Modelling approaches differ widely and serve different purposes . The use of process-based and statistical modelling alongside remote sensing and other spatial data has grown. Projections increasingly draw on a combination of modelling approaches and coordinated efforts for model intercomparisons and ensemble techniques, using standardised emission scenarios . For major crops, models of global yield impacts from CO2 concentration, air temperature and precipitation have been refined and compared . Despite advances since AR5, modelling is still constrained by limited data from field experiments . Increasingly, studies attempt to incorporate effects of elevated CO2, ozone and climate extremes , as well as attempts to incorporate more complex interactions with soil and crop management . However, only a few models consider crop protein content and other quality factors . Some models take account of the impacts of climate on the timing of key biological events  in the target species; however, incorporating biotic interactions with pests, pathogens and pollinators remains a challenge .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report