Loss and damage (L & D) from climate change result from past and current greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Current definitions of L & D exclude GHG emissions even though they represent L & D to human beings and the environment. This study's objective was to identify and quantify the L & D from GHG emissions associated with land developments using the state of Florida (FL) in the United States of America (USA) as a case study. All land developments in FL caused various L & D (20,249.6 km(2), midpoint 3.0 x 10(11) of total soil carbon (TSC) losses with midpoint $50.3B (where B = billion = 10(9), USD) in social costs of carbon dioxide emissions, SC-CO2), while new land developments (1703.7 km(2)) in the period from 2001 to 2016 caused a complete loss of midpoint 2.8 x 10(10) kg of TSC resulting in midpoint $4.5B SC-CO2. These emissions are currently not accounted for in FL's total carbon footprint (CF). Climate-change-related damages in FL include permanent losses (e.g., land losses), with 47 out of 67 FL's counties potentially affected by the projected sea-level rise and repairable damages (e.g., destruction from hurricanes). Based on the fixed social cost of carbon (C), there appears to be a disconnect between the value attributed to soil-based emissions and the actual market-driven losses from climate-change-associated costs. The social cost of C could be scaled based on the vulnerability of a particular community and the market-based cost of L & D mitigation. Programs for compensation on the international level should be carefully designed to help people who have suffered climate-related L & D, without creating reverse climate change adaptation (RCCA), where compensation causes people to remain in areas that are vulnerable to climate-related L & D.
Mikhailova, EA; Lin, LL; Hao, ZB; Zurqani, HA; Post, CJ; Schlautman, MA; Post, GC; Shepherd, GB; Kolarik, SJ
Enhancing the Definitions of Climate-Change Loss and Damage Based on Land Conversion in Florida, USA
Urban Science