and Kershaw, 2017), although these effects are now well studied and newer performance standards should account for ageing and soiling effects on reflectivity . Ageing of 'cool pavements' is more complex, which makes their long-term performance less reliable to predict . The cooling performance of green roofs is highly variable and depends on the actual water content of the green roof substrate, with dry vegetation performing poorly in terms of cooling . This holds true for regular vegetation and NBS in general . For all built environment adaptations, changes are locked-in for a long time, and are likely to be expensive so that care is needed to avoid potential negative impacts on social equity  and carbon-intensive construction .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report