Continued high rates of habitat loss and degradation have been reported for many small islands as natural habitats continue to be cleared to meet increasing demands upon natural resources from rising human populations, agriculture, urbanisation, unsustainable tourism, overgrazing and fires. This increases the vulnerability of ecosystems within especially oceanic islands-where isolation has given rise to high levels of endemism but simple biotic communities, with low functional redundancy . There is high confidence that climate change may exacerbate the effects of this habitat loss upon the biodiversity of these islands as the climate refugia  and the upslope shifts of range-restricted, dispersal-limited and poorly competitive species, confined within narrow latitudinal  gradients, are increasingly challenged by fragmented and degraded landscapes . Additionally, high- altitude ecosystems such as cloud forests which harbour high levels of endemism are projected to shrink due to increasing atmospheric temperature and competition from upward-shifting lowland species . These may ultimately increase the risk of multiple extinctions, negatively impacting upon global biodiversity levels  .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report