The Declaration on Protected Areas and Climate Change, presented by 18 CSA countries during the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change  Conference of the Parties 21 , highlights the fundamental role of protected areas in providing the so-called GI needed to implement climate-change mitigation and adaptation and safeguard the provision of essential ecosystem services and the livelihoods of Indigenous Peoples and local communities . Protected area in CSA are underfunded . Latin American  governments allocate just about 1% of their national environmental budgets on protected areas . This figure only covers 54% of their basic needs, resulting in insufficient management. The financing gap to achieve optimal needs for protected areas in CSA is approximately USD 700 million yr-1 . This seriously compromises the management and delivery capacity of protected areas for climate-change adaptation and preparedness for ongoing ecological transformation . Furthermore, to become a relevant mechanism for resilience, protected areas need to be managed for this purpose . About 40% of protected areas in Latin America and the Caribbean  have undertaken management effectiveness evaluations . This is hardly representative of Aichi's Target 11, although far better than the 11% global average. Collaborations with Indigenous Peoples and local communities are also an important issue to consolidate protected areas . In addition to protected areas as solutions for climate-change adaptation and mitigation, there is also a need to protect or restore ecosystems outside the protected areas, as illustrated by the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report