Drought, heat and frost in recent decades have shown the vulnerability of Australian field crops and horticulture to climate change  as recognised by policymakers  . Northern Australia's agricultural output losses are on average 19% each year due to drought . In southern Australia, the frequency of frost has been relatively unchanged since the 1980s . Drier winters have increased the irrigation requirement for wine grapes , while smoke from the 2019/20 fires, which occurred early in the season, caused significant taint damage . In New Zealand, reduced winter chill has a compounded impact on the kiwifruit industry, resulting in early harvest and increased energy demand for refrigeration and port access problems  .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report