Terrestrial and freshwater protected areas can also serve as climate change refugia, that is, locations where suitable conditions may persist for the species into the future . In Canada, Mexico and the USA, only a fraction of the protected area is located in potential climate change refugia under a 4ºC temperature increase, estimated at 4%  to 7% . Potential refugia from biome shifts due to climate change under temperature increases of 1.8°C-3.4℃ cover <1% of the area of US national parks , a fraction that diminishes to near zero when climate change is combined with habitat fragmentation due to LUC . Protected areas in boreal ecosystems could serve as refugia for species shifting north in Canada  and Finland . Invasive species, habitat loss and other disturbances in protected areas could be lower than in unprotected areas across Europe , specifically in Spain , and also in Sri Lanka . Protected areas conserve refugia from climate change under a temperature increase of 4ºC, which is important for biodiversity conservation but is limited to <10% of the current protected area .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report