Shifts in demography, geographic ranges, and abundance of plants and animals consistent with expected impacts of climate change are evident across Africa. These include uphill contractions of elevational range limits of birds , changes in species distributions previously reported in AR5  and the death of many of the oldest and largest African baobabs . An increase in frequency and intensity of hot, dry weather after wildfires has led to a long-term decline in plant biodiversity in Fynbos since the 1960s . Increasing temperatures may have contributed to the declining abundance and range size of South African birds , including Cape Rockjumper  and protea canary , from increased risk of reproductive failure . For hot and dry regions , there is strong evidence that increased temperatures are having chronic sublethal impacts, including reduced foraging efficiency and loss of body mass , and are approaching species physiological limits, with heat extremes driving mass mortality events in birds and bats . Vegetation change linked to climate change and increasing atmospheric CO2 has had an indirect impact on animals. Increased woody cover has decreased the occurrence of bird, reptile and mammal species that require grassy habitats . Decreased fruit production linked to rising temperatures has decreased the body condition of fruit-dependent forest elephants by 11% from 2008-2018 .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report