Due to islands' limited size and isolation, conventional conservation measures focused on expanding protected areas, dispersal corridors and buffer zones are of limited effectiveness on islands  . Instead, multifaceted, locally driven holistic climate-smart strategies across mosaics of human-impacted, often heavily degraded and fragmented, landscapes are required. These should ideally be long-term, flexible and sustainable solutions that incorporate social and biocultural knowledge as well as economic co-benefits to island communities in order to 'buy time' . Examples include ecosystem-based approaches such as ridge-to-reef management , which incorporates conservation partnerships among lands inside and outside protected areas to increase connectivity and reduce land use impacts, while building on the interconnections among terrestrial, freshwater, coastal and marine ecosystems. Such strategies require raising awareness of biodiversity values among local communities, and cross-sectoral planning and policy at both island, regional and trans-boundary scales. These lend to private-public partnerships, increasing the potential of solutions reaching beyond protected areas boundaries and affecting socio-political change  .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report