Declines and extinctions have been projected in a range of montane plants and animal species, including rare endemic species and sub- species due to climate change  . Up to 84% of endemic mountain species are found to be at risk of extinction . Using a simple model, Helmer et al.  predict a large-scale contraction in the next 25 years of alpine ecosystems above tropical mountain cloud forest in the Andes due to tree invasion. Topographic complexity can smoothen and delay the transition of montane forests in terms of size and composition for warming up to 3ºC GWL .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report