grass-shrub vegetation. In addition, land use and management exert an influence in many mountains around the world. Suwal et al.  found that elevational shifts in Himalayan silver fir in Nepal were larger when areas were protected from management. Similarly, Lutz et al.  found faster treeline shifts in the Peruvian Andes in protected areas than that in other areas, where cattle grazing and fires are more frequent. Treeline ecotones can also change independently of climate change if land use changes .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report