Projecting future climate impacts relies on modelling that combines climate data with data from experimental studies testing how species respond to each climate factor. In cropping and forest systems, a network of experimental studies with plants exposed to elevated CO2 concentrations, ozone and elevated temperature provides data on the fundamental responses to climate and atmospheric conditions  and temperature free-air controlled enhancement  systems). FACE results have been combined and assessed more extensively since AR5 . Field-based FACE studies have several advantages over more enclosed testing chambers, although results from more controlled experiments and coordination between different methods continue to give new insights into crop responses to climate change and variability . Experimental results have limitations and can be difficult to scale up (Porter
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report