Since AR5, there has been a growing literature about the role of urban design, creating new opportunities for both incremental and transformative adaptive responses to climate change . For example, some of these creative design approaches compliment and extend regulatory and land use planning approaches such as form-based codes and established certifications such as Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design-Neighbourhood Design   and the USA's Sustainable Sites Initiative  . Emphasis on sufficiency has also influenced urban design, for example, with the mobilisation of 'doughnut' economics that emphasise both a social foundation and an environmental ceiling, for example Amsterdam . However, such cases are rare, substantial public investment is often required  . Other approaches underscore innovation and creativity, at the essence of which are context-specific interventions that draw on a compendium of urban design principles such as indeterminacy , polyvalency and diversity, and harmony with nature . Creative interventions include the daylighting of buried streams to create climate adaptive public realms . For example, the demolition of a major expressway and the restoration of the Cheonggyecheon Stream reorganised downtown Seoul, South Korea, and significantly contributed to climate change adaptation through stormwater management and reducing the urban heat island effect . Biomimicry and ecological infrastructure are design features that governance bodies can use to reshape space and contribute to place making . For example, urban metabolism and local ecological knowledge has constituted the essence of urban design interventions on the Island of Tobago in ways that capitalise on the contiguous relationship between ecosystems  and human actions  . While lack of funding or design capacity, restrictive planning regulations, inequality and competing urban agendas can create barriers for the implementation of creative design solutions. Transition architecture movements are also driving local urban adaptation experiments and exploring ways local learning can be scaled up .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report