Migration, including rural-urban migration, is also recognised as an adaptation strategy in some circumstances, whether this is voluntary or planned . Voluntary migration can be an element of household strategies to diversify risk, depending on the nature of the climatic stress, and interacts with household composition, individual characteristics, social networks, and historical, political and economic contexts . For example, in Colombia, rural to urban migration is differentiated across gender depending on the climatic stress whereby men migrate due to droughts, while women migrate due to excessive rain triggers . Especially in Pacific small island developing states, migration can be a strategy for urban settlements or tribal communities to relocate in customary areas, as in the case of Vunidogoloa in Fiji ; it can be a livelihood strategy as shown in the Cataret Islands in Papua New Guinea ; or it can be used to enhance education and international networks  as is the case in Kiribati .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report