use efficiency as well as greatly increased soil organic carbon content with reduced GHG emissions. It results in a win-win situation in terms of enhancing food security and mitigating climate warming . However, usability and application of this technology are still not common, especially in data-scarce regions. Integrated numerical simulations are efficient tools for estimating the current status and predicting the risk and efficiency of the adaptive capabilities of different countermeasures for sustainable natural resource management such as with water . Similarly, the agent-based model is commonly used to estimate risk of food-borne diseases due to climate change, using tunable parameters such as hygiene level, the microorganism's growth rate and the number of consumers, and hence it has the potential to be a useful tool for optimising decision making and urban planning strategies related to health and climate change . The integrated assessment model under the shared-socioeconomic pathway  framework is effectively used to estimate future energy development and possible mitigation strategies to reduce GHG emissions related to the energy sector . Sound understanding of different drivers, pressures and stress factors, such as abnormal temperature, rainfall, insect pests or pathogens and their interaction pattern with the genetic makeup of crops, is the key to produce high-yielding varieties of wheat with better nutritional quality and resistance to major diseases . Another critical point to address this water security is inclusive, polycentric and adaptive governance. Polycentric governance is a means by which water management plans and policies should be framed and agreed by all relevant stakeholders. For adaptive governance, more emphasis will be on finding the best pathways to make robust water management plans amid rapid global changes. The benefit of such plans should reach the end users in terms of providing clean water, protection from hydrological hazards and maintaining the health of the ecosystem. In addition, there is urgent need for co-management, which includes the cycle of co-design, co-implementation and co-delivery throughout the whole water cycle. The best suitable example is using the circulating and ecological sphere  approach. The CES is a concept that complements and supports regional resources by building broader networks, which are composed of natural connections  and economic connections , thus complementing each other and generating synergy . Another suitable example for managing water resources is the participatory watershed land-use management  approach. The PWLM is another very innovative and successful approach for more robust water resource management as explained by Kumar et al. . It helps to make land-use and CCA policies more effective at the local scale. This is an integrative method using both participating tactics and computer-simulation modelling for water resource management at the regional scale.
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report