expenditure drop in coastal protection in Spain after the financial crisis in 2008 . Governments can shift the financial burden to beneficiaries of adaptation, as suggested, for example, for coastal protection and riverine flooding . There is also an increase in financial mechanisms to accelerate private adaptation actions, including adaptation loans, subsidies, direct investments and novel public-private arrangements. For example, the European Investment Bank created a finance facility to support European regions through loans to implement adaptation projects .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report