to mortality at the lower range limit  or if mountains are not high enough to allow species to move to higher elevations. Ramirez-Villegas et al.  modelled 11,012 species of birds and vascular plants in the Andes and found large decreases by 2050 ; in the absence of dispersal, 10% of species could become extinct. Even assuming unlimited dispersal, most of the Andean endemics would become severely threatened. Other modelling studies have also projected declines in a range of communities and species, including rare endemics .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report