Mangroves, seagrasses and coral reefs support nursery habitats for fish, sequester carbon, trap sediment and provide shoreline protection . Climate change is compromising these ecosystem services . Marine heatwaves associated with ENSO events have triggered mass coral bleaching and mortality over the past 20 years . Mass coral bleaching in the western Indian Ocean occurred in 1998, 2005, 2010 and 2015/2016 with coral cover just 30-40% of 1998 levels by 2016 . The northern Mozambique Channel has served as a refuge from climate change and biological reservoir for the entire coastal east African region . A southern shift of mangrove species has been observed in south Africa  with loss in total suitable coastal habitats for mangroves and shifts in the distribution of some species of mangroves and a gain for others . Mangrove cover was reduced 48% in Mozambique in 2000 from Tropical Cyclone Eline, with 100% mortality of seaward mangroves dominated by Rhizophora mucronata . Recovery of mangrove species was observed 14 years later in sheltered sites. There is low confidence these cyclone-induced impacts are attributable to climate change owing, in part, to a lack of reliable long-term data sets . In west Africa, oil and gas extraction, deforestation, canalisation and de-silting of waterways have been the largest factors in mangrove destruction .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report