Avoidance through restricting new developments in flood prone areas is applied along the coast of WCE and SEU  and is considered a low-cost alternative to coastal defence at lower SLR. In SEU, an integrated coastal zone management  protocol has been developed which requires a setback zone of 100 m from the coast in unprotected areas. Setback zones are projected to reduce impacts considerably in urbanised regions . Planned relocation is increasingly considered as a realistic adaptation option in cases of extreme SLR , for example, UK Shoreline Management Plans . Retreat is rarely applied in Europe , though it can have greater benefit-to-cost outcomes than protection, particularly in less populated parts of Europe . Along parts of the coast in the UK , Germany  and the Netherlands (e.g.,
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report