Since the 1960s, gross capital formation  has been less than 22% in Africa, whilst in East Asian countries, it has risen to 42% . Africa faces an estimated 40% infrastructure financing gap, but this gap is almost certainly higher in the continent's rapidly growing cities . Relative poverty, weak or absent local fiscal systems, and contested tenure that prevents land being used as collateral, have restricted investment in African cities . Sub-Saharan African countries are reaching the 40% urban threshold at national per capita incomes of around USD 1000 per annum, significantly poorer than South-East Asian and Latin American cities at the same level of urbanisation . Absolute poverty, in conjunction with weak revenue collection and low levels of investment, render conventional infrastructure finance difficult . Sprawled urban development in Africa might make the provision of public services both more energy intensive and three times more expensive than high-density developments .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report