The influence of climate change spans several variables for atoll islands with multiple, interacting forces that exacerbate impacts on freshwater ecosystems , including groundwater and freshwater resources . Analysis of groundwater resources on Roi-Namur, in the Marshall Islands, reveals that the extent of salinisation of fresh groundwater lenses varies with the scale of the overwash . Alsumaiei and Bailey  estimated an 11-36% reduction in the fresh groundwater lens volume of the small atoll islands  of the Maldives due to SLR. Small overwash events lead to saline conditions that last for up to 3 months .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report