Urban ecological infrastructure includes green , blue  and grey  components of urban ecosystems . While land cover change from urbanisation directly reduces the extent of natural and ecological infrastructure , notable risks arise from climate drivers. Recent research particularly highlights future climate impacts on coastal natural infrastructure, including beaches, wetlands and mangroves, which cause significant economic losses from property damage and decreasing tourism income, as well as loss of natural capital and ecosystem services. Research on climate risks to urban trees and forests is comparatively limited. Instead, urban vegetation and green infrastructure are most often cast as adaptation strategies to reduce urban heat, mitigate drought and provide other ecosystem benefits .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report