Cities are complex social-ecological systems with large populations, concentrated wealth, ageing infrastructure, reliance on extrinsic and increasingly stressed natural systems, social inequality, differential institutional capacities and impervious, heat-retaining surfaces . These factors interact with location  to create city-specific vulnerabilities to climate change and requirements for resilience initiatives . Cities are home to diverse cultural and social communities, including large Indigenous populations who can be uniquely affected by climate change yet who bring valuable IK and leadership to urban adaptation efforts . The rural and remote settlements of North America also experience similar hazards and risks; however, such challenges are due to different factors such as geographic isolation, dependence on local food resources and socioeconomic conditions .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report