For livelihoods dependent on small-scale rain-fed agriculture in Africa, climate hazards include floods and droughts. However, governance, financial and information/awareness/technology challenges are identified as the most significant constraints leading to soft limits, followed by social and human capacity constraints . Finance and land tenure constraints restrict Ghanaian farmers when considering adaptation responses due to climate variability . Similarly, in East Africa, farmers with small pieces of land have limited economic profitability, making it difficult to invest in drought and/or flood management measures .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report