2015; Fischer, 2019). Technological applications in the development of insurance products have seen significant progress, including that of the blockchain and smart contracts . There are technological developments in loss estimation, which has been a major limitation in the traditional insurance approaches in the past that either delayed the indemnity payment or misjudged the losses. Application of multi-model and multi-stage decision support systems has begun to make crop loss assessments for insurance more efficient . Technological applications also include remote sensing  and mobile phone app technologies  to provide accurate and quick damage assessments, and application of Internet-based indemnity approvals have enabled quick payment of indemnities .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report