Growth in Arctic maritime trade will result in increased emission of black carbon , increases in ship-source underwater noise impacts on marine mammals , higher rates of accidents and incidents among vessels from increasing mobile sea ice and newly accessible ice-free waters that lack charting , impacts to cultural sustainability for Indigenous Peoples  , the potential for the introduction and propagation of invasive species , and sovereignty tensions with implications for global geopolitics  . Globalisation and the almost universal adherence to economic growth models among nations will continue to fuel maritime trade . As sea ice decreases facilitates growth in Arctic maritime trade and transportation specifically, adaptation strategies designed to facilitate mitigation co- benefits and that target the cascading implications and double exposure of climate change and Arctic shipping impacts will be essential in reducing risks . Electric and solar powered vessels, new engine and emission reduction technologies, investment in wind, water, ice and climate forecasting technologies and services , and efforts by the International Maritime Organization to reduce sulphur and the use of heavy fuel oils  could play a key role in limiting emissions and reducing risks related to the environmental and cultural impacts of fuel spills in ice-infested Arctic waters. The development of low-impact shipping corridors  and multi-lateral agreements such as those implemented by the Arctic Council and Indigenous Peoples' organisations on joint search and rescue  and shared spill responsibilities  represent important co-governance efforts that will be increasingly important in the future owing to projected climate-related risks.
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report