In several regions of CSA, water scarcity is a serious challenge to local livelihoods and economic activities. Regions that are  dry, partly with large populations and increasing water demand, exhibit particularly significant water stress. These include the Dry Corridor in CA, coastal areas of Peru  and northern Chile , the Bolivian- Peruvian Altiplano , the Dry Andes of Central Chile , Western Argentina and Chaco in northwestern Paraguay  and Sertão in northeastern Brazil   . In NWS and SWS, downstream areas are increasingly affected by decreasing and unreliable river runoff due to rapid glacier shrinkage  . Many regions in CSA rely heavily on hydroelectric energy, and as a result of rising energy demand, hydropower capacity is constantly being extended . Worldwide, SA features the second-fastest growth rate, with about 5.2 GW additional annual capacity installed in 2019 . This development requires additional water storage options, which entail the construction of large dams and reservoirs with important social-ecological implications. River fragmentation and corresponding loss of habitat connectivity due to dam constructions have been described for, for example, the NSA, SAM, NES and SES  , with important implications for freshwater biota, such as fish migration  . Furthermore, examples in, for instance, NWS  and SWS  showcase unresolved water-related conflicts between local villagers, peasant communities, hydropower operators and governmental institutions in a context of distrust and lack of water governance .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report