Assessing ecological responses to multiple climate-induced drivers requires a combination of approaches, including laboratory- and field-based experiments, field observations , study of paleo-analogues and the development of mechanistic and empirical models . Experimental studies of food-web responses are often limited to an individual driver, although recent manipulations have used a matrix of >1000-I mesocosms to explore ecological responses to both warming and acidification . Hence, complementary approaches are needed to indirectly explore the mechanisms underlying ecosystem responses to global climate change . Observations from time series longer than modes of natural variability  are essential for revealing and attributing ecological responses to climate change . Also, paleorecords provide insights into the influence of multiple drivers on marine biota . Specifically, associations between vulnerabilities and traits of marine ectotherms in laboratory experiments correspond with organismal responses to ancient hyperthermal events  . This corroboration suggests that responses to multiple drivers inferred from the fossil record can help provide insights into the future status of functional groups, and hence food webs, under rapid climate change.
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report