More research is also needed in understanding how ecosystem benefits are modified under changing climate conditions and how these benefits can be quantified . For example, many small islands lack comprehensive  data related to food security, which makes it challenging to attribute climate impacts on local food systems . Balzan et al.  highlight the importance of quantifying the role of biodiversity in delivering key ecosystem services and demonstrate how such data could provide insights into the interrelatedness of island ecosystems and transboundary service benefits
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report