Recent studies confirmed that observed ESL events causing extensive flooding generally resulted from compound effects, including the combination of SLR  with ETCs, TCs and tropical depressions , ENSO-related high- water levels associated with high or spring tide and/or local human disturbances amplifying impacts . For example, the major floods that occurred in 1987 and 2007 in the Maldives involved the combination of distant-source swells and high spring tides and the settlement of reclaimed low-lying areas . In the Tuamotu atolls, French Polynesia, the 1996 and 2011 floods were due to the combination of distant-source swells causing lagoon filling and the obstruction of inter-islet channels by human-built structures . In 2011, the flooding of the lagoon-facing coast of Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands, resulted from the combination of high sea levels occurring during La Niña conditions and seasonally high tides . Another example is the widespread flooding caused by distant TC Pam  in Kiribati and Tuvalu, which was attributed to the strong swell generated, the long duration of the event and exceptionally high regional sea levels . On high tropical islands, major floods often occurred during TC events, due to the cumulative effects of storm surge and river flooding, the
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report