Observed climate changes in Africa  have led to changes in river flow and runoff  and high fluctuations in lake levels  . Shallow lakes respond dramatically to hydrological changes, for example, Lake Chilwa has dried up completely nine times in the last century , while Lake Chad shrunk by 90% between 1963 and 2000 . However, recent analyses indicate that Lake Chad's water levels have been stable since 2000 due to infilling from groundwater resources . Other factors such as deforestation and increased water use in upstream tributaries also contribute to lake shrinking . Water levels in Kenya's mostly shallow rift lakes have been rising since 2010, with some exceeding historical record high levels . The recent 10-year rising trend is partly attributed to increased rainfall and changing land uses . Changes in water level fluctuations of 13 African lakes have been positively correlated with primary and overall production , and will have important consequences for freshwater ecosystems and related ecosystem goods and services . Other effects of observed climate changes in Africa include higher episodic groundwater recharge, particularly in drylands, from heavy rainfall events that are in some cases related to ENSO and the IOD , reduced soil moisture, more frequent and intense floods, more persistent and frequent droughts  and the steady decline and projected disappearance by 2040 of African tropical glaciers .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report