In order to add realism and reliability to risk assessments at the species and community levels, non-modelling approaches, based on known biological traits or processes as well as on expert opinion , are used to temper model outputs with ground-based validation. Trait-based assessment approaches use species' biological characteristics as predictors of sensitivity, adaptive capacity and extinction risk due to climate change. Climate exposure can be estimated using GIS-based modelling, statistical programs or expert judgment . These trait-based approaches are widely applied to predict responses of biodiversity to climate change because they do not require modelling expertise or detailed distibutional data . Most of these methods have
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report