The agricultural sector is important for most Mediterranean economies, both in terms of GDP and employment, with its share of the total GDP in the region at 6.7% in 2016 . Water stress in southern countries is largely driven by growing demand from agriculture, with a potential water deficit of 28-47% by 2030 . In Spain, 11 out of 15 river basin districts are under water stress due to demand from agriculture . In Greece, the largest agricultural region  where 70% of the irrigation water comes from groundwater, is under water stress . Water scarcity and high dependence on rain-fed agriculture make MENA countries vulnerable to warming and reduced rainfall, associated with high irrigation requirements . This is exacerbated by poverty and political instability . For cropping systems in MENA countries, the Nile Valley and the western parts of North Africa on the Atlas Mountains are classified as the areas with highest vulnerability . Grassland and pastoral systems are also vulnerable to increasing drought, notably in the western part of the basin . Increased heat stress in summer negatively impacts animal health and welfare, i.e., increased incidence of diseases and mortality or lower fertility .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report