followed by gradual shifts to a more diverse typical shelf community, driven by increasing pelagic primary production upon ice-shelf collapse and strengthening of the pelagic-benthic coupling  . Range changes of Antarctic birds and marine mammals have been observed, which vary among sub- regions and are mostly attributable to changes in sea ice extent and food availability   . With projected sea ice retreat and associated change in prey distribution , foraging areas of sub-Antarctic sea birds and marine mammals will shift southwards, leading to elevated pressure on populations due to higher foraging costs during the breeding season  . These changes are particularly impacting emperor penguins  , with the projected population declining close to extinction by 2100 under Business-As-Usual climate scenarios  , whereas population decline is halted by 2060 under the 1.5℃ climate scenario  .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report