arrangements of public, private and community actors, is being increasingly recognised as important across many decision- making settings . Public governance leadership has the largest role for social safety nets, spatial planning and building codes . Private sector governance is important for insurance and for minimising the stressors that can negatively impact ecosystems and their functions, especially in the absence of public regulations or enforcement . Communities and individuals play the largest role in governance of adaptations to farming and fishery practices and ecosystem-based adaptations . Informal or individual-led decision-making is more common in food security and livelihood-related adaptations, such as changes to diets, livelihood diversification and seasonal migration . People who have experienced climate shocks are more likely to take on informal adaptation measures, and in places where people are more exposed to extreme events, autonomous adaptation is more common  .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report