Coastal ecosystems physically protect people and property from storms and flooding, and climate change threatens this protection function . Increasingly detailed models show how warm-water coral reefs  mangroves  and wetlands  prevent billions of US dollars of direct and indirect damage to private and public property and shield millions of people from flooding each year. Protection by mangroves provides more economic benefits in higher-income nations and shields more people in lower-income nations . Seagrasses , kelp , suspended shellfish aquaculture , oyster reefs , coastal wetlands  and sandy coastlines  Hérivaux et al., 2018) also measurably decrease wave energy. Non-climate drivers , sediment-supply changes , erosion and storm damage ], acting together with climate-induced drivers and associated impacts , changes in plant biodiversity , MHWs  and acidification ], compromise physical protection by coastal ecosystems . 
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report