The elevation of the average city pedestrian level and of its inner historic area are, respectively, 105 and 55 cm above the present relative mean sea level . Consequently, even small surges and compound events cause floods when they coincide with high tide . During the 20th century, RMSL rose at about 2.5 mm yr-1 due to SLR and land subsidence . The frequency of floods affecting the city has increased from once per decade in the first half of the 20th century to 40 times per decade in the period 2010-2019 .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report