Even when accredited, some countries experience significant institutional and financial challenges in programming and implementing activities to support concrete adaptation measures . Low disbursement ratios suggest inadequate capacity to implement projects once they are approved . Systemic barriers have been highlighted in relation to the multilateral climate funds, including funds not providing full-cost adaptation funding, capacity barriers in the design and implementation of adaptation actions  and barriers in recognising and enabling the involvement of sub-national actors in the delivery and implementation of adaptation action . As of 2017, most GCF disbursements to Africa  were directed to support national stakeholders' engagement with regards to readiness activities, with only 11% directed to support DAEs in implementation of concrete projects/pipeline development . While supporting readiness activities is important for strengthening country ownership and institutional development, research suggests adaptation finance needs to shift towards implementation of concrete projects and more pipeline development if the goal of transformative and sustained adaptation in Africa is to be realised . The source of these problems needs to be better understood so that the prospects for future climate-related investments can be improved and institutional strengthening and targeted project preparation can be supported .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report