Spontaneous migration, undertaken without outside assistance, has shown the potential to improve the resilience of migrants and communities , but may also lead to increased vulnerability and insecurity in some instances . Migration is not a viable strategy for everyone, but age, gender and socioeconomic status play a significant role in encouraging or inhibiting the chances of successful migration . Migration has increased vulnerability among women and female-headed households , but has also triggered gender-positive processes such as increased female school enrolment  . Remittances, that is, transfers of money from migrants to beneficiaries in sending areas, may reduce vulnerability and increase adaptive capacity to climate-induced hydrological changes  . Managed retreat refers to the planned and assisted moving of people and assets away from risk areas, such as government- or community-led resettlement . Such initiatives may reduce exposure to risk . However, they often fail to include affected populations in the process and may lead to greater impoverishment and increased vulnerability  .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report