Reconstructions of past storm surges and modelling studies assessing storm surge risk similarly highlighted high variations of risk along island coasts, due to variations in exposure, topography and bathymetry . For example, the storm surge caused by TC Oli  on the high volcanic island of Tubuai, French Polynesia, ranged from a few centimetres to 2.5 m, depending on coast exposure . Investigating the contribution of reef characteristics to variations in wave-driven flooding on Roi-Namur Island, Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands, Quataert et al.  found that the coasts fronted by narrow reefs with steep fore reef slopes and smoother reef flats are the most flood-prone. Modelling studies assessing storm surge risk in Fiji  and Samoa  confirmed the influence of coast exposure and water depth on risk distribution. In Apia, Samoa, Hoeke et al.  found 'differences in extreme sea levels in the order of 1 m at spatial scales of less than 1 km' and estimated  that a '1 m SLR relative to constant topography increases wave energy reaching the shore by up to 200% during storm surges.' These studies reaffirmed the main control exerted by SLR on ESL events and associated storm surges compared to ENSO . In Hawaii and the Caribbean, SLR is projected to exponentially increase flooding, with nearly every centimetre of SLR causing a doubling of the probability of
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report