SDMs or niche-based models assess potential geographic areas of suitable climate for the species in current conditions and then project them into future conditions . There are limitations in all models and it is critical that modellers understand the assumptions, proper parameterization and limitations of each model technique, including differences between climate models, emission scenarios or RCPs and baselines . Several systems automate the development of SDMs, including R-packages , and other model types  and aid in the use of climate model data , including allowing for connectivity constraints . Buisson et al.  found most variation in model outputs stems from differences in design, followed by general circulation models .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report