Biosynthetic hono ngaohi ʻo e huʻakau ʻa e tangata Oligosaccharides-Hielscher fakaʻata tekinolosia\nKo e biosynthesis ʻo e huʻakau fakaetangata ʻoku oligosaccharides (HMOs) ʻo fakafou ʻi fermentation pe enzymatic, ko ha ngaue ia ʻoku faingataʻa pea ʻoku faʻa fakatupu tolalo. Ultrasonication ʻa e lahi ʻo e paʻanga ʻi he substrate mo e ngaahi ʻa-toʻotoʻo ans fakaʻaiʻai ʻa e tupu mo e metabolism. ʻi heʻene pehee, sonication e fermentation mo e ngaahi kemikale ʻa e piokalafi ʻo tupu ai ha ngaue lahi mo lelei ange ʻo HMOs.\nOligosaccharides Huʻakau ʻa e tangata\nKo e oligosaccharides huʻakau fakaetangata (HMOs), ʻa ia ʻoku toe ʻiloa pe ko e huʻakau ʻa e tangata ko e glycans, ko ha konga ia ʻo e kulupu oligosaccharides. Ko e ngaahi sipinga ʻiloa ʻo e HMOs kau ai ʻa e 2 ʻ-fucosyllactose (2′-ʻikai l), lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), 3 ʻ-galactosyllactose (3′-GL), mo difucosyllactose (TOTOL).\nNeongo ʻoku ʻi ai ha huʻakau ʻi he iscomposed ʻa e tangata ʻo lahi ange ia ʻi he ngaahi HMO ʻe 150 ki he fale, ka ko e 2-fucosyllactose pe (2 ʻoku ʻikai ʻasi ai e l) mo e lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) ʻoku lolotonga faʻu ʻaki ia ha tuʻunga fakakomesiale pea fakaʻaongaʻi ia ko ha hono additives ʻi he founga ʻa e valevale.\nʻoku ʻiloa e huʻakau oligosaccharides (HMOs) ʻi hono mahuʻinga ʻo e meʻakai fakatupu moʻui lelei. Ko e faʻahinga ivi makehe ʻa e huʻakau fakaetangata ko e oligosaccharides, ʻa ia ʻoku hoko ko e prebiotics, meʻa fakapipiki ki he antimicrobials, pea mo e immunomodulators ʻi he gut ʻa e valevale pea tokoni ʻaupito ki he fakalakalaka ʻo e ʻuto. ʻoku maʻu ʻa e HMOs ʻi he huʻakau ʻa e tangata; mammalian kehe milks (e.g. pulu, kosi, fanga sipi, kameli mo e ala meʻa pehe) ʻoku ʻikai ke nau maʻu ʻa e faʻahinga oligosaccharides ko ʻeni.\nKo e oligosaccharides ʻa e huʻakau ʻa e tangata ko e foʻi faiva malohi taha ia ʻi he huʻakau ʻa e tangata, ʻa ia ʻe lava ke maʻu ʻo kapau ʻe veteki pe emulsified pe ʻi he vai. ʻoku lahi taha e solids ʻoku maʻu ʻe he ngaahi Lactose mo e faʻafaʻesiti ʻi he huʻakau fakaetangata. ʻoku HMOs e kau 0.35 – ʻaunise 0.88 (9.9 – 24.9 g)/L. fakafuofua ki he 200 ʻoku ʻiloa ʻa e huʻakau mo e faʻahinga kehekehe ʻo e tangata oligosaccharides. Ko e oligosaccharide mahuʻinga ʻi he 80% ʻo e kakai fefine kotoa pe ko e 2′-fucosyllactose, ʻa ia ʻoku ʻi he huʻakau mei he faʻahinga ʻo e tangata ʻoku ne fakatahatahaʻi ʻa e 2.5 g/L.\nKoeʻuhi ʻoku ʻikai ko ha ha HMOs, ʻoku ʻikai ke nau calorically tokoni ai ki he meʻakai fakatupu moʻui lelei. Indigestible kelolii me'akai mahoa'a, ʻoku nau ngaue prebiotics pea ʻoku nau filifili fermented kinautolu ʻoku nau fie maʻua gut microflora, tautautefito ki he bifidobacteria.\nNgaahi lelei fakaemoʻui lelei ʻo e Huʻakau fakaetangata Oligosaccharides (HMOs)\npaotoloaki e fakalakalaka ʻa e fanau valevale\nʻoku mahuʻinga ki he fakalakalaka e ʻuto\nKuo fakafili ki he laukovi mo\nngaahi ola ʻo e fakapipiki-Kulu ʻi he tohitufa gastro-ngakau\npoupouʻi e founga maluʻi mei he kakai lalahi\nHe Ultrasonic Processor UIP2000hdT ʻa e ngaahi meʻa ʻe ʻave mo kamataʻi ʻaki ha ngaahi meʻa ke fetongi biosynthesized totonu molecules hange ko HMOs\nBiosynthesis ʻo e Huʻakau ʻa e tangata Oligosaccharides\nʻoku fakaʻaongaʻi e ngaahi founga ngaue mo e enzymatic/na'e kimo ai enzymatic ngaahi tekinolosia lolotonga ki he synthesis ʻo e HMOs. Ki he ngaahi meʻa HMO maʻu ʻi he meʻafua ki he ngaahi koloa lalahi, ʻoku lava ʻe he fermentation ʻo e microbial ki he ngaohiʻanga meʻa toʻotoʻo, piokalafi-kemikale synthesis, pea mo e founga kehekehe ʻo e ʻa e ʻo ENZYMATIC ai. Koeʻuhi ko e ngaahi ʻuhinga fakaʻekonomika, ʻoku lolotonga ngaue ʻaki ʻa e piokalafi synthesis ʻi he microbial e ngaahi ngaohiʻanga toʻotoʻo ʻi he founga pe ko ia ʻoku fakaʻaongaʻi ki he tuʻunga ʻo e ngaahi meʻa fakapisinisi ko e HMOs.\nFermentation ʻo HMOs fakaʻaongaʻi e ngaahi ʻene Microbial Toʻotoʻo\nKo e. kololi, ko Saccharomyces cerevisiae mo Lactococcus lactis ʻoku fakaʻaongaʻi angamaheni ia ko e ngaahi ngaohiʻanga toʻotoʻo ʻa ia ʻoku fakaʻaongaʻi ki he piokalafi ʻo e molecules totonu hange ko e HMOs. Ko e Fermentation ko ha founga biochemical ia ʻo fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e ngaahi organisms Micro ke fakaului ʻaki ha substrate totonu ki he molecules totonu. ʻoku ngaue ʻaki ʻe Microbial e ngaahi meʻa toʻotoʻo ha sugars faingofua ko substrate, ʻa ia naʻa nau ului ai ki HMOs. Koeʻuhi ko ha kiʻi sugars faingofua (hange ko lactose) ko ha substrate lahi, maʻamaʻa, ʻoku tauhi ai ʻa e totongi ʻo e founga ngaue piokalafi e synthesis.\nʻoku takiekina ʻa e tupulaki mo e vave ʻo e bioconversion ʻe he lahi hono feʻaveʻaki ʻo e ngaahi ivi (substrate) ki he microorganisms. Ko e lahi ʻo e paʻanga ʻoku hiki ko ha tefitoʻi meʻa ia ʻoku ne uesia ʻa e koloa synthesis lolotonga fermentation. ʻoku ʻiloa ʻa e Ultrasonication ke poupouʻi ʻa e fehikitaki lahi.\nLolotonga e fermentation, kuo pau ke vakaiʻi mo puleʻi maʻu pe ʻa e ngaahi tuʻunga ʻi he bioreactor kae lava ke tupu ʻa e ngaahi selo ʻi he vave taha kae lava ke maʻu ʻa e biomolecules kuo fakataumuʻa ki ai (e.g. oligosaccharides hange ko HMOs; ngaahi homouni; recombinant polotini). Mahalo, ʻoku kamata ʻa e faʻu ʻo e koloa ʻi he kamata pe ke tupu ʻa e anga fakafonua toʻotoʻo. Neongo ia, tautautefito ʻi genetically ngaahi selo kuo fakaleleiʻi hange ko engineered microorganisms ʻoku faʻa fakaʻaiʻai ia ʻamui ange ʻaki hano tanaki atu ha kemikale ki he substrate, ʻa ia upregulates hono fakahaaʻi ʻo e biomolecule kuo fakataumuʻa ki ai. ʻE lava ke mapuleʻi lelei ʻa ultrasonic bioreactors (sono-bioreactor) pea fakaʻata ʻa e ngaahi fakaʻaiʻai pau ʻo e microbes. ʻOku tupu ʻa e ola ko ʻeni ʻi ha biosynthesis vave mo maʻolunga ange.\nUltrasonic lysis mo e toʻo ʻuli: ʻe lava pe ke fakangatangata ʻa e Fermentation ʻo e HMOs faingataʻa ʻi he maʻulalo fermentation titers mo e ngaahi koloa ʻoku kei toe intracellular. ʻOku fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e ultrasonic lysis mo e toʻo ʻuli ke tukuange ʻaki intracellular naunau kimuʻa pea toki fakamaʻa mo e founga stream .\nUltrasonically Tuʻuaki Fermentation\nʻE lava ke fakavaveʻi e tupulaki ʻa e microbes hange ko Escherichia kololi, engineered E. kololi, Saccharomyces cerevisiae mo Lactococcus lactis ʻaki hano fakalahi e lahi ʻo e feʻaveʻaki paʻanga mo e holisi permeability ʻaki hono fakaʻaongaʻi e tuʻo lahi hono puleʻi ultrasonication. ʻOku fakaʻaongaʻi ʻe he ultrasonication ʻa e ngaahi malohi fakamisini ki he fermentation broth, ʻi heʻene hoko ko ha founga ngaue angavaivai mo ʻikai fakafuofuaʻi.\nCavitation: ʻOku makatuʻunga ʻa e tefitoʻi moʻoni ngaue ʻo e sonication ʻi he cavitation. Ko e ultrasonic fekumi (sonotrode) ngaahi hoa-mali ʻoku ʻikai fuʻu maʻulalo fakaʻata d. ʻOku fononga ʻa e ngaahi peau fakaʻata ʻi he huhuʻa ʻo fakatupu ha ngaahi siakale ʻoku fetongitongi (lahi)/maʻulalo (rarefaction). ʻI he compressing mo hono fusi hake ʻo e huhuʻa ʻi he ngaahi siakale fetongitongi, ʻoku hoko leva ʻa e bubbles miniti. ʻOku tupu ʻa e fanga kiʻi fuopotopoto ko ʻeni ʻi ha ngaahi siakale lahi kae ʻoua kuo nau aʻu ki ha tuʻunga he ʻikai ke nau lava ʻo maʻu ai ha toe ivi. ʻI he taimi ko ʻeni ʻo e tupulaki lahi taha, ʻoku implodes fitaʻa ʻa e fuopotopoto pea ʻoku ne ʻomi ha ngaahi tuʻunga fakatuʻutamaki fakalotofonua, ʻa ia ʻoku ʻiloa ko e cavitation. ʻI he cavitational "feituʻu vela", ʻe lava ke fakatokangaʻi ai ʻa e malohi lahi mo e mafana ʻo e ʻea differentials mo e ngaahi vakapuna tau lahi ʻo aʻu ki he 280m/Sec. ʻI he ngaahi ola cavitational ko ʻeni, ʻoku lava ke feʻaveʻaki fakaʻauliliki mo sonoporation (ʻa e perforation ʻo e ngaahi holisi toʻotoʻo mo e membranes toʻotoʻo). ʻOku tete ʻa e ivi ʻo e substrate ki he ngaahi selo kotoa ʻo e moʻui, koeʻuhi ke fafangaʻi mo tupulaki ʻa e ngaahi faʻunga toʻotoʻo lakaange hono fafangaʻi mo tupulaki pea pehe ki he lahi ʻo e ului. Ko ultrasonic bioreactors ko ha founga faingofua, ka ko ha founga lelei ʻaupito ia ke ngaue biomass ʻi ha founga ʻoku biosynthesis pe ʻe taha.\nKo e sonication ʻoku mapuleʻi lelei, ʻoku ʻiloa ia ʻi ha ngaahi founga fakatupulaki fermentation.\nʻoku hanga ʻe Sonication ʻo fakalakalaka ʻa e "ngaue ʻa e tokolahi bioprocesses kau ai ʻa e ngaahi selo ʻo e substrate ʻi hono fai ha ngaue lahi ange, fakaleleiʻi ʻa e lahi pe tupulaki ʻaki hono fakatupulaki ʻo e porosity (), pea mo maʻu ʻa e ngaahi konga ʻo e kongokonga." (Naveena et Al. 2015)\nLaukonga lahi ange fekauʻaki mo ultrasonically tokoniʻi fermentation!\nNgaahi faingamalie ʻo Ultrasonically fakalalahi Fermentation\nFakatupulaki Substrate hono Toʻo hake\nFakalahi ʻa e Porosity Toʻotoʻo\nFaingofua Retro feʻunga\nKulupu (batch) pe InIine ki he ngaue\nNaveena et Al. (2015) ne maʻu ʻe he ultrasonic intensification ha ngaahi faingamalie lahi lolotonga ʻa bioprocessing, kau ai ʻa e fakamole ʻi he ngaue ki hono fakaleleiʻi ʻo e ngaahi fili ʻoku fai, ʻa e faingofua ʻo e ngaue mo e ngaahi fie maʻu ʻa e malohi ʻoku feʻunga.\nKau ultrasonic-High Fermentation kau faiva\nʻoku fekauʻaki ʻa e Fermentation mo e moʻui microorganisms hange ko e pekitilia pe ʻisite, ʻa ia ʻoku hoko ko ha ngaahi founga toʻotoʻo. ʻi heʻene sonication ʻoku fakaʻaongaʻi ia ke ne tuʻuaki ʻa e lahi ʻo e paʻanga mo fakatupulaki e tupulaki ʻa e ului ʻa e microorganism, ʻoku mahuʻinga leva ke puleʻi e ultrasonic malohi kae lava ke fakaʻehiʻehi mei he fakaʻauha ʻo e ngaahi faʻunga toʻotoʻo.\nʻoku mataotao ʻa Hielscher Ultrasonics ʻi hono teuteuʻi, ngaohi mo tufaki ʻo e ultrasonicators ʻoku maʻolunga, ʻa ia ʻe lava pe ke mapuleʻi mo vakaiʻi ke fakapapauʻi ʻoku fermentation lelei.\nʻoku ʻikai ngata pe ʻi hono mahuʻinga ke mapuleʻi e founga ki he maʻolunga mo e lelei ange, ka ʻoku lava pe ke toutou fakahoko mo faʻu e ngaahi ola. Tautefito ki he taimi ʻoku fakaʻaiʻai ai e ngaahi founga fakaist, ʻoku mahuʻinga ke fulihi e ngaahi fakangatangata ʻi he founga toʻotoʻo, ke maʻu ha tuʻunga maʻolunga ke tokoniʻi mo taʻofi ʻaki ha konga maʻulalo. Ko ia ai, ʻoku fakanaunau ʻa e ngaahi sipinga fakaʻilekitulonika kotoa ʻo Hielscher ultrasonicators ʻaki ha polokalama ʻoku fakapotopoto, ʻa ia ʻoku ne fakaʻata koe ke ke liliu, vakaiʻi mo fakaleleiʻi ʻa e ngaahi fakangatangata sonication. Ultrasonic ʻoku mahuʻinga ʻa e fakangatangata ʻo e founga ngaue, hange ko e amplitude, mafana, malohi, sonication taimi, siakale ʻo e fatongia, mo e ngaahi ivi ki hono poupouʻi HMO ngaue ʻi he fermentation.\nʻoku ʻotometiki pe hono fakangatangata ʻo e polokalama fakakomipiuta Hielscher ultrasonicators ki he founga hono fakafekauʻaki ʻo e kaati SD. Ko e fakamatala ʻotometiki ki hono hiki ʻo e sonication, ko e fakavaʻe ia ʻo e founga ngaue standardization mo e reproducibility/repeatability, ʻa ia ʻoku fie maʻu ki he ngaahi founga ngaohi ʻo e Ngaohiʻanga koloa (GMP).\ncascatrodeTM ʻi ha ultrasonic ʻoku tafe Seinopolo\nʻOku ʻomi ʻe he Hielscher ultrasonic probes ʻo e lahi kehekehe, loloa mo e geometries, ʻa ia ʻe lava ke fakaʻaongaʻi ki he kulupu (batch) foaki pea pehe ki he hokohoko atu hono faitoʻo. ʻOku lava foki ke maʻu ʻe ultrasonic niʻihi ʻoku toe ʻiloa ko sono-bioreactors, ha faʻahinga tohi pe ʻoku ne ʻufiʻufi ʻa e ultrasonic bioprocessing mei he fanga kiʻi sipinga iiki ki he pailate mo e tuʻunga fakakomesiale kakato.\nʻoku ʻiloʻi lelei pe ko e tuʻuʻanga ʻo e sonotrode ʻo e ultrasonic ʻi he vaka te ne takiekina hono tufaki ʻo e cavitation mo e streaming-Micro ʻi he founga Lotoloto. ʻoku totonu ke fili ʻa e Sonotrode mo ultrasonic Seinopolo ʻo fakatatau ki he fakahokohoko ʻo e broth toʻotoʻo. ʻi he lolotonga ʻo e sonication ʻe lava ke fakahoko ia ʻi he kulupu (batch) ʻe taha ʻi he maʻu meʻatokoni, ki he ngaahi polokalama maʻolunga ʻoku fokotuʻu atu ke fakaʻaongaʻi maʻu pe. Ko ʻetau hu atu ʻi he ultrasonic ki he feituʻu ko ia, ʻoku maʻu ʻe he ngaahi meʻa toʻotoʻo kotoa pe ʻa e ʻilo tatau ki sonication fakapapauʻi ʻa e faitoʻo lelei taha. Hielscher Ultrasonics ʻoku ʻi ai ha ngaahi ultrasonic probes ʻe niʻihi ʻoku nau haʻu fakataha ke fakatahatahaʻi ʻa e fokotuʻutuʻu lelei taha ultrasonic bioprocessing.\nUltrasonics 'o e Hielscher – Mei he loki fakatotolo ki he pailate ki he faiva\nHielscher Ultrasonics ʻoku ne kapui e tuʻunga maʻolunga ʻo e ngaahi meʻangaue ultrasonic ʻoku fai ki ai e tokoni ultrasonic homogenisers ki he sipinga teuteu ki he sea ʻi ʻolunga mo e pailate pea mo ha ngaahi ʻiuniti ngaue malohi ʻi he ultrasonic ʻa ia ʻoku faingofua hono fakahoko fonufonu loli 'emau he houa. ʻe lava ke fakakau ngofua ʻa e Hielscher ultrasonicators ʻi hono fokotuʻu mo fakaleleiʻi ʻa e ngaahi tafaʻaki kehekehe ʻo e paʻanga, ʻa ia ʻoku kau ki ai ʻa e niʻihi kotoa pe ʻoku nau toutou fakahoko, kuo ʻosi fafangaʻi-(batches) ʻo fakafou ʻi he hulu fokotu'utu'u.\nʻoku fakaʻata ʻe he ngaahi founga kehekehe mo e ngaahi konga fakapatonu ʻa e ola lelei hono fulihi hoʻo ultrasonic ki he ngaahi fie maʻu ki hoʻo founga ngaue.\nʻoku Hielscher ʻa e ngaue ko ia ki he 24/7 ʻi he ngaue kakato mo e fatongia mamafa ʻi he ngaahi tukunga ʻoku faingataʻa, pea ʻoku fie maʻu leva ke tokangaʻi ʻa e ultrasonic processors.\nBiosynthesis hono fakaʻaongaʻi ʻo e ngaahi faʻunga toʻotoʻo\nKo e fale ngaohiʻanga microbial ko ha founga ia ʻo e bioengineering, ʻa ia ʻoku ne fakaʻaongaʻi microbial ngaahi selo ko ha feituʻu ngaohiʻanga. Fai ʻe genetically ʻenisinia microbes, ko e DNA ʻo microorganisms hange ko e pekitilia, yeasts, fungi, mammalian ngaahi selo, pe algae ʻoku liliu microbes ki he ngaahi faʻunga toʻotoʻo. ʻOku fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e ngaahi faʻunga toʻotoʻo ki he papi ului substrates ki ha molecules totonu mahuʻinga, ʻa ia ʻoku fakaʻaongaʻi e.g. ʻi he meʻakai, pharma, kemisitulii mo e penisini. ʻOku ʻi ai ha ngaahi founga kehekehe ʻo e fale ngaohiʻanga biosynthesis ʻoku fakatefito ʻi he metabolites, fakahaaʻi ʻo e heterologous biosynthetic ngaahi hala, pe ko hono fakahaaʻi ʻo e ivi.\nʻE lava ke fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e ngaahi faʻufaʻu toʻotoʻo ki ha synthesize tuʻufonua metabolites, ke fakahaaʻi heterologous biosynthetic ngaahi hala, pe fakahaaʻi polotini.\nBiosynthesis ʻo e metabolites tuʻufonua\nʻOku fakaʻuhingaʻi ʻa e metabolites fakafonua ko ha molecules totonu, ʻa ia ʻoku fakaʻaongaʻi ʻe he ngaahi selo ko ha fale ngaohiʻanga toʻotoʻo. ʻOku ʻomi ʻe he ngaahi faʻufaʻu toʻotoʻo ʻa e molecules totonu ko ʻeni intracellularly pe ko ha meʻa fakapulipuli. ʻOku fie maʻu ʻa e ngaahi meʻa ni talu mei heʻene fakafaingofuaʻi ʻa e mavahevahe mo e fakamaʻa ʻo e meʻa koʻeni kuo fakataumuʻa ki ai. Ko e ngaahi sipinga ki he metabolites tuʻufonua ko e ʻamino mo nucleic ʻesiti, antibiotics, vaitamini, enzymes, bioactive meʻa koʻeni, mo polotini faʻu mei anabolic ngaahi hala ʻo e toʻotoʻo.\nHeterologus Biosynthetic ngaahi hala\nʻI he taimi ʻoku ke feinga ai ke maʻu ha komipauni malie, ko e taha ʻo e ngaahi fili mahuʻinga taha ko e fili ko ia ke fai ha ngaue ʻi he kakai tuʻufonua, pea mo e lahi ʻo e meʻa ni, pe feʻaveʻaki ʻo e hala ki ha taha ʻiloa. Kapau ʻe lava ke liliu ʻa e ʻuluaki tokotaha ʻoku ne tokangaʻi ki ha founga fermentation lalahi, pea ʻoku ʻikai ha fakatuʻutamaki fekauʻaki mo e moʻui lelei ʻi hono fai ia (e.g., ngaohi ʻo e kona ʻaki e koloa), ʻe lava ke hoko ʻeni ko ha founga ʻoku fie maʻu (ʻo hange ko e meʻa ko ia e.g., ki he penisilini). Neongo ia, ʻi he ngaahi meʻa fakaonopooni lahi, ko e malava ko ia ke fakaʻaongaʻi ha fale ngaohiʻanga industrially ʻoku fie ngaueʻaki pea mo e fakavaʻe ʻoku fekauʻaki mo e faingataʻa ʻo hono ʻave ʻo e hala.\nFakahaaʻi ʻo e ivi\nʻE lava ke aʻusia hono fakahaaʻi ʻo e polotini ʻi he ngaahi founga homologous mo heterologous. ʻI homologous lea, ʻoku fakahaaʻi ai ha Sini ʻoku fakanatula pe ʻene ʻi ha meʻa. ʻI he lea ko ʻeni, ʻe lava ke faʻu ai ha molecule totonu maʻolunga ange. Ki he lea teʻeki fai ha lea, ʻoku ʻave leva ha Sini pau ki ha pilisone ʻi he ʻikai ke ʻi ai ʻa Sini. ʻI hono fakaʻaongaʻi ʻo e ʻenisinia toʻotoʻo mo e recombinant e tekinolosia ki he DNA, ʻoku fakahu leva ʻa e Sini ki he DNA ʻo e host koeʻuhi ke maʻu ʻe he toʻotoʻo (lahi) ha ivi he ʻikai ke fakanatula. ʻOku fakahoko ʻa e ivi ʻoku fakahaaʻi ʻi ha ngaahi kautau kehekehe mei he pekitilia, e.g. kololi mo Bacillis subtilis, yeasts, e.g., Klyuveromyces lactis, Pichia pastoris, S. cerevisiae, kiʻi ʻakau fungi, e.g. ʻOku mahuʻinga fakakomesiale ʻaupito ʻa Innummerous polotini, kau ai ʻa e ngaahi enzymes lalahi, faingataʻa piokalafi-pharmaceuticals, diagnostics mo e fekumi reagents. (FF. A.M. Teivi et Al. 2017)