Physical coastal management infrastructure has significant benefits in reducing flood and erosion losses and damage from storms. Physical infrastructure includes seawalls, dikes, breakwaters, revetments, groynes and tidal barriers. Adapted infrastructure can alter risks in morphologically connected areas, and lead to increased residual risk by encouraging more construction in the coastal zone . The infrastructure is highly cost effective for large settlements, but not always for small settlements  and can be inaccessible to poorer communities .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report