To date, air conditioning is the main adaptation approach for mitigating the health effects of high temperatures, especially in relation to cardiorespiratory health . However, air conditioning may constitute a maladaptation because of its high demands on energy and associated heat emissions, especially in high- density cities , and also lead to 'heat inequities' as this is not an affordable or practical option for many . HAPs link weather forecasts with alert and communication systems and response activities, including public cooling centres, enhanced heat-related disease surveillance and a range of individual actions designed to reduce the health effects of extreme heat events such as seeking shade and altering the pattern of work . While well-designed and operationalisable HAPs possess the potential to reduce the likelihood of mortality from extreme heat events  , full process and outcome-based evaluations of HAPs and their constituent components are lacking . Evaluations of heatwave early warning systems as a component within HAPs show inconsistent results in terms of their impact on predicting mortality rates , indicating climate-based heat warning systems, which use a range of heat stress metrics , are not sufficient as a stand-alone approach to heat risk management . To support HAP and heat risk-related policy development, identification and mapping of heat vulnerability 'hot spots' within urban areas have been proposed 
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report