Climate-smart agriculture  is an approach that aims to increase agricultural productivity, enhance food security, adapt to climate change and, where possible, reduce GHG emissions. The effective implementation of climate-smart practices is conceptually linked to an enabling environment in which policies, institutions and finance can re-orient agricultural systems, thereby supporting development and enhancing food security in a changing climate . However, the concept has received criticism based on the absence of conceptual clarity of the interrelations between productivity, food security, adaptation and mitigation  and because of limited evidence on the efficacy of CSA for achieving adaptation and mitigation outcomes at a global scale . Some argue that CSA operates within an apolitical framework that tends to minimise issues concerning power, inequity and access, and is overly focused on technical approaches . CSA is explicitly referenced by more than 30 countries in their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions  , but measuring the degree of its implementation still represents a challenge.
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report