While natural variability in the hydrological cycle has always been considered by water resources planners and engineers , many countries will have to take into consideration the range of historically unprecedented extremes expected in the future. Increasingly, the provision of urban water security is dependent on the functioning of complex bulk water infrastructure systems consisting of dams, inter-basin transfers, pipelines, pump stations, water treatment plants and distribution networks . Risk-based studies on the potential climate change risks for water security show that there are benefits when risks are reduced at the tails of the distribution-floods and droughts-even if there is little benefit in terms of changes in the mean . When risk is taken into account in an integrated  bulk water infrastructure supply system, the overall impact of climate change on the average availability of water to meet current and future demands is significantly reduced . Further, stemming leakages and enhancing efficiency through technology and management improvements is important in building climate-resilient water conveyance systems . African cities could leap-frog through the development phases to
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report