Multiple lines of evidence find that foundational calcifying organisms such as mussels are at high risk of decline due to both the individual and synergistic effects of warming, acidification and hypoxia  . Warmer temperatures reduce mussel and barnacle recruitment  and the upper vertical limit of mussels . Experiments show that ocean acidification negatively impacts mussel physiology , with evidence of reduced growth , attachment , biomineralisation  and shell thickness . Net calcification and abundance of mussels and other foundational species, including oysters, are expected to decline due to ocean acidification  , causing the reorganisation of communities  . Experiments indicate that acidification can interact with warming and hypoxia to increase the
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report