Common indicators for the quality of the rain season for local communities in Africa include flower and fruit production of local trees , insect, bird and animal behaviour and occurrence  and dry season temperatures . Fulani herders in west Africa believe that when 'nests hang high on trees, then rains will be heavy; when nests hang low, rains will be scarce' . In South Africa, LK on weather forecasting is based on the hatching of insects, locust swarm movements and the arrival of migratory birds, which has enabled farmers to make adjustments to cropping practices . Most of these IK indicators apply to specific communities, and are used for short-term forecasting  . There is evidence of communities that rely heavily on IKLK indicators to forecast seasonal variability across the continent . However, their accuracy is debatable, due to age-old knowledge losing accuracy because of recent changes in weather conditions . There are also some limitations in the transferability of IK across geographical scales, as its understanding is framed by traditional beliefs and cultural practices, and historical and social conditions of each community, which vary significantly across communities. This has direct implications for the adoption of IKLK in national policy and planned adaptation by governments. However, in some parts of Africa, evidence of the integration of IKLK and scientific-based weather forecasting is increasing .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report