Both the shape and activities of a city have an impact on carbon emissions, adaptation and mitigation opportunities  . Combining urgent measures, strategic action  on long-term planning is central for transformative adaptation and avoiding maladaptation . Urban planning, considering climate risk assessments, and regulation , including climate-adapted parameters, are central to coordinating and fostering private and public investments in adaptation, reducing risks related to features of the built environment  and the occupation of risk areas  . A lack of information at the local scale, human resources and clear liability for climate-change response planning can limit adaptation .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report