The occurrence of an exceptionally low or high local sea surface height, arising from  short-term phenomena . Relative sea level changes affect extreme sea levels directly by shifting the mean water levels and indirectly by modulating the propagation of tides, waves and/or surges due to increased water depth. In addition, extreme sea levels can be influenced by changes in the frequency, tracks or strength of weather systems and storms, or due to anthropogenically induced changes such as the modification of coastlines or dredging. In turn, changes in any or all of the contributions to extreme sea levels may lead to long-term relative sea level changes. Alternate expressions for ESL may be used depending on the processes resolved. s Extreme still water level  refers to the combined contribution of relative sea level change, tides and storm surges. Wind-waves also contribute to coastal sea level via three processes: infranravity waves
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report