question: what type of plate boundary is associated with iceland and its volcanic eruptions

answers: divergent tectonic plate boundary

answers: a divergent tectonic plate boundary

answers: the mid-Atlantic Ridge

title: Volcanology of Iceland

text: Volcanology of Iceland includes a high concentration of active volcanoes due to Iceland's location on the mid-Atlantic Ridge, a divergent tectonic plate boundary, and also due to its location over a hot spot.  The island has 30 active volcanic systems, of which 13 have erupted since the settlement of Iceland in AD 874.

title: Iceland plume

text: volcanic zones in the southwest (Reykjanes, Hofsjökull) and northeast (Tjörnes). Presently, a slow decrease of the activity in the northeast takes place, while the volcanic zone in the southeast (Katla, Vatnajökull), which was initiated 3 million years ago, develops. The reorganisation of the plate boundaries in Iceland has also been attributed to microplate tectonics. Information about the structure of Earth's deep interior can be acquired only indirectly by geophysical and geochemical methods. For the investigation of postulated plumes, gravimetric, geoid and in particular seismological methods along with geochemical analyses of erupted lavas have proven especially useful. Numerical models of the

title: Geology of Iceland

text: Geology of Iceland The geology of Iceland is unique and of particular interest to geologists. Iceland lies on the divergent boundary between the Eurasian plate and the North American plate. It also lies above a hotspot, the Iceland plume. The plume is believed to have caused the formation of Iceland itself, the island first appearing over the ocean surface about 16 to 18 million years ago. The result is an island characterized by repeated volcanism and geothermal phenomena such as geysers. The eruption of Laki in 1783 caused much devastation and loss of life, leading to a famine that killed

title: Geology of Iceland

text: Ridge by the Tjörnes Fracture Zone, another major center of seismicity and deformation. Glaciers cover approximately 11% of Iceland, the largest of which being Vatnajökull. As many glaciers overlie active volcanoes, subglacial eruptions can pose hazards due to sudden floods produced by glacial meltwater, known as jökulhlaups. Icelandic glaciers have generally been retreating over the past 100 years, with Vatnajökull having lost as much as 10% of its volume. Geology of Iceland The geology of Iceland is unique and of particular interest to geologists. Iceland lies on the divergent boundary between the Eurasian plate and the North American plate. It

title: Geological deformation of Iceland

text: zone is about 100 km wide. It accumulates strain which come from rifting episodes and larger earthquakes. In southern Iceland, the block located along the plate boundary is identified as a microplate and is named the Hreppar Block. The deformation zone is relatively small since it has no significant evidence of active deformation, earthquakes or volcanism. The northern boundary of the block is linked to the Central Iceland Volcanic Zone (CIVZ), where diffuse volcanism occur. The southern boundary of the block is termed the South Iceland Seismic Zone, where strike-slip earthquakes can occur. There are two major and active transform

title: Geological deformation of Iceland

text: are strongly influenced by the spreading plate boundary and the Iceland hotspot. The buoyancy of the deep-seated mantle plume underneath has uplifted the Iceland Basalt Plateau to as high as 3000 meters. The hot spot also produces high volcanic activity on the plate boundary. There are two major geologic and topographic structural trends in Iceland. One strikes northeast in Southern Iceland and strikes nearly north in northern Iceland. The other one strikes approximately west-northwest. Altogether they produce a zigzag pattern. The pattern is shown by faults, volcanic fissures, valleys, dikes, volcanoes, grabens and fault scarps. The geological deformation of Iceland

title: History of Iceland

text: the North American and Eurasian plates. These plates spread at a rate of approximately 2.5 centimeters per year. This elevated portion of the ridge is known as the "Reykjanes Ridge". The volcanic activity is attributed to a hotspot, the "Iceland hotspot", which in turn lies over a mantle plume (the "Iceland Plume") an anomalously hot rock in the Earth's mantle which is likely to be partly responsible for the island's creation and continued existence. For comparison, it is estimated that other volcanic islands, such as the Faroe Islands have existed for about 55 million years, Iceland remained, for a long

title: Geological deformation of Iceland

text: a huge spatial difference in seismic activity. For example, the westernmost part of the Tjörnes Fracture Zone shows seismic activity, but a few larger earthquakes (>M=5.5) also appear in the zone. The complexity in the Tjörnes Fracture Zone can be generally explained by the magmatic processes and plate motions. The velocity of the divergent plate motion, estimated to be 18.9 mm/year ±0.5 mm/year, is strongly affected by the Icelandic mantle plume underneath central Iceland. Volcanic activity can be found in the Dalvík seismic zone and southern tip of the Kolbeinsey Ridge. The South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ), also known as

title: Geological deformation of Iceland

text: Seismic Zone, where its northern end connects to the Langjökull area. It has been the active propagating rift in the last 7 million years. Volcanic fissures and normal faulting are common features in the southern part of the Western Volcanic Zone. In the northern part of the Western Volcanic Zone, normal faulting is still common but volcanic fissures become less dominant. Shield volcanoes are also observed in this zone. Þingvellir Graben is clear evidence as proof of divergent plate movement in Iceland. It shows a clear extensional feature. Geological deformation of Iceland The geological deformation of Iceland is the way

title: Geological deformation of Iceland

text: the Reykjanes Fracture Zone (or Zones), is 75 to 100 km wide, and strikes northeast to southwest in southwestern Iceland. There are several approximately 40 km right lateral offsets of the ridge crest. The offsets create a transform fault zone connecting the Eastern Volcanic Zone and the Reykjanes. There is a significant change in the age and lithology of the volcanoes in a north-south direction near Reykjanes peninsula due to bookshelf faulting. Bookshelf faulting is common in the South Iceland Seismic Zone. Since the transform motion in the South Iceland Seismic Zone is left-lateral, right-lateral faulting would occur and rotation

title: Geological deformation of Iceland

text: central volcano. Fractures within the fissure swarms are generally subparallel to each other. Irregular fracture patterns are found where the Húsavík transform fault meets the fissure swarms, which indicates interaction between the fissure swarms and the strike-slip faults. The Eastern Volcanic Zone (EVZ) is located in south-east Iceland. It connects to the South Iceland Seismic Zone and NVC in its western and northern end respectively. Seismic activity focuses in the Vatnajökull Glacier area which is the accepted location of the Icelandic hot spot. Deformed structures, including northeast trending eruptive fissure swarms and normal faults, can be found in Eastern Volcanic

title: Geological deformation of Iceland

text: is mainly caused by the active spreading of the mid-oceanic ridge. Extensional cracks and transform faults are found perpendicular to the spreading direction. The transform-fault zones are also known as fracture zones. These fracture zones allow large volumes of lava to be erupted. On the surface of Iceland, linear volcanic fissures formed along the rifts and appear in a swarm-like pattern. They are connected by fracture zones, forming the volcanic zones. Crustal movements have created two plate boundary deformation zones between the major plates, the North American Plate and the Eurasian Plate. In northern Iceland, the width of the deformation

title: Geological deformation of Iceland

text: systems arranged zigzag-like along the mid-Atlantic plate boundary. It shows quite low seismic activity. The volcanic activity is confined to the Krafla central volcano and its associated fissure swarms. The Krafla central volcano is not distinctive within the volcanic rift zone. Fissure swarms of the Krafla spread away from the magma chamber and magma flows along the swarms to the north and south of the volcano. Eruptive fissures within the fissure swarms are most common within 20–30 km distance from the central volcanoes. Fractures within the fissure swarms are common at up to a distance of 70–90 km from the

title: Iceland hotspot

text: time-progressive volcanic track caused by the movement of the Pacific Plate over the Hawaiian hotspot, no such track can be seen at Iceland. It is proposed that the line from Grímsvötn volcano to Surtsey shows the movement of the Eurasian Plate, and the line from Grímsvötn volcano to Reykjanes volcanic belt shows the movement of the North American Plate. It is believed that a mantle plume underlies Iceland, of which the hotspot is thought to be the surface expression, and that the presence of the plume enhances the volcanism already caused by plate separation. Additionally, flood basalts on the continental

title: Geography of Iceland

text: has a variety of volcanic types (composite and fissure), many producing more evolved lavas such as rhyolite and andesite. Iceland has hundreds of volcanoes with approximately thirty volcanic systems active. Party to: Signed, but not ratified: Geography of Iceland Iceland ( )is an island country at the confluence of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, east of Greenland and immediately south of the Arctic Circle, atop the constructive boundary of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge about from Scotland and from New York City. One of the world's most sparsely populated countries, Iceland's boundaries are almost the same as the main island

title: Geological deformation of Iceland

text: the North Iceland Volcanic Zone (NVZ) and the southern end of the Kolbeinsey Ridge. This 50 km wide fracture zone is characterised by seismic activity, crustal extension and transform faulting. The volcanic fissure swarms of the Northern Volcanic Zone are connected to the southern end of Tjörnes Fracture Zone. For example, its southeast end is connected to the Krafla fissure swarm. The main structural components of the Tjörnes Fracture Zone can be divided into three parts which trend from northwest to southeast, the Grímsey seismic zone, the Húsavík-Flatey fault zone and the Dalvík seismic zone. The Tjörnes Fracture Zone shows

title: Geology of Iceland

text: change with time, Geologists use what is called the "hotspot frame of reference" to gather plate motion estimates, so they can create maps depicting plates moving on the surface of the earth relative to a stationary hotspot. Most work discussing plate motion agrees that the Iceland hotspot was probably located beneath Greenland for a period of time. As the North Atlantic Ocean continued to spread apart during this time period, Greenland was located to the southeast of the Iceland hotspot and likely moved over it from around ~70-40 mya. Some research using new plate motion data gathered from hotspot reference

title: Geological deformation of Iceland

text: There are three major volcanic zones in Iceland, which are the Northern, Eastern and Western Volcanic Zones (NVZ, EVZ, WVZ). The volcanic rift zones cross the island from southwest to northeast. Each zone consists of 20–50 km wide belts and is characterised by active volcanoes, numerous normal faults, a high temperature geothermal field and fissure swarms. The currently active zones are the Northern Volcanic Zone and Western Volcanic Zone. The Eastern Volcanic Zone will eventually take over the Western Volcanic Zone according to the rift jump process. The 50 km wide Northern Volcanic Zone (NVZ) is composed of five volcanic

title: Geological deformation of Iceland

text: faults zones striking west-northwest in northern and southern Iceland. Two large fracture zones, associated with the transform faults, namely Tjörnes and Reykjanes Fracture Zones are found striking about 75N to 80°W. Stress is built up during the spreading movements at the plate boundary. The accumulated stress in transform fault zones is released during strike-slip earthquakes. The transform fault is induced by strike-slip motion that is transverse to the fault zone. The blocks between the faults are slightly rotated afterwards. A diagram (fig.2) is shown to illustrate this phenomenon. Since the rotation of the blocks is similar to a line of

title: Eldfell

text: Small tremors are very common at plate boundaries, and nothing here indicated that they heralded a major eruption. The onset of the eruption was therefore almost entirely unexpected. At about 01:55 on 23 January, a fissure opened up on the eastern side of the island, barely a kilometre away from the centre of the town of Heimaey, approximately 200 metres (650 ft) east of Kirkjubær ("Church farm"), where the island's church had once been located. The fissure rapidly extended from 300 metres to a length of , crossing the island from one shore to the other. Submarine activity also occurred

title: Iceland hotspot

text: to the location of the plume beneath the thick Greenland craton for ~ 15 Myr after continental breakup, and the later entrenchment of the plume material into the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge following its formation. Iceland hotspot The Iceland hotspot is a hotspot which is partly responsible for the high volcanic activity which has formed the island of Iceland. Iceland is one of the most active volcanic regions in the world, with eruptions occurring on average roughly every three years (in the 20th century there were 39 volcanic eruptions on and around Iceland). About a third of the basaltic lavas erupted

title: 2008 Iceland earthquake

text: North-American tectonic plates move away from each other. Volcanic activity is common along such divergent boundaries but strong earthquakes are rare. In Iceland the ridge is somewhat off-set, creating two transform faults where plates move horizontally along each other. One is in the north of the country and one in the south; the strongest Icelandic earthquakes happen along those transform faults. The 29 May quake is classified by geologists as typical "Suðurlandsskjálftar" (literally: Southern Iceland quakes), which happen on the southern fault. Unlike the quakes in the summer of 2000, the 29 May quake happened in the most densely populated

title: Geology of Jan Mayen

text: and the Aegir Ridge extending northeast of Jan Mayen. Geology of Jan Mayen The geology of Jan Mayen is part of the larger Jan Mayen Ridge, an undersea volcanic ridge that forms the boundary of the Iceland Plateau to the northeast. North of the island, the sea floor slopes steeply, plunging a depth of greater than two kilometers in the vicinity of Jan Mayen Rift Zone. The region is highly tectonically active, at the junction of the European and American plates. This activity produces volcanism and earthquakes on the island itself. Beerenberg, a 2.27 kilometer tall volcano rises on the

title: Geology of Iceland

text: focused in two main parallel rift zones. The Reykjanes Peninsula Rift in SW Iceland is the landward continuation of the Reykjanes Ridge that connects to the Western Volcanic Zone (WVZ). The more active Eastern Volcanic Zone (EVZ) represents a rift jump, although it is unclear how the eastward propagation of the main rifting activity has occurred. The offset between the WVZ and the EVZ is accommodated by the South Iceland Seismic Zone, an area characterized by high earthquake activity. The EVZ transitions northward into the Northern Volcanic Zone (NVZ), which contains Krafla volcano. The NVZ is connected to the Kolbeinsey

title: Iceland plume

text: years old and was formed at an old oceanic spreading center in the Westfjords (Vestfirðir) region. The westward movement of the plates and the ridge above the plume and the strong thermal anomaly of the latter caused this old spreading center to cease 15 million years ago and lead to the formation of a new one in the area of today's peninsulas Skagi and Snæfellsnes; in the latter there is still some activity in the form of the Snæfellsjökull volcano. The spreading center, and hence the main activity, have shifted eastward again 7–9 million years ago and formed the current

title: Iceland plume

text: Iceland plume The Iceland plume is a postulated upwelling of anomalously hot rock in the Earth's mantle beneath Iceland. Its origin is thought to lie deep in the mantle, perhaps at the boundary between the core and the mantle at approximately 2,880 km depth. Opinions differ as to whether seismic studies have imaged such a structure. In this framework, the volcanism of Iceland is attributed to this plume, according to the theory of W. Jason Morgan. According to the plume model, the source of Icelandic volcanism lies deep beneath the center of the island. The earliest volcanic rocks attributed to

title: Geology of Iceland

text: beneath a hot mantle plume. Additional evidence indicates that seismic waves created under Iceland behave differently than expected based on other seismic surveys near hypothesized mantle plumes. Given how complex the geology of the Northeast Atlantic is, more research must be done to fully understand the geologic nature of Iceland. Given the fact it is one of the only places sea floor spreading can be observed on land and the fact that there is evidence for a mantle plume, the early geological history of Iceland will likely remain a hot area of research. One of the rare examples of sedimentary

title: Geological deformation of Iceland

text: of blocks would appear counterclockwise. The sequential occurrence of major earthquakes in the South Iceland Seismic Zone provided evidence of bookshelf faulting. Within a single event, earthquakes begin in the eastern part of the South Iceland Seismic Zone with larger magnitudes and end up with smaller magnitudes in western part of the zone. In the transform fault zones of Iceland, earthquakes usually occur on small scales (micro-earthquakes) due to plate straining and pore fluid pressure. A large amount of pore fluid pressure migrates from the brittle-ductile transition zone (~10 km) to the lithostatic boundary at 3 km depth. Large scale

title: Geography of Iceland

text: which runs right through it. This location means that the island is highly geologically active with earthquakes and many volcanoes, notably Hekla, Eldgjá, Herðubreið and Eldfell. Eyjafjallajökull (1,666 m) erupted in 2010, disrupting European air traffic. Iceland has many geysers, including Geysir, from which the English word "geyser" is derived. With the widespread availability of geothermal power, and the harnessing of many rivers and waterfalls for hydroelectricity, most residents have access to inexpensive hot water, heating and electricity. The island is composed primarily of basalt, a low-silica lava associated with effusive volcanism as has occurred also in Hawaii. Iceland, however,

title: Öskjuvatn

text: led an expedition in search of them with a vulcanologist Hans Reck, but no trace of them was ever found. Suppositions at the time suggested that seismic volcanic disturbances could have caused a landslip or similar occurrence, and recorded that only two days previously the telegraph cable to Iceland had been broken by deep water disturbances for the first time since it was laid, close to the Icelandic coast. Öskjuvatn Öskjuvatn is a lake in the Highlands of Iceland. Its surface area is about 11 km². With a depth of , it is the second deepest lake in Iceland after

title: Volcanology of Iceland

short_answers:
a divergent tectonic plate boundary
divergent tectonic plate boundary
the mid-Atlantic Ridge


question: who is the presiding officer of legislative council in india

answers: Chairman

title: Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)

text: Similar to the Presiding officers of the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council also have Presiding Officers. The Legislative Assembly has a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker and the Legislative Council has a Chairman and a Deputy Chairman.  They are elected from among the members of the House.

title: Tamil Nadu Legislative Council

text: when C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) was nominated by Governor Sri Prakasa to the Council so that Rajaji could become chief minister. The second time was in 1967 when C. N. Annadurai became the chief minister first and then got himself elected to the Council. During 1861-1937, the presiding officer of the Madras Legislative Council was known as the "President of the Council". From its establishment in 1861 till dyarchy was introduced in 1921, the Governor of Madras was also the President of the Council. After dyarchy introduced, the first and second council presidents, Perungavalur Rajagopalachari and L. D. Swamikannu Pillai, were

text: President of the Western Australian Legislative Council The President of the Western Australian Legislative Council, also known as the Presiding Officer of the Council, is the presiding officer of the Western Australian Legislative Council, the upper house of the Parliament of Western Australia. The position is analogous to that of the President of the Australian Senate. The President is always a Member of the Western Australian Legislative Council, and is the ceremonial head of that Council. The President therefore performs ceremonial duties, and represents the Council to other organisations. In conjunction with the Speaker of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly,

text: President of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong The President of the Legislative Council () is the speaker of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. According to the Article 71 of the Hong Kong Basic Law, the President of the Legislative Council is elected by and from among Legislative Council members, plays the presiding role, administrative role and ceremonial role, and ensures the smooth conduct of the Legislative Council meetings. From the establishment of the council in 1843 to 1993, the President of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong was the Governor. In 1991, a Deputy President, Sir John Joseph

text: Political party: Political party: President of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong The President of the Legislative Council () is the speaker of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. According to the Article 71 of the Hong Kong Basic Law, the President of the Legislative Council is elected by and from among Legislative Council members, plays the presiding role, administrative role and ceremonial role, and ensures the smooth conduct of the Legislative Council meetings. From the establishment of the council in 1843 to 1993, the President of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong was the Governor. In 1991, a Deputy

text: a previous President, and can be brought down by a vote of the chamber's members (although this has never happened in Western Australia), so must maintain the confidence of the chamber. President of the Western Australian Legislative Council The President of the Western Australian Legislative Council, also known as the Presiding Officer of the Council, is the presiding officer of the Western Australian Legislative Council, the upper house of the Parliament of Western Australia. The position is analogous to that of the President of the Australian Senate. The President is always a Member of the Western Australian Legislative Council, and

title: Tamil Nadu Legislative Council

text: Tamil Nadu Legislative Council Tamil Nadu Legislative Council is the upper house of the bicameral legislature of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It began its existence as Madras Legislative Council, the first provincial legislature for Madras Presidency. It was initially created as an advisory body in 1861, by the British colonial government. It was established by the first Indian Council Act of 1861, enacted in the British parliament in the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Its role and strength were later expanded by the second Council Act of 1892. Limited election was introduced in 1909. The Council

text: in the case of a tied vote, the president breaks the tie. He or she is also responsible for controlling the procedure of the council and for the authoritative interpretation of its standing orders, and has the duty of nominating the member of the council to be responsible for promoting each Bill which is to come before council. President of the Legislative Council of the Isle of Man The President of the Legislative Council ("Eaghtyrane y Choonceil Slattyssagh") is the principal officer of the Legislative Council of the Isle of Man. Until 1980, the Lieutenant Governor presided "ex officio". From

text: President of the Victorian Legislative Council The President of the Victorian Legislative Council, also known as the presiding officer of the council, is the presiding officer of the Victorian Legislative Council, the upper house of the Parliament of Victoria and equivalent to the President of the Australian Senate. When there is a vacancy in the office of president, a new president is elected by the members of the council from among its number. The president ceases to hold that office if they cease to be a member of the council, and can be removed at any time by a vote

text: President of the Legislative Council of the Isle of Man The President of the Legislative Council ("Eaghtyrane y Choonceil Slattyssagh") is the principal officer of the Legislative Council of the Isle of Man. Until 1980, the Lieutenant Governor presided "ex officio". From 1980 to 1990, the members elected a president from among their number. Since 1990, the President of Tynwald has been elected by the members of Tynwald from among their number and sits "ex officio" as the President of the Legislative Council. The president of the council, as the presiding officer, remains impartial. but has casting vote; that is,

title: Bihar Legislative Council

text: Bihar Legislative Council Bihar Vidhan Parishad, also known as Bihar Legislative Council, is the upper house of the bicameral legislature of the state of Bihar in India. A new Province of Bihar and Odisha was created by the British Government on 12 December 1911. The Legislative Council with a total of 43 members belonging to different categories was formed in 1912. The first sitting of the Council was convened on 20 January 1913. In 1936, Bihar attained its separate Statehood. Under the Government of India Act, 1919, the unicameral legislature got converted into bicameral one, i.e., the Bihar Legislative Council

title: Bombay Legislative Council

text: Gokuldas Parekh (1912-1915), Vithalbhai Patel (1913-1920), Dinshaw Edulji Wacha (1915), Balkrishna Sitaram Kamat, Wadero Ghulam Kadir Dayo,(1913-1920) and Chunilal Mehta (1916) were among the notable members. The Government of India Act of 1919 which introduced the concept of dyarchy in the province further enlarged the council and gave the elected members a majority. The composition of the Council was as follows: 7 of the constituencies were reserved for Marathas. Indians were elected as the President of the Council such as N. G. Chandavarkar (1921-1923), Ibrahim Rahimtullah (1923) and Ali Muhammad Khan Dehlavi (1927) Bombay Legislative Council Bombay Legislative Council was

title: Uttar Pradesh Legislature (Vidhan Bhawan)

text: Government of India Act of 1935. The Governor Shri Ram Naik was a part of it, as heretofore. The Legislative Council consisted of 60 members. The term of a member of the Council was nine years with one-third of its members retiring after every three years. The Houses enjoyed the right of electing their Presiding Officers known as the President. The first meeting of the Legislative Council was held on 29 July 1937. Sir Sitaram and Begum Aijaz Rasul were elected the President and the Vice-President of the Legislative Council respectively. Sir Sitaram was in office till 9 March 1949.

title: Presiding Officer of the National Assembly for Wales

text: Officer is based in Tŷ Hywel and is also responsible for the Pierhead Building in Cardiff Bay. The main function is to chair plenary sessions of the Assembly, to maintain order and to protect the rights of Members. He or she is responsible for ensuring that business is handled on the basis of equality and impartiality. The Presiding Officer is also responsible for Standing Orders and is the final authority on their interpretation. The Presiding Officer also acts as Chair of the National Assembly for Wales Commission, and has special responsibility for promoting democratic engagement, leadership, developing the Assembly’s future

title: Gujarat

text: speaker who presides over the meetings of the legislature. A governor is appointed by the President of India, and is to address the state legislature after every general election and the commencement of each year's first session of the Legislative Assembly. The leader of the majority party or coalition in the legislature (Chief Minister) or his or her designee acts as the Leader of the Legislative Assembly. The administration of the state is led by the Chief Minister. After the independence of India in 1947, the Indian National Congress (INC) ruled the Bombay State (which included present-day Gujarat and Maharashtra).

title: K. Sankaranarayanan

text: was appointed Governor of Rajasthan on 19 August 2007, Sankaranarayanan was also appointed Governor of Arunachal Pradesh, and he was sworn in on 4 September 2007. He remained in that post until January 2008, when Joginder Jaswant Singh became governor of Arunachal Pradesh. On 22 January 2010, he was sworn in as the Governor of Maharashtra. On 27 August 2011 he was given additional charge of Goa till the Indian government appointed B V Wanchoo to the post on 4 May 2012. K Sankaranarayanan, veteran Congress leader, was born on 15 October 1932 as the son of A Sankaran Nair

title: Elections in Bihar

text: minority, powered by the Congress, RJD and CPI to majority status The upper house known as the Legislative Council has lesser powers than the Assembly and several of its members are nominated by the Assembly. Others are elected from various sections of the society like Graduates and Teachers. Currently the Legislative Council consists of 95 members. A new Province of Bihar and Orissa was created by the British Government on 12 December 1911. The Legislative Council with a total of 43 members belonging to different categories was formed in 1912. The first sitting of the Council was convened on 20

title: Bihar Legislative Council

text: consisting of the members of the two Houses of the State Legislature. Bihar Legislative Council Bihar Vidhan Parishad, also known as Bihar Legislative Council, is the upper house of the bicameral legislature of the state of Bihar in India. A new Province of Bihar and Odisha was created by the British Government on 12 December 1911. The Legislative Council with a total of 43 members belonging to different categories was formed in 1912. The first sitting of the Council was convened on 20 January 1913. In 1936, Bihar attained its separate Statehood. Under the Government of India Act, 1919, the

title: Vijay Kumar Chaudhary

text: Vijay Kumar Chaudhary Vijay Kumar Chaudhary (born 8 January 1957) is an Indian politician. He has been a member of Bihar Legislative Assembly since 1982, and currently serves as the Speaker of Bihar Legislative Assembly. He has previously held the posts of Leader of Janata Dal (United) Legislature Party in Bihar Legislative Assembly and the Minister for Water Resources, Agriculture, Animal and Fish Resources and Information & Public Relations Departments in the Government of Bihar. He was considered to be the Number 2 minister in Bihar cabinet and continues to be a member of Nitish Kumar's core committee which shapes

title: K. Sankaranarayanan

text: member, All India Working Committee, and member, Parliamentary Board Congress (O). K. Sankaranarayanan Kateekal Sankaranarayanan (born 1932) is the ex-governor of the Indian state of Maharashtra. He had also served as the Governor of Nagaland and Jharkhand. Prior to his appointment as governor, he had served as a minister in several Congress led governments of Kerala headed by Chief Ministers A K Antony and K Karunakaran. On 24 August 2014 he was transferred by the NDA government to Mizoram. Sankaranarayanan was also asked to assume the additional charge of Arunachal Pradesh during the absence on leave of S K Singh.

title: Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council

text: Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council The Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council (also known as the Jammu and Kashmir Vidhan Parishad) is the upper house of the legislature of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Jammu and Kashmir State Legislature consists of the Governor, the Legislative Assembly, and the Legislative Council. The first Legislature was established by the government of the then-Maharaja of Kashmir, Hari Singh, in 1934. In 1957, a new constitution was adopted by the constituent assembly and the Parliament of India passed the Legislative Councils Act. These two pieces of legislation created the current bicameral legislature

title: Maharashtra Legislative Council

text: Maharashtra Legislative Council The Maharashtra Vidhan Parishad or Maharashtra Legislative Council is the upper house of the bicameral legislature of Maharashtra state in western India. The seat of the Vidhan Parishad is situated at the Nariman Point area of South Mumbai in the capital Mumbai. The budget session and the monsoon session are convened in Mumbai whereas the winter session is convened in the auxiliary capital Nagpur. Legislative Council shall consist of not less than 40 members or maximum one-third of the total number of members in the legislative assembly, chosen in the manner provided in this section. It is

title: Bihar Legislative Assembly

text: Speaker of Bihar Legislative Assembly. The Legislative Assembly also has a Secretariat which is headed by Secretary. He is under the disciplinary control of Speaker. The function of Secretary is to assist the Speaker. Bateshwar Nath Pandey is the current Secretary of Bihar Legislative Assembly. Last assembly elections were held in October–November 2015. In July 2017, ex Deputy Chief Minister Tejashwi Yadav of the RJD was charged by the CBI in a corruption case. After prolonged, but ultimately futile deliberations between the members of the Grand Alliance over Yadav resigning, Nitish Kumar resigned as Chief Minister on the 26 July

title: Maharashtra

text: who are elected for five-year terms. The Maharashtra Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad) is a permanent body of 78 members with a third of members replaced every two years. The government of Maharashtra is headed by the Chief Minister, who is chosen by the party or coalition holding the majority in the Legislative Assembly. The Chief Minister, along with the council of ministers, drives the legislative agenda and exercises most of the executive powers. However, the constitutional and formal head of the state is the Governor, who is appointed for a five-year term by the President of India on the advice

title: Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council

text: consists of thirty-six members, chosen in the following manner: The Legislative Council has two regular sessions — Budget and Monsoon sessions. But these sessions can be convened at any time by the state governor. The Council lacks many of the powers and responsibilities that are bestowed to the Legislative Assembly. While the members of the Legislative Council can introduce any form of legislation except bills concerning financial appropriations, in practice the lower house is the source of most legislation and bills passed by the Assembly are only sent to the Legislative Council for final approval. The Council is required to

text: and assists the Speaker in the execution of his or her duties, and acts Speaker in their absence or during a vacancy in the position. Speaker of the Victorian Legislative Assembly The Speaker of the Victorian Legislative Assembly is the presiding officer of the Victorian Legislative Assembly, the lower house of the Parliament of Victoria. The presiding officer of the upper house of the Parliament of Victoria, the Victorian Legislative Council, is the President of the Victorian Legislative Council. A Speaker is elected at the beginning of each new parliamentary term by the Legislative Assembly from one of its members.

text: Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament The Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament (, ) is the President of the Scottish Parliament. He or she is a Member of the Scottish Parliament elected by the Scottish Parliament by means of an exhaustive ballot, and is "ex officio" the head of the Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body. He or she is considered a figurehead of the Scottish Parliament and holds an office in Queensberry House. The office of the Presiding Officer was established by an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the Scotland Act 1998. The current Presiding Officer is

title: Vidhan Sabha

text: Speaker acts as a neutral judge and manages all debates and discussions in the house. Usually he or she is a member of the stronger political party A State Legislative Assembly holds equal legislative power with the upper house of state legislature, the State Legislative Council ('Legislative Council'), except in the area of money bills in which case the State Legislative Assembly has the ultimate authority. A motion of no confidence against the government in the state can only be introduced in the State Legislative Assembly. If it is passed by a majority vote, then the Chief Minister and his

title: Tasmanian Legislative Council

text: by-election are: When the Legislative Council of Van Diemen's Land was created in 1825 it was a fully nominated body with the Lieutenant-Governor as Presiding Officer. Between 1850 and 1856 the Presiding Officer in the Legislative Council was known as the Speaker. Sir Richard Dry was the first elected to hold this position. As part of wider parliamentary changes the title was changed in 1856 to President. The current President of the Legislative Council is Nelson MLC Jim Wilkinson. The Public Accounts committee is a Joint Committee, meaning that it is composed of members from both houses of parliament. Currently,

title: C.P.Singh

text: is five consecutive term member of legislative assembly. He was elected as MLA from Ranchi in year 1996, 2000, 2005, 2009 and 2014. In legislative assembly, he held some of the vital place as member of government and as member of opposition. From 2000 to 2006, he was ‘Chief Whip’ of ruling party and from 2006 to 2009, he was Chief Whip of opposition party. In January 2010, he was elected as 4th Speaker of Legislative Assembly of Jharkhand, a constitutional position. Currently he is one of the most controversial figures as he was not resigning from the speaker's post


question: when was son of a preacher man released

answers: late 1968

answers: November 8, 1968

title: Son of a Preacher Man

text: Son of a Preacher Man (Nancy Wilson album) Son of a Preacher Man is a studio album by Nancy Wilson, released on Capitol Records in 1969. It was produced by David Cavanaugh, with arrangements and conducting by Jimmy Jones, Phil Wright, and Joe Parnello. Like other Wilson albums from the same time period, it features a combination of vocal jazz, soul, blues, and popular music, but it also contains songs by country artists Hank Cochran, Roger Miller, and Bobby Russell. AllMusic calls "Son of a Preacher Man" a "soulful, sexy collection," with "percolating grooves [that] capture the singer at her

title: Son of a Preacher Man (album)

text: Son of a Preacher Man (album) "For the Dusty Springfield and Aretha Franklin song, see "Son of a Preacher Man." " Son of a Preacher Man is the third solo studio album by American country music artist John Rich, one half of the duo Big & Rich. Rich wrote or co-wrote all of the songs on the album. Originally slated for a May 2009 release on Warner Bros. Records, the same label to which Big & Rich are signed, "Son of a Preacher Man" was released on March 24, 2009. The first single released from the album, "Another You", debuted

text: 2013, SoulMusic Records released a digitally remastered version of the album, paired with Hurt So Bad, another Wilson record from the same time period. Son of a Preacher Man (Nancy Wilson album) Son of a Preacher Man is a studio album by Nancy Wilson, released on Capitol Records in 1969. It was produced by David Cavanaugh, with arrangements and conducting by Jimmy Jones, Phil Wright, and Joe Parnello. Like other Wilson albums from the same time period, it features a combination of vocal jazz, soul, blues, and popular music, but it also contains songs by country artists Hank Cochran, Roger

title: Jermain Wesley Loguen

text: Jermain Wesley Loguen Rev. Jermain Wesley Loguen (February 5, 1813 – September 30, 1872), born Jarm Logue, in slavery, was an African-American abolitionist and bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, and an author of a slave narrative. Jarm Logue was born the son of an enslaved mother named Cherry in Davidson County, Tennessee, and David Logue, a white man who claimed them both as his own property. At age 21, he made permanent escape from bondage on the second attempt with help from his mother and a horse appropriated from his father, "master" of man and beast, then

title: Son of a Preacher Man

text: in mono. "Son of a Preacher Man" was to be the last Top Ten chart hit for Springfield for almost 20 years, till she teamed up with Pet Shop Boys for the single "What Have I Done to Deserve This?" in 1987. In 1967, while working at Muscle Shoals, Alabama, songwriters John Hurley and Ronnie Wilkins, who had recently had a hit with "Love of the Common People", were asked by Jerry Wexler to write a song for Aretha Franklin. Remembering the fact that Franklin's father was a preacher, as Wilkins's grandfather had been, Hurley and Wilkins quickly came up

title: Preacher's kid

text: children were growing up. Often the children were criticized because of who their father was. An enduring image from popular music is presented in the hit song "Son of a Preacher Man," a ballad of young love remembered, places the minister's son as a "sweet-talkin' son of a preacher man", who is possibly more sensitive to women and thus able to emotionally reach the girl who claims that, "The only one who could ever reach me/Was the son of a preacher man/The only boy who could ever teach me/Was the son of a preacher man." Versions of the recording from

title: Samuel R. Lowery

text: Tennessee. His father, Peter, was an African American slave and his mother was a Cherokee Indian. His mother died when Samuel was eight years old. Together with his father, Peter Lowery, Lowery worked at Franklin College, Tennessee and studied under the Christian preacher, Tolbert Fanning. At sixteen he taught in school for four years. In 1849, his father purchased his family's freedom and joined the Church of the Disciples and became the church's first black preacher. Samuel also converted and began preaching. In 1857, he moved to Cincinnati, Ohio and continued preaching there. In 1858 he married and moved to

title: Son of a Preacher Man (album)

text: doesn’t effectively channel the emotions his grandfather’s service evokes within him and his phrasing and lyrics end up straining both rhythmically and logically to make his points." After a short chart run, it reached a peak of number 56. Son of a Preacher Man (album) "For the Dusty Springfield and Aretha Franklin song, see "Son of a Preacher Man." " Son of a Preacher Man is the third solo studio album by American country music artist John Rich, one half of the duo Big & Rich. Rich wrote or co-wrote all of the songs on the album. Originally slated for

title: Preacherman

text: and runs off alone. Clyde, upon reuniting with Mary Lou, misleads Bull and his deputy, allowing Huxley to make it to the next county free and clear. Preacherman Preacherman is a 1971 American comedy film written, directed, and starring Albert T. Viola. The film revolves around a backwoods con artist posing as a country preacher, who, during a sojourn in a small North Carolina town, alternately misleads a local landowner to take advantage of his daughter, but also helps him sell moonshine to get revenge on a rival. Initially released mostly to theatres in the American south by small distributor

title: Claude Joseph Johnson

text: Claude Joseph Johnson Claude Joseph ("Dr. C. J.") Johnson (May 16, 1913July 20, 1990) was an American gospel music singing preacher and pastor. He was born on May 16, 1913 in Douglasville, Georgia, the son of Will and Cora Reid Johnson. The family moved to Atlanta, Georgia in 1916. His mother died when he was young, and he with his elder and younger sister were raised by his paternal grandmother, Sarah Farley Johnson. His father, Will, was a shape note teacher in Georgia in the 1920s and 1930s. He first acted as pastor at the age of 12 at the

title: Samuel Green (freedman)

text: Samuel Green (freedman) Samuel Green (c. 1802 – ) was an African-American slave, freedman, and minister of religion, who was jailed in 1857 for possessing a copy of the anti-slavery novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin" by Harriet Beecher Stowe. He was born in East New Market, Maryland, to an enslaved mother. His father may have been enslaved. The identity of both parents remains unknown. He labored for his enslaver, Henry Nichols, until Nichols's death in 1832. A provision in Nichols's will enabled Green to buy his freedom. Samuel then worked as a farmer and as a minister or exhorter in the

title: Marjoe Gortner

text: Marjoe Gortner Hugh Marjoe Ross Gortner (born January 14, 1944 in Long Beach, California) is a former evangelist preacher and actor. He first gained public attention during the late 1940s when his parents arranged for him at age four to be ordained as a preacher, due to his extraordinary speaking ability. He was the youngest known in that position. As a young man, he preached on the revival circuit and brought celebrity to the revival movement. He became a celebrity again during the 1970s when he starred in "Marjoe" (1972), a behind-the-scenes documentary about the lucrative business of Pentecostal preaching.

title: W. P. Nicholson

text: Nicholson's preaching. W. P. Nicholson William Patteson Nicholson (3 April 1876 – 29 October 1959) was a Presbyterian preacher and evangelist born in Bangor, County Down, Ireland. Nicknamed "the Tornado of the Pulpit", Nicholson spent his early years on his father's cargo ship. He began to preach Christianity in 1899 at the age of 23 and was known for his "men-only" meetings. Nicholson used straightforward language which communicated to the common man. In the Belfast shipyard of Harland & Wolff, a shed, named "the Nicholson shed", was erected to house stolen tools that newly converted workers were returning as a

title: Richard "Preacher Dick" Evans

text: Richard "Preacher Dick" Evans Richard E. Evans (Jan. 4, 1824 - Dec. 6, 1901), also known as "Preacher Dick," or "Uncle Dickey," was a Baptist preacher who served in East Tennessee and western North Carolina. Evans was born in Sevier County, Tennessee, the only son of Jacob Evans of South Carolina and Martha Ogle of Tennessee. He died in Sevier County and his remains are interred in Sevier County's Forks of the River Cemetery. At 16, he was converted by reverends Eli Roberts and William Ogle and joined White Oak Flats Church. That same year, on Jan. 30 of 1840,

title: London R. Ferebee

text: London R. Ferebee London R. Ferebee (1849 – 1883) was an African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church preacher and author, who was born into slavery on August 18, 1849, in a place called Big Ditch, in Currituck County, North Carolina. He wrote his biography of being born into a slave family, surviving the American Civil War, his imprisonment and later work for the church. He worked while very young, and escaped at a young age. He made a life for himself in education, politics, and religion. He led a full life and, along the way, endured many sufferings and hardships. When

title: Abner Kneeland

text: Abner Kneeland Abner Kneeland (April 7, 1774 – August 27, 1844) was an American evangelist and theologian who advocated many views, religious and social, which were considered extremely radical for his day. Due to his very public stance on these issues, Kneeland became the last man jailed in the United States for blasphemy. Kneeland was born in Gardner, Massachusetts. At the age of 21, he attended a Baptist church and served as a lay preacher for a time. However, he soon converted to Universalism where he was ordained a minister. He served as minister of various churches for a time,

title: W. P. Nicholson

text: W. P. Nicholson William Patteson Nicholson (3 April 1876 – 29 October 1959) was a Presbyterian preacher and evangelist born in Bangor, County Down, Ireland. Nicknamed "the Tornado of the Pulpit", Nicholson spent his early years on his father's cargo ship. He began to preach Christianity in 1899 at the age of 23 and was known for his "men-only" meetings. Nicholson used straightforward language which communicated to the common man. In the Belfast shipyard of Harland & Wolff, a shed, named "the Nicholson shed", was erected to house stolen tools that newly converted workers were returning as a result of

title: John Taylor (Baptist preacher)

text: was born in 1752 in Fauquier County, Virginia to a farming family. He was taught at home to read, write and do his numbers. Although christened in the Church of England, he was strongly influenced by the preaching of the Baptist William Marshall, whom he first heard at age 17. Taylor united with the Baptists when he was 20 years old and began preaching on the frontier while living in Virginia. In his "History of Clear Creek Church: and Campbellism Exposed" (1830), Taylor provided material about his origins: At my birth, and in the early part of my life, my

title: Charles Albert Tindley

text: Charles Albert Tindley Rev. Dr. Charles Albert Tindley (July 7, 1851 – July 26, 1933) was an American Methodist minister and gospel music composer. Often referred to as "The Prince of Preachers", he educated himself, became a minister and founded one of the largest Methodist congregations serving the African-American community on the East Coast of the United States. Tindley's father was a slave, but his mother was free. Tindley himself was thus considered to be free, but even so he grew up among slaves. After the Civil War, he moved to Philadelphia, where he found employment as a hod carrier

title: Preacher Roe

text: Preacher Roe Elwin Charles Roe (February 26, 1916 – November 9, 2008), known as Preacher Roe, was a Major League Baseball pitcher for the St. Louis Cardinals (1938), Pittsburgh Pirates (1944–47), and Brooklyn Dodgers (1948–54). Roe was born on February 26, 1916, in Ash Flat, Arkansas and grew up in Viola, Arkansas. The nickname "Preacher" came at the age of three when an uncle asked his name and Roe responded "preacher" because of a minister who would take him on horse-and-buggy rides. For some time, Roe’s father, Charles Roe, played semi-professional ball for a Pine Bluff, Arkansas team before he

title: John Hurley and Ronnie Wilkins

text: Hurley and Wilkins were asked by Jerry Wexler to write a song for Aretha Franklin. Remembering that Aretha's father was a preacher, as Wilkins' grandfather had been, they quickly came up with the song "Son of a Preacher Man". Wexler liked the song and recorded it with Aretha Franklin, but her version was not released and Wexler passed the song on to Dusty Springfield for her album "Dusty in Memphis". Released as a single in 1968, Springfield's version reached number 9 on the UK singles chart and number 10 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. In 1993, the song was sampled

title: Robert Sheffey

text: 21st century. In 1977, Unusual Films, the cinema division of Bob Jones University, released a feature-length film, "Sheffey", with a script based on Carr’s novel. Robert Sheffey Robert Sayers Sheffey (July 4, 1820 – August 30, 1902) was a Methodist evangelist and circuit-riding preacher, renowned for his eccentricities and power in prayer, who ministered to, and became part of the folklore of, the Appalachian region of southwest Virginia, southern West Virginia and eastern Tennessee. Sheffey was born near the hamlet of Ivanhoe, Wythe County, Virginia, of a locally prominent family, the youngest of five brothers. His mother died when he

title: John Murrell (bandit)

text: and incarcerated in the Tennessee State Penitentiary in Nashville from 1834 to 1844. According to Tennessee prison records, John Andrews Murrell was born in Lunenburg County, Virginia, and raised in Williamson County, Tennessee. Murrell was the son of Jeffrey Murrell and Zilpha Andrews and was the third born of eight children. While incarcerated, his mother, wife, and two children lived in the vicinity of Denmark, Tennessee. John A. Murrell had his first criminal conviction, for horse theft, as a teenager and was branded on the base of his thumb with an "HT" for horse thief, flogged, and sentenced to six

title: John Jasper

text: faith in God through the imagery of a flat Earth around which the sun rotates. He delivered his last sermon a few days before his death at age 88. The Library of Virginia honored him as one of the African American trailblazers in its "Strong Men and Women" series in 2012. John Jasper John Jasper (July 4, 1812 - March 30, 1901) was an ex-slave who became a Baptist minister and noted public speaker for Christianity after the American Civil War. Born into slavery on July 4, 1812 in Fluvanna County, Virginia, to Philip and Tina Jasper one of twenty-four

title: Richard "Preacher Dick" Evans

text: was finished, 10 people professed their faith in Jesus Christ. Burnett, J .J., "Sketches of Tennessee's Pioneer Baptist Preachers" Lawson, Fred Raulston, "The Lawsons of East Tennessee" Richard "Preacher Dick" Evans Richard E. Evans (Jan. 4, 1824 - Dec. 6, 1901), also known as "Preacher Dick," or "Uncle Dickey," was a Baptist preacher who served in East Tennessee and western North Carolina. Evans was born in Sevier County, Tennessee, the only son of Jacob Evans of South Carolina and Martha Ogle of Tennessee. He died in Sevier County and his remains are interred in Sevier County's Forks of the River

title: Elijah Craig

text: of the new congregation, including himself. His older brother Lewis and younger brother Joseph Craig also became Baptist preachers. In 1768 Lewis was imprisoned with John Waller, James Childs, James Reed and William Marsh in the Fredericksburg jail for several weeks, for preaching without licenses from the established Anglican Church. In 1771 Elijah Craig was ordained and became the pastor of Blue Run church, halfway between Barboursville and Liberty Mills, Virginia. He was jailed at least twice for preaching without the required Virginia license from the Anglican Church. Such preachers were considered a challenge to the entire social order of

title: Danny Brooks

text: had an early introduction to public ministry when his father had Danny, his brother and his sister stand at street corners in Toronto repeating scripture verses. After a rough life and a season of rebellion he was sent to prison for a short stretch in 1972. Brooks attributes his skill in writing music to the time he spent in prison. In 1987, three months after his release from the Donwood Institute in Toronto where he was treated for alcohol and drug addiction, he came to his faith. Donwood Institute He's been active in prison ministry since 1991. In 1991 Danny

title: Benajah Harvey Carroll

text: Benajah Harvey Carroll Benajah Harvey Carroll, known as B. H. Carroll (December 27, 1843 – November 11, 1914), was a Baptist pastor, theologian, teacher, and author. Carroll was born near Carrollton in Carroll County in north central Mississippi, one of twelve children to Benajah Carroll and the former Mary Eliza Mallard. His father was a Baptist minister. The family moved to Burleson County, Texas in 1858. Carroll served in the army of the Confederate States of America from 1862-1864. In 1865, at the age of twenty two, he converted to Christianity at a Methodist camp meeting after taking up a

title: Tom Goss (musician)

text: hear him tell it, he's having the time of his life." In 2015, Goss moved to Los Angeles and began focusing more of his energy on producing new, dynamic and groundbreaking music videos. Crowdfunded with the help of Kickstarter, Goss produced and released Breath and Sound and Son of a Preacher Man. Both videos received critical acclaim. New Now Next called Breath and Sound 'Dazzling,' while The Daily Beast called Son of a Preacher Man "Moving and Beautifully Composed," and The Huffington Post called it "A powerful, somber take on a Dusti Springfield classic." In August 2016 Goss released his

title: Son of a Preacher Man

long_answer: Springfield's version was produced by Jerry Wexler, Tom Dowd and Arif Mardin for her first album for the Atlantic Records label and became an international hit reaching No.10 in the United States and No.9 in her native Great Britain when it was released in late 1968. The album Dusty in Memphis was released in stereo, though its singles were remixed and released in mono. "Son of a Preacher Man" was to be the last Top Ten chart hit for Springfield for almost 20 years, till she teamed up with Pet Shop Boys for the single "What Have I Done to Deserve This?" in 1987.


question: when did the first train run in england

answers: 1560s

answers: As early as 1671

answers: 1830

answers: 1804

title: Locomotion No. 1

text: by road from Newcastle to Darlington in September 1825. On 26 September, the day before the opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway, the locomotive was taken on a trial run between Shildon and Darlington, with a number of the railway’s directors aboard the railway’s first passenger coach, known as ‘’Experiment’’. The driver was James Stephenson, the elder brother to George Stephenson, who had to perch on a small platform beside the boiler; the fireman, William Gowling, stood on a footplate between the engine and the tender. On 27 September 1825, "Locomotion No.1" hauled the first train on the Stockton

title: Royal train

text: royal car was taken out of regular service and is now on display at the Swedish Railway Museum, however it has been put back into service for special occasions since; the museum is connected by rail to the regular network and some of the cars on display can rather easily be brought back to service. Queen Victoria was the first British monarch to travel by train, on 13 June 1842, when she travelled on the Great Western Railway (GWR), which ran the line between London and Windsor (for Windsor Castle). Soon, other major British railway companies had their own carriage(s)

title: History of rail transport in Great Britain to 1830

text: general merchandise. The line was in length, had 100 passing loops along its single track, and four branch lines to collieries. It opened on 27 September 1825. The first train was hauled by Stephenson's "Locomotion No 1" at speeds of . Four locomotives named "Locomotion" were constructed; they were effectively beam engines on wheels with vertical cylinders. They were also amongst the first locomotives to use coupling rods rather than chains to drive their wheels. The railway was initially operated like a public road, and it was a common occurrence for waggoners' trains to meet on the single track, leading

title: History of Hertfordshire

text: The first branch railway line in England was the Aylesbury one, which opened in 1839. It had a station in Hertfordshire, at Marston Gate. Another rail line grew out from London towards Cambridge, reaching Broxbourne in 1840, Harlow in 1841, and Bishops Stortford in 1842. A branch to Hertford opened in 1843. The first Hatfield train crash took place on Boxing Day, 1870. The London Underground rail line reached Rickmansworth in 1887. The two flagship garden cities of Letchworth and Welwyn were central to the development of town planning in England. The first Garden City Company formed in 1903, with

title: Ambergate, Nottingham, Boston and Eastern Junction Railway

text: road, not very fast, but a jolly tumble about."" However the first train departed at 9 a.m. with half a dozen second and third class carriages and a number of wagons. As with most railways of the time, operation was somewhat haphazard and it wasn't long before the first accident in October, 1850. Joy again: ""We had got another engine from Railway Foundry, known as No. 266, and she did "goods"; and Nottingham Goose Fair coming, and a special ordered for Nottingham, I snapped at the chance of driving one of the engines. I don't know how it all came

title: South Devon Railway Company

text: train when required, so that, on arriving at Teignmouth, where the locomotive was removed, the piston carriage started the train when the signal was given. Later writers assert different dates for these key events. Gregory, writing in 1982 says that the experimental first run to Turf was on 25 February 1847; and he says that it was on "16th August that the first atmospheric train reached [Teignmouth]". "Early in September a daily goods train was regularly transferred to atmospheric working and the great day when the public could sample it for the first time [i.e. the start of atmospheric passenger

title: Dawlish

text: the seafront, but Brunel ensured that the line was carried across the mouth of the stream on a small granite viaduct, leaving access to the beach. The atmospheric railway opened on 30 May 1846 and ran between Exeter St Davids and Newton Abbot. The first passenger train ran in September 1847, but the project was besieged with problems mainly with the leather sealing valve, which after 12 months of use needed replacing at a cost of £25,000. South Devon Railway directors abandoned the project in favour of conventional trains. After visiting Sidmouth in 1801, Jane Austen spent a long holiday

title: Ipswich–Ely line

text: train carrying various GER officers ran on 6 June 1879, the line failed to pass the mandatory government inspection and it was not until 1 September that the line opened. The opening day was not auspicious, as a locomotive was derailed near Soham, without casualties. One of the first trains to use the new link was a train carrying racehorses from Newmarket to Doncaster. From the outset the single track line was operated by the GER, and Fordham and Soham stations (both equipped with goods yards) all opened on 1 September 1879. At the same time as the ENR line

title: Transport in the United Kingdom

text: main lines (the West Coast, East Coast, Midland, Great Western and Great Eastern), which radiate from London to the rest of the country, augmented by regional rail lines and dense commuter networks within the major cities. High Speed 1 is operationally separate from the rest of the network, and is built to the same standard as the TGV system in France. The world's first passenger railway running on steam was the Stockton and Darlington Railway, opened on 27 September 1825. Just under five years later the world's first intercity railway was the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, designed by George Stephenson

title: England

text: is the oldest in the world: passenger railways originated in England in 1825. Much of Britain's of rail network lies in England, covering the country fairly extensively, although a high proportion of railway lines were closed in the second half of the 20th century. There are plans to reopen lines such as the Varsity Line between Oxford and Cambridge. These lines are mostly standard gauge (single, double or quadruple track) though there are also a few narrow gauge lines. There is rail transport access to France and Belgium through an undersea rail link, the Channel Tunnel, which was completed in

title: Darlington TMD

text: an alternative view is that it was a two-road engine shed, big enough to house four of the first main line steam engines, built by the Newcastle & Darlington Junction Railway when it opened in 1844. The Tithe map of 1847 confirms the building in this position. The listing notes that the first trains to run on the 1841 line used locomotives borrowed or purchased from the Stockton and Darlington. It also says, "The architect is uncertain but it is thought to be George Townsend Andrews of York, architect of the first York Station. While this cannot be confirmed the

title: Derby railway station

text: Inn was for second class passengers and railway workers. The saying went that patrons of the first chatted about hunting and shooting, of the other, shunting and hooting. The first public departure from a temporary platform was on 4 June 1839 when a Midland Counties train ran to Nottingham. (the inaugural run having taken place from Nottingham on the 30th) The first train to Birmingham departed on 12 August in the same year, from another temporary platform further south. The Tri Junct Station finally opened when the North Midland line was completed to Rotherham Masborough on 11 May 1840, reaching

title: Shildon

text: as the world's first railway station. In the early stages of the Stockton and Darlington Railway, tickets were sold at the bar. Between 1833 and 1841 the company hired a room in the pub for use as a booking office. The railway ran from its northern terminus at Shildon along 27 miles of track to its terminus at Stockton. Recruited to the railway by George Stephenson in 1824, Timothy Hackworth went on to become superintendent in 1825. He was charged with building locomotives for the company. Timothy Hackworth moved into Hackworth House (formerly Soho House) with his family in 1831.

title: London and Birmingham Railway

text: London than Camden Town." The railway opened from Euston on 20 July 1837; the stationary engines and rope haulage did not commence until 27 September, and handled all trains from 14 October 1837. Until then, and whenever the rope system was stopped for repairs, locomotives hauled the trains up the incline. From November 1843 some expresses were worked without recourse to the rope, and from 15 July 1844 the rope working ceased permanently. Initially it was decided that it would be cheaper to work the railway by a contractor, and Edward Bury was chosen and awarded the contract in May

title: North West England

text: extensive local passenger rail networks operating high-frequency commuter trains. The quietest train station in the region is Reddish South, the 4th quietest in Britain. The InterCity service in the UK began between London and Manchester in the late 1960s; the new Euston station opened in 1968. With the new electrification of the line in the late 1960s, passenger numbers doubled. The region saw the last steam-train service on the UK network - the Fifteen Guinea Special on 11 August 1968, with three Black Five locomotives. Sea ferries depart from Liverpool (Gladstone Dock) to Dublin (P&O Irish Sea) and to Douglas

title: NER electric units

text: trains were seen. The parcel vans were used with passenger coaches on morning and evening workman's trains. The line was electrified with a third rail at 600 V DC, and the first trains ran on 29 March 1904 between Newcastle (New Bridge Street) railway station and . Services were running to the Tynemouth coast and back to Newcastle on 25 July 1904. A short link between Manors railway station and New Bridge Street opened on 1 January 1909, completing a circular route. Twenty-two passenger cars and a parcel van were built between 1908 and 1915 to cope with increased traffic.

title: Nottingham Carrington Street railway station

text: gateposts to the yard and the bridge under the towpath still survive. The first member of the British Royal Family to travel by train was Dowager Queen Adelaide who took a train provided by the Midland Counties Railway from Nottingham to Derby, where another train provided by the North Midland Railway transported Her Majesty to Leeds on 22 July 1840. In view of plans by the Midland Railway, as it had become, to extend the line to Lincoln two extra lines with platforms were added on the south side of the station crossing Carrington Street on the level. However, by

title: Banbury Merton Street railway station

text: Duke of Buckingham and local landowner Sir Harry Verney M.P., was one of the driving forces behind the line. The opening of the line on 1 May 1850 took place amid great celebrations in Banbury; the first train departed at 6.30am to a crowd of onlookers but with few paying passengers. More passengers joined the later trains at 9.45am and 1.45pm which were bound for Bletchley where they were met by flags and a brass band. The LNWR provided an initial service of four trains per day, with special excursion trains being laid on for major events such as the

title: Stockton-on-Tees

text: crossing on Bridge Road. Hauled by Locomotion No 1, the great engineer himself manned the engine on its first journey on 27 September 1825. Fellow engineer and friend, Timothy Hackworth acted as guard. This was the world's first passenger railway, connecting Stockton with Shildon. The opening of the railway greatly boosted Stockton, making it easier to bring coal to the factories; however the port declined as business had moved down river to Middlesbrough. Stockton witnessed another discovery in 1827. Local chemist John Walker invented the friction match in his shop at 59 High Street. The first sale of the matches

title: Wadebridge

text: Sir William Molesworth of Pencarrow. The line was intended to carry sand from the Camel Estuary to inland farms for use as fertiliser. It was opened on 30 September 1834 with the locomotive "Camel" pulling a train load of 400 passengers (one of the first railways in Britain to carry passengers). When the company ordered its second locomotive it came with a name plate already affixed. It had been named the "Elephant" as the makers had failed to realise that the first engine had been named after the river and not an animal. The last passenger train left Wadebridge railway

text: Railway obtained an Act of Parliament on 21 May 1801 to build a tramroad between Wandsworth and Croydon in what is now south London; the engineer was William Jessop. Although it survived only until 1845 and was for freight traffic only, it prefaced many others in different parts of the country. Meanwhile, the first passenger-carrying public railway was the Oystermouth Railway, authorised in 1807. All three of these railways were initially worked by horses; the Surrey Iron Railway remained horse-drawn throughout its life. The Kilmarnock and Troon Railway was authorised by Act of Parliament on 27 May 1808 and was

title: Stowmarket railway station

text: deep) and a raft of brushwood and faggots was used to give the embankment a firm footing. The River Gipping was also diverted to aid the project. On 26 November 1846 the first test train ran to Bury St Edmunds with stops at most stations on the route, accompanied by the inevitable lavish celebrations. The official opening followed on 7 December 1846 when a special train ran from Shoreditch (later Bishopsgate railway station) to a temporary station at Bury St Edmunds. The Board of Trade inspection took place on 15 December 1846 and the line opened for traffic on 24

title: Sheffield and Rotherham Railway

text: not been laid, the railway opened on 31 October 1838. The first train, on 31 October, transported Earl Fitzwilliam and guests to Rotherham. A celebration breakfast followed by the obligatory speeches were held at the Court House. The Rotherham proprietors used the return train to Sheffield. On the following day, 1 November 1838, came the public opening. The first train was pulled by "Victory" and consisted of six yellow and black carriages, holding 300 passengers. The line's trackside, trees and bridge were filled with crowds who'd turned up for the event. "Victory" travelled to Rotherham in 17 minutes. Locomotive "London"

title: Norfolk Railway

text: the line opened, and at first arriving passengers were ferried across the River Bure. Cory objected to that, stating that he had the monopoly on ferry crossings as well, and the matter went to court. On 12 April 1844 the line was nearly complete and a special train was run over the line, conveying, among others, General Pasley of the Board of Trade. There was a ceremonial opening on 30 April 1844, followed by the full public opening on 1 May 1844. There were seven passenger trains each way daily, four of which were non-stop trains completing the journey in

title: Travelling Post Office

text: at the suggestion of Frederick Karstadt, a General Post Office surveyor. Karstadt's son was one of two mail clerks who did the sorting. In 1845 the service was extended via Derby to Newcastle upon Tyne by the Midland Railway; and soon after reached Scotland. The first special postal train was operated by the Great Western Railway between London and Bristol. The inaugural train ran on 1 February 1855, leaving Paddington station at 20:46, and arriving at Bristol at 00:30. In 1866, apparatus for picking up and setting down mailbags without stopping was installed at Slough and Maidenhead. In 1963 (the

title: Coaches of the Great Western Railway

text: The first train in the United Kingdom with corridor connections between all carriages entered service on 7 March 1890 on the Paddington to Birkenhead route, and further corridor trains were introduced on all the main routes over the next few years. In 1900 a new Milford Boat Train set introduced electric lights and the communication cord was moved inside the train; until now a passenger needing to stop the train in an emergency had to lean out of the window and pull a cord above the door. At this time carriages generally had a clerestory roof but elliptical roofs were

title: Rail ale trail

text: London to Bath, Somerset and Oxford. More than thirty years later Crookham Travel still run Rail Ale Rambles. Meanwhile, the term "rail ale" has been adopted by organisations such as the Devon and Cornwall Rail Partnership, who promote rural train routes in the English West Country. In the 1980s the local railway management had promoted travel to pubs close to stations using the tag line "Let us drive you to the pub". Some incentives were offered to railway passengers to use certain pubs. The Tarka Line Rail Ale Trail was the first to be launched in 2002. The "Beer Engine"

title: History of Slough

text: subsequently from the newly built North Star Inn. However, a station was built and opened by June 1840, and Queen Victoria made her first ever railway journey, from Slough station to Bishop's Bridge near Paddington, on 13 June 1842 - some three years after her husband Prince Albert who had first travelled from the trackside at Slough to Paddington on 14 November 1839. In 1849, a branch line was completed from Slough Station to Windsor & Eton Central railway station for the Queen's greater convenience. Originally, the headmaster of Eton College, Dr. John Keate, had resisted efforts to place a

title: Passenger rail franchising in Great Britain

text: Trains 05;10 Twickenham to Waterloo on 4 February 1996, although this came after the first privately run service, which ironically was a rail replacement bus service covering the early morning Fishguard to Cardiff journey in South Wales, due to engineering works. As the program progressed, all franchises had been awarded and commenced by 1 April 1997, the last being ScotRail. OPRAF was initially criticised for taking too long, but answered that most of the delays were outside of their control, and were indeed caused by the government itself. The first four franchise competitions only attracted four bidders each, well below

long_answer: The railway system of Great Britain, the principal territory of the United Kingdom, is the oldest in the world. It was started with the building of local isolated wooden wagonways starting in 1560s. The system was later built as a patchwork of local rail links operated by small private railway companies in late 18th century. These isolated links developed during the railway boom of the 1840s into a national network, although still run by dozens of competing companies. Over the course of the 19th and early 20th centuries, these amalgamated or were bought by competitors until only a handful of larger companies remained (see railway mania). The entire network was brought under government control during the First World War and a number of advantages of amalgamation and planning were revealed. However, the government resisted calls for the nationalisation of the network. In 1923, almost all the remaining companies were grouped into the "big four", the Great Western Railway, the London and North Eastern Railway, the London, Midland and Scottish Railway and the Southern Railway. The "Big Four" were joint-stock public companies and they continued to run the railway system until 31 December 1947.


question: when did the united kingdom entered world war 2

answers: 1939

title: British Empire in World War II

text: On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland.  Two days later, on 3 September, after a British ultimatum to Germany to cease military operations was ignored, Britain and France declared war on Germany. Britain's declaration of war automatically committed India, the Crown colonies, and the protectorates, but the 1931 Statute of Westminster had granted autonomy to the Dominions so each decided their course separately.

title: Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II

text: World War II included the campaigns in Hong Kong, India, Burma, Thailand, Indochina, Malaya and Singapore. On 8 December 1941, the conflict in this theatre began when the Empire of Japan invaded Hong Kong, Thailand and Malaya from bases located in China and French Indochina. Action in this theatre officially ended on 9 September 1945 with the surrender of Japan. The outbreak of war in the Far East found the United Kingdom critically overstretched. British forces in the area were weak in almost all arms. On 8 December 1941, the Japanese launched invasions of Thailand, Malaya and Hong Kong. On

title: British entry into World War I

text: British entry into World War I Great Britain entered World War I on 4 August 1914 when the king declared war after the expiration of an ultimatum to Germany. For much of the 19th century, Britain pursued a policy later known as splendid isolation, which sought to maintain the balance of power in Europe without formal alliances. As Europe divided into two power blocs during the 1890s, the 1895-1905 Conservative government realised this left Britain dangerously exposed. This resulted in the 1902 Anglo-Japanese Alliance, followed by King Edward VII's 1903 visit to Paris. By reducing anti-British feeling in France, it

title: History of the British Isles

text: any tariff barriers imposed. At the turn of the century, Britain was involved in the Second Boer War in South Africa. Queen Victoria, who had reigned since 1837, died in 1901 and was succeeded by her son, Edward VII, who, in turn, was succeeded by George V in 1910. In 1914, Britain entered the First World War by declaring war on Germany. Nearly a million Britons were killed in the war, which lasted until Germany's surrender on 11 November 1918. Home Rule in Ireland, which had been a major political issue since the late 19th century but put on hold

title: Dyce Work Camp

text: the camp was closed in October 1916, with the ministerial statement that it had always been intended to be only temporary. When the United Kingdom joined in World War I by declaring war on Germany on 4 August 1914 the British Army was flooded with volunteers, in a seizure of patriotic fervour. However, by autumn 1915 there was a shortage of recruits to replace those killed or injured in the fighting, so a voluntary system, the Derby Scheme, was instituted, by which men could "attest" that they were willing to serve when the time came. However, this also did not

text: World War because of its blood ties to the ruling family of Germany, Britain's prime adversary in the war. Before the war, the British royal family had been known as the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. In 1910, George V became King on the death of his father, King Edward VII, and remained king throughout the war. He was the first cousin of the German Kaiser Wilhelm II, who came to symbolise all the horrors of the war. Queen Mary, although British like her mother, was the daughter of the Duke of Teck, a descendant of the German Royal House

title: History of the United Kingdom

text: Churchill came to power, promising to fight the Germans to the very end. The Germans threatened an invasion—which the Royal Navy was prepared to repel. First the Germans tried to achieve air supremacy but were defeated by the Royal Air Force in the Battle of Britain in late summer 1940. Japan declared war in December 1941, and quickly seized Hong Kong, Malaya, Singapore, and Burma, and threatened Australia and India. Britain formed an alliance with the Soviet Union (starting in 1941) and very close ties to the United States (starting in 1940). The war was very expensive. It was paid

text: of) the Royal Navy for the remainder of the war. On 3 September, the UK and France declared war on Germany as obliged by the Anglo-Polish military alliance. The declaration was made 24 hours after the UK had issued an ultimatum to Germany to withdraw all German forces from Poland. After the fall of Poland, the Royal Navy was strengthened by the arrival of two Polish submarines Orzeł (Eagle) and Wilk (Wolf). The Polish Navy in the United Kingdom was then supplemented with leased British ships. The British Army immediately began dispatching the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) to support France.

text: had been transported to France. Over the next few months, troops, materials and vehicles continued to arrive in France and Belgium and by 13 March 1940 the BEF had doubled in size to 316,000 men. This period leading up to 10 May 1940 was known as the Phoney War, as there was little combat apart from minor clashes of reconnaissance patrols. The Allied generals believed that time was on their side, and hoped to weaken Germany by blockade before going on the offensive. On 10 May the stalemated Phoney War ended with a sweeping German invasion of the Benelux. German

title: Lord Kitchener Wants You

text: the Soviet Union. Prior to the institution of conscription in 1916, the United Kingdom relied upon volunteers for military service. Until the outbreak of the First World War, recruiting posters had not been used in Britain on a regular basis since the Napoleonic Wars. UK government advertisements for contract work were handled by His Majesty's Stationery Office, who passed this task onto the publishers of R. F. White & Sons in order to avoid paying the government rate to newspaper publishers. As war loomed in late 1913 the number of advertising contracts expanded to include other firms. J. E. B.

text: performed anti-submarine patrols in 1941–42. In addition, personnel training in the RN improved as the realities of the battle became obvious. For instance, the training regime of Vice Admiral Gilbert O. Stephenson is credited in improving personnel standards to a significant degree. The attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 and the subsequent German declaration of war on the United States made it a global war. German U-boats conducted a highly successful campaign against traffic along the American east coast. A proportion of the ships sunk were en route to assembly points for convoys to the UK. German sailors called

text: early 1915, but fell dramatically during the later years, especially after the Somme campaign, which resulted in 500,000 casualties. As a result, conscription was introduced for the first time in for single men, and extended in May–June to all men aged 18 to 41 across England, Wales and Scotland, by way of the "Military Service Acts". Urban centres, with their poverty and unemployment were favourite recruiting grounds of the regular British army. Dundee, where the female dominated jute industry limited male employment had one of the highest proportion of reservists and serving soldiers than almost any other British city. Concern

text: 1918 allowed women over 21 to stand as MPs. The new coalition government of 1918 charged itself with the task of creating a "land fit for heroes", from a speech given in Wolverhampton by David Lloyd George on 1918, where he stated "What is our task? To make Britain a fit country for heroes to live in." More generally, the war has been credited, both during and after the conflict, with removing some of the social barriers that had pervaded Victorian and Edwardian Britain. The War had a profound influence upon rural areas, as the U-boat blockade required the government

text: History of the United Kingdom during the First World War The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was one of the Allied Powers during the First World War of 1914–1918, fighting against the Central Powers (the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Bulgaria). The state's armed forces were reorganised—the war marked the founding of the Royal Air Force, for example—and increased in size because of the introduction, in January 1916, of conscription for the first time in the country's history as well as the raising of what was, at the time, the largest

title: United Kingdom

text: 1900. The Labour Party emerged from an alliance of trade unions and small socialist groups in 1900, and suffragettes campaigned for women's right to vote before 1914. Britain fought alongside France, Russia and (after 1917) the United States, against Germany and its allies in the First World War (1914–1918). British armed forces were engaged across much of the British Empire and in several regions of Europe, particularly on the Western front. The high fatalities of trench warfare caused the loss of much of a generation of men, with lasting social effects in the nation and a great disruption in the

text: of engagement were so restricted that any attacks that were made were mostly ineffective. However, once France had fallen in the summer of 1940 that began to change. During and after the Battle of Britain, bomber forces pounded the invasion fleets assembling in channel ports. However, they also flew a raid against Berlin after German bombs had fallen on London. The attack on Berlin by Bomber Command so enraged Hitler that he ordered the deliberate and systematic targeting of British cities in revenge. Throughout 1941, the size of the raids launched by Bomber Command slowly grew. However, due to the

title: Second Army (United Kingdom)

text: met up with the British forces. Shortly thereafter, the Second World War in Europe came to an end with the surrender of the government of Karl Dönitz, who had succeeded Adolf Hitler after his suicide. Second Army (United Kingdom) The British Second Army was a field army active during the First and Second World Wars. During the First World War the army was active on the Western Front throughout most of the war and later active in Italy. During the Second World War the army was the main British contribution to the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944 and .

title: Victory Medal (United Kingdom)

text: and to most of those who were awarded the British War Medal. It was not awarded singly. To qualify, recipients need to have served in the armed forces of the United Kingdom or the British Empire, or with certain recognised voluntary organisations, and have entered any theatre of war between 5 August 1914 and 11 November 1918. While home service did not count, United Kingdom based members of the RAF who were actively engaged in the air against the enemy did qualify, as did those who flew new planes to France. Women qualified for this and other First World War

title: Recruitment in the British Army

text: a 2-year extension. After the 2 years the soldier or officer maybe after a further 2 years service and thereafter until they reach 55 years of age. During both World Wars, subjects throughout the British Empire volunteered to help the United Kingdom. During World War I, the Dominions raised their own armies, but were under the British command structure, and very much integrated into the British fighting forces. Over 2.5 million men, which included Canada sending 418,000 men overseas, Australia sending 322,000,South Africa sending 230,000, New Zealand sending 124,000, and other volunteers from the Crown Colonies. During peacetime, British Empire

text: of those who could not fight contributed to philanthropic and humanitarian causes. Fearing food shortages and labour shortfalls, the government passed legislation such as the Defence of the Realm Act 1914, to give it new powers. The war saw a move away from the idea of "business as usual" under Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, and towards a state of total war (complete state intervention in public affairs) under the premiership of David Lloyd George; the first time this had been seen in Britain. The war also witnessed the first aerial bombardments of cities in Britain. Newspapers played an important

text: could arrive. German zeppelins bombed towns on the east coast, starting on 1915 with Great Yarmouth. London was also hit later in the same year, on . Propaganda supporting the British war effort often used these raids to their advantage: one recruitment poster claimed: "It is far better to face the bullets than to be killed at home by a bomb" (see image). The reaction from the public, however, was mixed; whilst 10,000 visited Scarborough to view the damage there, London theatres reported having fewer visitors during periods of "Zeppelin weather"—dark, fine nights. Throughout 1917 Germany began to deploy increasing

title: World War II by country

text: government of the UK. During the Second World War, the Isle of Man had a detention camp for Axis citizens and suspected sympathisers, including members of the British Union of Fascists and the Irish Republican Army. A naval base, radar network and training stations were also established on the island. The United States was neutral early in the fight, although it steadily grew ties with the Allies and began providing increased levels of assistance to them. The United States joined the Allies in December 1941 after the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan.Germany and Italy declared war

title: History of the United Kingdom

text: 1942, but finally crushed Germany, Italy and Japan. Britain was no longer a military or economic superpower, as seen in the Suez Crisis of 1956. Britain no longer had the wealth to maintain an empire, so it granted independence to almost all its possessions. The new states typically joined the Commonwealth of Nations. Postwar years saw great hardships, alleviated somewhat by large-scale financial aid from the United States, and some from Canada. Prosperity returned in the 1950s. Meanwhile, in 1945–50 the Labour Party built a welfare state, nationalized many industries, and created the National Health Service. The UK took a

title: World War II by country

text: and was considered one of the Big Three during Allied conferences in the second half of the war. The United Kingdom maintained close ties with the nations of the British Empire, and the forces of those countries were often incorporated into British military operations. In Northern Ireland despite urgings from the Stormont government, conscription was never implemented due to Irish nationalist opposition, which echoed nationalist agitation against conscription during World War I. The Channel Islands are self-governing Crown dependencies off the coast of France, and were the only British territory to be occupied by Germany during the War. The islands

text: all-volunteer army in history, known as Kitchener's Army, of more than 2,000,000 men. The outbreak of war has generally been regarded as a socially unifying event, although this view has been challenged by more recent scholarship. In any case, responses in Great Britain in 1914 were similar to those amongst populations across Europe. On the eve of war, there was serious domestic unrest in the UK (amongst the labour and suffrage movements and especially in Ireland) but much of the population rapidly rallied behind the government. Significant sacrifices were made in the name of defeating the Empire's enemies and many

title: Social history of the United Kingdom (1945–present)

text: independence to India in 1947. Most of the other major overseas colonies became independent in the late-1950s and early-1960s. The UK collaborated closely with the United States during the Cold War after 1947, and in 1949; helped to form NATO as a military alliance against the spread of Soviet Communism. After a long debate and initial scepticism, the United Kingdom joined the European Economic Community along with Ireland and Denmark on 1 January 1973, but voted to leave the European Union in a nationwide referendum held on 23 June 2016. Immigration from South Asia, the West Indies, and Eastern Europe

text: from collaboration with London to demands for immediate independence (see Easter Rising), a move given great impetus by the Conscription Crisis of 1918. Military historians continue to debate matters of tactics and strategy. However, in terms of memory of the war, historian Adrian Gregory argues that: On 4 August, the King declared war on the advice of H. H. Asquith of the Liberal Party Prime Minister. Britain's basic reasons for declaring war focused on a deep commitment to France and avoidance of splitting the Liberal Party. Top Liberals threatened to resign if the cabinet refused to support France—which would mean

text: the first time since the Napoleonic Wars, the population of the British Isles was in danger of attack from naval raids. The country also came under attack from air raids by zeppelins and fixed-wing aircraft, another first. The Raid on Yarmouth, which took place in , was an attack by the German Navy on the British North Sea port and town of Great Yarmouth. Little damage was done to the town itself, since shells only landed on the beach once German ships laying mines offshore were interrupted by British destroyers. One British submarine was sunk by a mine as it

text: United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914) The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland declared war on the German Empire on August 4, 1914. The declaration was a result of German refusal to remove troops from neutral Belgium. Prior to the German invasion, the United Kingdom had signed the Treaty of London (1839) which guaranteed British and French defence of Belgium sovereignty. On August 3, 1914 Sir Edward Grey announced to the House of Commons information he had received from the Belgian Legation in London. He announced that Belgian officials had informed him that they had received a

text: Because of thinly-stretched supply lines, the American fast broad-front advance could not be sustained, grinding to a halt in Lorraine and Belgium. Heated discussions then took place over the next phase of Allied strategy. Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France in August 1944 was carried out almost entirely by American and Free French troops, though British naval forces took part in bombardment duties and air protection of the beachhead. The only British land forces to take part were the 2nd Independent Parachute Brigade. They landed without much opposition, and rapidly took their objectives. The quick success of the operation

title: British Empire in World War II