question: for complaints of sudden chest pain patients should take a

answers: Aspirin

title: Chest pain

text: Chest pain is a common symptom encountered by emergency medical services. Aspirin increases survival in people with acute coronary syndrome and it is reasonable for EMS dispatchers to recommend it in people with no recent serious bleeding.  Supplemental oxygen was used in the past for most people with chest pain but is not needed unless the oxygen saturations are less than 94% or there are signs of respiratory distress. Entonox is frequently used by EMS personnel in the prehospital environment. However, there is little evidence about its effectiveness.

title: Thorax

text: when deep breaths are attempted. Different people feel pains differently for the same condition. Only a patient truly knows if the symptoms are mild or serious. Chest pain may be a symptom of myocardial infarctions ('heart attack'). If this condition is present in the body, discomfort will be felt in the chest that is similar to a heavy weight placed on the body. Sweating, shortness of breath, lightheadedness, and irregular heartbeat may also be experienced. If a heart attack occurs, the bulk of the damage is caused during the first six hours, so getting the proper treatment as quickly as

title: Chest pain in children

text: stress test, pulmonary function test, drug screen and ultrasound. Chest pain is relatively common in children and adolescents. Unlike adults, the cause is rarely cardiac. Approximately 0.3% to 0.6% of emergency department department visits by pediatric patients are for chest pain. The emergency department visits are consistent throughout the seasons and times of year. The median age pediatric patients that complain of pain is from 12 to 13 years old both males and females display the symptoms and signs at approximately the same ratio. Those that do complain of the chest pain usually present with acute pain that they have

title: Chest pain

text: on initial evaluation. After evaluation of a person's history, risk factors, physical examination, laboratory testing and imaging, management begins depending on suspected diagnoses. Depending upon the diagnosis, a person may be placed in the intensive care unit, admitted to the hospital, or be treated outpatient. For persons with suspected cardiac chest pain or acute coronary syndrome, or other emergent diagnoses such as pneumothorax, pulmonary embolism, or aortic dissection, admission to the hospital is most often recommended for further treatment. For people with non-cardiac chest pain, cognitive behavioral therapy might be helpful on an outpatient basis. A 2015 Cochrane review found

title: Chest pain

text: to several other areas of the body. This may include the neck, left or right arms, cervical spine, back, and upper abdomen. Other associated symptoms with chest pain can include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, shortness of breath, anxiety, and sweating. The type, severity, duration, and associated symptoms of chest pain can help guide diagnosis and further treatment. Causes of chest pain range from non-serious to serious to life-threatening. In adults the most common causes of chest pain include: gastrointestinal (42%), coronary artery disease (31%), musculoskeletal (28%), pericarditis (4%) and pulmonary embolism (2%). Other less common causes include: pneumonia, lung cancer, and

title: Chest pain

text: prognostic and diagnostic value. Other physical exam findings suggestive of cardiac chest pain may include hypertension, tachycardia, bradycardia, and new heart murmurs. Chest pain that is reproducible during the physical exam with contact of the chest wall is more indicative of non-cardiac chest pain, but still cannot completely rule out acute coronary syndrome. For this reason, in general, additional tests are required to establish the diagnosis. In the emergency department the typical approach to chest pain involves ruling out the most dangerous causes: heart attack, pulmonary embolism, thoracic aortic dissection, esophageal rupture, tension pneumothorax, and cardiac tamponade. By elimination or

title: Tietze syndrome

text: therapy or years later. It is found more often in teens than adults. Although patients will often mistake the pain of Tietze's syndrome for a myocardial infarction (heart attack), the syndrome does not progress to cause harm to any organs. Other potential causes for chest pain include cardiac, gastrointestinal, or traumatic injury. It is important to rule out a heart attack, as the symptoms may be similar or severe. After assessment, providers often reassure patients that their symptoms are not associated with a heart attack, although they may need to treat the pain, which in some cases can be severe

title: Chest pain

text: present with chest pain, and carry a significantly higher mortality as a result of delayed treatment. Careful medical history and physical examination is essential in separating dangerous from trivial causes of disease, and the management of chest pain may be done on specialized units (termed "medical assessment units") to concentrate the investigations. Occasionally, invisible medical signs will direct the diagnosis towards particular causes, such as Levine's sign in cardiac ischemia. However, in the case of acute coronary syndrome, a third heart sound, diaphoresis, and hypotension are the most strongly associated physical exam findings. However these signs are limited in their

title: Chest pain

text: syndrome. Other clues in the history can help lower the suspicion for myocardial infarction. These include chest pain described as "sharp" or "stabbing", chest pain that is positional or pleuritic in nature, and chest pain that can be reproduced with palpation. However, both atypical and typical symptoms of acute coronary syndrome can occur, and in general a history cannot be enough to rule out the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome. In some cases, chest pain may not even be a symptom of an acute cardiac event. An estimated 33% of persons with myocardial infarction in the United States do not

title: Chest pain in children

text: sudden onset related to vigorous physical activity and coughing. These symptoms seem to be closely associated with asthma. Infection with "Haemophilus influenzae" can cause chest pain. Since most causes of pediatric and adolescent chest pain are not considered life-threatening, parents and their children are often reassured that in the majority of cases, the cause of the pain can be determined. If the child or adolescent appears to have some dehydration, and intravenous line along with administration of saline is done. The clinician may or may not decide to perform diagnostic testing . This is especially true if the child or

title: Chest pain in children

text: adolescent has symptoms of chronic pain. If an obvious cause of the chest pain is not readily apparent, testing may begin with an x-rayand an electrocardiogram . This helps the clinician to determine whether or not the cause of pain is related to pulmonary or cardiac causes. A possible preliminary diagnosis may be able to be made based upon consistent symptoms. Some of these are: Preliminary "red flags" are identified that are more likely to suggest chest pain associated with heart. These are: If the diagnosis is unclear, the clinician may order additional testing. These tests may be an electrocardiogram,

title: Pericarditis

text: The cause often remains unknown. Diagnosis is based on the chest pain, a pericardial rub, specific electrocardiogram (ECG) changes, and fluid around the heart. Other conditions that may produce similar symptoms include a heart attack. Treatment in most cases is with NSAIDs and possibly colchicine. Steroids may be used if those are not appropriate. Typically symptoms improve in a few days to weeks but can occasionally last months. Complications can include cardiac tamponade, myocarditis, and constrictive pericarditis. It is a less common cause of chest pain. About 3 per 10,000 people are affected per year. Those most commonly affected are

title: Chest pain in children

text: experienced for less than one day. This is not universal though. A small study in Turkey evaluated patients and found that 59% complained of pain that they had had for more than one month in duration. Estimates of 13% to 24% of patients seen in the emergency department are found to have a pulmonary association with their pain. Children who have chest pain that is related to asthma and exercise stress can be treated with bronchodilator use. If there is obviously distress and difficulty breathing, treatment to provide the support of airway and breathing is provided. In addition, treatment can

title: Chest pain

text: to 2008. but a subsequent increase of 13% was seen from 2006-2011. Less than 20% of all cases of chest pain admissions are found to be due to coronary artery disease. The rate of chest pain as a symptom of [[acute coronary syndrome]] varies among populations based upon age, sex, and previous [[medical conditions]]. In general, women are more likely than men to present without chest pain (49% vs. 38%) in cases of myocardial infarction. [[Category:Pain]] [[Category:Torso]] Chest pain Chest pain is pain in any region of the chest. Chest pain may be a symptom of a number of serious

title: Thorax

text: possible is important. Some people, especially those who are elderly or have diabetes, may not have typical chest pain but may have many of the other symptoms of a heart attack. It is important that these patients and their caregivers have a good understanding of heart attack symptoms. Just like with a heart attack, not all chest pain is suffered because of a condition involving the heart. Chest wall pain can be experienced after an increase in activity. Persons who add exercise to their daily routine generally feel this type of pain at the beginning. It is important to monitor

title: Chest pain in children

text: causes of pediatric chest pain are found infrequently and are not identified more than 5% of the time. Unknown causes, were estimated to account for 20% to 61% of the final diagnosis given. Patients who receive a diagnosis of cardiac disease are more apt to have acute pain. This pain often awakes them from sleep or presents with fever or abnormal observations found during the physical examination. Trauma can also be a cause for chest pain and has been found to be associated with the pain in 5% of the patients. Children can present with chest pain can have a

title: Chest pain

text: Chest pain Chest pain is pain in any region of the chest. Chest pain may be a symptom of a number of serious disorders and is, in general, considered a medical emergency. Chest pain can be differentiated into heart-related and non heart related chest pain. Cardiac chest pain is called angina pectoris. Some causes of noncardiac chest pain include gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, or lung issues. Even though chest pain may not be related to a heart problem, noncardiac chest pain can still be due to significant disease. Chest pain can present with different types of pain and associated symptoms which may

title: Acute pericarditis

text: Acute pericarditis Acute pericarditis is a type of pericarditis (inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart, the pericardium) usually lasting less than 6 weeks. It is the most common condition affecting the pericardium. Chest pain is one of the common symptoms of acute pericarditis. It is usually of sudden onset, occurring in the anterior chest and often has a sharp quality that worsens with breathing in or coughing, due to inflammation of the pleural surface at the same time. The pain may be reduced with sitting up and leaning forward while worsened with lying down, and also may radiate to

title: Thorax

text: impair ventilation by a similar mechanism. Chest pain can be the result of multiple issues, including respiratory problems, digestive issues, and musculoskeletal complications. The pain can trigger cardiac issues as well. Not all pain that is felt is associated with the heart, but it should not be taken lightly either. Symptoms can be different depending on the cause of the pain. While cardiac issues cause feelings of sudden pressure in the chest or a crushing pain in the back, neck, and arms, pain that is felt due to noncardiac issues gives a burning feeling along the digestive tract or pain

title: Thorax

text: the pain to ensure that it is not a sign of something more serious. Pain can also be experienced in persons who have an upper respiratory infection. This virus is also accompanied by a fever and cough. Shingles is another viral infection that can give symptoms of chest or rib pain before a rash develops. Injuries to the rib cage or sternum is also a common cause of chest pain. It is generally felt when deep breaths are taken or during a cough. Another non cardiac cause of chest pain is atelectasis. It is a condition that suffered when a

title: Panic attack

text: symptoms are interpreted with alarm in people prone to panic attacks. This results in increased anxiety and forms a positive feedback loop. Shortness of breath and chest pain are the predominant symptoms. People experiencing a panic attack may incorrectly attribute them to a heart attack and thus seek treatment in an emergency room. Because chest pain and shortness of breath are hallmark symptoms of cardiovascular illnesses, including unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack), a diagnosis of exclusion (ruling out other conditions) must be performed before diagnosing a panic attack. It is especially important to do this for people whose

title: Pleurisy

text: smooth gliding. Other conditions that can produce similar symptoms include pericarditis, heart attack, cholecystitis, and pneumothorax. Diagnosis may include a chest X-ray, electrocardiogram (ECG), and blood tests. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) and ibuprofen may be used to decrease pain. Incentive spirometry may be recommended to encourage larger breaths. About one million people are affected in the United States each year. Descriptions of the condition date from at least as early as 400 BC by Hippocrates. The defining symptom of pleurisy is a sudden sharp, stabbing, burning or dull pain in the right or left side of

title: Pain

text: they should report pain immediately to receive immediate relief. Gender can also be a factor in reporting pain. Gender differences can be the result of social and cultural expectations, with women expected to be more emotional and show pain, and men more stoic. Pain is a symptom of many medical conditions. Knowing the time of onset, location, intensity, pattern of occurrence (continuous, intermittent, etc.), exacerbating and relieving factors, and quality (burning, sharp, etc.) of the pain will help the examining physician to accurately diagnose the problem. For example, chest pain described as extreme heaviness may indicate myocardial infarction, while chest

title: Myocardial infarction

text: also distinct from heart failure, in which the pumping action of the heart is impaired. However, an MI may lead to heart failure. Chest pain is the most common symptom of acute myocardial infarction and is often described as a sensation of tightness, pressure, or squeezing. Pain radiates most often to the left arm, but may also radiate to the lower jaw, neck, right arm, back, and upper abdomen. The pain most suggestive of an acute MI, with the highest likelihood ratio, is pain radiating to the right arm and shoulder. Similarly, chest pain similar to a previous heart attack

title: Chest pain in children

text: pain in pediatric patients requires careful physical examination and a detailed history that would indicate the possibility of a serious cause. Studies of pediatric chest pain are sparse. It has been difficult to create evidence-based guidelines for evaluation. Chest pain in children is usually evaluated in cardiology clinics and in emergency departments. It can be distressing for parents and children. Pediatric chest pain differs from chest pain in adults because it is most often unrelated to the heart. The causes of pediatric chest pain vary according to the organ or tissue in the child. that generates the pain. Generally, muscular

title: Chest pain

text: vary with a person's age, sex, and previous medical conditions. Determining the cause of chest pain is through review of a person's medical history, a physical exam, and other medical tests. Management of chest pain is based on the underlying cause. Chest pain is a common presenting problem: Chest pain may present in different ways depending upon the underlying diagnosis. Chest pain may also vary from person to person based upon age, sex, weight, and other differences. Chest pain may present as a stabbing, burning, aching, sharp, or pressure-like sensation in the chest. Chest pain may also radiate, or move,

title: Myocardial infarction

text: Myocardial infarction Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to a part of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle. The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw. Often it occurs in the center or left side of the chest and lasts for more than a few minutes. The discomfort may occasionally feel like heartburn. Other symptoms may include shortness of breath, nausea, feeling faint, a cold sweat, or feeling tired. About 30% of people have atypical symptoms.

title: Emergency ultrasound

text: of bedside ultrasound. Use of this modality in settings such as the emergency department can decrease waiting times and improve satisfaction among those served. Cardiac: Chest pain is one of the most common complaints presenting to the emergency department. Those presenting with chest pain, focused cardiac ultrasound can be helpful in the evaluation of persons with potentially life-threatening disease such as a pericardial effusion, a severe pulmonary embolus (or blood clot in the lungs), or in screening those with suspected aortic dissection. The use of ultrasound is also helpful in persons with chest pain due to suspected heart ischemia, especially

title: Pericarditis

text: Pericarditis Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium (the fibrous sac surrounding the heart). Symptoms typically include sudden onset of sharp chest pain. The pain may also be felt in the shoulders, neck, or back. It is typically better sitting up and worsen when lying down or deep breathing. Other symptoms may include fever, weakness, palpitations, and shortness of breath. Occasionally onset of symptoms is gradual. The cause of pericarditis is believed to be most often due to a viral infection. Other causes include bacterial infections such as tuberculosis, uremic pericarditis, following a heart attack, cancer, autoimmune disorders, and chest trauma.

title: Shortness of breath

text: side of the chest, jugular venous distension, and tracheal deviation. The symptoms of pneumonia are fever, productive cough, shortness of breath, and pleuritic chest pain. Inspiratory crackles may be heard on exam. A chest x-ray can be useful to differentiate pneumonia from congestive heart failure. As the cause is usually a bacterial infection, antibiotics are typically used for treatment. Severity and prognosis of pneumonia can be estimated from CURB65, where C=Confusion, U= Uremia (>7), R=Respiratory rate >30, B= BP<90, 65= Age>65. Pulmonary embolism classically presents with an acute onset of shortness of breath. Other presenting symptoms include pleuritic chest pain,

title: Chest pain


question: where is the majority of phosphorous stored in the environment

answers: minerals

answers: rocks

answers: in rocks and minerals

title: Phosphorus cycle

title: Phosphorous acid

text: are acidic under aqueous conditions, in contrast with HPO. On heating at 200 °C, phosphorous acid disproportionates to phosphoric acid and phosphine: This reaction is used for laboratory-scale preparations of PH. Both phosphorous acid and its deprotonated forms are good reducing agents, although not necessarily quick to react. They are oxidized to phosphoric acid or its salts. It reduces solutions of noble metal cations to the metals. When phosphorous acid is treated with a cold solution of mercuric chloride, a white precipitate of mercurous chloride forms: Mercurous chloride is reduced further by phosphorous acid to mercury on heating or on

title: Phosphoric acids and phosphates

text: of living organisms, there are many kinds of (mono)phosphate, diphosphate, and triphosphate compounds (essentially esters), many of which play a significant role in metabolism such as adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and triphosphate (ATP). Similarly, phosphorous acid can bond with alcohol molecules to form a phosphite ester. See the general structure image below on the right. The two dots on the P represent the lone electron pair of the phosphorus atom. Phosphoric acids and phosphates There are various kinds of phosphoric acids and phosphates. Of the many phosphorus oxoacids, the phosphoric acids constitute the largest and most diverse group. The simplest phosphoric

title: Phosphor

text: Phosphor A phosphor, most generally, is a substance that exhibits the phenomenon of luminescence. Somewhat confusingly, this includes both phosphorescent materials, which show a slow decay in brightness (> 1 ms), and fluorescent materials, where the emission decay takes place over tens of nanoseconds. Phosphorescent materials are known for their use in radar screens and glow-in-the-dark materials, whereas fluorescent materials are common in cathode ray tube (CRT) and plasma video display screens, fluorescent lights, sensors, and white LEDs. Phosphors are often transition-metal compounds or rare-earth compounds of various types. The most common uses of phosphors are in CRT displays and

title: Phosphoric acid

text: are essential for life. The most common source of phosphoric acid is an 85% aqueous solution; such solutions are colourless, odourless, and non-volatile. The 85% solution is a syrupy liquid, but still pourable. Although phosphoric acid does not meet the strict definition of a strong acid, the 85% solution is acidic enough to be corrosive. Phosphoric acid is produced industrially by two general routes. In the wet process a phosphate-containing mineral such as calcium hydroxyapatite is treated with sulfuric acid. Fluoroapatite is an alternative feedstock, in which case fluoride is removed as the insoluble compound NaSiF. The phosphoric acid solution

title: Phosphorous acid

text: standing: Upon treatment with metals of d6 configuration, phosphorous acid is known to coordinate as the otherwise rare P(OH) tautomer. Examples include Mo(CO)(P(OH)) and [Ru(NH)(HO)(P(OH))]. The most important use of phosphorous acid (phosphonic acid) is the production of basic lead phosphite, which is a stabilizer in PVC and related chlorinated polymers. Phosphites have shown effectiveness in controlling a variety of plant diseases, in particular, treatment using either trunk injection or foliar containing phosphorous acid salts is indicated in response to infections by "phytophthora" and "pythium"-type plant pathogens (both within class "oomycetes", known as water molds), such as dieback/root rot and

title: Phosphorous acid

text: Phosphorous acid Phosphorous acid is the compound described by the formula HPO. This acid is diprotic (readily ionizes two protons), not triprotic as might be suggested by this formula. Phosphorous acid is an intermediate in the preparation of other phosphorus compounds. HPO is more clearly described with the structural formula HPO(OH). In the solid state, HP(O)(OH) is tetrahedral with one shorter P=O bond of 148 pm and two longer P–O(H) bonds of 154 pm. This species exists in equilibrium with an extremely minor tautomer P(OH). IUPAC recommends that the latter be called phosphorous acid, whereas the dihydroxy form is called

title: History and culture of substituted amphetamines

text: in water to phosphorous acid, regenerating hydrogen iodide). Because hydrogen iodide exists in a chemical equilibrium with iodine and hydrogen, the phosphorus reaction shifts the balance toward hydrogen production when iodine is consumed (see Le Châtelier's principle). In Australia, criminal groups have been known to substitute "red" phosphorus with either hypophosphorous acid or phosphorous acid (the "Hypo route"). This is a hazardous process for amateur chemists because phosphine gas, a side-product from in situ hydrogen iodide production, is extremely toxic to inhale. The reaction can also create toxic, flammable white phosphorus waste. Methamphetamine produced in this way is usually more

title: Phosphoric acid

text: usually contains 23–33% PO (32–46% HPO). It may be concentrated to produce "commercial-" or "merchant-grade" phosphoric acid, which contains about 54–62% PO (75–85% HPO). Further removal of water yields "superphosphoric acid" with a PO concentration above 70% (corresponding to nearly 100% HPO. Calcium sulfate (gypsum) is produced as a by-product and is removed as phosphogypsum. To produce food-grade phosphoric acid, phosphate ore is first reduced with coke in an electric arc furnace, to make elemental phosphorus. Silica is also added, resulting in the production of calcium silicate slag. Elemental phosphorus is distilled out of the furnace and burned with air

title: Phosphorous acid

text: phosphonic acid. Only the reduced phosphorus compounds are spelled with an "ous" ending. Other important oxyacids of phosphorus are phosphoric acid (HPO) and hypophosphorous acid (HPO). The reduced phosphorus acids are subject to similar tautomerism involving shifts of H between O and P. HPO(OH) is the product of the hydrolysis of its acid anhydride: (An analogous relationship connects HPO and PO). On an industrial scale, the acid is prepared by hydrolysis of phosphorus trichloride with water or steam: Potassium phosphite is also a convenient precursor to phosphorous acid: In practice aqueous potassium phosphite is treated with excess hydrochloric acid. By

title: Phosphorite

text: solubilized to produce wet-process phosphoric acid, or smelted to produce elemental phosphorus. Phosphoric acid is reacted with phosphate rock to produce the fertilizer triple superphosphate or with anhydrous ammonia to produce the ammonium phosphate fertilizers. Elemental phosphorus is the base for furnace-grade phosphoric acid, phosphorus pentasulfide, phosphorus pentoxide, and phosphorus trichloride. Approximately 90% of phosphate rock production is used for fertilizer and animal feed supplements and the balance for industrial chemicals. Froth flotation is used to concentrate the mined phosphorus to rock phosphate. The mined ore slurry is treated with fatty acids to cause calcium phosphate to become hydrophobic. For

title: Phosphorous acid

text: to phosphorus, not simply an ester. For example, (CH)PO(OH) is "methylphosphonic acid", which may of course form "methylphosphonate" esters. Phosphorous acid Phosphorous acid is the compound described by the formula HPO. This acid is diprotic (readily ionizes two protons), not triprotic as might be suggested by this formula. Phosphorous acid is an intermediate in the preparation of other phosphorus compounds. HPO is more clearly described with the structural formula HPO(OH). In the solid state, HP(O)(OH) is tetrahedral with one shorter P=O bond of 148 pm and two longer P–O(H) bonds of 154 pm. This species exists in equilibrium with an

title: Plant nutrition

text: cell are critically dependent on phosphorus. As with all living things, phosphorus is part of the Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is of immediate use in all processes that require energy with the cells. Phosphorus can also be used to modify the activity of various enzymes by phosphorylation, and is used for cell signaling. Phosphorus is concentrated at the most actively growing points of a plant and stored within seeds in anticipation of their germination. Phosphorus is most commonly found in the soil in the form of polyprotic phosphoric acid (HPO), but is taken up most readily in the form of

title: Phosphorite

text: conditions have not undergone bioturbation. In other words, the word pristine is used when phosphatic sediment, phosphatized stromatolites and phosphate hardgrounds have not been disturbed. (2) Condensed: Phosphatic particles, laminae and beds are considered condensed when they have been concentrated. This is helped by the extracting and reworking processes of phosphatic particles or bioturbation. (3) Allochthonous: Phosphatic particles that were moved by turbulent or gravity-driven flows and deposited by these flows. The heaviest accumulation of phosphorus is mainly on the ocean floor. Phosphorus accumulation occurs from atmospheric precipitation, dust, glacial runoff, cosmic activity, underground hydrothermal volcanic activity, and deposition of

title: Phosphogypsum

text: are somewhat concentrated) is too radioactive to be used for most applications. As a result, there are about 1 billion tons of phosphogypsum stacked in 25 stacks in Florida (22 are in central Florida) and about 30 million new tons are generated each year. Various applications have been proposed for using phosphogypsum, including using it as material for: Phosphogypsum Phosphogypsum refers to the calcium sulfate hydrate formed as a by-product of the production of fertilizer from phosphate rock. It is mainly composed of gypsum (CaSO·2HO). Although gypsum is a widely used material in the construction industry, phosphogypsum is usually not

title: Phosphorus

text: tripolyphosphate made from phosphoric acid is used in laundry detergents in some countries, but banned for this use in others. This compound softens the water to enhance the performance of the detergents and to prevent pipe/boiler tube corrosion. Inorganic phosphorus in the form of the phosphate is required for all known forms of life. Phosphorus plays a major role in the structural framework of DNA and RNA. Living cells use phosphate to transport cellular energy with adenosine triphosphate (ATP), necessary for every cellular process that uses energy. ATP is also important for phosphorylation, a key regulatory event in cells. Phospholipids

title: Phosphonate

text: noted, however, that in some tests due to the high sludge to phosphonate ratio, removal of the test substance from solution observed as loss of DOC was observed. This factor was attributed to adsorption rather than biodegradation. However, bacterial strains capable of degrading aminopolyphosphonates and HEDP under P-limited conditions have been isolated from soils, lakes, wastewater, activated sludge and compost. "No biodegradation of phosphonates during water treatment is observed but photodegradation of the Fe(III)-complexes is rapid. Aminopolyphosphonates are also rapidly oxidized in the presence of Mn(II) and oxygen and stable breakdown products are formed that have been detected in wastewater.

title: Aryldialkylphosphatase

text: (pSM55, 43Kb). Organophosphate is the general name for esters of phosphoric acid and is one of the organophosphorus compounds. They can be found as part of insecticides, herbicides, and nerve gases, amongst others. Some less-toxic organophosphates can be used as solvents, plasticizers, and EP additives. The use of organophosphates accounts for approximately 38% of all pesticide use globally. Bacterial isolates capable of degrading organophosphate (OP) pesticides have been identified from soil samples from different parts of the world. The first organophosphate-degrading bacterial species was isolated from a soil sample from the Philippines in 1973, which identified as "Flavobacterium" sp. ATCC27551.

title: Bisphenol A

text: is driven by enthalpy. The adsorption of BPA has also been observed to decrease with increasing pH. A 2005 study conducted in the United States had found that 91–98% of BPA may be removed from water during treatment at municipal water treatment plants. A more detailed explanation of aqueous reactions of BPA can be observed in the Degradation of BPA section below. Nevertheless, a 2009 meta-analysis of BPA in the surface water system showed BPA present in surface water and sediment in the U.S. and Europe. According to Environment Canada in 2011, "BPA can currently be found in municipal wastewater.

title: Phosphorus

text: by air. Phosphine is also far less basic than ammonia. Other phosphines are known which contain chains of up to nine phosphorus atoms and have the formula PH. The highly flammable gas diphosphine (PH) is an analogue of hydrazine. Phosphorous oxoacids are extensive, often commercially important, and sometimes structurally complicated. They all have acidic protons bound to oxygen atoms, some have nonacidic protons that are bonded directly to phosphorus and some contain phosphorus - phosphorus bonds. Although many oxoacids of phosphorus are formed, only nine are commercially important, and three of them, hypophosphorous acid, phosphorous acid, and phosphoric acid, are

title: Phosphoric acid

text: products are formed. It is likely that a reaction such as occurs. The ion [P(OH)] is isoelectronic with silicic acid, Si(OH). The dominant use of phosphoric acid is for fertilizers, consuming approximately 90% of production. Food-grade phosphoric acid (additive E338) is used to acidify foods and beverages such as various colas and jams. It provides a tangy or sour taste. Phosphoric acid in soft drinks has the potential to cause dental erosion. Phosphoric acid also has the potential to contribute to the formation of kidney stones, especially in those who have had kidney stones previously. Specific applications of phosphoric acid

title: Phosphagen

text: Phosphagen Phosphagens, also known as macroergic compounds, are high energy storage compounds, also known as high-energy phosphate compounds, chiefly found in muscular tissue in animals. They allow a high-energy phosphate pool to be maintained in a concentration range, which, if it all were adenosine triphosphate (ATP), would create problems due to the ATP-consuming reactions in these tissues. As muscle tissues can have sudden demands for lots of energy; these compounds can maintain a reserve of high-energy phosphates that can be used as needed, to provide the energy that could not be immediately supplied by glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation. Phosphagens supply

title: Phosphoric acids and phosphates

text: alkaline earth salts start becoming less soluble and phosphate salts of various other metals are even less soluble. In aqueous solutions (solutions of water), water gradually (over the course of hours) hydrolyzes polyphosphates into smaller phosphates and finally into ortho-phosphate, given enough water. Higher temperature or acidic conditions can speed up the hydrolysis reactions considerably. Conversely, polyphosphoric acids or polyphosphates are often formed by dehydrating a phosphoric acid solution; in other words, removing water from it often by heating and evaporating the water off. The -OH groups in phosphoric acids can also condense with the hydroxyl groups of alcohols to

title: Aminomethylphosphonic acid

text: phosphoric acid and ultimately to carbon dioxide and inorganic phosphate. Aminomethylphosphonic acid Aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) is a weak organic acid with a phosphonic acid group. It is one of the primary degradation products of the herbicide glyphosate. AMPA has toxicity which is comparable to that of glyphosate and it is therefore considered to be of similar toxicological concern as (harmful in greater than 0.5 parts per billion) glyphosate itself. AMPA has the potential to be broken down further by manganese oxide in laboratory conditions, however in soil manganese oxide is usually only present in trace amounts. Microbial degradation of AMPA

title: Polyphosphate-accumulating organisms

text: to certain amino acids as carbon and energy source. The storage compound that they use to store the amino acids that these organisms take up under anaerobic conditions has not been identified. These bacteria have been observed in some EBPR plants in Denmark (where they were discovered) but their wider distribution is unknown. Polyphosphate-accumulating organisms Polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) are a group of bacteria that, under certain conditions, facilitate the removal of large amounts of phosphorus from wastewater in a process, called enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR). PAOs accomplish this removal of phosphate by accumulating it within their cells as polyphosphate.

title: Phosphogypsum

text: etc. Marine-deposited phosphate typically has a higher level of radioactivity than igneous phosphate deposits, because uranium is present in seawater. Phosphogypsum also can contain high levels of cadmium. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has banned most applications of phosphogypsum having a Ra concentration of greater than 10 picocurie/gram (0.4 Bq/g). As a result, phosphogypsum which exceeds this limit is stored in large stacks. Central Florida has a large quantity of phosphate deposits, particularly in the Bone Valley region. However, the marine-deposited phosphate ore from central Florida is weakly radioactive, and as such, the phosphogypsum by-product (in which the radionuclides

title: Phosphate

text: amounts of naturally occurring heavy metals. Mining operations processing phosphate rock can leave tailings piles containing elevated levels of cadmium, lead, nickel, copper, chromium, and uranium. Unless carefully managed, these waste products can leach heavy metals into groundwater or nearby estuaries. Uptake of these substances by plants and marine life can lead to concentration of toxic heavy metals in food products. Phosphate A phosphate is chemical derivative of phosphoric acid. The phosphate ion, (), is an inorganic chemical, the conjugate base that can form many different salts. In organic chemistry, a phosphate, or organophosphate, is an ester of phosphoric acid.

title: Protein adsorption

text: protein adsorption, where the surface atoms are reduced to a more advantageous energy state. The internal environment of the body is often modeled to be an aqueous environment at 37 °C at pH 7.3 with plenty of dissolved oxygen, electrolytes, proteins, and cells. When exposed to oxygen for an extended period of time, many metals may become oxidized and increase their surface oxidation state by losing electrons. This new cationic state leaves the surface with a net positive charge, and a higher affinity for negatively charged protein side groups. Within the vast diversity of metals and metal alloys, many are

title: Phosphoric acids and phosphates

text: Generally in an aqueous solution, the degree or percentage of dissociation depends on the pH of the solution. Ortho-, pyro-, and tripolyphosphate compounds have been commonly used in detergents (i. e. cleaners) formulations. For example, see Sodium tripolyphosphate. Sometimes pyrophosphate, tripolyphosphate, tetrapolyphosphate, etc. are called diphosphate, triphosphate, tetraphosphate, etc., especially when they are part of phosphate esters in biochemistry. They are also used for scale and corrosion control by potable water providers. As a corrosion inhibitor, polyphosphates work by forming a protective film on the interior surface of pipes. The phosphoric acid units can be bonded together in rings (cyclic

title: Phosphorous acid

text: concentrating the solution and precipitations with alcohols, the pure acid can be separated from the salt. Phosphorous acid is a strong acid with a p"K" in the range 1.26–1.3. It is a diprotic acid, the hydrogenphosphite ion, HP(O)(OH) is a moderately strong acid: The conjugate base HP(O)(OH) is called hydrogen phosphite, and the second conjugate base, , is the phosphite ion. (Note that the IUPAC recommendations are hydrogen phosphonate and phosphonate respectively). The hydrogen atom bonded directly to the phosphorus atom is not readily ionizable. Chemistry examinations often test students' appreciation of the fact that "not" all three hydrogen atoms

title: Phosphorus cycle

long_answer: Phosphorus occurs most abundantly in nature as part of the orthophosphate ion (PO4), consisting of a P atom and 4 oxygen atoms. On land most phosphorus is found in rocks and minerals. Phosphorus rich deposits have generally formed in the ocean or from guano, and over time, geologic processes bring ocean sediments to land. Weathering of rocks and minerals release phosphorus in a soluble form where it is taken up by plants, and it is transformed into organic compounds. The plants may then be consumed by herbivores and the phosphorus is either incorporated into their tissues or excreted. After death, the animal or plant decays, and phosphorus is returned to the soil where a large part of the phosphorus is transformed into insoluble compounds. Runoff may carry a small part of the phosphorus back to the ocean. Generally with time (thousands of years) soils become deficient in phosphorus leading to ecosystem retrogression.

short_answers:
in rocks and minerals
minerals
rocks


question: what is the name of the first earthquake early warning system

answers: 1991

answers: The Mexican Seismic Alert System

title: Earthquake warning system

text: The Mexican Seismic Alert System began operations in 1991 and began publicly issuing alerts in 1993.  Initially serving Mexico City with twelve sensors, the system now has 97 and is designed to protect life and property in several central and southern Mexican states.

title: Earthquake Early Warning (Japan)

text: Earthquake Early Warning (Japan) In Japan, an is a warning issued when an earthquake is detected. The warnings are primarily issued by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), with guidance on how to react to them. The JMA has two EEW systems: one for the general public and another for the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services. When a P-wave is detected from two (or more) of the 4,235 seismometers installed throughout Japan, the JMA analyzes and predicts the approximate location of the earthquake's epicenter. This allows the JMA to notify people in affected prefectures by TV and radio if a strong

title: Earthquake warning system

text: central and southern Mexico including Mexico City and Oaxaca), limited regions of Romania (the Basarab bridge in Bucharest), and parts of the United States. The earliest automated earthquake pre-detection systems were installed in the 1990s; for instance, in California, the Calistoga fire station's system which automatically triggers a citywide siren to alert the entire area's residents of an earthquake. Some California fire departments use their warning systems to automatically open overhead doors of fire stations before the earthquake can disable them. While many of these efforts are governmental, several private companies also manufacture earthquake early warning systems to protect infrastructure

title: George Massey Tunnel

text: by the spring of 2006. In the interest of providing active protection for commuters from the danger earthquakes pose to the tunnel, an earthquake early warning system called Shakealarm was installed and commissioned in 2009. This was the first application of a commercialized earthquake early warning system (EEWS) to protect critical infrastructure in North America. Capable of detecting earthquakes with seconds to minutes of warning time the installation on George Massey Tunnel is designed to close the gates at either end of the tunnel so that no one can enter if a dangerous quake is inbound, and those already inside

title: Earthquake Early Warning (Japan)

text: earthquake is expected. An Earthquake Early Warning is issued to warn the general public when an earthquake of 5 or higher on the Japan seismic scale is expected. An EEW forecast (緊急地震速報(予報)) is issued to the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services when an earthquake of 3 or higher on the Japan seismic scale (or 3.5 or higher on the Richter magnitude scale) is expected, or when the amplitude of P- or S-waves measures more than 100 gals. The system was developed to minimize earthquake damage and enable people to take shelter or evacuate dangerous areas before the arrival of its

title: Earthquake Early Warning (Japan)

text: strong surface waves. It is used by railways to slow trains and by factories to halt assembly lines before the earthquake hits. The effectiveness of the warning depends on the position of the receiver. After receiving a warning, a person has from a few seconds to a minute or more to take action. Areas near an epicenter may experience strong tremors before a warning is issued. After the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, the EEW system and Japan's tsunami warning system were considered effective. Although the tsunami killed over 10,000 people, it is believed that the casualties would have been

title: Earthquake warning system

text: the California Institute of Technology and the University of Washington, to turn the current ShakeAlert early warning prototype into a more robust system that could be used by "cities, industries, utilities and transportation networks in California, Oregon and Washington". Gravimetric data from the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake has been used to create a model for increased warning time compared to seismic models, as gravity fields travel faster than seismic waves. Earthquake warning system An earthquake warning system is a system of accelerometers, seismometers, communication, computers, and alarms that is devised for notifying adjoining regions of a substantial earthquake while it is

title: Earthquake warning system

text: Earthquake warning system An earthquake warning system is a system of accelerometers, seismometers, communication, computers, and alarms that is devised for notifying adjoining regions of a substantial earthquake while it is in progress. This is not the same as earthquake prediction, which is currently incapable of producing decisive event warnings. An earthquake is caused by the release of stored elastic strain energy during rapid sliding along a fault. The sliding starts at some location and progress away from the hypocenter in each direction along the fault surface. The speed of the progression of this fault tear is slower than, and

title: Earthquake Early Warning (Japan)

text: display the epicenter, intensity estimation and the arrival of the tremor on a pop-up map. A similar, free Windows program, SignalNow Express, was made available by the Strategy Corporation () after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake. The Earthquake Early Warning logo used by the Japan Meteorological Agency is a . Many earthquake-preparedness activities in Japan use the catfish as a mascot; in Japanese mythology earthquakes were caused by a giant catfish, or seeing catfish foretold an earthquake. Earthquake Early Warning (Japan) In Japan, an is a warning issued when an earthquake is detected. The warnings are primarily issued by the Japan

title: Earthquake Early Warning (Japan)

text: the program allow for the announcement of lower-intensity earthquakes. The program announces the approximate location of the epicenter, the expected JMA seismic intensity and displays a countdown to expected major shaking. , a disaster-prevention technology company which is part of the Railway Technical Research Institute Group, released an application (EQMessenger) to receive ANET Alert on July 7, 2008. This deciphers and broadcasts EEW information on the epicenter, the estimated seismic intensity at the user's location, and the time remaining before the arrival of the S-wave. When the estimated seismic intensity exceeds the preset level, EQMessenger can sound a warning and

title: 2013 Saravan earthquake

text: covering point of three tectonic plates. The Indian plate, Eurasia plate, and the Arabian plate meet and converge in this area. There is no method to accurately predict an earthquake, however, there are systems which attempt to give early warnings when earthquakes occur. Currently the most all-inclusive system is Japan's Earthquake Early Warning system. This system is monitored by the Japanese Meteorological Agency The JMA sends out the warnings through the television, mobile devices, the internet, and the radio as soon as an earthquake is detected. Other countries have similar systems that are mostly limited to a particular region, for

title: Earthquake warning system

text: on their smart phones. The app requires the phone to receive the alerts. In December 2014, the United States Congress approved a $5 million allocation as part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014 in order to expand funding for development of the system. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) has investigated collaboration with the social networking site Twitter to allow for more rapid construction of ShakeMaps. , USGS began testing an earthquake early warning app. QuakeAlert was developed by Early Warning Labs in partnership USGS. In July 2015, the USGS awarded $4 million in funding to the Berkeley Seismological Laboratory,

title: ShakeAlert

text: directly connected to the ShakeAlert system, so if the system were to send out early warnings of an earthquake, the metro system will automatically pause and adjust its trains to prevent serious accidents or derailments. Doug Given, one of the main leaders of the project, also serves as the National Earthquake Early Warning Coordinator for the U.S. Geological Survey. He explains in an interview with National Public Radio, the way in which the system is designed to alert the public. He explains that the system plans to reach populations in a similar way that the public receives Amber alerts. The

title: 2013 Saravan earthquake

text: example, the United States' early warning system is in place only for the earthquake disposed west coast. One study conducted in California, United States suggests there may be a new way to more precisely presage earthquakes. This group of scientists, composed of scientists form the Carnegie Institution for Science Rice University,and the University of California, Berkeley monitored earthquake waves in the San Andreas Fault using seismometers for twenty years. This group discovered cracks in the fault filled with fluids. The scientists noticed that these fluids shifted after being disrupted by seismic activity. Shifting fluids cause faults to weaken, making them

title: Earthquake warning system

text: of bullet trains. In 2009, an early warning system called ShakeAlarm was installed and commissioned in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It was placed to protect a piece of critical transportation infrastructure called the George Massey Tunnel, which connects the north and south banks of the Fraser River. In this application the system automatically closes the gates at the tunnel entrances if there is a dangerous seismic event inbound. The success and the reliability of the system was such that as of 2015 there have been several additional installations on the west coast of Canada and the United States, and there

title: April 2011 Fukushima earthquake

text: a death toll of four from the earthquake. The Earthquake Early Warning system was activated upon the detection of primary waves – seismic waves that forego an earthquake's perceivable ground motions – giving residents 6.8 seconds to seek cover before the main shock. At the risk of a tsunami – which reach their destructive wave heights near shallow coastal waters – local fishing boats along coastlines were shown heading out to sea on national news broadcasts. A warning for a localised tsunami of up to was issued by the Japan Meteorological Agency; however, no significant waves were recorded, and the

title: Warning system

text: the probability of an earthquake of a certain magnitude in a certain area over the next decade. Such warnings cannot be used to guide short-term precautions such as evacuation. Opportunities to take long-term precautions, such as better building codes and disaster preparedness, may be ignored. Historical beacon-based systems: Space based missile early warning systems: Airborne early warning systems: Ground-based early warning radar systems: Optical sensors: Emergency broadcasting: Warning system Warning system is any system of biological or technical nature deployed by an individual or group to inform of a future danger. Its purpose is to enable the deployer of the

title: Earthquake warning system

text: are more being planned. In January 2013, Francesco Finazzi of the University of Bergamo started the Earthquake Network research project which aims at developing and maintaining a crowdsourced earthquake warning system based on smartphone networks. Smartphones are used to detect the ground shaking induced by an earthquake and a warning is issued as soon as an earthquake is detected. People living at a further distance from the epicenter and the detection point may be alerted before they are reached by the damaging waves of the earthquake. People can take part in the project by installing the Android application "Earthquake Network"

title: ShakeAlert

text: ShakeAlert ShakeAlert is an experimental earthquake early warning system (EEW) for the West Coast of the United States and the Pacific Northwest sponsored by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The system uses sensors to detect P waves, compressional primary waves created by earthquakes and traveling faster than the damaging S waves. ShakeAlert is currently in a demonstration phase and has been sending real-time alerts to selected beta users since January 2012. The system will issue automated alerts to give people time to take protective actions like "drop, cover and hold on" in the event of a quake, preventing injuries

title: ShakeAlert

text: the probability, size, and other characteristics of the earthquake. The ShakeAlert system alerts the surrounding populations of an earthquake that has already happened. When the system detects the earthquake, the first step is to release several horn noises at a high volume level. Next, an automated voice says the word "earthquake". The shaking that follows can start after varying intervals of time- anywhere from a couple seconds to several minutes. The purpose of then ShakeAlert system is not to predict an earthquake before it happens, but instead to determine and locate the earthquake as soon as it begins to happen.

title: 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami

text: east coast of Honshu in the last seven days showed over 20 events. The number of aftershocks was associated with decreased health across Japan. One minute before the earthquake was felt in Tokyo, the Earthquake Early Warning system, which includes more than 1,000 seismometers in Japan, sent out warnings of impending strong shaking to millions. It is believed that the early warning by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) saved many lives. The warning for the general public was delivered about 8 seconds after the first P wave was detected, or about 31 seconds after the earthquake occurred. However, the estimated

title: Earthquake Network

text: of the University of Bergamo, Italy. Earthquake warning systems strive to rapidly detect earthquakes and alert the population in advance. When the system detects an earthquake, a potentially large number of people in affected locations not too close to the epicenter can receive the warning several seconds (5 to 60) before damaging shaking occurs. This is possible because data flows though the phone system faster than earthquake waves travel. Smartphones with the Earthquake Network application installed are nodes of the sensor network of the Earthquake Network project. When a smartphone is not in use and but is connected to a

title: History of Bay Area Rapid Transit

text: faster than seismic waves. For quakes outside the Bay Area, they provide advance notice that shaking is on the way; for quakes in the Bay Area, they provide an earlier warning. If the seismic network warns of ground motion above a threshold, the train control computers will order “service” braking, slowing from normal speeds of up to to . “The earthquake early warning system will enable BART to stop trains before earthquake shaking starts and thereby prevent derailment, and save passengers from potential injuries”, said BART Board President John McPartland. “We are the first transit agency in the United States

title: Earthquake location

text: Earthquake location The primary purpose of a seismometer is to locate the initiating points of earthquake epicenters. The secondary purpose, of determining the 'size' or Moment magnitude scale must be calculated after the precise location is known. The earliest seismographs were designed to give a sense of the direction of the first motions from an earthquake. The Chinese frog seismograph would have dropped its ball in the general compass direction of the earthquake, assuming a strong positive pulse. We now know that first motions can be in almost any direction depending on the type of initiating rupture (focal mechanism). The

title: ShakeAlert

text: information into more user-friendly terms for the ordinary person. Some of the things that this User Display will include is: - "display of estimated magnitude" - "display of the probability of correct alarm" - "siren and audio announcement" - "calculation and display of remaining warning time for a given user" ShakeAlert ShakeAlert is an experimental earthquake early warning system (EEW) for the West Coast of the United States and the Pacific Northwest sponsored by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The system uses sensors to detect P waves, compressional primary waves created by earthquakes and traveling faster than the damaging

title: Earthquake Early Warning (Japan)

text: voice announcement in Japanese: In addition to NHK, the announcement is used by Fuji TV, TV Asahi and Tokyo MX. Nippon TV and TBS shorten it to ""Kinkyū Jishin Sokuhō desu"" ("This is an Earthquake Early Warning"). TV Tokyo sounds a set of chimes, without a voice announcement. The alerts also inform viewers of possible landslides or a tsunami caused by the quake in the affected area. If tsunami warnings are issued, the system utilizes 1seg to automatically turn on (and tune to NHK) all radios and televisions with 1seg technology in at-risk areas. In addition to Japanese, the warnings

title: Emergency population warning

text: vehicles. The J-Alert system launched in 2007 aims to allow government officials to address the population directly via loudspeakers. It aims to cover earthquake, tsunami, volcano, and military emergencies. The Earthquake Early Warning system is operated by the Japan Meteorological Agency. It is capable of delivering warnings a few seconds before S-waves can propagate to distant locations. Warnings are broadcast by radio and television stations, and compatible equipment can automatically turn on when receiving a message. EEW capability is also required for all domestic cell phones sold after 2007. JMA also issues advisories regarding tropical cyclones in the western Pacific

title: ShakeAlert

text: Within a single second, ShakeAlert can detect the location and severity of the earthquake to warn people of its presence. The people that these type of signals reach can vary. In the state of California, where earthquakes happen quite often, some of those most important listeners of this system include the Bay area's rapid transit system (BART). Other important organizations that need to know the early onset of earthquakes are Fire Departments all along the west coast, as well as places like Disneyland, where a large population of people is limited to a relatively small geographical space. BART is already

title: Disaster area

text: of water flows rapidly and people have to make quick movements if they do not want to be caught in the flood. They have to find high safe ground where the water will not reach them. When two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past each other in the fault of the earth, it is called an earthquake. Energy released in many forms moves in all directions and causes the ground to shake. Sometimes earthquakes may have foreshocks, which are smaller earthquakes that occur in the same region which is followed by a larger earthquake. The larger earthquake, called the

title: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami

text: Thai tsunami warning system. The Indian Ocean Tsunami warning system was formed in early 2005 to provide an early warning of tsunamis for inhabitants around the Indian Ocean coasts. The changes in the distribution of masses inside the Earth due to the earthquake had several consequences. It displaced the North Pole by 2.5 cm. It also slightly changed the shape of the Earth, specifically by decreasing Earth's oblateness by about one part in 10 billion, consequentially increasing Earth's rotation a little and thus shortening the length of the day by 2.68 microseconds. A great deal of humanitarian aid was needed

title: Earthquake warning system


question: where was robin hood prince of thieves made

answers: the United Kingdom

title: Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves

title: Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves

text: Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves is a 1991 American romantic action adventure film, based on the English folk tale of Robin Hood which originated in the 15th century. The film is directed by Kevin Reynolds, and stars Kevin Costner as Robin Hood, Morgan Freeman as Azeem, Christian Slater as Will Scarlett, Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as Maid Marian, and Alan Rickman as Sheriff of Nottingham. The screenplay was penned by Pen Densham and John Watson. The film received mixed reviews from critics who praised Freeman and Rickman's performances as well as the music but criticized the

title: The Prince of Thieves

text: The Prince of Thieves The Prince of Thieves is a 1948 film nominally inspired by Alexandre Dumas' 1872 novel "Le Prince des voleurs". Produced by Sam Katzman for Columbia Pictures and starring Jon Hall as Robin Hood with stuntwork by Jock Mahoney, the film was shot in the Cinecolor process that features an inability to reproduce the colour green. Sequences were shot reusing several of the sets of Columbia's "The Bandit of Sherwood Forest" and at Corriganville. Patricia Morison and Adele Jergens co-star. After fighting in the Crusades alongside King Richard I of England, Sir Allan Claire is returning home

text: Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (video game) Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves is a console game released in 1991 for the Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy developed by Sculptured Software, Inc. and Bits Studios, respectively, and published by Virgin Games, Inc. It was based on the . The game was featured as the cover game for the July 1991 issue of "Nintendo Power" magazine. However, this issue was notorious for the fact that the game was not released until 6 months after the issue was released. Around the same time, a Robin Hood game was also featured in an

title: Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves

text: bathing. Sycamore Gap on Hadrian's Wall was used for the scene when Robin first confronts the sheriff's men. Chalk cliffs at Seven Sisters, Sussex were used as the locale for Robin's return to England from the Crusades. Interior scenes were completed at Shepperton Studios in Surrey. The original music score was composed, orchestrated and conducted by Michael Kamen. An excerpt from the main title music was subsequently used as the logo music for Morgan Creek, and has been used by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment in intros for trailers on DVD/Blu-ray. "Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves" was submitted for classification

text: Robin Hood takes his last mission to get rid of the Sheriff of Nottingham. Once Robin defeats the Sheriff, the game is won and concludes with a wedding of Robin Hood and Maid Marian, which is interrupted by King Richard, who has just returned to England. Richard gives Marian away and she and Robin are married. Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (video game) Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves is a console game released in 1991 for the Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy developed by Sculptured Software, Inc. and Bits Studios, respectively, and published by Virgin Games, Inc. It was

title: The Prince of Thieves

text: the film "mainly a kiddie picture" and noted that, "Of the Merry Men, it is Mowbray as Friar Tuck who steals the show with a performance that borders on slapstick." The Prince of Thieves The Prince of Thieves is a 1948 film nominally inspired by Alexandre Dumas' 1872 novel "Le Prince des voleurs". Produced by Sam Katzman for Columbia Pictures and starring Jon Hall as Robin Hood with stuntwork by Jock Mahoney, the film was shot in the Cinecolor process that features an inability to reproduce the colour green. Sequences were shot reusing several of the sets of Columbia's "The

text: Robin finds that his father has been murdered and that the Sheriff of Nottingham is ruling England oppressively in the absence of King Richard. Maid Marian tells Robin that there are rumours that men are hiding out in Sherwood Forest from the sheriff and tells him to go there, seek them out and join them. Once Robin joins the camp in Sherwood, it becomes Robin Hood’s home base for the remainder of the game. He continually leaves camp to undertake various missions. Upon completing each mission, Robin must return to camp to find out what mission to undertake next. Eventually,

title: Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves

text: from the British Board of Film Classification which required fourteen seconds to be cut from the film to obtain a PG rating. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 51% based on 53 reviews, with an average rating of 5.3/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale. "Chicago Sun-Times" critic Roger Ebert praised Freeman's performance as well as Rickman's, but

title: Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves

text: the medieval walls and towers of the Cité de Carcassonne in the town of Carcassonne in Aude, France, for the portrayal of Nottingham and its castle. Locksley Castle was Wardour Castle in Wiltshire – restored in an early shot using a matte painting. Marian's manor was filmed at Hulne Priory in Northumberland. Scenes set in Sherwood Forest were filmed at various locations in England: Burnham Beeches in Buckinghamshire was used for the outlaws' encampment, Aysgarth Falls in Yorkshire for the fight scene between Robin and Little John, and Hardraw Force in North Yorkshire was the location where Marian sees Robin

title: Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves

text: Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor. During the Third Crusade, Richard the Lionheart, King of England is away in France, leaving the cruel Sheriff of Nottingham -aided by his cousin Guy of Gisbourne, the witch Mortianna, and the corrupt Bishop of Hereford- to rule the land. Robin of Locksley, a nobleman, chose to follow the king in his Crusade. At Locksley Castle, Robin's father, who is loyal to King Richard, is attacked by the Sheriff's men after refusing to join them. Robin, meanwhile, has been imprisoned in Jerusalem along with his comrade, Peter Dubois. They break free from Ayyubid prison

title: Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves

text: and playsets. All but one of the figures were derived by slight modifications to Kenner's well known Super Powers line, while Friar Tuck, as well as the vehicles and playset, were modified from "" toys. Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves is a 1991 American romantic action adventure film, based on the English folk tale of Robin Hood which originated in the 15th century. The film is directed by Kevin Reynolds, and stars Kevin Costner as Robin Hood, Morgan Freeman as Azeem, Christian Slater as Will Scarlett, Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as Maid Marian, and Alan Rickman

title: Robin Hood (Once Upon a Time)

text: is a skilled archer who robs from the rich to give to the poor with his group of Merry Men. He is also the father to his and Maid Marian's son Roland. Prior to his life as a thief, Robin was a tavern owner who was faced with having his establishment taken over by the Sheriff of Nottingham. Robin later becomes the Prince of Thieves and gives himself the name Robin Hood, giving stolen money to the townspeople and setting up his band of Merry Men in Sherwood Forest with his close group of friends. One of his allies Will

title: Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves

text: ultimately decried the film as a whole, giving it two stars and stating, ""Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves" is a murky, unfocused, violent, and depressing version of the classic story... The most depressing thing about the movie is that children will attend it expecting to have a good time." "The New York Times" gave the film a negative review, with Vincent Canby writing that the movie is "a mess, a big, long, joyless reconstruction of the Robin Hood legend that comes out firmly for civil rights, feminism, religious freedom, and economic opportunity for all." The "Los Angeles Times" found the

title: Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves

text: grossed $25 million in its opening weekend and $18.3 million in its second. The film eventually made $390,493,908 at the global box office, making it the second-highest grossing film of 1991, immediately behind "". It enjoyed the second-best opening for a nonsequel, at the time. Tie-in were released in 1991 for the Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy. Developed by Sculptured Software Inc. and Bits Studios, respectively, and published by Virgin Games, Inc., they were featured as the cover game for the July 1991 issue of "Nintendo Power" magazine. A toy line was released by Kenner, consisting of action figures

title: Princess of Thieves

text: Princess of Thieves Princess of Thieves is a romantic adventure TV movie starring Keira Knightley, produced by Granada Productions in 2001 and first broadcast on "The Wonderful World of Disney" on ABC in the United States that same year. Co-starring in the film are Malcolm McDowell as the Sheriff, Jonathan Hyde as Prince John, Stuart Wilson as Robin Hood, Del Synnott as Froderick, and Stephen Moyer as Philip. The movie was directed by Peter Hewitt and filmed in Romania. The film's plotline draws inspiration from the classic Robin Hood legend, which has been adapted many times for screen. Years after

title: Princess of Thieves

text: the "known" events of the Robin Hood legend, Robin's daughter, Gwyn (Keira Knightley) has grown up to be a strong-willed young woman, with a talent for archery, much like her father. As Maid Marian has died and Robin Hood (Stuart Wilson) is perpetually away battling in the Crusades, Gwyn has lived much of her life alone. Her only friend is the sweet but plain Froderick (Del Synnott), who clearly is in love with her. Upon the death of King Richard the Lionheart, Robin returns to see that the proper man takes Richard's place as King of England. Robin is quickly

text: episode of "". The episode was almost certainly a reference to "Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves" because it was the only Robin Hood game released for the NES in the relevant time frame, but none of the characters ever make a reference to the "Prince of Thieves" subtitle, possibly due to rights issues. Also, none of the Robin Hood characters in the episode resemble their counterparts from the film. As a result, the episode only vaguely alludes to the actual game. The game was notable for featuring several modes of gameplay. The standard adventuring mode depicted the action from an

title: Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves

text: movie unsatisfactory, as well. Costner was criticized for not attempting an English accent. Lanre Bakare, writing in "The Guardian", calls Rickman's Sheriff, for which he won a BAFTA, a "genuinely great performance". "Prince of Thieves" was nominated for two Golden Raspberry Awards: Kevin Costner won the Worst Actor award for his performance as Robin Hood, while Christian Slater received a nomination for Worst Supporting Actor for his performances in this film and "Mobsters", but lost to Dan Aykroyd for "Nothing but Trouble". In 2005, the American Film Institute nominated this film for AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores. The film

title: Robin Hood (2010 film)

text: among them the United States and Canada. The film received mixed reviews and made more than $320 million at the box office. In the year 1199, Robin Longstride (Russell Crowe) serves as a common archer in the army of King Richard the Lionheart (Danny Huston). A veteran of Richard's crusade, he now takes part in the siege of Chalus Castle. Disillusioned and war-weary, he gives a frank but unflattering appraisal of the King's conduct when the King asks his opinion, and Robin and his comrades—archers Allan A'Dayle (Alan Doyle) and Will Scarlett (Scott Grimes) and soldier Little John (Kevin Durand)—find

text: perspectives, as the horse must be guided to jump over debris and ultimately beat the competitor. The game also had a loose equipping system, where nearly any object could be held as a weapon. When Duncan first joins Robin's band, he comes brandishing a chicken leg for attack. The game opens in an Arab prison in Jerusalem. Robin Hood is in prison along with Peter Dubois and Azeem. Robin must free both of them and then they must make their escape. Peter is mortally wounded in the escape process, but Robin and Azeem escape to England. Upon arrival in England,

title: Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves

text: band is Will Scarlett, who holds a belligerent grudge against Robin. Robin assumes command of the group, training them into a formidable force in opposition of Nottingham. They rob any convoys that pass through the forest and distribute the stolen wealth among the poor. Friar Tuck, once a member of a convoy, joins the group after coming to understand Robin's cause. Marian sympathizes with the band and offers Robin any aid she can muster; the two grow close and begin to fall in love. Robin's successes infuriate the Sheriff, who increases the mistreatment of the people, resulting in greater local

title: Robin Hood (1973 film)

text: Robin jumps into the moat, where he is seemingly skewered by the soldiers' arrows. Little John and Skippy fear Robin is lost, but he surfaces safely after using a reed as a breathing tube. Later, King Richard returns to England, placing his brother, Sir Hiss and the Sheriff under arrest and allows his niece Maid Marian to marry Robin Hood. Around the time of "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" in 1937, Walt Disney became interested in adapting the twelfth-century legend of Reynard the Fox. However, the project languished due to Walt's concern that Reynard was an unsuitable choice for

title: Robin Hood (1922 film)

text: Nottingham. After rescuing Marian from Prince John's prison and defeating Sir Guy in a final conflict, Robin is captured. The timely reappearance of King Richard returns him to Marian and foils the efforts of Prince John. Wallace Beery played King Richard the Lion-Hearted again the following year in a sequel called "Richard the Lion-Hearted". Alan Hale, Sr. made such an impression as Little John in this film that he reprised the role sixteen years later in "The Adventures of Robin Hood" (1938) opposite Errol Flynn, then played the character again in "Rogues of Sherwood Forest" in 1950, 28 years after

title: Sword of Sherwood Forest

text: home at Bray Studios, "Sword of Sherwood Forest" was made at Ardmore Studios in Bray, County Wicklow, in Ireland. Sword of Sherwood Forest Sword of Sherwood Forest is a 1960 British Technicolor adventure film in MegaScope directed by Terence Fisher for Hammer Film Productions. Richard Greene reprises the role of Robin Hood, which he played in "The Adventures of Robin Hood" on TV from 1955 to 1959. The Sheriff of Nottingham (Peter Cushing) plans to confiscate the estate of the Lord of Bawtry, a nobleman who has died on Crusade. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Hubert Walter (Jack Gwillim), speaks against

title: Robin Hood (1912 film)

text: 30-minute film exists and was exhibited in 2006 at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. Robin Hood (1912 film) Robin Hood is a 1912 film made by Eclair Studios when it and many other early film studios in America's first motion picture industry were based in Fort Lee, New Jersey at the beginning of the 20th century. The film's costumes feature enormous versions of the familiar hats of Robin and his merry men, and uses the unusual effect of momentarily superimposing images different animals over each character to emphasize their good or evil qualities. The film was

title: Robin Hood (1973 film)

text: a tour of the kingdom. Knowing the royal coach is laden with riches, Robin and Little John rob Prince John by disguising themselves as fortune tellers. The embarrassed Prince John then puts a bounty on their heads and makes the Sheriff his personal tax collector, who takes pleasure in collecting funds from the townsfolk, including hidden money from the crippled blacksmith Otto and a single farthing from a young rabbit, Skippy, who had just received it as a birthday present. However, Robin Hood, disguised as a beggar, sneaks in and gives back some money to the family, as well as

title: Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves

text: support for Robin Hood. The Sheriff kills Gisbourne for his failure to prevent the looting of several convoys and hires Celtic warriors to bolster his forces. The Bishop betrays Marian after she confides in him an attempt to contact King Richard in France and she is taken prisoner. After locating the outlaws' hideout, the Sheriff launches an attack, destroying the refuge and capturing many; Robin is presumed dead. To consolidate his power and claim the throne, the Sheriff proposes to Marian (who is Richard's cousin); if she accepts, he will spare the lives of the captured outlaws. Nevertheless, several of

title: Robin Hood (1973 film)

text: Robin Hood (1973 film) Robin Hood is a 1973 American animated musical comedy-adventure film produced by Walt Disney Productions which was first released in the United States on November 8, 1973. As the twenty-first Disney animated feature film, the story follows the adventures of Robin Hood, Little John and the inhabitants of Nottingham as they fight against the excessive taxation of Prince John, and Robin Hood wins the hand of Maid Marian. The idea to adapt "Robin Hood" into an animated feature dated back to Walt Disney's interest in the tale of Reynard the Fox during production of "Snow White

title: Friar Tuck

text: skilled with a sword. He was also quick to quarrel with anyone who slighted him, deprived him of his food or made fun of his girth. In the film "The Bandit of Sherwood Forest" (1946) he was portrayed by Edgar Buchanan. In the film "The Prince of Thieves" (1948) he was portrayed by Alan Mowbray. In the film "Rogues of Sherwood Forest" (1950) he was portrayed by Billy House. In the late 1950s British television series "The Adventures of Robin Hood," he was played by Alexander Gauge as a fat friar a tad too devoted to good eating. He is

title: Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves

long_answer: Principal exteriors were shot on location in the United Kingdom. A second unit filmed the medieval walls and towers of the Cité de Carcassonne in the town of Carcassonne in Aude, France, for the portrayal of Nottingham and its castle. Locksley Castle was Wardour Castle in Wiltshire – restored in an early shot using a matte painting. Marian's manor was filmed at Hulne Priory in Northumberland. Scenes set in Sherwood Forest were filmed throughout England: Burnham Beeches in Buckinghamshire was used for the outlaws' encampment, Aysgarth Falls in Yorkshire for the fight scene between Robin and Little John, and Hardraw Force in North Yorkshire was the location where Marian sees Robin bathing. Sycamore Gap on Hadrian's Wall was used for the scene when Robin first confronts the sheriff's men. Chalk cliffs at Seven Sisters, Sussex were used as the locale for Robin's return to England from the Crusades.