The analysis of vulnerability assessment results of the INFORM Risk Index and WorldRiskIndex4 at the level of countries coupled with population data confirms a high agreement on most vulnerable countries. It also shows that global hotspots of human vulnerability are not just single countries, but often emerge within regional clusters, particularly in Africa, but also in Asia and Central America . These regional clusters  are characterised by high levels of vulnerability in terms of socioeconomic, demographic, environmental and governance conditions that make people more likely to face adverse consequences once a climate hazard occurs. The internal and external validation of these index systems shows its statistical validity and robustness . It also confirms a quantitative relationship between most vulnerable regions and fatalities and severely affected people due to climate- influenced hazards . The vulnerability map in Figure 8.5 shows the vulnerability level  linked to national scale and provides additional information about the population density within these countries. The background map does not show specific vulnerable populations within countries. Selected examples of sub-national human vulnerabilities have been added as additional information in terms of case studies based on information from other chapters within this report .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report