A mix of infrastructural, nature-based, institutional and sociocultural interventions are needed to reduce the multifaceted risk facing C&S, including vulnerability-reducing measures, avoidance , hard and soft protection, accommodation, advance  and retreat  . Depending on the C&S archetype, technical limits for hard protection may be reached beyond 2100 under high-emission scenarios, with socioeconomic and governance barriers reached before then . However, hard protection can set up lock-in of assets and people to risks and, in some cases, may reach limits-due to technical and financial constraints-by 2100 or sooner depending on the scenario, local SLR effects and community tolerance thresholds . Where sufficient space and adequate habitats are available, nature-based solutions can help to reduce coastal hazard risks and provide other benefits, but biophysical limits may be reached before end-century . Accommodation is easier, faster and cheaper to implement than hard protection, but limits may be reached by 2100, or sooner in some settings. An adaptation-pathways planning approach demonstrates how the solution space can expand or shrink depending on the type and timing of adaptation interventions. As SLR is relentless on human timescales, the solution space will shrink without adoption of an adaptation-pathways planning approach . Due to long implementation lead times and the need to avoid maladaptive lock-in, particularly in localities facing rapid SLR and climate-compounded risk, adaptation will be more successful if timely action is taken accounting for long-term  SLR, and
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report