Land tenure arrangements strongly shape urban dwellers' vulnerability and their adaptive capacities . For example, in Khulna , Roy et al.  found significant differences between the adaptive strategies of homeowners and renters in low-income settlements, a finding echoed in Bangalore   and Phnom Penh  . In Riyadh , land-based adaptation strategies include land zoning to control population and building density, demarcating environmental protection zones, and sub-urbanisation . In many Asian cities, land subsidence control can serve as an adaptation strategy since it is estimated to significantly reduce relative SLR . This has an important implication in that subsidence control would be a good and complementary measure to climate mitigation and climate adaptation in many coastal urban settings in Asia . Urban land-use planning, if used proactively, can incentivise adaptation-mitigation synergies and obviate unintended negative consequences of urbanisation as Xu et al.  have shown in Xiamen.
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report