Similarly, building and maintaining urban water systems that are resilient to climate shocks requires significant changes in water demand, infrastructure and management. Enhancing redundancy in water supply and the flexibility to shift between surface and groundwater options aids adaptation. Decentralised water supply and sanitation options are now feasible and can provide greater resilience than most centralised systems , provided they have adequate supply . Water conservation and green infrastructure options for stormwater management are proven approaches for reducing climate risks , with adaptation and mitigation co-benefits. Water demand management and rainwater harvesting contribute to climate change mitigation and increase adaptive capacity by increasing resilience to climate change impacts such as drought and flooding . In addition, they can contribute to restoring urban ecosystems that offer multiple ecosystem services to citizens  . The context- appropriate development of green spaces, protecting ecosystem services and developing nature-based solutions, can increase the set of available urban adaptation options , while creating opportunities for more complex and dynamic approaches to urban water management . For example, the Netherlands' 'Room for the River' policy focuses on not only achieving higher flood resilience, but also improving the quality of riverine areas for human and ecological well-being .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report