Stem from economic theory and accounting practices: for example, cost-benefit analysis, which seeks to price out all aspects of the consequence of a strategy, portfolio analysis, or real options theory, which seeks to value financial investments allowing for their risks and the contingent buying and selling. Such methods are perceived as objective when dealing with tangibles, but are more controversial in their valuing of intangibles. Since these methods model uncertainties with probabilities and then work with expectations, they share much in common with Bayesian methods. However, many applications of cost-benefit analysis omit any detailed treatment of uncertainty.
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report