question: when did toyota start making cars in the us

answers: by the early 1980s

answers: 1984

title: Toyota

text: Toyota has a large presence in the United States with six major assembly plants in Huntsville, Alabama, Georgetown, Kentucky, Princeton, Indiana, San Antonio, Texas, Buffalo, West Virginia, and Blue Springs, Mississippi. Toyota had a joint-venture operation with General Motors at New United Motor Manufacturing Inc. in Fremont, California, which began in 1984 and ended in 2009.  It still has a joint venture with Subaru at Subaru of Indiana Automotive, Inc. in Lafayette, Indiana, which started in 2006. In these assembly plants, the Camry and the Tundra are manufactured, among others.

title: Toyota

text: companies Citroën and Peugeot a year after Toyota started producing cars in France. A youth-oriented marque for North America, Scion, was introduced in 2003. Toyota ranked eighth on Forbes 2000 list of the world's leading companies for the year 2005 but slid to 55th for 2011. The company was number one in global automobile sales for the first quarter of 2008. In 2007, Toyota released an update of its full-sized truck, the Tundra, produced in two American factories, one in Texas and one in Indiana. "Motor Trend" named the Tundra "Truck of the Year", and the 2007 Toyota Camry "Car

title: Toyota

text: aluminium wheel plant in Delta, British Columbia, which currently employs a workforce of roughly 260. Its first vehicle assembly plant, in Cambridge, Ontario, since 1988, now produces Corolla compact cars, Matrix crossover vehicles, and Lexus RX 350 luxury SUVs, with a workforce of 4,300 workers. Its second assembly operation in Woodstock, Ontario, began manufacturing the RAV4 late in 2008. In 2006, Toyota's subsidiary Hino Motors opened a heavy duty truck plant, also in Woodstock, employing 45 people and producing 2000 trucks annually. Toyota has a large presence in the United States with six major assembly plants in Huntsville, Alabama, Georgetown,

title: Toyota

text: to the Toyota SA due to its small size, as the result of a naming contest the Toyota Company organized in 1947. However, when Toyota eventually entered the American market in 1957 with the Crown, the name was not well received due to connotations of toys and pets. The name was soon dropped for the American market, but continued in other markets until the mid-1960s. By the early 1960s, the US had begun placing stiff import tariffs on certain vehicles. The so-called "chicken tax" of 1964 placed a 25% tax on imported light trucks. In response to the tariff, Toyota,

title: Toyota Manufacturing UK

text: Toyota Manufacturing UK Toyota Motor Manufacturing (UK) Ltd is the manufacturing operation of Toyota in the United Kingdom, established in December 1989. The vehicle manufacturing plant at Burnaston, Derbyshire, assembles cars. On 16 December 1992, the first car rolled off the production line, which was a Carina E. Since then, production has included Avensis, Corolla, and Auris models. An engine manufacturing factory is located on Deeside, North Wales. , the two factories employ 3,800 staff. The processes at Burnaston include stamping (pressing panels from rolls of steel), welding, painting, plastic mouldings (bumpers and instrument panels/dashboards) and assembly and at Deeside

title: Toyota Manufacturing UK

text: Cooke, director of the Burnaston plant fears for the long term future of the plant too. Cooke said, "In the longer term the burden of import and export costs would add permanent costs to our business, it would reduce our competitiveness. Sadly, that would reduce the number of cars made in the United Kingdom and that would cost jobs." Toyota Manufacturing UK Toyota Motor Manufacturing (UK) Ltd is the manufacturing operation of Toyota in the United Kingdom, established in December 1989. The vehicle manufacturing plant at Burnaston, Derbyshire, assembles cars. On 16 December 1992, the first car rolled off the

title: Toyota

text: years. It is currently the site of Tesla, Inc.'s assembly plant. Toyota then started to establish new brands at the end of the 1980s, with the launch of their luxury division Lexus in 1989. In the 1990s, Toyota began to branch out from producing mostly compact cars by adding many larger and more luxurious vehicles to its lineup, including a full-sized pickup, the T100 (and later the Tundra), several lines of SUVs, a sport version of the Camry, known as the Camry Solara. They would also launch newer iterations of their sports cars, namely the MR2, Celica, and Supra during

title: Toyota

text: new Tundra, to go after the large truck market in the United States. Toyota is also pushing hybrid vehicles in the US such as the Prius, Camry Hybrid, Highlander Hybrid, and various Lexus products. Currently, Toyota has no plans to offer diesel motor options in its North American products, including the light-duty pickup trucks. In 1963, Australia was one of the first countries to assemble Toyotas outside Japan. However, in February 2014, Toyota was the last of Australia's major automakers to announce the end of production in Australia. The closure of Toyota's Australian plant was completed on October 3, 2017,

title: Toyota

text: with vehicle production. For vehicle assembly, Toyota would use plants in Thailand, Indonesia, Argentina, and South Africa. These four main IIMV production and export bases supply Asia, Europe, Africa, Oceania, Latin America, and the Middle East with three vehicles: The Toyota Hilux (Vigo), the Fortuner, and the Toyota Innova. Toyota Motor North America headquarters is located in Plano, Texas, and operates as a holding company in North America. Its manufacturing headquarters is located in Erlanger, Kentucky, and is known as Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America. Toyota Canada Inc. has been in production in Canada since 1983 with an

title: Toyota Camry

text: The US-built Toyota Camry took the top spot in 2015 and 2016 as the most American-Made car with over 75 percent of its parts and manufacturing coming from the United States. In this generation, the Camry line-up for the Japanese domestic market was reduced to being just a single variant (hybrid only). The Japanese market will now share the same Camry model as the Asian market "prestige" Camry—a design also adopted by the Toyota Aurion (XV50), albeit with minor visual changes. The Brazilian market also carries the Prestige variant instead of the one sold in North America (only in the

title: Toyota

text: most; while a clear first in overall production they were only third in production of front-wheel-drive cars in 1983, behind Nissan and Honda. In part due to this, Nissan's Sunny managed to squeeze by the Corolla in numbers built that year. In 1982, the Toyota Motor Company and Toyota Motor Sales merged into one company, the Toyota Motor Corporation. Two years later, Toyota entered into a joint venture with General Motors called the New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc, NUMMI, operating an automobile-manufacturing plant in Fremont, California. The factory was an old General Motors plant that had been closed for two

title: Toyota

text: in December 2008 to forecast its first annual loss in 70 years. In January 2009, it announced the closure of all of its Japanese plants for 11 days to reduce output and stocks of unsold vehicles. Akio Toyoda became the new president and CEO of the company on June 23, 2009, by replacing Katsuaki Watanabe, who became the new vice chairman by replacing Katsuhiro Nakagawa. Toyota has factories in most parts of the world, manufacturing or assembling vehicles for local markets in Japan, Australia (until 2017), India, Sri Lanka, Canada, Indonesia, Poland, South Africa, Turkey, Colombia, the United Kingdom, the

title: Toyota

text: of the Year" for 2007. It also began the construction of two new factories, one to build the RAV4 in Woodstock, Ontario, Canada, and the other to build the Toyota Prius in Blue Springs, Mississippi, USA. This plant was originally intended to build the Toyota Highlander, but Toyota decided to use the plant in Princeton, Indiana, USA, instead. The company has also found recent success with its smaller models—the Corolla and Yaris. In 2011, Toyota, along with large parts of the Japanese automotive industry, suffered from a series of natural disasters. The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami led to a

title: Toyota Corolla

text: "E", as described in Toyota's chassis and engine codes. Corollas are manufactured in Japan at the original Toyota Takaoka location built in 1966. Various production facilities have been built in Brazil, (Indaiatuba, São Paulo), Canada (Cambridge, Ontario), China (Tianjin), India (Bangalore), Pakistan (Karachi), South Africa (Durban), Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Turkey and Venezuela. Production has previously been carried out in Australia (Victoria), New Zealand (Thames) and the United Kingdom (Derbyshire). Production in the United States (at NUMMI in Fremont, California) ended in March 2010. Production resumed the following year after the Toyota Motor Manufacturing Mississippi plant was opened in November 2011

title: Toyota Canada Inc.

text: at one of Toyota's 14 plants throughout North America. By comparison, in 2001 only 32.1% of Toyota vehicles sold in Canada were produced in Canada and only 45.1% were produced in North America. In 2017, Toyota Canada Inc. experienced its best year of sales to date with 224,547 vehicles sold, a 3.1% increase in overall annual sales growth. As of December 2013, Toyota, its group companies and dealerships have invested more than CDN $9 Billion in Canada and employ more than 24,000 Canadians from coast-to-coast. Beginning September 2014, Toyota celebrated its 50th Anniversary in Canada. The anniversary festivities began with

title: Toyota Australia

text: close its manufacturing plant by the end of 2017 and become a national sales and distribution company. Toyota vehicles built in Australia: The Altona plant was the Toyota Australia manufacturing facility that operated in the Melbourne suburb of Altona. It opened in 1994, replacing the previous Port Melbourne site, but closed in 2017. The plant produced the Camry and Aurion for sale locally in Australasia and for export to the Middle East. Until the early 2000s, export to East and Southeast Asia also occurred. The plant also manufactured the Avalon between 2000 and 2005. In December 2009, full-scale production of

title: Toyota Motor Manufacturing de Baja California

text: most popular configuration, and also provide Decks for TMMTX Tacomas. In January 2017, Toyota wrote in a press release: "Our manufacturing facilities in Baja, Mexico [...] support production at our San Antonio, Texas plant, where 3,300 team members produced over 230,000 Tundras and Tacomas in 2016. Before, President-elect Donald Trump had written a Tweet "“Toyota Motor said will build a new plant in Baja, Mexico, to build Corolla cars for U.S.,” “NO WAY! Build plant in U.S. or pay big border tax.”" In fact, Toyota has announced a new plant in Guanajuato, Mexico, in April 2015. For the Annual J.D.

title: Lexus

text: States. The division inaugurated dealerships in the Japanese domestic market in 2005, becoming the first Japanese premium car marque to launch in its country of origin. The brand was introduced in Southeast Asia, Latin America, Europe and other regions. The brand was created around the same time as Japanese rivals Nissan and Honda developed their Infiniti and Acura premium brands. The Japanese government imposed voluntary export restraints for the U.S. market, so it was more profitable for Japanese automakers to export more expensive cars to the U.S. In 1983, Toyota chairman Eiji Toyoda issued a challenge to build the world's

title: Passenger vehicles in the United States

text: and Germany. While most vehicles sold in the US were manufactured by the Big Three, foreign corporations such as Japan's Toyota Motor Company have starting manufacturing in the US and are now an integrated part of the US automobile industry. According to many sources, the extended US operations of foreign based companies now rival those of American automobile manufacturers. For example, Toyota Motor Company now operates twelve manufacturing plants in the US, producing 1.55 million vehicles, 61.66% of the roughly 2.5 million vehicles the company sells in the US each year. A wide variety of vehicles are manufactured in the

title: Toyota

text: sedans. The difference in performance was largely attributed to surging demand for fuel-efficient vehicles. In November 2006, Toyota Motor Manufacturing Texas added a facility in San Antonio. Toyota has experienced quality problems and was reprimanded by the government in Japan for its recall practices. In 2007, Toyota maintained over 16% of the US market share and was listed second only to GM in terms of volume. Toyota Century Royal is the official state car of the Japanese imperial family, namely for the current Emperor of Japan. Toyota was hit by the global financial crisis of 2008 as it was forced

title: Passenger vehicles in the United States

text: half of Toyota-branded vehicles sold in the United States come from American plants. Conversely, all Scions were imported from Japan or Mexico (iA only). Many Lexus-branded models are imported from Japan or Canada (RX only). Some are assembled in Lexington, Kentucky (ES only). During the late 1970s, Volkswagen of America commenced production of the MkI Golf (sold in the US as the Rabbit including its utility variant (marketed in Europe as the Caddy and the US and the Rabbit Sportruck) at its Westmoreland, Pennsylvania assembly plant until the plant ceased operations in the early 1980s. North American production after the

title: Gulf States Toyota Distributors

text: "While the entire plant is not being closed, several positions are being eliminated based on a change in business objectives and accessory product offerings for 2014," the WARN letter states. Toyota (not GST) has opened 7 manufacturing facilities in the US and in 2008, more than 60% of Toyotas sold in the US are made in the US. Today, the majority of vehicles distributed by GST are not unloaded from ships. GST entered an agreement with the City of Temple to construct another vehicle processing center promising jobs and economic benefits served by rail road. The City invested millions in

title: Toyota Camry

text: year. Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky, the first wholly owned Toyota plant in the US, began producing the Camry in May 1988. The country of manufacture can be found by looking at the first character of the VIN; a Camry manufactured in Japan has a VIN starting with "J", a model made in the US starts with "4" and a model made in Australia starts with "6". Three trim levels of the V20 Camry were made: the unbadged base model, the DX, and the LE. In 1991, anti-lock brakes became optional on the V6, LE, and station wagon models. The four-wheel-drive

title: Toyota

text: severe disruption of the supplier base and a drop in production and exports. Severe flooding during the 2011 monsoon season in Thailand affected Japanese automakers that had chosen Thailand as a production base. Toyota is estimated to have lost production of 150,000 units to the tsunami and production of 240,000 units to the floods. On February 10, 2014, it was announced that Toyota would cease manufacturing vehicles and engines in Australia by the end of 2017. The decision was based on the unfavourable Australian dollar making exports not viable, the high cost of local manufacture and the high amount of

title: Calty Design Research

text: Japan in 1983 to head up Advanced Design at the Nagoya Design Division in Japan. The building he choose for Calty in Newport Beach is still being used by Calty. When Toyota decided to build a luxury car (the Lexus LS400), it was aimed at the 43 year old white American male earning $100,000 per year (in 1987 dollars). A team of Japanese designers was sent to California to discover what this demographic looked for in a car and how it reflected their lifestyle. This team worked closely with Calty. As representatives of the target market, Calty was also involved

title: Toyota

text: and had produced a total 3,451,155 vehicles. At its peak in October 2007, Toyota manufactured 15,000 cars a month. Before Toyota, Ford and GM's Holden had announced similar moves, all citing an unfavorable currency and attendant high manufacturing costs. Toyota is the world's market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles, one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe, and the first to commercially mass-produce and sell such vehicles, with the introduction of the Toyota Prius in 1997. The company eventually began providing this option on its main passenger cars such as

title: History of Toyota

text: History of Toyota The history of Toyota started in 1933 with the company being a division of Toyoda Automatic Loom Works devoted to the production of cars under the direction of the founder's son, Kiichiro Toyoda. Kiichiro Toyoda had traveled to Europe and the United States in 1929 to investigate automobile production and had begun researching gasoline-powered engines in 1930. Toyoda Automatic Loom Works was encouraged to develop automobile production by the Japanese government, which needed domestic vehicle production, due to the war with China. In 1934, the division produced its first Type A Engine, which was used in the

title: Toyota Prius (XW30)

text: time in Japan shortened from eight months at launch to three months, and sales in the United States dropped 40 percent in February 2010 from October 2009 following concerns about Toyota vehicles' safety, Toyota had to reduce the monthly production by 10 percent to 45,000 units a month in March 2010. In China, Toyota originally planned to start producing the third generation Prius in 2010 (through its joint venture FAW-Toyota). However, due to lack of government incentives and worries about losing tech secrets, this plan was abandoned. In Japan, it is reported that Toyota cut the price of the Prius

title: Toyota Motor Manufacturing France

text: Toyota announced that it would move production of the Toyota Yaris for the North American market from Japan to France. The company expects annual exports to total 25,000 units. Toyota Motor Manufacturing France Toyota Motor Manufacturing France S.A.S., or better known under its acronym TMMF, is the French automobile manufacturing division of Japanese automaker Toyota located in Onnaing near the city of Valenciennes. The company was founded in 1998 as a subsidiary of Toyota Motor Europe N/V S/A. The construction of the new plant began in 1999 and was completed one year later. The production started on 31 January 2001

title: Toyota Crown

text: common to American automakers: a coast-to-coast endurance run from Los Angeles to New York. The Toyopet was barely able to limp into Las Vegas before the project had to be called off. Toyota's first export to the United States began with 30 Crown Deluxe's in June 1958 after establishing Toyota Motor Sales USA the previous October, the first directly managed retail dealer (Hollywood Toyota) the previous February, U.S. wholesale and import companies, and a parts warehouse in Long Beach. Toyota also signs up 45 dealers to sell cars in its initial year, growing to 70 dealers by 1960 and 90

title: Toyota


question: the art and science of making objects from clay is called

answers: Ceramic art

answers: Ceramic

title: Ceramic art

title: Clay chemistry

text: Clay chemistry Clay chemistry is an applied subdiscipline of chemistry which studies the chemical structures, properties and reactions of or involving clays and clay minerals. It is a multidisciplinary field, involving concepts and knowledge from inorganic and structural chemistry, physical chemistry, materials chemistry, analytical chemistry, organic chemistry, mineralogy, geology and others. The study of the chemistry (and physics) of clays and clay minerals is of great academic and industrial relevance as they are among the most widely used industrial minerals, being employed as raw materials (ceramics, pottery, etc.), adsorbents, catalysts, additives, mineral charges, medicines, building materials and others. The unique

title: Adamah

text: to primitive woman's "birth magic," or the making of clay manikins and anointing them with menstrual blood—the sacred "blood of life"—in order to conceive real children. Women were still making clay manikins to represent people by sympathetic magic through such manikins, in the Middle Ages when such pursuits were redefined as witchcraft. Clay was always a "feminine" material, sacred to women because it was their substance earth. Pottery was a woman's art because of this time-honored association of ideas. In the Jahwist's account of creation, God's first act is to create mankind from the adamah. Before the creation of man,

title: Metal clay

text: Metal clay Metal clay is a crafting medium consisting of very small particles of metal such as silver, gold, bronze, or copper mixed with an organic binder and water for use in making jewelry, beads and small sculptures. Originating in Japan in 1990, metal clay can be shaped just like any soft clay, by hand or using molds. After drying, the clay can be fired in a variety of ways such as in a kiln, with a handheld gas torch, or on a gas stove, depending on the type of clay and the metal in it. The binder burns away,

title: Artificial flower

text: cold porcelain, steel wire, paint, glue, tape and sometimes paper and foam as a filler. With the help of cutters, where each flower has its own cutter set, the parts are cut from the still soft clay and then formed with specially designed tools. After drying, these parts are, when needed, painted with precision and then very precisely assembled into a whole flower. When made by a skillful artisan, clay flowers can be very realistic. From Thailand, where this art is very popular, it has spread to Europe, Russia and the US. Glass is melted and blown by hand into

title: Mud

text: Pottery is made by forming a clay body into objects of a required shape and heating them to high temperatures in a kiln which removes all the water from the clay, which induces reactions that lead to permanent changes including increasing their strength and hardening and setting their shape. A clay body can be decorated before or after firing. Prior to some shaping processes, clay must be prepared. Kneading helps to ensure an even moisture content throughout the body. Air trapped within the clay body needs to be removed. This is called de-airing and can be accomplished by a machine

title: Clay-body

text: Clay-body The Clay-body, clay corpse, or "Corp criadhach" (Scottish Gaelic) might be said to be an indigenous Scottish variant of the more famous voodoo doll. Supposedly, when a witch wanted to destroy anyone to whom she had an ill will, she often made a “corpse” of clay resembling the unfortunate one, and placed it in some out-of-the-way stream under a precipice or waterfall, in such a way that the water trickled slowly on it. As the clay-body wasted, so the live body of the person it resembled was also supposed to waste away. Were the clay-body found, it was carefully

title: Polymer clay

text: Polymer clay Polymer clay is a type of hardenable modeling clay based on the polymer polyvinyl chloride (PVC). It typically contains no clay minerals, but like mineral clay a liquid is added to dry particles until it achieves gel-like working properties, and similarly, the part is put into an oven to harden, hence its colloquial designation as clay. Polymer clay is generally used for making arts and craft items, and is also used in commercial applications to make decorative parts. Art made from polymer clay can now be found in major museums. Bakelite, an early plastic, was popular with designers

title: Sculpture

text: in a kiln until they are liquid and flow into a waiting mold below it in the kiln. Glass can also be blown and/or hot sculpted with hand tools either as a solid mass or as part of a blown object. More recent techniques involve chiseling and bonding plate glass with polymer silicates and UV light. Pottery is one of the oldest materials for sculpture, as well as clay being the medium in which many sculptures cast in metal are originally modelled for casting. Sculptors often build small preliminary works called maquettes of ephemeral materials such as plaster of Paris,

title: Clay-body

text: preserved, and so the spell of the witch was broken. Sometimes pins were stuck in the clay body to make the death of the doomed one more painful. Several such bodies have been found, even around the turn of the 20th century. Clay-body The Clay-body, clay corpse, or "Corp criadhach" (Scottish Gaelic) might be said to be an indigenous Scottish variant of the more famous voodoo doll. Supposedly, when a witch wanted to destroy anyone to whom she had an ill will, she often made a “corpse” of clay resembling the unfortunate one, and placed it in some out-of-the-way stream

title: Puebla

text: in the state exist. One is the black clay figures made in Acatlán de Osorio. Most of these figures are animals and are almost always painted with white designs. Black clay is also used to make cups, plates and other utilitarian items in other communities. Another important clay craft are the Trees of Life, mostly made in the community of Izúcar de Matamoros and Acatlán de Osorio. Traditionally, these are sculptures depicting Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden, but the craft has evolved to include other themes as well. The making of textiles and embroidery dates back to

title: Clay

text: Clay Clay is a finely-grained natural rock or soil material that combines one or more clay minerals with possible traces of quartz (SiO), metal oxides (AlO , MgO etc.) and organic matter. Geologic clay deposits are mostly composed of phyllosilicate minerals containing variable amounts of water trapped in the mineral structure. Clays are plastic due to particle size and geometry as well as water content, and become hard, brittle and non–plastic upon drying or firing. Depending on the soil's content in which it is found, clay can appear in various colours from white to dull grey or brown to deep

title: Sculpey

text: the "clay". Many techniques exist for working with polymer clay. Caning is a technique borrowed from glass artisans, who used the name millefiori, meaning "a thousand flowers". It involves making a picture from thick pieces of polymer clay, which are then extruded so the picture becomes smaller, and the cane much longer. The original picture can then be seen running throughout the length of the cane, though smaller. It can then be sliced, with the slices used to cover other objects or blobs of scrap polymer clay. Marbling is one of the simplest techniques used with polymer clay. It involves

title: Noria Mabasa

text: the making of clay pots she has been a full-time artist since 1976 and much of her work is inspired by dreams. Her career was sparked by a recurring dream of an old woman, which she first had in 1965. The woman showed her how to work in clay; her first clay figures were small and were often given away to local children. At one time, Mabasa modeled statues to stand against the walls of the courtyard of her home, a practice which was shared by other women in the region, but, then, in response to a vision, she later

title: Fine art

text: are high-quality pottery, often painted, moulded or otherwise decorated, and in many periods distinguished from "coarse" wares, which are basic utilitarian pots used by the mass of the population, or in the kitchen rather than for more formal purposes. Sculpture is three-dimensional artwork created by shaping hard or plastic material, commonly stone (either rock or marble), metal, or wood. Some sculptures are created directly by ; others are assembled, built up and fired, welded, molded, or cast. Because sculpture involves the use of materials that can be moulded or modulated, it is considered one of the plastic arts. The majority

title: Clay chemistry

text: catalysts, catalyst precursors or catalyst substrates in a number of chemical processes, like automotive catalysts and oil cracking catalysts. Clay chemistry Clay chemistry is an applied subdiscipline of chemistry which studies the chemical structures, properties and reactions of or involving clays and clay minerals. It is a multidisciplinary field, involving concepts and knowledge from inorganic and structural chemistry, physical chemistry, materials chemistry, analytical chemistry, organic chemistry, mineralogy, geology and others. The study of the chemistry (and physics) of clays and clay minerals is of great academic and industrial relevance as they are among the most widely used industrial minerals, being

title: Hair clay

text: Hair clay Hair Clay, also known as Clay on the hair industry, is a hair product that has very similar characteristics to hair wax. Clay also makes the hair soft. It also disentangles the hair. Clay has a little to no shine, meaning a stylist can achieve a very natural and dull look. There are many hair clay products on the market. Most clay products are considered salon grade, and the price of these products is usually more expensive than normal consumer level hair wax and gel. Clay products have a lot of good features, however they leave residual clay

title: Clay (2008 film)

text: revive the statuettes. Clay (2008 film) Clay is a 2008 British TV film drama directed by Andrew Gunn and starring Harry McEntire (Davie) and Ben Davies (Stephen Rose). The screenplay by Peter Tabern is based on the 1998 novel of the same name by David Almond. 1960, English provincial town. Impressionable Davie meets mysterious Stephen Rose, who lives in the house of his Aunt Mary Doonan, over whom he exercises a hypnotic control. Stephen Rose is committed to create from scrap materials - wood and clay - sculpture, which are made so realistically that they look almost lifelike. Stephen and

title: Potter's wheel

text: of wood – or more recently plastic – to which the lump of clay is attached instead of the wheel head, thereby permitting the finished piece to be more easily lifted from the wheel. The clump is made even and forced to the center of the wheel by applying pressure with the hands. Often the best way to muscle it towards the center is to hold one hand with the palm facing away from you and the other at an approximate 90 degrees to the first hand. This makes it easier to push the clay away from your torso and

title: Clay (2008 film)

text: Clay (2008 film) Clay is a 2008 British TV film drama directed by Andrew Gunn and starring Harry McEntire (Davie) and Ben Davies (Stephen Rose). The screenplay by Peter Tabern is based on the 1998 novel of the same name by David Almond. 1960, English provincial town. Impressionable Davie meets mysterious Stephen Rose, who lives in the house of his Aunt Mary Doonan, over whom he exercises a hypnotic control. Stephen Rose is committed to create from scrap materials - wood and clay - sculpture, which are made so realistically that they look almost lifelike. Stephen and Davie decide to

title: Clay (novel)

text: Clay (novel) Clay is a children's/young adult novel by David Almond, published in 2005. It was shortlisted for the Carnegie Medal and longlisted for the Guardian Children's Fiction Prize. It was adapted for television in 2008 by Andrew Gunn, and aired on BBC One on 30 March 2008. Davie befriends Stephen Rose, who has come to live with his eccentric aunt. He's a quiet boy with a passion for making clay models and an unusual, rather sinister, cast of mind. David and his friend Geordie come to believe that Stephen may be able to help them against the local bully

title: Paper clay

text: Paper clay Paper clay (sometimes referred to as fiberclay) is any clay body to which processed cellulose fiber (paper being the most common) has been added. Earthenware, terra cotta, stoneware, porcelain and bone china clay bodies can be made into paper clay. The more fiber added to the clay body, the stronger the unfired dry paper clay, but the weaker the fired body. The less fiber added to the clay body, the weaker the unfired dry paper clay, but the stronger the fired body. Conventional soft clay building techniques can be used with soft paper clay. This is because there

title: Modelling clay

text: it generally contains no clay minerals. Polymer clay is sold in craft, hobby, and art stores, and is used by artists, hobbyists, and children. Polymer clay is also popular in animation, since it allows static forms to be manipulated frame after frame. Leading brands of polymer clay include Fimo, Kato Polyclay, Sculpey, and Modello. Paper clay is handmade or commercially available clay to which a small percentage of processed cellulose fiber is added. The fiber increases the tensile strength of the dry clay and enables dry-to-dry and wet-to-dry joins. Commercial paper clays air-dry to a firm, lightweight sculpture, with minimal

title: Polymer clay

text: folk-crafts and jewelry. Air dry formulations, sometimes referred to as self-hardening polymer clay (such as Deco, cold porcelain, etc.), contain no polymers. Polymer clay Polymer clay is a type of hardenable modeling clay based on the polymer polyvinyl chloride (PVC). It typically contains no clay minerals, but like mineral clay a liquid is added to dry particles until it achieves gel-like working properties, and similarly, the part is put into an oven to harden, hence its colloquial designation as clay. Polymer clay is generally used for making arts and craft items, and is also used in commercial applications to make

title: Pottery

text: body needs to be removed. This is called de-airing and can be accomplished either by a machine called a vacuum pug or manually by wedging. Wedging can also help produce an even moisture content. Once a clay body has been kneaded and de-aired or wedged, it is shaped by a variety of techniques. After it has been shaped, it is dried and then fired. Clay ware takes on varying physical characteristics during the making of pottery. There are several materials that are referred to as clay. The properties which make them different include: Plasticity, the malleability of the body; the

title: Porcelain

text: The clays used are often described as being long or short, depending on their plasticity. Long clays are cohesive (sticky) and have high plasticity; short clays are less cohesive and have lower plasticity. In soil mechanics, plasticity is determined by measuring the increase in content of water required to change a clay from a solid state bordering on the plastic, to a plastic state bordering on the liquid, though the term is also used less formally to describe the ease with which a clay may be worked. Clays used for porcelain are generally of lower plasticity and are shorter than

title: Clay animation

text: Clay animation Clay animation or claymation, sometimes plasticine animation, is one of many forms of stop motion animation. Each animated piece, either character or background, is "deformable"—made of a malleable substance, usually plasticine clay. Traditional animation, from cel animation to stop motion, is produced by recording each frame, or still picture, on film or digital media and then playing the recorded frames back in rapid succession before the viewer. These and other moving images, from zoetrope to films to video games, create the illusion of motion by playing back at over ten to twelve frames per second. The techniques involved

title: Stan Bitters

text: these elements into a single statement. All the elements of formal art may be found in pots” (Bitters 1976, p. 48). In his book "Environmental Ceramics", Bitters says that “Clay assumes powerful form in sculpture. Because of its responsive nature and its receptivity to impressions, clay is open to tremendous variety of sculptural approaches, and can be worked additively and subtractively with equal ease. Its visual mass gives it an earthy, weighty character in contrast to the liquid nature of glass or the linear character of welded steel in which a massive piece may appear to be much lighter than

title: Economy of ancient Greece

text: of selecting the clay, fashioning the vase, drying and painting and baking it, and applying varnish. Part of the production went to domestic usage (dishes, containers, oil lamps) or for commercial purposes, and the rest served religious or artistic functions. Techniques for working with clay have been known since the Bronze Age; the potter's wheel is a very ancient invention. The ancient Greeks did not add any innovations to these processes. The creation of artistically decorated vases in Greece had strong foreign influences. For instance, the famed black-figure style of Corinthian potters was most likely derived from the Syrian style

title: Paper clay

text: is no physical difference between soft clay and the same clay as a soft paper clay, except the addition of a small percentage of tiny inert cellulose fibers. However it is recommended to use less fiber in paper clay on the potters wheel, particularly if the leather hard work is to be trimmed on the wheel. Paper clay can be made from left over throwing slip from wheel throwing. It is widely used by potters to repair cracks in dry, conventional clay, as well as dry paper clay. Thinner and taller work can be built with partially dry or completely

title: Ceramic art

long_answer: Ceramic art is art made from ceramic materials, including clay. It may take forms including art ware, tile, figurines, sculpture, and tableware. Ceramic art is one of the arts, particularly the visual arts. Of these, it is one of the plastic arts. While some ceramics are considered fine art, as pottery or sculpture, some are considered to be decorative, industrial or applied art objects. Ceramics may also be considered artefacts in archaeology. Ceramic art can be made by one person or by a group of people. In a pottery or ceramic factory, a group of people design, manufacture and decorate the art ware. Products from a pottery are sometimes referred to as "art pottery". In a one-person pottery studio, ceramists or potters produce studio pottery.

short_answers:
Ceramic
Ceramic art


question: who was the oldest man elected president of usa

answers: Ronald Reagan

answers: Donald Trump

title: List of presidents of the United States by age

title: James Bowler

text: of Chicago, who had traveled to Salt Lake City for the ceremony. James Bowler James Bernard Bowler (February 5, 1875 – July 18, 1957) was a political figure from Chicago, Illinois (USA). He served three terms as a United States Representative for Illinois. Bowler is the oldest person to win his first election to Congress, and was 78 years old as a freshman in the House of Representatives. Bowler was born in Chicago, Illinois on February 5, 1875. He attended the parochial and public schools of Chicago, and was a professional bicycle endurance rider and racer before running for Alderman.

title: Jimmy Carter

text: issued a statement that his medical scans no longer showed any cancer. On January 20, 2017, at age 92, Carter became the oldest living former president to attend a presidential inauguration. Carter, born October 1, 1924 (age ), also has the distinction of having the longest post-presidency in U.S. history, currently at . He is currently the second longest-lived president in history after George H. W. Bush, who was born 111 days before Carter. With Bush's death on November 30, 2018, Carter would become the longest-lived president on March 21, 2019. Carter has made arrangements to be buried in front

title: Frank T. Johns

text: America (SLP) was forced to appear on the Oregon ballot in those years due to state electoral laws. Johns was nominated for President of the United States by the Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP) in 1924. At the time of his selection, Johns was the youngest person ever to be nominated by a political party to run for President, just 255 days over the constitutional requirement of 35 years. Johns and running mate Verne L. Reynolds received 33,904 votes from 20 states in which they appeared on the ballot. The official report by the SLP's governing National Executive Committee

title: Walter Mondale

text: became the oldest living U.S vice president and Carter the oldest living U.S. president. After losing the 1980 election, Mondale returned briefly to the practice of law at Winston and Strawn, a large Chicago-based law firm, but he intended to return to politics before long. Mondale ran for the Democratic Party presidential nomination in the 1984 election, and was soon the front-runner. His opposition included Reverend Jesse Jackson and Senator Gary Hart from Colorado. Hart won the New Hampshire primary in March, but Mondale had much of the party leadership behind him. To great effect, Mondale used the Wendy's slogan

title: John Nance Garner

text: at the age of 98 years and 350 days. He is interred in Uvalde Cemetery. Garner is the longest-lived vice president in U.S. history, a distinction which was previously held by Levi P. Morton (Benjamin Harrison's vice president, who died in 1920 on his 96th birthday). Garner and Schuyler Colfax, vice president under Ulysses S. Grant, are the only two vice presidents to have been Speaker of the House of Representatives prior to becoming vice president. As the vice president is also the President of the Senate, Garner and Colfax are the only people to have served as the presiding

title: Late bloomer

text: elected to public office at 55 when he became Governor of California and remains the oldest man to have served as U.S. President. Melchora Aquino was an uneducated Filipino peasant woman, the mother of six children, who became an activist in the fight to gain independence from Spain. Known as the Grand Woman of the revolution, she was 84 when the Philippine Revolution broke out in 1896. Silas C. Swallow was a minister who became a Prohibition Party activist in his sixties. Marjory Stoneman Douglas's career might also fit. Her first environmental work of note occurred when she was almost

title: Killing Kennedy

text: elected even in 1961 at the time of Kennedy's inauguration. William Henry Harrison was the oldest president ever elected as of 1961. However, in 1961 at the end of his term Eisenhower was the oldest president to date, as Harrison died one month into his term at the age of 68 years 54 days. Eisenhower was 70 years 98 days old on the day of Kennedy's inauguration. O'Reilly has stated that he and Dugard wrote the book to be "fun" and "to get people engaged with their country". The book sold 118,000 copies in its first week. Another passage where

title: Gerald Ford

text: 5, 2004. He marked the occasion with the following statement (his last public statement): At the time of his death on December 26, 2006, he was the longest-lived president in American history, having lived 93 years and 165 days. Ford’s presidential longevity record was later surpassed by George H. W. Bush, who lived 94 years and 171 days. Ford was the only person to hold the presidential office without being elected as either president or vice president. The choice of Ford to fulfill Spiro Agnew's vacated role as vice president was based on Ford's reputation for openness and honesty. "In

title: James Bowler

text: James Bowler James Bernard Bowler (February 5, 1875 – July 18, 1957) was a political figure from Chicago, Illinois (USA). He served three terms as a United States Representative for Illinois. Bowler is the oldest person to win his first election to Congress, and was 78 years old as a freshman in the House of Representatives. Bowler was born in Chicago, Illinois on February 5, 1875. He attended the parochial and public schools of Chicago, and was a professional bicycle endurance rider and racer before running for Alderman. He later became involved in the insurance business and was the owner

title: William P. Gerberding

text: College in 1972. He was chancellor of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and executive vice-chancellor at UCLA. Gerberding served as the 27th president of the University of Washington in Seattle between 1979 and 1995. His 16 years of service is the longest term of any president in the history of the university. He died at the age of 85 on December 27, 2014. In 1995, the university's 1949-built Administration Building was renamed Gerberding Hall in his honor. William P. Gerberding William Passavant Gerberding (September 9, 1929 – December 27, 2014) was an American educator. He served as president of

title: Clifton DeBerry

text: that year, the others being Andrew Pulley and Richard Congress. Matilde Zimmermann was the vice presidential candidate on all three tickets. Clifton DeBerry died of heart failure on March 24, 2006 in a hospital near his home of Union City, California. He was 82 years old. A memorial meeting was held in his honor by the Socialist Workers Party in New York City on April 29, 2006. Clifton DeBerry Clifton DeBerry (1924–2006) was an American communist and two-time candidate for President of the United States of the Socialist Workers Party. He was the first black American in the 20th century

title: Elbridge Gerry

text: the nation's capital. The estate he left his wife and children was rich in land and poor in cash; he had managed to repay his brother's debts with his pay as vice president. Aged 68 at the start of his Vice Presidency, he would be the oldest person to become Vice President until Charles Curtis in 1929. Gerry is generally remembered for the use of his name in the word "gerrymander", for his refusal to sign the United States Constitution, and for his role in the XYZ Affair. His path through the politics of the age has been difficult to

title: Jed Johnson Jr.

text: president of the United States Youth Council from 1962 to 1964. He led a delegation from the organization to West Africa in 1963, and served as a member of the United States National Commission for UNESCO. He served three years as a nongovernmental observer at the United Nations. Elected at the age of twenty-four, Johnson was the second youngest person ever elected to the U.S. Congress and the youngest legally to assume office. On November 15, 1964, twelve days after his election victory, Johnson appeared on the CBS Television Network panel show "What's My Line?". Playing the game and sharing

title: Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps

text: Fillmore (January 7, 1800 – March 8, 1874) was the 13th President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853. He became the second Vice President to assume the presidency after the death of a sitting president when he succeeded Zachary Taylor, who died in office in July 1850. As such Fillmore was never actually elected president, and was the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. Franklin Pierce (November 23, 1804 – October 8, 1869), a politician and lawyer, was the 14th President of the United States, serving from 1853 to 1857, and is the

title: William Jennings Bryan 1896 presidential campaign

text: Kentucky's Simon Bolivar Buckner as his running mate. Palmer was a 79-year-old former Union general, Buckner a 73-year-old former Confederate of that rank; the ticket was the oldest in combined age in American history, and Palmer the second-oldest presidential candidate (behind Peter Cooper of the Greenback Party; Bryan was the youngest). The Gold Democrats received quiet financial support from Hanna and the Republicans. Palmer proved an able campaigner who visited most major cities in the East, and in the final week of his campaign, told listeners, "I will not count it any great fault if next Tuesday you decide to

title: Peter Cooper

text: Cooper is the oldest person ever nominated by any political party for President of the United States. The election was won by Rutherford Birchard Hayes of the Republican Party. Cooper was surpassed by another unsuccessful candidate: Samuel Jones Tilden of the Democratic Party. In 1813, Cooper married Sarah Bedell (1793–1869). Of their six children, only two survived past the age of four years: a son, Edward and a daughter, Sarah Amelia. Edward served as Mayor of New York City, as would the husband of Sarah Amelia, Abram S. Hewitt, a man also heavily involved in inventions and industrialization. Peter Cooper's

title: Johnson University

text: Johnson, Emma Elizabeth Johnson became president. She was one of the first women to be elected and serve as president of any college in the United States. Alva Ross Brown become president in 1927 and at the age of 21 was one of the youngest college presidents in US Higher Education History. Alva Ross Brown was followed in 1941 by professor and trustee Robert M. Bell as the 4th president of the college. The fifth, Dr. David L. Eubanks was the first President to retire from office but remains one of the longest serving college presidents in the US and

title: Maurice Thatcher

text: of the Americas. As of 2017, he is the second-longest lived person to have served in the United States Congress, having lived to the age of 102 years and 144 days, behind Elizabeth Hawley Gasque, who lived to the age of 103 years, 249 days. Maurice Thatcher Maurice Hudson Thatcher (August 15, 1870January 6, 1973) was a U.S. Congressman. Thatcher was elected to Congress in 1922 from Kentucky. He served until 1933. Born in Chicago, Illinois, Thatcher's family moved to Butler County, Kentucky in 1874 and settled near Morgantown. Thatcher worked in farming, on a newspaper and in county offices.

title: George H. W. Bush

text: stemming from pneumonia. Three months later, he experienced a recurrence of pneumonia and was hospitalized. On November 25, 2017, Bush became the longest-lived U.S. president when he surpassed the 93 years and 165 days lifespan of Gerald Ford, who died in December 2006. Upon Ford's death Bush had become both the nation's oldest living president as well as the oldest living vice president; on June 12, 2018 he became the first U.S. president to reach the age of 94. On April 22, 2018, the day after his wife's funeral Bush was hospitalized with a blood infection. The infection led to

title: Daniel D. Tompkins

text: vice president, and he also lived the shortest life of any Vice President. He was the youngest person to become Vice President until John C. Breckinridge, and the only 19th century vice president to serve two full terms under the same president. Tompkins was the second vice president to serve two full terms, after John Adams, who was George Washington's vice president from 1789 to 1797. He would be the last to do so for nearly a century, until Thomas R. Marshall, who served under Woodrow Wilson from 1913 to 1921. (Since Marshall, John Nance Garner, Richard M. Nixon, George

title: Cloyd H. Marvin

text: Cloyd H. Marvin Cloyd Heck Marvin (August 22, 1889 – April 27, 1969) was the longest serving president of the George Washington University, from 1927 to 1959, and the then-youngest American university president from 1922–7 at the University of Arizona. He was a freemason. Marvin graduated from Riverside High School and studied at Stanford University for two years from 1909 to 1911. He gained degrees from the University of Southern California (A.B.,1915), Harvard University (A.M, 1917, PhD 1920), and the University of New Mexico (honorary L.L.D., 1923). He was a Phi Delta Kappa member. He taught at the University of

text: commemorative postage on a regular basis. Harrison appears on four regular issues and on two commemorative issues. William McKinley Jr. (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901) was the 25th President of the United States, and the last veteran of the American Civil War to be elected to the office of the President. He was the last American president to serve in the 19th century and was the first President to serve in the 20th century. He spent much of his adult life in politics and was a six-term congressman, and was also the governor of Ohio before defeating William

title: Andrew Jackson Houston

text: Sheppard's term. Certain that the 86-year-old Houston would not run in the special election, O'Daniel appointed him to temporarily fill the vacancy. At the time of his swearing in, 82 years after his father had served in the same seat, Houston was the oldest man to enter the Senate. (The oldest person was Rebecca Latimer Felton). Houston joined the Senate as a Democrat, and filled the seat from April 21, 1941 until his death. The early June trip from Texas to Washington, D.C. to begin his duties had a negative effect on Houston's health, and he attended only one committee

title: Charles Curtis

text: hold the post, as well as the first person of acknowledged non-European ancestry. The first American of significant Native American ancestry to be elected to such high office, Curtis decorated his office with Native American artifacts and posed for pictures wearing Indian headdresses. He was 69 when he took office, making him the oldest incoming vice-president at the time. He is now the second-oldest, behind Alben W. Barkley at 71. Curtis was the first vice president to take the oath of office on a Bible in the same manner as the President. Since he employed a woman as secretary to

title: Andrew W. Cordier

text: 1970. Cordier, aged 74, died of cirrhosis of the liver at the Manhasset Medical Center on Long Island. He is buried with his wife, Dorothy Butterbaugh Cordier, in the Oaklawn Cemetery, North Manchester Indiana. Andrew W. Cordier Andrew Wellington Cordier (March 1, 1901 – July 11, 1975) was a United Nations official and President of Columbia University. Cordier was born on a farm near Canton, Ohio and attended high school in Hartville, Ohio where he became quarterback of the football team and valedictorian of his graduating class. He graduated in 1922 from Manchester University and went on to earn a

title: 1896 United States presidential election

text: as the legitimate heir to Presidents Jefferson, Jackson, and Cleveland. Delegates from forty-one states gathered at the National Democratic Party's national nominating convention in Indianapolis on September 2. Some delegates planned to nominate Cleveland, but they relented after a telegram arrived stating that he would not accept. Senator William Freeman Vilas from Wisconsin, the main drafter of the National Democratic Party's platform, was a favorite of the delegates. However, Vilas refused to run as the party's sacrificial lamb. The choice instead was John M. Palmer, a 79-year-old former Senator from Illinois. Simon Bolivar Buckner, a 73-year-old former governor of Kentucky,

title: Presidency of Ronald Reagan

text: made seven trips to continental Europe, three to Asia and one to South America. He is perhaps best remembered for his speeches at the 40th anniversary of the Normandy landings, for his impassioned speech at the Berlin Wall, his summit meetings with Mikhail Gorbachev, and riding horses with Queen Elizabeth II at Windsor Park. At the time of his inauguration, Reagan was the oldest person to be inaugurated as President (age 69). He remains the oldest person to have held the office; he had reached the age of 77 when his second term ended. Reagan's health became a concern at

title: Daniel Inouye

text: the second-oldest sitting U.S. senator (seven and one-half months younger than Frank Lautenberg of New Jersey), and the last sitting U.S. Senator to serve during the presidencies of John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Richard Nixon. Inouye was a posthumous recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Among other public structures, Honolulu International Airport has since been renamed Daniel K. Inouye International Airport in his honor. Inouye was born on September 7, 1924, in Honolulu, Hawaii, the son of Hyotaro and Kame ("née" Imanaga) Inouye. He was a Nisei Japanese American, the son of a Japanese immigrant father and

title: Daniel P. Davison

text: three sons and seven grandchildren. Daniel P. Davison Daniel Pomeroy Davison (January 30, 1925 – August 25, 2010) was an American banker who served from 1979 to 1990 as president of United States Trust, the oldest trust company in the United States, helping guide the company's transformation and growth through a focus on the richest of the rich, offering such personal services as walking the dogs of its top clients. Davison was born on January 30, 1925, in Manhattan to Frederick Trubee Davison, who had served in the New York State Assembly and as Assistant United States Secretary of War,

long_answer: The median age upon accession to the presidency is 55 years and 3 months. This is how old Lyndon B. Johnson was at the time of his inauguration. The youngest person to assume the office was Theodore Roosevelt, who became president at the age of 42 years, 322 days, following William McKinley's assassination; the oldest was Donald Trump, who was 70 years, 220 days old at his inauguration. The youngest person to be elected president was John F. Kennedy, at 43 years, 163 days of age on election day; the oldest was Ronald Reagan, who was 73 years, 274 days old at the time of his election to a second term.


question: what is the name of the muslim dress

answers: hijab

title: Islam and clothing

title: Taqiyah (cap)

text: There is the kufi, which is worn with the grand boubou. The West African robe is called a Senegalese kaftan. The traditional wedding attire is the dashiki suit. The traditional women's attire is the kaftan or the wrapper. Most converts use the name Kufi when referring to a prayer cap. Many converts wish to keep the clothing of their culture, as a Muslim may wear any clothing items as long as they are modest. Many western converts to Islam will wear their own cultural clothes to Islamic services. For instance, a Scottish man would wear a kilt and perhaps a

title: Taqiyah (cap)

text: taqiyah for his wedding instead of the Balmoral bonnet. The clothing must be modest. For example, a German man would not wear Lederhosen to Friday prayer services, because the shorts are immodest, see Awrah. Some converts choose to adorn what is seen as traditionally Muslim clothing to the Mosque and worship services. A man may wish to wear a long robe (thobe) or Shalwar Kameez. A man from the Naqshbandi-Haqqani Sufi Order may wear a Long Turkish Shirt, vest called Haydariye and baggy pants with a Turban when going to Zikr events, this is very common for western converts in

title: Hijab

text: a period of heightened religiosity that began to be reflected in the dress code. The uniform adopted by the young female pioneers of this movement was named al-Islāmī (Islamic dress) and was made up of an "al-jilbāb—an unfitted, long-sleeved, ankle-length gown in austere solid colors and thick opaque fabric—and al-khimār, a head cover resembling a nun's wimple that covers the hair low to the forehead, comes under the chin to conceal the neck, and falls down over the chest and back". In addition to the basic garments that were mostly universal within the movement, additional measures of modesty could be

title: Hijab

text: Arabia) which style of women's dress they considered to be most appropriate in public. The survey found that the headscarf (in its tightly- or loosely-fitting form) was chosen by the majority of respondents in Egypt, Iraq, Tunisia and Turkey. In Saudi Arabia 63% gave preference to the "niqab" face veil; in Pakistan the "niqab", the full-length "chador" robe and the headscarf, received about a third of the votes each; while in Lebanon half of the respondents in the sample (which included Christians and Druze) opted for no head covering at all. The survey found "no significant difference" in the preferences

title: Hijab

text: (muslin cloth that covered the lower nose and the mouth). The name of this garment, "harabah", derives from early Christian and Judaic religious vocabulary, which may indicate the origins of the garment itself. Up to the first half of the twentieth century, rural women in the Maghreb and Egypt put on a form of "niqab" when they visited urban areas, "as a sign of civilization". Western clothing largely dominated in Muslim countries the 1960s and 1970s. For example, in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran, many liberal women wore short skirts, flower printed hippie dresses, flared trousers, and went out in public

title: Women's rights in Saudi Arabia

text: called an abaya, and a face-veil called niqab. Many historians and Islamic scholars hold that the custom, if not requirement, of the veil predates Islam in parts of the region. They argue that the Quran was interpreted to require the veil as part of adapting it to tribal traditions. Traditionally, women's clothing must not reveal anything about her body. It is supposed to be thick, opaque, and loose. It should not resemble the clothing of men (or non-Muslims). The strictness of the dress code varies by region. In Jeddah, for example, many women go out with their faces uncovered; Riyadh

title: Islam and clothing

text: is constantly a topic of debate and has been for decades now. The PewResearchCenter gathered information on several countries, including Pakistan, and came back with results on how people’s perceptions of the veil differ across the world: "In Pakistan, there is an even split (31% vs. 32%) between woman #3 and woman #2, who is wearing a niqab that exposes only her eyes, while nearly a quarter (24%) choose woman #4." The results show that there is still a lot of debate about what type of dress women perceive to be most appropriate, and it seems that the debate will

title: Religious clothing

text: The Veil is worn especially of the Islamic world. Many Muslim countries adapted the veil to their culture and traditions. For example, there are Muslim countries like Turkey where a headscarf is common. However this does not mean that Niqab or Burqa or Khimar are not worn. In Saudi Arabia the Veil, the Niqab, the Khimar and the Burqa are typical. In Afghanistan and parts of Pakistan the burqa and the Niqab is common. In India in Kashmir, Muslim women wear the Veil and the Khimar. In Soudan, Indonesia and Malaysia, the Veil, the Khimar and the Jilbab are more

title: Mosque

text: Men are supposed to come to the mosque wearing loose and clean clothes that do not reveal the shape of the body. Likewise, it is recommended that women at a mosque wear loose clothing that covers to the wrists and ankles, and cover their heads with a "Ḥijāb" (), or other covering. Many Muslims, regardless of their ethnic background, wear Middle Eastern clothing associated with Arabic Islam to special occasions and prayers at mosques. As mosques are places of worship, those within the mosque are required to remain respectful to those in prayer. Loud talking within the mosque, as well

title: Niqāb

text: for a ban on burqa and niqāb, saying that they have "no basis in Islam". Spokesperson Farzana Hassan cited public safety issues, such as identity concealment, as well as gender equality, stating that wearing the burqa and niqāb is "a practice that marginalizes women." In December 2012, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that Muslim women who wear the niqāb must remove it in some cases when testifying in court. Niqāb A niqab or niqāb (; ', "[face] veil"; also called a ruband) is a garment of clothing that covers the face, worn by a small minority of Muslim women

title: Taqiyah (cap)

text: that Sufi Order as the shirt and pants blends in with common western clothing better than more conspicuous Islamic dress. Taqiyah (cap) The taqiyah (also spelled tagiya; / ALA-LC: "ṭāqīyah") is a short, rounded skullcap. They are often worn for religious purposes; for example, Muslims believe that the Islamic prophet Muhammad used to keep his head covered, therefore making it "mustahabb" (i.e., it is commendable to cover the head in order to emulate him). Muslim men often wear them during the five daily prayers. When worn by itself, the taqiyah can be any color. However, particularly in Arab countries, when

title: Religious clothing

text: veil is clearly stated and recommended in the Quran and Muslim women have been wearing it to preserve their dignity not showing their beauty (hair) to other men than their husband and family. In the Quran, Allah says: « O Prophet, tell your wives and your daughters and the women of the believers to bring down over themselves [part] of their outer garments. That is more suitable that they will be known and not be abused. And ever is Allah Forgiving and Merciful. » Prophet Mohamed explained it to Muslims and 1439 years ago, Muslims are committed to Allah’s orders.

title: Tiraz

text: inscription on them, or to the factories which produced the textiles (known as the "dar al-tiraz"). Tiraz is also known as "taraziden" in Persian. The notion of dress code in the Islamic world evolved early at the beginning of the expansion of the new empire. As the empire expanded across the region, cultural divisions were established, each with its own dress code. The Arabs, a minority in their own empire, distinguished themselves by establishing a rule which would establish differentiation ("ghiyar") to maintain identity. Regulation of this kind was first ascribed by caliph Umar (634-644) in the so-called Pact of

title: Mufti (dress)

text: notes that the word was "perhaps originally applied to the attire of dressing-gown, smoking-cap, and slippers, which was like the Oriental dress of the Mufti". A mufti day (also known as casual clothes day, casual Friday, colour day, own clothes day, home clothes day, plain clothes day, non-uniform day, mufting day, free dress day, civvies day, dress down day, uniform-free day) is a day where students and staff go to school in casual clothing instead of school uniform. This is found in many countries where students are required to wear uniform, including the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Fiji, Australia, India,

title: Hijab

text: In a 2014 survey of men and women in seven Muslim-majority countries, the Afghan burqa was the preferred form of woman's dress for 11% of respondents in Saudi Arabia, 4% in Iraq, 3% in Pakistan, 2% in Lebanon, and 1% or less in Egypt, Tunisia, and Turkey. The niqab face veil was the preferred option for 63% of respondents in Saudi Arabia, 32% in Pakistan, 9% in Egypt, 8% in Iraq, and 2% or less in Lebanon, Tunisia, and Turkey. Veiling did not originate with the advent of Islam. Statuettes depicting veiled priestesses precede all major Abrahamic religions (Christianity, Judaism,

title: Islam and clothing

text: that the highest percent of Saudi women felt was appropriate dress for women in Saudi Arabia. In accordance with these statistics, the Saudi woman that is used in the video, cited above, to show the popular view of Saudi women was wearing this niqab that only exposed her eyes. During regular, day-to-day activities, Somali women usually wear the "guntiino", a long stretch of cloth tied over the shoulder and draped around the waist. In more formal settings such as weddings or religious celebrations like Eid, women wear the "dirac", which is a long, light, diaphanous voile dress made of cotton

title: Women in Islam

text: same restrictions on women's clothing in public apply. The overwhelming majority of Muslim-majority countries do not have laws mandating the public wearing of either secular or religious apparel, and the full spectrum of female clothing – from bikinis to face veils – can be seen in countries such as Albania, Lebanon and Morocco. In a 2018 study done by the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, Muslim American women were, “the most likely” when compared to other domestic religious communities to, “wear “a visible symbol that makes their faith identity known to others.”" Of the Muslim women surveyed by ISPU,

title: Islam and clothing

text: Islam and clothing Islam says that the believing women should lower their gaze, guard their modesty, not display their beauty and ornaments except what (must ordinarily) appear thereof; that they should draw their veils over their bosoms and not display their beauty except to their husbands, their fathers, their husband's fathers, their sons, their husbands' sons, their brothers or their brothers' sons, or their sisters' sons, or their foster brothers, and that they should not strike their feet in order to draw attention to their hidden ornaments. 'And O ye Believers! turn ye all together towards God, that ye may

title: Morality in Islam

text: beings from other animals. Muhammad has been described as being more bashful than a maiden. Modesty in dressing has particularly been emphasized. According to Islamic Law, known as sharia, Muslims are required to cover their body parts with proper dressing. Sharia has also laid down specific guidelines for men and women regarding their dressing. Covering everything from 'navel to knee' is mandatory for men. In some Muslim societies, women wear the niqab, a veil that covers the whole face except the eyes, or the full burqa, a full-body covering garment that occasionally does cover the eyes. Following is the most

title: Islamic dress in Europe

text: Ali - see Islam as incompatible with Western values, at least in its present form. They advocate the values of 'Enlightenment liberalism', including secularism and equality of women. For them, the burqa or chador are both a symbol of religious obscurantism and the oppression of women. Western Enlightenment values, in their view, require prohibition, regardless of whether a woman has freely chosen Islamic dress. A more extreme, related view is that freely chosen Islamic dress is a declaration of allegiance to radical Islamism, and the wearers are enemies of western society, if not terrorists. The ban on the veil in

title: Hajj

text: Miqat (depending on where they're coming from), they enter into a state of holiness – known as Ihram – that consists of wearing two white seamless cloths for the male, with the one wrapped around the waist reaching below the knee and the other draped over the left shoulder and tied at the right side; wearing ordinary dress for the female that fulfills the Islamic condition of public dress with hands and face uncovered; taking ablution; declaring the intention (niyah) to perform pilgrimage and to refraining from certain activities such as clipping the nails, shaving any part of the body,

title: Taqiyah (cap)

text: divine presence that covers them. In the Indian subcontinent, it is called a "topi" ( ) which means hat or cap in general. In Pakistan and Bangladesh, men usually wear the topi with kurta ("panjabi" in Bangladesh) and paijama. In the United States and Britain, many Muslim merchants sell the prayer cap under the name "kufi". Sephardic Jews adopted the Bukharan from the Kufi (See Bukharan). There are a wide variety of Muslim caps worn around the world. Each country or region usually has a unique head covering. In Afghanistan, men wear a wool beret called a "Pakol", which also

title: Niqāb

text: burqa covers the entire body from the top of the head to the ground, with only a mesh screen allowing the wearer to see in front of her. Women who wear the niqab are often called '; this word is used both as a noun and as an adjective. However, the more correct form grammatically is ' (plural ') but ' is used in an affectionate manner (much as with ' versus '). Colloquially, women in niqab are called ', with the plural '. The face-veil was originally part of women's dress among certain classes in the Byzantine Empire and

title: Islamic dress in Europe

text: to other related cultural prohibitions: the Dutch politician Geert Wilders proposed a ban on hijabs, in Islamic schools, in new mosques, and in non-western immigration. In France and Turkey, the emphasis is on the secular nature of the state, and the symbolic nature of the Islamic dress, and bans apply at state institutions (courts, civil service) and in state-funded education (in France, while the law forbidding the veil applies to students attending publicly funded primary schools and high schools, it does not refer to universities; applicable legislation grants them freedom of expression as long as public order is preserved). These

title: Abaya

text: of Islam consider the entire female body, except for the face and hands, awrah – that which should be concealed in public from males unrelated by blood or marriage. Outside some Arab states such as Saudi Arabia, the abaya is not widely worn by Muslim women. It is rare in countries like Indonesia, India and Pakistan. Abaya also refers to different garments in different countries. In Arab states of the Persian Gulf, they tend to be black in color. Turkish abayat, on the other hand, tend to be colorful. In Saudi Arabia, women are required to cover in public. Although,

title: Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah

text: religious rites) and Jews (who used it in their religious festivals). In 1005, al-Ḥākim ordered that Jews and Christians follow "ghiyār" "the law of differentiation" – in this case, the "mintaq" or "zunnar" "belt" (Greek ζωνάριον) and "'imāmah" "turban", both in black. In addition, Jews must wear a wooden calf necklace and Christians an iron cross. In the public baths, Jews must replace the calf with a bell. In addition, women of the People of the Book had to wear two different coloured shoes, one red and one black. These remained in place until 1014. Following contemporary Shiite thinking, during

title: Hijab

text: to see out. The "niqab" is a term which is often incorrectly used interchangeably with burqa. It properly refers to a garment that covers a woman's upper body and face, except for her eyes. It is particularly associated with the style traditionally worn in the Arabian Peninsula, where the veil is attached by one side and covers the face only below the eyes, thereby allowing the eyes to be seen. Only a minority of Islamic scholars believe that covering the face is mandatory, and the use of niqab beyond its traditional geographic strongholds has been a subject of political controversy.

title: Hijab by country

text: clothes), is the ongoing physical and emotional abuse of Indonesian women in Saudi Arabia, as guest workers, commonly maids or as Hajja pilgrims and Saudi Wahhabi intolerance for non-Saudi dress code has given rise to mass protests and fierce Indonesian debate up to the highest levels of government about boycotting Saudi Arabia – especially the profitable all Hajj pilgrimage – as many high-status women have been physically assaulted by Saudi morality police for non-conforming head-wear or even applying lip-balm – leading some to comment on the post-pan Arabist repressiveness of certain Arab nations due to excessively rigid, narrow and erroneous

title: Women in Islam

text: how Muslim women dress, not least because the Islamic world is so geographically and culturally diverse. Laws passed in states (such as laïcist Turkey and Tunisia) with twentieth century Westernisation campaigns – which mandated that women wear "modern", western-style clothing – have been relaxed in recent years; similarly, the end of communism in Albania and the Yugoslav republics also meant an end to highly restrictive secular apparel legislation. As a result, it is now legal for women in these countries to wear clothes suggesting a (post-)modern Islamic identity – such as the headscarf colloquially known as the ḥijāb – in

title: Islam and clothing

long_answer: The Qur'an admonishes Muslim women to dress modestly and cover their breasts and genitals but it doesn't require covering the head. The Qur'an explicitly states that "O wives of the Prophet, you are not like anyone among women" and as such has separate rules specifically for the wives of the Prophet. Wearing hijab, or al-khimar, is considered by some to be obligatory in Islam, as the quote states "Tell the believing women to put their khimar over their bosoms", all the major Arab translations and dictionaries agree that "al-khimar" means a veil or scarf that a woman uses to cover her head, and "over their bosoms" implies women should cover their breasts, necks etc.


question: what is the democracy of the united states

answers: federal republic

title: Politics of the United States

text: The United States is a federal republic in which the president, Congress, and federal courts share powers reserved to the national government according to its Constitution.  The federal government shares sovereignty with the state governments.

title: Democracy in America

text: democracy in the United States, discussing possible threats "to" democracy and possible dangers "of" democracy. These include his belief that democracy has a tendency to degenerate into "soft despotism" as well as the risk of developing a tyranny of the majority. He observes that the strong role religion played in the United States was due to its separation from the government, a separation all parties found agreeable. He contrasts this to France where there was what he perceived to be an unhealthy antagonism between democrats and the religious, which he relates to the connection between church and state. Tocqueville also

title: Human rights in the United States

text: 1871. According to the "Economist Magazine"'s Democracy Index (2016), the US ranks 21 out of 167 nations. In 2016 and 2017, the United States is classified as a "Flawed Democracy" by Democracy Index and received a score of 8.24 out of 10.00 with respect to civil liberties. This is the first time the United States has been downgraded from a "Full Democracy" to a "Flawed Democracy" since The Economist began publishing the Democracy Index report. According to the annual Worldwide Press Freedom Index published by Reporters Without Borders, due to wartime restrictions the United States was ranked 53rd from the

title: United States cyber-diplomacy

text: methods from polling, collaborative filtering and multidimensional visualization. The program then organizes the information and displays the feedback in patterns and trends as they develop. It invites anyone from around the world to participate in discussion and evaluate the responses of others. Democracy Dialogues is a multilingual interactive website established by the U.S. Department of State in 2006. It is a platform to encourage shared discussion about democratic principles with people outside of the United States. The web based discussion focuses on the principles of democracy and every two months a new democratic theme is featured. The Virtual Student Foreign

title: Democracy in America

text: material goods, and isolated individuals. Democracy in America De La Démocratie en Amérique (; published in two volumes, the first in 1835 and the second in 1840) is a classic French text by Alexis de Tocqueville. Its title translates as On Democracy in America, but English translations are usually simply entitled Democracy in America. In the book, Tocqueville examines the democratic revolution that he believed had been occurring over the previous several hundred years. In 1831, Alexis de Tocqueville and Gustave de Beaumont were sent by the French government to study the American prison system. In his later letters Tocqueville

title: Foreign policy of the United States

text: to the U.S. State Department, "Democracy is the one national interest that helps to secure all the others. Democratically governed nations are more likely to secure the peace, deter aggression, expand open markets, promote economic development, protect American citizens, combat international terrorism and crime, uphold human and worker rights, avoid humanitarian crises and refugee flows, improve the global environment, and protect human health." According to former U.S. President Bill Clinton, "Ultimately, the best strategy to ensure our security and to build a durable peace is to support the advance of democracy elsewhere. Democracies don't attack each other." In one view

title: Democracy in America

text: Democracy in America De La Démocratie en Amérique (; published in two volumes, the first in 1835 and the second in 1840) is a classic French text by Alexis de Tocqueville. Its title translates as On Democracy in America, but English translations are usually simply entitled Democracy in America. In the book, Tocqueville examines the democratic revolution that he believed had been occurring over the previous several hundred years. In 1831, Alexis de Tocqueville and Gustave de Beaumont were sent by the French government to study the American prison system. In his later letters Tocqueville indicates that he and Beaumont

title: Democracy in America

text: dependence, I have nowhere seen women occupying a loftier position; and if I were asked, ... to what the singular prosperity and growing strength of that people ought mainly to be attributed, I should reply,—to the superiority of their women. The primary focus of "Democracy in America" is an analysis of why republican representative democracy has succeeded in the United States while failing in so many other places. Tocqueville seeks to apply the functional aspects of democracy in the United States to what he sees as the failings of democracy in his native France. Tocqueville speculates on the future of

title: Democracy in the Middle East

text: The two countries have since had relatively successful elections, but have also experienced serious security and development problems. Some believe that democracy can be established "only through force" and the help of the United States. Writers such as Michele Dunne, when writing for the Carnegie Paper concurs with the rhetoric of the late Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin (at that time, referring to peace and terrorism) that the foreign policy position of the US should be to 'pursue peace as though there were no democratization, and pursue democratization as though there were no peace. In other words, the U.S. government

text: international economic order was established, the United States made contributions to European reconstruction, and attention to the post-colonial Third World increased. The United States included among its aims in World War I the defense of democracies, and after WWII attempted to institutionalize democratic systems in countries that had lost the war (such as Germany and Japan); meanwhile during the Cold War, democracy promotion was a distant goal, with security concerns and a centering of policy against Soviet expansion dominating. President Jimmy Carter applied limited diplomatic pressure, which resulted in a conservative backlash resistant to criticism of authoritarian allies, while President

text: government effectiveness too difficult. He does describe American performance as "mediocre," and concludes that changing the United States Constitution to a system resembling one of the other stable democracies would not necessarily negatively impact government performance. How Democratic Is the American Constitution? How Democratic is the American Constitution? (2001, , among others) is a book by political scientist Robert A. Dahl that discusses seven "undemocratic" elements of the United States Constitution. The book defines "democratic" as alignment with the principle of "one person, one vote", also known as "majority rule". The author praises the Framers of the Constitution as "men

title: National Endowment for Democracy

text: democracy—the system of a free press, unions, political parties, universities." The U.S. government, through USAID (United States Agency for International Development), contracted The American Political Foundation to study democracy promotion, which became known as "The Democracy Program." The Program recommended the creation of a bipartisan, private, non-profit corporation to be known as the National Endowment for Democracy (NED). NED, though non-governmental, would be funded primarily through annual appropriations from the U.S. government and subject to congressional oversight. The State Department and United States Information Agency (USIA) proposed the Endowment to encourage and facilitate exchanges between democratic institutions through private sectors;

text: How Democratic Is the American Constitution? How Democratic is the American Constitution? (2001, , among others) is a book by political scientist Robert A. Dahl that discusses seven "undemocratic" elements of the United States Constitution. The book defines "democratic" as alignment with the principle of "one person, one vote", also known as "majority rule". The author praises the Framers of the Constitution as "men of exceptional talent and virtue" (p. 7) who made admirable progress in the creation of their republican government. But Dahl also points out that innovation and change in democratic techniques and ideals continued even after the

title: Democracy Day (United States)

text: Democracy Day (United States) Democracy Day is the tentative name of a possible federal holiday in the United States, proposed by Democratic Representative John Conyers of Michigan. Conyers' proposed the holiday in Resolution (H.R.) 63 - Democracy Day Act of 2005. The bill called for the Tuesday after the first Monday in November of every even-numbered year, Election Day, to be a legal public holiday. The purpose of the holiday was to increase voter turnout by giving citizens more time to vote, as well as to allow for the opening of more polling places with more workers while raising awareness

title: Democracy in America

text: after 1840, however, as made evident in Aurelian Craiutu's "Tocqueville on America after 1840: Letters and Other Writings". "Democracy in America" was published in two volumes, the first in 1835 and the other in 1840. It was immediately popular in both Europe and the United States, while also having a profound impact on the French population. By the twentieth century, it had become a classic work of political science, social science, and history. It is a commonly assigned reading for undergraduates of American universities majoring in the political or social sciences, and part of the introductory political theory syllabus at

title: The American Democrat

text: The American Democrat The American Democrat: Or, Hints on the Social and Civic Relations of the United States of America, a political essay written by American republican author James Fenimore Cooper, was published initially in New York State in 1838. Originally intended as a textbook on the American republican democracy, the work analyzes the social forces that shape, and can ultimately corrupt such a system. It served as an indictment of public opinion, which he argued had the potential to corrupt public morals and democracy. Because "The American Democrat" did not intrigue the public like a novel would have, it

title: The World America Made

text: asked, "What does Kagan mean by “democracy”?." He went to say, "I had a strong urge [...] to toss the book out of the window and back my truck over it." Additionally, he derided Kagan's assertion that the smooth transfer of power from Britain to the United States would be comparable to a potential transfer of power from the United States to China, arguing that the latter nations were too different, both in terms of culture (language, freedom of speech, etc.), but also in terms of economic system (Communism as opposed to capitalism). In a muffled praise, he added "The

title: The American Democrat

text: question of the role of the states, which Cooper believes are sovereign in their own way because they consent to their union under a federal government. In that sense, political power in the U.S. is a trust granted by the constituent to the representative in deliberate institutions, checking and balancing each other. Therefore, it is imperative for representatives to work within the limits of their respective branches of government. In his view, the American government is at its best when those in power strictly adhere to the system put in place by the Constitution. Thus, in theory, the Constitution provides

title: Democracy

text: as shorthand for liberal democracy, which is a variant of representative democracy that may include elements such as political pluralism; equality before the law; the right to petition elected officials for redress of grievances; due process; civil liberties; human rights; and elements of civil society outside the government. Roger Scruton argues that democracy alone cannot provide personal and political freedom unless the institutions of civil society are also present. In some countries, notably in the United Kingdom which originated the Westminster system, the dominant principle is that of parliamentary sovereignty, while maintaining judicial independence. In the United States, separation of

title: Democracy in the Middle East

text: the beginning of a policy of American democracy promotion in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), leading, for example, to American intervention on behalf of the democratically elected government in the 1958 Lebanon crisis. Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the U.S. war in Afghanistan and Iraq War were a significant turning point for the U.S.'s shift, from political rhetoric, to the real cause of democratisation in the region, as the invasions of those countries were partly for purposes of organising democratic governments. Opponents of the act have, however, criticised that democracy cannot be imposed from outside.

title: Alliance for Representative Democracy

text: of the Alliance for Representative Democracy is to educate citizens about Congress and state legislatures through an array of programs and initiatives to foster civic learning and citizen engagement. The Alliance for Representative Democracy provides lesson plans, interactive modules, and video series designed to build on one another are mainly for civics, American government, and history courses taught at the high school level. In addition to providing education materials for the classroom, the Alliance for Representative Democracy also holds The Representative Democracy in America (RDA) Professional Development Leadership Initiative, a two-day seminar that instructs “master teachers” how to train elementary

title: The War on Democracy

text: The War on Democracy The War on Democracy is a 2007 documentary film directed by the British filmmakers Christopher Martin and John Pilger, who also wrote the narration. Focusing on the political situations in nations of Latin America, the film criticizes both the United States' intervention in foreign countries' domestic politics and its "War on Terrorism". The film was first released in the United Kingdom on June 15, 2007. The film was produced over a two-year period. Carl Deal, chief archivist on the Michael Moore films "Fahrenheit 9/11" and "Bowling for Columbine," provided the archive footage used in the film.

text: countries, including the United States which have been "steadily democratic" since 1950. His book identifies the following constitutional attributes as important for comparison: "How Democratic" compares the 22 stable, wealthy democracies on these criteria, summarized as follows: Looking at Freedom House rankings, Dahl concludes that there is no discernible correlation between the seven constitutional features and ratings on political rights or civil rights among the 22 comparison countries. Dahl contrasts "majoritarian" governments, where the electoral system (for example, first-past-the-post) can grant a dominant group (or even a minority group) decisive control over the government, with "proportional" systems, where governmental control

title: Democracy Index

text: often absolute monarchies or dictatorships, may have some conventional institutions of democracy but with meager significance, infringements and abuses of civil liberties are commonplace, elections (if they take place) are not fair and free, the media is often state-owned or controlled by groups associated with the ruling regime, the judiciary is not independent, and they are characterised by the presence of omnipresent censorship and suppression of governmental criticism. Listing by country is available on "The Economist" website. In 2016, the United States was downgraded from a full democracy to a flawed democracy; its score, which had been experiencing a persistent

title: Democracy in America

text: modify it according to circumstances and men: such is the first duty imposed on those who direct society in our day. The remainder of the book can be interpreted as an attempt to accomplish this goal, thereby giving advice to those people who would experience this change in social states. Tocqueville begins his study of the U.S. by explaining the contribution of the Puritans. According to him, the Puritans established the U.S. democratic social state of equality. They arrived equals in education and were all middle class. In addition, Tocqueville observes that they contributed a synthesis of religion and political

text: that Arab public opinion largely rejects the assertion that U.S. democracy assistance is helpful. This skepticism of democracy promotion and view of aid as a form of domination is prevalent, according to some analysts, because of the perceived subjection of democracy support to American interests in the region. Noam Chomsky argues that "U.S. democratic rhetoric and undemocratic substance have a long history," and the United States only supports democracy "if and only if it conforms to U.S. economic and strategic objectives." Such power dynamics associated with democracy discourse can be influential. Walid Kazziha argues that despite the fact that Arab

title: Democracy Day (United States)

text: reintroduced on Nov. 12, 2014, by independent Senator Bernie Sanders. It has not been enacted. Other movements to enact the holiday are Election Holiday and ElectionDay.org Democracy Day (United States) Democracy Day is the tentative name of a possible federal holiday in the United States, proposed by Democratic Representative John Conyers of Michigan. Conyers' proposed the holiday in Resolution (H.R.) 63 - Democracy Day Act of 2005. The bill called for the Tuesday after the first Monday in November of every even-numbered year, Election Day, to be a legal public holiday. The purpose of the holiday was to increase voter

text: where America was sharply criticized for seemingly applying a double-standard in the 2006 Palestinian parliamentary elections – encouraging free and fair elections, only to withdraw aid and diplomatically boycott the new government when Hamas emerged the victor. Some, such as Laurie Mylroie, suggest that democracy and Islamic tradition are incompatible, and illiberal Islamists may be worse than the current authoritarian regimes (although she suggests it may be useful for the United States to promote human rights and democracy in certain parts of the Middle East to oppose dictators such as Saddam Hussein). Others stress the compatibility of democracy and the

title: Democracy

text: are representative democracies with an elected or appointed head of government such as a prime minister. The Founding Fathers of the United States rarely praised and often criticised democracy, which in their time tended to specifically mean direct democracy, often without the protection of a constitution enshrining basic rights; James Madison argued, especially in "The Federalist" No. 10, that what distinguished a direct "democracy" from a "republic" was that the former became weaker as it got larger and suffered more violently from the effects of faction, whereas a republic could get stronger as it got larger and combats faction by

title: Andrei Cherny

text: major issues facing America and the world. Democracy’s ideas, such as the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau at the heart of the 2010 Wall Street reform, have made their way into the national political debate and into legislation in Congress and states across America. Today, Democracy has 300,000 readers in every state and more than 150 countries around the world. He was the chief drafter and lead negotiator of the 2000 Democratic Party platform when Al Gore was the nominee for president. In 2003-04, he was the Director of Speechwriting and Special Advisor on Policy for John Kerry's campaign for president.

title: Politics of the United States