Interventions in the morphology and built form of cities can contribute to the reduction of the urban heat island effect and reduce the consequences of urban heatwaves. These can include installing air conditioning, establishing public cooling centres , pavement watering  and increasing surface albedo through 'cool roofs'  and walls. Air conditioning can significantly increase the local urban heat island  and the choice of refrigerant has a significant impact on global warming potential . The relative efficiency of cool roofs compared with green roofs is variable, because while white roofs have similar potential to reduce the urban heat island , they can quickly turn grey due to dust and air pollution, losing their effectiveness (Gunawardena, Wells
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report