Climate change and its associated impacts on multiple ecosystem services and related products  have been observed across European mountains, for example in the central Iberian Mountains , Western and Eastern Alps  and Dinaric Mountains  . Dumont et al.  demonstrated that climate change negatively affects forage nitrogen  content by 8% but increases total non-structural carbohydrate content by 25% in European mountains. Positive impacts have been reported on mushroom productivity in the mountains of Spain  , yet negative impacts have been reported on the Ophiocordyceps in the Himalayan region , as well as on apple production in Himachal Pradesh, India, which declined by 9.4 t per hectare in the past two decades . Shifts in the richness of crop wild relatives from south to north and an increase in the numbers of threatened taxa with an increase of 1.5ºC and 3ºC temperature rise have been observed in European mountains .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report