protection infrastructure has been heavily invested, for example, in the Caribbean region  and Cuba . A similar situation applies in many Indian Ocean islands, where coastal protection strategies are manifested by hard shoreline structures, many of which are proving challenging to maintain . In the Pacific the situation is different given that many islands have been occupied for millennia by indigenous communities with extant knowledge for coping with adversity . The latter generally favours 'soft' shoreline structures for coastal protection although the building of seawalls has been rapid, especially in urban islands , and also in some rural islands ).
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report