Effective climate strategies combine mitigation and adaptation responses, including through linking adaptive urban land use with GHG emission reductions  . For example, urban green and blue infrastructure can provide co-benefits for mitigation and adaptation  and is an important entry point for integrating adaptation and mitigation at the urban level . Grey and physical infrastructure such as sea defences can immediately reduce risk, but can also transfer risk and limit future options. Social policy interventions including social safety nets provide financial security for the most at risk and can manage vulnerability determined both by specific hazards and independently. Hazard-independent mechanisms for vulnerability reduction, such as population-wide social security, provide resilience in the face of unanticipated cascading impacts or surprise and novel climate-related hazard exposure. Social interventions can also support, or be led by, ambitions to reach the Sustainable Development Goals . Climate resilient development invites planners to plan interventions and monitor the effectiveness of outcomes beyond individual projects and across wider remits that reach into sustainable development. Curbing the emission impacts of urban activities to reach net zero in the next decades while improving the resilience of urban areas necessitates an integrated response now.
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report