- The net effects of ongoing climate change with treeline advance and vegetation change on ecosystem carbon exchange, or possible effects on mountain hydrology, remain unresolved in the literature. - Uncertainties remain regarding the effects of ecosystem-level carbon storage, given that above-ground biomass is higher in forests than in alpine vegetation and  trees may change soil carbon fluxes, for instance by introducing new soil organisms, thereby increasing soil carbon flux . - The short- and long-term effects of combined warming and changed species cover on mountain soils are complex and insufficiently quantified . :unselected: :unselected: :unselected:
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report