A wide range of measures exist to adapt sustainably managed forests of the boreal and temperate zone to climate change . Evidence emerging since the last assessment report further bolstered the notion that adapting the tree species composition to more warm-tolerant and less disturbance-prone species can significantly mitigate climate change impacts  . Assisting the establishment of species in suitable habitats is one option to achieve climate-adapted tree species compositions . Furthermore, increasing the diversity of tree species within stands can have positive effects on tree growth and reduce disturbance impacts  . Some studies also suggest a positive effect of increased structural diversity, such as on forest resilience  . Managing for continuous forest cover can also help to maintain the forest microclimate and buffer tree regeneration and the forest floor community against climate change  . Reducing stocking levels, such as through thinning, has been found to effectively mitigate drought stress , yet effects vary with species and ecological context  . Also shortened rotation periods have been suggested in response to climate-induced increases in growth and disturbance . However, recent evidence suggests that these measures diminish in efficiency under climate change and can have corollary effects on other important forest functions such as carbon storage and habitat quality  . Also, measures targeting landscape structure and composition have proven effective for increasing the climate resilience of forest systems  . While an increasing number of adaptation measures exist for sustainably managed forests, many
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report