Many rural communities have uncritically emulated structures in urban contexts built and maintained with external finances. As a result, in many Pacific SIDS, seawalls have collapsed without additional funding available for repairs . Similar cases have been recorded along the coast of Puerto Rico  while on Indian Ocean islands , the shorelines are littered with broken seawalls and groynes . In Samoa, seawalls close to Apia need constant investments to remain viable.
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report