that resources for resilience must be allocated by higher levels of government , which also perceive opportunity costs to adaptation investments. Funding from non-state actors is, therefore, proving important. For example, in the USA, private foundations and non-profit organisations account for 17% and 16%, respectively, of adaptation support in urban areas . However, tapping into these funding sources raises complex questions about accountability and ownership of urban adaptation . Land reclamation may foster real estate markets and mobilise finance for adaptation, as shown in Germany, the Netherlands and the Maldives .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report