systems and components for the corresponding sector . This assessment is consistent with and complementary to the assessment in Section 12.3. A synthesis of these impacts  indicates the following: Climate change has or will have a major impact on the observed and future decline of Andean glaciers and snow  and lead to the degradation of permafrost and destabilisation of related landscapes . Water quality is a major concern across the region, but there is limited evidence of impacts of climate change on water quality as well as on groundwater. Climate change has had a significant impact on terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems in the NWS, SES and SWS sub-regions and a medium impact in the other sub-regions, but the level of confidence varies across sub-regions. Projections indicate a strong impact of climate change on these ecosystems for the future . Many aspects and assets of ocean and coastal ecosystems  were identified as being strongly impacted by climate change, both for observed and future periods  .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report