International and market forces, particularly commodity markets and, increasingly, large-scale land acquisitions are also key underlying drivers   . Deforestation related to commodity imports is increasing, illustrating the growing influence of global markets in deforestation dynamics . Although some of this production is consumed domestically, 29-39% of deforestation was driven by international trade, primarily from Europe, China, the Middle East and North America . While many developed countries, as well as China and India, have achieved net domestic forest gains, their consumption patterns have increased deforestation embodied in their imports to varying degrees, frequently from biodiversity hotspots . Fifty percent of the biodiversity loss associated with consumption in developed economies occurs outside their territorial boundaries . The increasing prominence of medium- and large-scale clearings of forest between 2000 and 2012, particularly in Southeast Asia and South America, suggests the growing need for policy interventions targeting industrial-scale agricultural commodity producers . However, countries have been slow to address underlying drivers such as international demand for agricultural commodities. A review of 43 countries' REDD+ readiness documents found that proposed policy interventions largely missed the agricultural drivers identified . An assessment of policy responses to rubber and coffee production highlights the challenges governments face in identifying correlations between the direct drivers and related underlying drivers, with international drivers being the most challenging to address .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report