In north Africa, in the upper White Nile basin, Olaka et al.  project a 25% and 5-10%  increase in the intensification of future annual rainfall in the eastern and western parts of the Lake Victoria Basin, respectively, with corresponding variability in future river discharge ranging from 5% to 26%. In the upper Blue Nile basin, models also indicate up to 15% increase in runoffs in wet season and up to -24% decrease in dry season during 2021-2040  . The increase of precipitation in the wet season indicates a higher possibility of flash floods, while decreased runoffs in dry season further intensify existing shortage of irrigation water demand (Ayele et al., 2016; Siam
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report