Detrimental human impacts on ocean and coastal ecosystems are not only caused by climate. Other anthropogenic activities are increasingly affecting the physical, chemical and biological conditions of the ocean , and these 'non-climate drivers5' also alter marine ecosystems and their services. Fishing and other extractive activities are major non-climate drivers in many ocean and coastal systems . Many activities, such as coastal development, shoreline hardening and habitat destruction, physically alter marine spaces . Other human activities decrease water quality by overloading coastal water with terrestrial nutrients  and by releasing runoff containing chemical, biological and physical pollutants, toxins, and pathogens . Some human activities disturb marine organisms by generating excess noise and light , while others decrease natural light penetration into the ocean . Several anthropogenic activities alter processes that span the land-sea interface by changing coastal hydrology or causing coastal subsidence . Atmospheric pollutants can harm marine systems or unbalance natural marine processes . Organisms frequently experience non-climate drivers simultaneously with climate-induced drivers , and feedbacks may exist between climate-induced drivers and non-climate drivers that enhance the effects of climate change . SROCC assessed with high confidence that reduction of pollution and other stressors, along with protection, restoration and precautionary management, supports ocean and coastal ecosystems and their services . This chapter examines the combined influence of climate-induced drivers and primary non-climate drivers on many ecosystems assessed.
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report