Rapid changes in temperature and precipitation regimes make terrestrial ecosystems highly vulnerable to climate change   . Terrestrial ecosystems dominated by exotic species  with lower landscape heterogeneity and degraded soils and that are close to settlements and roads are highly vulnerable to wildfires in comparison to forests dominated by native trees  . Changes in land use, artificial forestation, deforestation, agricultural abandonment and urbanisation have provoked a permanent degradation of old-growth forests, putting at risk the biodiversity, recreation and ecotourism  . Marine coastal ecosystems such as dunes, sandy beaches and wetlands show high deterioration, decreasing their ability to mitigate extreme events  .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report