Kelp are temperate, habitat-forming marine macroalgae or seaweeds, mostly of the order Laminariales, which extend across one- quarter of the world's coastlines . The perennial species form dense underwater forest canopies and three-dimensional habitat that provides refuge for fish, crustaceans, invertebrates and marine mammals . Kelp ecosystems support fisheries, aquaculture, fertiliser and food provision, including for local and Indigenous Peoples, along with regulating services in the form of wave attenuation and habitat provision. Kelp aquaculture can also buffer
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