In addition, wind towers, solar chimneys and air vents are features that facilitate cool air circulation within buildings while dissipating heat . These features may be arranged to address hotspots or highly frequented spaces within buildings. Similar to NBS, the effectiveness of passive cooling to ameliorate the urban heat island varies widely depending on the location of the sun, wind direction and the type of strategy used. For instance, natural ventilation strategies  have shown temperature reductions of up to 14°C . Shading strategies alone can reduce indoor temperatures by 3ºC, while heat sinks  may result in indoor temperatures up to 6°C lower than the outdoor temperature . More systemic interventions, such as altering urban form through urban planning, can mitigate the urban heat island across suburbs and cities . Experience in Kano  has shown that incorporating Indigenous knowledge into building design and urban planning can increase resilience to heat and flood risks . A review by Lemi  suggests that traditional ecological knowledge can provide wider climate change adaptation benefits.
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report