2018; Folkerts et al., 2020). Investment in flood protection, including building design and monitoring and forecasting, have reduced flood- related mortality over time and are cost-effective . Declining heat sensitivity, primarily reported in developed nations, has also been observed, and has been linked to air conditioning, reduced social vulnerability and improved population health . Formetta and Feyen  demonstrate declining global all-cause mortality and economic loss due to extreme weather events over the past four decades, with the greatest reductions in low-income countries, and with reductions correlated with wealth. Studies that correlate changes in mortality or economic losses with wealth indicators, to infer changes in vulnerability or exposure, lack direct empirical measures of vulnerability or exposure and are limited in their ability to assess how indirect effects of extreme events  may have changed or how changes may redistribute risk across populations.
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report