The transition to very high risks is assessed to occur within a range of 2.5-4.5°C with medium confidence over the range, and low confidence assessed over a narrowed 'best estimate' range of 2.7-3.7ºC. The lower end of the range reflects the loss of an increasingly large fraction of biodiversity globally. Chapter 2 has assessed a transition from high to very high risks globally for biodiversity  completing at ~2.5℃ warming, noting widespread death of trees, damages to ecosystems, and reduced provision of ecosystem services over the temperature range 2.5-4.5℃  and, similarly, a transition from high to very high risks of ecosystem structure change  between 3℃ and 5ºC warming . A global study of 115,000 common species projects climatically determined geographic range losses of over 50% in 49% of insects, 44% of plants and 26% of vertebrates with global warming of 3.2℃, implying an associated effect on provisional and regulating ecosystem services that support human well-being, including pollination and detritivory . The risk of abrupt impacts on ecosystems as multiple species approach tolerance limits simultaneously is projected to threaten up to 15% of ecological communities with 4℃ of warming . Under a 4℃ warming scenario, models project global annual damages associated with SLR of $31,000 billion yr-1 in 2100 
IPCC
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
IPCC Report