A range of adaptation options to coastal flooding exists, and adaptation is possible in many European regions if started on time . Continuing a protection pathway is cost-effective in urbanised regions for this century , but there is high agreement that it comes with residual risk if coastal defences fail during a storm. This residual risk can be reduced through early warning and evacuations, insurance and accommodate measures . Soft limits to protection have been identified under high GWL, in particular due to the rate of change and delayed impacts of long-term SLR  . Ecosystem-based solutions, such as wetlands, can reduce waves' propagation, provide co-benefits for the environment and climate mitigation, and reduce costs for flood defences  . At higher GWL, ecosystems are projected to experience reduced effectiveness due to temperature increases and an increased rate of SLR combined with a lack of sediment and human pressures . Retention and diversion can be effective for compound flooding or for estuaries with a limited storm surge duration, but there is a lack of knowledge on their effectiveness .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report