Net effects of deforestation and afforestation on runoff and water supply depend on local factors, leading to conflicting evidence of effects of land cover change , but combinations of climate change and deforestation are projected to reduce water flows . In southern Thailand, the combination of the conversion of forest to rubber plantations and a one-third increase in rainfall could increase erosion and sediment load by 15% . In the watershed that supplies São Paulo, Brazil, afforestation could increase water quantity and quality . In most regions with dry or Mediterranean subtropical climates, projected climate change can reduce surface water and groundwater resources . In northeast Spain, reduced precipitation and vegetation cover under the high-emissions scenario
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report