This approach is based on a framing of cities and settlements as complex systems where social, ecological and physical processes interact in planned and unplanned ways. This chapter therefore builds on the AR5 Chapter 10  conception of key economic sectors and services  by positioning these within three major categories of infrastructure: social, nature based and physical . Where adaptation challenges can be responded to by more than one approach, sometimes working together, this is noted . This approach allows an understanding of adaptation that is not constrained to the administrative boundaries of cities and settlements, but that includes the networks and flows
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report