contributions made by cities to NDCs . Over two-thirds, 113 out of 164, of initial Intended Nationally Determined Contributions , prior to ratification, had referenced urban responses in the context of sustainable development, climate mitigation and adaptation . Analysis of those INDCs revealed 58 focused on urban climate adaptation, 17 focused on both adaptation and mitigation, and 4 focused on mitigation . Simultaneously, multiple efforts have emerged to align the actions of nation states with those of other actors, including the UNFCC 2014 Global Climate Action Portal . While significant optimism has been gathered around the possibility to intervene at sub-national level, the most difficult challenge has been to establish a coherent view of
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report