The assessments of human vulnerability also point towards important adaptation options that are not visible if one focuses on climatic hazards or temperature changes alone . Fundamental for vulnerability reduction and adaptation are social insurances and infrastructure programmes, as well as legislation that improves the access of poor and marginalised groups to basic infrastructure services and security. For example, the 'free basic service programme' of the national government of South Africa  is one example where a national government  has committed itself to providing a basic amount of free water, electricity and sanitation to low-income households, particularly indigent people, such as those living in informal settlements or remote rural areas. Coupled with incentives, for example in terms of a higher use of renewable energy  , these investments can support vulnerability reduction and mitigation of GHG emissions. However, the programme design and implementation has also been criticised , as is witnessed by ongoing service delivery protests . This example shows that current national programmes can-even if they are not classified as adaptation measures-provide important entry points to reduce human vulnerability to climate change.
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report