TS.B.4.5 Climate-induced changes in the hydrological cycle have negatively impacted freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. Climate change and changes in land use and water pollution are key drivers of ecosystem loss and degradation , with negative impacts observed on culturally significant terrestrial and freshwater species and ecosystems in the Arctic, mountain regions and other biodiversity hotspots . Climate trends and extreme events have had major impacts on many natural systems . For example, periodic droughts in parts of the Amazon since the 1990s, partly attributed to climate change, resulted in high tree mortality rates and basin-wide reductions in forest productivity, momentarily turning Amazon forests from a carbon sink into a net carbon source . Fire risks have increased due to heat and drought conditions in many parts of the world . Increased precipitation has resulted in range shifts of
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report