Several tools and models have emerged in response to recommendations from AR5, including models that assess the impacts of urban heat island , climatic uncertainty , flood vulnerability  and inundation . For example, findings from Kano, Nigeria, reveal that a lack of distribution of certain urban morphological features, including open spaces and streets , roof and building materials  and urban ecological features , exacerbates inundations and their associated impacts . Also, findings about the urban forms of coastal settlements, particularly in small islands, reveal that they often experience severe beach erosion due to wave action, sea level rise and storm surge that leads to landward retreat of coastline which threatens their social and economic activities . Despite these examples, very limited research is available to offer assessments of different urban scale morphologies and urban scale adaptation planning, including planning adaptation across supply chains and networked relationships with distant urban and rural places connected through trade and resource  or waste flows.
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report