The time of emergence of ecosystem responses supports planning for specific time-bound actions to reduce risks to ecosystems . Although under RCP8.5, climate refugia from SST after 2050 are primarily in the Southern Ocean in tropical waters, these refugia are mainly from deoxygenation . Marine assemblages in these places will be exposed to unprecedented temperatures after 2050, peaking in 2075 . In contrast, changes in phytoplankton community structure will emerge earlier, primarily in the Pacific Ocean subtropics and through much of the North Atlantic Ocean . Under RCP8.5, changes in phytoplankton community structure and, to a lesser extent, exposure of marine species to unprecedented temperatures, will emerge earlier in marine protected areas , covering ~7.7% of the global oceans  as compared with non-MPAs . Such assessment can support planning for future MPA placement and extent. Because MPAs can serve as refugia from non-climate drivers , they facilitate opportunities for adaptation among marine species and communities in coastal oceans .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report