Shifts in arid system structure and functioning that have been observed to date  are projected to continue . These include widespread woody plant encroachment, notably in savanna systems in Africa, Australia and South America, and are attributed to interactions of LULCC, climate change and CO2 fertilisation effects . Arid Mongolian steppe grassland did not respond to experimentally elevated CO2 . Woody encroachment is projected to continue or not reverse in North American drylands  and southern African arid ecosystems . Dryland woody encroachment may increase carbon stocks, depending on emissions scenario , but reduce soil water and biodiversity of grassland-dependent species diversity . Warm season  grass expansion into arid shrublands risks sudden ecosystem transformation due to introduced wildfire , a risk anticipated for grass-invaded desert ecosystems of Australia and the southwestern USA . Novel fire regimes in grassy shrublands have enhanced grass cover locally in the southern African Nama-Karoo .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report