Crop yields respond to weather variations but also to increasing atmospheric CO2, changes in management , diseases and pests. However, the weather signal is clearly detectable in national and subnational annual yield statistics in main production regions . Over the last decades, crop yields have increased nearly everywhere mainly due to technological progress ; Butler et al., 2018 ; Hoffman et al., 2018 ; Agnolucci and De Lipsis, 2019 ), with only minor areas not experiencing improvements in maize, wheat, rice and soy yields. However, meanwhile, stagnation or decline in yields is also observed in parts of the harvested areas   . Evidence on the contribution of climate change to recent trends is still limited . Current global-scale process-based simulations forced by simulated historical and pre-industrial climate lack an evaluation to what degree simulations reproduce observed yields . Global-scale empirical approaches do not explicitly account for extreme weather events but growing season average temperatures and precipitation . In addition, studies are constrained by only fragmented information about changes in agricultural management such as growing season adjustments. Some of these limitations have been overcome in regional studies indicating a
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report