Climate change has transformed Arctic marine ecosystems from sea ice- associated to open-water production regimes, with profound impacts on trophic energy transfer efficiencies and pathways   as well as benthic-pelagic coupling  . Shifts in bloom phenology favour small phytoplankton and smaller zooplankton over large lipid-rich macro-zooplankton, leading to longer, less efficient food chains  . In the Beaufort Sea and Svalbard waters, earlier spring phytoplankton blooms have resulted in a mismatch in dynamics between microalgae and herbivorous copepods . In the Bering Sea, zooplankton declines following the particularly pronounced sea ice retreats in 2017 and 2018 were associated with reduced forage fish production  as well as multi-trophic
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report