Desertification occurs in large parts of the region, generally due to unsustainable land use . Increasing drought is projected to exacerbate desertification in North Africa and, under high warming, also southern Spain. In some areas, sclerophyllous vegetation could replace deciduous forests . Increasing temperatures and drought could trigger dieback for some forest species such as Mediterranean oak , potentially also in combination with biotic factors such as pathogens .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report