For flood management, a mix of green, blue and grey infrastructures are found effective, with grey infrastructure reducing the risk of flooding and green infrastructure yielding multiple co-benefits  but catchment- wide solutions are advocated as the best performing strategy . Recognising and addressing a full range of ecosystem disturbances and disasters over a larger urban spatial scale  are crucial for planning green infrastructure-based solutions. In some cases, low impact development interventions yield effective flood management outcomes but are adequate only for small flood peaks , with the major challenge being identifying best practices. NbS hold significant potential to achieve mitigation and adaptation goals in comparison with traditional approaches, but more research is necessary to understand their effectiveness, distribution, implementation at scale, cost-benefit and integration with spatial dimensions of planning .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report