Particularly habitat loss in shallow coastal waters and at the coasts themselves, and northward distribution shifts of populations and communities, are evident across all European marine sub-regions  . Marine heatwaves have had severe ecological impacts in SEUS  , threatening sessile benthic biotas and coastal habitats . Range contractions, extirpations   and species redistributions have been observed  in TEUS  and SEUS . Habitat losses, range shifts, species invasions and species thermal preferences have altered community compositions , resulting in the 'subtropicalisation' of TEUS and 'tropicalisation' of SEUS (Chapter
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report