Landscape- and larger-scale shifts in ecosystem structure and function  are occurring in non- equilibrium ecosystems  in response to changing disturbance regime, climate and rising CO2  Woody plant encroachment has been occurring in multiple ecosystems, including subtropical and tropical fire driven grassland and savanna systems, upland grassland systems, arid grasslands and shrublands , leading to large-scale biodiversity changes, albedo changes, and impacts on water delivery, grazing services and human livelihoods . Expansion of grasses  into xeric shrublands is occurring, causing increasing fire prevalence in previous fire-free vegetation . In tropical forests, repeated droughts and recurrence of large-scale anthropogenic fires increase forest degradation, loss of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning  . Accelerated growth rates and mortality of tropical trees is also adversely affecting tropical ecosystem functioning . Projected changes in ecosystem functioning, such as via wildfire , tree mortality  and woody encroachment under climate change  would alter hydrological processes, with adverse implications for water yields and water supplies .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report