Although a growing body of adaptation initiatives exists for CSA, evidence on their effectiveness is scarce. In many parts of CSA the level of success of adaptation measures depends largely on the governance of projects and stakeholder-based processes and is closely related to their effectiveness, efficiency, social equity and sociopolitical legitimacy  . Several PES experiences across CSA have been described as successful measures for watershed conservation and adaptation . An example of success is the Quito water fund in Ecuador, which aims to improve the city's water quality by integrating public and private stakeholder interests with ecosystem conservation and local community development since the 2000s  . At the same time, in Moyobamba in Peru, the development of a watershed protection programme was leveraged by a multi-stakeholder platform process that enabled deep social learning . In turn, initiatives that do not consider the entire set of social-ecological dimensions and dynamics of adaptation or unintentionally increase vulnerabilities of human or natural systems are at risk of leading to reduced outcomes  or maladaptation . However, systematic assessments of maladaptation in the water sector have barely been provided for CSA.
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report