Observed climate change has led to a northward movement of agro- climatic zones in Europe and earlier onset of the growing season  . Warming and precipitation changes since 1990 explain continent-wide reductions in yield of wheat and barley, as well as increases in maize and sugar beet  . Heat stress has increased in SEU in spring, in summer throughout Central and Southern Europe, and recently expanded into the southern boreal zone . Drought, excessive rain and the compound hazards of drought and heat  have increased costs and cause economic losses in forest productivity , annual and permanent crops, and livestock farming , including losses in wheat production in the EU  and EEU  , with the severity of impacts from extreme heat and drought tripling over the past 50 years . Meteorological extremes due to compound effects of cold winters, excessive autumn and spring precipitation, and summer drought caused production losses  in 2012, 2016 and 2018 (Ben-Ari et al., 2018; van der Velde et al., 2018; Zscheischler et al., 2018; Toreti
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report