This paper uses the protect/accommodate/retreat/avoid or PARA framework to categorize and examine flood disaster risk reduction approaches used to build climate change resilience in communities across Canada. We suggest that the PARA framework, first developed for climate change adaptation planning in communities facing sea level rise, is also a useful framework for flood risk reduction and flood resilience. The paper reviews four case studies of Canadian flood disaster risk reduction, with each case chosen to represent one of the four PARA risk reduction options. The extensive network of dikes and pumping stations employed in British Columbia's Lower Mainland (Fraser River) is used in the paper as an example of a protect approach to flood risk reduction; Winnipeg, Manitoba's Basement Flood Relief Program is used to highlight the accommodate approach; zoning changes and land expropriation following Toronto, Ontario's 1954 Hurricane Hazel flood disaster are used to showcase the retreat approach; and, modern floodplain development planning approaches in Calgary, Alberta are used to highlight the avoid approach. Overall, this paper contends that the PARA framework can be an effective approach for comprehensive flood disaster risk reduction and flood resilience; however, contextual factors, including equity considerations, should guide its application in situ.
Doberstein, B; Fitzgibbons, J; Mitchell, C
Protect, accommodate, retreat or avoid (PARA): Canadian community options for flood disaster risk reduction and flood resilience
Natural Hazards