Co-occurring environmental drivers often cause complex organismal responses  . Individual drivers can have detrimental, neutral or beneficial effects, depending on the relationship between driver and physiological process . Multiple drivers can have interactive effects, where the response to one driver alters the sensitivity to another, and outcomes cannot be deduced from individual drivers' effects . Impacts of multiple drivers can be additive, synergistic or antagonistic . Well-controlled laboratory studies on multiple- driver effects have revealed insights into the mode of action of individual drivers and their interdependence . Understanding the outcomes of interactive drivers is important for robustly assessing risks to organisms under different climate-change scenarios.
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report