and Bro-Jørgensen, 2016; Smith et al., 2016; Phipps et al., 2017). Species ability to disperse between areas to track shifting climates is increasingly impaired by land transformation and fencing, which also impact seasonal wildlife migrations . On land, only 0.5% of the African protected area network is connected through low-impact landscapes . Linear transport infrastructure  and fencing from proposed 'development corridors' are projected to bisect over 400 protected areas and degrade around 1800 more . Climate change could increase human-wildlife conflict as resultant resource shortages cause communities to move into protected areas for harvesting or livestock grazing, or wildlife to move out of protected areas and into contact with people . See Section 9.6.4 for the role of land and ocean protected areas in climate change adaptation.
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report