Planetary scale urbanisation challenges current understandings of spatial settlements and how risk affects urban communities  . Massive urbanisation manifests in large agglomerations such as metropolitan areas and urban regions, conurbations with unique risk challenges, particularly when interacting with other drivers of vulnerability . Experiences of regional collaboration to scale adaptation to metropolitan areas have shown to be effective, particularly facilitating information and technology exchanges and institutional cooperation , but may face challenges such as addressing administrative and fiscal requirements and enrolling local populations in a meaningful participation process . For example, the coordination of planning policies in the Vienna-Bratislava metropolitan region, further divided by an international border, demonstrates that institutional coordination alone is not sufficient to deliver effective spatial governance: instead, meaningful spatial policies required the involvement of multiple actors . In addition to institutional coordination, adaptation in rapidly urbanising areas requires understanding how these processes magnify risk and condition urban responses .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report