Currently, planned climate change adaptation to coastal hazards in Africa's large coastal cities has mainly been achieved through expensive coastal engineering efforts such as sea walls, revetments, breakwaters, spillways, dikes and groynes. Examples are found in west Africa . Beach nourishment efforts have also been undertaken in Egypt, Banjul and Lagos . However, the use of vegetated coastal ecosystems presents greater opportunities for African cities because of the lower costs .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report