economic status and level of dependence on agriculture and fisheries produce dynamic climate impacts . Climate change is impacting agricultural production in small islands through slow-onset stressors such as rising average temperatures, shifting rainfall patterns, SLR and extreme events like TCs. For example, TC Pam, a Category 5 cyclone, devastated Vanuatu in 2015 and caused losses and damages to the agriculture sector valued at USD 56.5 million  , and TC Winston in 2016 resulted in losses and damages in the agriculture sector in Fiji valued at USD 254.7 million . In 2017, total losses and damages associated with hurricane Maria  amounted to 224% of Dominica's 2016 GDP . Losses and damages in agriculture often led to people eating imported processed foods affecting their diet and nutrition . Small islands communities are also witnessing the indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on agricultural systems . However, the limited diversity of agriculture production and reduced household incomes are contributing to low diet diversity . Bell and Taylor  assessed the effects of climate change on specific sectors of agriculture in the Pacific islands region and found that, by 2090, staple food crops of taro, sweet potato and rice are expected to suffer from moderate to high impact. Among export crops, coffee is expected to sustain the most significant impact due largely to increased temperatures in the highland areas of Papua New Guinea-a high production area . Livestock is an important protein source in some small islands and is particularly vulnerable to changes in temperature through heat stress . With the concentration of island people along  coasts, there is a comparatively large dependence on nearshore marine foods and coastal agricultural systems .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report