Marine birds and mammals are vulnerable to climate-induced loss of breeding and foraging habitats such as sea ice , sandy beaches , salt marshes  and seagrass beds  . With warming, shorebird population abundances decline in the tropics, likely due to heat stress and habitat loss, and increase at higher latitudes . Marine mammals dependent on sea ice habitat are particularly vulnerable to warming  , yet vulnerability can differ between populations. Ongoing sea ice
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report