However, compared to temperate regions, risks of adaptation shortfalls- that is climate change impacts even after adaptation-are generally greater for current agricultural conditions across much of Africa  . The overall adaptation potential to offset yield losses across Africa for rice, maize and wheat reduces with increasing global warming. On average, in projections including adaptation options, yield losses, in the median case, are reduced from -33% to -10% of 2005 levels at 2℃ of global warming and from -46% to -23% at 4°C, but estimates vary widely . Across Africa, the risks of no available genetic varieties of maize for growing season adaptation are higher for east Africa and southern Africa than for central or west Africa . To keep pace with expected rates of climate change, crop breeding, development and adoption must accelerate to meet the challenge . Regional modelling has shown very little efficacy for late sowing, intensification of seeding density and fertilizers, water harvesting and other measures for cereals in west Africa at 2ºC of global warming . Historical climate change adaptation by crop migration has been shown in some cases  but poses risks to biodiversity and water resources, and this option may be limited for maize in Africa by suitable climate shifting completely across national borders and available land at the edges of the continent . More research is required to evaluate the potential effectiveness and limits of adaptation options in African agriculture under future climate change .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report