To assess the projected losses and damages, residual risks also need to be taken into account. The loss and damage associated with the future climate change impacts, beyond the limits to adaptation, is an area of increasing focus, although yet to be fully developed in terms of methods of assessment. This includes non-economic losses and damages, as well as identifying means to avoid and reduce both economic  and non-economic  losses and damages . There is increasing evidence of economic and non-economic losses due to climate extremes and slow onset events under observed increases in global temperatures , however assessment of non-economic losses and damages is lacking and needs more attention . The aggregate losses and damages would be higher if non-economic values are considered in such assessment . To reduce or avoid loss and damage, there is a need for robust conceptual framework and analysis, focusing on future losses rather than past losses . This should have an emphasis on avoiding versus addressing loss and damage and the role of justice , clarity on detection and attribution , effectiveness of risk management and adaptation , the concepts of risk transfer, liability and financing  and the role of transformation .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report