iii) Development as participation : Bottom-up responses emphasising sustainable livelihoods and local-level development emerged in the 1980s. The movement, which involved independent and uncoordinated efforts by grassroots activists, social movements and non-governmental organisations , became 'mainstreamed' into development in the 1990s . The multi-dimensional nature of poverty was acknowledged at the global policy level  and there was wider acceptance of the role of non-economics social sciences as well as critical approaches in research on development and poverty . Participatory development involved decentralisation and local planning, emphasising protection of local natural resources in addition to improving living standards.
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report