Suburbanisation follows a gradual movement of citizens from high-density urban centres to the suburbs . The development of enclaves for higher-income people that appropriate resources and constrain access to those resources for disadvantaged populations has been recorded in places as distant as Santiago de Chile, People's Republic of China, India, Indonesia and the Philippines . The appropriation of land and resources in enclaves defends exclusive, privileged communities at the expense of everyone else. Enclaves exacerbate inequalities because those who cannot afford to live in the enclave suffer the fragmentation of public services, restrictions in access to resources, and greater exposure to climate risks . Moreover, suburbanisation is linked to the privatisation of public spaces and the decline of public infrastructures, collective spaces and green projects . Climate gentrification, whereby vulnerable communities are displaced from urban areas with lower climate risks , reconfigures urban areas, for example, as higher-income populations move away from the city centres, as shown in North American cities that have already suffered climate-related impacts such as Miami, Philadelphia and New Orleans .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report