Urbanisation on an immense scale blurs the boundaries that previously defined cities and settlements . For example, peri-urban areas typically extend over multiple government jurisdictions . Adaptation actions can be difficult to plan, coordinate, implement and evaluate in these transboundary contexts . In Medellín, Colombia, a 46-mile-long green belt is being built to stop urban expansion while also protecting urban forests, providing access to green spaces, and reducing urban heat island effects . However, large-scale infrastructure projects such as this one require coordination between regional transport authorities and the different municipalities in charge of housing and public services, in addition to consulting communities on their social impact . Local and regional authorities have competing mandates, such as a competition for taxpaying residents in peri-urban, commuting zones, and different infrastructure investment logics, political drivers and constituent needs. Smaller discrete infrastructure projects that actively engage local populations may provide better opportunities to build resilience across fragmented spaces .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report