that enable adaptation action . In urban areas in Africa, research on internal networks has also investigated how informal arrangements shape action possibilities . For example, in Zimbabwe, informal, traditional and civil society institutions are core arenas for issue discussion because of lower public sector capacities . In Durban, South Africa, local governments rely considerably on shadow systems and informal spaces of information and knowledge exchange across their operations to introduce and sustain new ideas . In the metropolitan area of Styria, Austria, informal cooperation has supported the development of rural-urban partnerships for the formulation of common goals . In Arkansas, USA, informal governance structures support planning to manage wildfires .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report