Secondary effects relate to ecosystem changes, for example, the increased risk of the acute spread of air-, soil-, vector-, food-, and waterborne infectious diseases . Higher proportions of climate-related infectious diseases are reported among indigenous groups compared to their non-indigenous neighbours, with examples from Torres Strait, Australia, showing a greater proportion of tuberculosis, dengue, Ross River virus, melioidosis, and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections  and in the Republic of Sakha, Russia, high levels of zoonoses . Increasing levels of livestock and canine diseases are also reported . Another secondary health effect is an increase in human-animal conflicts, for example
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report