settlements and infrastructure  . There is increasing awareness of the need to move from incremental coping and defensive coastal strategies  to transformational adaptation, for example managed retreat , and to consider the flow-on effects  . Strategies limited to building household and community self- reliance  are increasingly inadequate given sys- temic and interconnected stressors and cascading impacts across in- terdependent systems . Integrated approaches to climate change adaptation and emissions reduction have potential for addressing interdependent systems  . Climate risk assessment and adaptation guidelines have been prepared for transport infrastructure authorities and organ- isations .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report