Climate-smart planning, with a focus on keeping options open, can play a role in reducing species extinction rates . When and where and for whom particular irreversible impacts will occur is deeply uncertain, for example the extinction of a species. Even at the lowest emissions scenarios, some local species will become extinct, but estimates of extinction risk are highly uncertain, typically varying by factors of two to three even for one species  . Risks of species' extinctions are lowered by reducing emissions, but keeping options open for as long as possible and avoiding irreversible actions are key to developing a climate- resilient adaptive pathway so that real-time climate-driven changes can inform actions. Nature-based solutions  are emerging as key players for mitigation. With smart planning, NBS offer approaches that not only provide substantial mitigation, but also considerable adaptation benefit to biodiversity, and human health and well-being. Done poorly, such projects can result in large negative impacts on humans and nature. An NBS climate-sensitive decision framework leading to 'win-win' solutions for mitigation and adaptation is shown in Figure 1 Cross-Chapter Box NATURAL in Chapter 2 .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report