A paucity of research exists currently on the vulnerability of island ecosystem services to climate change . While there is rich scientific evidence on the pressures of habitat loss and degradation, impacts of natural hazards and invasive species, far less is known about the interactions of these factors with adaptive capacity and livelihood conditions on islands. In small island contexts, there is a specific need for assessing the effectiveness and cost of ecosystem- and community-based solutions where the latter have been implemented . The design of generic assessment methods and tools is required to allow for comparative analyses that will, in turn, provide useful guidance for the promotion of context-specific adaptation strategies . For many of the small islands, especially SIDS, the economic valuation of marine and coastal ecosystem services-coastal protection, fisheries, tourism-is of great importance, as well as the subsequent losses in these sectors and related livelihoods due to climate change impacts . There are few integrated modelling studies to inform future habitability of differentiated small island types and how these models can inform decision support processes for ridge to reef stewardship . Existing studies  have progressed knowledge since AR5, but island-specific analyses are required to robustly estimate the future ability of land to support life and livelihoods, taking into account multiple climate-drivers, future population exposure, and adaptation responses
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report