urban flooding, erosion and harmful runoff . Structural approaches have limitations and require trade-offs that could be addressed with a focus on social-ecological solutions and stronger institutional coordination  . In response to high-intensity rainfall events, Mexico City invested in stormwater infrastructure, although additional benefits could have been realised if water supply needs had been incorporated . Some programmes exist to facilitate stormwater and wastewater infrastructure updating to accommodate increased precipitation across North America. The US federal Clean Water State Revolving Fund provides low-interest loans for states to upgrade infrastructure for climate change, with 42 billion USD provided since 1987 . In Canada, local governments are important leaders in managing engineered and green infrastructure decisions, incentivising property-level flood protection and ensuring service delivery . The civil engineering profession is playing an active role in facilitating an understanding of risks and prioritisation of adaptation investments in communities .The high concentration of valuable assets in cities requires mechanisms to facilitate replacement of assets including use of existing and proposed insurance mechanisms  .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report