In the Southern Ocean, southward range shifts are expected to result from increased warming coupled with the narrow thermal tolerance of cold-adapted Antarctic species . Such shifts have so far only been detected for Antarctic krill , with a poleward contraction of the highest densities of krill in the Atlantic sector  ; . Ocean warming is expected to put pressure on Antarctic phytoplankton  and fish species unable to move further south in shelf areas, including waters off sub-Antarctic islands   . Off the Antarctic Peninsula and sub-Antarctic islands, invasive benthic invertebrates and macroalgae have already been detected  , and projected changes will further favour the spread of invasive species . On a local to regional scale, the benthic recolonisation of the newly exposed seabed after the disintegration of ice shelves shows typical succession patterns, with mass occurrences of few pioneer species
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report