Land, oceans and terrestrial ecosystems are in transition globally, with anthropogenic factors including climate change being a major driving force   . Seventy-five percent of the land surface has been significantly altered, 66% of the ocean area is experiencing increasing cumulative impacts and over 85% of wetland areas have been lost . Since 1970, only four out of eighteen recognised ecosystem services assessed have improved in their functioning: agricultural production, fish harvest, bioenergy production and material harvests. The other 14 ecosystem services have declined , raising concerns about the capacity of ecosystems and their services to support sustainable and CRD.
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report