question: what percentage of the population is naturally blonde

answers: 2%

title: Human hair color

title: Blond

text: many children's blond hair turns light, medium, dark brown or black before or during their adult years. Because blond hair tends to turn brunette with age, natural blond hair is rare in adulthood; according to the sociologist Christie Davies, only around five percent of adults in Europe and North America are naturally blond. A study conducted in 2003 concluded that only four percent of American adults are naturally blond. Nonetheless, a significant majority of Caucasian women (perhaps as high as three in four) dye their hair blond, a significantly higher percentage than for any other hair color. Blond hair is

title: Brown

text: on non-Europeans. A small amount of black eumelanin, in the absence of other pigments, results in grey hair. A small amount of brown eumelanin in the absence of other pigments results in blond hair. In Western popular culture, a common stereotype is that brunettes are stable, serious, smart and sophisticated. A British study into hair color and the intensity of attraction found that 62 percent of the men participating in the study associated brown-haired women with stability and competence. Brunettes were described as independent and self-sufficient by 67 percent of the men, and as intelligent by 81 percent. A majority

title: Blond

text: especially in the Rif and Kabyle region. Blondism frequency varies among Berbers from 1% among Jerban Berbers and 4% among Mozabite Berbers and Shawia Berbers, to 11% among Kabyle Berbers. In South Africa where there is a significant population of whites, mainly from Dutch and English ancestry, blond people may account for 3-4% of the South African population. A number of blond naturally mummified bodies of common people (i.e. not proper mummies) dating to Roman times have been found in the Fagg El Gamous cemetery in Egypt. "Of those whose hair was preserved 54% were blondes or redheads, and the

title: Blond

text: percentage grows to 87% when light-brown hair color is added." Excavations have been ongoing since the 1980s. Burials seem to be clustered by hair-colour. Aboriginal Australians, especially in the west-central parts of the continent, have a high frequency of natural blond-to-brown hair. Blondness is also found in some other parts of the South Pacific, such as the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and Fiji, again with higher incidences in children. Blond hair in Melanesians is caused by an amino acid change in the gene TYRP1. This mutation is at a frequency of 26% in the Solomon Islands and is absent outside of

title: Blond

text: with natural blond hair in fact had a higher average IQ score (103.2) than white women with brown hair (102.7), red hair (101.2), or black hair (100.5). Although many consider "blonde jokes" to be harmless, the author of the study stated the stereotype can have serious negative effects on hiring, promotion and other social experiences. Rhiannon Williams of "The Telegraph" writes that "dumb blonde" jokes are "one of the last 'acceptable' forms of prejudice". Blond Blond or fair hair is a hair color characterized by low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin. The resultant visible hue depends on various factors,

title: Human hair color

text: reddish tinge during the artificial coloring process. As the pheomelanin continues to break down, the hair will gradually become red, then orange, then yellow, and finally white. The genetics of hair colors are not yet firmly established. According to one theory, at least two gene pairs control human hair color. One phenotype (brown/blonde) has a dominant brown allele and a recessive blond allele. A person with a brown allele will have brown hair; a person with no brown alleles will be blond. This explains why two brown-haired parents can produce a blond-haired child. However, this can only be possible if

title: Blonde versus brunette rivalry

text: eyes, or complexion. Other studies have supported the findings by examining behavior shown in public settings. As an example, a Cornell University study showed that blonde waitresses receive larger tips than brunettes, even when controlling for other variables such as age, breast size, height and weight. In a 2012 interview with NBC News, Dr. Lisa Walker, Sociology Department Chair at the University of North Carolina said that hair colour "absolutely" plays a role in the way people are treated and claimed that numerous studies had shown that blonde women were paid higher salaries than other women. "Most people would tell

title: Blonde stereotype

text: been conducted over the years to measure society's attitude toward blondes and brunettes. Many of the studies have shown that men, especially those of European descent, find blonde women more attractive than brunettes, redheads, or women of other races who had darker hair, eyes, or complexion. A Cornell University study showed that blonde waitresses receive larger tips than brunettes, even when controlling for other variables such as age, breast size, height and weight. In a 2012 interview with NBC News, Dr. Lisa Walker, Sociology Department Chair at the University of North Carolina said that hair color "absolutely" plays a role

title: White people

text: and have performed actual field research suggest rather higher percentages: using the presence of blond hair as reference to classify a Mexican as white, the Metropolitan Autonomous University of Mexico calculated the percentage of said ethnic group at 23%. With a similar methodology, the American Sociological Association obtained a percentage of 18.8%. Another study made by the University College London in collaboration with Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History found that the frequencies of blond hair and light eyes in Mexicans are of 18% and 28% respectively, nationwide surveys in the general population that use as reference skin color

title: Blond

text: hair is very frequent. The hair color gene MC1R has at least seven variants in Europe, giving the continent a wide range of hair and eye shades. Based on a genetic research carried out at three Japanese universities, the date of the genetic mutation that resulted in blond hair in Europe has been isolated to about 11,000 years ago during the last ice age. A typical explanation found in the scientific literature for the evolution of light hair is related to the evolution of light skin, and in turn the requirement for vitamin D synthesis and northern Europe's seasonal less

title: Red hair

text: of population with red hair is estimated to be at around 10%, making it the most red-haired country in the world. According to Britain's DNA, 34.7% of the Irish population carry the allele for red hair, although this doesn't directly translate proportionally into births of red-haired children. Scotland also has a very high percentage with around 6% of the population having red hair. Dr. Jim Wilson of Britain's DNA study used a sample of 2,343 people, and found red hair occurrence of 6% in Scotland, with 36.5% overall carrying the allele and Edinburgh having the highest proportion at 40%. The

title: Red hair

text: Red hair Red hair (or ginger hair) occurs naturally in one to two percent of the human population, appearing with greater frequency (two to six percent) among people of northern or western European ancestry and lesser frequency in other populations. It is most common in individuals homozygous for a recessive allele on chromosome 16 that produces an altered version of the MC1R protein. Red hair varies in hue from a deep burgundy or bright copper (auburn) to burnt orange or red-orange to and strawberry blond. Characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin and relatively low levels of the

title: Human hair color

text: can be found spread around most of Europe. Studies in 2012 showed that naturally blond hair of Melanesians is caused by a recessive mutation in tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1). In the Solomon Islands, 26% of the population carry the gene; however, it is absent outside of Oceania. Black hair is the darkest hair color. It has large amounts of eumelanin and is more dense than other hair colors. Auburn hair ranges along a spectrum of light to dark red-brown shades. The chemicals which cause auburn hair are eumelanin (brown) and pheomelanin (red), with a higher proportion of red-causing pheomelanin than

title: Red hair

text: Asia. When henna is used on hair it dyes the hair to different shades of red. Emigration from Europe has multiplied the population of red haired humans in the Americas, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. In the United States, it is estimated that 2–6% of the population has red hair. This would give the U.S. the largest population of redheads in the world, at 6 to 18 million, compared to approximately 420,000 in Ireland and 300,000 in Scotland. Several accounts by Greek writers mention redheaded people. A fragment by the poet Xenophanes describes the Thracians as blue-eyed and red-haired.

title: Disappearing blonde gene

text: was attributed to the World Health Organization. In the BBC article Prof. Jonathan Rees of the University of Edinburgh cast doubt on the story—he was quoted as saying "The frequency of blondes may drop but they won't disappear." In October 2002 "The New York Times" reported that the World Health Organization had no knowledge of this study. In 2006 the hoax was mentioned by" The Sunday Times" when reporting on the publication of a hypothesis of the origins of blonde hair and "La Repubblica": "According to the WHO study, the last natural blond is likely to be born in Finland

title: Human hair color

text: or women are often known as brunette. Chestnut hair is a hair color which is a reddish shade of brown hair. In contrast to auburn hair, the reddish shade of chestnut is darker. Chestnut hair is common among the native peoples of Northern, Central, Western, and Eastern Europe. Blond (or "blonde" for women) hair ranges from nearly white (platinum blond, tow-haired) to a dark golden blonde. Strawberry blond, a mixture of blond and red hair, is a much rarer type containing the most pheomelanin. Blond hair can have almost any proportion of pheomelanin and eumelanin, but has only small amounts

title: Sarará

text: but is only present in significant numbers in Western Eurasian populations and their descendants) are recessive, so that a person with full Amerindian or sub-Saharan African ancestry, or a mixing between the two, is by far very unlikely to have red-haired or blond-haired offspring, no matter how fair the complexion of her or his Caucasian or multiracial sexual partner or spouse. The genes responsible for brown hair are also extremely rare among Indigenous peoples of the Americas and Black Africans, but not as uncommon. The most common hair colour in Brazil is brown. Natural blond and red hair are especially

title: Red hair

text: vitamin D production and also allows the individual to retain heat better than someone with darker skin. In 2000, Harding "et al." concluded that red hair is not the result of positive selection but of a lack of negative selection. In Africa, for example, red hair is selected against because high levels of sun harm untanned skin. However, in Northern Europe this does not happen, so redheads can become more common through genetic drift. Estimates on the original occurrence of the currently active gene for red hair vary from 20,000 to 100,000 years ago. A DNA study has concluded that

title: Outcomes Research Consortium

text: greater in natural redheads than in people with other hair colors. Red hair results from a mutation of the melanocortin-1 receptor. The Consortium’s results thus indicate that something about this receptor influences anesthetic action. Red hair was the first phenotype (physically apparent characteristics linked to a genetic mutation) linked to anesthetic requirement in humans, and remains the only one. Consortium research on red hair and anesthetic requirement has been covered by the San Francisco Examiner, The Globe and Mail, Readers Digest, and National Geographic. In further research, members of the Consortium found that redheads are resistant to local anesthetics. Consequently,

title: Blonde versus brunette rivalry

text: the results show that: "the average IQ of blondes was actually slightly higher than those with other hair colors, but that finding isn’t statistically significant." He adds:"I don’t think you can say with certainty that blondes are smarter than others, but you can definitely say they are not any dumber." In Russia, according to a 2011 survey by the Southern Federal University, brunettes are considered more attractive than blondes. Blonde versus brunette rivalry One aspect of how women are portrayed in popular culture is a purported rivalry between blondes and brunettes. The rivalry is a cultural phenomenon found in many

title: Redhead Day

text: the Netherlands where only two percent of the population has natural red hair. To find models, an advertisement was placed in a local newspaper. However, instead of 15, 150 models volunteered. Not wanting to turn down so many potential models, Rouwenhorst decided to choose 14 models, organise a group photo shoot for remaining redheads, and have a lottery to decide by chance who would be the 15th and final model. Thus began the first Redheadday. That year, the focus was on red-haired women only, since they were asked to volunteer to pose for the paintings. At the events in later

title: Portuguese people

text: of between 15 and 21%. True red hair (ginger) amounts to approximately 3%. However, there are higher percentages of individuals with auburn and dark red-brown shades. Dark and light sandy hair is common. Light eyes run between 19% and 30% according to recently published pigmentation maps of Europe (see P. Frost, 2006). A recent study by Candille et al. (2012) comparing pigmentation levels between the Portuguese and three other ethnically indigenous European national groups—the Irish, the Polish and the Italians—concluded that, in parts of the body not exposed to the sun, the Irish were in the lightest end of the

title: Brown hair

text: self-sufficient by 67 percent of the men, and as intelligent by 81 percent. According to "Allure" magazine, in 2005, 76 percent of American women believe that the first female president of the United States will have brown hair. Anita Loos, the author of the novel and play "Gentlemen Prefer Blondes", wrote a sequel entitled "But Gentlemen Marry Brunettes". A film of this was made, "Gentlemen Marry Brunettes", starring Jane Russell and Jeanne Crain. The Lady of Shalott from Lord Tennyson's poem is depicted as a brunette in most paintings. The woman portrayed in Leonardo da Vinci's most famous painting, "Mona

title: Melanesians

text: this ancient cousin of the Neanderthal. Blond hair is rare in native populations outside of Europe, Central Asia and North Africa. It evolved independently in Melanesia, where Melanesians of some islands (along with some Australian aborigines) are one of a few groups of non-Caucasian people who have blond hair. This has been traced to an allele of TYRP1 unique to these people, and is not the same gene that causes blond hair in Caucasians. As with blond hair that arose in Europe and parts of Asia, incidence of blondness is more common in children than in adults, with hair tending

title: Human hair color

text: years old, 74% had some grey hair, covering an average of 27% of their head, and approximately 1 in 10 people had no gray hairs even after the age of 60. Children born with some hair colors may find it gradually darkens as they grow. Many blond, light brown, or red haired infants experience this. This is caused by genes being turned off and on during early childhood and puberty. Changes in hair color typically occur naturally as people age, eventually turning the hair gray and then white. This is called achromotrichia. Achromotrichia normally begins in the early to mid-twenties

title: Blonde stereotype

text: in the way people are treated and claimed that numerous studies had shown that blonde women were paid higher salaries than other women. In a study by Diana J. Kyle and Heike I. M. Mahler (1996), the researchers asked subjects to evaluate photographs of the same woman with "natural" (not dyed) looking brown, red, and blonde hair in the context of a job application for an accounting position. The researchers found that the blonde-haired applicant was rated as significantly less capable than her brunette counterpart. In addition, participants designated the female applicant's starting salary as significantly lower when she was

title: Blond

text: more efficient synthesis of vitamin D, due to northern Europe's lower levels of sunlight. Blond hair has also developed in other populations, although it is usually not as common, and can be found among natives of the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and Fiji, among the Berbers of North Africa, and among some Asians. In human culture, blond hair has long been associated with female beauty. Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love and beauty, was reputed to have blond hair. In ancient Greece and Rome, blond hair was frequently associated with prostitutes, who dyed their hair using saffron dyes in order to

title: Disappearing blonde gene

text: by the WHO to retract. In 2002 BBC News reported that unnamed German experts had concluded that the natural distribution of blond hair would cease within the span of 200 years owing to the genes associated with blond hair being recessive. The article reported the scientists had said that there is a reportedly low number of people carrying the recessive blond allele, especially in nations of mixed heritage (for example, the United States, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, New Zealand and Australia). The dominant alleles (brown hair, black hair, brown eyes) "overthrow" the recessive genes or metaphorically, endanger them. Subsequently the study

title: Mexicans of European descent

text: have performed actual field research suggest rather higher percentages: using the presence of blond hair as reference to classify a Mexican as white, the Metropolitan Autonomous University of Mexico calculated the percentage of said ethnic group at 23%. With a similar methodology, the American Sociological Association obtained a percentage of 18.8%. Another study made by the University College London in collaboration with Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History found that the frequencies of blond hair and light eyes in Mexicans are of 18% and 28% respectively, nationwide surveys in the general population that use as reference skin color such

title: Human hair color

long_answer: Blond hair can have almost any proportion of pheomelanin and eumelanin, but has only small amounts of both. More pheomelanin creates a more golden or strawberry blond color, and more eumelanin creates an ash or sandy blond color. Many children born with blond hair develop darker hair as they age, with the majority of natural blonds developing a hair color of a dark blond hue by the time they reach middle age. Pregnancy hormones hasten this process. Natural light blond hair is rare in adulthood, with claims of the world's population ranging from 2% naturally blond to 16% in the US. Blond hair is most commonly found in Northern and Western Europeans and their descendants but can be found spread around most of Europe. Studies in 2012 showed that naturally blond hair of Melanesians is caused by a recessive mutation in tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1). In the Solomon Islands, 26% of the population carry the gene; however, it is absent outside of Oceania.


question: who sang first line of we are the world

answers: Lionel Richie

answers: Kenny Rogers

answers: James Ingram

answers: Billy Joel

answers: Tina Turner

answers: Stevie Wonder

answers: Paul Simon

title: We Are the World

title: Live Aid

text: poll of more than 60 artists, journalists and music industry executives. Queen's lead singer Freddie Mercury at times led the crowd in unison refrains, and his sustained note during the a cappella section came to be known as "The Note Heard Round the World". The band's six song set opened with a shortened version of "Bohemian Rhapsody" and closed with "We Are the Champions". Mercury and fellow band member Brian May later sang the first song of the three-part Wembley event finale, "Is This the World We Created...?" Other well-received performances on the day included those by U2 and David

title: We Are the World

text: artists to tears, before being led from the room. Wonder attempted to lighten the mood, by joking that the recording session gave him a chance to "see" fellow blind musician Ray Charles. "We just sort of bumped into each other!" The solo parts of the song were recorded without any problems. The final version of "We Are the World" was completed at 8 am. "We Are the World" is sung from a first person viewpoint, allowing the audience to "internalize" the message by singing the word "we" together. It has been described as "an appeal to human compassion". The first

title: We Are the World

text: and organizers as the four musicians entered. To begin the night, a "vocal guide" of "We Are the World" was recorded by Richie and Jackson and duplicated on tape for each of the invited performers. The guide was recorded on the sixth take, as Quincy Jones felt that there was too much "thought" in the previous versions. Following their work on the vocal guide, Jackson and Jones began thinking of alternatives for the line "There's a chance we're taking, we're taking our own lives": the pair was concerned that the latter part of the line would be considered a reference

title: We Are the World

text: New York Times" praised the phrase "There's a choice we're making, We're saving our own lives". He commented that the line assumed "an extra emotional dimension when sung by people with superstar mystiques". Holden expressed that the song was "an artistic triumph that transcends its official nature". He noted that unlike Band Aid's "Do They Know It's Christmas", the vocals on "We Are the World" were "artfully interwoven" and emphasized the individuality of each singer. Holden concluded that "We Are the World" was "a simple, eloquent ballad" and a "realized pop statement that would sound outstanding even if it weren't

title: We Are the World 25 for Haiti (YouTube edition)

text: that this is better than the celebrity remake. It certainly is a sign of the times and a case of where we are right now." In the second CNN interview that was aired, CNN's Richard Lui remarked "This really is sort of—not to be trite here—we are the world," alluding to the song's title "We Are the World." Levs added that "Richard's exactly right. ... Getting together fifty-seven singers, all over the world, ... and they all made their own recordings, and "the world" therefore put these different (recordings) together." ABC's Diane Sawyer conducted a Skype interview with Lavie, asking

title: Michael Jackson memorial service

text: Is It" dates. The concerts' chorus singers, Darrell Phinnessee, Ken Stacey, Dorian Holley, Judith Hill and guitarist Orianthi performed "We Are the World" and were joined on the stage by several of the guest speakers and performers as well as the Jackson family for the final chorus. With the entire group still on stage, Hill then led a performance of "Heal the World", with the remainder of the group joining in the chorus. Jackson's family then addressed the crowd. Jermaine—who had earlier performed a tearful rendition of "Smile"—gave a brief speech, followed by a eulogy by Marlon, where he tributed

title: We Are the World

text: a prelude to his song "Heal the World", "We Are the World" was performed as an interlude during two of Michael Jackson's tours, the Dangerous World Tour from 1992 to 1993 and the HIStory World Tour from 1996 to 1997. Jackson briefly perform the song with a chorus at the 2006 World Music Award in London, in his last live public performance. Jackson planned to use the song for his This Is It comeback concerts at The O2 Arena in London from 2009 to 2010, but the shows were cancelled due to his sudden death. Michael Jackson died in June

title: We Are the World

text: version of "We Are the World" was recorded on February 1, 2010, and released on February 12, 2010. Over 75 musicians were involved in the remake, which was recorded in the same studio as the 1985 original. The new version features revised lyrics as well as a rap segment pertaining to Haiti. Michael Jackson's younger sister Janet duets with her late brother on the track, as per a request from their mother Katherine. In the video and on the track, archive material of Michael Jackson is used from the original 1985 recording. On February 20, 2010, a non-celebrity remake, "We

title: We Are the World 25 for Haiti

text: around the world, received positive reception from media, including CNN ("certainly is a sign of the times") and ABC World News with Diane Sawyer ("Persons of the Week" ... "in effect saying, "We" are the world, "too"... who proved that anthem is not just for glittering names.") Both videos link to the We Are the World Foundation for donations. "Rolling Stone" said its readers "mostly agreed" with the assessment of a February 27, 2010 Saturday Night Live parody: ""Recently, the music world came together to record 'We Are the World 2,' a song to raise awareness of the Haiti earthquake

title: We Are the World

text: the World: The Story Behind the Song". Ken Kragen asserted that the reason behind the simulcast and DVD release was not for USA for Africa to praise themselves for doing a good job, but to "use it to do some more good [for the original charity]. That's all we care about accomplishing." Harry Belafonte also commented on the 20th anniversary of the song. He acknowledged that "We Are the World" had "stood the test of time"; anyone old enough to remember it can still at least hum along. We Are the World "We Are the World" is a song and

title: We Are the World

text: 1985, as the first single from the album. A worldwide commercial success, it topped music charts throughout the world and became the fastest-selling American pop single in history. The first ever single to be certified multi-platinum, "We Are the World" received a Quadruple Platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America. Awarded numerous honors—including three Grammy Awards, one American Music Award, and a People's Choice Award—the song was promoted with a critically received music video, a home video, a special edition magazine, a simulcast, and several books, posters, and shirts. The promotion and merchandise aided the success of "We

title: I Am the World

text: I Am the World "I Am the World" is a song recorded by the Bee Gees, written and sung by Robin Gibb. It was released as the B-side of "Spicks and Specks". Later, it was included on the compilation "Rare, Precious and Beautiful, Vol. 3" in 1969. It featured trumpet played by Geoff Grant. Its CD version was released in 1998 on the compilation "Brilliant from Birth". It was the last recorded on the last month of "Spicks and Specks" sessions which was started in June until July 1966, recorded the same time as the title track. After this song,

title: We Are the World

text: with the song's bridge. This structuring of the song is said to "create a sense of continuous surprise and emotional buildup". "We Are the World" concludes with Bob Dylan and Ray Charles singing a full chorus, Wonder and Springsteen duetting, and ad libs from Charles and Ingram. On March 8, 1985, "We Are the World" was released as a single, in both 7" and 12" format. The song was the only one released from the "We Are the World" album and became a chart success around the world. In the US, it was a number one hit on the R&B

title: We Are the World

text: Are the World" and raised over $63 million (equivalent to $ million today) for humanitarian aid in Africa and the US. Following the devastation caused by the magnitude 7.0 M earthquake in Haiti on January 12, 2010, a remake of the song by another all-star cast of singers was recorded on February 1, 2010. Entitled "We Are the World 25 for Haiti", it was released as a single on February 12, 2010, and proceeds from the record aided survivors in the impoverished country. Before the writing of "We Are the World", American entertainer and social activist Harry Belafonte had thought

title: Kyla

text: Kyla sang Emotions and a Barbra Streisand medley. Then, they did a duet of We Could Be In Love before singing We Are The World with Tung Duong and Thanh Lam. Kyla and Jay-R showcased the Filipino's world-renowned musicality when they performed at the Philippine National Day of World Expo 2012 held in Yeosu, South Korea on 22 July 2012. Kyla interpreted the song "Be My Everything" originally written by Jessa Mae Gabon during A Song of Praise (ASOP) Music Festival 2012, the Philippines' first praise song competition on television. It was held at The Araneta Coliseum on 24 September

title: I Am the World

text: to BBC Radio 2 playlist. In the UK, Reprise Records issued a promotional single of "I Am the World". I Am the World "I Am the World" is a song recorded by the Bee Gees, written and sung by Robin Gibb. It was released as the B-side of "Spicks and Specks". Later, it was included on the compilation "Rare, Precious and Beautiful, Vol. 3" in 1969. It featured trumpet played by Geoff Grant. Its CD version was released in 1998 on the compilation "Brilliant from Birth". It was the last recorded on the last month of "Spicks and Specks" sessions

title: We Are the World

text: and the Band Aid single that influenced it, numerous songs have been recorded in a similar fashion, with the intent to aid disaster victims throughout the world. One such example involved a supergroup of Latin musicians billed as "Hermanos del Tercer Mundo", or "Brothers of the Third World". Among the supergroup of 62 recording artists were Julio Iglesias, José Feliciano, and Sérgio Mendes. Their famine relief song was recorded in the same studio as "We Are the World". Half of the profits raised from the charity single was pledged to USA for Africa. The rest of the money was to

title: We Are the World 25 for Haiti

text: second-by-second unexplainable absurdities, including Justin Bieber being given the opening verse, Nicole Scherzinger and other Z-listers assigned more than one prime slot, and Wyclef Jean's incomprehensible yodeling". Maura Johnston, a writer for MTV, wrote more positively about the song, commenting favorably on the contemporary artists' performances in living up to their predecessors. "Despite the different faces, the overall feel is similar to the original's," Johnston wrote. Simon Vozick-Levinson, a writer for "Entertainment Weekly", gave the song a mixed review, noting that "We Are the World 25 for Haiti" was not as good as the original: "All in all, I can't

title: Susan E. Wagner High School

text: Asian Hip Hop Dance, Indian Dance, Cheerleading Squad, Christian Club Dance, Celtic Club Dance, French Dance, Spanish Dance, Wagner Steppers, Twirlers, Filipino Club Dance, African Dance Club, Belly Dance, Albanian Club, Team Infusion, At the end of the performance, all performers come together to sing We Are The World to portray the unity that is engendered by Susan E. Wagner's International Festival. However, this year, Wagner students sang We Are The World to open the show. Susan E. Wagner High School Susan E. Wagner High School is a New York City public school located at 1200 Manor Road in Staten

title: Tony Vincent

text: courses as a faculty member and guest instructor. Vincent was a contestant on the second season of the hit reality talent show "The Voice". Cee Lo Green was so impressed by Vincent's powerful (blind audition) performance of "We Are The Champions" that he snatched him up for his Team (TeamCeeLo) and commented that Freddie Mercury would have been proud. Vincent won his Battle Round against teammate Justin Hopkins singing Journey's "Faithfully". During the Live round, Vincent sang Tears for Fears' "Everybody Wants to Rule the World", but received mixed reviews from the judges, who felt the song held back his

title: We Are the World

text: that they were not to add anything else to the tape. "If we get too good, someone's gonna start playing it on the radio," he announced. On January 24, 1985, after a day of rest, Jones shipped Richie and Jackson's vocal guide to all of the artists who would be involved in "We Are the World"s recording. Enclosed in the package was a letter from Jones, addressed to "My Fellow Artists": Ken Kragen chaired a production meeting at a bungalow off Sunset Boulevard on January 25, 1985. There, Kragen and his team discussed where the recording sessions with the supergroup

title: The Ron Hicklin Singers

text: as well as being associate producer and arranger of "We Are the World", lives in California's Santa Ynez Valley north of Los Angeles and continues to occasionally produce as well as record. He is also a songwriter of renown, having penned the Bobby Sherman hit "Julie, Do You Love Me" and Michael Jackson's "She's Out of My Life". Ron Hicklin himself retired from the business in the mid-2000s, and lives in Palm Desert with his wife, Trudi. Performances on jingles and commercials The Ron Hicklin Singers The Ron Hicklin Singers were a group of Los Angeles studio singers contracted and

title: We Are the World

text: on their local stations, Georgia radio disc jockeys, Bob Wolf and Don Briscar came up with the idea for a worldwide simulcast. They called hundreds of radio and satellite stations asking them to participate. On the morning of April 5, 1985 (Good Friday of that year) at 10:25 am, over 8000 radio stations simultaneously broadcast the song around the world. As the song was broadcast, hundreds of people sang along on the steps of St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York. The simultaneous radio broadcast of "We Are the World" was repeated again the following Good Friday. "We Are the World"

title: We Are the World

text: Are the World 25 for Haiti (YouTube Edition)", was posted to the video sharing website YouTube. Internet personality and singer-songwriter Lisa Lavie conceived and organized the Internet collaboration of 57 unsigned or independent YouTube musicians geographically distributed around the world. Lavie's 2010 YouTube version, a cover of the 1985 original, excludes the rap segment and minimizes the Auto-tune that characterizes the 2010 celebrity remake. Another 2010 remake of the original is the Spanish-language "Somos El Mundo". It was written by Emilio Estefan and his wife Gloria Estefan, and produced by Emilio, Quincy Jones and Univision Communications, the company that funded

title: T. J. Jackson (singer)

text: the remake of "We Are The World", this time in aid of the Haiti Appeal. However, they did not sing main parts of the song, only in the background. Currently, Taj is working on the "Code Z" zombie series and a science fiction project called "Clone 3". TJ was selected to play the role of Prince Jean-Luc in the new stage version of Larry Hart's musical "Sisterella" that was scheduled to premiere in the fall of 2011. Taryll is working on his first solo album that he hopes will make his family and fans proud. On October 8, 2011, 3T

title: David L. Cook

text: "We Are the World", which featured many famous voices from the music industry. The song went number one on the charts and remained there for two weeks. The song was used as the theme song for Turning Point Centers for Domestic Violence. On May 5, 2012 NATAS announced that the song Hands of Hope garnered Cook, Meece and Carroll the Emmy® nomination for best Arrangement/Composer of a television theme song. In August 2007, Cook joined in partnership with the Firebird Arts Alliance. He was asked by David Tang, the president of Firebird, to write and produce a theme song for

title: We Are the World 25 for Haiti

text: by a Latin supergroup and was named Somos el Mundo. The song was directed by Emilio Estefan and his wife, Gloria Estefan. "We Are the World 25 for Haiti" is musically structured similar to "We Are the World", but includes a rap verse which was written by some of the song's hip hop artists. Michael Jackson died months before the song's release, but his material from the 1985 recording sessions was incorporated into the song and music video, as per the request of his mother, Katherine. His sister Janet duets with him on the song, and his nephews Taj, TJ,

title: We Are the World

text: Robinson. Also in attendance were five of Jackson's siblings: Jackie, La Toya, Marlon, Randy, and Tito. Many of the participants came straight from an American Music Award ceremony, which had been held that same night. Invited musician Prince, who would have had a part in which he and Michael Jackson sang to each other, did not attend the recording session. The reason given for his absence has varied. One newspaper claimed that Prince did not want to record with other acts. Another report, from the time of "We Are the World"'s recording, suggested that the musician did not want to

title: We Are the World

text: African famine relief came from activist Harry Belafonte, who, along with fundraiser Ken Kragen, was instrumental in bringing the vision to reality. Several musicians were contacted by the pair, before Jackson and Richie were assigned the task of writing the song. The duo completed the writing of "We Are the World" seven weeks after the release of "Do They Know It's Christmas?", and one night before the song's first recording session, on January 21, 1985. The historic event brought together some of the most famous artists in the music industry at the time. The song was released on March 7,

title: We Are the World

long_answer: "We Are the World" is sung from a first person viewpoint, allowing the audience to "internalize" the message by singing the word we together. It has been described as "an appeal to human compassion". The first lines in the song's repetitive chorus proclaim, "We are the world, we are the children, we are the ones who make a brighter day, so let's start giving". "We Are the World" opens with Lionel Richie, Stevie Wonder, Paul Simon, Kenny Rogers, James Ingram, Tina Turner, and Billy Joel singing the first verse. Michael Jackson and Diana Ross follow, completing the first chorus together. Dionne Warwick, Willie Nelson, and Al Jarreau sing the second verse, before Bruce Springsteen, Kenny Loggins, Steve Perry, and Daryl Hall go through the second chorus. Co-writer Jackson, Huey Lewis, Cyndi Lauper, and Kim Carnes follow with the song's bridge. This structuring of the song is said to "create a sense of continuous surprise and emotional buildup". "We Are the World" concludes with Bob Dylan and Ray Charles singing a full chorus, Wonder and Springsteen duetting, and ad libs from Charles and Ingram.

short_answers:
Billy Joel
James Ingram
Kenny Rogers
Lionel Richie
Paul Simon
Stevie Wonder
Tina Turner


question: who formed and first came to the colony of maryland

answers: the English

title: History of Maryland

title: Colonial families of Maryland

text: Colonial families of Maryland The Colonial families of Maryland were the leading families in the Province of Maryland. Several also had interests in the Colony of Virginia, and the two are sometimes referred to as the Chesapeake Colonies. Many of the early settlers came from the West Midlands in England, although the Maryland families were composed of a variety of European nationalities, e.g. French, Irish, Welsh, Scottish, Swedish, in addition to English. Maryland was uniquely created as a colony for Catholic aristocracy and gentry, but Anglicanism eventually came to dominate, partly through influence from neighboring Virginia. Charles I of England

title: Colonial families of Maryland

text: granted the province palatinate status under Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore. The foundational charter created an aristocracy of lords of the manor for Maryland. The first areas of colonization were on the Patuxent River and up along the Chesapeake Bay near and around current St. Mary's and Charles counties. Francis Billingsley John Billingsley Colonial families of Maryland The Colonial families of Maryland were the leading families in the Province of Maryland. Several also had interests in the Colony of Virginia, and the two are sometimes referred to as the Chesapeake Colonies. Many of the early settlers came from the West

title: St. Mary's City, Maryland

text: brother Leonard Calvert who accompanied the first settlers to Maryland in 1634 and who was appointed the first governor of the Maryland Colony, although they also encouraged Catholics to be reserved about expressions of their faith in order not to antagonize Protestants. These instructions became the first laws of Maryland. This intent was carried forward and expanded upon by the majority of early settlers of the time, who upon forming their first legislative assembly, called "The Assembly of the Province of Maryland", passed the Maryland Toleration Act in 1649, further codifying the protection of religious freedom. The first Maryland assembly

title: St. Mary's College of Maryland

text: and representatives would travel from all over the colony to participate in the Maryland General Assembly, the colony's first legislative body. The Colony was founded under a mandate by the colonial proprietor, Cecil Calvert, the second Lord Baltimore of England, that the new settlers engage in religious tolerance of each other. The first settlers were both Protestant and Catholic during a time of persecution of Catholics. This mandate was unprecedented at the time, as England had been wracked by religious conflict for centuries. The following history passed through times of new ideas, times of setbacks, long periods of oppression and

title: Maryland Toleration Act

text: in the writing of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, which enshrined religious freedom in American law. The Maryland colony was founded by Cecil Calvert in 1634. Like his father George Calvert, who had originated the efforts that led to the colony's charter, Cecil Calvert was Catholic at a time when England was dominated by the Anglican Church. The Calverts intended the colony as a haven for Catholics fleeing England and as a source of income for themselves and their descendants. Many of Maryland's first settlers were Catholic, including at least two Catholic priests, one of whom became

title: William Stone (Maryland governor)

text: what had become Northampton County. By 1648, he had become the third proprietary governor of Maryland. Stone came to America, in 1619, with a group of Puritans, who settled on the Eastern shore, of Chesapeake Bay, in the colony of Virginia. The first Puritan settlement, in Virginia, thrived, but eventually came into conflict with the established Episcopal Church. In 1648, William Stone reached an agreement, with Cecilius Calvert, the 2nd Lord Baltimore to resettle the Virginia Puritan colonists, in the central region of the Province of Maryland. On August 8, 1648, Lord Baltimore named Stone the Governor of his colony.

title: History of Maryland

text: Their landing on March 25, 1634, at St. Clement's Island in southern Maryland is commemorated by the state each year on that date as Maryland Day. This was the site of the first Catholic mass in the Colonies, with Father Andrew White leading the service. The first group of colonists consisted of 17 gentlemen and their wives, and about two hundred others, mostly indentured servants. After purchasing land from the Yaocomico Indians and establishing the town of St. Mary's, Leonard, per his brother's instructions, attempted to govern the country under feudalistic precepts. Meeting resistance, in February 1635, he summoned a

title: History of St. Mary's College of Maryland

text: between 500 and 600 residents. However, as the colony quickly expanded and settlements spread throughout the Eastern part of what is now Maryland, the town remained the capitol and representatives would travel from all over the colony to participate in the Maryland General Assembly, the colony's first legislative body. The Colony was founded under a mandate by the colonial proprietor, Cecil Calvert, the second Lord Baltimore of England, that the new settlers engage in religious tolerance of each other. The first settlers were both Protestant and Catholic during a time of persecution of Catholics. This mandate was unprecedented at the

title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: Catholic settlers and Nonconformist Protestants who did not conform to the established state Church of England. Lord Baltimore's family also had title to Ferryland and the Province of Avalon in Newfoundland. Sir George Calvert, (1579–1632), the First Lord Baltimore, administered the colony between 1629 and 1632 when he left for the Colony of Virginia and later visited the northern reaches along the Chesapeake Bay (which included the future Maryland). In 1637, however, Sir David Kirke acquired a charter giving Cecil, the Second Lord Baltimore, title to the entire island of Newfoundland, superseding the charter granted to his father George, the

title: Buckeystown, Maryland

text: and settlers moving west into the newly-opened Monocacy Hundred territory. Among these earliest settlers in the region were Henry and Josiah Ballenger, Sr., Quakers who moved into the Province of Maryland from the Colony of New Jersey. Members of the Ballenger family as well as the Davis Family who were also Quakers organized a Society of Friends at “Monoquesey” [Monocacy] and Meridith Davis donated land from his “Good Luck” tract on which to build a meetinghouse in 1739. Though the meeting at Monocacy was short-lived, many of its early members moving into Virginia to join larger Quaker communities there, the

title: Somerset County, Maryland

text: County northward. The original settlers in the first two settlements were Quakers and Anglicans; and both groups continued to grow from ongoing immigration from the northern portions of the Virginia colony. In the 1670s, Scottish and Irish Presbyterians began to immigrate to the county, some from Virginia, some from the British Isles. In December 1680, a prominent member of the county and professed Anglican, William Stevens of Rehoboth settlement, sent a request to the Presbytery of Laggan in northern Ireland to consider sending a Presbyterian minister to Somerset county; and the first Presbyterian (Reformed) minister, Reverend Francis Makemie, arrived in

title: American gentry

text: and the two are sometimes referred to as the Chesapeake Colonies. Many of the early settlers came from the West Midlands in England, although the Maryland families were composed of a variety of European nationalities, e.g., French, Irish, Welsh, Scottish, and Swedish, in addition to English. The Carroll family is an example of a prominent political family from Maryland, of Irish descent and origin in the ancient kingdom of Éile, commonly anglicized Ely, as a branch of the ruling O'Carroll family. Another is the Mason family of Virginia, who descended from the progenitor of the Mason family, George Mason I,

title: Governor of Maryland

text: Cecilius Calvert (1605-1675), and the first Lord Proprietor, came with the first settlers in March 1634 to serve as first Governor of the colonial Province of Maryland until his death in 1647. Between 1692, when the Baltimores lost control, and 1715, Maryland was a direct Royal Colony, and the Governor was appointed by the British Monarch. The Lords of Baltimore regained their Royal Charter in 1715, under the British monarchs of the German House of Hanover, and then under the fifth and sixth Lord Baltimores, they resumed choosing the Governors until the beginning of the American Revolution (1775-1783). The first

title: John Lewger

text: John Lewger John Lewger (1602–1665) was the first attorney practicing in Maryland, was Clerk of the Maryland House of Burgesses and was the first Secretary and Attorney General of Maryland. He is considered the father of the Maryland Bar. He was born in London, England and educated at Trinity College, Oxford, receiving a B.A. in 1619. At college, he met Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore, a connection that would serve him well. He joined Trinity College's faculty in 1632. Although Lewger was an ordained Church of England minister, he converted to Catholicism in 1635. Lewger arrived with his wife and

title: Thomas Greene (governor)

text: Thomas Greene (governor) Thomas Greene of Bobbing, Kent, 2nd Proprietary Governor of Maryland (1610, Bobbing, Kent, England – shortly before 20 January 1652 St. Mary's County, Maryland) was an early settler of the Maryland colony and second Provincial Governor of the colony from 1647 to 1648. He was the son of Sir Thomas Greene and Lady Margaret Webb. His father was created Knight Bachelor of the Realm by James I in 1622 at Windsor Castle. Thomas came over from England on the "Ark" and "Dove" expedition in 1634. Greene was among the earliest settlers of the colony after its founding

title: St. Mary's City, Maryland

text: establishment of St. Mary's City the first Maryland colony, which resulted in a historic struggle for religious freedom and which eventually led to the first law protecting religious freedom in America, as well as the founding of what is now the State of Maryland. Originally the grant to the colony was given to George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore (1579-1632), the first Lord Baltimore, by his patron and grateful friend King Charles I in thanks for his services to king and country, before he declared himself a Roman Catholic, making his political position in government untenable for those times of religious

title: Maryland

text: after the King, and later named St. Mary's County. Lord Baltimore's first settlers arrived in the new colony in March 1634, with his younger brother Leonard Calvert (1606–1647), as first provincial Governor of Maryland. They made their first permanent settlement at St. Mary's City in what is now St. Mary's County. They purchased the site from the paramount chief of the region, who was eager to establish trade. St. Mary's became the first capital of Maryland, and remained so for 60 years until 1695. More settlers soon followed. Their tobacco crops were successful and quickly made the new colony profitable.

title: Province of Maryland

text: of religious toleration. To try to gain settlers, Maryland used what is known as the headright system, which originated in Jamestown. Settlers were given of land for each person they brought into the colony, whether as settler, indentured servant, or slave. Of the 200 or so initial settlers who traveled to Maryland on the ships "Ark" and "Dove," the majority were Protestant. On November 22, 1633, Lord Baltimore sent the first settlers to the new colony, and after a long voyage with a stopover to resupply in Barbados, the "Ark" and the "Dove" landed on 25 March 1634 (thereafter celebrated

title: Maryland Toleration Act

text: the earliest chronicler of the colony's history. But whatever Calvert's intentions, Maryland was a colony of an Anglican nation. Its charter had been granted by an Anglican king and seems to have assumed that the Church of England would be its official church. Anglican and later Puritan newcomers quickly came to outnumber the early Catholic settlers. Thus, by 1649 when the law was passed, the colonial assembly was dominated by Protestants, and the law was in effect an act of Protestant tolerance for Catholics, rather than the reverse. From Maryland's earliest days, Cecil Calvert had enjoined its colonists to leave

title: Elihu Emory Jackson

text: the Calverts and Crosslands, with both the black/gold chevrons of the paternal Calvert family and the red/white colors of the split bottony crosses (trefoil) of the maternal Crossland family. The ancestral parents of the first Lord Baltimore, Sir George Calvert, (1579–1632), the first Baron Baltimore (Lord Baltimore) who originally received the granting charter in 1632 from King Charles I of England for the new third English colony and Province of Maryland, which after his sudden death, was transferred to his eldest son and heir, Cecilius Calvert, [1605-1675], (the second Baron Baltimore and Lord Baltimore) who then became the first Lord

title: Maryland in the American Revolution

text: Maryland in the American Revolution Then Province of Maryland had been a British / English colony since 1632, when Sir George Calvert, first Baron of Baltimore and Lord Baltimore (1579-1632), received a charter and grant from King Charles I of England and first created a haven for English Roman Catholics in the New World, with his son, Cecilius Calvert (1605-1675), the second Lord Baltimore equipping and sending over the first colonists to the Chesapeake Bay region in March 1634. The first signs of rebellion against the mother country occurred in 1765, when the tax collector Zachariah Hood was injured while

title: 1st Maryland Regiment

text: 1st Maryland Regiment The 1st Maryland Regiment (Smallwood's Regiment) originated with the authorization of a Maryland Battalion of the Maryland State Troops on 14 January 1776. It was organized in the spring at Baltimore, Maryland (three companies) and Annapolis, Maryland (six companies) under the command of Colonel William Smallwood consisting of eight companies and one light infantry company from the northern and western counties of the colony of Maryland. On 6 July 1776, the Maryland Battalion was assigned to the main Continental Army. On 12 August 1776, it was assigned to Stirling's Brigade and five days later (17 August 1776)

title: Maryland

text: the charter was granted to his son, Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore (1605–1675), on June 20, 1632. Officially, the new "Maryland Colony" was named in honor of Henrietta Maria of France, wife of Charles I of England. George Calvert initially proposed the name “Crescentia,” the land of growth or increase, but “the King proposed Terra Mariae [Mary Land], which was concluded on and Inserted in the bill.” The original capital of Maryland was St. Mary's City, on the north shore of the Potomac River, and the county surrounding it, the first erected/created in the province, was first called Augusta Carolina,

title: Andrew White (Jesuit)

text: the ships moved north up the Chesapeake Bay, with their landing on March 25, 1634, on St. Clement's Island off the north shore of the Potomac River, slightly upstream from the Chesapeake Bay, marks the birth of the colony of the Province of Maryland. The anniversary of this date is now celebrated annually state-wide as Maryland Day. In erecting a large cross, then celebrating a Catholic Mass of thanksgiving that day, he became the first priest to do so in the original thirteen English colonies. By July of that year, White had written his first discussion on the new colony,

title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: siblings and his stepmother, to the new colony of Newfoundland. The colony failed due to disease, extreme cold and attacks by the French and the family returned to England. On 8 August 1633, Calvert was admitted to Gray's Inn as a barrister. Calvert received a Charter from King Charles I for the new colony of Maryland, to be named for the Queen Consort Henrietta Maria (wife of King Charles I). This was shortly after the death of his father, the First Baron Baltimore, who had long sought the charter to found a colony in the mid-Atlantic area to serve as

title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: Baron's mother, Alice. Shield: Crest: Out of a ducal coronet 2 pennants flying, the dexter Or, the sinister Sable Supporters: Two leopards guardant Proper Motto: (Italian), "Fatti maschii, parole femine", meaning, "Manly deeds, womanly words." The coat was the inspiration for the naming of the Baltimore Oriole bird, whose orange and black feathers resembled Lord Baltimore's coat of arms. Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore (8 August 1605 – 30 November 1675), was the first Proprietor of the Province of Maryland, ninth Proprietary Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland and second of the colony of Province

title: Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment

text: Continental rifle companies that had formed in Maryland and Virginia by decree of Congress in mid-1775, and six new companies—two from Maryland and four from Virginia. The three 1775 companies, among the first of the colonial units to join the newly constituted Continental Army, were raised and initially commanded by Capts. Michael Cresap, Thomas Price, and Hugh Stephenson. The nine-company force became a regiment on the same tables of organization as the 1st Continental Regiment, which was originally the Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment. Unlike this Pennsylvania unit, however, the Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment was an Extra Continental regiment because of

title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore (8 August 1605 – 30 November 1675), was the first Proprietor of the Province of Maryland, ninth Proprietary Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland and second of the colony of Province of Avalon to its southeast. His title was "Cecil Calvert, Second Baron Baltimore, First Lord Proprietary, Earl Palatine of the Provinces of Maryland and Avalon in America". He received the proprietorship after the death of his father, George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore, (1579 – 15 April 1632), for whom it had been intended. Cecil Calvert established and managed the

title: Maryland Day

text: Catholicism). In thanksgiving for the safe landing, Jesuit Father Andrew White celebrated the Mass for the colonists led by the younger brother of Lord Baltimore, Leonard Calvert, (1606-1647), who served as the first governor, and perhaps for the first time ever in this part of the world on the first landing at Blackistone Island, later known as St. Clement's Island off the northern shore of the Potomac River, which was the new border between the new colony and the earlier English settlements in Virginia) and erected a large cross. The landing coincided with the Feast of the Annunciation, a holy

title: History of Maryland

long_answer: The recorded history of Maryland dates back to when Europeans began exploring the area, starting with the Italian/Venetian John Cabot (c. 1450 – c. 1500), exploring the coast of the continent of North America for England in 1498. The first European settlements were made in 1634, when the English arrived in significant numbers and created a permanent colony. Maryland was notable for having been established with religious freedom for Roman Catholics. Like other colonies of the Chesapeake Bay, its economy was based on tobacco as a commodity crop, cultivated primarily by African slave labor, although many young people came from Britain as indentured servants in the early years.


question: who has played in the most masters tournaments

answers: Gary Player

title: Masters Tournament

text: Gary Player holds the record for most appearances, with 52.  Player also holds the record for the number of consecutive cuts made, with 23 between 1959 and 1982 (Player did not compete in 1973 as he was recovering from recent surgery). He shares this record with Fred Couples, who made his consecutive cuts between 1983 and 2007, not competing in 1987 and 1994.

title: Masters Tournament

text: Masters began presenting an award, known as the Silver Cup, to the lowest-scoring amateur to make the cut. In 1954 they began presenting an amateur silver medal to the low amateur runner-up. There have been six players to win low amateur and then go on to win the Masters as a professional. These players are Cary Middlecoff, Jack Nicklaus, Ben Crenshaw, Phil Mickelson, Tiger Woods and Sergio García. Jack Nicklaus has won the most Masters (six) and was old when he won in 1986, making him the oldest winner of the Masters. Nicklaus is the record holder for the most

title: Rafael Nadal career statistics

text:
and Djokovic. Nadal has won the highest number of Masters (33) and reached the most finals (49). He has won a Masters for the most consecutive years (10). He has reached the final of each tournament, including Hamburg, which is no longer a Masters. Ref.
"Current through the 2018 ATP Finals."

 Nadal's record against those who have been ranked in the top 10, with active players in boldface. Players with winning records against Nadal Nadal has the third most wins over top 10 ranked players in the Open Era. He

title: Thongchai Jaidee

text: 2006 he received a special invitation to play in the Masters Tournament. He was the second Thai to play in the Masters after Sukree Onsham, who did so in 1970 and 1971, and by doing so, he became the first Thai to play in all four major championships. After his victory in the Volvo Masters of Asia in 2006 he reached 75 in the Official World Golf Rankings. His best year-end ranking on the European Order of Merit has been 9th in 2013. He topped the Asian Tour order of merit for a third time in 2009. Jaidee won for

title: Novak Djokovic career statistics

text: 2011, with a 5–3 record. This season was seen as the greatest in the Open Era by many fans and analysts. Djokovic competed in 8 Masters finals in 2015, breaking the previous record of 6 finals. He has won multiple Masters titles in 8 different tournaments. He is the only player to win all 9 Masters tournaments. As a result, he is considered to be the greatest and most accomplished player in ATP Masters history for his versatility and success in winning the Masters tournaments on a consistent basis. Djokovic is widely viewed as one of the greatest hard court

title: Masters (snooker)

text: of two or three wild-card places in tournaments held between 1990 and 2010. Ronnie O'Sullivan holds the record for the most Masters titles, having won the tournament seven times. Stephen Hendry has won six titles, Cliff Thorburn, Steve Davis, Mark Selby, and Paul Hunter three, and Alex Higgins, Mark Williams and John Higgins two. In 2016, the Masters trophy was renamed the Paul Hunter Trophy in honour of the three-time champion, who died in 2006, aged 27. The oldest champion in Masters history is Ray Reardon, who won the title in 1976 aged 43 years and 114 days. The youngest

title: 2018 Masters Tournament

text: with Matt Kuchar. Four-time champion Tiger Woods, playing the Masters for the first time in three years, was three-over after a bogey on the 12th but rebounded with two birdies to finish with 73 (+1). Defending champion Sergio García hit five consecutive balls onto the green which rolled back into the water on the par-5 15th and carded a one-putt 13, the highest score on that hole in Masters history, and tied for the worst in history on any hole. He birdied the next hole; his 81 (+9) put him in a tie for 85th place. "Friday, April 6, 2018"

title: 2017 Masters Tournament

text: José María Olazábal The Masters has the smallest field of the four major championships. Officially, the Masters remains an invitation event, but there is a set of qualifying criteria that determines who is included in the field. Each player is classified according to the first category by which he qualified, with other categories in which he qualified shown in parentheses. Golfers who qualify based solely on their performance in amateur tournaments (categories 7–11) must remain amateurs on the starting day of the tournament to be eligible to play. Ángel Cabrera, Fred Couples, Trevor Immelman, Zach Johnson (3,18,19), Bernhard Langer, Sandy

title: Masters Tournament

text: non-American to win the Masters in 1961, beating Palmer, the defending champion. In 1974, he won again by two strokes. After not winning a tournament on the U.S. PGA tour for nearly four years, and at the age of 42, Player won his third and final Masters in 1978 by one stroke over three players. Player currently shares (with Fred Couples) the record of making 23 consecutive cuts, and has played in a record 52 Masters. A controversial ending to the Masters occurred in 1968. Roberto De Vicenzo signed a scorecard (scored by playing partner Tommy Aaron) which incorrectly showed

title: ATP World Tour Masters 1000

text: are decided in best of three-set matches. In singles, Rafael Nadal holds the record for the most titles with 33 since the Masters series began in 1990. Novak Djokovic is the only player to have won all 9 Masters singles titles and became first player to complete Career Golden Masters. Roger Federer, Rafael Nadal, Andre Agassi, and Andy Murray have each won 7 different titles. Djokovic holds the record for the most singles titles in a year, winning 6 in 2015. Additionally, Djokovic and Nadal are the only two players to win four singles titles in a row and Nadal

title: Irish Masters

text: tournament was dominated most of all by Steve Davis, who won it eight times. It was won by Irish players on two occasions, Alex Higgins in 1989 and Ken Doherty in 1998. Doherty claimed the title despite losing in the final 3–9 against Ronnie O'Sullivan, as O'Sullivan subsequently failed a drugs test. There was only one official maximum break in the history of the tournament. John Higgins made it in the quarter-finals of the 2000 event against Jimmy White. There has been one further maximum break in 2007 by O'Sullivan, but it is not included in the list of official

title: Tennis Masters Series records and statistics

text: other records are achieved for successive tournament wins, mini-combination victories amongst others. Ivan Lendl and Novak Djokovic are the only players to win all nine events during their careers. However, since the creation of the "Masters 1000" in 2009, Novak Djokovic is the only player to claim all nine ATP Masters 1000 events. Winning all nine events during a career has been called a "Career 'Golden Masters'". Rafael Nadal has won the most number of ATP Masters 1000 singles titles. He has won 33 titles to date. Bob Bryan and Mike Bryan have won the most doubles titles of all-time

title: 2014 Masters Tournament

text: Porteous, Jordan Spieth, Kevin Stadler and Jimmy Walker. The total of 24 Masters debutants was a record, beating the 23 in 1935. Craig Stadler and Kevin Stadler were the 12th father and son to play in the Masters, but the first to play in the same year. Tiger Woods had played in 19 consecutive Masters (1995–2013). Also absent was Pádraig Harrington who had appeared in the previous 14 Masters, and in every major in the last eight years. The 2014 Masters Tournament had 19 past champions in the field, including four two-time champions and one three-time champion. Nine past champions

title: 2007 Masters Tournament

text: than anyone in the field with 11 birdies and no bogeys. This was the final Masters appearance for two-time champion Seve Ballesteros. The Masters has the smallest field of the four major championships; only 97 players were invited to compete in the 2007 tournament. Officially, the Masters remains an invitational event, despite its qualification process. In theory, the club could decline to invite a 'qualified' player. There were a record 50 'international' players in the field - the first time that the majority of the field was not American. The entire field is shown below; each player is classified according

title: 2017 Masters Tournament

text: García's drive was in the fairway and he hit his approach to , while Rose was away for par. Rose missed the putt, giving García two putts to win the championship, but he converted the birdie to win his first major championship. The win came in García's 19th Masters appearance and 74th major, the most by any player before their first title. 2017 Masters Tournament The 2017 Masters Tournament was the 81st edition of the Masters Tournament and the first of golf's four major championships in 2017. It was held at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia. Sergio García

title: 2017 Masters Tournament

text: 2017 Masters Tournament The 2017 Masters Tournament was the 81st edition of the Masters Tournament and the first of golf's four major championships in 2017. It was held at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia. Sergio García defeated Justin Rose in a sudden-death playoff, after they both completed the 72 holes in nine-under-par. This was his first major title, which came in his 74th attempt. Previously, García had 22 top-ten finishes in majors (including three at the Masters, the best a tie for fourth in 2004). He was the first Spaniard to win at Augusta in eighteen years, since

title: 2011 Masters Tournament

text: consecutive Masters appearance. The top-ranked player in the world, Martin Kaymer, failed to make the cut, and Hideki Matsuyama was the only amateur to play on the weekend. The Masters has the smallest field of the major championships. Officially the Masters remains an invitation event, but there is a set of qualifying criteria that determines who is included in the field. Each player is classified according to the first category by which he qualified, and other categories are shown in parentheses. Golfers who qualify based solely on their performance in amateur tournaments (categories 6-10) must remain amateurs on the starting

title: 2015 Masters Tournament

text: Seung-yul, Brendon Todd, Cameron Tringale, Bernd Wiesberger and Danny Willett. Mikko Ilonen and Ben Martin were appearing in their first Masters as professionals. Each of the amateurs was appearing in his first major, apart from Bradley Neil who had played in the 2014 Open Championship. Craig Stadler was absent for the first time since 1978. The 1982 champion, he had appeared in 38 Masters, including 36 consecutively. Two-time champion Ben Crenshaw played in his 44th and final Masters. Ángel Cabrera (16), Fred Couples, Ben Crenshaw, Trevor Immelman, Zach Johnson (17,18,19), Bernhard Langer (12), Sandy Lyle, Phil Mickelson (3,15,18,19), Larry Mize,

title: 2011 Masters Tournament

text:
day of the tournament to be eligible to play. 1. Past Masters Champions
 Ángel Cabrera (2), Fred Couples (11), Ben Crenshaw, Trevor Immelman (11), Zach Johnson (14,15,16,17,18,19), Sandy Lyle, Phil Mickelson (11,12,15,16,17,18,19), Larry Mize, José María Olazábal, Mark O'Meara, Vijay Singh, Craig Stadler, Tom Watson, Mike Weir, Tiger Woods (2,3,4,11,12,18,19), Ian Woosnam 2. Last five U.S. Open Champions
 Lucas Glover, Graeme McDowell (12,16,18,19), Geoff Ogilvy (15,17,18,19) 3. Last five British Open Champions
 Stewart Cink (18), Pádraig Harrington (4,18,19), Louis Oosthuizen (13,16,18,19) 4. Last five PGA Champions
 Martin Kaymer (12,14,16,18,19), Y. E. Yang (11,18,19) 5. Last three winners of The Players

title: Jo-Wilfried Tsonga

text: the 2011 BNP Paribas Masters, with Federer winning his first title in Bercy, and the second was in the 2014 Rogers Cup, with Tsonga winning his second Masters 1000 title. Their most recent meeting came at the 2016 Monte-Carlo Masters, with Tsonga defeating Federer who was competing in his first tournament back following knee surgery. Tsonga is known for his offensive baseline style of play but is also able to mix his style of play up by rushing to the net. He is also currently one of the very few remaining players who often utilize a serve-and-volley type of play.

title: Sergio García

text: three years. The victory was García's 12th of his European Tour career, as he finished three strokes ahead of Henrik Stenson. The victory moved García back inside the top-10 and after the win García said "Hopefully it will be the beginning of a great year." On 9 April 2017, in his 74th major championship, García broke through and won the Masters Tournament with victory on the first sudden-death playoff hole against Justin Rose. García became the third Spanish player to win the Masters, after Seve Ballesteros and José María Olazábal. The victory also came on what would have been Ballesteros'

title: Jo-Wilfried Tsonga

text: Djokovic in the final in four sets, after winning the first set; it was the only set Djokovic dropped during the tournament. Tsonga followed this up by winning his first ATP Masters Series championship at the 2008 Paris Masters, thus qualifying for the 2008 Tennis Masters Cup in Shanghai, China. His best performances in a major tournament since 2008 are semifinal appearances in the 2010 Australian Open, the 2013 and 2015 French Opens, and at Wimbledon in 2011 and 2012. He also reached the final of the 2011 ATP World Tour Finals, where he lost to five-time and defending champion

title: 2012 Masters Tournament

text: Chappell, Robert Garrigus, Webb Simpson, Harrison Frazar, Kyle Stanley, Scott Stallings, Brendan Steele, Bae Sang-moon and Gonzalo Fernández-Castaño. Notable absences included Mark O'Meara (injured), Ernie Els and Retief Goosen (not ranked high enough). O'Meara had appeared in the previous 27 Masters, Els in the previous 18, and Goosen in the previous 12. (Els would win the Open Championship in July to ensure an invitation to the next five Masters.) 1. Past Masters Champions<br> Ángel Cabrera (2,11), Fred Couples (11), Ben Crenshaw, Trevor Immelman (11), Zach Johnson (18,19), Bernhard Langer, Sandy Lyle, Phil Mickelson (13,15,16,17,18,19), Larry Mize, José María Olazábal, Charl

title: Sergio García

text: In 2002, García won the Mercedes Championships in early January, and in 2004, he won the EDS Byron Nelson Championship and the Buick Classic for the second time. His sixth PGA Tour victory came at the 2005 Booz Allen Classic. He also plays a limited schedule on the European Tour, where he has thirteen tour level victories to his name. García has been a member of every European Ryder Cup team since 1999, with the exception of 2010, and has a career record at the Ryder Cup of 22–12–7 (). He has been in six winning sides and his singles

title: 2015 ATP World Tour Finals

text: his six appearances. Djokovic then ventured to the Shanghai Rolex Masters as a three-time champion he was once again victorious, defeating Jo Wilfried Tsonga in the final. This marked the fifth Masters 1000 title of the year for Djokovic, tying the record for most Masters 1000 titles won in a single season. In the next tournament, the Paris Masters, Djokovic made history by winning his sixth Masters in 2015, the most Masters anyone has won in a single season with his victory over Andy Murray. His Masters 1000 tally was increased to 26, putting him one shy of Rafael Nadal

title: Sergio García

text: Sergio García Sergio García Fernández (; born 9 January 1980) is a Spanish professional golfer who plays on both the PGA Tour and the European Tour. García has won 31 international tournaments as a professional, most notably the 2008 Players Championship and the 2017 Masters Tournament. García is also the Chairman of Spanish football team CF Borriol. García has spent much of his career in the top 10 of the Official World Golf Ranking, including over 300 weeks in the top 10 between 2000 and 2009, and over 400 weeks in the top 10 in total. García reached his highest

title: 1997 Masters Tournament

text: Mickelson (11,12,13), Frank Nobilo (10,11), Mark O'Meara (10,12,13), Loren Roberts (12,13), Bob Tway, Duffy Waldorf (13) David Berganio, Jr., Stewart Cink, John Cook (12,13), Dan Forsman, Jim Furyk (13), Ken Green, Colin Montgomerie, John Morse, Vijay Singh (11,13), Sam Torrance Per-Ulrik Johansson, Justin Leonard (12,13), Jesper Parnevik, Kenny Perry (13), Tommy Tolles (13) Stuart Appleby, Guy Boros, Michael Bradley (13), Brad Faxon (13), Ed Fiori, Fred Funk (13), Dudley Hart, David Ogrin, Clarence Rose, Jeff Sluman (13), Paul Stankowski, Steve Stricker (13), D. A. Weibring, Willie Wood, Tiger Woods (13) Robert Allenby, Yoshinori Kaneko, Mark McNulty, Masashi Ozaki, Costantino Rocca,

title: Masters Tournament

text: Jack Burke, Jr. in 1956, and Zach Johnson in 2007. Anthony Kim holds the record for most birdies in a round with 11 in 2009 during his second round. There have been only four double eagles carded in the history of the Masters; the latest was by a contender in the fourth round in 2012. In the penultimate pairing with eventual champion Bubba Watson, Louis Oosthuizen's downhill 4 iron from the fairway made the left side of the green at the par-5 second hole, called "Pink Dogwood", rolled downhill, and in. The other two rare occurrences of this feat after

title: Masters (snooker)

text: Masters (snooker) The Masters is a professional invitational snooker tournament. Held every year since 1975, it is the second-longest running tournament behind the World Championship. It is one of the Triple Crown events, and although not a ranking event, it is regarded as one of the most prestigious tournaments on the circuit. The reigning champion is Mark Allen. The Masters began as an invitational event for 10 top players. The field was expanded to 12 competitors in 1981, and 16 in 1983. Since 1984, the standard invitees have been the top 16 players in the world rankings, with the addition

title: Masters Tournament

text: top tens, with 22, and the most cuts made, with 37. The youngest winner of the Masters is Tiger Woods, who was old when he won in 1997. In that year Woods also broke the records for the widest winning margin (12 strokes), and the lowest winning score, with 270 (−18). Jordan Spieth tied his score record in 2015. In 2013, Guan Tianlang became the youngest player ever to compete in the Masters, at age on the opening day of the tournament; the following day, he became the youngest ever to make the cut at the Masters or any men's

title: Masters Tournament


question: how much venom can a king cobra produce

answers: 420 mg

answers: up to 7 ml

answers: 200 to 500 mg

title: King cobra

title: King cobra

text: it has two short, fixed fangs in the front of the mouth, which channel venom into the prey like hypodermic needles. The average lifespan of a wild king cobra is about 20 years. King cobras are sexually dimorphic in size, with males reaching larger sizes than females, which is an unusual trait among snakes whose females are usually larger than males. The length and mass of the snakes highly depend on their localities and some other factors. The king cobra typically weighs about . The longest known specimen was a captive one at the London Zoo, and grew to around

title: King cobra

text: Inside the mound, the eggs are incubated at a steady . When the eggs start to hatch, the female leaves the nest. The baby king cobra's venom is as potent as that of the adults. They may be brightly marked, but these colours often fade as they mature. They are alert and nervous, being highly aggressive if disturbed. The venom of the king cobra consists primarily of neurotoxins, known as the haditoxin, with several other compounds. Its murine toxicity varies from intravenous 1.31 mg/kg and intraperitoneal 1.644 mg/kg to subcutaneous 1.7—1.93 mg/kg. This species is capable of delivering a fatal

title: King cobra

text: before being euthanised upon the outbreak of World War II. The heaviest wild specimen was caught at Royal Island Club in Singapore in 1951, which weighed and measured , though an even heavier captive specimen was kept at New York Zoological Park and was measured as at long in 1972. Some viper species, such as the eastern diamondback rattlesnake and the Gaboon viper, often much shorter in length but bulkier in build, rival the king cobra in average weight. The king cobra is distributed across the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and the southern areas of East Asia (where it is

title: King cobra

text: Clinical mortality rates vary between different regions and depend on many factors, such as local medical advancement. A Thai survey reports 10 deaths out of 35 patients received for king cobra bites, whose fatality rate posed (28%) is higher than those of other cobra species. Department of Clinical Toxinology in University of Adelaide gives this serpent a general untreated fatality rate of 50–60%, implying that the snake has about a half chance to deliver bites involving nonfatal quantities of venom. The species is classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN due to pressure from harvesting for meat, skin and use in

title: King cobra

text: make similar growls. The female is gravid for 50 to 59 days, after which she builds a nest, lays 12 to 51 eggs and guards it during the incubation period of about 51 to 79 days. The hatchlings are long and weigh . The king cobra is unusual among snakes in that the female is a very dedicated parent. For the nest, the female scrapes up leaves and other debris into a mound, and stays in the nest until the young hatch. She guards the mound tenaciously, rearing up into a threat display if any large animal gets too close.

title: King cobra

text: a large meal, the snake lives for many months without another one because of its slow metabolic rate. When annoyed, this species quickly attempts to escape and avoid confrontation. However, if continuously provoked, the king cobra can be highly aggressive. When alarmed, it rears up the anterior portion (usually one-third) of its body when extending the neck, showing the fangs and hissing loudly. It can be easily irritated by closely approaching objects or sudden movements. When raising its body, the king cobra can still move forward to strike with a long distance and people may misjudge the safe zone. This

title: King cobra

text: snake can deliver multiple bites in a single attack, and adults are known to bite and hold on. Many victims bitten by king cobras are actually snake charmers. Some scientists believe that the temperament of this species has been grossly exaggerated. In most of the local encounters with live, wild king cobras, the snakes appear to be of rather placid disposition, and they usually end up being killed or subdued with hardly any hysterics. These support the view that wild king cobras generally have a mild temperament, and despite their frequent occurrence in disturbed and built-up areas, are adept at

title: King cobra

text: bodies in a weekly inoculation that potentially might protect them from the snake, though no scientific evidence supports this. Cobra stones or gems or pearls are believed to develop from the cobra's hood. King cobra The king cobra ("Ophiophagus hannah"), also known as the hamadryad, is a venomous snake species in the family Elapidae, endemic to forests from India through Southeast Asia. It is threatened by habitat destruction and has been listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 2010. It is the world's longest venomous snake. Adult king cobras are long. The longest known individual measured . Despite

title: King cobra

text: King cobra The king cobra ("Ophiophagus hannah"), also known as the hamadryad, is a venomous snake species in the family Elapidae, endemic to forests from India through Southeast Asia. It is threatened by habitat destruction and has been listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 2010. It is the world's longest venomous snake. Adult king cobras are long. The longest known individual measured . Despite the word "cobra" in its common name, this species does not belong to genus "Naja" but is the sole member of its own. It preys chiefly on other snakes and occasionally on some

title: King cobra

text: failure. Bites from a king cobra may result in a rapid fatality which can be as early as 30 minutes after the envenomation. The king cobra's envenomation was even recorded to be capable of killing elephants within hours. Two types of antivenom are made specifically to treat king cobra envenomations. The Red Cross in Thailand manufactures one, and the Central Research Institute in India manufactures the other; however, both are made in small quantities and, while available to order, are not widely stocked. Ohanin, a protein component of the venom, causes hypolocomotion and hyperalgesia in mammals. Other components have cardiotoxic,

title: Cape cobra

text: all of Africa, by virtue of its potent venom and frequent occurrence around houses. The venom of this snake tends to be thick and syrupy in consistency and dries into shiny pale flakes, not unlike yellow sugar. The Cape cobra's venom is made up of potent postsynaptic neurotoxins and might also contain cardiotoxins, that affect the respiratory system, nervous system, and the heart. The mouse SC for this species' venom is 0.72, while the IV and IP values are 0.4 mg/kg and 0.6 mg/kg, respectively. The average venom yield per bite is 100 to 150 mg according to Minton. The

title: King cobra

text: oval shaped. Dorsal scales are placed in an oblique arrangement. Males have 235 to 250 ventral scales, while females have 239 to 265. The subcaudal scales are single or paired in each row, numbering 83 to 96 in males and 77 to 98 in females. Juveniles are shiny black with narrow yellow bands (can be mistaken for a banded krait, but readily identified with its expandable hood). The head of a mature snake can be quite massive and bulky in appearance, though like all snakes, it can expand its jaws to swallow large prey items. It has proteroglyph dentition, meaning

title: King cobra

text: pair of large scales known as occipitals, located at the back of the top of the head. These are behind the usual "nine-plate" arrangement typical of colubrids and elapids, and are unique to the king cobra. The skin of king cobra is dark olive or brown with black bands and white or yellow crossbands. The head is black with two crossbars near the snout and two behind the eyes. Adult king cobras are long. The longest known individual measured . Its belly is cream or pale yellow. It has 17 to 19 rows of smooth scales. Ventral scales are uniformly

title: Egyptian cobra

text: mainly in neurotoxins and cytotoxins. The average venom yield is 175 to 300 mg in a single bite, and the murine subcutaneous value is 1.15 mg/kg. The venom affects the nervous system, stopping the nerve signals from being transmitted to the muscles and at later stages stopping those transmitted to the heart and lungs as well, causing death due to complete respiratory failure. Envenomation causes local pain, severe swelling, bruising, blistering, necrosis and variable non-specific effects which may include headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, dizziness, collapse or convulsions along with possible moderate to severe flaccid paralysis. Unlike some other

title: Indian cobra

text: paralyzing muscles, and in severe bites leading to respiratory failure or cardiac arrest. The venom components include enzymes such as hyaluronidase that cause lysis and increase the spread of the venom. Envenomation symptoms may manifest between 15 minutes and 2 hours following the bite. In mice, the SC range for this species is 0.45 mg/kg – 0.75 mg/kg. The average venom yield per bite is between 169 and 250 mg. Though it is responsible for many bites, only a small percentage are fatal if proper medical treatment and anti-venom are given. Mortality rate for untreated bite victims can vary from

title: Elapidae

text: taipan, mamba, and king cobra) have long fangs on quite mobile maxillae and can make fast strikes. A few species are capable of spraying their venom from forward-facing holes in their fangs. These species, usually cobras, use this ability for self defense. Venom sprayed is not lethal, but causes intense pain on contact with skin, and potentially blinds upon eye contact. Terrestrial elapids are found worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions, mostly in the southern hemisphere. Most prefer humid tropical environments, and as such are not found in the Sahara or Middle East, although some can be found in Mexican

title: King cobra

text: other vertebrates, such as lizards and rodents. It is a dangerous snake that has a fearsome reputation in its range, although it typically avoids confrontation with humans when possible. The king cobra is a prominent symbol in the mythology and folk traditions of India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar. It is the national reptile of India. The king cobra was described and drawn by the Danish naturalist Theodore Edward Cantor in 1836, who gave it the scientific name "Hamadryas hannah". Cantor had three specimens from the Sundarbans and one caught in the vicinity of Kolkata. It was subordinated to the genus

title: Forest cobra

text: murine intraperitoneal value is 0.324 mg/kg. The average venom yield per bite is 571 mg and the maximum venom yield is 1102 mg. This snake can be highly dangerous due to the quantity of venom it can inject in a single bite and its aggressive nature when defending. Death can occur rapidly, within 30 to 120 minutes in severe cases of envenomation. Signs and symptoms of envenomation include ptosis, drowsiness, limb paralysis, hearing loss, inability to speak, dizziness, ataxia, shock, hypotension, abdominal pain, fever, pallor, and other neurological and respiratory symptoms. The forest cobra is one of the least frequent

title: Aspidelaps lubricus

text: about the toxicity or the composition of the venom. However, the venom has been noted as similar to that of the genus "Naja", which contains all of the species of snakes known as true cobras. When venom has been taken in captivity, it yields around 27–71 mg of wet venom. The average yield is around 55 mg and is about 28% solid material. Previous studies have shown that in rats, this snake’s venom caused neurological symptoms, which escalated into respiratory failure and eventually death. Human fatalities have been recorded from bites by "A. lubricus". As of 2015, the Cape coral

title: Naja

text: "Naja christyi" venoms were 0.143 mg/kg and 0.120 mg/kg, respectively. The "Naja" species are a medically important group of snakes due to the number of bites and fatalities they cause across their geographical range. They range throughout Africa (including some parts of the Sahara where "Naja haje" can be found), Southwest Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia. Roughly 30–40% of bites by some cobra species are dry bites, thus do not cause envenomation (a dry bite is a bite by venomous snake which does not inject venom). Many factors influence the differences in cases of fatality

title: Monocled cobra

text: case of intraperitoneal injection. The average venom yield per bite is approximately 263 mg (dry weight). The monocled cobra causes the highest fatality due to snake venom poisoning in Thailand. Envenomation usually presents predominantly with extensive local necrosis and systemic manifestations to a lesser degree. Drowsiness, neurological and neuromuscular symptoms will usually manifest earliest; hypotension, flushing of the face, warm skin, and pain around bite site typically manifest within one to four hours following the bite; paralysis, ventilatory failure or death could ensue rapidly, possibly as early as 60 minutes in very severe cases of envenomation. However, the presence of

title: Chinese cobra

text: "Naja"). Its venom consists mainly of postsynaptic neurotoxins and cardiotoxins. Four cardiotoxin-analogues I, II, III, and IV, account for about 54% of the dry weight of the crude venom and have cytotoxic properties. The murine values of its venom are 0.29 mg/kg IV and 0.53 mg/kg—0.67 mg/kg SC. The average venom yield from a snake of this species kept at a snake farm was about 250.8 mg (80 mg dry weight). According to Minton (1974), this cobra has a venom yield range of 150 to 200 mg (dry weight). Brown listed a venom yield of 184 mg (dry wref neight).

title: King cobra

text: other snakes and many people thus liken its call to a "growl" rather than a hiss. While the hisses of most snakes are of a broad-frequency span ranging from roughly 3,000 to 13,000 Hz with a dominant frequency near 7,500 Hz, king cobra growls consist solely of frequencies below 2,500 Hz, with a dominant frequency near 600 Hz, a much lower-sounding frequency closer to that of a human voice. Comparative anatomical morphometric analysis has led to a discovery of tracheal diverticula that function as low-frequency resonating chambers in king cobra and its prey, the rat snake, both of which can

title: King cobra

text: the snake generally tries to flee. If unable to do so, it forms the distinctive cobra hood and emits a hiss, sometimes with feigned closed-mouth strikes. These efforts usually prove to be very effective, especially since it is much more dangerous than other mongoose prey, as well as being much too large for the small mammal to kill with ease. A good defense for anyone who accidentally encounters this snake is to slowly remove a shirt or hat and toss it to the ground while backing away. The hiss of the king cobra is a much lower pitch than many

title: Philippine cobra

text: and the average venom yield per bite is 90–100 mg. Only the Caspian cobra ("Naja oxiana") has produced a more potent venom, producing an average of 0.18 mg/kg (lowest value 0.1 mg/kg). Philippine cobra The Philippine cobra ("Naja philippinensis") also called northern Philippine cobra, is a stocky, highly venomous species of spitting cobra native to the northern regions of the Philippines. The Philippine cobra is called ulupong in Tagalog, carasaen in Ilocano and agawason in Cebuano-Bisaya. "Naja philippinensis" was described by American herpetologist Edward Harrison Taylor in 1922. The generic name "naja" is a Latinisation of the Sanskrit word ()

title: Naja christyi

text: (IP) of this species at 0.12 mg/kg. At least one human has been reported to have been bitten by this species. The individual had only mild symptoms (headache, local pain), but this species is capable of causing serious envenomation of humans. No specific antivenom currently produced against this species' venom. Venoms of the water cobras, were assayed for lethality, proteolytic activity and protein content. "Naja annulata annulata" and "Naja christyi" venoms averaged 89% protein and lacked proteolytic activity. The murine intraperitoneal LD of "N. a. annulata" and "N. christyi" venoms were 0.143 and 0.120 mg/kg, respectively. Polyvalent antivenom produced by

title: King cobra

text: cytotoxic and neurotoxic effects. In Thailand, a concoction of alcohol and the ground root of turmeric is ingested, which has been clinically shown to create a strong resilience against the venom of the king cobra, and other snakes with neurotoxic venom. Proper and immediate treatments are critical to avoid death. Successful precedents include a client who recovered and was discharged in 10 days after being treated by accurate antivenom and inpatient care. Snakebites from this species are rare, and most victims are snake handlers. Not all king cobra bites result in envenomation, but they are often considered of medical importance.

title: King cobra

text: "Ophiophagus" is a Greek-derived word that means "snake-eater". Its diet consists primarily of other snakes, including rat snakes, pythons, and even other venomous snakes such as various members of the true cobras and the krait. Its most common prey is the rat snake, and it also hunts Malabar pit viper and hump-nosed pit viper by following the snakes' odour trails. When food is scarce, it also feeds on other small vertebrates, such as lizards, birds, and rodents. In some cases, the cobra constricts its prey, such as birds and larger rodents, using its muscular body, though this is uncommon. After

title: Snake venom

text: species of rat snakes, as well as king snakes, have proven to be immune or highly resistant to the venom of rattlesnake species. The king cobra, which does prey on cobras is said to be immune to their venom. The hedgehog (Erinaceidae), the mongoose (Herpestidae), the honey badger ("Mellivora capensis"), the secretarybird ("Sagittarius serpentarius"), and a few other birds that feed on snakes are known to be immune to a dose of snake venom. Recently the honey badger and domestic pig was found to have convergently evolved amino acid replacements in their nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, which are known to confer

title: King cobra

long_answer: This species is capable of delivering a fatal bite and the victim may receive a large quantity of venom with a dose of 200 to 500 mg  up to 7 ml. Engelmann and Obst (1981) list the average venom yield at 420 mg (dry weight). Accordingly, large quantities of antivenom may be needed to reverse the progression of symptoms developed if bitten by a king cobra. The toxins affect the victim's central nervous system, resulting in severe pain, blurred vision, vertigo, drowsiness, and eventually paralysis. If the envenomation is serious, it progresses to cardiovascular collapse, and the victim falls into a coma. Death soon follows due to respiratory failure. Bites from a king cobra may result in a rapid fatality which can be as early as 30 minutes after the envenomation. The king cobra's envenomation was even recorded to be capable of killing elephants within hours.

short_answers:
200 to 500 mg
420 mg
up to 7 ml