Ecological adaptation and other spontaneous responses to climate change are discussed in Settele et al.  and  Here we consider the role of humans in managing the adaptation of tropical forests to climate change. The focus is on human-assisted adaptation options that help to maintain tropical forest ecosystems and not on the use of forests to supply provisioning services, such as timber, which is covered in . Forest management and agroforestry are discussed, but only with regard to their role in contributing to the adaptation of tropical ecosystems now and in the future. Maintaining ecosystems has a range of co-benefits for humans, including through 'ecosystem-based adaptation'. These are explored in . Although there are a number of potentially valuable response options, it is clear that certain hazards, such as heatwaves, may be impossible to manage at the forest community level and require long- term interventions at the landscape scale. Similarly, it will be difficult for forest managers to adapt to indirect climate-related ecosystem disturbances such as loss of pollination agents, invasive species or pest and diseases outbreaks . Equally important in adapting to increased pressure from climate change are efforts to minimise disturbance from non-climatic stress factors . Under some emissions scenarios, projected climate change impacts are of such severity that no adaptation measure is likely to protect natural forest systems; for example, with warming of 4ºC, some tropical forests are at risk of die-back from high temperature .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report