Important factors that may confound or obscure effects of climate change are the presence of invasive species, changes in land use  and, in freshwater systems, eutrophication . The temporal and spatial scale of studies also affects estimates of impacts. The most extreme published estimates of biological change tend to be derived from smaller areas and/or shorter time frames ; a recent large global analysis of data for 12,415 species found that differences in study methodology accounted for most of the explained variance in reported range shifts . The importance of LULCC is frequently stressed, but there is a paucity of studies actually quantifying the relative effects of climate change and LULCC on species and communities.  found only 13 such studies: four concluded that effects of LULCC overrode those of climate change, four found that the two drivers independently affected different species and five found that they acted in synergy.
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report