Responses of biota to rapid climate change have included range shifts , phenotypic plasticity , evolutionary adaptation , and species extinctions, including mass extinctions . While knowledge about the relative roles of these processes in promoting survival during times of climate change is still limited , they have influenced the evolutionary trajectories of species and entire ecosystems , and also the course of human history . The combined ecological and evolutionary responses to ancient rapid warming events ranged from extinction of 81% of marine animal species and 70% of terrestrial tetrapod species on land at the end of the Permian period   to low rates of species extinctions but biome- and range shifts on land and in the ocean at the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum  . Temperature and deoxygenation were key drivers of past biotic responses in the oceans  , whereas on land the interplay between temperature and precipitation is less well established in ancient hyperthermals  . Climate-driven extinction risk increased by up to 40% when a short-term climate change added to a long-term trend in the same direction, for example when a long-term warming trend was followed by rapid warming .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report