Flexible institutions that allow for both top-down and bottom-up action can bring capacities together from across levels of government and actors within a settlement . Predominant planning and capacity-building strategies, however, lack the flexibility to address the needs of a rapidly changing environment . Efforts to adapt to new challenges may have to speed up. This is especially true in urban areas and settlements with lower levels of development and experiencing rapid urbanisation, growing inequality and exposure to multiple hazards . Even within cities that share similar characteristics, there are considerable differences in the level of investment in adaptation . There is also a danger that uncoordinated actions for climate change mitigation and adaptation may constrain future adaptation opportunities or create maladaptation . The evidence emerging since the AR5 suggests that institutional change can be accelerated by closer collaboration between the diverse actors and deployment of the diverse approaches that can deliver adaptation.
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report