The article analyzes the transformation of the Transcarpathian region bonier cooperation into a transboundary region. It also examines the change of directions, forms and tools of the Transcarpathian interrelations with neighboring regions during the second half of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries. It is determined that the main areas of cross-bonier cooperation with the participation of Transcarpathia are such: forestry activities, tourism, transboundary ecological-economic cooperation, development of local culture and preservation of historical heritage; environment protection, mitigation and adaptation to climate change; improving the access to the regions, developing sustainable and climate friendly transport and communications networks and systems; common challenges in the field of security and protection, growth of population welfare of the border areas, activation of foreign economic relations, etc. The main organizational forms of cross-bonier cooperation include: clusters, urban agglomerations, regional networks, transport corridors, interregional industrial alliances, interregional business associations, interregional corporation, regional agreements and projects, Euroregions, etc. The article points out that the most promising direction of activation of foreign economic relations in the studied territory is the expansion of the network of cross-bonier tourist clusters in the Ukrainian-Slovak, Ukrainian-Hungarian, Ukrainian-Romanian and Ukrainian-Polish transboundary regions. One of such projects may be a tourist cluster covering the Transcarpathian region of Ukraine and the bothering areas. The main problems of further development of cross-border cooperation with the participation of Transcarpathia are identified, namely: insufficient institutional and legal support of the system of cross-bonier cooperation of Ukrainian regions; excessive centralization of foreign economic activity, restrictions that do not allow local self-government bodies to carry out the necessary volume of international economic relations; poor quality of service of the border traffic due to inconsistency of the design capacity of the international automobile check points with actual indicators and their congestion; insufficient investment climate of the bonier regions of Ukraine; ineffective use of grants; somewhat limited and poorly developed trunk-burden infrastructure, which is a major complication in trade with Ukraine, etc. Along with the economic and legal barriers of cross-bother cooperation, public barriers are important, particularly, negative historical experience, lack of entrepreneurial psychological readiness for business cooperation, mental differences, language barriers, lack of regional cross-border conscience, fear of losing identity, population expectations with regard to the practical results of cross-border cooperation is often not justified. Elimination of these barriers is a priority task, both at the state level and at the local level.
Hodia, I
TRANSFORMATION OF TRANSCARPATHIA'S FRONTIER COOPERATION INTO A TRANSFRONTIER ONE: DIRECTIONS, FORMS, AND INSTRUMENTS
Skhidnoievropeiskyi Istorychnyi Visnyk-East European Historical Bulletin