Output-driven institutional change is shaped by organisational products such as strategies, plans, policies and evaluative metrics  . There are numerous examples of institutional change through planning outcomes. For example, Manizales, Colombia has included climate adaptation into long-established environmental policy  and a local environmental action plan , which follows on from a long coherent trajectory of climate change policy . A significant number of North American cities have integrated adaptation into long-range plans, while fewer cities integrate adaptation in sustainable development plans or sectoral plans . Canadian cities are more likely to have a plan specifically focused on adaptation rather than having adaptation integrated into municipal long-range planning . In the European Union, adaptation plans depended on national climate legislation or, in fewer cases, the influence of an international climate network . A comparative report from the Covenant of Mayors, however, suggests that the adaptation pillar needs development to demonstrate the effectiveness of adaptation responses and their integration with mitigation goals . Municipalities in Sweden have been called 'pre-reactive' because adequate strategic guidelines are in place to frame the accessibility, aesthetics and adaptability of waterfront developments (Storbjörk and
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report