Given the limitations of individual ecological models discussed above, model intercomparisons, such as the Fisheries and Marine Ecosystem Model Intercomparison Project  show promise in increasing the robustness of projected ecological outcomes . Model ensembles include a greater number of relevant processes and functional groups than any single model and thus capture a wider range of plausible responses. Among the global Fish-MIP models, there is high  to medium agreement  on the direction of change, but medium  to low agreement  on magnitude of change . Although model outputs are validated relative to observations to assess model skills , the Fish-MIP models under-represent some sources of uncertainty, as they often do not include parameter uncertainties and do not usually include impacts of ocean acidification, oxygen loss or evolutionary responses because there remains high uncertainty regarding the influences of these processes across functional groups. Ensemble model investigations like Fish-MIP have also identified gaps in our mechanistic understanding of ecosystems and their responses to anthropogenic forcing, leading to model improvement and more rigorous benchmarking. These investigations could inspire future targeted observational and experimental research to test the validity of model assumptions . The state of the art in such experimental research is presented in Box 3.1.
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report