Adaptation efforts  have three common characteristics that facilitate implementation and success, and contribute to climate resilient development pathways . First, availability of multiple types of information  exposes the magnitude and nature of the adaptation challenge. Well-developed observation and modelling capabilities  offer insights on climate- associated risks at different time scales , and this facilitates adaptation within multiple areas  . Environmental data have supported building societal and political  will to adopt national and subnational adaptive management principles . However, incorporating IKLK at the same time provides more diverse social-environmental insight . This can help align adaptation solutions with cultural values and increase their legitimacy with Indigenous and local communities , achieving climate resilient development pathways . Second, implementation of multiple low-risk options  such as economic diversification  can provide culturally acceptable livelihood alternatives and food supplies   while also providing environmental benefits  . Third, inclusive governance that is well aligned to the systems at risk from climate change is fundamental for effective adaptation . Solutions implemented within polycentric governance systems  benefit from synergies between knowledge, action and social-ecological contexts and stimulate governance responses at appropriate spatio-temporal scales . Governance aligned with Indigenous structures and local structures supports successful outcomes that prioritise the concerns and rights of involved communities  and better leverages existing social organisation , learning processes and power dynamics .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report