et al., 2018b). Marine protected areas of all types require effective management to contribute to mitigating climate-change impacts, including effective monitoring and enforcement , yet the management effectiveness of European MPAs has repeatedly been called into question . Many MPAs lack management plans, and insufficient resources are frequently an issue . Thus, while substantial in potential, the current capacity of the European MPA network to reduce climate-change impacts is limited .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report