The literature increasingly shows that approaches such as nature- based solutions  and ecosystem-based adaptation  can offer value for money in tackling climate change from both a mitigation and adaptation standpoint . According to the Global Commission on Adaptation, a global investment of USD 1.8 trillion between 2020 and 2030 into adaptation measures such as early warning systems, climate-resilient infrastructure, improved dryland agriculture, mangrove protection, and resilient water resources can yield USD 7.1 trillion in total net benefits . NBS operate by harnessing natural processes, sometimes in combination with technological or engineered solutions. Examples encompass green public spaces and parks , green infrastructure, such as urban forests and street trees , which create shade and reduce urban heat island effects whereby urban areas are warmer than their surroundings , and support human health and well-being by keeping people in cities more closely linked with nature . NBS also encompasses blue infrastructure including constructed wetlands, bioswales, rain gardens and so forth, which can reduce flood risks . While the literature is generally positive about the ability of NBS to support climate risk reduction and deliver multiple other benefits , such as green job opportunities, improved provision of recreational space, cleaner air, habitat provision and increased property values , more research is required to specifically assess and evaluate the conditions and contexts in which these kinds of
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report