Corruption in urban adaptation and disaster risk management finance is a considerable but little researched challenge observed from all world regions . Corruption generates maladaptation, increasing risk, for example where infrastructure is constructed with faulty design, substandard materials and inadequate maintenance . More widely, corruption increases vulnerability and reduces capacity by damaging the body politic, distorting markets and reducing economic growth . The construction and infrastructure industries are repeatedly identified as sources of corruption . Corruption and misuse of climate finance is exacerbated by limited public access to information, political considerations in finance decision making and lack of accountability for decisions and actions . In construction, Owusu et al.  found causes included too-close relationships, poor professional ethical standards, negative industrial and working conditions, negative role models and inadequate sanctions throughout the phases of construction. Post-disaster response and reconstruction, and periods of surge funding following international or national policy priorities are especially vulnerable to corruption, with increased funding and pressure to lower norms of financial management . Mixed delivery mechanisms have been shown to reduce corruption, for example where civil society organisations are involved in project approval stages, although there is also a risk that civil society organisations will themselves become entangled in corruption. International donors have a role to play in working with government and civil society to promote wider scrutiny and transparency of financing processes and project delivery through promoting media and press freedom and legislation for access to information to reduce corruption by enhancing transparency and accountability .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report