Data on private finance in African cities are inadequate , but all of Africa secured just 3.5%  of global foreign direct investment , despite a 10.9% increase in 2018 . Mining and the extraction and processing of fossil fuels accounted for almost a third of greenfield FDI in Africa in 2018 . The FDI secured by cities has tended to serve an urban elite and has been used to build shopping malls, housing settlements and airlines . It is also unevenly distributed across the continent and within cities. Five countries; Egypt, South Africa, Congo, Morocco and Ethiopia, accounted for more than half the total FDI in 2018 , leaving large parts of Africa's growing cities described by financiers as 'high risk' and their citizens deemed 'unbankable' .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report