The inclusion of Local knowledge and Indigenous knowledge in urban vulnerability and risk assessments can strongly enhance local resilience, but its effectiveness is constrained by wider decision making and policy contexts dominated by top-down approaches  . Established non-state actors such as Shack and Slum Dwellers International are particularly effective at implementing inclusive approaches for local knowledge incorporation into urban decision-making. Climate change and disaster risk exacerbate existing problems of economic development, yet macro-economic planning seldom incorporates adaptation. Recent evidence also confirms the role of Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge in management practices to reduce climate risks through early warning preparedness and response . These practices are particularly important where alternative early warning methods are absent. For instance, Abudu Kasei et al.  show that Indigenous knowledge gathered through observations on changes in natural indicators  could be applied to develop early warning of climate hazards  in informal urban settlements in African countries such as Ghana. Similarly, Hiwaski et al.  show that observations of changes in the environment and celestial bodies are used to predict climate-related hazards in Indonesia, the Philippines and Timor-leste where communities in turn use local materials and methods, and customary practices to respond to the impacts of climate change.
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report