confidence). Changes in wave dimate superimposed on sea level rise will significantly increase coastal flooding  and erosion of low-lying coastal and reef islands . The frequency, extent and duration of coastal flooding will significantly increase from 2050 , unless coastal and marine ecosystems are able to naturally adapt to sea level rise through vertical growth and landward migration . Permafrost thaw, sea level rise, and reduced sea ice protection is projected to damage or cause loss to many cultural heritage sites, settlements and livelihoods across the Arctic . Deltaic cities and settlements characterised by high inequality and informal settlements are especially vulnerable . Although risks are distributed across cities and settlements at all levels of economic development, wealthier and more urbanised coastal cities and settlements are more likely to be able to limit impacts and risk in the near- to mid-term through infrastructure resilience and coastal protection interventions, with highly uncertain prospects in many of these locations beyond 2100 . Prospects for enabling and contributing to climate resilient development thus vary markedly within and between coastal cities and settlements . 
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report