Further warnings about social capital as an adaptation enabler come from Acosta et al.  who recognise that it may be detrimental to private adaptation in some cases. Their research in rural Ethiopia found that qualitative measures of trust predict contributions to public goods, supporting theories about collective action, but that the effects of social capital are not homogenous: it can be helpful in some contexts, but unhelpful, or even detrimental in others. This led them to highlight the need for policymakers to consider these potentially different outcomes. Other research, also from Ethiopia, suggested that households with more social capital are more specialised in their livelihood strategies. This could leave them more vulnerable to climate change impacts , though social capital acts as a kind of informal insurance .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report