evidence, low agreement) . Collective trademarks  and participatory guarantee systems  are examples of innovative institutional strategies to strengthen local and regional food systems. In the urban context, the city region food system  approach is motivated by reducing dependence on international trade and associated instability and to facilitate local decision making . CRFS includes a network within a regional landscape around one urban centre and surrounding peri-urban and rural regions . UPA is promoted as an effective strategy to adapt to climate change in different contexts . To cope with the effects of climate change, strengthening regional food systems is becoming an explicit part of urban and regional policy, being tested in many different cities worldwide . Strengthening both local and regional food systems has to be balanced against limitations and trade-offs, since modelling exercises of regionalisation scenarios show urban agriculture cannot achieve food security in areas with rapid population growth . Furthermore, international trade can compensate in cases where the regional system fails due to extreme events or other related climate shocks .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report