Yet, culture is often overlooked in adaptation policies and plans. For example, in the National Communications of 16 SIDS, only one country  reported adaptation actions that addressed social issues, culture and heritage . Externally driven adaptation efforts in rural small island communities that exclude community priorities, ignore or undervalue IKLK, and are based on secular Western/global worldviews  are often less successful . The World Bank Kiribati Adaptation Program , for example, builds mainly on Western knowledge and science despite consultations with the Kiribati communities . Yet, in many contexts, most land and knowledge are embedded in traditional governance and culture while adaptation plans and decisions are made elsewhere on how that land should be used and what knowledge is used  .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report