limited, but studies are focused on increased tree mortality and yield loss due to drought, heat and impacts from variability in the timing of the wet and dry seasons ; see Box 5.7). In fruit trees, warming and climate variability have already affected fruit quality, such as acidity and texture in apples, or skin colour in grape berries . The reliability and stability of harvests has been impacted by climate variability, changes in the distribution of pests and pathogens , and the mismatch of important phenological events  . Perennial crops are particularly vulnerable to these impacts as they are exposed throughout the year, with little potential for growers to adjust planting date or location. Negative impacts via disruption to phenology and pest dynamics are best studied in grapevine .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report