Almost three out of four EU citizens live in urban areas. Knowledge on the city's environmental structure and capabilities is needed as urbanization is expected to continue. In this study, eight indicators on urban ecosystems condition (ECIs) were quantified for 305 EU cities (>100.000 inhabitants). A composite indicator (CI), based on the ECIs, indicated differences between northern and southern EU countries, with Umea having the highest CI value (1.56) and Napoli the lowest (-1.21). Positive effects of urban green infrastructure (GI) were found for NO2 removal, recreation opportunities and lowered urban heat island effect. The proportion of green and built infrastructure differs between city cores and larger urban zones, and the area outside the core hosts a considerable part of the overall GI. This zone is thus of importance for the provisioning of urban ecosystem services, to be considered when planning for urban growth and climate adaptation strategies.
Kourdounouli, C; Jönsson, AM
Urban ecosystem conditions and ecosystem services - a comparison between large urban zones and city cores in the EU
Journal Of Environmental Planning And Management