Wright et al.  calculated that strengthening bridges in the USA would cost USD 140-250 billion by 2090 , but costs are reduced by 30% if interventions are made proactively. Koks et al.  calculate a benefit-cost ratio of greater than one for over 60% of the world's roads exposed to flooding. The greatest benefits from adaptation of the global road network are in LMICs where reductions in flood risk are typically between 40% and 80%. Pregnolato et al.  showed that in the city of Newcastle upon Tyne , two carefully targeted interventions at key locations to
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report