at risk of flooding from tropical storms . Low water levels in the Great Lakes has severely impacted US grain transport . High-intensity rain events destroyed 1000 km of roads and washed out hundreds of bridges and culverts in 2013 resulting in an estimated 6 billion CAD  in damages and recovery costs in Alberta, Canada . In 2019, the rail line from Winnipeg to Churchill Manitoba, which is the only ground transportation to the community and to Canada's only deep-water Arctic port, was reopened after being closed for over 2 years due to the cumulative effects of flooding, permafrost degradation and political challenges . In the USA, the number of heat- related train delays has increased  and, by the end of the century, may cause economic losses of 25- 45 billion USD  or 35-60 billion USD  . Sea ice reduction in the North American Arctic has led to a rapid increase in ship traffic  with cascading risks related to invasive species introduction, accident rates, black carbon emissions, underwater noise pollution for marine mammals and risks to subsistence harvesting activities in Indigenous communities .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report