Schmitz et al., 2015; Pörtner et al., 2021). Maintaining functioning forest ecosystems is vital due to biophysical, biological  and socioeconomic interactions that contribute to ecosystem resilience . Protecting forested areas can be achieved through vertical integration of policies at national, subnational and local levels and effective stakeholder empowerment . Community-based and ecosystem-based adaptation approaches provide an overall strategy to help achieve these goals  . In addition to conservation of tropical forests, restoration and afforestation can be effective climate adaptation measures 
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report