Overall, the discourse in the literature regarding the future of cities emphasises the importance of viewing cities as more than just their physical infrastructure that can be made more resilient through engineering solutions . Rather, urban areas are increasingly conceptualised as complex socio-ecological or socio- technical systems  . Such frameworks integrate physical, cyber, social and ecological elements of cities in pursuit of resilience and sustainability transitions, and they recognise the role of governance and engagement processes as being central to system change . Nevertheless, some authors have cautioned that urban transitions will be associated with synergies as well as trade-offs with respect to sustainable development  .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report