Access to private finance can support infrastructure development through private provisioning, public-private partnerships  and public debt arrangements  . Private provisioning attracts coastal adaptation investment when returns are high  . Public-private partnerships attract investments from dredging and construction companies that involve a large share of operational costs . Public debt instruments appear less successful in supporting investment in adaptation infrastructure. Real estate firms focus on adaptation actions if they perceive climate change impacts such as flooding may impact their activity, mostly focusing on adaptation action as a means to gain competitive advantage .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report