Social safety nets contribute to meeting development goals  and are increasingly being reconfigured to build adaptive capacities of the most vulnerable . They include a range of policy and market-based instruments such as public works programmes and conditional or unconditional cash transfers, in-kind transfers, and insurance schemes . While there is robust evidence  that social safety nets can build adaptive capacities, reduce socioeconomic vulnerability and reduce risk linked to hazards , macroeconomic, institutional and regulatory barriers such as limited state resources, underdeveloped credit and insurance markets, and economic leakages constrain their feasibility . Social safety nets have strong co-benefits with development goals   but these positive outcomes are constrained by inadequate regional inclusiveness  or focus on rural areas overlooks urban vulnerable groups .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report