New examples have illustrated how toxic HABs interfere with regulating, provisioning  and cultural ecosystem services  in interconnected ways . A massive toxic Pseudo-nitzschia spp. bloom in 2013-2016 along the USA West Coast triggered Dungeness crab, rock crab and razor clam fishery closures to protect human consumers , and this disproportionately harmed fishers, especially small- vessel owners, and fishing-support service industries, primarily through lost revenue . Toxic Alexandrium spp. blooms promoted by climate-driven coastal extremes  in Tasmania, Australia, in 2012 and Chile in 2016 caused fish kills, shellfish product recalls, substantial economic losses, and human sickness and death . The Chile event caused an estimated loss of 800 million USD in the farmed salmon industry  and resulted in a series of large, long-lasting regional protests calling for national aid . New evidence, however, suggests that the perceived global increase in harmful algal blooms results from better monitoring and more detrimental bloom impacts, rather than a climate-linked mechanism .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report