Thermal tolerances of epipelagic populations drive biogeographic change , but the strength and direction of range shifts tend to be modulated by both climate-induced and non-climate drivers , including:  interactive effects of hypoxia and ocean acidification ;  oceanic dispersal barriers , food and critical habitat availability ;  geographic position, including depth ; and  ocean currents . The difference between physiological thermal tolerances  and local environmental conditions determines safety margins against future climate warming in ectotherms . Acclimation and evolution  and life-history stage  also alter species' thermal tolerances. Biogeographic responses are further modulated by other interacting factors .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report