There has been growing research emphasis on synthesising adaptation literature through meta-reviews of adaptation research , adaptation readiness , adaptation progress , adaptation barriers and enablers , and adaptation outcomes  . In particular, understanding which adaptation options are effective, to what risks, and under what conditions, is particularly challenging given the lack of a clearly defined and globally- agreed- adaptation goals, as well as disagreement on the metrics to assess adaptation effectiveness  . Effectiveness studies often use metrics such as reduced risk exposure, damage costs averted, which lend themselves well to infrastructural options  exposure in coastal cities), but do not translate well to 'soft' adaptation options such as climate services or changing building codes.
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report