Structural disincentives and institutional arrangements create challenges for planning even where political willingness may be high . Social resistance may significantly delay or block progress entirely, as vulnerable communities have responded negatively in cases where adaptive urban and land use planning leads to perceived 'resilience gentrification' , if residents do not perceive themselves as included in the crafting of plans , if the options such as managed retreat are perceived as culturally unacceptable , or if wealthier and advantaged residents benefit from planning at the expense of socially vulnerable groups . Nonetheless, potential social co-benefits related to health and education are high . Finally, the option is highly feasible in relation to ecological and geophysical characteristics, as urban and land use planning's primary tool is to shape the built environment and natural spaces to protect and reduce the vulnerability of residents.
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report