TS.D.1.6 Insufficient financing is a key driver of adaptation gaps . Annual finance flows targeting adaptation for Africa, for example, are billions of US dollars less than the lowest adaptation cost estimates for near-term climate change . Finance has not targeted more vulnerable countries and communities. From 2014 to 2018 a greater amount of financial commitments to developing countries was in the form of debt rather than grants, and excluding multilateral development banks-only 51% of commitments targeting adaptation were dispersed . Tracked private-sector finance for climate change action has grown substantially since 2015, but the proportion directed towards adaptation has remained small ; in 2018 contributions were 0.05% of total climate finance and 1% of adaptation finance. Globally, private-sector financing of adaptation has been limited, especially in developing countries . 
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report