The adoption and maintenance of agroforestry practices require appropriate incentives or the removal of barriers . Agroforestry adoption has been limited to date in both higher-income and lower-income countries. Several constraints need to be carefully addressed for successful scaling-up of agroforestry systems, including costs of establishment, limited short-term benefits, lack of reliable financial support to incentivise longer-term returns on investments, land tenure, knowledge of and experience with trees and the management of multiple component systems, and inadequate market access, . Kongsager  and Roupsard et al.  also highlight the need for vertical integration of measures from local to national scales to successfully address local barriers to adoption. Although there are few studies evaluating the long-term performance of agroforestry systems , the available results suggest that successful adoption of agroforestry practices depends strongly on the local
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report