Positive temperature anomalies and average increases in temperature over time have been associated with collective violent conflict in certain settings . Helman and Zaitchik  find statistical associations between temperature and violent conflict in Africa and the Middle East that are stronger in warmer places and identify seasonal temperature effects on violence. However, they are unable to detect the impact of regional temperature increases on violence. For Africa, Van Weezel  found associations between average increases in temperature and conflict risk. Caruso et al.  found an association between rises in minimum temperature and violence through the impact of temperature on rice yields . However, the associations between temperature and violence are weak compared to those with political and social factors ) and research focuses on areas where conflict is already present and, as such, is sensitive to selection bias . There is a body of literature that finds statistical associations between temperature anomalies and inter-personal violence, crime and aggression in the Global North, predominantly in the USA ; Mares and Moffett ; Tiihonen et al. ; Parks et al. ; Section 14.4.8). However, authors have cautioned against extrapolating seasonal associations into long-term trends and against focusing on individual crimes rather than wider social injustices associated with climate change and its impacts .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report