Public-private partnerships are increasingly relevant for collaborative development of urban adaptation . Partnerships can deliver infrastructure, coordinate policy and support learning. The main limitation of partnerships is scale, as partnership action is usually limited to discrete projects or objectives. Partnerships tend to be linked to reactive  adaptation projects and the deviation of objectives away from adaptation concerns . Partnerships can support capacity building in public and private organisations and facilitate networking efforts that extend beyond the private sector to communities and NGOs . Public actors can benefit from the private sector's innovation and implementation capacity, and businesses can de-risk investments. Still, partnerships can also strengthen the ideologies of growth and managerialism within the operations of the local government . Reconciling divergent norms and routines within public and private organisations remains one of the challenges to establishing successful public-private partnerships for adaptation . Administrative and political culture influences the nature of interactions between public and private sector actors in urban adaptation agendas , with negative consequences such as the imposition of vertical chains of commands on horizontal collaborations, and the need to formalise contractual relations .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report