2019). Higher ocean temperatures have directly affected food-web structure  and altered physiological rates, distribution, phenology and behaviour of marine species with cascading effects on food-web dynamics  . Pacific coastal waters from Mexico to Canada and US mid-Atlantic coastal waters have a high proportion of species  near their upper thermal limit, representing hotspots of risk from MHWs  . Kelp, a macroalgae, forms important habitat for other marine species, and its biomass has decreased 85-99% in the past 40-60 years off Nova Scotia, Canada, replaced by invasive and turf algae; this is associated directly with warming waters .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report