TS.C.1.3 Damage and degradation of ecosystems exacerbate the projected impacts of climate change on biodiversity . Space for nature is shrinking as large areas of forest are lost to deforestation , peat draining and agricultural expansion, land reclamation and protection structures in urban and coastal settlements . Currently less than 15% of the land and 8% of the ocean are under some form of protection, and enforcement of protection is often weak . Future ecosystem vulnerability will strongly depend on developments in society, including demographic and economic change . Deforestation is projected to increase the threat to terrestrial ecosystems, as is increasing the use of hard coastal protection of cities and settlements by the sea for coastal ecosystems. Coordinated and well-monitored habitat restoration, protection and management, combined with consumer pressure and incentives, can reduce non- climatic impacts and increase resilience . Adaptation and mitigation options, such as afforestation, dam construction and coastal infrastructure placements, can increase vulnerability, compete for land and water and generate risks for the integrity and functioning of ecosystems . 
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report