Conservation approaches , habitat restoration efforts  and further ecosystem-based management policies do support alleviation of, or adaptation to, climate-change impacts  but are themselves impacted by climate change . Moreover, the interaction of adaptation and mitigation measures poses risks to marine systems. Many coastal regions of the North Sea, especially in the south, are particularly susceptible to rising sea levels because of the strong tidal regime and the effects of storm surges . Hard measures to protect human infrastructure against SLR  will lead to loss of coastal habitats, with negative impacts on marine biodiversity . While rising sea levels will also directly threaten intertidal and beach ecosystems, coastal wetlands will benefit , in case lateral accommodation space and the opportunity for systems to migrate landward and upwards is provided, enhancing their ability to capture and store carbon . In general, European coastal blue carbon ecosystems   are potentially effective as carbon sinks in climate mitigation, akin to reforestation efforts on land ; however, their expansion has the potential to interfere with other ecosystem services  and biodiversity conservation . The 'Blue Growth' strategy of the European Commission with the aim to increase offshore activities  will increase the pressures on the marine environments . Large-scale offshore wind-park infrastructure is currently developed in European seas, mostly in the North Sea , as a major component of climate-change mitigation efforts . The introduction of novel hard-substrate intertidal habitats has, and will continue to have, profound ecological ramifications for marine systems, including hydrodynamic changes, stepping stones for non-native species, noise and vibration, and changes in the food web  .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report