All biodiversity hotspots are already impacted, to differing degrees, by human activities  . At present, over three billion people live within terrestrial and  freshwater biodiversity hotspots, many of which border marine hotspots . Thus, climate change impacts on biodiversity hotspots are compounded by other anthropogenic impacts, increasing the vulnerability and reducing the resilience of biodiversity to climate change . Projections of changing climate alone may overestimate
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report