C&S by the sea are thus on the frontline of action to adapt to climate change, mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and chart CRD pathways for several distinct reasons. First, home to a concentrated  portion of the world's population, many coastal C&S are simultaneously exposed and vulnerable to climate-compounded hazards as well as being centres of creativity and innovation . Second, people in C&S by the sea rely on coastal ecosystems, many of which are highly sensitive to climate change impacts that compound non-climatic risks and increase the precarity of coastal livelihoods . Third, coastal C&S are linked together through a network of ports and harbours that underpin global trade and exchange, but which are prone to climate change impacts, especially SLR, with significant implications for global CRD prospects . For these reasons, this paper assesses responses, enabling conditions and lessons learned for addressing climate change in C&S by the sea.
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report