Climate projections indicate increases in temperature for the entire region by 2100 for RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, but rainfall changes will vary geographically, with a notable reduction of -22% in northeastern Brazil and an increase of +25% in SES. Significant dependency on rainfed agriculture  indicates high sensitivity to climatic variability and change and represents a challenge for food security  . Undernutrition has worsened since 2014 in CSA . Evidence of climate-change impacts on food security is emerging from IKLK studies in SA. Municipalities in CA with a high proportion of subsistence crops tend to have fewer resources for adaptation and more vulnerable to climate change . Rising temperature and decreased rainfall could reduce agricultural productivity by 2030, threatening the food security of the poorest populations . Though reduced suitability and yield for beans, coffee, maize, plantain and rice are expected in CA , limiting the warming to 1.5°C, compared with 2ºC, are projected to result in smaller net reductions in yields of maize, rice, wheat and other cereal crops for CSA  . The heat stress is expected to reduce the suitability of Arabica coffee in Mesoamerica, but it can improve in high-latitude areas in SA . There is limited evidence that these declines in crop yields may result in significant population displacement from the tropics to the sub-tropics .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report