exposure to hazards. Tangible impacts include damage, loss of life and loss of livelihoods, especially fisheries and tourism ; negative impacts on health and wellbeing, especially under extreme events ; and involuntary displacement and migration . Intangible impacts include psychological impacts due to extreme events such as heatwaves, flooding, droughts and tropical cyclones; heightened inequality in coastal archetypes with systematic gender/ ethnicity/structural vulnerabilities; and loss of things of personal or cultural value and sense of place or connection, including an existential risk of the demise of nations due to submergence . Impacts extend beyond the coastal zone, for example disruption to ports and supply chains, with major geopolitical and economic ramifications from the C&S to the global scale (very high confidence; Becker et al.,
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report