In Latin America, compounding effects of climate change impacts  and armed conflict has contributed to forced migration to the point that in 2018 alone, 1.7 million people migrated due to extreme events, four times as many as the number of people leaving their homeland due to armed conflict . In South America, migration within and between countries can stem from climate extremes, primarily felt by the poorest and marginalised  populations that might not be able to adapt to the fast pace and scale of changes at the local level . In mountain regions, intersections of people's marginalisation, difficulty in access and environmental sensitivity in the context of incidence of climate extremes have combined to reduce the ability of mountain agro- pastoralists to cope with climate extremes . Mountain ecosystems are also highly susceptible to disasters and disturbances, which can lead to irreversible loss and challenge poverty reduction efforts  Some risks associated with the degradation and loss of habitats and ecosystem services associated with land use changes and commodities in many countries have compounding impacts on equity and sustainability, associated with permanent losses to the livelihoods of poor and marginalised groups, such as Indigenous Peoples and traditional communities around the world . For instance, high deforestation rates and increased forest burning in many Amazonian countries are further exposing vulnerable Indigenous Peoples and traditional populations to health problems, crop failures and shortages of freshwater supply, especially in the context of extreme droughts and non-supportive governance .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report