Changes in aridity  have caused some expansion of dominant grasses  into desert shrublands. The spread of invasive Bromus tectorum may be enhanced by altered precipitation and freeze-thaw cycles  . Arid grassland has expanded  into the eastern Karoo, South Africa  . Observations from 100-year-old grazing trials demonstrate that the increase in grassiness is a product of shift in rainfall seasonality and an increase in rainfall . These changes are causing an increase in fire frequency in these seldom burnt areas . The Sahara was suggested to have expanded 10% from 1902 to 2013 , although herbaceous vegetation production has increased in general in the Sahel since the dry 1980s (Eklundh and Olsson, 2003; Anyamba and Tucker, 2005; Herrmann et al., 2005; Hutchinson et al., 2005; Olsson et al.,
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report