In contrast to a 'fail-safe' approach to design which emphasises strengthening infrastructure against more intense environmental conditions, 'safe-to-fail' flood strategies allow infrastructure to fail in its ability to carry out its primary function but control the consequences of the failure. Examples include the use of a bioretention basin in Scottsdale  to accommodate excess runoff and help drain the city; a subsidy for affected farmers for lost crop production as part of the Netherlands' Room for the River programme; targeted destruction of a levee to control flooding in the Mississippi River Valley in 2011 . Water-sensitive urban design, low-impact development, sponge cities, sustainable urban drainage and natural flood management involve deployment of systems and practices that use or mimic natural processes that result in the infiltration, evapotranspiration or use of stormwater to protect water quality and associated aquatic habitat. These are being designed and implemented at increasingly ambitious scales. For example, China's Sponge City
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report