Urban systems interact with climate systems in multiple, dynamic and complex ways . Climate change can have direct impacts on the functioning of urban systems, while the nature of those systems plays a substantial role in modifying the effects of climate change  . An example of this urban system climate nexus is the urban heat island effect  . Assessing the inter-relationships between multiple systems and a range of hazards is particularly important as many cities are presently exposed to multiple climate-related hazards: more than 100 cities analysed as part of a 571 city study in Europe were deemed vulnerable to two or more climate impacts . Rapid expansion of urban areas increases the exposure of urban populations to various hazards
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report