Fuels Extraction and Distribution. Non-electric energy infrastructure is susceptible to many of the same impacts as electric infrastructure. Extreme weather events impact extraction  and refining operations of petroleum, oil, coal, gas and biofuels. Disruption of road, rail and shipping routes  interrupts fuel supply chains. However, there are a number of risks that are specific to these sectors. Heat can lead to expansion in oil and gas pipes, increasing the risk of rupture , whilst heatwaves and droughts can reduce the availability of biofuel . Subsidence and shrinkage of soils damages underground assets such as pipes intakes , while additional human activity such as extractive drilling may induce earthquakes, as observed in the northern Dutch province of Groningen . In Alaska, USA, the thaw of permafrost and subsequent ground instability is estimated to lead to USD 33 million damages to fuel pipelines in an end-of-century RCP8.5 scenario , with low-lying coastal deltas particularly vulnerable .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report