Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. Surgical management of infertile women with minimal to mild endometriosis is controversial. Based on the results of a meta-analysis of two randomized trials, ablation of endometriotic lesions plus adhesiolysis to improve fertility in minimal to mild endometriosis is effective compared to diagnostic laparoscopy alone (191,192,435). One Canadian study reported that laparoscopic surgery enhanced fecundity in infertile women with minimal or mild endometriosis (191). They studied 341 infertile women, 20 to 39 years of age, with minimal or mild endometriosis. During diagnostic laparoscopy, the women were randomly assigned to undergo resection or ablation of visible endometriosis or diagnostic laparoscopy only. They found that resection or ablation of minimal and mild endometriosis increased the likelihood of pregnancy in infertile women. They were followed for 36 weeks after the laparoscopy or, for those who became pregnant during that interval, for up to 20 weeks of pregnancy. The study


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. likelihood of pregnancy in infertile women. They were followed for 36 weeks after the laparoscopy or, for those who became pregnant during that interval, for up to 20 weeks of pregnancy. The study participants were recruited among infertile women scheduled for diagnostic laparoscopy with strict eligibility criteria. The women in the study had no previous surgical treatment for endometriosis, no medical treatment for endometriosis in the previous 9 months, and no other medical or surgical treatment for infertility in the previous 3 months. They had no history of pelvic inﬂammatory disease and no severe pelvic pain precluding expectant management. The diagnosis of endometriosis required the presence of one or more typical bluish or black lesions. The stage of endometriosis was determined according to the revised American Society of Reproductive Medicine classification. Both the monthly fecundity rate and the cumulative pregnancy rate after 36 weeks were significantly higher and twice as


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. to the revised American Society of Reproductive Medicine classification. Both the monthly fecundity rate and the cumulative pregnancy rate after 36 weeks were significantly higher and twice as high after surgical excision of minimal to mild endometriosis (4.7% and 30.7%, respectively) than after diagnostic laparoscopy (2.4% and 17.7%, respectively). In the treated group, 31% of the patients became pregnant, compared with 18% in the nontreated group (p = 0.006). Limitations of this study include the lack of blinding of the patients, and the fecundity rate after surgery was below that observed in control groups from other studies (1,436).


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. In a multicenter study in Italy, a similar study design was used to compare the effect of diagnostic laparoscopy with surgical resection and ablation of visible endometriosis (on fertility parameters) in infertile women with minimal to mild endometriosis (192). Eligible patients were less than 36 years old, were trying to conceive, and had a laparoscopically confirmed diagnosis of minimal or mild endometriosis. None of the women had therapy for endometriosis or infertility. Treatment was randomly allocated during laparoscopy. There was a follow-up period of 1 year after the laparoscopy. The results of this study did not show a beneficial effect of surgery regarding fertility. During the follow-up period after laparoscopy, no statistically significant differences in conception and live birth rates were observed in the treated group (24% and 20%, respectively) or in the control group (29% and 22%, respectively). The methodological quality of the Italian study was inferior to the


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. birth rates were observed in the treated group (24% and 20%, respectively) or in the control group (29% and 22%, respectively). The methodological quality of the Italian study was inferior to the Canadian study, as reviewed before (181,191,192). First, the study was underpowered, including only 91 patients, compared to 341 patients in the Canadian study. Second, it is remarkable and unexplained that the Italian study included after randomization more patients undergoing surgical excision of endometriosis (n = 54) than patients undergoing diagnostic laparoscopy (n = 47). Third, the duration of infertility was longer in the Italian study (4 years) than in the Canadian study (32 months). Duration of infertility is an important factor inﬂuencing both monthly fecundity rate and cumulative pregnancy rates independently from other causes of infertility. The bias introduced by the long duration of infertility in couples participating in the Italian trial may have reduced the possibility to


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. rates independently from other causes of infertility. The bias introduced by the long duration of infertility in couples participating in the Italian trial may have reduced the possibility to find any significant effect of surgical treatment, especially in view of the lack of proper power calculation in the Italian study. Fourth, the Italian study did not present any data on monthly fecundity rate or cumulative pregnancy rates using life table analysis, but only published the crude live birth rate per patient, not controlled for number of cycles per patient. Fertility outcome should be measured by more controlled variables such as monthly fecundity rate and the cumulative pregnancy rates or time to pregnancy. Fifth, 41 of 91 patients in the Italian study had received GnRH analogue treatment after surgery (18 from the surgical excision group, 23 from the diagnostic laparoscopy group) (192). There was no specification for how long this medical treatment was given and how ovarian


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. treatment after surgery (18 from the surgical excision group, 23 from the diagnostic laparoscopy group) (192). There was no specification for how long this medical treatment was given and how ovarian function was affected. The lack of this information introduces another bias inﬂuencing fertility outcome. Taking into account the relative methodological weaknesses of the Italian study when compared to the Canadian study, extreme caution is needed before combining these two studies in a meta-analysis, especially because the fertility outcome data are reported so differently. It seems preferable to use the data of the better study demonstrating that surgical treatment of minimal to mild endometriosis appears to offer a small, but significant, benefit with regard to fertility outcome (1,181,191,437). The surgical removal of peritoneal endometriosis may be important to prevent progression of endometriosis. Care is needed to prevent adhesion formation that could result as a consequence of


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. The surgical removal of peritoneal endometriosis may be important to prevent progression of endometriosis. Care is needed to prevent adhesion formation that could result as a consequence of overenthusiastic excision of minimal to mild endometriosis.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. Surgery for Moderate to Severe Endometriosis When endometriosis causes mechanical distortion of the pelvis, surgery should be performed to achieve reconstruction of normal pelvic anatomy. No randomized trials or meta-analyses are available to answer the question of whether surgical excision of moderate to severe endometriosis enhances pregnancy rate (1). Most studies present only crude pregnancy rates without detailed information regarding time of follow-up and are therefore not relevant (1). Based on three studies, there seems to be a negative correlation between the stage of endometriosis and the spontaneous cumulative pregnancy rate after surgical removal of endometriosis, but statistical significance was reached in only one study (438–440).


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. Other studies reported a significant negative correlation between endometriosis stage and pregnancy rate and decreased pregnancy rates when the revised scores exceeded 15 or 70 (183,438,441). Data from different studies cannot be compared easily because of retrospective design, lack of a control group, significant variability and lack of standardization with respect to inclusion criteria, surgical procedures, extent of surgery, skill of the surgeon, variable duration of follow-up without life table analysis, postoperative hormonal suppression or medically assisted reproduction, and lack of control for other infertility-related factors such as male infertility or ovarian dysfunction. These limitations explain why management differed and was not standardized, and why the cumulative pregnancy rates 9 to 12 months after surgery for moderate to severe endometriosis vary between 24% and 30% (1,442–444).


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. Laparoscopic cystectomy for ovarian endometriomas greater than 4 cm diameter improves fertility compared with drainage and coagulation (300,303). Medically assisted reproduction—including controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with intrauterine insemination, IVF, and gamete intrafallopian transfer—may be an option for infertility treatment in addition to surgical reconstruction and expectant management (284). Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is the method of choice when distortion of the tubo-ovarian anatomy contraindicates the use of superovulation with intrauterine insemination or gamete intrafallopian transfer (284).


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. The role of ART in the treatment of endometriosis-associated infertility may be limited in large tertiary care and referral centers for surgical treatment of endometriosis (445). After conservative surgery for endometriosis, 44% conceived in vivo (44%), and 51% of those who failed to conceive in vivo did not undergo ART treatment with the cumulative rate of IVF use at 36 months of infertility at 33%. The live birth/ongoing pregnancy rate per started cycle and per patient was 10% and 20%, respectively (445). For a full discussion on the application of ART infertility, see Chapter 32. Management of Adolescents


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. The most common presenting symptom in adolescents with endometriosis is cyclic pain (1). Less commonly acyclic pain, dyspareunia, gastrointestinal symptoms, irregular menses, urinary symptoms, and vaginal discharge are described (1,446–449). Similar presenting symptoms occur in adolescent patients evaluated for pelvic pain with and without endometriosis (449,450). It is hard to predict the presence of endometriosis in adolescents with pelvic pain merely from the presenting symptoms, because similar symptoms occur in patients evaluated laparoscopically for pelvic pain with and without endometriosis (1,449,450). Laparoscopy should be considered for adolescents with chronic pelvic pain who do not respond to medical treatment (NSAIDs, OCs) because endometriosis is very common (up to 70%) under these circumstances (446,449–456). Minimal and mild endometriosis, according to the revised ASRM classification, are the most common stages of the disease in adolescents. Gynecologic surgeons should


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. these circumstances (446,449–456). Minimal and mild endometriosis, according to the revised ASRM classification, are the most common stages of the disease in adolescents. Gynecologic surgeons should pay special attention to red, clear, or white lesions, which are more prevalent in adolescents than in adults with endometriosis (1,446–458). Mild disease can be treated by laparoscopic surgical removal of implants at the time of diagnosis, followed by continuous administration of low-dose combination OCs to prevent recurrence. More advanced disease can be treated medically for 6 months, followed by continuous OCs to prevent progression of disease. Surgery is indicated if this hormonal treatment is not effective. GnRH agonists with add-back therapy can only be considered for adolescents older than 17 years of age who have completed pubertal and bone maturation, and then only if symptoms persist during other forms of hormonal suppression (1,459–461).


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. Menstrual outﬂow obstructions such as m¨ullerian anomalies may cause early development of endometriosis in adolescents. Regression of the disease was observed when surgical correction of the anomaly was accomplished (462–464). Evidence suggests that absenteeism from school and the incidence and duration of OC use for severe primary dysmenorrhea during adolescence is higher in women who later develop deeply infiltrative endometriosis than in women without deeply infiltrative endometriosis (166). Physicians treating adolescents with endometriosis should adopt a multidimensional approach, where surgery, hormonal manipulation, pain medication, mental health support, complementary and alternative therapies, and education in self-management strategies are useful components (1). Management of Postmenopausal Women


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. Despite available studies supporting standard hormone therapy for women with endometriosis and postsurgical menopause, there is still concern that estrogens may induce a recurrence of the disease and its symptoms. The evidence in the literature is insufficient to suggest depriving symptomatic patients of this treatment. In a systematic review evaluating pain and disease recurrence in women with endometriosis who used hormone therapy for postsurgical menopause, two randomized trials were included (465). In one trial, recurrence of pain in women with a conserved uterus was not significantly different in 1 of 11 women treated with continuous tibolone (2.5 mg per day), or in 4 of 10 women receiving nonstop transdermal application of 17-β estradiol (0.05 mg per day) combined with cyclic medroxyprogesterone acetate (10 mg per day) for 12 days per month (466). In the second trial, recurrence of pain was not significantly different in any of 57 patients in the no-treatment arm, or in 4 of 115


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. acetate (10 mg per day) for 12 days per month (466). In the second trial, recurrence of pain was not significantly different in any of 57 patients in the no-treatment arm, or in 4 of 115 women receiving sequential administration of estrogens and progesterone with two 22-cm patches applied weekly to produce a controlled release of 0.05 mg per day, combined with oral administration of micronized progesterone administered orally (200 mg per day) for 14 days with a 16-day interval free of treatment (5,329). In this study, the endometriosis recurrence and reoperation rate were comparable in both groups (2 of 115 of the treatment group; 0 of 57of the no-treatment group) (329).


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. Endometriosis tends to recur unless definitive surgery is performed. Pain recurs within 5 years in about one in five patients with pelvic pain treated by complete laparoscopic excision of visible endometriotic lesions (467). The endometriosis recurrence rate is about 5% to 20% per year, reaching a cumulative rate of 40% after 5 years. Medical treatment appears to have limited and inconsistent effects when used for only a few months after conservative procedures (468). Data on the benefit of prolonged drug regimens with OCs or progestogen are lacking. The current ASRM classification system has low value to predict pain recurrence and endometriosis relapse after conservative surgical treatment (469).


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. The medium-term outcome of hysterectomy for endometriosis-associated pain is satisfactory; the probability of pain persistence after hysterectomy is 15% and risk of pain worsening is 3% to 5%, with a six times higher risk of further surgery in patients with ovarian preservation as compared to concomitant bilateral ovarian removal (470). At least one ovary should be preserved in young women, especially in those who cannot or will not receive estrogen-progestin therapy (471). The risk of recurrence of endometriosis during hormonal therapy seems marginal if combined preparations or tibolone are used and estrogen-only treatments are avoided (471).


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. The rate of recurrence increases with the stage of disease, the duration of follow-up, and the occurrence of previous surgery (14,472–475). The likelihood of recurrence appears to be lower when endometriosis is located only on the right side of the pelvis than when the left side is involved (475). The risk of endometriosis recurrence is significantly correlated to the age of the patient. The younger the patient is at the moment of the diagnosis the higher the risk of recurrence. Higher recurrence rates in younger patients seem to justify a more radical treatment in this group (288). Persistence of dysmenorrheal and nonmenstrual pelvic pain after excision of endometriosis can be related to adenomyosis as defined by a thickened (>11 mm) uterine junctional zone on MRI (476). More data are needed to define the best therapeutic option in women with recurrent endometriosis, in terms of pain relief, pregnancy rate, and patient compliance (470). Prevention of Recurrence


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. Prevention of Recurrence After first-line surgery for endometriosis, women should be invited to seek conception as soon as possible. Alternatively, OC use until pregnancy is desired should be considered because several lines of evidence suggest that ovulation inhibition reduces the risk of endometriosis recurrence (477). A recurrent endometrioma developed in 26 of 250 regular users (10%; 95% CI, 7%–15%) compared with 46 of 115 never users (40%; 95% CI, 31%–50%), with a common odds ratio of 0.16 (95% CI, 0.04–0.65) (477). Medical Treatment of Recurrence


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. Medical Treatment of Recurrence In a randomized prospective clinical study, continuous treatment for 6 months with desogestrel (75 μg per day) (n = 20) versus a combined oral contraceptive (ethinyl estradiol 20 μg plus desogestrel 150 μg) resulted in a significant and comparable improvement of both pelvic pain and dysmenorrhea with breakthrough bleeding in 20% of the desogestrel-treated patients, and a significant body weight increase in 15% of the OC-treated women (478). Surgical Treatment of Recurrence The optimal surgical solution in women with recurrent symptoms after previous conservative procedures for endometriosis should be based on the desire for conception and on psychological characteristics (479). Studies on surgical management of recurrent rectovaginal endometriosis are warranted because of the peculiar technical difficulties and the high risk of complications associated with this challenging disease (479).


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. Conservative Surgery According to review papers, the long-term probability of pain recurrence after repeat conservative surgery for recurrent endometriosis varies from 20% to 40%, and a further surgical procedure will occur in 15% to 20% of the cases (470,479). These figures are probably an underestimate related to drawbacks in study design, exclusions of dropouts, and publication bias and should be considered with caution (479). No studies evaluated the association of presacral neurectomy to the surgical treatment of recurrent endometriosis among patients with recurrent disease (470). The spontaneous conception rate among women undergoing repetitive surgery for recurrent endometriosis associated with infertility is 20% (12-and 24-month cumulative pregnancy rates of 14% and 26%), whereas the overall crude pregnancy rate after a primary surgical procedure is 40% (12-and 24-month cumulative pregnancy rates of 32% and 38%) (470,479). Among infertile patients treated with repetitive


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. the overall crude pregnancy rate after a primary surgical procedure is 40% (12-and 24-month cumulative pregnancy rates of 32% and 38%) (470,479). Among infertile patients treated with repetitive surgery for recurrent endometriosis the spontaneous pregnancy rate was 19% (12-and 24-month cumulative pregnancy rates), whereas it was 34% for those untreated (12-and 24-month cumulative pregnancy rates of 25% and 30%). The probability of conception after IVF is not significantly lower after repetitive surgery (20%) when compared to primary surgery (30%) (hazard ratio [HR] 1.51; 95% CI, 0.58–3.91%) (479).


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. Hysterectomy The outcome of hysterectomy for endometriosis-associated pain at medium-term follow-up seems satisfactory. About 15% of patients had persistent symptoms and 3% to 5% experienced worsening of pain (479). Coping with Disease


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. Coping with endometriosis as a chronic disease is an important component of management. According to guidelines for the management of endometriosis, evidence from two systematic reviews suggests that high frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), acupuncture, vitamin B1, and magnesium may help to relieve dysmenorrhea (1,348,351). Whether such treatments are effective in endometriosis-associated dysmenorrhea is unknown. Many women with endometriosis report that nutritional and complementary therapies such as reﬂexology, traditional Chinese medicine, herbal treatments, and homeopathy improve pain symptoms. Although there is no evidence from randomized controlled trials to support the effectiveness of these treatments in endometriosis, they should not be ruled out if the woman feels they work in conjunction with more traditional therapies or that they could be beneficial to her overall pain management and quality of life. Patient self-help groups can provide


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. if the woman feels they work in conjunction with more traditional therapies or that they could be beneficial to her overall pain management and quality of life. Patient self-help groups can provide invaluable counseling, support, and advice. ESHRE provides a comprehensive international list of self-help groups on their web site (1).


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 1. Kennedy S, Bergqvist A, Chapron C, et al. On behalf of the ESHRE Special Interest Group for Endometriosis and Endometrium Guideline Development Group. ESHRE guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2005;20:2698–2704. www.endometriosis.org/support.html 2. Sanfilippo JS, Williams RS, Yussman MA, et al. Substance P in peritoneal ﬂuid. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;166:155–159. 3. Eskenazi B, Warner ML. Epidemiology of endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1997;24:235–258. 4. Vigan`o P, Parazzini F, Somigliana E, et al. Endometriosis: epidemiology and aetiological factors. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2004;18:177–200. 5. Haney AF. Endometriosis: pathogenesis and pathophysiology. In: Wilson EA, ed. Endometriosis. New York: AR Liss, 1987:23–51. 6.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 5. Haney AF. Endometriosis: pathogenesis and pathophysiology. In: Wilson EA, ed. Endometriosis. New York: AR Liss, 1987:23–51. 6. Koninckx PR, Meuleman C, Demeyere S, et al. Suggestive evidence that pelvic endometriosis is a progressive disease, whereas deeply infiltrating endometriosis is associated with pelvic pain. Fertil Steril 1991;55:759–765. 7. Meuleman C, Vandenabeele B, Fieuws S, et al. High prevalence of endometriosis in infertile women with normal ovulation and normospermic partners. Fertil Steril 2009;92:68–74. 8. Liu DTY, Hitchcock A. Endometriosis: its association with retrograde menstruation, dysmenorrhoea and tubal pathology. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1986;93:859–862. 9. Moen MH. Endometriosis in women at interval sterilization. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1987;66:451–454. 10. Kirshon B, Poindexter AN, Fast J. Endometriosis in multiparous women. J Reprod Med 1989;34:215–217. 11.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 10. Kirshon B, Poindexter AN, Fast J. Endometriosis in multiparous women. J Reprod Med 1989;34:215–217. 11. Mahmood TA, Templeton A. Prevalence and genesis of endometriosis. Hum Reprod 1991;6:544–549. 12. Moen MH, Muus KM. Endometriosis in pregnant and non-pregnant women at tubal sterilization. Hum Reprod 1991;6:699–702. 13. Waller KG, Lindsay P, Curtis P, et al. The prevalence of endometriosis in women with infertile partners. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1993;48:135–139. 14. Waller KG, Shaw MD. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues for the treatment of endometriosis: long term follow-up. Fertil Steril 1993;59:511–515. 15. Strathy JH, Molgaard CA, Coulam CB, et al. Endometriosis and infertility: a laparoscopic study of endometriosis among fertile and infertile women. Fertil Steril 1982;38:667–672. 16. Fakih HN, Tamura R, Kesselman A, et al. Endometriosis after tubal ligation. J Reprod Med 1985;30:939–941. 17.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 16. Fakih HN, Tamura R, Kesselman A, et al. Endometriosis after tubal ligation. J Reprod Med 1985;30:939–941. 17. Dodge ST, Pumphrey RS, Miyizawa K. Peritoneal endometriosis in women requesting reversal of sterilization. Fertil Steril 1986;45:774– 777. 18. Trimbos JB, Trimbos-Kemper GCM, Peters AAW, et al. Findings in 200 consecutive asymptomatic women having a laparoscopic sterilization. Arch Gynecol Obstet 1990;247:121–124. 19. Cornillie FJ, Oosterlynck D, Lauweryns JM, et al. Deeply infiltrating pelvic endometriosis: histology and clinical significance. Fertil Steril 1990;53:978–983. 20. McLeod BS, Retzloff MG. Epidemiology of endometriosis: an assessment of risk factors. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2010;53:389–396. 21. Hemmings R, Rivard M, Olive DL, et al. Evaluation of risk factors associated with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2004;81:1513–1521. 22.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 21. Hemmings R, Rivard M, Olive DL, et al. Evaluation of risk factors associated with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2004;81:1513–1521. 22. Chapron C, Souza C, de Ziegler D, et al. Smoking habits of 411 women with histological proven endometriosis and 567 affected women. Fertil Steril 2010;94:2353–2355. 23. Barbieri RL. Stenosis of the external cervical os: an association with endometriosis in women with chronic pelvic pain. Fertil Steril 1998;70:571–573. 24. Baldi A, Campioni M, Signorile PG. Endometriosis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, therapy and association with cancer [review]. Oncol Rep 2008;19:843–846. 25. Nezhat F, Datta MS, Hanson V, et al. The relationship of endometriosis and ovarian malignancy [review]. Fertil Steril 2008;90:1559–1570. 26. Somigliana E, Vercellini P, Vigan´oP,etal. Should endometriomas be treated before IVF-ICSI cycles? Hum Reprod Update 2006;12:57– 64. 27.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 26. Somigliana E, Vercellini P, Vigan´oP,etal. Should endometriomas be treated before IVF-ICSI cycles? Hum Reprod Update 2006;12:57– 64. 27. Somigliana E, Infantino M, Benedetti F, et al. The presence of ovarian endometriomas is associated with a reduced responsiveness to gonadotropins. Fertil Steril 2006;86:192–196. 28. Somigliana E, Vigan`o P, Parazzini F, et al. Association between endometriosis and cancer: a comprehensive review and a critical analysis of clinical and epidemiological evidence. Gynecol Oncol 2006;101:331–341. 29. Vigan`o P, Somigliana E, Parazzini F, et al. Bias versus causality: interpreting recent evidence of association between endometriosis and ovarian cancer. Fertil Steril 2007;88:588–593. 30. Sampson JA. Peritoneal endometriosis due to menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the pelvic cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;14:422–469. 31.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 30. Sampson JA. Peritoneal endometriosis due to menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the pelvic cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1927;14:422–469. 31. Ramey JW, Archer DF. Peritoneal ﬂuid: its relevance to the development of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1993;60:1–14. 32. Halme J, Becker S, Hammond MG, et al. Retrograde menstruation in healthy women and in patients with endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol 1984;64:151–154. 33. Koninckx PR, De Moor P, Brosens IA. Diagnosis of the luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome by steroid hormone assays in peritoneal ﬂuid. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1980;87:929–934. 34. Kruitwagen RFPM, Poels LG, Willemsen WNP, et al. Endometrial epithelial cells in peritoneal ﬂuid during the early follicular phase. Fertil Steril 1991;55:297–303. 35. Blumenkrantz MJ, Gallagher N, Bashore RA, et al. Retrograde menstruation in women undergoing chronic peritoneal dialysis. Obstet Gynecol 1981;57:667–670. 36.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 35. Blumenkrantz MJ, Gallagher N, Bashore RA, et al. Retrograde menstruation in women undergoing chronic peritoneal dialysis. Obstet Gynecol 1981;57:667–670. 36. Jenkins S, Olive DL, Haney AG. Endometriosis: pathogenetic implications of the anatomic distribution. Obstet Gynecol 1986;67:355–358. 37. Vercellini P, Frontino G, Pietropaolo G, et al. Deep endometriosis: definition, pathogenesis, and clinical management. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2004;11:153–161. 38. Vercellini P, Abbiati A, Vigan`o P, et al. Asymmetry in distribution of diaphragmatic endometriotic lesions: evidence in favour of the menstrual reﬂux theory. Hum Reprod 2007;22:2359–2367. 39. Scott RB, TeLinde RW, Wharton LR Jr. Further studies on experimental endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1953;66:1082–1099. 40. D’Hooghe TM, Bambra CS, Isahakia M, et al. Intrapelvic injection of menstrual endometrium causes endometriosis in baboons (Papio cynocephalus, Papio anubis). Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173:125– 134.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. D’Hooghe TM, Bambra CS, Isahakia M, et al. Intrapelvic injection of menstrual endometrium causes endometriosis in baboons (Papio cynocephalus, Papio anubis). Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173:125– 134. 41. TeLinde RW, Scott RB. Experimental endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1950;60:1147–1173. 42. Olive DL, Martin DC. Treatment of endometriosis-associated infertility with CO2 laser laparoscopy: the use of one-and two-parameter exponential models. Fertil Steril 1987;48:18–23. 43. Pinsonneault O, Goldstein DP. Obstructing malformations of the uterus and vagina. Fertil Steril 1985;44:241–247. 44. D’Hooghe TM, Bambra CS, Suleman MA, et al. Development of a model of retrograde menstruation in baboons (Papio anubis). Fertil Steril 1994:62:635–638. 45. Cramer DW, Wilson E, Stillman RJ, et al. The relation of endometriosis to menstrual characteristics, smoking and exercise. JAMA 1986;355:1904–1908. 46.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 45. Cramer DW, Wilson E, Stillman RJ, et al. The relation of endometriosis to menstrual characteristics, smoking and exercise. JAMA 1986;355:1904–1908. 46. Bokor A, Kyama CM, Vercruysse L, et al. Density of small diameter sensory nerve fibres in endometrium: a semi-invasive diagnostic test for minimal to mild endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2009;24: 3025– 3032. 47. D’Hooghe TM, Bambra CS, Xiao L, et al. The effect of menstruation and intrapelvic injection of endometrium on peritoneal ﬂuid parameters in the baboon. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:917– 925. 48. Witz CA, Cho S, Centonze VE, et al. Time series analysis of transmesothelial invasion by endometrial stromal and epithelial cells using three-dimensional confocal microscopy. Fertil Steril 2003;79:770– 778. 49. Ueki M. Histologic study of endometriosis and examination of lymphatic drainage in and from the uterus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;165:201–209. 50.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 49. Ueki M. Histologic study of endometriosis and examination of lymphatic drainage in and from the uterus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;165:201–209. 50. Dinulescu DM, Ince TA, Quade BJ, et al. Role of K-ras and Pten in the development of mouse models of endometriosis and endometrioid ovarian cancer. Nat Med 2005;11:63–70. 51. Vercellini P, Somigliana E, Vigano P, et al. “Blood on the tracks” from corpora lutea to endometriomas. BJOG 2009;116:366–371. 52. Somigliana E, Vercellini P, Gattei U, et al. Bladder endometriosis: getting closer and closer to the unifying metastatic hypothesis. Fertil Steril 2007;87:1287–1290. 53. Laufer MR, Sanfilippo J, Rose G. Adolescent endometriosis: diagnosis and treatment approaches. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2003;16:S3–S11. 54. D’Hooghe TM, Kyama CK, Mihalyi AM, et al. The baboon model for translational research in endometriosis. Reprod Sci 2009;16:152– 161. 55.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 54. D’Hooghe TM, Kyama CK, Mihalyi AM, et al. The baboon model for translational research in endometriosis. Reprod Sci 2009;16:152– 161. 55. Nisolle M, Donnez J. Peritoneal endometriosis, ovarian endometriosis, and adenomyotic nodules of the rectovaginal septum are three different entities [review]. Fertil Steril 1997;68:585–596. 56. Rock JA, Markham SM. Extra pelvic endometriosis. In: Wilson EA, ed. Endometriosis. New York: AR Liss, 1987:185–206. 57. Russo L, Woolmough E, Heatley MK. Structural and cell surface antigen expression in the rete ovarii and epoophoron differs from that in the fallopian tube and in endometriosis. Histopathology 2000;37:64–69. 58. Levander G, Normann P. The pathogenesis of endometriosis: an experimental study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1955;34:366–398. 59. Merrill JA. Endometrial induction of endometriosis across millipore filters. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1966;94:780–789. 60.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 59. Merrill JA. Endometrial induction of endometriosis across millipore filters. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1966;94:780–789. 60. Kennedy SH. Genetics of endometriosis. In: Tulandi T, Redwine D, eds. Endometriosis: advances and controversies. New York: Dekker, 2004:55–68. 61. Simpson JL, Elias S, Malinak LR, et al. Heritable aspects of endometriosis. I. Genetics studies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980;137: 327–331. 62. Moen MH, Magnus P. The familial risk of endometriosis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1993;72:560–564. 63. Treloar SA, O’Connor DT, O’Connor VM, et al. Genetic inﬂuences on endometriosis in an Australian twin sample. Fertil Steril 1999;71:701–710. 64. Hadfield RM, Mardon HJ, Barlow DH, et al. Endometriosis in monozygotic twins. Fertil Steril 1997;68:941–942. 65. Grimes DA, LeBolt SA, Grimes KR, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus and reproductive function: a case-control study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985;153:179–186. 66.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 65. Grimes DA, LeBolt SA, Grimes KR, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus and reproductive function: a case-control study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985;153:179–186. 66. Hornstein MD, Thomas PP, Sober AJ, et al. Association between endometriosis, dysplastic naevi and history of melanoma in women of reproductive age. Hum Reprod 1997;12:143–145. 67. Simpson JL, Malinak LR, Elias S, et al. HLA associations in endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984;148:395–397. 68. Moen M, Bratlie A, Moen T. Distribution of HLA-antigens among patients with endometriosis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 1984;123:25–27. 69. Maxwell C, Kilpatrick DC, Haining R, et al. No HLA-DR specificity is associated with endometriosis. Tissue Antigens 1989;34:145– 147. 70. Painter JN, Anderson CA, Nyholt DR, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies a locus at 7p15.2 associated with endometriosis. Nat Genet 2011;43:51–54. 71.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 70. Painter JN, Anderson CA, Nyholt DR, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies a locus at 7p15.2 associated with endometriosis. Nat Genet 2011;43:51–54. 71. Falconer H, D’Hooghe T, Fried G. Endometriosis and genetic polymorphisms [review]. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2007;62:616–628. 72. Tamura M, Fukaya T, Murakami T, et al. Analysis of clonality in human endometriotic cysts based on evaluation of X chromosome inactivation in archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. Lab Invest 1998;78:213–218. 73. Jiang X, Hitchcock A, Bryan E, et al. Microsatellite analysis of endometriosis reveals loss of heterozygosity at candidate ovarian tumor suppressor gene loci. Cancer Res 1996;56:3534–3539. 74. Bergqvist A, Baldetorp B, Ferno M. Flow cytometric DNA analysis in endometriotic tissue compared to normal tissue EM. Hum Reprod 1996;11:1731–1735. 75.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 74. Bergqvist A, Baldetorp B, Ferno M. Flow cytometric DNA analysis in endometriotic tissue compared to normal tissue EM. Hum Reprod 1996;11:1731–1735. 75. Gogusev J, Bouquet de Joliniere J, Telvi L, et al. Detection of DNA copy number changes in human endometriosis by comparative genomic hybridisation. Hum Genet 1999;105:444–451. 76. Shin JC, Ross HL, Elias S, et al. Detection of chromosomal aneuploidy in endometriosis by multicolor in situ hybridization. Hum Genet 1997;100:401–406. 77. Kosugi Y, Elias S, Malinak LR, et al. Increased heterogenecity of chromosome 17 aneuploidy in endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:792–797. 78. K¨orner M, Burckhardt E, Mazzucchelli L. Higher frequency of chromosomal aberrations in ovarian endometriosis compared to extragonadal endometriosis: a possible link to endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Mod Pathol 2006;19:1615–1623. 79.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 79. Goumenou AG, Arvanitis DA, Matalliotakis IM, et al. Microsatellite DNA assays reveal an allelic imbalance in p161nk4, GALT, p53, and APOA2 loci in patients with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2001;75:160–165. 80. D’Hooghe TM, Hill JA. Immunobiology of endometriosis. In: Bronson RA, Alexander NJ, Anderson DJ, et al., eds. Immunology of reproduction. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1996;322–358. 81. Dmowski WP, Steele RN, Baker GF. Deficient cellular immunity in endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981;141:377–383. 82. Oosterlynck D, Cornillie FJ, Waer M, et al. Women with endometriosis show a defect in natural killer cell activity resulting in a decreased cytotoxicity to autologous endometrium. Fertil Steril 1991;56:45–51. 83. Steele RW, Dmowski WP, Marmer DJ. Immunologic aspects of endometriosis. Am J Reprod Immunol 1984;6:33–36. 84.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 83. Steele RW, Dmowski WP, Marmer DJ. Immunologic aspects of endometriosis. Am J Reprod Immunol 1984;6:33–36. 84. Vigan`o P, Vercillini P, Di Blasio AM, et al. Deficient antiendometrium lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity in patients with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1991;56:894–899. 85. Melioli G, Semino C, Semino A, et al. Recombinant interleukin-2 corrects in vitro the immunological defect of endometriosis. Am J Reprod Immunol 1993;30:218–277. 86. D’Hooghe TM, Scheerlinck JP, Koninckx PR, et al. Antiendometrial lymphocytotoxicity and natural killer activity in baboons with endometriosis. Hum Reprod 1995;10:558–562. 87. Hill JA. Immunology and endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1992;58:262– 264. 88. Hill JA. “Killer cells” and endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1993;60:928– 929. 89. Oosterlynck DJ, Meuleman C, Waer M, et al. The natural killer activity of peritoneal ﬂuid lymphocytes is decreased in women with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1992;58:290–295. 90.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 89. Oosterlynck DJ, Meuleman C, Waer M, et al. The natural killer activity of peritoneal ﬂuid lymphocytes is decreased in women with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1992;58:290–295. 90. Iwasaki K, Makino T, Maruyama T, et al. Leukocyte subpopulations and natural killer activity in endometriosis. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud 1993;38:229–234. 91. Garzetti GG, Ciavattini A, Provinciali M, et al. Natural killer activity in endometriosis: correlation between serum estradiol levels and cytotoxicity. Obstet Gynecol 1993;81:665–668. 92. Tanaka E, Sendo F, Kawagoe S, et al. Decreased natural killer activity in women with endometriosis. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1992;34:27– 30. 93.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 92. Tanaka E, Sendo F, Kawagoe S, et al. Decreased natural killer activity in women with endometriosis. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1992;34:27– 30. 93. D’Hooghe TM, Nugent N, Cuneo S, et al. Recombinant human TNF binding protein (r-hTBP-1) inhibits the development of endometriosis in baboons: a prospective, randomized, placebo-and drug-controlled study. Accepted for oral presentation at the annual meeting of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Orlando, Florida, October 22–24, 2001. 94. Hirata J, Kikuchi Y, Imaizumi E, et al. Endometriotic tissues produce immunosuppressive factors. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1993;37:43– 47. 95. D’Hooghe TM, Bambra CS, De Jonge I, et al. A serial section study of visually normal posterior pelvic peritoneum from baboons with and without spontaneous endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1995;63:1322– 1325. 96.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 96. Zeller JM, Henig I, Radwanska E, et al. Enhancement of human monocyte and peritoneal macrophage chemiluminescence activities in women with endometriosis. Am J Reprod Immunol Microbiol 1987;13:78–82. 97. Halme J, Becker S, Haskill S. Altered maturation and function of peritoneal macrophages: possible role in pathogenesis of endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987;156:783–789. 98. Hill JA, Barbieri RL, Anderson DJ. Immunosuppressive effects of danazol in vitro. Fertil Steril 1987;48:414–418. 99. Halme J. Release of tumor necrosis factor-a by human peritoneal macrophages in vivo and in vitro. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;161:1718–1725. 100. Hill JA, Cohen J, Anderson DJ. The effects of lymphokines and monokines on human sperm fertilizing ability in the zona-free hamster egg penetration test. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;160:1154–1159. 101.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 101. Zhang R, Wild RA, Ojago JM. Effect of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on adhesion of human endometrial stromal cells to peritoneal mesothelial cells: an in vitro system. Fertil Steril 1993;59:1196–1201. 102. Sillem M, Prifti S, Monga B, et al. Integrin-mediated adhesion of uterine endometrial cells from endometriosis patients to extracellular matrix proteins is enhanced by TNF-alpha and IL-1. Eur J Obstet Gynecol 1999;87:123–127. 103. Olive DL, Montoya I, Riehl RM, et al. Macrophage-conditioned media enhance endometrial stromal cell proliferation in vitro. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;164:953–958. 104. Sharpe KL, Zimmer RL, Khan RS, et al. Proliferative and morphogenic changes induced by the coculture of rat uterine and peritoneal cells: a cell culture model for endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1992;58:1220–1229. 105.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 105. Halme J, White C, Kauma S, et al. Peritoneal macrophages from patients with endometriosis release growth factor activity in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;66:1044–1049. 106. Kauma S, Clark MR, White C, et al. Production of fibronectin by peritoneal macrophages and concentration of fibronectin in peritoneal ﬂuid from patients with or without endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol 1988;72:13–18. 107. van der Linden PJQ, de Goeij APFM, Dunselman GA, et al. Expression of integrins and E-cadherin in cells from menstrual efﬂuent, endometrium, peritoneal ﬂuid, peritoneum, and endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1994;61:85–90. 108. Sharpe-Timms KL, Keisler LW, McIntush EW, et al. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 concentrations are attenuated in peritoneal ﬂuid and sera of women with endometriosis and restored in sera by gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy. Fertil Steril 1998;69:1128–1134. 109.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 109. Kokorine I, Nisolle M, Donnez J, et al. Expression of interstitial collagenase (MMP-1) is related to the activity of human endometriotic lesions. Fertil Steril 1997;68:246–251. 110. Kitawaki J, Noguchi T, Amatsu T, et al. Expression of aromatase cytochrome P450 protein and messenger ribonucleic acid in human endometriotic and adenomyotic tissues but not in normal endometrium. Biol Reprod 1997;57:514–519. 111. Zeitoun K, Takayama K, Sasano H, et al. Deficient 17betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 expression in endometriosis: failure to metabolize 17beta-estradiol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:4474–4480. 112. Bulun SE, Zeitoun K, Takayama K, et al. Molecular basis for treating endometriosis with aromatase inhibitors. Hum Reprod Update 2000;6:413–418. 113. Agic A, Xu H, Finas D, et al. Is endometriosis associated with systemic subclinical inﬂammation? Gynecol Obstet Invest 2006;62:139– 147. 114.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 113. Agic A, Xu H, Finas D, et al. Is endometriosis associated with systemic subclinical inﬂammation? Gynecol Obstet Invest 2006;62:139– 147. 114. Kao LC, Germeyer A, Tulac S, et al. Expression profiling of endometrium from women with endometriosis reveals candidate genes for disease-based implantation failure and infertility. Endocrinology 2003;144:2870–2881. 115. Kyama CM, Mihalyi A, Simsa P, et al. Role of cytokines in the endometrial-peritoneal cross-talk and development of endometriosis [review]. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2009;1:444–454. 116. Nasu K, Yuge A, Tsuno A, et al. Involvement of resistance to apoptosis in the pathogenesis of endometriosis [review]. Histol Histopathol 2009;24:1181–1192. 117. Kyama CM, Mihalyi A, Gevaert O, et al. Evaluation of endometrial biomarkers for semi-invasive diagnosis of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2010;95:1338–1348e1–e3. 118.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 117. Kyama CM, Mihalyi A, Gevaert O, et al. Evaluation of endometrial biomarkers for semi-invasive diagnosis of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2010;95:1338–1348e1–e3. 118. Al-Jefout M, Dezarnaulds G, Cooper M, et al. Diagnosis of endometriosis by detection of nerve fibres in an endometrial biopsy: a double blind study. Hum Reprod 2009;24:3019–3024. 119. Guo SW. The link between exposure to dioxin and endometriosis: a critical reappraisal of primate data. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2004;57:157–173. 120. Eskenazi B, Mocarelli P, Warner M, et al. Seveso Women’s Health Study: a study of the effects of 2,3,7,7-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on reproductive health. Chemosphere 2000;40:1247–1253. 121. Lebel G, Dodin S, Ayotte P, et al. Organochlorine exposure and the risk of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1998;69:221–228. 122.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 121. Lebel G, Dodin S, Ayotte P, et al. Organochlorine exposure and the risk of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1998;69:221–228. 122. Simsa P, Kyama C, Mihalyi A, et al. Increased exposure to dioxin-like compounds is associated with endometriosis in a case-control study in women. Reprod Biomed Online 2010;20:681–688. 123. Igarashi T, Osuga Y, Tsutsumi O, et al. Expression of Ah receptor and dioxin-related genes in human uterine endometrium in women with or without endometriosis. Endocr J 1999;46:765–772. 124. Watanabe T, Imoto I, Losugi Y, et al. Human arylhydrocarbon receptor repressor (AHRR) gene: genomic structure and analysis of polymorphism in endometriosis. J Hum Genet 2001;46:342– 346. 125. Rier SE, Martin DC, Bowman RE, et al. Endometriosis in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) following chronic exposure to 2,3,7,8tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Fund Appl Toxicol 1993;21:433–441. 126.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. Rier SE, Martin DC, Bowman RE, et al. Endometriosis in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) following chronic exposure to 2,3,7,8tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Fund Appl Toxicol 1993;21:433–441. 126. Rier SE, Turner WE, Martin DC, et al. Serum levels of TCDD and dioxin-like chemicals in rhesus monkeys chronically exposed to dioxin: correlation of increased serum PCB levels with endometriosis. Toxicol Sci 2001;59:147–159. 127. Yang Y, Degranpre P, KharfiA, et al. Identification of macrophage migration inhibitory factor as a potent endothelial cell growth promoting agent released by ectopic human endometrial cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:4721–4727. 128. Arnold DL, Nera EA, Stapley R, et al. Prevalence of endometriosis in rhesus (Macaca mulatta) monkeys ingesting PCB (Aroclor 1254): review and evaluation. Fund Appl Toxicol 1996;31:42–55. 129.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 128. Arnold DL, Nera EA, Stapley R, et al. Prevalence of endometriosis in rhesus (Macaca mulatta) monkeys ingesting PCB (Aroclor 1254): review and evaluation. Fund Appl Toxicol 1996;31:42–55. 129. Yang JZ, Foster WG. Continuous exposure of 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin inhibits the growth of surgically induced endometriosis in the ovariectomized mouse treated with high dose estradiol. Toxicol Ind Health 1997;13:15–25 130. Yang JZ, Yagminas AL, Foster WG. Stimulating effects of 4chlorodiphenyl ether on surgically induced endometriosis in the mouse. Reprod Toxicol 1997;11:69–75. 131. Cummings AM, Metcalf JL, Birnbaum L. Promotion of endometriosis by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats and mice: time-dose dependence and species comparison. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1996;138:131–139. 132. Smith EM, Hammonds EM, Clark MK, et al. Occupational exposures and risk of female infertility. J Occup Environ Med 1997;39:138–147. 133.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 132. Smith EM, Hammonds EM, Clark MK, et al. Occupational exposures and risk of female infertility. J Occup Environ Med 1997;39:138–147. 133. Gargett CE, Masuda H. Adult stem cells in the endometrium. Mol Hum Reprod 2010;16:818–834. 134. Simon C, Guttierez A, Vidal A, et al. Outcome of patients with endometriosis in assisted reproduction: results from in vitro fertilization and oocyte donation. Hum Reprod 1994;9:725–729. 135. Du H, Taylor HS. Stem cells and reproduction. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2010;22:235–241. 136. Du H, Taylor HS. Contribution of bone marrow-derived stem cells to endometrium and endometriosis. Stem Cells 2007;25:2082–2086. 137. Jansen RPS, Russell P. Nonpigmented endometriosis: clinical, laparoscopic and pathologic definition. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986;155:1160–1163. 138. Stripling MC, Martin DC, Chatman DL, et al. Subtle appearance of pelvic endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1988;49:427–431. 139.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 138. Stripling MC, Martin DC, Chatman DL, et al. Subtle appearance of pelvic endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1988;49:427–431. 139. Martin DC, Hubert GD, Vander Zwaag R, et al. Laparoscopic appearances of peritoneal endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1989;51:63– 67. 140. Gr¨ummer R. Animal models in endometriosis research [review]. Hum Reprod Update 2006;12:641–649. 141. D’Hooghe TM, Bambra CS, Cornillie FJ, et al. Prevalence and laparoscopic appearances of endometriosis in the baboon (Papio cynocephalyus, Papio anubis). Biol Reprod 1991;45:411–416. 142. Schenken RS, Williams RF, Hodgen GD. Experimental endometriosis in primates. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1991;622:242–255. 143. DiZerega GS, Barber DL, Hodgen GD. Endometriosis: role of ovarian steroids in initiation, maintenance and suppression. Fertil Steril 1980;649–653. 144.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 143. DiZerega GS, Barber DL, Hodgen GD. Endometriosis: role of ovarian steroids in initiation, maintenance and suppression. Fertil Steril 1980;649–653. 144. Schenken RS, Asch RH, Williams RF, et al. Etiology of infertility in monkeys with endometriosis: luteinized unruptured follicles, luteal phase defects, pelvic adhesions, and spontaneous abortions. Fertil Steril 1984;41:122–130. 145. Mann DR, Collins DC, Smith MM, et al. Treatment of endometriosis in Rhesus monkeys: effectiveness of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist compared to treatment with a progestational steroid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986;63:1277–1283. 146. Da Rif CA, Parker RF, Schoeb TR. Endometriosis with bacterial peritonitis in a baboon. Lab Anim Sci 1984;34:491–493. 147. Cornillie FJ, D’Hooghe TM, Lauweryns JM, et al. Morphological characteristics of spontaneous pelvic endometriosis in the baboon (Papio anubis and Papio cynocephalus). Gynecol Obstet Invest 1992;34:225–228 148.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. D’Hooghe TM. Clinical relevance of the baboon as a model for the study of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1997;68:613–625. 149. D’Hooghe TM, Debrock S. Future directions in endometriosis research. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2003;30:221–244. 150. D’Hooghe TM, Nugent N, Cuneo S, et al. Recombinant human TNF binding protein (r-hTBP-1) inhibits the development of endometriosis in baboons: a prospective, randomized, placebo-and drug-controlled study. Biol Reprod 2006;74:131–136. 151. Falconer H, Mwenda JM, Chai DC, et al. Treatment with anti-TNF monoclonal antibody (c5N) reduces the extent of induced endometriosis in the baboon. Hum Reprod 2006;21:1856– 1862. 152. Lebovic DI, Mwenda JM, Chai DC, et al. PPAR-gamma receptor ligand induces regression of endometrial explants in baboons: a prospective, randomized, placebo-and drug-controlled study. Fertil Steril 2007;88:1108–1119. 153.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 153. Lebovic DI, Mwenda JM, Chai DC, et al. PPAR-gamma receptor ligand partially prevents the development of endometrial explants in baboons: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Endocrinology 2010;151:1846–1852. 154. Rogers PAW, D’Hooghe TM, Fazleabas AG, et al. Priorities for endometriosis research: recommendations from an international consensus workshop. Reprod Sci 2009;16:335–346. 155. Arumugam K, Lim JMH. Menstrual characteristics associated with endometriosis. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1997;104:948–950. 156. Vercellini P, De Giorgi O, Aimi G, et al. Menstrual characteristics in women with and without endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol 1997;90:264–268. 157. Signorello LB, Harlow BL, Cramer DW, et al. Epidemiologic determinants of endometriosis: a hospital-based control study. Ann Epidemiol 1997;7:267–274. 158.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 157. Signorello LB, Harlow BL, Cramer DW, et al. Epidemiologic determinants of endometriosis: a hospital-based control study. Ann Epidemiol 1997;7:267–274. 158. Mathias JR, Franklin R, Quast DC, et al. Relation of endometriosis and neuromuscular disease of the gastrointestinal tract: new insights. Fertil Steril 1998;70:81–88. 159. Ulrich U, Murano R, Skinner MA, et al. Women of reproductive age with endometriosis are not osteopenic. Fertil Steril 1998;69:821– 825. 160. Hadfield RM, Mardon H, Barlow D, et al. Delay in the diagnosis of endometriosis: a survey of women from the USA and the UK. Hum Reprod 1996;11:878–880. 161. Husby GK, Haugen RS, Moen MH. Diagnostic delay in women with pain and endometriosis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2003;82:649–653. 162. Arruda MS, Petta CA, Abras MS, et al. Time elapsed from onset of symptoms to diagnosis of endometriosis in a cohort study of Brazilian women. Hum Reprod 2003;18:756–759. 163.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 162. Arruda MS, Petta CA, Abras MS, et al. Time elapsed from onset of symptoms to diagnosis of endometriosis in a cohort study of Brazilian women. Hum Reprod 2003;18:756–759. 163. Dmowski WP, Lesniewicz R, Rana N, et al. Changing trends in the diagnosis of endometriosis: a comparative study of women with endometriosis presenting with chronic pain or infertility. Fertil Steril 1997;67:238–243. 164. Gao X, Outley J, Botteman M, et al. Economic burden of endometriosis [review]. Fertil Steril 2006;86:1561–1572. 165. Colwell HH, Mathias SD, Pasta DJ, et al. A health-related qualityof-life instrument for symptomatic patients with endometriosis: a validation study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;179:47–55. 166. Chapron C, Lafay-Pillet MC, Monceau E, et al. Questioning patients about their adolescent history can identify markers associated with deep infiltrating endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2010;95:877– 881. 167.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 167. Fauconnier A, Chapron C. Endometriosis and pelvic pain: epidemiological evidence of the relationship and implications [review]. Hum Reprod Update 2005;11:595–606. 168. Chopin N, Ballester M, Borghese B, et al. Relation between severity of dysmenorrhea and endometrioma. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2006;85:1375–1380. 169. Vercellini P, Cortesi I, Trespidi L, et al. Endometriosis and pelvic pain: relation to disease stage and localization. Fertil Steril 1996;65:299–304. 170. Chapron C, Pietin-Vialle C, Borghese B, et al. Associated ovarian endometrioma is a marker for greater severity of deeply infiltrating endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2009;92:453–457. 171. Fauconnier A, Chapron C, Dubuisson JB, et al. Relation between pain symptoms and the anatomic location of deep infiltrating endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2002;78:719–726. 172.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 171. Fauconnier A, Chapron C, Dubuisson JB, et al. Relation between pain symptoms and the anatomic location of deep infiltrating endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2002;78:719–726. 172. Stratton P, Berkley KJ. Chronic pelvic pain and endometriosis: translational evidence of the relationship and implications. Hum Reprod Update 2010;17:327–346. 173. Fedele L, Bianchi S, Bocciolone L, et al. Pain symptoms associated with endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol 1992;79:767–769. 174. Muzii L, Marano R, Pedulla S, et al. Correlation between endometriosis-associated dysmenorrhea and the presence of typical and atypical lesions. Fertil Steril 1997;68:19–22. 175. Stovall DW, Bowser LM, Archer DF, et al. Endometriosisassociated pain: evidence for an association between the stage of disease and a history of chronic pelvic pain. Fertil Steril 1997;68:13– 18. 176.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 176. Vercellini P, Fedele L, Aimi G, et al. Association between endometriosis stage, lesion type, patient characteristics and severity of pelvic pain symptoms: a multivariate analysis of over 1000 patients. Hum Reprod 2007;22:266–271. 177. Cornillie FJ, Vasquez G, Brosens IA. The response of human endometriotic implants to the anti-progesterone steroid R2323:a histologic and ultrastructural study. Pathol Res Pract 1990;180:647– 655. 178. Barlow DH, Glynn CJ. Endometriosis and pelvic pain. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol 1993;7:775–790. 179. Chapron C, Fauconnier A, Dubuisson JB, et al. Deep infiltrating endometriosis: relation between severity of dysmenorrhoea and extent of disease. Hum Reprod 2003;18:760–766. 180. Anaf V, Simon P, El Nakadi I, et al. Relationship between endometriotic foci and nerves in rectovaginal endometriotic nodules. Hum Reprod 2000;15:1744–1750. 181.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 180. Anaf V, Simon P, El Nakadi I, et al. Relationship between endometriotic foci and nerves in rectovaginal endometriotic nodules. Hum Reprod 2000;15:1744–1750. 181. D’Hooghe TM, Debrock S, Hill JA, et al. Endometriosis and sub-fertility: is the relationship resolved? Sem Reprod Med 2003;21:243– 254. 182. Benaglia L, Somigliana E, Vercellini P, et al. Endometriotic ovarian cysts negatively affect the rate of spontaneous ovulation. Hum Reprod 2009;24:2183–2186. 183. Adamson GD, Pasta DJ. Endometriosis fertility index: the new, validated endometriosis staging system. Fertil Steril 2010;94:1609– 1615. 184. Barnhart K, Dunsmoor-Su R, Coutifaris C. Effect of endometriosis on in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 2002;77:1148–1155. 185. American Fertility Society. Classification of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1979;32:633–634. 186.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 185. American Fertility Society. Classification of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1979;32:633–634. 186. D’Hooghe TM, Bambra CS, Raeymaekers BM, et al. A prospective controlled study over 2 years shows a normal monthly fertility rate (MFR) in baboons with stage I endometriosis and a decreased MFR in primates with stage II–IV disease. Fertil Steril 1994;5(Suppl):1–113. 187. Haney AF. Endometriosis-associated infertility. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol 1993;7:791–812. 188. Metzger DA, Olive DL, Stohs GF, et al. Association of endometriosis and spontaneous abortion: effect of control group selection. Fertil Steril 1986;45:18–22. 189. Vercammen E, D’Hooghe TM, Hill JA. Endometriosis and recurrent miscarriage. Semin Reprod Med 2000;18:363–368. 190. Matorras R, Rodriguez F, Gutierrez de Teran G, et al. Endometriosis and spontaneous abortion rate: a cohort study in infertile women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1998;77:101– 105. 191.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 190. Matorras R, Rodriguez F, Gutierrez de Teran G, et al. Endometriosis and spontaneous abortion rate: a cohort study in infertile women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1998;77:101– 105. 191. Marcoux S, Maheux R, B´erub´eS,etal. Laparoscopic surgery in infertile women with minimal or mild endometriosis. N Engl J Med 1997;337:217–222. 192. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio dell’ Endometriosi. Ablation of lesions or no treatment in minimal-mild endometriosis in infertile women: a randomized trial. Hum Reprod 1999;14:1332–1334. 193. Bokor A, D’Hooghe TM. Endometriosis and miscarriage: is there any association? In: Endometriosis: current management and future trends. New Delhi: Jaypee Medical Publishers, 2011:136–142. 194. Cahill DJ, Hull MGR. Pituitary-ovarian dysfunction and endometriosis. Hum Reprod Update 2000;6:56–66. 195.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 194. Cahill DJ, Hull MGR. Pituitary-ovarian dysfunction and endometriosis. Hum Reprod Update 2000;6:56–66. 195. D’Hooghe TM, Bambra CS, Raeymaekers BM, et al. Increased incidence and recurrence of recent corpus luteum without ovulation stigma (luteinized unruptured follicle-syndrome?) in baboons (Papio anubis, Papio cynocephalus) with endometriosis. J Soc Gynecol Invest 1996;3:140–144. 196. Lessey BA, Castelbaum AJ, Sawin SW, et al. Aberrant integrin expression in the endometrium of women with endometriosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:643–649. 197. Matorras R, Rodriguez F, Perez C, et al. Infertile women with and without endometriosis: a case-control study of luteal phase and other infertility conditions. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1996;75:826– 831. 198. Propst AM, Storti K, Barbieri RL. Lateral cervical displacement is associated with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1998;70:568–570. 199.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 198. Propst AM, Storti K, Barbieri RL. Lateral cervical displacement is associated with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1998;70:568–570. 199. Koninckx PR, Martin DC. Deep endometriosis: a consequence of infiltration or retraction or possibly adenomyosis externa? Fertil Steril 1992;58:924–928. 200. Koninckx PR, Oosterlynck D, D’Hooghe T, et al. Deeply infiltrating endometriosis is a disease whereas mild endometriosis could be considered a non-disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994;734:333–341. 201. Koninckx PR, Meuleman C, Oosterlynck D, et al. Diagnosis of deep endometriosis by clinical examination during menstruation and plasma CA 125 concentration. Fertil Steril 1996;65:280–287. 202. Moore J, Copley S, Morris J, et al. A systematic review of the accuracy of ultrasound in the diagnosis of endometriosis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2002;20:630–634. 203.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 202. Moore J, Copley S, Morris J, et al. A systematic review of the accuracy of ultrasound in the diagnosis of endometriosis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2002;20:630–634. 203. Guerriero S, Paoletti AM, Mais V, et al. Transvaginal ultrasonography combined with CA125 plasma levels in the diagnosis of endometrioma. Fertil Steril 1996;65:293–298. 204. Fedele L, Bianchi S, Portuese A, et al. Transrectal ultrasonography in the assessment of rectovaginal endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol 1998;91:444–448. 205. Van Holsbeke C, Van Calster B, Guerriero S, et al. Endometriomas: their ultrasound characteristics. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2010;35:730–740. 206. Kinkel K, Chapron C, Balleyguier C, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of deep endometriosis. Hum Reprod 1999;14:1080–1086. 207. McBean JH, Gibson M, Brumsted JR. The association of intrauterine filling defects on HSG with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1996;66:522–526. 208.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 207. McBean JH, Gibson M, Brumsted JR. The association of intrauterine filling defects on HSG with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1996;66:522–526. 208. Carmignani L, Vercellini P, Spinelli M, et al. Pelvic endometriosis and hydroureteronephrosis. Fertil Steril 2010;93:1741–1744. 209. Somigliana E, Vercellini P, Vigano’ P, et al. Non-invasive diagnosis of endometriosis: the goal or own goal? Hum Reprod 2010;25:1863– 1868. 210. American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Revised American Society for Reproductive Medicine classification of endometriosis. Am Soc Reprod Med 1997;5:817–821. 211. D’Hooghe TM, Mihalyi AM, Simsa P, et al. Why we need a noninvasive diagnostic test for minimal to mild endometriosis with a high sensitivity [editorial and opinion paper]. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2006;62:136–138. 212. Bast RC, Klug TL, St. John E, et al. A radio-immunoassay using a monoclonal antibody to monitor the course of epithelial ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med 1983;309:883–887. 213.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 212. Bast RC, Klug TL, St. John E, et al. A radio-immunoassay using a monoclonal antibody to monitor the course of epithelial ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med 1983;309:883–887. 213. Barbieri RL, Niloff JM, Bast RC Jr, et al. Elevated serum concentrations of CA125 in patients with advanced endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1986;45:630–634. 214. Pittaway DE, Fayez JA. The use of CA125 in the diagnosis and management of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1986;46:790–795. 215. Pittaway DE, Fayez JA. Serum CA125 levels increase during menses. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987;156:75–76. 216. Masahashi T, Matsuzawa K, Ohsawa M, et al. Serum CA125 levels in patients with endometriosis: changes in CA125 levels during menstruation. Obstet Gynecol 1988;72:328–331. 217. Takahashi K, Abu Musa A, Nagata H, et al. Serum CA125 and 17-b-estradiol in patients with external endometriosis on danazol. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1990;29:301–304.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 217. Takahashi K, Abu Musa A, Nagata H, et al. Serum CA125 and 17-b-estradiol in patients with external endometriosis on danazol. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1990;29:301–304. 218. Franssen AMHW, van der Heijden PFM, Thomas CMG, et al. On the origin and significance of serum CA125 concentrations in 97 patients with endometriosis before, during, and after buserelin acetate, nafarelin,or danazol. Fertil Steril 1992;57:974–979. 219. Moloney MD, Thornton JG, Cooper EH. Serum CA125 antigen levels and disease severity in patients with endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol 1989;73:767–769. 220. Nagamani M, Kelver ME, Smith ER. CA125 levels in monitoring therapy for endometriosis and in prediction of recurrence. Int J Fertil 1992;37:227–231. 221. Hornstein M, Thomas PP, Gleason RE, et al. Menstrual cyclicity of CA125 in patients with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1992;58:279– 283. 222.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 221. Hornstein M, Thomas PP, Gleason RE, et al. Menstrual cyclicity of CA125 in patients with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1992;58:279– 283. 222. O’Shaughnessy A, Check JH, Nowroozi K, et al. CA125 levels measured in different phases of the menstrual cycle in screening for endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol 1993;81:99–103. 223. Mol BW, Bayram N, Lijmer JG, et al. The performance of CA125 measurement in the detection of endometriosis: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 1998;70:1101–1108. 224. Pittaway DE. CA125 in women with endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1989;16:237–252. 225. Hompes PGA, Koninckx PR, Kennedy S, et al. Serum CA-125 concentrations during midfollicular phase, a clinically useful and reproducible marker in diagnosis of advanced endometriosis. Clin Chem 1996;42:1871–1874. 226. Pittaway DE, Douglas JW. Serum CA125 in women with endometriosis and chronic pain. Fertil Steril 1989;51:68–70. 227.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 226. Pittaway DE, Douglas JW. Serum CA125 in women with endometriosis and chronic pain. Fertil Steril 1989;51:68–70. 227. Pittaway DE. The use of serial CA125 concentrations to monitor endometriosis in infertile women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;163: 1032–1037. 228. Kauppila A, Telimaa S, Ronnberg L, et al. Placebo-controlled study on serum concentrations of CA125 before and after treatment with danazol or high-dose medroxyprogesterone acetate alone or after surgery. Fertil Steril 1988;49:37–41. 229. Dawood MY, Khan-Dawood FS, Wilson L Jr. Peritoneal ﬂuid prostaglandins and prostanoids in women with endometriosis, chronic pelvic inﬂammatory disease, and pelvic pain. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984;148:391–395. 230. Bischof P, Galfetti MA, Seydoux J, et al. Peripheral CA125 levels in patients with uterine fibroids. Hum Reprod 1992;7:35–38. 231.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 230. Bischof P, Galfetti MA, Seydoux J, et al. Peripheral CA125 levels in patients with uterine fibroids. Hum Reprod 1992;7:35–38. 231. Ward BG, McGuckin MA, Ramm L, et al. Expression of tumour markers CA125, CASA and OSA in minimal/mild endometriosis. AustNZJ Obstet Gynaecol 1991;31:273–275. 232. Fraser IS, McCarron G, Markham R. Serum CA125 levels in women with endometriosis. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynecol 1989;29:416– 420. 233. Acien P, Shaw RW, Irvine L, et al. CA125 levels in endometriosis patients before, during and after treatment with danazol or LHRH agonists. Eur J Obstet Gynecol 1989;32:241–246. 234. Takahashi K, Yoshino K, Kusakari M, et al. Prognostic potential of serum CA125 levels in danazol-treated patients with external endometriosis: a preliminary study. Int J Fertil 1990;35:226– 229. 235. Fedele L, Arcaini L, Vercellini P, et al. Serum CA125 measurements in the diagnosis of endometriosis recurrence. Obstet Gynecol 1988;72:19–22. 236.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 235. Fedele L, Arcaini L, Vercellini P, et al. Serum CA125 measurements in the diagnosis of endometriosis recurrence. Obstet Gynecol 1988;72:19–22. 236. May KE, Conduit-Hulbert SA, Villar J, et al. Peripheral biomarkers of endometriosis: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update 2010;16:651–674. 237. Wykes CB, Clark TJ, Khan KS. Accuracy of laparoscopy in the diagnosis of endometriosis: a systematic quantitative review. BJOG 2004;111:1204–1212. 238. Chapron C, Querleu D, Bruhat MA, et al. Surgical complications of diagnostic and operative gynaecological laparoscopy: a series of 29,966 cases. Hum Reprod 1998;13:867–872. 239. Harkki-Siren P, Sjoberg J and Kurki T. Major complications of laparoscopy: a follow-up Finnish study. Obstet Gynecol 1999;94:94– 98. 240. Vasquez G, Cornillie F, Brosens IA. Peritoneal endometriosis: scanning electron microscopy and histology of minimal pelvic endometriotic lesions. Fertil Steril 1984;42:696–703. 241.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 240. Vasquez G, Cornillie F, Brosens IA. Peritoneal endometriosis: scanning electron microscopy and histology of minimal pelvic endometriotic lesions. Fertil Steril 1984;42:696–703. 241. Nisolle M, Paindaveine B, Bourdin A, et al. Histological study of peritoneal endometriosis in infertile women. Fertil Steril 1990;53:984–988. 242. Clement PB. Pathology of endometriosis. Pathol Annu 1990;25 (Pt 1):245–295. 243. Moen MH, Halvorsen TB. Histologic confirmation of endometriosis in different peritoneal lesions. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1992;71:337–342. 244. Vercellini P, Aimi G, Panazza S, et al. Deep endometriosis conundrum: evidence in favor of a peritoneal origin. Fertil Steril 2000;73:1043–1046. 245. Vercellini P, Vendola N, Bocciolone L, et al. Reliability of the visual diagnosis of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1991;56:1198–2000. 246. Redwine DB. Ovarian endometriosis: a marker for more extensive pelvic and intestinal disease. Fertil Steril 1999;72:310–315. 247.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 246. Redwine DB. Ovarian endometriosis: a marker for more extensive pelvic and intestinal disease. Fertil Steril 1999;72:310–315. 247. Walter AJ, Hentz JG, Magtibay PM, et al. Endometriosis: correlation between histologic and visual findings at laparoscopy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:1407–1413. 248. Czernobilsky B. Endometriosis. In: FoxH,ed. Obstetrical and gynecological pathology. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1987:763– 777. 249. Mai KT, Yazdi HM, Perkins DG, et al. Pathogenetic role of the stromal cells in endometriosis and adenomyosis. Histopathology 1997;30:430–442. 250. Donnez J, Nisolle M, Casanas-Roux F. Three-dimensional architectures of peritoneal endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1992;57:980– 983. 251. Nisolle M, Casanas-Roux F, Anaf V, et al. Morphometric study of the stromal vascularization in peritoneal endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1993;59:681–684. 252.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 251. Nisolle M, Casanas-Roux F, Anaf V, et al. Morphometric study of the stromal vascularization in peritoneal endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1993;59:681–684. 252. Anaf V, Simon Ph, El Nakadi I, et al. Relationship between endometriotic foci and nerves in rectovaginal endometriotic nodules. Hum Reprod 2000;15:1744–1750. 253. Wardle PG, Hull MGR. Is endometriosis a disease? Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynecol 1993;7:673–685. 254. Murphy AA, Green WR, Bobbie D, et al. Unsuspected endometriosis documented by scanning electron microscopy in visually normal peritoneum. Fertil Steril 1986;46:522–524. 255. Steingold KA, Cedars M, Lu JKH, et al. Treatment of endometriosis with a long-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist. Obstet Gynecol 1987;69:403–411. 256. Nezhat F, Allan CJ, Nezhat F, et al. Nonvisualized endometriosis at laparoscopy. Int J Fertil 1991;36:340–343. 257.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 256. Nezhat F, Allan CJ, Nezhat F, et al. Nonvisualized endometriosis at laparoscopy. Int J Fertil 1991;36:340–343. 257. Balasch J, Creus M, Fabregeus F, et al. Visible and non-visible endometriosis at laparoscopy in fertile and infertile women and in patients with chronic pelvic pain: a prospective study. Hum Reprod 1996;11:387–391. 258. Jansen RPS. Minimal endometriosis and reduced fecundability: prospective evidence from an artificial insemination by donor program. Fertil Steril 1986;46:141–143. 259. Hayata T, Matsu T, Kawano Y, et al. Scanning electron microscopy of endometriotic lesions in the pelvic peritoneum and the histogenesis of endometriosis. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1992;39:311–319. 260. Murphy AA, Guzick DS, Rock JA. Microscopic peritoneal endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1989;51:1072–1074. 261. Redwine DB. Is “microscopic” peritoneal endometriosis invisible? Fertil Steril 1988;50:665–666. 262.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 261. Redwine DB. Is “microscopic” peritoneal endometriosis invisible? Fertil Steril 1988;50:665–666. 262. Redwine DB, Yocom LB. A serial section study of visually normal pelvic peritoneum in patients with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1990;54:648–651. 263. Hornstein MD, Gleason RE, Orav J, et al. The reproducibility of the revised American Fertility Society classification of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1993;59:1015–1021. 264. Lin SY, Lee RKK, Hwu YM, et al. Reproducibility of the revised American Fertility Society classification of endometriosis during laparoscopy or laparotomy. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1998;60:265– 269. 265. Thomas EJ, Cooke ID. Impact of gestrinone on the course of asymptomatic endometriosis. BMJ 1987;294:272–274. 266. Thomas EJ, Cooke ID. Successful treatment of asymptomatic endometriosis: does it benefit infertile women? BMJ 1987;294:1117– 1119. 267.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 266. Thomas EJ, Cooke ID. Successful treatment of asymptomatic endometriosis: does it benefit infertile women? BMJ 1987;294:1117– 1119. 267. Mahmood TA, Templeton A. The impact of treatment on the natural history of endometriosis. Hum Reprod 1990;5:965–970. 268. Sutton CJ, Pooley AS, Ewen SP, et al. Follow-up report on a randomized controlled trial of laser laparoscopy in the treatment of pelvic pain associated with minimal to moderate endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1997;68:1070–1074. 269. D’Hooghe TM, Bambra CS, Raeymaekers BM, et al. Serial laparoscopies over 30 months show that endometriosis is a progressive disease in captive baboons (Papio anubis, Papio cynocephalus). Fertil Steril 1996;65:645–649. 270. Hoshiai H, Ishikawa M, Yoshiharu S, et al. Laparoscopic evaluation of the onset and progression of endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;169:714–719. 271. Redwine DB. Age-related evolution in color appearance of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1987;48:1062–1063. 272.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 271. Redwine DB. Age-related evolution in color appearance of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1987;48:1062–1063. 272. D’Hooghe TM, Bambra CS, Isahakia M, et al. Evolution of spontaneous endometriosis in the baboon (Papio anubis, Papio cynocephalus) over a 12-month period. Fertil Steril 1992;58:409–412. 273. Wiegerinck MAHM, Van Dop PA, Brosens IA. The staging of peritoneal endometriosis by the type of active lesion in addition to the revised American Fertility Society classification. Fertil Steril 1993;60:461–464. 274. Hanton EM, Malkasian GD Jr, Dockerty MB, et al. Endometriosis associated with complete or partial obstruction of menstrual egress. Obstet Gynecol 1966;28:626–629. 275. Schenken RS, Williams RF, Hodgen G. Effect of pregnancy on surgically induced endometriosis in cynomolgus monkeys. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987;157:1392–1396. 276. Vernon MW, Wilson EA. Studies on the surgical induction of endometriosis in the rat. Fertil Steril 1985;44:684–694. 277.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 276. Vernon MW, Wilson EA. Studies on the surgical induction of endometriosis in the rat. Fertil Steril 1985;44:684–694. 277. McArthur JW, Ulfelder H. The effect of pregnancy upon endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1965;20:709–733. 278. D’Hooghe TM, Bambra CS, De Jonge I, et al. Pregnancy does not affect endometriosis in baboons (Papio anubis, Papio cynocephalus). Arch Gynecol Obstet 1997;261:15–19. 279. Kistner RW. The treatment of endometriosis by inducing pseudo-pregnancy with ovarian hormones: a report of fifty-eight cases. Fertil Steril 1959;10:539–556. 280. Italian Endometriosis Study Group. Oral contraceptive use and risk of endometriosis. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1999;106:695–699. 281. Somigliana E, Vercellini P, Vigano P, et al. Endometriosis and estroprogestins: the chicken or the egg causality dilemma. Fertil Steril 2010;95:431–433. 282.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 281. Somigliana E, Vercellini P, Vigano P, et al. Endometriosis and estroprogestins: the chicken or the egg causality dilemma. Fertil Steril 2010;95:431–433. 282. Vercellini P, Barbara G, Somigliana E, et al. Comparison of contraceptive ring and patch for the treatment of symptomatic endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2010;93:2150–2161. 283. Vercellini P, Eskenazi B, Consonni D, et al. Oral contraceptives and risk of endometriosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2010;17:159–170. 284. Zegers-Hochschild F, Adamson GD, de Mouzon J, et al. International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology (ICMART) and the World Health Organization (WHO) revised glossary of ART terminology, 2009. Fertil Steril 2009;92:1520– 1524. 285. Meuleman C, D’Hoore A, Van Cleynenbreugel B, et al. Outcome after multidisciplinary CO2 laser laparoscopic excision of deep infiltrating colorectal endometriosis. Reprod Biomed Online 2009;18:282–289. 286.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 286. Abbott JA, Hawe J, Clayton RD, et al. The effects and effectiveness of laparoscopic excision of endometriosis: a prospective study with 2–5 year follow-up. Hum Reprod 2003;18:1922–1927. 287. Chapron C, Fauconnier A, Vieira M, et al. Anatomical distribution of deeply infiltrating endometriosis: surgical implications and proposition for a classification. Hum Reprod 2003;18:157– 161. 288. Fedele L, Bianchi S, Zanconato G, et al. Long-term follow-up after conservative surgery for rectovaginal endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;190:1020–1024. 289. Redwine DB, Wright JT. Laparoscopic treatment of complete obliteration of the cul-de-sac associated with endometriosis: long-term follow-up of en bloc resection. Fertil Steril 2001;76:358–365. 290. Tulandi T, Al Took S. Reproductive outcome after treatment of mild endometriosis with laparoscopic excision and electrocoagulation. Fertil Steril 1998;69:229–231. 291.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 290. Tulandi T, Al Took S. Reproductive outcome after treatment of mild endometriosis with laparoscopic excision and electrocoagulation. Fertil Steril 1998;69:229–231. 291. Jacobson TZ, Duffy JM, Barlow D, et al. Laparoscopic surgery for pelvic pain associated with endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;4:CD001300. 292. Sutton C, Pooley AS, Jones KD, et al. A prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled trial of laparoscopic uterine nerve ablation in the treatment of pelvic pain associated with endometriosis. Gynaecol Endoscopy 2001;10:217–222. 293. Vercellini P, Aimi G, Busacca M, et al. Laparoscopic uterosacral ligament resection for dysmenorrhea associated with endometriosis: results of a randomized, controlled trial. Fertil Steril 2003;80:310– 19. 294. Abbott J, Hawe J, Hunter D, et al. Laparoscopic excision of endometriosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Fertil Steril 2004;82:878–884. 295.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 294. Abbott J, Hawe J, Hunter D, et al. Laparoscopic excision of endometriosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Fertil Steril 2004;82:878–884. 295. Sutton CJ, Ewen SP, Whitelaw N, et al. Prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of laser laparoscopy in the treatment of pelvic pain associated with minimal, mild, and moderate endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1994;62:696–700. 296. Parker JD, Sinaii N, Segars JH, et al. Adhesion formation after laparoscopic excision of endometriosis and lysis of adhesions. Fertil Steril 2005;84:1457–1461. 297. Farquhar C, Vandekerckhove P, Watson A, et al. Barrier agents for preventing adhesions after surgery for subfertility. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;2:CD000475. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;2:CD000475. 298.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 298. DiZerega GS, Coad J, Donnez J. Clinical evaluation of endometriosis and differential response to surgical therapy with and without application of Oxiplex/AP* adhesion barrier gel. Fertil Steril 2007;87:485–489. 299. Hart RJ, Hickey M, Maouris P, Buckett W. Excisional surgery versus ablative surgery for ovarian endometriomata. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;2:CD004992. 300. Chapron C, Vercellini P, Barakat H, et al. Management of ovarian endometriomas. Hum Reprod Update 2002;8:6–7. 301. Donnez J, Nisolle M, Gillet N, et al. Large ovarian endometriomas. Hum Reprod 1996;11:641–646. 302. Loh FH, Tan AT, Kumar J, et al. Ovarian response after laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy for endometriotic cysts in 132 monitored cycles. Fertil Steril 1999;72:316–321. 303. Beretta P, Franchi M, Ghezzi F, et al. Randomized clinical trial of two laparoscopic treatments of endometriosis: cystectomy versus drainage and coagulation. Fertil Steril 1998;70:1176–1180. 304.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. Beretta P, Franchi M, Ghezzi F, et al. Randomized clinical trial of two laparoscopic treatments of endometriosis: cystectomy versus drainage and coagulation. Fertil Steril 1998;70:1176–1180. 304. Alborzi S, Momtahan M, Parsanezhad ME, et al. A prospective, randomized study comparing laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy versus fenestration and coagulation in patients with endometriomas. Fertil Steril 2004;82:1633–1617. 305. Alborzi S, Ravanbakhsh R, Parsanezhad ME, et al. Comparison of follicular response of ovaries to ovulation induction after laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy or fenestration and coagulation versus normal ovaries in patients with endometrioma. Fertil Steril 2007;88:507–509. 306. Pados G, Tsolakidis D, Assimakopoulos E, et al. Sonographic changes after laparoscopic cystectomy compared with three-stage management in patients with ovarian endometriomas: a prospective randomized study. Hum Reprod 2010;25:672–677. 307.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 307. Tsolakidis D, Pados G, Vavilis D, et al. The impact on ovarian reserve after laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy versus three-stage management in patients with endometriomas: a prospective randomized study. Fertil Steril 2010;94:71–77. 308. Pellicano M, Bramante S, Guida M, et al. Ovarian endometrioma: postoperative adhesions following bipolar coagulation and suture. Fertil Steril 2008;89:796–799. 309. Vercellini P, Carmignani L, Rubino T, et al. Surgery for deep endometriosis: a pathogenesis-oriented approach. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2009;68:88–103. 310. Koninckx PR, Timmermans B, Meuleman C, et al. Complications of CO-2 laser endoscopic excision of deep endometriosis. Hum Reprod 1996;11:2263–2268. 311. Redwine DB, Koning M, Sharpe DR. Laparoscopically assisted transvaginal segmental resection of the rectosigmoid colon for endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1996;65:193–197. 312.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 311. Redwine DB, Koning M, Sharpe DR. Laparoscopically assisted transvaginal segmental resection of the rectosigmoid colon for endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1996;65:193–197. 312. Dara¨E, Dubernard G, Coutant C, et al. Randomized trial of laparoscopically assisted versus open colorectal resection for endometriosis: morbidity, symptoms, quality of life, and fertility. Ann Surg 2010;251:1018–1023. 313. Meuleman C, Tomassetti C, D’Hoore A, et al. Surgical treatment of deeply infiltrating endometriosis with colorectal involvement. Hum Reprod Update 2011;17:311–326. 314. Candiani GB, Fedele L, Vercellini P, et al. Presacral neurectomy for the treatment of pelvic pain associated with endometriosis: a controlled study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167:100–103. 315. Fedele L, Bianchi S, Bocciolone L, et al. Buserelin acetate in the treatment of pelvic pain associated with minimal and mild endometriosis: a controlled study. Fertil Steril 1993;59:516–521. 316.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. Fedele L, Bianchi S, Bocciolone L, et al. Buserelin acetate in the treatment of pelvic pain associated with minimal and mild endometriosis: a controlled study. Fertil Steril 1993;59:516–521. 316. Overton CE, Lindsay PC, Johal B, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of luteal phase dydrogesterone (Duphaston) in women with minimal to mild endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1994;62:701–707. 317. Feste JR. Laser laparoscopy: a new modality. J Reprod Med 1985;30:413–417. 318. Nezhat C, Winer W, Crowgey S, et al. Video laparoscopy for the treatment of endometriosis associated with infertility. Fertil Steril 1989;51:237–240. 319. Sutton CJG, Hill D. Laser laparoscopy in the treatment of endometriosis: a 5 year study. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1990;97:181–185. 320. Daniell JF. Fiberoptic laser laparoscopy. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol 1989;3:545–562. 321.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 320. Daniell JF. Fiberoptic laser laparoscopy. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol 1989;3:545–562. 321. Daniels J, Gray R, Hills RK, et al. LUNA trial collaboration. Laparoscopic uterosacral nerve ablation for alleviating chronic pelvic pain: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009;302:955–961. 322. Vercellini P, Crosignani PG, Abbiati A, et al. The effect of surgery for symptomatic endometriosis: the other side of the story. Hum Reprod Update 2009;15:177–188. 323. Audebert A, Descampes P, Marret H, et al. Pre or post operative medical treatment with nafarelin in stage III–IV endometriosis: a French multicentered study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1998;79:145–148. 324. Yap C, Furness S, Farquhar C. Pre and post operative medical therapy for endometriosis surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;3:CD003678. 325.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 324. Yap C, Furness S, Farquhar C. Pre and post operative medical therapy for endometriosis surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;3:CD003678. 325. MacDonald SR, Klock SC, Milad MP. Long-term outcome of nonconservative surgery (hysterectomy) for endometriosis-associated pain in women <30 years old. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:1360– 1363. 326. Lefebvre G, Allaire C, Jeffrey J, et al. SOGC clinical guidelines: hysterectomy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2002;24:37–61. 327. Namnoum AB, Hickman TN, Goodman SB, et al. Incidence of symptom recurrence after hysterectomy for endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1995;64:898–902. 328. Ford J, English J, Miles WA, et al. Pain, quality of life and complications following the radical resection of rectovaginal endometriosis. BJOG 2004;111:353–356. 329.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 328. Ford J, English J, Miles WA, et al. Pain, quality of life and complications following the radical resection of rectovaginal endometriosis. BJOG 2004;111:353–356. 329. Matorras R, Elorriaga MA, Pijoan JI, et al. Recurrence of endometriosis in women with bilateral adnexectomy (with or without total hysterectomy) who received hormone replacement therapy. Fertil Steril 2002;77:303–308. 330. Heaps JM, Berek JS, Nieberg RK. Malignant neoplasms arising in endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol 1990;75:1023–1028. 331. Bianchi S, Busacca M, Agnoli B, et al. Effects of 3 month therapy with danazol after laparoscopic surgery for stage III/IV endometriosis: a randomized study. Hum Reprod 1999;14:1335–1337. 332. Hornstein MD, Hemmings R, Yuzpe AA, et al. Use of nafarelin versus placebo after reductive laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1997;68:860–864. 333.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 332. Hornstein MD, Hemmings R, Yuzpe AA, et al. Use of nafarelin versus placebo after reductive laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1997;68:860–864. 333. Vercellini P, Crosignani PG, Fadini R, et al. A gonadotropinreleasing hormone agonist compared with expectant management after conservative surgery for symptomatic endometriosis. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1999;106:672–677. 334. Busacca M, Somigliana E, Bianchi S, et al. Post-operative GnRH analogue treatment after conservative surgery for symptomatic endometriosis stage III–IV: a randomized controlled trial. Hum Reprod 2001;16:2399–2402. 335. Parazzini F, Fedele L, Busacca M, et al. Postsurgical treatment of advanced endometriosis: results of a randomized clinical trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;171:1205–1207. 336.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 335. Parazzini F, Fedele L, Busacca M, et al. Postsurgical treatment of advanced endometriosis: results of a randomized clinical trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;171:1205–1207. 336. Telimaa S, Ronnberg L, Kauppila A. Placebo-controlled comparison of danazol and high-dose medroxyprogesterone acetate in the treatment of endometriosis after conservative surgery. Gynecol Endocrinol 1987;1:363–371. 337. Loverro G, Carriero C, Rossi AC, et al. A randomized study comparing triptorelin or expectant management following conservative laparoscopic surgery for symptomatic stage III–IV endometriosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2008;136:194–198. 338. Vercellini P, Somigliana E, Daguati R, et al. Postoperative oral contraceptive exposure and risk of endometrioma recurrence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;198:504.e1–e5. 339.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 338. Vercellini P, Somigliana E, Daguati R, et al. Postoperative oral contraceptive exposure and risk of endometrioma recurrence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;198:504.e1–e5. 339. SeracchioliR,MabroukM,Frasc`aC,etal. Long-term oral contraceptive pills and postoperative pain management after laparoscopic excision of ovarian endometrioma: a randomized controlled trial. Fertil Steril 2010;94:464–471. 340. Seracchioli R, Mabrouk M, Frasc`aC,etal. Long-term cyclic and continuous oral contraceptive therapy and endometrioma recurrence: a randomized controlled trial. Fertil Steril 2010;93:52–56. 341. Sesti F, Pietropolli A, Capozzolo T, et al. Hormonal suppression treatment or dietary therapy versus placebo in the control of painful symptoms after conservative surgery for endometriosis stage III–IV. A randomized comparative trial. Fertil Steril 2007;88:1541–1547. 342.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 342. Abou-Setta AM, Al-Inany HG, Farquhar CM. Levonorgestrelreleasing intrauterine device (LNG-IUD) for symptomatic endometriosis following surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;4:CD005072. 343. Vercellini P, Frontino G, De Giorgi O, et al. Comparison of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device versus expectant management after conservative surgery for symptomatic endometriosis: a pilot study. Fertil Steril 2003;80:305–309. 344. Wong AY, Tang LC, Chin RK. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (Mirena) and depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera) as long-term maintenance therapy for patients with moderate and severe endometriosis: a randomised controlled trial. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2010;50:273–279. 345. Marjoribanks J, Proctor ML, Farquhar C. Nonsteroidal anti-inﬂammatory drugs for primary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;4:CD001751. 346.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 345. Marjoribanks J, Proctor ML, Farquhar C. Nonsteroidal anti-inﬂammatory drugs for primary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;4:CD001751. 346. Zhang WY, Li Wan Po A. Efficacy of minor analgesics in primary dysmenorrhoea: a systematic review. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1998;105:780–789. 347. Dawood MY, Khan-Dawood FS. Clinical efficacy and differential inhibition of menstrual ﬂuid prostaglandin F2alpha in a randomized, double-blind, crossover treatment with placebo, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen in primary dysmenorrhea. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007;196:35.e1–e5. 348. Proctor ML, Smith CA, Farquhar CM, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and acupuncture for primary dysmenorrhoea (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. Chichester, UK: Wiley, 2004. 349. Davis AR, Westhoff C, O’Connell K, et al. Oral contraceptives for dysmenorrhea in adolescent girls: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 2005;106:97–104. 350.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 349. Davis AR, Westhoff C, O’Connell K, et al. Oral contraceptives for dysmenorrhea in adolescent girls: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 2005;106:97–104. 350. Proctor M, Farquhar C. Dysmenorrhoea. Clin Evid 2006;12:2429– 2448. 351. Proctor ML, Murphy PA. Herbal and dietary therapies for primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. Chichester, UK: Wiley, 2004. 352. Proctor ML, Hing W, Johnson TC, et al. Spinal manipulation for primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;3:CD002119. 353. Kauppila A, Ronnberg L. Naproxen sodium in dysmenorrhea secondary to endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol 1985;65:379–383. 354. Allen C, Hopewell S, Prentice A, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inﬂammatory drugs for pain in women with endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;2:CD004753. 355.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 354. Allen C, Hopewell S, Prentice A, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inﬂammatory drugs for pain in women with endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;2:CD004753. 355. Bajaj P, Bajaj P, Madsen J, et al. Endometriosis is associated with central sensitization: a psychophysical controlled study. J Pain 2003;4:372–380. 356. Kauppila A, Puolakka J, Ylikorkala O. Prostaglandin biosynthesis inhibitors and endometriosis. Prostaglandins 1979;18:655–661. 357. Vercellini P, Crosignani PG, Somigliana E, et al. Medical treatment for rectovaginal endometriosis: what is the evidence? Hum Reprod 2009;24:2504–2514. 358. Moore J, Kennedy SH, Prentice A. Modern combined oral contraceptives for pain associated with endometriosis (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. Chichester, UK: Wiley, 2004. 359.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. Moore J, Kennedy SH, Prentice A. Modern combined oral contraceptives for pain associated with endometriosis (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. Chichester, UK: Wiley, 2004. 359. Prentice A, Deary AJ, Goldbeck WS, et al. Gonadotrophinreleasing hormone analogues for pain associated with endometriosis. In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. Chichester, UK: Wiley, 2004. 360. Harada T, Momoeda M, Taketani Y, et al. Low-dose oral contraceptive pill for dysmenorrhea associated with endometriosis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial. Fertil Steril 2008;90:1583–1588. 361. Nothnick WB, D’Hooghe TM. New developments in the medical treatment of endometriosis. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2003;55:189–198. 362. Kyama CM, Mihalyi A, Mwenda JM, et al. The role of immunologic factors in the development of endometriosis: indications for treatment strategies. Therapy 2005;4:623–639. 363.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 362. Kyama CM, Mihalyi A, Mwenda JM, et al. The role of immunologic factors in the development of endometriosis: indications for treatment strategies. Therapy 2005;4:623–639. 363. Edelman AB, Gallo MF, Jensen JT, et al. Continuous or extended cycle vs. cyclic use of combined oral contraceptives for contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;3:CD004695. 364. Vercellini P, Pietropaolo G, De Giorgi O, et al. Treatment of symptomatic rectovaginal endometriosis with an estrogen-progestogen combination versus low-dose norethindrone acetate. Fertil Steril 2005;84:1375–1387. 365. Kistner RW. The use of progestins in the treatment of endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1958;75:264–278. 366. Prentice A, Deary AJ, Bland E. Progestagens and anti-progestagens for pain associated with endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;2:CD002122. 367.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 366. Prentice A, Deary AJ, Bland E. Progestagens and anti-progestagens for pain associated with endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;2:CD002122. 367. Moghissi KS. Pseudopregnancy induced by estrogen-progestogen or progestogens alone in the treatment of endometriosis. Prog Clin Biol Res 1990;323:221–232. 368. Telimaa S, Puolakka J, Ronnberg L, et al. Placebo-controlled comparison of danazol and high-dose medroxyprogesterone acetate in the treatment of endometriosis. Gynecol Endocrinol 1987;1:13–23. 369. Harrison RF, Barry-Kinsella C. Efficacy of medroxy-progesterone treatment in infertile women with endometriosis: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Fertil Steril 2000;74:24–30. 370. Vercellini P, De Giorgi O, Oldani S, et al. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate versus an oral contraceptive combined with very-lowdose danazol for long-term treatment of pelvic pain associated with endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;175:396–341. 371.


Gynecology_Novak

Gynecology_Novak. 371. Schlaff WD, Carson SA, Luciano A, et al. Subcutaneous injection of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate compared with leuprolide acetate in the treatment of endometriosis-associated pain. Fertil Steril 2006;85:314–325. 372. Walch K, Unfried G, Huber J, et al. Implanon versus medroxyprogesterone acetate: effects on pain scores in patients with symptomatic endometriosis—a pilot study. Contraception 2009;79:29–34. 373. Strowitzki T, Marr J, Gerlinger C, et al. Dienogest is as effective as leuprolide acetate in treating the painful symptoms of endometriosis: a 24-week, randomized, multicentre, open-label trial. Hum Reprod 2010;25:633–641. 374. Harada T, Momoeda M, Taketani Y, et al. Dienogest is as effective as intranasal buserelin acetate for the relief of pain symptoms associated with endometriosis—a randomized, double-blind, multicenter, controlled trial. Fertil Steril 2009;91:675–681. 375.