ADEs are the result of the accumulation and incomplete combustion of waste materials such as ceramic artefacts and organic residues from harvesting, weeding, food processing  and other activities . ADEs are characterised by their increased fertility in relation to adjacent soils, with high contents of organic carbon   as well as inorganic nutrients, especially phosphorus  and calcium  and high carbon/nitrogen ratios  . They also exhibit a high cation exchange capacity and moisture retention, among other properties . Charcoal content is a key indicator of pre-Hispanic fire activity and sedentary occupation, which is evidence of the anthropic origin of these soils  .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report