While shade trees can ameliorate increasing stand temperatures that will significantly impact arabica coffee , the opposite can also be true. Comparing shade and full-sun coffee systems in Ghana, Abdulai  concluded that the leguminous tree species providing shade and additional nitrogen led to soil water competition with the coffee trees during severe drought, resulting in enhanced coffee mortality. On the other hand, experimentally induced drought in a soybean-intercropping agroforestry system in eastern Canada led to crop losses in the monocropping system only, whereas N-fixation declined in both systems . Thus, balancing the synergies and trade-offs of multiple component systems is necessary based on local context. While species diversification can enhance resilience to climate shocks, lack of water can constrain the implementation of agroforestry practices in arid locations .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report