- Smallholder food producers are more vulnerable in part because of limited policy, infrastructure and institutional support, low credit access, viable markets and limited political voice in policy debates . - Smallholder producers' vulnerability may be increased by heavy reliance on one crop for income, particularly if the crop requires significant capital investments  . - For example, smallholder coffee producers in southern Mexico and Central America are more vulnerable due to a range of factors, including unstable and low coffee prices, limited institutional support for small-scale producers, low negotiation capacity and access to markets, and heavy reliance on one crop for income . Pest and disease outbreaks such as coffee leaf rust, extreme climatic events, ongoing conflict, poor governance and low viability of livelihoods increased migration and high levels of food insecurity for this group  which also varied by institutional- and farm-level responses, land size and income level . :unselected:
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report