A significant proportion of land targeted for A/R projects is inhabited and used by Indigenous Peoples and local communities . Indigenous Peoples have rights to and/or manage at least 37.9 million km2 of land and influence land management across at least 28.1% of the land area . At least a quarter of the global land area is traditionally owned, managed, used or occupied by Indigenous Peoples, overlapping with 35-40% of the area that is formally protected . In many cases, A/R is implemented in areas where tenure rights are insecure and Indigenous Peoples' rights are at risk of being disregarded  . Many projects are also found in areas where complex socio-political contexts challenge management . It is anticipated that A/R projects will create huge pressures on existing land uses and generate further land use conflicts . In addition, many afforestation projects are conducted in regions that are not bio-climatically suitable, leading to the degradation of ecosystems that are key to local livelihoods .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report