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links: Emperor of China 1648 1623 Harvard University 1643 Utrecht (province) Christina of Sweden Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor Louis XIII of France Pope Urban VIII Americas Zeeland (province) Massachusetts Bay Colony 1620 1657 1588 France Hong Taiji 1647 1625 Stadtholder 1610 1654 1649 1665 1642 Cardinal Richelieu 1621 Holland 1624 Scotland Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor Ireland 1636 September 8 Qing Dynasty Charles I of England Gelderland 1611 1644 Overijssel Philip IV of Spain Thirty Years' War Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden Europe