Globally, structural measures for flood protection through hard infrastructure are the most common measures as they directly manage flood hazards by controlling flow through streams and prevent water overflow . These measures include dikes, flood control gates, weirs, dams, storage and proper waste management . Infrastructure measures require high maintenance, such as dredging and clearing channels and overpasses . A negative aspect of protective infrastructural measures is that, while they eliminate the hazard up to a certain magnitude , they also generate an illusion of no risk by diminishing frequent floods . In addition, specific engineering solutions that might be introduced from other localities without proper contextual adjustments may lead to maladaptation . NbS  have shifted infrastructure measures from purely grey onto mixed engineering and environmental measures. Examples include SUDS, which aid in decreasing flow peaks and are affordable, aesthetically pleasing and socially acceptable while also reducing heat and hence the production of storms  .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report