The ENSO, Indian Ocean Dipole  and Southern Annular Mode  are the primary large-scale drivers of African seasonal and interannual climate variability. The diurnal temperature range tends to be greater during La Niña than El Niño in northeastern Africa , and in southern Africa, the El Niño warming effect has been stronger for more recent times  compared to earlier period  . In east Africa, ENSO and IOD exert an interannual control on particularly October-November-December  and June-July-August-September seasons. In southern Africa, El Niño is associated with negative rainfall and positive temperature anomalies with the opposite true for La Niña. The SAM exerts control on rainfall in the southwestern parts of the region and a positive SAM mode is often associated with lower seasonal rainfall in the region (Reason and
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report