The literature shows significant gender-differentiated vulnerability and intersectional vulnerability to climate change impacts on water in Africa , although studies are generally lacking in northern Africa . Women and girls are, in most cases, more impacted than men and boys by customary water practices, as adult females are the primary water collectors , while more female than male children are associated with water collection  . Women and girls face barriers toward accessing basic sanitation and hygiene resources, and 71% of studies reported a negative health outcome, reflecting a water-gender- health nexus . These differential vulnerabilities are crucial for informing adaptation, but are still relatively under-researched, more so for the urban poor than rural communities .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report