The implementation of far-reaching and rapid systemic changes, including both adaptation and mitigation options , remains less researched in societal systems than natural ones  that enhance multi-level governance and institutional capabilities, and enables lifestyle and behavioural change as well as technology innovation. Adaptation responses across European regions and sectors are more often incremental than transformative , with possible exceptions including water-related examples in, for example, the Netherlands  and some cities . Transformative options may be better able to exploit new opportunities and co-benefits . Transitions towards more adaptive and climate- resilient systems are often the result of responses to crises which create windows of opportunity for systemic changes . This includes extreme weather events, financial crises, for example in Malmö , and the COVID-19 pandemic , all of which have disrupted the status quo and accelerated innovation and implementation .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report