Collective action can facilitate the implementation of adaptation responses and help tackle challenges associated with upscaling of successful land-based adaptations . However, a lack of coordination between stakeholders and across sectors can be problematic , showing the importance of multi- stakeholder engagement . Multi-stakeholder engagement is recognised as an essential part of desertification control, as well as vital in tackling climate change , with participation taking place to different extents in different drylands according to the prevailing governance system. In China, the Grain for Green programme is an example of a large-scale ecological restoration programme securing local engagement through payments for ecosystem services . Transdisciplinary stakeholder engagement involving researchers and central and local governments in the Heihe River Basin in China's arid and semiarid northwest, using an interdisciplinary 'web' approach, enabled basin restoration. Multi- stakeholder efforts saw improvement in the condition of Juyan Lake and the surrounding catchment, increasing both the lake surface area and groundwater in downstream locations .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report