Mustonen, 2021). Phytoplankton communities harbour increasing numbers of taxa, including harmful species  and the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi, which meanwhile forms regular blooms in the Barents Sea . Northward shifts of pelagic, benthic and demersal species and subsequent changes in Arctic community composition have been observed in the Bering, Greenland and Barents Seas , as have higher numbers of economically important boreal species such as haddock and Pacific and Atlantic cod . Cold-adapted Arctic fish species such as polar cod  are expected to decline further and lose spawning habitats at GWL >1.5°C, mainly due to a lack of phenotypic plasticity, as well as increasing interspecific competition with and predation from invading boreal species . Numerous mammals and sea birds respond to changes in the distribution of their preferred habitats and prey by shifting their range, altering the timing or pathways for migration or switching prey  . Ice-breeding seals  often have little scope to shift distribution, leading to increases in strandings and pup mortality in years with little ice cover   . Recent studies confirm that polar bears  are negatively affected by changing ice and snow conditions with decreases in denning, foraging, reproduction, genetic diversity and survival rates   .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report