Land deals raise important social justice questions  . Specific impacts of land deals vary according to their purpose, location, actors, land use history and procedural aspects. However, multi-case analyses identify severe adverse impacts . LSLAs are a significant driver of tropical forest loss , increasing emissions through deforestation  and industrialisation of agriculture . LSLAs entail large water appropriations , affecting local populations' access to water and food security . By increasing exported crops, and limiting local populations' access to land, LSLAs produce food security risks . Negative livelihoods impacts arise through enclosure of assets, elite capture , crowding out of small farmers  and reducing local populations' access to commons . Indigenous People are affected, facing high levels of violence in land acquisition conflicts . The social burdens of land deals tend to be gendered .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report