There is high confidence that projected climate risks will increase with  exposure to climate- and ocean-driven hazards manifest at the coast, such as heat waves, droughts, pluvial floods and impacts due to SLR, tropical cyclones, marine and land heatwaves, and ocean acidification;  with increasing vulnerability driven by inequity and  increasing exposure driven by urban growth in at-risk locations. Compounded and cascading climate risks, such as to coastal C&S infrastructure and supply chain networks, are also expected to increase. These risks are acute for C&S on subsiding and/or low-lying small islands, the Arctic, and open, estuarine and deltaic coasts . By 2050, more than a billion people located in low-lying C&S will be at risk from coast-specific climate hazards, influenced by coastal geomorphology, geographical location and adaptation action . Between USD 7 and 14 trillion of coastal infrastructure assets will be exposed by 2100, depending on warming levels and socioeconomic development trajectories . Historically rare extreme sea level events will occur annually by 2100,
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report