Cultural services provided by ocean and coastal ecosystems help maintain psychological well-being, cultural development, human identities, educational opportunities and reserves that could support development of future goods or activities . Most recent studies of ocean and coastal cultural services simply detail local benefits using replicable methods , focusing on diverse ocean and coastal environments and ecosystems . Cultural ecosystem services may directly benefit from marine development activities, such as marine aquaculture , and indirectly benefit from marine activities that increase biodiversity . Cultural services are generally quantified using interviews and revealed-preference or stated-preference valuation , but people often are especially reluctant to evaluate cultural ecosystem services in monetary terms, given the spiritual and community linkages to these services .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report