changes in circulation strength of the Indian summer monsoon since 2002 have led to a substantial reduction of dust in the Thar Desert and surrounding region, showing agreement with findings from the Sahel and the West African Monsoon . A decreasing trend in the number and intensity of SDS in spring  in East Asia has also responded to higher precipitation and soil moisture, related to a decrease in the intensity of the polar vortex, favouring higher vegetation cover during the period studied . Global climate change, transboundary movement of aeolian material by atmospheric flows from Central Asia, dynamics of the Caspian Sea regime, erosion, salinisation and the loss of land as a result of the placement of industrial facilities have expanded the land area prone to desertification in Russia. Desertification has been observed to some extent in 27 sub-regions of the Russian Federation on territory of more than 100 million hectares . Eastern and south-eastern regions of Kalmykia, Russia, serve as dust sources, while dust and sand masses from areas of the Black Land sometimes move far beyond to parts of Rostov, Astrakhan, Volgograd and Stavropol regions. Agricultural land in these areas can become covered with dust and sand 10 cm or more thick, with negative impacts on yields . High dust day frequency is also occurring in the High Latitude Dust  source areas not reported in Figure CCP3.2, such as in Iceland, Patagonia, Canada, Alaska and, based on in situ measurements, in Antarctica . Active HLD sources cover at least 500,000 km2 and produce at least 5% of global dust budget . HLD has negative impacts on the cryosphere via albedo changes and snow/ice melting .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report