Among the many institutions, actors and roles associated with successful adaptation, two play an increasingly important role: local governments and the private sector . These groups often define the flows of information and finance from the top down, as well as supporting the scaling up of community and household adaptation. In some countries, for example, in South America  vocational agricultural schools, often in remote rural locations, play a key part in knowledge-sharing activities that support adaptation. Similar valuable contributions are made by universities through their outreach activities, particularly those offering programmes in environmental and agricultural fields. Many actors face a lack of resources and capacity, particularly at the local level. Local institutions, including local governments, NGOs and civil society organisations, are hampered by ongoing challenges in gaining support from higher governance levels-from national government or the international community-particularly in developing countries. At the same time, private sector actors, from individual farmers and small/ medium enterprises  as well as large multinational businesses, will seek to protect and enhance their production systems, supply chains and markets by pursuing adaptation-related opportunities. Yet, while these goals will help expand adaptation activities, they may not align with government or community objectives and priorities without coordination and incentives, and in the process, can reinforce existing capacities, inequalities and power relations . Similarly, an enabling environment for businesses' adaptation is highly differentiated and often requires structural deficits  to be tackled .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report