Historically, hunting and the collection of eggs and guano were the main threats, but three aspects of climate change now predominate. Firstly, an eastward shift of several hundred kilometres in the distributions of their main prey species, anchovies and sardines, has reduced food availability . While adult penguins typically forage up to 400 km from their colonies, they are restricted to a ~20- km radius from their colonies during breeding months . The resulting food shortage at this critical time is compounded by competition with commercial fisheries and environmental fluctuations . This has impacted adults' survival and their ability to raise high-quality offspring .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report