Investing in building in situ adaptive capacity through climate resilient development is a precondition to supporting high agency migration . Migration only tends to occur when adaptation in situ has been exhausted and thresholds for living with risk have been crossed  . The financial, emotional and social costs of leaving are high , there are environmental, health and well-being risks in destination areas , and existential threats to identity and citizenship . In receiving areas, without appropriate policies to ensure equitable provision of services, there can be socio-cultural barriers to in-migration where there is the perception of a loss caused by new arrivals, although outcomes are mixed .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report