Kelp forests are in decline in mid-latitudes due to warming and associated increased herbivory  . South and southeastern , and southwestern  Australia have experienced a climate-related decline of kelp forests . West Australia  has been affected by extreme climate events characterised by the replacement of kelp and sessile invertebrates by algal turfs and warm-water fish species . Australia's Great Barrier Reef , kelp forests, seagrass meadows and mangroves , have suffered mortalities due to climate change  . Climate warming driven changes in seaweed assemblages have been reported not only in Australia, but in the marine biodiversity hotspots of Atlantic Canada, Japan, Mediterranean, New Zealand  and California  . However, while climate change is having measurable effects on kelp, the dominant effects on kelp projected to 2025 are fishing, through its effects on herbivores and predators  . Although fishing affected Atlantic cod in the Barents Sea  and Gulf of Maine  biodiversity hotspots, it was also affected by climate change, but negatively and positively, respectively .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report