2020; Chen et al., 2021). Groundwater contributions to streamflow are highly variable in mountains but can be substantial  during low-flow periods . Groundwater may provide some resilience to loss of melt water from glacier and snow decline, but in the longer term groundwater recharge and contribution to streamflow are expected to decrease with ongoing climate change  . In some mountain regions , springs are a particularly important source of water where large populations depend on them. Observations indicate a reduction of water provision from springs in recent years in the Himalaya, caused by multiple causal factors  .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report