For example, strong dispersers are less at risk, while species with low dispersal ability, small ranges and long lifespans  are more at risk  . This is likely to favour generalist and invasive species, altering species composition, ecosystem structure and function . The ability to track suitable climates is substantially reduced by habitat fragmentation and human modifications of the landscape such as dams on rivers and urbanisation . Freshwater systems are particularly at risk of rapid warming, given their naturally fragmented distribution. Velocity of changes in surface temperature of inland standing waters globally was estimated as being 3.5 + 2.3 km per decade from 1861 to 2005. From 2006 to 2099, this is projected to increase from 8.7 + 5.5 km  to 57.0 + 17.0 km  per
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report