and Tai, 2020). Conventional tools include catch and size limits, spatial management and adaptive management. Ecosystem-based fisheries management outperforms single-species management , is widely legislated  and can reduce climate impacts in fisheries in the near-term, especially under low-emission scenarios . Transboundary agreements on shifting fisheries will reduce the risk of overharvesting  . Permits tradable across political boundaries could also address this challenge, but limited evidence is available regarding their efficacy . Climate-smart conservation  under the negotiations on areas beyond national jurisdiction  , and in the Convention on Biological Diversity  areas designed as other effective area-based conservation measures  , provide further benefits. Despite the potential for adaptive management to achieve sustainable fisheries, outcomes will very likely be inequitable , with lower- income countries suffering the greater biomass and economic losses, increasing inequalities, especially under higher-emission scenarios  . Flexible and polycentric governance approaches have facilitated some short-term successes in achieving equitable, sustainable fisheries practices, but these may be challenging to implement where other governance systems, especially hierarchical systems, are well established .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report