Since AR5, research has highlighted the implications for disruption to global supply chains , and has made advancements in quantifying costs of climate risks to transportation infrastructure. Climate risks to transport infrastructure  in Europe could rise from €0.5 billion to over €10 billion by the 2080s . Across the Arctic, nearly four million people and 70% of all current infrastructure, including resource extraction and transportation routes, will be at risk by 2050 , although the design of specific infrastructure may also affect the degree of infrastructure damage, depending on local geological and ecological conditions. Globally, Koks et al.  calculated that approximately 7.5% of road and railway assets are exposed to a 1-in-100 year flood events, and total global expected annual damages  of USD 3.1-22 billion  due to direct damage from cyclone winds, surface and river flooding, and coastal flooding. The majority of this is caused by surface water and fluvial flooding . Although twice as much infrastructure is exposed to cyclone winds compared with flooding, a mean EAD of USD 0.5 billion is significantly less than for coastal flooding , as cyclone damages are largely limited to bridge damage and the cost of removing trees fallen on road carriageways and railway tracks. This is small relative to global gross domestic product . However, in some countries EAD equates to 0.5-1% of GDP, which is the same order of magnitude as typical national transport infrastructure budgets, but especially significant for countries such as Fiji that already spend 30% of their government budget on transport . Koks et al.  did not assess future climate change impacts, but comparable studies calculating changes in EAD from flooding based upon land use show increases of 170-1370%, depending on global greenhouse gas emissions levels . Moreover, Schweikert et al.,  report that climate risks to transport infrastructure could cost as much as 5% of annual road infrastructure budgets by 2100, with disproportionate impacts in some low and lower middle-income countries.
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report