. On the Dawlish railway section , the number of days with line restrictions is set to increase by up to 1170%, to as high as 84-120 yr-1 by 2100 due to 0.8 m SLR with High warming . Next to the limited number of projections or scenarios of indirect impacts, additional inferences from studies focusing on past and current impacts can be drawn. Already today, climate-related impacts on transport and energy infrastructure reach far beyond the direct impacts on physical infrastructure, triggering indirect impacts on, for example, health and income . A case study of future flood hazard in Europe found that the indirect impact of a power outage on the local economy is six to eight times greater than the direct flood damage and asset repair costs, due to the interruption of daily economic activity . In low- and middle- income countries, the annual costs from infrastructure disruptions reach up to 300 billion USD for firms and 90 billion USD for private households, with natural hazards such as floods being responsible for 10-70% of these disruptions, depending on the sectors and regions . Power outages triggered by floods or droughts have also been found to have substantial health implications, particularly among low-income populations , and shown to impede disaster recovery efforts and severely disrupt local economies . In addition, risks associated with infrastructure have the potential to become particularly severe when hazard-driven infrastructure disruptions undermine the capacity of emergency response in disaster situations . A study on the UK shows, for example, that even a small increase in minor road flooding leads to a disproportionately high disruption of the efficacy of emergency services . Similar risks have been found for rural areas, particularly in developing countries .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report