In 2009, deforestation, agricultural expansion, overgrazing and urbanisation exposed one-third of the global protected area  to intense human pressure, a 6% increase from 1993 . The exposure to observed climate change has not yet been quantified for protected areas globally, but research has analysed the spatial patterns and magnitudes of observed changes for the 360,000 km2 system of US national parks  including the first national park in the world. From 1895 to 2010, mean annual temperature of the US national park area increased at a rate of 1ºC + 0.2ºC per century, double the rate of the whole USA, and precipitation decreased in 12% of the national park area, compared with 4% for the whole USA, due to a high fraction of US national park area being in the Arctic, at high elevations, and in the arid southwestern USA . In addition, analyses of weather-station measurements in and near six South African national parks found that the maximum temperature increased at a rate of 0.024°C + 0.003°℃ yr1 from 1960 to 2010 . While a substantial fraction of global protected area has been exposed to observed changes in human land cover, the global exposure to observed climate change is unquantified.
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report