In manipulation experiments, scientists expose organisms or communities of organisms to multiple stressors, for example, elevated CO2, high temperature, or both, based on values drawn from future climate projections. Such experiments will involve multiple treatments  in which organisms are exposed to different combinations of the stressors. This approach enables scientists to understand the effects of individual stressors as well as their interactions to explore physiological thresholds of marine organisms and communities. The scale of manipulation experiments can range from small tabletop tanks to large installations or natural ocean experiments involving tens of thousands of litres of water.
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report