Future influenza pandemics are highly likely, as are regional epidemics and pandemics of novel zoonotic viruses  . In the next decades, climate change will reshape the risk landscape for emerging zoonotic threats as wildlife-livestock-human interfaces shift, facilitating the emergence of novel zoonotic threats and spillover of known zoonoses into novel geographies . Characteristics of urban development and level of service provision, for example, crowded living spaces and transport facilities, and access to water and sanitation will influence the transmission of COVID-19 and future disease outbreaks . Historically, west and central Africa were considered especially at risk of outbreaks given their high biodiversity, high intensity of human-wildlife contact including wild meat trade, vulnerable health systems and history of Ebola virus disease outbreaks . However, as the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus  and COVID-19 pandemics have shown, there are multiple hotspots of viruses with pandemic potential globally, many of which are not in Africa. Thus, labelling African rainforests as unique 'hotspots' undermines global health work and pandemic preparedness.
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report