In disaster risk management, risk appraisal , previous experience and losses 12, perceived probabilities and consequences , perceived self-efficacy  and awareness  shape preparedness. Individual risk management is nested within public policies, such as those on flood management, which shape individual flood risk perception and protective behaviours  as well as personal factors such as religious beliefs . For example, communities often perceive disasters as 'acts of God'  or punishment for wrongdoings , which might constrain adaptive action. However, religious faith can also motivate people to prepare for extreme events, as Alshehri et al.  showed in Saudi Arabia demonstrating how 'Islam urges that it is most important to prepare the people to escape from disaster' .
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Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
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