Biological and ecological impacts have cascading effects for marine ecosystem functioning  and biogeochemical cycling . In TEUS, increased water-column stratification  and decreasing eutrophication, result in reduced primary production   and productivity at higher trophic levels  , while in NEUS sea ice decline has resulted in primary production increase by 40-60%  . Climate-related deoxygenation impacts are small in most European waters  , expect for semi-enclosed seas such as the Baltic and Black seas . Here warming and eutrophication have altered ecosystem functioning , reduced potential fish yield and increased harmful algal blooms (Alekseev et al., 2014; Carstensen et al., 2014; Berdalet et al., 2017;
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report