Smallholder farmers' responses tend to address short-term shocks or stresses by deploying coping responses , rather than longer- term sustainable adaptations . This is partly due to institutional barriers  and resource requirements that are unaffordable to smallholder farmers . There is a need for policies that strengthen natural, financial, human and social capitals, the latter being key to household and community resilience, especially where government services may be limited . There is evidence that collective action, local organisations and climate information are associated with higher food security, and that institutional interventions are needed to ensure scaling up of adaptations .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report