Globally, a considerable diversity of tools and frameworks for urban resilience assessments are being developed at multiple scales . These include hybrids such as ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction  .While important advances have been made in assessing urban resilience, much debate remains around such tools and assessment approaches regarding issues such as validation, dynamics in exposure and vulnerability, and appropriateness of generic methods in high-density urban settlements . Disaster impact and recovery time are strongly influenced by the behaviour and actions of individuals, communities, businesses, and government organisations . For example, the review by Aaerts et al.  shows how the limitations of existing flood risk assessment methods  can be addressed
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report