The high vulnerability of terrestrial biodiversity on islands to global change can be explained by a number of limitations, characteristic of both islands and insular species. Older, isolated islands tend to have fewer species and lower functional redundancy but a higher proportion of endemism . Many of these islands contain species with inherently high sensitivity to environmental change  . Unlike continental environments, insular species often have limited opportunities for autonomous adaptation from not having enough geographic space to shift their ranges to track suitable climatic conditions  . Local extinction risks are amplified by even small losses of habitat due to global change including human- induced disturbances, extreme events, sea level rise  and invasive species.
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report