stratification, CO2 concentration and nutrient inputs  . Increased occurrence of HABs  has induced ecological impacts and societal costs . During the 2013-2016 Pacific MHW , a Pseudo-nitzschia diatom bloom off the west coast of the USA caused extensive closures of crab and razor clam fisheries , with economic and sociocultural impacts beyond those in the fisheries sector .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report