in climate and related parameters can be identified and linked with adverse impacts on human populations, infrastructure and other systems . An 'impacts' approach is one in which resilience is measured in terms of actual or avoided impacts and is suited for tracking adaptation success in delivering CRD over longer timescales, for example at the national level . Finally, a 'systems' approach is one where resilience is described in terms of the characteristics of a system using quantitative or qualitative indicators which are often associated with different 'dimensions' of resilience . This allows measurement of key indicators that are proxies for resilience at regular intervals, even in the absence of significant climate hazards and associated disruptions   . Similar criteria could be applied to evaluating adaptation options and their implementation as well as various interventions in pursuit of SDGs.
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report