This section assesses observed and expected impacts from the main hazards identified for cities, settlements and infrastructure; temperature extremes , flooding , water scarcity and security, as well as other hazards that are either less well-studied and/or likely to affect only a limited number of locations. The data assessed in this section are limited by uneven coverage. Despite improvements since AR5, data continue to be more complete for extreme events than for chronic hazards and everyday risks, which may have high aggregate impacts and disproportionately erode the well-being of urban poor households, especially for the most vulnerable, including women, children, the aged, disabled and homeless . Data coverage is also less comprehensive for smaller settlements in poorer countries, the locations where urban growth is often high and adaptive capacities are often low . Thus, data gaps frequently coincide with highly vulnerable populations . Here, even small changes in livelihoods, health, or representation and voice can rapidly bring households into positions of risk, even when hazard conditions are relatively stable . These structural limits in available data are discussed also in Section 7  and Section 8 , and in Doblas-Reyes et al.  Box 10.3. There are implications also for adaptation , where the greater availability of evidence on exposure-driven risk can limit resilience-building interventions that focus on the reduction of vulnerability.
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report