In some small island settings, land reclamation  has been implemented for decades to allow for infrastructure construction and to address land shortages arising from high population growth. For example, land reclamation in Port of Spain, the capital city of Trinidad, has long been used as a solution space to meet land for housing, industrial development and infrastructure provision . Likewise, one third of the land area of Male', the capital island of the Maldives, results from land reclamation . Land reclamation is also common in Pacific atoll countries and territories, where it occurs both in urban islands facing high population pressure, such as South Tarawa, Kiribati , Funafuti Atoll, Tuvalu , and Rangiroa Atoll, French Polynesia , and in rural islands, for example, Takapoto and Mataiva atolls, French Polynesia . In some cases, land reclamation has paved the way for land raising, which is increasingly considered to adapt to SLR in small island contexts . For example, since the 1990s, the capital area of the Maldives has been expanded through the construction of a large new island, Hulhumalé, which is still under construction and is built 60 cm higher than Male' to take into account SLR . More generally, in the Maldives, the 2004 Indian
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Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
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