go in the Philippines and Anthony Wesley in Australia. Wesley, who posted the news onto an Internet forum, is known for having also spotted last July's Jupiter impact event. Go caught Thursday's impact on video, which showed a fireball the size of Earth after the object hit. It could be the first time someone has recorded a meteor crashing into a planet.

This latest strike came only hours after a team from the Space Science Institute, led by astronomer Heidi Hammel, announced that last year's event was the result of an asteroid 1,640 feet (500 metres) wide. That asteroid caused a scar the size of the Pacific Ocean when it hit Jupiter with the force of several thousand nuclear bombs on July 19, 2009.

The planet last experienced a major impact in July 1994, when it was hit by Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (SL9), resulting in large scars as well. Scientists originally thought that there would not be any more Jupiter strikes for several centuries following SL9, but have now been proved wrong twice in as many years.

Now, astronomers around the world are trying to figure out what kind of mark Thursday's collision left on the planet, as well as determine exactly what hit it. Although the impact is believed to be relatively small, a dark debris field may soon appear in the clouds around Jupiter, which is what occurred in 2009.


வியாழனில் இடம்பெற்ற மோதுகையை அடுத்து பெரும் தீப்பந்து அவதானிக்கப்பட்டது

விண்கல் அல்லது சிறுகோள் ஒன்று வியாழனில் சென்ற வியாழக்கிழமை மோதியதை அடுத்து அப்பகுதியில் பெரும் தீப்பந்து ஒன்று அவதானிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.

இந்தத் தீப்பந்து ஜூன் 3 2031 UTC மணிக்கு பிலிப்பீன்சைச் சேர்ந்த கிறித்தோபர் கோ, மற்றும் ஆத்திரேலியாவைச் சேர்ந்த ஆந்தனி உவெசுலி ஆகிய இரண்டு தனிப்பட்ட வானியலாளர்களால் அவதானிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. உவெஸ்லி என்பவரே சென்ற ஜூலை மாதத்தில் வியாழன் கோளில் இடம்பெற்ற மோதுகையை அவதானித்து நாசாவுக்கு அறிவித்தவர். இம்முறை பூமியைப் போன்ற அளவுள்ள தீப்பந்து மோதுகையின் பின்னர் எழும்பியதை அவதானித்துள்ளார். விண்கல் ஒன்று கோள் ஒன்றில் மோதியதை காணொளி மூலம் பதிவு செய்யப்பட்டது இதுவே முதற் தடவை ஆகும்.

சென்ற ஆண்டு வியாழன் மோதுகையைப் பற்றிய மேலதிக தகவல்கள் வெளியிடப்பட்டு சில மணி நேரத்தில் புதிய மோதுகை அவதானிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. சென்ர ஆண்டு 500 மீட்டர் அகலமுள்ள சிறு கோள் ஒன்று 2009, ஜூலை 19 இல் மோதியதென்றும், இதன் மூலம் பசிபிக் பெருங்கடல் போன்ற அளவுள்ள காயம் வியாழனில் தோன்றியுள்ளதாகவும் ஹைடி ஹம்மெல் என்பவரின் தலைமையில் வானியலாளர்கள் அறிவித்துள்ளனர். இதன் தாக்கம் பல ஆயிரம் அணுகுண்டுகளின் தாக்கத்துக்கு ஒப்பானதாகும்.

1994 ஜூலையில் ஷூமேக்கர்-லீவு 9 என்ற வால்வெள்ளி வியாழனைத் தாக்கியிருந்தது.

ஞாயிறு, சூன் 6, 2010


Large Hadron Collider damaged, to be shut down for repairs

The  Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in  CERN, Geneva suffered light damage on September 19, 2008 when one of the giant  superconducting magnets that guide the protons failed during a test. A large amount of  helium, which is used to cool the magnets to 1.9 Kelvin (-271C; -456F) leaked into the collider tunnel. LHC will now be shut down for at least two months for repairs. Physicists say such setbacks are an inevitable part of starting up such a large and complicated machine.

Several mishaps, including the failure of a 30 ton  electrical transformer, have slowed LHC's progress since the initial start-up on September 10, 2008. The laboratory said in a statement that an electrical connection between the magnets had melted because of the high current. The machine has more than 1,200  dipole magnets arranged end-to-end in the underground ring. These magnets carry and steer the  proton beams which will accelerate around the machine at close to the speed of light. One of the LHC's eight sectors will now have to be warmed up to well above its operating temperature so that repairs can take place.

The collider is designed to accelerate protons to energies of seven trillion  electron volts and collide them together in search of new particles and forces. After the initial success of accelerating protons through the machine, physicists had hoped they could move ahead quickly to low energy collisions at 450 billion electron volts and then 5 trillion electron volt collisions as early as mid-October.

The recent setbacks, however, mean that hopes the first trial collisions would be carried out before the machine's official inauguration on October 21, 2008 now look doubtful. It even looks uncertain whether this can be achieved before 2009.


Large Hadron Collider für mindestens zwei Monate gestoppt

Genf (Schweiz), 20.09.2008 – Der Large Hadron Collider (kurz: LHC) am CERN in Genf wird nun vermutlich für mindestens zwei Monate nicht arbeiten können. Am gestrigen Freitag kam es zu einem Problem bei der Inbetriebnahme des letzten Sektors Nr. 34. Sehr große Mengen des dringend zur Kühlung benötigten Gases Helium traten dabei in den Teilchenbeschleunigertunnel aus. Der größte Teilchenbeschleuniger der Welt musste daraufhin abgeschaltet werden.

Den ersten Untersuchungen zufolge wurde diese Störung durch eine fehlerhafte elektrische Verbindung zwischen zwei der riesigen Magneten ausgelöst, die in Folge des hohen Energieflusses schmolz. Die Forscher seien zu keinem Zeitpunkt gefährdet gewesen, ließ das CERN verlauten. Klar sei allerdings jetzt schon, dass eine Reparatur der betreffenden Stelle erst bei Raumtemperatur erfolgen könne, der Abschnitt also wieder auf Raumtemperatur gebracht werden müsse. Dies werde den LHC für mindestens zwei Monate stilllegen.


El Colisionador de Hadrones estará desactivado por 2 meses tras detectarse importante falla

El Colisionador de Hadrones se encontrará desactivado durante dos meses tras detectarse una fuga de helio en uno de los imanes, según lo informado por los científicos de la Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear (CERN). Esta falla es la segunda que se detecta durante la fase de pruebas del experimento, tras el fallo de un transformador durante la semana.

La falla provocó que la temperatura en uno de los imanes alcanzara los 100 °C, mientras que la temperatura normal de operaciones debe ser de -1,9 °C, lo que provoca que los protones no sigan un rumbo fijo y determinado.

Esta avería, según los mismos científicos, tardará en ser reparado en un tiempo no inferior a 2 meses.


Vika LHC-hiukkaskiihdyttimessä – kuukausien remontti

Geneve, Sveitsi. Puolitoista viikkoa sitten käynnistetyssä CERNin uudessa LHC-hiukkaskiihdyttimessä (Large Hadron Collider) ilmeni perjantaina vika, jonka vuoksi sitä ei voi käyttää kahteen kuukauteen. Kiihdyttimen 27-kilometriseen tunneliin pääsi vuotamaan tonni nestemäistä heliumia 3–4-sektorilla, ja tunnelin tyhjiö menetettiin. Sadan suprajohtavan magneetin lämpötila nousi alle kahdesta noin sataan kelvinasteeseen.

Vikaa tutkitaan. CERNin edustaja James Gillies arvioi, että todennäköisin selitys vialle on kahden magneetin välillä ollut huono kytkös, joka on aiheuttanut niiden sulamisen. Gilliesin mukaan vika ei aiheuttanut mitään vaaraa lähiseudun ihmisille.

Nyt kiihdytin joudutaan lämmittämään vian löytämiseksi ja korjaamiseksi ja sitten jäähdyttämään uudelleen, minkä vuoksi aikaa kuluu kaksi kuukautta.


Ginevra: si ferma per un guasto l'acceleratore del CERN

Occorreranno almeno due mesi affinché il guasto dell'LHC venga risolto. È questa l'infausta "diagnosi" formulata dai ricercatori del CERN sull'acceleratore di particelle che si trova al confine tra Svizzera e Francia, fermato dopo una perdita di elio usato per il raffreddamento del circuito, quest'ultima provocata da un malfunzionamento dei magneti. La parte colpita, quando in funzione, opera a temperature inferiori a 5 K, pari a –268 °C, ma per permettere ai tecnici di eseguire le riparazioni richieste sarà necessario portarla a temperature molto maggiori.

Nel frattempo, l'Istituto di Ricerca ginevrino ha eletto il suo nuovo responsabile, il 58enne fisico italiano Sergio Bertolucci, già responsabile dei laboratori di ricerca della sede di Frascati (provincia di Roma), dell'Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare.


粒子撞擊機發生故障模擬大爆炸實驗將推遲

由歐洲核研究組織(CERN)所進行的質子撞擊實驗，由於粒子撞擊機發生故障，需要維修需兩個月，令模擬大爆炸實驗推遲。

這個被喻為歷史上最大規模、最複雜、成本最高的科學實驗，目前是模擬宇宙大爆炸的過程，以探索一連串物理學現象。但自計劃公佈後，一直有人擔心實驗會造成世界末日。而自上兩周實驗開動後，一直不斷發生波折，除發生電力故障，其官方網頁亦遭一群自稱「希臘安全團隊」的駭客入侵。而日前(格林威治時間9月19日11時27分)又發生嚴重氦洩露事故，要暫停實驗。

按當局所發佈的紀錄指，在全長27公里的加速隧道的第3至4段，即介乎大型離子撞擊實驗探測器(ALICE)與緊湊介子線圈探測器(CMS)之間一段，有兩塊磁石之間的連接電路發生故障，令超冷氦外泄。

有關實驗於今個月10日，把第一束質子注入大型強子對撞機，並原定於9月中注入第二束質子，從相反方面令兩束質子相撞，以模擬宇宙大爆炸。

但由於對撞器內的磁鐵必須被超低溫冷凍在1.6開氏度(零下271.25攝氏度)，才能有效推動質子在加速器內運轉。日前發生的泄漏事故，令對撞器末端的將近100枚磁鐵溫度馬上上升至100攝氏度。實驗被逼中斷，以進行維修，預計需要推遲兩個月後才能恢復實驗。


Large Hadron Collider reaches milestone

The Large Hadron Collider—the world's largest science experiment—shattered records Tuesday by successfully colliding particle beams at a combined energy of 7 teraelectronvolts (TeV). This marks a milestone in the collider's progress, and will usher in the beginning of up to two years of intensive investigations.

In just a few hours, detectors along the LHC's 17-mile tube recorded 500,000 collision events. Two beams of protons were sent in opposite directions, each with an energy of 3.5 TeV, guided by thousands of large electromagnets.

Guido Tonelli, a spokesman for one of the detectors, said "Major discoveries will happen only when we are able to collect billions of events and identify among them the very rare events that could present a new state of matter or new particles."

The LHC will eventually shut down for about a year to prepare for 14-TeV collisions. Scientists will ultimately sift through information on billions of collision events, in hope that the results will lead to a "new era in science".


CERN: Urknall-Simulation mit sieben Tera-Elektronenvolt

Genf (Schweiz), 31.03.2010 – Das Europäische Kernforschungszentrum CERN bei Genf meldet einen neuen Rekord bei einem Experiment am Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Mit einer bisher unerreichten Energie von sieben Tera-Elektronenvolt (der SI-Vorsatz 1 Tera entspricht einer Billion) ließen die Wissenschaftler am weltweit größten Elementarteilchenbeschleuniger subatomare Partikel aufeinander prallen. Anhand der Auswertung der dabei gewonnen Daten erhoffen sich die Wissenschaftler wesentliche Aufschlüsse über die Vorgänge bei der Entstehung des Universums.

Die Erwartungen an die Forschungen am CERN sind hoch, handelt es sich bei dem LHC doch um eine der komplexesten Maschinen, die die Menschheit je entwickelt hat. Sie besteht aus einem unterirdischen Ring von 27 Kilometern Länge an der schweizerisch-französischen Grenze. Die Versuchsanordnung versucht die Bedingungen zu simulieren, die beim Urknall – also dem postulierten Großereignis, das zur Entstehung des heutigen Universums führte – herrschten. Dabei werden Proton-Proton- und Blei-Blei-Kollisionen unter extrem hohen Geschwindigkeiten erzeugt, die sich der Lichtgeschwindigkeit annähern sollen. Wissenschaftliche Fragestellungen aus unterschiedlichen Disziplinen, wie etwa Astrophysik, Elementarteilchenphysik und Kosmologie sowie der Physik komplexer Quantensysteme werden sich auf die am CERN gewonnenen Daten beziehen. Dabei arbeiten wissenschaftliche Institute und Forschungseinrichtungen aus mehreren europäischen Ländern zusammen.

Bei dem jetzt erfolgreich durchgeführten Versuch gelang es, den bisher erreichten Energieeinsatz gegenüber bisherigen Versuchen auf das Dreifache zu steigern. Geplant ist für die nächsten Jahre, den Energieeinsatz noch einmal zu verdoppeln.


Le CERN annonce avoir enregistré ses premières collisions de particules à haute énergie

C'est peu après 13 heures ce mardi que les quatre détecteurs du Large Hadron Collider (LHC), le plus grand accélérateur de particules du monde situé à cheval sur la frontière franco-suisse, ont confirmé l'enregistrement des premières collisions de protons à 7 téraélectronvolt (TeV), une énergie encore jamais atteinte sur terre. Selon les responsables du CERN[1], qui attendent ce moment depuis plusieurs années, cette journée marque une étape importante dans la physique moderne, et en particulier dans la recherche de nouvelles particules et dans l'explication de la création de l'Univers.

Présents depuis le matin, la centaine de journalistes et les nombreux scientifiques qui s'étaient rendus à Meyrin, dans le canton de Genève, pour assister à ce First Physics Event ont dû prendre leur mal en patience. En effet, la journée a débuté par un problème électrique vers 6 heures 30, suivi par une augmentation de la température vers 9 heures ; ces incidents mineurs ont retardé la montée en puissance des particules et contraint les spectateurs à patienter. « Que sont quelques heures de retard en regard de l'âge de l'univers ? », se demandait alors philosophiquement l'un des physicien présent.

Les réglages du LHC, extrêmement fins et précis, demandent effectivement beaucoup de temps et de précision. Un responsable explique la difficulté de l'expérience en cours la comparant au tir de deux paquets d'épingles depuis chacune des rives de l'océan Atlantique qui doivent se rentrer dedans à mi-chemin. Si l'image est correcte, l'ordre de grandeur de la vitesse l'est moins : les deux faisceaux de particules atteignent 300 000 km/s et tournent, 11 245 fois par secondes, dans un anneau de 27 kilomètres de long. Les premières collisions frontales des deux faisceaux tournant en sens opposés et chargés chacun de 3,5 TeV produisent une énergie énorme dans un espace minuscule, simulant les conditions présentes peu après le « Big Bang » marquant la naissance de l'Univers il y a 13,7 milliards d'années.

Dans les jours prochains, les collisions vont être plus nombreuses et l'énergie va encore augmenter pour atteindre progressivement 14 TeV. Les physiciens espèrent ainsi, d'ici un à deux ans au plus tôt, confirmer l'existence du boson de Higgs, une particule actuellement uniquement décrite par la théorie. Comme le souligne avec espoir l'un des porte-paroles du CERN, « La dernière révolution en physique remonte à un siècle. La physique du LHC pourrait apporter la suivante ».


Large Hadron Collider restarted

The Large Hadron Collider, a vast scientific experiment to smash together sub-atomic particles, moved a step closer to its goal on Friday night. Physicists announced they had sent protons all the way round the 27 km ring beneath the France–Switzerland border, for the first time since a major failure 14 months ago.

The experiment, the largest of its kind in the world, was first switched on with great fanfare in September 2008, but suffered an electrical fault just nine days later. This caused a leak of ultra-cold liquid helium, resulting in severe damage. Repairs have cost approximately £24 million, on top of the £6 billion spent originally.

Particles were injected into the ring at around 1500 GMT on Friday, and just after 1930 GMT the first completed circuit was confirmed. Further testing is planned for Saturday.

"We've still got some way to go before physics can begin, but with this milestone we're well on the way," stated Rolf Heuer, director-general of CERN, the European research group running the collider.

The Large Hadron Collider is designed to smash together particles at almost the speed of light, creating conditions similar to those only moments after the Big Bang. By studying these collisions, scientists hope to shed light on theories such as supersymmetry and the Higgs boson. The six physicists  Guralnik, Hagen, Kibble, Higgs, Brout, and Englert who predicted this particle in 1964 were recently awarded the 2010 J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics for this work.

Barring further problems, the first collisions are scheduled to take place in January next year.


Größter Teilchenbeschleuniger der Welt läuft jetzt

Genf (Schweiz), 21.11.2009 – Mit dem Großen Hadronen-Beschleuniger, einem riesigen wissenschaftlichen Experiment, bei dem die Zertrümmerung von Elementarteilchen untersucht werden soll, sind Forscher letzte Nacht einen Schritt näher an ihr Ziel gerückt. Physiker erklärten, sie hätten Protonen auf den Weg rund um den 27 km langen Ring geschickt, der unter der Staatsgrenze zwischen Schweiz und Frankreich verläuft. Es sei das erste Mal seit dem technischen Versagen der Anlage vor 14 Monaten.

Der Versuch, der als größter seiner Art in der Welt mit großen Erwartungen im September 2008 angelaufen war, wurde durch einen elektrischen Fehler nur neun Tage später unterbrochen. Dies führte zu einem Leck im Kühlsystem, das mit flüssigem Helium betrieben wird, und zu schweren Schäden. Die Kosten für die Reparaturen beliefen sich auf etwa 12 Millionen Euro. Für das gesamte Projekt, das von 26 Staaten finanziert wird, waren ursprünglich drei Milliarden Euro aufgewendet worden.

Der Teilchenbeschleuniger soll kleinste Bausteine der Materie auf annähernd Lichtgeschwindigkeit bringen und zusammenprallen lassen, um Bedingungen zu schaffen, die denen nur wenige Augenblicke nach dem Urknall ähneln. Durch das Studium dieser Kollisionen erhoffen sich die Wissenschaftler Erkenntnisse über die Entstehung der Welt.


Deeltjesversneller weer opgestart

GENÈVE – De grootste deeltjesversneller ter wereld, de Large Hadron Collider (LHC), is na veertien maanden weer opgestart. De deeltjesversneller lag sinds september vorig jaar stil omdat negen dagen na de start bleek dat er vloeibaar helium uit de magneetkoelinstallaties in de tunnel lekte. Een fout in een elektrische verbinding bleek de oorzaak te zijn.

Het koste CERN, het Europese laboratorium voor deeltjesfysica, meer dan een jaar om de schade te herstellen en de LHC zo aan te passen dat zo'n incident niet nogmaals kan optreden. In de eerste fase wil het CERN geïnjecteerde deeltjes versnellen tot een energieniveau van 3,5 Tera-elektronvolt. Als alles ditmaal goed gaat draait de versneller waarschijlijk begin 2010 op volle snelheid en botsen deeltjes op elkaar die dan met vrijwel de snelheid van het licht in de tunnel razen.

Doel van de LHC is het nabootsen van de toestand die zou hebben bestaan bij de vermeende oerknal. Op deze wijze willen wetenschappers meer te weten komen over het ontstaan van het heelal. Tegenstanders daarentegen vrezen het ergste en zijn bang dat er zwarte gaten worden opgewerkt die de aarde zullen vernietigen.


பெரிய ஆட்ரான் மோதுவி மீண்டும் இயங்க வைக்கப்பட்டது

அணுக்கருத் துகள்களை மோதவிடும் பிரபலமான இயற்பியல் சோதனைக் கருவியான பெரிய ஆட்ரான் மோதுவி மீண்டும் இயக்க வைக்கப்பட்டது. பிரான்சு-சுவிட்சர்லாந்து எல்லையில் நிலத்துக்கடியில் 300 அடி ஆழத்தில் நீள வட்டத்தில் 27 கிமீ நீளத்துக்கு இந்தக் கருவியை அமைத்துள்ளனர். 14 மாதங்களுக்கு முன்னர் இக்கருவி இயக்கப்பட்டு ஒரு சில நாட்களில் கருவியில் ஏற்பட்ட பெரும் கோளாறு காரணமாக இப்பரிசோதனை இடை நிறுத்தி வைக்கப்பட்டிருந்தது.

ஐரோப்பிய அணு ஆராய்ச்சி நிறுவனத்தின் (CERN) பரிசோதனைகூடங்களில் நிறுவப்பட்டுள்ள இந்தக் கருவியின் ஆரம்ப பரிசோதனைக்காகச் செலவிடப்பட்ட £6 பில்லியன் பவுண்டுகளை விட இதனைத் திருத்துவதற்கு மேலதிகமாக £24 மில்லியன்கள் செலவிடப்பட்டன.

வெள்ளியன்று GMT நேரப்படி 1500 மணிக்கு அணுத்துகள்கள் மோதுவியின் வளையத்தினுள் செலுத்தப்பட்டு, 1930 மணிக்கு அவை முழு வளையத்தையும் சுற்றி வந்தன. சனியன்று மேலும் சோதனைகள் நடத்தப்பட விருக்கின்றன.

இந்தக் கருவியைக் கொண்டு புரோத்தன்களை 7 டெர்ரா இலத்திரன் வோல்ட்டில் மோதவிட்டால், சூரியனை விட பல மடங்கு அதிக வெப்பம் உருவாகும். இதன் மூலம், அணுக் கருத்துகள்கள் உருவாகும் என்றும், இதன் மூலம் பிரபஞ்சம் எப்படி ஒன்றாக பிணைத்து வைக்கப்பட்டிருக்கிறது என்பது குறித்த புதிய அறிவைப் பெறமுடியும் என்றும் இயற்பியலாளர்கள் நம்புகிறார்கள்.

சனி, நவம்பர் 21, 2009


Largest exoplanet so far is discovered

The largest extrasolar planet or exoplanet has been discovered orbiting the star GSC 02620-00648, around 1,435 light years away. The planet, named TrES-4, after the Transatlantic Exoplanet Survey (TrES) is 1.7 times the size of the planet Jupiter. TrES-4 also has a lower mass than Jupiter and an extremely low density of 0.2 grams per cubic centimetre, which is less than a wine cork. Georgi Mandushev of the Lowell Observatory in Arizona said, "It's way lower than the density of water."

TrES-4 orbits its star at a distance of only 7 million km (4.5 million miles), meaning that the temperature of the planet is estimated at 1,327°C (approximately 1,600K or 2,300°F).

Mandushev went on to say, "Because of the planet's relatively weak pull on its upper atmosphere, some of the atmosphere probably escapes in a comet-like tail."

Due to the planet's size, current theories about superheated giant planets find it hard to explain why it is so large. Francis O'Donovan, a graduate student in astronomy at the California Institute of Technology which operates one of the TrES telescopes said, "We continue to be surprised by how relatively large these giant planets can be. But if we can explain the sizes of these bloated planets in their harsh environments, it may help us better understand our own Solar System planets and their formation."


Descubren al mayor planeta extrasolar hasta el momento

El mayor planeta extrasolar o exoplaneta ha sido descubierto orbitando la estrella GSC 02620-00648 a más de 1.435 años luz de distancia. El planeta, llamado TrES-4 por el Transatlantic Exoplanet Survey (TrES) es 1,7 veces más grande que Júpiter.

Sin embargo, TrES-4 tiene menor masa que Júpiter y una densaidad extremadamente baja de 0,2 gramos por cm3, que es menos de lo que pesa un corcho.

"Es mucho menor que la densidad del agua", dijo Georgi Mandushev del Observatorio Lowell en Arizona.

TrES-4 orbita su estrella a una distancia de tan sólo 7 millones de km (4,5 millones de millas), lo que significa que la temperatura superficial del planeta es de aproximadamente 1.327°C (cerca de 1.600°K o 2.300°F).

"Debido a la poca presión que ejerce su atmósfera superior, alguna parte de la atmósfera probablemente se escapa como una cola de cometa", continuó diciendo Mandushev.

Debido al gran tamaño del planeta, algunas teorías sobre planetas gigantes sobrecalentados no pueden explicar por qué es tan grande. Francis O'Donovan, un estudiante graduado en el Instituto Tecnológico de California que opera uno de telescopios de TrES dijo: "Seguimos sorprendidos por cómo pueden haber estos planetas relativamente grandes. Pero si podemos explicar los tamaños de estos planetas hinchados en sus ambientes hostiles, podría ayudarnos a entender mejor los planetas de nuestro propio Sistema Solar y su formación".


Launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis once again delayed

NASA has announced that the launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis, mission STS-122, will once again be postponed, this time until late January or early February. The reason behind the delay is believed to be a faulty connector that caused erratic fuel sensor readings during the previous two launch attempts in December.

Space shuttle program manager Wayne Hale gave January 24 as the earliest possible launch date, but stated that February would be a more realistic expectation. "I think it's much more likely that we'll be going to be ready somewhere in the February 2 to 7 time frame, given that we don't have any more findings as we go through our testing," Hale stated.

The initial launch date for the shuttle was December 6, but failed fuel gauges in the external tank forced the launch to be moved to December 9. The fuel sensors are part of a system to prevent the shuttle from running on an empty tank, which could cause pumps in the engine of break and possibly trigger a disastrous explosion.

When the problem reoccurred, NASA ran a fuel test, which led them to believe the problem lied in the faulty connector. The connector was then removed from the tank and taken to Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, where it is currently undergoing extensive analysis and modification. The new connector is scheduled to be installed by January 10.

"What we're doing ... is addressing what we think is the most probable cause, and there's a lot of information that points to that connector and that this is the right design fix," deputy space shuttle program manager John Shannon said. "We're fairly confident that if the problem is where we think it is, that this will solve that."

The main objective of mission STS-122 is to deliver the European science laboratory Columbus to the International Space Station.


Astronautica: programmato il 24 gennaio il lancio dello Shuttle Atlantis

In seguito alla riunione dei responsabili dello shuttle Atlantis, è stato deciso e annunciato che la NASA proverà a lanciare lo shuttle il prossimo 24 gennaio. Il lancio è già stato rinviato 2 volte dal dicembre scorso.

Questa missione tenta di trasportare il primo laboratorio permanente europeo alla Stazione Spaziale Internazionale.

Sono stati effettuati due tentativi precedenti, annullati per un guasto nelle letture dei sensori del livello di idrogeno nel serbatoio della navetta spaziale. La decisione ufficiale della partenza sarà presa dopo che i tecnici avranno preso visione dei risultati del test sul connettore elettrico che si presume abbia causato il guasto.

Il connettore difettoso si trova ora al Marshall Space Flight Center, in Alabama, dove verrà testato per provare se può resistere al volo. Infatti questo "Space Center" possiede delle attrezzature che permettono di simulare le condizioni che subirebbe il connettore durante il volo.

Un nuovo connettore è in fase di costruzione e verrà spedito al Kennedy Space Center, in Florida, per il 10 gennaio. Intanto l'Atlantis rimane sulla rampa di lancio mentre i tecnici cercano un modo per riparare il connettore.


Light stopped for over a second

Light has been stopped in its tracks for more than one second, setting a new record over a thousand times longer than the previous one.

Researchers at the Australian National University used a technique called electromagnetically induced transparency in which a beam of laser light puts the atoms in a solid sample into a state in which a signal light pulse can be trapped.

Most previous stopped-light demonstrations have used gases rather than solid materials. Light had previously been stopped in a solid (yttrium-silicate doped with atoms of praseodymium), but only for a few milliseconds.

Although the efficiency of the storage was low in this experiment, the researchers believe they can improve the efficiency by using a thicker sample and by increasing the concentration of praseodymium in the sample. The technique could be useful in quantum information processing applications such as quantum computers.


Licht langer dan een seconde gestopt

Licht is langer dan één seconde gestopt; een nieuw record, meer dan duizend keer langer dan het vorige.

Onderzoekers aan de Australian National University gebruikten de techniek genaamd elektromagnetisch geïnduceerde transparantie waarbij een laserstraal de atomen in een vast staal in een toestand brengt waarin een lichtsignaal vastgehouden kan worden.

De meeste vorige gestopt-licht-experimenten gebruikten gassen in plaats van vaste materialen. Voorheen werd licht al gestopt in een vast yttriumsilicaat omhuld door praseodymiumatomen, maar enkel gedurende een paar milliseconden.

Hoewel de efficiëntie van de opslag laag was in dit experiment, geloven de onderzoekers dat ze de efficiëntie kunnen verbeteren door een dikker staal te gebruiken en de concentratie van praseodymium in het staal. De techniek kan nuttig blijken in kwantuminformatieverwerkingstoepassingen, zoals kwantumcomputers.


Linux installed on 2,460 desktop computers in Italian schools

Over the summer a customized distribution of the Linux (or GNU/Linux) operating system was installed on 2,460 desktops in the Italian South Tyrol province of Bolzano. This deployment included all 70 of the province's private and public schools and affects more than 16,000 students.

The distribution installed, FUSS Soledad GNU/Linux, is a customized version of the popular Debian GNU/Linux distribution.  FUSS Soledad GNU/Linux has multi-language support and uses the GNOME desktop environment.

In addition to the desktops in the schools, more than 20,000 LiveCDs are scheduled to be created and given free of charge to the students and their families. These LiveCDs allow students to use the same software on their home computers that they are going to use at school.

Project co-director Antonio Russo said, "With the participation of all the public and private schools, this will give to all the students, families, teachers, and operators from the educational world the opportunity to use a entirely free operating system, both at school and at home."

The switch was funded by the province of Bolzano, the European Social Fund, and the Center for Professional Formation in Italian Language.


Linux instal·lat a 2.460 equips d'escoles italianes

6 de setembre del 2005, Bozen, Itàlia Durant l'estiu està sent instal·lada una distribució del sistema operatiu GNU/Linux en 2.460 equips a la província de Bozen de Tirol del Sud. Aquest desplegament inclou les 70 escoles públiques i privades, i afecta a més de 16.000 estudiants.

La distribució instal·lada, FUSS Soledad GNU/Linux, és una versió creada a partir de la popular distribució Debian GNU/Linux. FUSS Soledad GNU/Linux té suport multilingüe i utilitza l'entorn de treball GNOME.

A més dels equips de sobretaula en les escoles, es crearan més de 20.000 "LiveCDs" per a ser distribuïts gratuïtament als estudiants i a les seves famílies. Aquests LiveCDs permeten als estudiants utilitzar en les seves cases el mateix programari que utilitzen en les escoles.

El subdirector del projecte, Antonio Russo va informar que, "Amb la participació de totes les escoles públiques i privades, tots els estudiants, famílies, mestres i operadors del món de l'educació tindran oportunitat d'utilitzar un sistema d'operació completament lliure, tant en l'escola com a casa." Aquest projecte va ser finançat per la província de Bozen, el Fons Social Europeu i el Centre per a la Formació Professional en Llengua Italiana.


Linux instalado en 2.460 equipos de escuelas italianas

6 de septiembre de 2005Bolzano, Italia — Durante el verano está siendo instalada una distribución del sistema operativo GNU/Linux en 2.460 equipos en la provincia de Bolzano de Tirol del Sur. Este despliegue incluye las 70 escuelas públicas y privadas, y afecta a más de 16.000 estudiantes.

La distribución instalada, FUSS Soledad GNU/Linux, es una versión creada a partir de la popular distribución Debian GNU/Linux. FUSS Soledad GNU/Linux tiene soporte multilingüe y utiliza el entorno de trabajo GNOME.

Además de los equipos de sobremesa en las escuelas, se crearán más de 20.000 "LiveCDs" para ser distribuidos gratuitamente a los estudiantes y a sus familias. Estos LiveCDs permiten a los estudiantes utilizar en sus casas el mismo software que utilizan en las escuelas.

El co-director del proyecto, Antonio Russo informó que, "Con la participación de todas las escuelas públicas y privadas, todos los estudiantes, familias, maestros y operadores del mundo de la educación tendrán oportunidad de utilizar un sistema de operación completamente libre, tanto en la escuela como en casa."

Este proyecto fue financiado por la provincia de Bolzano, el Fondo Social Europeo y el Centro para la Formación Profesional en Idioma Italiano.


Linux instalado em 2460 computadores, em escolas na Itália

Durante o verão está a ser instalada uma distribuição do sistema operativo Linux em 2.460 computadores em 70   escolas públicas e privadas da província de  Tirol Meridional, na Itália, beneficiando  mais de 16 mil estudantes.

A distribuição instalada, FUSS Soledad GNU/Linux, é uma versão criada a partir da popular distribuição Debian GNU/Linux. FUSS Soledad GNU/Linux tem suporte Plug and Play e utiliza o ambiente de trabalho GNOME.

Além das instalação nos computadores pessoais das escolas, serão criados mais de 20.000 Live cds  para ser distribuídos gratuitamente aos estudantes e a suas famílias. Os  cds permitem aos estudantes utilizar em suas casas o mesmo software das escolas.

O  projeto foi financiado pela Província de Bolzano, pelo Fundo Social Europeu e pelo Centro para a Formação Profissional em Idioma Italiano.


Los Angeles Internatonal computer glitch causes four hour backup

A computer glitch in the Los Angeles International Airport computer systems caused passengers in four different terminals to be forced to wait for their flights, causing a massive backlog of over 20,000 international passengers.

Los Angeles International Airport, often referred to by its airport code LAX, is the primary airport serving Los Angeles, California, United States. LAX is the busiest airport in California, and the third-busiest airport by passenger traffic in the United States.

According to airport staff, a system containing Customs and law enforcement information about international passengers failed at about 2:00 p.m. PDT (UTC-8).

Airport officials diverted flights arriving from Ontario, Canada to another airport until the system was back up.

Stranded planes were connected to ground power, and incoming passengers that had already landed had access to food, water and restrooms.


Un problème informatique provoque des retards importants à l'aéroport de Los Angeles

Un problème dans les systèmes informatiques de l'Aéroport international de Los Angeles a provoqué une attente forcée des vols pour les passagers de quatre terminaux. Ceci a causé une récupération massive de données sur plus de 20 000 passagers internationaux.
Selon le personnel de l'aéroport, un système contenant des données sur les informations douanières et les règlements sur les passagers internationaux a dysfonctionné vers 14h00 (heure locale).
Les autorités de l'aéroport ont détourné les vols arrivant de l'Ontario (Canada) vers un autre aéroport jusqu'à ce que les systèmes soient revenus à la normale.
Les avions bloqués ont été alimentés électriquement par branchement au sol, et leurs passagers ont pu avoir accès à de la nourriture, de l'eau et des espaces de repos.


Main belt asteroid No. 274301 named 'Wikipedia'

A main belt asteroid, No. 274301, has been named after Wikipedia, a free encyclopedia. The information became available on the Minor Planet Center's website yesterday.

The decision of the Committee for Small Body Nomenclature to assign the name "Wikipedia" to the asteroid was published in the Minor Planet Circular of January 27, published online yesterday, page 82403. Wikimedia Ukraine board member Andriy Makukha proposed the name. It was submitted to the Committee by the head of the Andrushivka Astronomical Observatory in Ukraine, Yuri Ivashchenko.

The official dedication of the name says:

The asteroid 274301 Wikipedia was discovered by the team of astronomers of Andrushivka Astronomical Observatory. At first it was observed by that team on August 25, 2008 at 22:47 (UTC). It was also observed on the next night and two weeks later on September 6.  It received provisional designation 2008 QH24. Accurate calculation of its orbit showed asteroid 2008 QH24 is the same as 1997 RO4 and 2007 FK34.  The asteroid had been previously spotted by observatories including Caussols-ODAS in France, and Mt. Lemmon Survey and Steward Observatory in Arizona, US.

On April 18, 2011 the minor planet received the number 274301.


Planetka 274301 byla pojmenována Wikipedia

Planetka číslo 274301 hlavního pásu byla pojmenována po internetové encyklopedii Wikipedii. Minor Planet Center tuto informaci zveřejnilo ve svém měsíčníku Minor Planet Circular vydávaném vždy při úplňku, jehož internetová verze byla vydána 30. ledna.

Jméno navrhl člen výboru ukrajinské pobočky nadace Wikimedia Andrij Makucha a komisi pro pojmenovávání planetek návrh předal Jurij Mykolajovyč Ivaščenko, ředitel Andrušivské hvězdárny, která planetku objevila. Poprvé byla planetka hvězdárnou zpozorována 25. srpna 2008 v 22.47 západoevropského času a zpočátku nesla dočasné označení 2008 QH24.

Oficiální seznam k jménu dodává: „Wikipedie je svobodná, copyleftová, spoluvytvářená internetová encyklopedie započatá v roce 2001. Během 11 let svého sestavování se stala jedním z největších referenčních děl a jednou z nejnavštěvovanějších webových stránek. Je vytvářena ve více než 270 jazycích nadšenci z celého světa.“

Tato zpráva byla založena zčásti nebo zcela překladem zprávy Main belt asteroid No. 274301 named Wikipedia na anglických Wikizprávách.


Asteroide No. 274301 es llamado "Wikipedia"

El asteroide n.º 274301, ubicado en el cinturón principal de dicha región del Sistema Solar, fue nombrado como “Wikipedia”, según la información publicada en el sitio del Minor Planet Center, una institución encargada de recopilar observaciones de los planetas menores (asteroides) y cometas.

La decisión del Comité de Nomenclatura de Cuerpos Pequeños para asignar el nombre de “Wikipedia” al asteroide, fue publicada en el boletín Minor Planet Circular, con fecha del 27 de enero y publicado en línea el 31 de enero de 2013, en la página 82 403. El nombre fue propuesto por Makukha Andriy, miembro del capítulo Wikimedia Ucrania. Fue presentado al Comité por el jefe del Observatorio Astronómico Andrushivka, Yuri Ivashchenko.

La designación oficial del asteroide “Wikipedia” dice:

El asteroide 274301 Wikipedia fue descubierto por el equipo de astrónomos del Observatorio Astronómico Andrushivka (A50) en Ucrania. Inicialmente, fue observado por ese equipo el 25 de agosto de 2008 a las 22:47 UTC. También se observó en la noche siguiente y se recibió la designación provisional 2008 QH 24. El 18 de abril de 2011, el planeta menor recibió el número 274301.


L'astéroïde 274301 est désormais dénommé « Wikipedia »

Publié le 3 février 2013   L'astéroide no 274301 a été officiellement baptisé Wikipédia, en honneur de l'encyclopédie libre en ligne éponyme.

La requête de dénomination a été initialement proposée par Andriy Makukha, membre du conseil directif de Wikimédia Ukraine, et a été soutenue par Jurij Ivaščenko, propriétaire de l'Observatoire astronomique d'Androuchivka, en Ukraine. L'astéroïde a été découvert en août 2008.

La publication de la décision de la dédicace a été faite le 27 janvier 2013, par le Committee for Small Body Nomenclature de l'Union astronomique internationale (UAI) dans le Minor Planet Circular, à la page 82403.

Le motif de la nomination indique :
« Wikipédia est une encyclopédie en ligne libre, gratuite, rédigée collaborativement, lancée en 2001. En 11 ans de rédaction, elle est devenue une des plus grandes références et un des sites les plus visités sur internet. Elle s'est développée dans plus de 270 langues par des passionnés à travers le monde. »

(274301) Wikipédia est un astéroïde de la ceinture principale observé pour la première fois à l'observatoire d'Androuchivka le 25 août 2008 à 22:47 (UTC) et reçut en septembre de la même année le nom provisoire 2008 QH24.

Le calcul précis de son orbite a montré que l'astéroïde 2008 QH24 est le même que 1997 RO4 et 2007 FK34. L'astéroïde avait été précédemment découvert par plusieurs observatoires, dont l'celui de la Côte d'Azur (Caussols-ODAS) à Caussols et les observatoires Arizona Mount Lemmon Survey et Steward, ces deux derniers l'ayant baptisé par le passé respectivement 1997 RO4 et 2007 FK34.

Le 18 avril 2011, l'astéroïde a reçu le numéro 274301, en attendant de fusionner les noms précédents.


L'asteroide 274301 viene denominato "Wikipedia"

L'asteroide 274301 è stato ufficialmente denominato 274301 Wikipedia, in onore dell'omonima enciclopedia libera online.

La richiesta di denominazione era stata inizialmente proposta da Andriy Makukha, membro del consiglio direttivo di Wikimedia Ucraina, e quindi supportata da Jurij Ivaščenko, proprietario dell'osservatorio astronomico di Andrušivka, in Ucraina, dove era stato scoperto nell'agosto del 2008.

L'ufficializzazione della dedica è avvenuta il 27 gennaio 2013, con la pubblicazione da parte del Committee for Small Body Nomenclature dell'Unione Astronomica Internazionale (IAU) della notizia nella Minor Planet Circular, a pagina 82403.

La motivazione della denominazione riporta:

274301 Wikipedia è un asteroide della fascia principale osservato per la prima volta dall'osservatorio di Andrušivka il 25 agosto 2008 alle ore 22:47 (UTC), e che nel settembre dello stesso anno ha ricevuto la denominazione provvisoria "2008 QH24".

Gli studi compiuti sull'orbita compiuti avevano inoltre confermato che si trattava in realtà di un asteroide già osservato in precedenza: sia l'osservatorio francese Caussols-ODAS che gli osservatori Arizona Mount Lemmon Survey e Steward Observatory lo avevano in passato nominato rispettivamente 1997 RO4 e 2007 FK34.

Il 18 aprile 2011 è avvenuta l'assegnazione del numero 274301, in attesa di unirvi la denominazione.


Астрономы подарили украинской Википедии астероид

27 января 2013 года «Центр малых планет» выпустил циркуляр, в котором присвоил открытому украинскими астрономами астероиду главного пояса № 274301 имя Wikipedia.
В блоге Викимедиа Украина отмечается, что 30 января 2013 года Украинской Википедии исполнилось девять лет и решение «Центра малых планет» стало настоящим космическим подарком к этому празднику.

Астероид 274301 был открыт 25 августа 2008 года в 22 ч 47 мин 45 с (UTC) астрономами Андрушёвской астрономической обсерватории (Житомирская область, Украина).

Открытый астероид имеет диаметр около 2 км.
Он вращается на расстоянии 2,3818160 а. о. от Солнца с периодом обращения 3,68 лет.
Эксцентриситет его орбиты — 0,1455329, наклонение — 6,73225 °.
Абсолютная звёздная величина — 16,9.

Андрушёвская астрономическая обсерватория (ААО) — единственная частная обсерватория в Украине, основана в 2001 году по инициативе ученого и предпринимателя Юрия Иващенко.
С 2005 года она входит в 20 наиболее продуктивных обсерваторий мира по наблюдениям малых планет.
За это время в ней было открыто более 90 астероидов, среди которых (117240) Житомир, (133293) Андрушевка, (212723) Кличко и другие.

В прошлом году от члена ОО «Викимедиа Украина» поступило предложение назвать один из открытых в Андрушевке астероидов «Википедия».
Юрий Иващенко охотно согласился на него и подал соответствующую заявку в Комитет по номенклатуре малых планет.

Название было единогласно одобрено этим комитетом, в который входят 15 уважаемых учёных со всего мира.

В результате в циркуляр была внесена запись:

31 января 2013 года


Астероид број 274301 добио име Википедија

1. фебруар 2013.  (Агенције) - Астероид бр 274301, је добио име по Википедији, слободној енциклопедији. Информације је јуче постала доступна на сајту „Мајнор планет центра“ (Minor Planet Center's).

Одлука Одбора за номенклатуре малих тела да доделе име „Википедија“ за овај астероид је објављена у билтену за мале планете 27. јануара, а на мрежи је објављена 31. јануаара на страни 82403. Име је предложено од стране члана одбора украјинске Викимедије Андреја Макука. Одбору за номенклатуре предлог је предат од стране Јурија Ивашченка, шефа Астрономске опсерваторије Андрушивка у Украјини.

Име је било једногласно одобрено од стране комисије, која се састојала од 15 угледних научника из целог света.

Као резултат тога, кружни улаз је направљен и гласи:

Астероид 274301 Википедија је открио тим астронома Астрономске опсерваторије Андрушивка. Астероид је први пут примећен 25. августа 2008. у 22:47 (УТЦ). Такође је примећен током посматрања следеће ноћи и две недеље касније 6. септембра. Тада је добио привремени број 2008 QH24. Прецизно израчунавање њене орбите показао је да је астероид 2008 QH24 исти као 1997 RO4 и 2007 FK34. Астероид је претходно уочен и од стране опсерваторија у Француској и Аризони, САД.

Дана 18. априла 2011. године мала планета је добила број 274301.


Вікіпедія засяяла на небосхилі

Завдяки українським астрономам Вікіпедію тепер можна спостерігати на небосхилі. Астероїд, що обертається навколо Сонця на відстані близько 2,38 а. о. і для земного спостерігача виглядає як зірочка 17-ї зоряної величини, тепер носить ім'я вільної енциклопедії Вікіпедії — про це стало відомо 30 січня.

Астероїд «Вікіпедія» був відкритий в Андрушівській астрономічній обсерваторії 25 серпня 2008 року. З 2011 року був відомий під тимчасовою назвою 2008 QH24 (2008 — рік відкриття, Q — ознака другої половини серпня, H24 — порядковий номер — 608-й астероїд, відкритий у другій половині серпня). А 27 січня 2013 року йому присвоєна назва Вікіпедія.[1]

Назву «Вікіпедія» було подано на розгляд Комітету з номенклатури малих тіл керівником обсерваторії Юрієм Іващенком за пропозицією члена ГО «Вікімедіа Україна» Андрія Макухи.[2] Комітет у складі 15 науковців з усього світу одноголосно схвалив пропозицію українського астронома, і відтак каталог астероїдів поповнився новим астрономічним об'єктом з власним ім'ям — 274301 Wikipedia.