Biodiversity hotspots are expected to be especially vulnerable to climate change because their endemic species have smaller geographic ranges  . Manes et al.  reviewed over 8000 projections of climate change impacts on biodiversity in 232 studies, including 6116 projections on endemic, native and introduced species in terrestrial , freshwater  and marine  environments in biodiversity hotspots. Only half of the hotspots had studies on climate change impacts. All measures of biodiversity were found to be negatively impacted by projected climate change, namely, species abundance, diversity, area, physiology and fisheries catch potential . However, introduced species' responses were neutral to positive . Land areas were projected to be more negatively affected by climate warming than marine. Land plants, insects, birds, reptiles and mammals were all projected to be negatively affected , as well as fish, coral reef, benthic, planktonic and other marine species .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report