In some cases, transformational adaptation is associated with large-scale, top-down, formal decision processes leading to significant policy shifts. For coastal cities, this might include actions to build massive flood protection systems   or policies to encourage managed retreat from increasing at risk locations . In more extreme instances, the relocation of cities is presented as a possibility, such as planned for the city of Jakarta . However, acceptability of top-down approaches to relocation are usually low, and bottom-up drivers of relocation are important, especially to avoid inequitable outcomes . Intensity of extreme events and changing risk perceptions and expectations of property prices have been identified as important behavioural drivers of voluntary relocation . Yet, when not supported by equitable public adaptation policies, the transformational adaptation left to the influence of autonomous adaptation and market institutions alone leads to climate gentrification low-income households are priced out from the hazard-free zones .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report