The delivery of climate change action has revealed numerous co-benefits between adaptation and mitigation, around diverse areas such as implementing NBS and delivering health and development benefits . There has been a strong interest in delivering development benefits alongside climate mitigation, thus benefiting the overall infrastructure base . Some of these co-benefits have also emerged in experiences of urban planning, pointing toward the dilemma of separating adaptation and mitigation in a context in which integration, rather than an analytical differentiation, was seen as being required to transcend work in silos . Because urban planning needs to carefully consider long time scales, the neat separation between mitigation and adaptation runs counter to integrated forms of planning that can consider scales  carefully and that are aimed to deliver the sustainable city as a whole .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report