Most studies of coastal C&S focus on adaptation to a single or limited set of risks, but there is high confidence that compound and cascading risks significantly alter C&S risk profiles . Extreme events can lead to cascading infrastructure failures that cause damage and economic losses well beyond the coastal zone , and have forced evacuation of C&S and small islands . These risks are exacerbated by non-climatic drivers, for example compound and cascading impacts arising from exposure to tropical cyclones and COVID-19 that threaten population health and hamper pandemic responses . There is emerging evidence  from individual coastal C&S and regional case studies  to illustrate the increasing influence of compound risks on
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report