in crop breeding, are often not explicitly accounted for in modelling studies, but more recent studies do quantify the potential for adaptation . To account for this complexity, case studies rely on data derived from the perception and practices of stakeholders who are engaged in adaptation  . Case studies use a range of different indicators to monitor climate response options, making quantitative comparisons more difficult . However, systematic comparisons have provided valuable insights ; for example, the sustainable livelihood framework has been applied widely to diverse aquatic systems  and the Livelihood Vulnerability Index is well used across systems . Coordinated efforts such as the AgMIP also provide systematic assessments . Nonetheless, the full effectiveness of different adaptation options is difficult to assess given that many impacts have not yet occurred  .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report