Co-production promotes iterative dialogue, experimentation, the tailoring of knowledge to context, needs and priorities, and learning, often promoting integration of Indigenous knowledge, local knowledge and practitioner knowledge with scientific knowledge . It generally entails long-lasting ties and fully inclusive partnerships between different parties . Governance measures and adequate financing can act as enablers of such co-production. This integration is most extensive, and promotes a wider consideration of alternatives where governance arrangements promote ongoing exchanges of information and discussion of solutions, whether through formal mechanisms such as regional committees  or informal mechanisms such as personal networks and local discussion groups . Where such arrangements are absent, practitioner knowledge is side-lined from the formulation and implementation of decisions .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report