Cities are complex entities where social, ecological and physical systems interact in planned and unplanned ways . The complexity of cities, settlements and key infrastructure  where multiple functional systems continuously interact makes it difficult to distinguish risks . The literature often resolves this by offering discrete assessments for specific sectors . This fragmented approach to understanding climate change associated impacts and risks is then reflected also in siloed approaches to risk management and adaptation financing . Recent literature notes that resilience planning has begun to overcome this tendency by presenting climate change impacts, losses and damages, and urban processes, as unfolding together in interacting and cascading pathways  . The chapter reflects this change in the literature by presenting climate change impacts through a series of risk assessments, including by hazard type, through indirect impacts on health or food security, key infrastructure systems, land use and human mobility, water flows and on structural conditions, such as poverty and justice in the city . In a departure from AR5 we also consider the consequential interactions of climate risks, impacts, adaptation and climate mitigation .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report