On land, fragmentation and habitat degradation are particularly pervasive, imposing hard limits to adaptation of terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems . Thus, the protection of existing natural habitats coupled with the restoration of the surrounding non-protected habitat can increase the effectiveness of adaptation strategies in terrestrial and freshwater hotspots  . Additionally, strategic allocation of new protected areas within gaps across elevational and climatic gradients could enhance biodiversity conservation across hotspots. This would align with Target 3 of the Convention on Biological Diversity's post-2020 draft Global Biodiversity Framework, and could include underrepresented climate and elevation spaces as well as potential climate refugia currently not under protection . In terrestrial ecosystems, restoration initiatives can help sustain biodiversity, improve resilience in a changing climate, and avoid maladaptation by selecting appropriate native species to be planted . In freshwater ecosystems, conservation needs catchment level management of human activities , especially as 37% of the terrestrial biodiversity hotspots overlap with freshwater  and 23% border marine hotspots .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report