In river systems , management of both the catchments and the channel itself is important: restoring natural meanders in canalised watercourses and allowing the build-up of woody debris can slow flows rates; restoring upstream wetlands or creating them in urban and peri-urban situations can store water during flood events if they are in the right place in a catchment . There is less data on the potential for NFM in tropical compared to temperate catchments. However,  showed that flooding was reduced from a secondary forested catchment area compared to those which were pasture or a mosaic of forest, pasture and subsistence agriculture. EbA approaches to reduce flooding can be applied within urban areas as well as in rural catchments, as in Durban, South Africa , but effectiveness will depend on EbA being implemented at a sufficient scale and in the right locations . This may, in turn, provide protection to downstream urban communities.
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report