Methods for monitoring vulnerability and adaptation are under- researched but have increased since AR5. Increasingly, projections move from individual crops to assessing risks across the food systems and the relative vulnerability of different systems . Adaptation options can be considered as parameters in integrated models, such as those used in ISI-MIP, while others use systematic assessments of case studies, such as the application of agent-based household models to assessments of adaptation in livestock systems . Quantitative studies are less common than qualitative assessments, and there is a need to combine modelling and qualitative approaches more effectively .
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report