Approximately 1.8 billion people reside in regions classified as having low vulnerability. Global concentrations of high vulnerability are emerging in transboundary areas encompassing more than one country as a result of interlinked issues concerning health, poverty, migration, conflict, gender inequality, inequity, education, high debt, weak institutions, lack of governance capacities and infrastructure. Complex human vulnerability patterns are shaped by past developments, such as colonialism and its ongoing legacy , are worsened by compounding and cascading risks  and are socially differentiated. For example, low-income, young, poor and femaleheaded households face greater livelihood risks from climate hazards .  
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report