Climate change is affecting marine food-web dynamics  , and the vulnerability and adaptive capacity of marine birds and mammals to such changes is linked to the species' breeding and feeding ecology. Higher-vulnerability species include central-place foragers , diet and habitat specialists, and species with restricted distributions such as marine mammal populations in SES  . Surface-feeding and piscivorous marine birds appear to be more vulnerable to food-web changes than diving seabirds and planktivorous seabirds  . During the 2014-2015 Pacific heatwave, around 1 million piscivorous common murres died along a 1500 km coastal stretch in the Pacific USA due to reduced prey availability . Marine birds are vulnerable to phenological shifts in food-web dynamics, as they have limited phenotypic plasticity of reproductive timing, with potentially little scope for evolutionary adaptation  , although changes in reproduction timing are observed in several species . There is limited evidence of marine mammals' capacity to adapt to shifting phenologies, but observed responses include changes in the onset of migrations, moulting and breeding .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report