Risk management has been an integral part of the community development and settlement building process. Three key sets of drivers influence risk management decision-making in cities . These include:  root, that is, cultural norms and social traditions;  context, that is, policy and governance conditions; and  proximate, that is, extreme events. Settlements have developed informal and formal strategies, including climate protection levels, to respond to local conditions of climate risk and hazards. In formal contexts, these strategies are contextualised in local climate change action plans  and defined around a set of evaluation tools and methods and building codes, standards and regulations .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report