TS.D.2.2 Limits to adaptation have been observed for terrestrial and aquatic species and ecosystems and for some human and managed systems in specific geographies such as small island states and mountain regions . Beginning at below 1.5°C, autonomous and evolutionary adaptation responses by more terrestrial and aquatic species and ecosystems will face hard limits, resulting in species extinctions, loss of ecosystem integrity and a resulting loss of livelihoods . Examples of hard limits being exceeded include observed population losses and species extinctions and loss of whole ecosystems from certain locations . Large local population declines of wild species have already impacted human food sources and livelihoods . Soft limits are currently being experienced in particular by individuals, households, cities and settlements along the coast and by small-scale farmers . As sea levels rise and extreme events intensify, coastal communities face limits due to financial, institutional and socioeconomic constraints and a short timeline for adaptation implementation, reducing
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report