Among numerous risks to terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems from climate change, this chapter identified five phenomena as the most fundamental risks of climate change to ecosystem integrity and the ecosystem services that support human well-being that are also quantified sufficiently to estimate risk thresholds with at least medium confidence : Biodiversity loss , ecosystem structure change, increased tree mortality, increased wildfire, and ecosystem carbon losses and . These key risks form part of the overall assessment of key risks in Chapter 16. The AR5 chapter on terrestrial ecosystems  had also identified three of these key risks-species extinctions, tree mortality and ecosystem carbon losses-and a fourth-invasion by non-native species. This chapter assesses, in multiple sections, the impacts of climate change on invasive species with respect to different processes or systems , and includes this aspect here in a new broader key risk of ecosystem structure change. The AR5 included wildfire as a mechanism of the key risk of ecosystem carbon loss. Based on additional research and field experience with major wildfires since then, this chapter sets wildfire apart as a specific key risk to ecosystem integrity and human well-being. These different
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report