Trade-offs of bioenergy can be minimised by replacing land-intensive first-generation biofuels  with second and subsequent generations . However, there are costs of relying on 'sustainable biofuels' as most of the agricultural and non-agricultural land would be needed for cultivation of biofuels along with reduction in patterns of energy consumption a significant reduction in population . Contrasting impacts on environmental, economic and social sustainability are reported for production and use of biofuels , ranging from positive impacts, such as reduction in GHG emissions, energy security and rural development, to negative impacts, such as risks of increasing food prices, increasing GHG emissions through direct and indirect land use change from production of biofuel feedstocks, and degradation of land, forests, water resources and ecosystems . Biofuel production may cause loss of biodiversity  and may also impact various ecosystem services, such as land, water and food, and may pollute air, water and soil . The collective benefits of biofuels could be realised by developing future policies based on integrated systems with a clear understanding about the interactions across sectors and land uses gained by analysing complete value chains .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report