question: phase change from gas to solid is called

answers: Deposition

answers: desublimation

title: Deposition (phase transition)

text: Deposition is a thermodynamic process, a phase transition in which gas transforms into solid without passing through the liquid phase. The reverse of deposition is sublimation and hence sometimes deposition is called desublimation.

title: Phase transition

text: Phase transition The term phase transition (or phase change) is most commonly used to describe transitions between solid, liquid, and gaseous states of matter, as well as plasma in rare cases. A phase of a thermodynamic system and the states of matter have uniform physical properties. During a phase transition of a given medium, certain properties of the medium change, often discontinuously, as a result of the change of some external condition, such as temperature, pressure, or others. For example, a liquid may become gas upon heating to the boiling point, resulting in an abrupt change in volume. The measurement

title: Vapor

text: at which liquid water can exist.) If the vapor is in contact with a liquid or solid phase, the two phases will be in a state of equilibrium. The term "gas" refers to a compressible fluid phase. Fixed gases are gases for which no liquid or solid can form at the temperature of the gas, such as air at typical ambient temperatures. A liquid or solid does not have to boil to release a vapor. Vapor is responsible for the familiar processes of cloud formation and condensation. It is commonly employed to carry out the physical processes of distillation and

title: Phase transition

text: between liquid and gas becomes a second-order transition. Near the critical point, the fluid is sufficiently hot and compressed that the distinction between the liquid and gaseous phases is almost non-existent. This is associated with the phenomenon of critical opalescence, a milky appearance of the liquid due to density fluctuations at all possible wavelengths (including those of visible light). Phase transitions often involve a symmetry breaking process. For instance, the cooling of a fluid into a crystalline solid breaks continuous translation symmetry: each point in the fluid has the same properties, but each point in a crystal does not have

title: Phase rule

text: separation into two phases. Above the critical point and away from the phase boundary curve, and the temperature and pressure can be controlled independently. Hence there is only one phase, and it has the physical properties of a dense gas, but is also referred to as a supercritical fluid. Of the other two-boundary curves, one is the solid–liquid boundary or melting point curve which indicates the conditions for equilibrium between these two phases, and the other at lower temperature and pressure is the solid–gas boundary. Even for a pure substance, it is possible that three phases, such as solid, liquid

title: Liquefaction

text: transformed into a substance that acts like a liquid, often in an earthquake. Soil liquefaction blamed for building collapses in the city of Palu, Indonesia in October 2018. In a related phenomena, liquefaction of bulk materials in cargo ships may cause a dangerous shift in the load. In physics and chemistry, the phase transitions from solid and gas to liquid (melting and condensation, respectively) may be referred to as liquefaction. The melting point (sometimes called liquefaction point) is the temperature and pressure at which a solid becomes a liquid. In commercial and industrial situations, the process of condensing a gas

title: Entropy

text: if the temperature and pressure of an ideal gas both vary, Reversible phase transitions occur at constant temperature and pressure. The reversible heat is the enthalpy change for the transition, and the entropy change is the enthalpy change divided by the thermodynamic temperature. For fusion (melting) of a solid to a liquid at the melting point "T", the entropy of fusion is Similarly, for vaporization of a liquid to a gas at the boiling point "T", the entropy of vaporization is As a fundamental aspect of thermodynamics and physics, several different approaches to entropy beyond that of Clausius and Boltzmann

title: Chemistry

text: based on the conditions, it is known as a triple point and since this is invariant, it is a convenient way to define a set of conditions. The most familiar examples of phases are solids, liquids, and gases. Many substances exhibit multiple solid phases. For example, there are three phases of solid iron (alpha, gamma, and delta) that vary based on temperature and pressure. A principal difference between solid phases is the crystal structure, or arrangement, of the atoms. Another phase commonly encountered in the study of chemistry is the "aqueous" phase, which is the state of substances dissolved in

title: Phase-change material

text: Phase-change material A phase change material (PCM) is a substance with a high heat of fusion which, melting and solidifying at a certain temperature, is capable of storing and releasing large amounts of energy. Heat is absorbed or released when the material changes from solid to liquid and vice versa; thus, PCMs are classified as latent heat storage (LHS) units. Latent heat storage can be achieved through liquid→solid, solid→liquid, solid→gas and liquid→gas phase changes. However, only solid→liquid and liquid→solid phase changes are practical for PCMs. Although liquid–gas transitions have a higher heat of transformation than solid–liquid transitions, liquid→gas phase changes

title: Clausius–Clapeyron relation

text: relation (where formula_7 is the specific entropy, formula_8 is the specific volume, and formula_43 is the molar mass) to obtain Rearrangement gives from which the derivation of the Clapeyron equation continues as in the previous section. When the phase transition of a substance is between a gas phase and a condensed phase (liquid or solid), and occurs at temperatures much lower than the critical temperature of that substance, the specific volume of the gas phase formula_46 greatly exceeds that of the condensed phase formula_47. Therefore, one may approximate at low temperatures. If pressure is also low, the gas may be

title: Phase (matter)

text: By charging the right amount of water and applying heat, the system can be brought to any point in the gas region of the phase diagram. If the piston is slowly lowered, the system will trace a curve of increasing temperature and pressure within the gas region of the phase diagram. At the point where gas begins to condense to liquid, the direction of the temperature and pressure curve will abruptly change to trace along the phase line until all of the water has condensed. Between two phases in equilibrium there is a narrow region where the properties are not

title: Phase diagram

text: with ice will change abruptly as the container is heated past the melting point. The open spaces, where the free energy is analytic, correspond to single phase regions. Single phase regions are separated by lines of non-analytical behavior, where phase transitions occur, which are called phase boundaries. In the diagram on the right, the phase boundary between liquid and gas does not continue indefinitely. Instead, it terminates at a point on the phase diagram called the critical point. This reflects the fact that, at extremely high temperatures and pressures, the liquid and gaseous phases become indistinguishable, in what is known

title: Phase diagram

text: coexist. For example, the water phase diagram has a triple point corresponding to the single temperature and pressure at which solid, liquid, and gaseous water can coexist in a stable equilibrium ( and a partial vapor pressure of ). The solidus is the temperature below which the substance is stable in the solid state. The liquidus is the temperature above which the substance is stable in a liquid state. There may be a gap between the solidus and liquidus; within the gap, the substance consists of a mixture of crystals and liquid (like a "slurry"). Working fluids are often categorized

title: Ideal gas

text: also fails for most heavy gases, such as many refrigerants, and for gases with strong intermolecular forces, notably water vapor. At high pressures, the volume of a real gas is often considerably larger than that of an ideal gas. At low temperatures, the pressure of a real gas is often considerably less than that of an ideal gas. At some point of low temperature and high pressure, real gases undergo a phase transition, such as to a liquid or a solid. The model of an ideal gas, however, does not describe or allow phase transitions. These must be modeled by

title: Gas-phase ion chemistry

text: Gas-phase ion chemistry Gas phase ion chemistry is a field of science encompassed within both chemistry and physics. It is the science that studies ions and molecules in the gas phase, most often enabled by some form of mass spectrometry. By far the most important applications for this science is in studying the thermodynamics and kinetics of reactions. For example, one application is in studying the thermodynamics of the solvation of ions. Ions with small solvation spheres of 1, 2, 3... solvent molecules can be studied in the gas phase and then extrapolated to bulk solution. Transition state theory is

title: Gas kinetics

text: those molecules contained in a solid. When referring to the density of a fluid in terms of a liquid, there is a small percentage of change to the liquid’s density as pressure is increased. If the fluid is referred to as a gas, the density will change greatly depending on the amount of pressure applied due to the equation of state for gases (p=ρRT). In the study of the flow of liquids, the term used while referring to the little change in density is called incompressible flow. In the study of the flow of gases, the rapid increase due to

title: Two-dimensional gas

text: gas in a real space. If the surface coverage of adsorbates is increased, a 2D liquid is formed, followed by a 2D solid. It was shown that the transition from a 2D gas to a 2D solid state can be controlled by a scanning tunneling microscope which can affect the local density of molecules via an electric field. A multiplicity of theoretical physics research directions exist for study via a two-dimensional gas. Examples of these are Two-dimensional gas A two-dimensional gas is a collection of objects constrained to move in a planar or other two-dimensional space in a gaseous state.

title: Cooling curve

text: liquid or gas than in the state that it is cooling to. The amount of energy required for a phase change is known as latent heat. The "cooling rate" is the slope of the cooling curve at any point. Cooling curve A cooling curve is a line graph that represents the change of phase of matter, typically from a gas to a solid or a liquid to a solid. The independent variable (X-axis) is time and the dependent variable (Y-axis) is temperature. Below is an example of a cooling curve used in castings. The initial point of the graph is

title: Phase diagram

text: on the basis of the shape of their phase diagram. The simplest phase diagrams are pressure–temperature diagrams of a single simple substance, such as water. The axes correspond to the pressure and temperature. The phase diagram shows, in pressure–temperature space, the lines of equilibrium or phase boundaries between the three phases of solid, liquid, and gas. The curves on the phase diagram show the points where the free energy (and other derived properties) becomes non-analytic: their derivatives with respect to the coordinates (temperature and pressure in this example) change discontinuously (abruptly). For example, the heat capacity of a container filled

title: Phase transition

text: the first derivative of the free energy with respect to some thermodynamic variable. The various solid/liquid/gas transitions are classified as first-order transitions because they involve a discontinuous change in density, which is the (inverse of the) first derivative of the free energy with respect to pressure. "Second-order phase transitions" are continuous in the first derivative (the order parameter, which is the first derivative of the free energy with respect to the external field, is continuous across the transition) but exhibit discontinuity in a second derivative of the free energy. These include the ferromagnetic phase transition in materials such as iron,

title: Anticrystal

text: phase transition that occurs when a fluid becomes a disordered solid under pressure is called the jamming transition. Phase transitions occur when a liquid becomes a solid or a gas. Another way of producing a solid is by putting atoms, molecules or larger particles together under high pressure. Extrapolations from the jamming transition showed that even fairly orderly materials exhibited behaviors closer to those of the anticrystal than a perfect crystal. Anticrystal principles can also provide insight into crystalline materials. For example, strengthening metal alloys often involves shrinking their crystalline areas, such that their behaviors are better described by anticrystals.

title: Vapor

text: (known as water vapor) will condense into a liquid if its partial pressure is increased sufficiently. A vapor may co-exist with a liquid (or a solid). When this is true, the two phases will be in equilibrium, and the gas-partial pressure will be equal to the equilibrium vapor pressure of the liquid (or solid). "Vapor" refers to a gas phase at a temperature where the same substance can also exist in the liquid or solid state, below the critical temperature of the substance. (For example, water has a critical temperature of 374 °C (647 K), which is the highest temperature

title: Phase (matter)

text: a single component system. In this simple system, which phases that are possible depends only on pressure and temperature. The markings show points where two or more phases can co-exist in equilibrium. At temperatures and pressures away from the markings, there will be only one phase at equilibrium. In the diagram, the blue line marking the boundary between liquid and gas does not continue indefinitely, but terminates at a point called the critical point. As the temperature and pressure approach the critical point, the properties of the liquid and gas become progressively more similar. At the critical point, the liquid

title: Clausius–Clapeyron relation

text: pressure and temperature to the latent heat of the phase change, "without" requiring specific volume data. For transitions between a gas and a condensed phase with the approximations described above, the expression may be rewritten as where formula_67 is a constant. For a liquid-gas transition, formula_3 is the specific latent heat (or specific enthalpy) of vaporization; for a solid-gas transition, formula_3 is the specific latent heat of sublimation. If the latent heat is known, then knowledge of one point on the coexistence curve determines the rest of the curve. Conversely, the relationship between formula_70 and formula_71 is linear, and so

title: Phase rule

text: temperature and pressure, can be chosen independently to be any pair of values consistent with the phase. However, if the temperature and pressure combination ranges to a point where the pure component undergoes a separation into two phases (), decreases from 2 to 1. When the system enters the two-phase region, it becomes no longer possible to independently control temperature and pressure. The critical point is the black dot at the end of the liquid–gas boundary. As this point is approached, the liquid and gas phases become progressively more similar until, at the critical point, there is no longer a

title: Phase (matter)

text: decrease in temperature. The energy required to induce the phase transition is taken from the internal thermal energy of the water, which cools the liquid to a lower temperature; hence evaporation is useful for cooling. See Enthalpy of vaporization. The reverse process, condensation, releases heat. The heat energy, or enthalpy, associated with a solid to liquid transition is the enthalpy of fusion and that associated with a solid to gas transition is the enthalpy of sublimation. While phases of matter are traditionally defined for systems in thermal equilibrium, work on quantum many-body localized (MBL) systems has provided a framework for

title: Gas kinetics

text: ignoring the structure in which the molecules are contained. The field requires a great amount of knowledge and practical use in the ideas of the kinetic theory of gases, and it links the kinetic theory of gases with the solid state physics through the study of how gas reacts with surfaces. Fluids are substances that do not permanently change under an enormous amount of stress. A solid tends to deform in order to remain at equilibrium under a great deal of stress. Fluids are defined as both liquids and gases because the molecules inside the fluid are much weaker than

title: Space time (chemical engineering)

text: the design equations. Taking this volume change into consideration the volume of the reaction becomes: Plugging this into the design equations above results in the following equations: Generally, when reactions take place in the liquid and solid phases the change in volume due to reaction is not significant enough that it needs to be taken into account. Reactions in the gas phase often have significant changes in volume and in these cases one should use these modified equations. Space time (chemical engineering) Space time (or space-time) is the time necessary to process one reactor volume of fluid, given a particular

title: Gas chromatography

text: or an unreactive gas such as nitrogen. Helium remains the most commonly used carrier gas in about 90% of instruments although hydrogen is preferred for improved separations. The "stationary phase" is a microscopic layer of liquid or polymer on an inert solid support, inside a piece of glass or metal tubing called a column (an homage to the fractionating column used in distillation). The instrument used to perform gas chromatography is called a "gas chromatograph" (or "aerograph", "gas separator"). The gaseous compounds being analyzed interact with the walls of the column, which is coated with a stationary phase. This causes

title: Phase (matter)

text: and gas become indistinguishable. Above the critical point, there are no longer separate liquid and gas phases: there is only a generic fluid phase referred to as a supercritical fluid. In water, the critical point occurs at around 647 K (374 °C or 705 °F) and 22.064 MPa. An unusual feature of the water phase diagram is that the solid–liquid phase line (illustrated by the dotted green line) has a negative slope. For most substances, the slope is positive as exemplified by the dark green line. This unusual feature of water is related to ice having a lower density than

title: Deposition (phase transition)

short_answers: Deposition desublimation


question: what is the longest english word in the dictionary

answers: Methionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine

answers: pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis

answers: Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis

title: Longest word in English

text: The longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles, specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis.  The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.

title: Longest word in English

text: original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is "electroencephalographically" (27 letters). The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is "floccinaucinihilipilification" at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741. Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words

title: Antidisestablishmentarianism (word)

text: Scotland, which had and still has its own separate national church. The word construction is as follows (the numbers succeeding the word refer to the number of letters in the word): Antidisestablishmentarianism (word) The English word antidisestablishmentarianism (, ) is notable for its unusual length of 28 letters and 12 syllables, and is one of the longest words in the English language. It has been cited as the longest word in the English language (excluding coined and technical terms), although some sources say that it is not used enough to carry that title. The longest word found in a major

title: Longest word in English

text: Longest word in English The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invention), English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or (less commonly) phonology and the number of phonemes. The longest word in any of the

title: Longest words

text: goaty-legged-above-and-under-general-war-commanding-sergeant") as a parody on the long Danish military titles. This word is 54 letters long. Dutch, like many Germanic languages, is capable of forming compounds of potentially limitless length. The 53-letter word "Kindercarnavalsoptochtvoorbereidingswerkzaamhedenplan", meaning "preparation activities plan for a children's carnival procession", was cited by the 1996 Guinness Book of World Records as the longest Dutch word. The longest word in the authoritative Van Dale Dutch dictionary (2009 edition) "in plural form" is "; 38 letters long, meaning "multiple personality disorders". The entry in the dictionary however is in the singular, counting 35 letters. The free OpenTaal dictionary, which

title: Longest words

text: words are possible. The word was the name of a prewar Viennese club for subordinate officials of the headquarters of the electrical division of the company named the , which operated steam boats on the Danube river. The longest word that is not created artificially as a longest-word record seems to be at 63 letters. The word means "law delegating beef label monitoring" but as of 2013, it was removed from the books because European Union regulations have changed and that particular law became obsolete, leading to news reports that Germany "had lost its longest word". In December 2016 the

title: Longest word in English

text: Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel "The Bell Jar", when the protagonist was reading "Finnegans Wake". "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie "Mary Poppins", does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman. The English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes

title: Longest word in English

text: Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde", a township in Ontario, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters. The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe (29 characters). The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is "Chargoggagoggmanchauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg", a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake

title: Longest words

text: postfixes to the original root: The word is never used in every-day language, but in jokes. Nevertheless, it is an official part of Italian language; it was coined in 1677 by poet Francesco Moneti: The word technically violates Italian grammar rules, the correct form being "precipitevolissimamente", which is three letters and one syllable shorter. The poet coined the new word to have 11 syllables in the second verse. Other words can be created with a similar (and grammatically correct) mechanism starting from a longer root, winding up with a longer word. Some examples are: The longest accepted neologism is "

title: Euouae

text: Amen." According to the "Guinness Book of World Records", at six letters long, "Euouae" is the longest word in the English language made up of nothing but vowels (the v spelling notwithstanding), and also the English word with the most consecutive vowels. As a mnemonic coming from Latin, it is unclear that it should count as an English word; however, it is found in the unabridged Collins English Dictionary. A similar abbreviation, Aevia (or Aeuia), was used for Alleluia in medieval Office books. In Venetian and other Italian Office-Books of the 16th century, an equivalent abbreviation Hal'a, or Hal'ah, can

title: Longest words

text: which means: "About your investigations of the upgradeability of the manifestation of the syndrome of the neurosis about the need to decide which is the world record of the most complex longest word." The longest dictionary form word is the word in use (although it is constructed from the word: "szent" meaning: "saint"), "", with 25 characters, and means "something that cannot be desecrated". Icelandic has the ability to form compounds of arbitrary length by stringing together genitives (), so no single words of maximal length exist in the language. However, and are sometimes cited as particularly long words; the

title: Longest words

text: anymore" and suggesting the use of "inconstitucional" as a replacement. ' (28 letters) is the longest word in Svenska Akademiens Ordlista. It means "capital gains taxation", and is usually shortened to ' (same meaning). However, Swedish grammar makes it possible to create arbitrarily long words. One such word is " (94 letters) which means: "[belonging to] The manager of the depot for the supply of uniforms to the personnel of the track cleaners' union of the tramway company". Tagalog—an agglutinative language—can make long words by adding on affixes, suffixes, and other root words with a connector. The longest published word

title: Longest words

text: to a 19th-century political movement that opposed the disestablishment of the Church of England as the state church of England. Floccinaucinihilipilification, at 29 letters and meaning the act of estimating something as being worth so little as to be practically valueless, or the habit of doing so, is the longest non-technical, coined word in Oxford Dictionaries of the English language. The longest official Esperanto roots are 12 letters long, shown here with the added substantive "-o" ending: Since Esperanto allows word compounding, there are no limits on how long a word can theoretically become. A relatively short example is the

title: Longest words

text: use in ordinary language. Afrikaans, as it is a daughter language of the Dutch language, is capable of forming compounds of potentially limitless length in the same way as in the Dutch language. According to the Total Book of South African Records, the longest word in the language is The longest Basque toponym is "" (39). The Bulgarian online etymological dictionary claims that longest word in Bulgarian to be the 39-letter-long ("), introduced in the Constitution of Bulgaria of 1947 (Dimitrov Constitution). The word means "do not perform actions against the constitution" (addressed to more than one person). The longest

title: Longest words

text: 46-letter ", which is an (accusative and plural) adjective that means "about to begin to become the leader of a contemptible palaeontology conservatory". (Such clusters are not considered good style, but are permissible under the rules of Esperanto grammar.) Three examples of long words that have been in everyday use in the Finnish language are which means "three phase kilowatt hour meter" (31 letters), ("a public utility of a municipal federation for provision of basic services", 34 letters) and "airplane jet turbine engine auxiliary mechanic non-commissioned officer student" (61 letters), an actual military term, although one which has been deprecated.

title: Longest word in English

text: is also known as Webster Lake. The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are "Winchester-on-the-Severn", a town in Maryland, and "Washington-on-the-Brazos", a notable place in Texas history. The longest official geographical name in Australia is Mamungkukumpurangkuntjunya. It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates". In Ireland, the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtownmountkennedy in County Wicklow. "Guinness World Records" formerly contained a category for longest personal name used. Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons. Longest word in English The identity of the

title: Longest words

text: other meat. The word is cited as the longest ancient Greek word ever written. A modern Greek word of 22 letters is () (gen. (), 25 letters) meaning "electroencephalogram". ', with 44 letters is one example of a long word in the Hungarian language and means something like "for your [plural] continued behaviour as if you could not be desecrated". It is already morphed, since Hungarian is an agglutinative language. The language does not have a "longest word" due to its agglutinating nature. It is always possible to construct a longer one with enough creativity. For example, ' (119 letters),

title: Longest words

text: 51-letter word " ("deferral of the second iteration of the federal presidential run-off election") was elected the Austrian Word of the Year 2016. The jury called it a "descriptive word" which "in terms of its content as well as its length, is a symbol and an ironic form of commentary for the political events of this year, characterized by the very long campaign for the presidential election, the challenges of the voting process, and its reiteration." In his comedy "Assemblywomen" (c. 392 BC), Aristophanes coined the 173-letter word , a fictional food dish consisting of a combination of fish and

title: Longest words

text: latter has 64 letters and means "a keychain ring for the outdoor key of road workers shed in a moor called Vaðlaheiði". Analysis of a corpus of contemporary Icelandic texts by Uwe Quasthoff, Sabine Fiedler and Erla Hallsteinsdóttir identified ("of the International Transport Workers' Federation"; 37 letters) and ("of the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries' Organization"; 45 letters) as the longest unhyphenated and hyphenated words. The longest word occurring at least twice in the University of Leipzig "isl-is_web_2015" corpus is (110 letters). The longest word in Italian is traditionally ", which is a 26-letter-long adverb. It is formed by subsequent addition of

title: Longest words

text: Tirumalāmbā, composed of 195 Sanskrit letters (428 letters in the roman transliteration, dashes excluded), thus making it the longest word ever to appear in worldwide literature. Each hyphen separates every individual word this word is composed of. The approximate meaning of this word is: Traditionally, the word " (31 letters) is considered as the longest Slovak word, but there are some longer artificial words. Most of them are compound adjectives in dative, instrumental or other grammatical case and derived from the iterative or frequentative verbal form or the ability adjective form (like -able). Artificial words, lexically valid but never used

title: Longest words

text: suffixes) Finnish word recognised by the Guinness Book of Records is (see also Agglutination#Extremes), based on the stem (reason, sanity), and it means: I wonder if – even with his/her quality of not having been made unsystematized In German, whole numbers (smaller than 1 million) can be expressed as single words, which makes (777,777) a 65 letter word. In combination with or, as an inflected noun, , all numbers can be written as one word. A 79 letter word, , was named the longest published word in the German language by the 1972 Guinness Book of World Records, but longer

title: Longeing

text: lengthen", or the Latin "longa" ("long"). In both cases, the root word featured spelling with an "o" and emphasizes lengthening and extension, so although always pronounced ""lungeing"", the traditional spelling of the word in English is "longeing", This spelling has been used by the majority of past dressage masters who wrote in English, and remains in use by traditional horsemanship organizations in the United States such as the United States Pony Clubs. The phonetic "lungeing" spelling dates back to the 1800s, but has only become popular since the late 20th century. It is now used by an increasing number of

title: Longest words

text: word in Catalan is considered to be ', an adverb meaning "[done in a way that is] against the constitution", however, the scientific word ', related to endocrinology has been proposed by the University of Barcelona to be the true longest word. Longer words can be created as Danish grammar allows its user to put nouns together, forming brand new words, making it possible for a word to be arbitrarily long. For instance, in the fairy tale The Shepherdess and the Chimney Sweep, the author Hans Christian Andersen named one of the characters " ("General-clothes-press-inspector-head-superintendent-Goat-legs" or in literal translation "the

title: Longest words

text: in language: The longest word in Spanish is "" (inflammation of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, 30 letters). Runners-up are "" ([proceeding in a manner that is] contrary to the constitution) and "" (specialists that do electrical scans on brains (electroencephalographists)), both 23 letters. The word "" is usually considered the longest word "in general use". This word can be made even longer by the addition of the absolute superlative suffix, rendering "anticonstitucionalísimamente" (i.e.: "very strongly against the constitution"). Some dictionaries (but not the RAE dictionary) removed its root word ("anticonstitucional") in 2005, causing comments about it not "being a valid word

title: Longest words

text: a single word due to the spaces. In proper nouns, many Korean monarchs have long posthumous names built from many different Sino-Korean nouns describing their positive characteristics, for example Sunjo of Joseon, whose full posthumous name is the 77-syllable-block (). The longest Lithuanian word is 40 letters long: The Māori-language 85-letter place name " is the longest place name in English-speaking countries and second longest in the world, according to "Wises New Zealand Guide" and "The New Zealand Herald". Mongolian is an agglutinative language. Words can get longer by adding suffixes. So, the longest suffixed word in Mongolian is ""

title: Longest word in English

text: likely to be encountered in general text are "deinstitutionalization" and "counterrevolutionaries", with 22 letters each. A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is "uncharacteristically", at 20 letters. The word "internationalization" is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last. In his play "Assemblywomen" ("Ecclesiazousae"), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters (183 in the transliteration below), which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients: Henry Carey's farce

title: Llanfairpwllgwyngyll

text: in "Bach" (: see ach-Laut) in most varieties of German. The "ll" is a voiceless lateral fricative , a sound that does not occur in English. The name was submitted to "Guinness World Records" as the longest word to appear in a published cryptic crossword, having been used by compiler Roger Squires in 1979. The clue was "Giggling troll follows Clancy, Larry, Billy and Peggy who howl, wrongly disturbing a place in Wales (58)", where all but the last five words formed an anagram. The computer game "Civilization V" awards the "Longest. Name. Ever." Steam achievement to players for having

title: Longest words

text: to his room and says "You are talking as if you were one of those we can not easily/quickly turn into a maker of unsuccessful ones, right?" Other well-known very long Turkish words are: Vietnamese is an isolating language, which naturally limits the length of a morpheme. The longest, at seven letters, is , which means "inclined" or "to lean". This is the longest word that can be written without a space. However, not all words in Vietnamese are single morphemes. Indeed, can be reduplicated as . The written language abounds with compound words in which each constituent word is

title: Longest words

text: of the 19th century meaning a very polite form of addressing clerks, something like Your Excellency, Your Highness, Your Majesty all together"(Guinness World Records 2003). Its dative singular form, (', with 36 letters) can be an example of excessively official vocabulary of the 19th century. Numeral compounds can be long as well, such as ("), which is an adjective containing 46 letters, meaning "1889-micrometer". Sanskrit allows word compounding of arbitrary length. Nouns and verbs can be expressed in a sentence. The longest sentence ever used in Sanskrit literature is (in Devanagari): In IAST transliteration: from the Varadāmbikā Pariṇaya Campū by

title: Longest word in Spanish

text: Longest word in Spanish This article describes some of the longest words in the Spanish language. "Esternocleidooccipitomastoideos" (31-letters) is the plural of the noun "esternocleidooccipitomastoideo", which is the sternocleidomastoid, a muscle in the human neck. The word has a 22-letter synonym: "esternocleidomastoideo", which is shorter because it omits the Latin prefix "occipito-" (occipital). Both words are abbreviated as "ECOM". The 24-letter word "electroencefalografistas", plural of "electroencefalografista", means "electroencephalographists" or "electroencephalographers": specialists in the brain measurement technology of electroencephalography (EEG). The 23-letter adverb "anticonstitucionalmente" means "anticonstitutionally". "Anticonstitucionalmente" is also the Portuguese translation; the French translation, "anticonstitutionnellement", is an exceptionally long word

title: Longest word in English


question: who has the most all star mvp awards

answers: Bob Pettit

answers: Kobe Bryant

text: 2014 and 2015. Alex Bregman of the Houston Astros is the most recent MLB All-Star Game MVP, winning the award in 2018. Only six players have won the MVP award in the only All-Star Game in which they appeared; LaMarr Hoyt, Bo Jackson, J. D. Drew, Melky Cabrera, Eric Hosmer, and Alex Bregman. Major League Baseball All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award The Major League Baseball All-Star Game Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award is an annual Major League Baseball (MLB) award which is presented to the most outstanding player in each year's MLB All-Star Game. Awarded each season since 1962

title: Philippine Basketball Association All-Star Game

text: in 1995, 1998, 2000 and 2003. In its entire history, four players have been named multiple winners of the All-Star MVP award namely, Meneses, Benjie Paras (1994 and 1999), Asi Taulava (2004 and 2006), and Jayjay Helterbrand (2005 and 2007). Asi Taulava currently holds the record number of All-Star Game appearances with 16. The league has adopted various formats for the All-Star Game: This is a list of each All-Star Game, the venue at which it was played, and the Game MVP. Parenthesized numbers indicate multiple times that venue, city, or player has occurred as of that instance (e.g. "Vergel

title: Danny Ildefonso

text: Bull and Sta. Lucia in the Commissioner's Cup and Governor's Cup finals series, Ildefonso went on to sweep the Best Player of the Conference honors and won his second Most Valuable Player Award, joining Bogs Adornado and Alvin Patrimonio as the only players to win the said award on back-to-back seasons. He also won the All-Star Game MVP honors for the victorious Veterans team. With this feature, Danny Ildefonso became one of the rare players to have won all three major MVP awards in the league: regular season, all-star game, and finals MVP. In 2002, Ildefonso temporary left San Miguel

title: Joe Sakic

text: 11 of them. The only one that he missed entirely was the 1997 All-Star Game, due to an injury. Sakic won the Most Valuable Player award in the 2004 All-Star Game after scoring a hat trick, despite the Western Conference losing the game. He is the all-time assist leader in All-Star Games with 16 assists and is third place in all-time all-star scoring with 22 points, behind Mario Lemieux (23 points) and Wayne Gretzky (25 points). His best record in an All-Star Game was in 2007, when he scored four assists for the winning team; however the MVP award was

title: Triple-A All-Star Game

text: Award." The "Bank of America Most Valuable Pitcher Award" was given in 2008. The team with the most MVP winners (excluding additional awards from 2000 to 2008) is the International League's Gwinnett Stripers (formerly the Richmond Braves) with six MVPs. The IL's Buffalo Bisons and Pacific Coast League's Oklahoma City Dodgers (formerly the Oklahoma City 89ers and Oklahoma/Oklahoma City RedHawks) are tied for second place with five MVPs. The only player to win more than one regular MVP award is Luis Lopez who won in 1994 with the IL's Richmond Braves and in 1995 with the IL's Buffalo Bisons. Of

text: NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award The National Basketball Association All-Star Game Most Valuable Player (MVP) is an annual National Basketball Association (NBA) award given to the player(s) voted best of the annual All-Star Game. The award was established in 1953 when NBA officials decided to designate an MVP for each year's game. The league also re-honored players from the previous two All-Star Games. Ed Macauley and Paul Arizin were selected as the 1951 and 1952 MVP winners respectively. The voting is conducted by a panel of media members, who cast their vote after the conclusion of the game.

text: Major League Baseball All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award The Major League Baseball All-Star Game Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award is an annual Major League Baseball (MLB) award which is presented to the most outstanding player in each year's MLB All-Star Game. Awarded each season since 1962 (two games were held and an award was presented to each game winner in 1962), it was originally called the "Arch Ward Memorial Award" in honor of Arch Ward, the man who conceived of the All-Star Game in 1933. The award's name was changed to the "Commissioner's Trophy" in 1970 (two National League

title: NBA Most Improved Player Award

text: Giannis Antetokounmpo and Victor Oladipo have won the award and been selected as an NBA All-Star in the same season; Dale Ellis, Kevin Duckworth, Kevin Johnson, Gilbert Arenas, Zach Randolph and Goran Dragic were the other winners who were later selected to play in the All-Star Game. Only McGrady, O'Neal, George, Dragić, Antetokounmpo and Oladipo won the award and were named to the All-NBA Team in the same season. The Indiana Pacers and Orlando Magic have both seen five players win the award, the most in the NBA. Tracy McGrady is the first recipient of the award to be named

text: Macauley (1951), Cousy (1957), Pettit (1958, 1962), Chamberlain (1960), Adrian Smith (1966), Rick Barry (1967), Jerry West (1972), Tom Chambers (1987), Jordan (1988), Karl Malone (1993), John Stockton (1993), O'Neal (2004, 2009), Bryant (2011) and Davis (2017); Pettit and O'Neal did this multiple times. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar has the distinction of playing in the most All-Star Games (18) without winning the All-Star Game MVP, while Adrian Smith won the MVP in his only All-Star Game. NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award The National Basketball Association All-Star Game Most Valuable Player (MVP) is an annual National Basketball Association (NBA) award given

text: by multiple players once; Bill Madlock and Jon Matlack shared the award in 1975. Two players have won the award for a game in which their league lost: Brooks Robinson in 1966 and Carl Yastrzemski in 1970. One pair of awardees were father and son (Ken Griffey Sr. and Ken Griffey Jr.), and another were brothers (Roberto Alomar and Sandy Alomar, Jr.). Mike Trout of the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim became the first player ever to win the MVP award in back-to-back years in the 86-year history of the MLB All-Star Game when he accomplished the feat in both

title: 2010 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting

text: All-Stars became eligible. Among the first-ballot candidates were 12-time All-Stars Roberto Alomar and Barry Larkin, 7-time All-Star Edgar Martínez, and 5-time All-Stars Andrés Galarraga and Fred McGriff. With respect to major end-of-season awards, the new field contained one Cy Young Award winner (Pat Hentgen), one MVP (Larkin) and one Rookie of the Year (Eric Karros). Alomar won ten Gold Gloves at second base (the most for any second baseman). Robin Ventura received six at third base. Larkin holds the record for most Silver Slugger Awards by a shortstop (nine). Edgar Martínez is tied for the record for most Outstanding Designated

title: Major League Baseball All-Star Game

text: game was the first played in a National League park with a DH. The All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award is presented annually to the most outstanding player of each season's All-Star Game. Presented each year beginning in 1962 (two games were held in 1962 and an award was presented for each game), the MVP award was originally called the "Arch Ward Memorial Award", after the man who came up with the concept of the All-Star Game in 1933. In 1970, the name was changed to the "Commissioner's Trophy" (two NL players were presented the award in 1975); however, the

text: ones who selected their players but since the mid-2000s the starting five are selected through fan voting and the reserves would now be the ones chosen by the head coaches of all the PBA teams. For the 2005-2006 season, fans from the host city or province were given the choice to select the sixth man of each team. After each game, an All-Star Most Valuable Player (MVP) was chosen by writers covering the annual event. Vergel Meneses had clearly stamped his mark on this mid-year festivities as he remains to be the only four-time All-Star MVP awardee collecting the award

title: LeBron James

text: 14 All-NBA teams, which is tied for the fourth-most in league history, and 12 All-NBA first teams, which is an NBA record. With four MVP awards, he is part of a select group of players who have won the award four times, including Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Wilt Chamberlain, Michael Jordan, and Bill Russell; James and Russell are the only players to win four MVP awards in a five-year span. James has also won three Finals MVP Awards, which is tied for the second-most all-time, and earned All-Defensive honors every season from 2009 to 2014. While he has never won the Defensive

text: Philippine Basketball Association Most Valuable Player award The Philippine Basketball Association Most Valuable Player (MVP) is an annual Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) award given since the start of the league in 1975 to the best performing player of the season. The award is decided using criteria introduced since the 2011–12 season, which include accumulated statistical points, votes from media, players and the league's Commissioner's Office. , the current holder of the award is June Mar Fajardo, his fourth consecutive MVP award since 2014. Note that the league's seasons have three tournaments (or conferences), so the regular NBA application of having

title: Triple-A All-Star Game

text: behind home plate and the others covering each base. Two of the umpires work in the IL, while two work in the PCL. Assignments rotate each year such that IL umpires are assigned to home plate and second base in even years, and PCL umpires man those positions in odd years. The Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards at the Triple-A All-Star Game have gone by various names. One player was selected in the inaugural 1988 contest for the "SportsTicker "Star of Stars" Award". From 1989 through 1997, the award was bestowed upon one player from each Triple-A league. For 2004,

title: Vergel Meneses

text: on joined by Benjie Paras who won both the 1989 ROY and MVP awards and repeated as MVP in 1999, who was a two-time All-Star MVP. The two were joined in the elite club much later by Asi Taulava and Jayjay Helterbrand who split the All-Star MVP award from 2004–2007, Taulava winning it in even-numbered years in 2004 and 2006 and Helterbrand securing it in odd-numbered years in 2005 and 2007. In 1999, after months of speculation, Meneses was finally dealt to crowd-favorite Barangay Ginebra Kings for Luis Manuel "Noli" Locsin. For the year, Meneses established himself as the Kings

title: Pacific Coast League Most Valuable Player Award

text: right-handed. The last pitcher to win was Steve Mintz in 1996. The Pacific Coast League now has a Pitcher of the Year Award, which was established in 2001. Steve Bilko has the record for most MVP Award wins with three (1955–57). Sandy Alomar, Jr., and Les Scarsella have both won the MVP Award twice. Scarsella first won the award in 1944 as a first baseman and then won his second in 1946 as an outfielder. Two Pacific Coast League MVP Award winners, Joe DiMaggio and Tony Pérez, have gone on to be inducted in the National Baseball Hall of Fame

text: choosing between two cars. , NL players have won the award 27 times (including one award shared by two players), and American League (AL) players have won 30 times. Baltimore Orioles players have won the most awards for a single franchise (with six); players from the Cincinnati Reds, Los Angeles Dodgers and San Francisco Giants are tied for the most in the NL with five each. Five players have won the award twice: Willie Mays (1963, 1968), Steve Garvey (1974, 1978), Gary Carter (1981, 1984), Cal Ripken, Jr. (1991, 2001), and Mike Trout (2014, 2015). The award has been shared

title: International League Most Valuable Player Award

text: catchers have won the award. Twenty-nine outfielders have won the MVP Award, the most of any position. A total of 4 pitchers have won the MVP award. The last pitcher to win was Red Barrett in 1942. The International League League now has a Most Valuable Pitcher Award, which was established in 1953. Rocky Nelson has the record for most MVP Award wins with three (1953, 1955, and 1958). Roberto Petagine has won the MVP Award twice. Three International League MVP Award winners, Red Schoendienst, Jim Rice, and Jim Thome, have gone on to be inducted in the National Baseball

text: a regular season MVP and a Finals MVP and the meaning of "conference" does not apply here. The season MVP is for the "whole" season, including the regular season, the playoffs and the Finals of each Conference, although there is a Best Player of the Conference award for each conference, and a Best Import award for conferences where imports are allowed play. Ramon Fernandez, Alvin Patrimonio and June Mar Fajardo won the most number of MVP awards with four each. Only one rookie have own the award: Benjie Paras in the season As with other annual awards given by the

text: League Championship Series Most Valuable Player Award The League Championship Series Most Valuable Player (MVP) award is given in each of the two annual League Championship Series, for the American and National Leagues, to the player deemed to have the most impact on his team's performance. The award has been presented in the National League since 1977, and in the American League since 1980. Dusty Baker won the inaugural award in 1977 with the Los Angeles Dodgers, and Frank White won the first American League award in 1980 with the Kansas City Royals. The eight Hall of Famers to win

text: Southern League Most Valuable Player Award The Southern League Most Valuable Player Award (MVP) is an annual award given to the best player in minor league baseball's Southern League. In 1972, Mike Reinbach won the first ever Southern League MVP Award. First basemen, with 12 winners, have won the most among infielders, followed by third basemen (4) and second basemen and shortstops (2). Seven catchers have also won the award. One player who won the award was a designated hitter. Twenty outfielders have won the MVP Award, the most of any position. Eight players from the Columbus Astros/Mudcats/Carolina Mudcats have

title: Kevin Garnett

text: leading them to eight consecutive playoff appearances. In 2004, he led the Timberwolves to the Western Conference Finals and won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award. Garnett has been named to 15 All-Star Games, winning the All-Star MVP award in 2003, and is currently tied for third-most All-Star selections in NBA history. He was named the NBA Defensive Player of the Year in 2007–08, and has been selected nine times for All-NBA Teams and 12 times for All-Defensive Teams. Garnett also holds several Timberwolves franchise records. In 2007, after 12 seasons with the Timberwolves, Garnett joined the Boston Celtics in

title: Miami Heat all-time roster

text: James, who played four years with the Heat, won the Most Valuable Player Award in 2012 and 2013, the Finals Most Valuable Player Award in 2012 and 2013, and was selected to four consecutive All-Star Games and four consecutive All-NBA Teams. Tim Hardaway and Shaquille O'Neal are the only other Heat players who have been selected to both the All-Star Game and the All-NBA Team. Anthony Mason and Chris Bosh are the only other Heat players who have been selected to the All-Star Game. Two Heat players have won the NBA Most Improved Player Award: Rony Seikaly in 1990 and

title: ABA Most Valuable Player Award

text: ABA Most Valuable Player Award The Most Valuable Player (MVP) was an annual award first awarded in the . Every player who has won the award has played for a team with at least 45 regular-season wins. The inaugural award winner was Hall of Famer Connie Hawkins. Hall of Famer Julius Erving won the award three times, all with the New York Nets. Mel Daniels won it twice with the Indiana Pacers. Erving and George McGinnis were joint winners in the . Two rookies won the award: Spencer Haywood in the and Artis Gilmore in the . All are in

title: National League Championship Series

text: NLCS appearances before moving to the AL in 2013. Every current National League franchise has appeared in the NLCS. The Warren C. Giles Trophy, named for the president of the NL from 1951 to 1969, is awarded to the NLCS winner. A Most Valuable Player (MVP) award is given to the outstanding player in each series, though voters can consider performances made during the divisional series. The MVP award has been given to a player on the losing team twice, in 1986 to Mike Scott of the Houston Astros and in 1987 to Jeff Leonard of the San Francisco Giants.

title: All-Star Final Vote

text: Game. In 2003, the first corporate sponsor got involved in the ballot. Over the years, the sponsor has changed and the name of the fan voting procedure has changed both with the changing sponsors and the number of roster spots. , every franchise except the Seattle Mariners have had at least one nominee. , the Chicago White Sox have had four winners, while the Boston Red Sox and Philadelphia Phillies have each had three winners. , the Chicago White Sox have had eleven nominees, most in the American League. The Washington Nationals have had eight, most in the National League.

long_answer: Bob Pettit and Kobe Bryant are the only two players to win the All-Star Game MVP four times. Oscar Robertson, Michael Jordan, Shaquille O'Neal, and LeBron James have each won the award three times, while Bob Cousy, Julius Erving, Isiah Thomas, Magic Johnson, Karl Malone, Allen Iverson, and Russell Westbrook have all won the award twice. James' first All-Star MVP in 2006 made him the youngest to have ever won the award at the age of 21 years, 1 month. Kyrie Irving, winner of the 2014 All-Star Game MVP, is the second-youngest at 21 years, 10 months. They are notable as being the two youngest to win the award, both as Cleveland Cavaliers. Four of the games had joint winners—Elgin Baylor and Pettit in 1959, John Stockton and Malone in 1993, O'Neal and Tim Duncan in 2000, and O'Neal and Bryant in 2009. O'Neal became the first player in All-Star history to share two MVP awards as well as the first player to win the award with multiple teams. The Los Angeles Lakers have had eleven winners while the Boston Celtics have had eight. Duncan of the U.S. Virgin Islands and Irving of Australia are the only winners not born in the United States. Both Duncan and Irving are American citizens, but are considered "international" players by the NBA because they were not born in one of the fifty states or Washington, D.C. No player trained entirely outside the U.S. has won the award; Irving lived in the U.S. since age two, and Duncan played U.S. college basketball at Wake Forest.

short_answers:
Bob Pettit
Kobe Bryant


question: what percentage of the earth's surface is water

answers: 78%

answers: roughly 78%

title: Water distribution on Earth

text: Water is distributed across earth. Most water in the Earth's atmosphere and crust comes from the world ocean's saline seawater, while freshwater accounts for only 2.5% of the total. Because the oceans that cover roughly 78% of the area of the Earth reflect blue light, the Earth appears blue from space, and is often referred to as the blue planet and the Pale Blue Dot.  An estimated 1.5 to 11 times the amount of water in the oceans may be found hundreds of miles deep within the Earth's interior, although not in liquid form.

title: Earth

text: and subject to soil formation processes. The total arable land is 10.9% of the land surface, with 1.3% being permanent cropland. Close to 40% of Earth's land surface is used for agriculture, or an estimated of cropland and of pastureland. The abundance of water on Earth's surface is a unique feature that distinguishes the "Blue Planet" from other planets in the Solar System. Earth's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans, but technically includes all water surfaces in the world, including inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters down to a depth of . The deepest underwater location is Challenger Deep

title: Nature

text: in oceans and other large bodies of water, with 1.6% of water below ground in aquifers and 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds, and precipitation. Oceans hold 97% of surface water, glaciers, and polar ice caps 2.4%, and other land surface water such as rivers, lakes, and ponds 0.6%. Additionally, a minute amount of the Earth's water is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products. An ocean is a major body of saline water, and a principal component of the hydrosphere. Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface (an area of some 361 million square kilometers) is covered by ocean,

title: Hydrosphere

text: Approximately 71% of Earth's surface, an area of some 361 million square kilometers (139.5 million square miles), is covered by ocean. The average salinity of Earth's oceans is about 35 grams of salt per kilogram of sea water (3.5%). The water cycle refers to the transfer of water from one state or reservoir to another. Reservoirs include atmospheric moisture (snow, rain and clouds), streams, oceans, rivers, lakes, groundwater, subterranean aquifers, polar ice caps and saturated soil. Solar energy, in the form of heat and light (insolation), and gravity cause the transfer from one state to another over periods from hours

title: Water distribution on Earth

text: frequent and almost always not seriously considered when they were first developed. The total volume of water on Earth is estimated at 1.386 billion km³ (333 million cubic miles), with 97.5% being salt water and 2.5% being fresh water. Of the fresh water, only 0.3% is in liquid form on the surface. In addition, the lower mantle of inner earth may hold as much as 5 times more water than all surface water combined (all oceans, all lakes, all rivers). The total volume of water in rivers is estimated at 2,120 km³ (510 cubic miles), or 2% of the surface

title: Water distribution on Earth

text: in the oceans as a result of evaporation returning the fresh water to land as rain and snow. As a result, the vast bulk of the water on Earth is regarded as "saline" or "salt water", with an average salinity of 35‰ (or 3.5%, roughly equivalent to 34 grams of salts in 1 kg of seawater), though this varies slightly according to the amount of runoff received from surrounding land. In all, water from oceans and marginal seas, saline groundwater and water from saline closed lakes amount to over 97% of the water on Earth, though no closed lake stores

title: Hydrosphere

text: land surface (119,000 - 74,200 = 44,800 km/year) represents the total runoff of the Earth's rivers (42,700 km/year) and direct groundwater runoff to the ocean (2100 km/year). These are the principal sources of fresh water to support life necessities and man's economic activities." Water is a basic necessity of life. Since 2/3 of the Earth is covered by water, the Earth is also called the blue planet and the watery planet. Hydrosphere plays an important role in the existence of the atmosphere in its present form. Oceans are important in this regard. When the Earth was formed it had only

title: Hydrosphere

text: of this amount. Fresh water accounts for only 2.5%. Of this fresh water, 68.9% is in the form of ice and permanent snow cover in the Arctic, the Antarctic, and mountain glaciers. 30.8% is in the form of fresh groundwater. Only 0.3% of the fresh water on Earth is in easily accessible lakes, reservoirs and river systems. The total mass of the Earth's hydrosphere is about 1.4 × 10 tonnes, which is about 0.023% of Earth's total mass. About 20 × 10 tonnes of this is in Earth's atmosphere (for practical purposes, 1 cubic meter of water weighs one tonne).

title: Creation science

text: Earth's surface area is 510,065,600 km, the volume of water required to cover Mount Everest to a depth of 15 cubits (6.8 m), as indicated by Genesis 7:20, would be 4.6 billion cubic kilometres. Measurements of the amount of precipitable water vapor in the atmosphere have yielded results indicating that condensing all water vapor in a column of atmosphere would produce liquid water with a depth ranging between zero and approximately 70mm, depending on the date and the location of the column. Nevertheless, there continue to be adherents to the belief in flood geology, and in recent years new theories

title: Marine life

text: an area of with a mean depth of , resulting in an estimated volume of . If all of Earth's crustal surface was at the same elevation as a smooth sphere, the depth of the resulting world ocean would be 2.7 to 2.8 km. About 97.5% of the water is saline; the remaining 2.5% is fresh water. Most fresh water, about 68.7%, is present as ice in ice caps and glaciers. The average salinity of Earth's oceans is about 35 grams of salt per kilogram of sea water (3.5% salt). Most of the salt in the ocean comes from the

title: Water

text: Earth. The study of the distribution of water is hydrography. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is hydrogeology, of glaciers is glaciology, of inland waters is limnology and distribution of oceans is oceanography. Ecological processes with hydrology are in focus of ecohydrology. The collective mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet is called the hydrosphere. Earth's approximate water volume (the total water supply of the world) is . Liquid water is found in bodies of water, such as an ocean, sea, lake, river, stream, canal, pond, or puddle. The majority of

title: Sea

text: a freshwater lake. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea states that all of the ocean is "sea". Earth is the only known planet with seas of liquid water on its surface, although Mars possesses ice caps and similar planets in other solar systems may have oceans. It is still unclear where Earth's water came from, but, seen from space, our planet appears as a "blue marble" of its various forms: oceans, ice caps, clouds. Earth's of sea contain about 97.2 percent of its known water and cover more than 70 percent of its surface. Another 2.15%

title: Water distribution on Earth

text: a globally significant amount of water. "Saline" groundwater is seldom considered except when evaluating water quality in arid regions. The remainder of the Earth's water constitutes the planet's "fresh water" resource. Typically, fresh water is defined as water with a salinity of "less than 1 percent that of the oceans" - i.e. below around 0.35‰. Water with a salinity between this level and 1‰ is typically referred to as "marginal water" because it is marginal for many uses by humans and animals. The ratio of salt water to fresh water on Earth is around 40 to 1. The planet's fresh

title: Land

text: is approximately which is about 29.2% of its total surface. Water covers approximately 70.8% of Earth's surface, mainly in the form of oceans and ice formations. Creation myths in many religions recall a story involving the creation of the world by a supernatural deity or deities, including accounts wherein the land is separated from the oceans and the air. The Earth itself has often been personified as a deity, in particular a goddess. In many cultures, the mother goddess is also portrayed as a fertility deity. To the Aztecs, Earth was called "Tonantzin"—"our mother"; to the Incas, Earth was called

title: Ocean

text: about 0.023% of Earth's total mass. Less than 3% is freshwater; the rest is saltwater, almost all of which is in the ocean. The area of the World Ocean is about 361.9 million square kilometers (139.7 million square miles), which covers about 70.9% of Earth's surface, and its volume is approximately 1.335 billion cubic kilometers (320.3 million cubic miles). This can be thought of as a cube of water with an edge length of . Its average depth is about , and its maximum depth is at the Mariana Trench. Nearly half of the world's marine waters are over deep.

title: Earth mass

text: silicon c. 15% each, calcium, aluminium and nickel c. 1.5% each). Carbon accounts for 0.03%, water for 0.02%, and the atmosphere for about one part per million. The mass of Earth is measured indirectly by determining other quantities such as Earth's density, gravity, or gravitational constant. The first measurement in the 1770s Schiehallion experiment resulted in a value about 20% too low. The Cavendish experiment of 1798 found the correct value within 1%. Uncertainty was reduced to about 0.2% by the 1890s, to 0.1% by 1930. The figure of the Earth has been known to better than four significant digits

title: Marine life

text: matrix", the mother and womb of life. The abundance of water on earth's surface is a unique feature that distinguishes earth from other planets in the Solar System. Earth's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans, but technically includes all water surfaces in the world, including inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters down to a depth of 2,000 m. The deepest underwater location is Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean with a depth of 10,911.4 m. The mass of the oceans is approximately 1.35 metric tons, or about 1/4400 of Earth's total mass. The oceans cover

title: Nature

text: changes to the environment, so accurate weather forecasting is limited to only a few days. Overall, two things are happening worldwide: (1) temperature is increasing on the average; and (2) regional climates have been undergoing noticeable changes. Water is a chemical substance that is composed of hydrogen and oxygen and is vital for all known forms of life. In typical usage, "water" refers only to its liquid form or state, but the substance also has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor, or steam. Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface. On Earth, it is found mostly

title: Natural environment

text: or another natural kind of body of water. An ocean is a major body of saline water, and a component of the hydrosphere. Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface (an area of some 362 million square kilometers) is covered by ocean, a continuous body of water that is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas. More than half of this area is over 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) deep. Average oceanic salinity is around 35 parts per thousand (ppt) (3.5%), and nearly all seawater has a salinity in the range of 30 to 38 ppt. Though generally recognized as

title: Colonization of the Moon

text: 100 kg of water was detected. That represents a proportion of ten parts per million, which is a lower water concentration than that found in the soil of the driest deserts of the Earth. In contrast, we have found continent sized regions on Mars, which are 600,000 parts per million, or 60% water by weight." Although the Moon is very dry on the whole, the spot where the LCROSS impactor hit was chosen for a high concentration of water ice. Dr. Zubrin's computations are not a sound basis for estimating the percentage of water in the regolith at that site.

title: Aquifer

text: do not necessarily contain fresh water. The Earth's crust can be divided into two regions: the "saturated zone" or "phreatic zone" (e.g., aquifers, aquitards, etc.), where all available spaces are filled with water, and the "unsaturated zone" (also called the vadose zone), where there are still pockets of air that contain some water, but can be filled with more water. Saturated means the pressure head of the water is greater than atmospheric pressure (it has a gauge pressure > 0). The definition of the water table is the surface where the pressure head is equal to atmospheric pressure (where gauge

title: Great Lakes

text: been set in 1964. By April 2015 the water level had recovered to 7 inches (17.5 cm) more than the "long term monthly average". The Great Lakes contain 21% of the world's surface fresh water: , or 6.0×10 U.S. gallons, that is 6 quadrillion U.S gallons, (2.3×10 liters). This is enough water to cover the 48 contiguous U.S. states to a uniform depth of . Although the lakes contain a large percentage of the world's fresh water, the Great Lakes supply only a small portion of U.S. drinking water on a national basis. The total surface area of the lakes

title: Last Glacial Period

text: It also does not state whether or not they agree with the figures given by Berkeley Earth. According to the United States Geographical Survey (USGS), permanent summer ice covered about 8% of Earth's surface and 25% of the land area during the last glacial maximum. The USGS also states that sea level was about 125 meters (410 feet) lower than in present times (2012). When comparing to the present, the average global temperature was 15.0 °C (58.9 °F) for the 2013-2017 period. Currently (as of 2012), about 3.1% of Earth's surface and 10.7% of the land area is covered in

title: Earth

text: of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean with a depth of . The mass of the oceans is approximately 1.35 metric tons or about 1/4400 of Earth's total mass. The oceans cover an area of with a mean depth of , resulting in an estimated volume of . If all of Earth's crustal surface were at the same elevation as a smooth sphere, the depth of the resulting world ocean would be . About 97.5% of the water is saline; the remaining 2.5% is fresh water. Most fresh water, about 68.7%, is present as ice in ice caps and

title: Sea

text: of Earth's water is frozen, found in the sea ice covering the Arctic Ocean, the ice cap covering Antarctica and its adjacent seas, and various glaciers and surface deposits around the world. The remainder (about 0.65% of the whole) form underground reservoirs or various stages of the water cycle, containing the freshwater encountered and used by most terrestrial life: vapor in the air, the clouds it slowly forms, the rain falling from them, and the lakes and rivers spontaneously formed as its waters flow again and again to the sea. The sea's dominance of the planet is such that the

title: Fresh water

text: Africa. Out of all the water on Earth, saline water in oceans, seas and saline groundwater make up about 97% of it. Only 2.5–2.75% is fresh water, including 1.75–2% frozen in glaciers, ice and snow, 0.5–0.75% as fresh groundwater and soil moisture, and less than 0.01% of it as surface water in lakes, swamps and rivers. Freshwater lakes contain about 87% of this fresh surface water, including 29% in the African Great Lakes, 22% in Lake Baikal in Russia, 21% in the North American Great Lakes, and 14% in other lakes. Swamps have most of the balance with only a

title: Fresh water

text: small amount in rivers, most notably the Amazon River. The atmosphere contains 0.04% water. In areas with no fresh water on the ground surface, fresh water derived from precipitation may, because of its lower density, overlie saline ground water in lenses or layers. Most of the world's fresh water is frozen in ice sheets. Many areas suffer from lack of distribution of fresh water, such as deserts. Water is a critical issue for the survival of all living organisms. Some can use salt water but many organisms including the great majority of higher plants and most mammals must have access

title: Water distribution on Earth

text: than different hydrology. These include: It is estimated an additional 1.5 to eleven times the amount of water in the oceans is contained in the Earth's interior, and some scientists have hypothesized that the water in the mantle is part of a "whole-Earth water cycle". The water in the mantle is dissolved in various minerals near the transition zone between Earth's upper and lower mantle. At temperatures of and extreme pressures found deep underground, water breaks down into hydroxyls and oxygen. The existence of water was experimentally predicted in 2002, and direct evidence of the water was found in 2014

title: Earth radius

text: radius of the earth"". When considering the Earth's real surface, on the other hand, it is uncommon to refer to a "radius", since there is generally no practical need. Rather, elevation above or below sea level is useful. Regardless of the model, any radius falls between the polar minimum of about 6,357 km and the equatorial maximum of about 6,378 km (3,950 to 3,963 mi). Hence, the Earth deviates from a perfect sphere by only a third of a percent, which supports the spherical model in many contexts and justifies the term "radius of the Earth". While specific values differ,

title: Nature

text: features are its two large polar regions, two relatively narrow temperate zones, and a wide equatorial tropical to subtropical region. Precipitation varies widely with location, from several metres of water per year to less than a millimetre. 71 percent of the Earth's surface is covered by salt-water oceans. The remainder consists of continents and islands, with most of the inhabited land in the Northern Hemisphere. Earth has evolved through geological and biological processes that have left traces of the original conditions. The outer surface is divided into several gradually migrating tectonic plates. The interior remains active, with a thick layer

title: Water distribution on Earth


question: what is the definition of ph in water

answers: potential of hydrogen

title: pH

title: PH

text: pH measurements. The concentration of hydroxide ions in water is related to the concentration of hydrogen ions by where "K" is the self-ionisation constant of water. Taking logarithms So, at room temperature, pOH ≈ 14 − pH. However this relationship is not strictly valid in other circumstances, such as in measurements of soil alkalinity. Measurement of pH below about 2.5 (ca. 0.003 mol dm acid) and above about 10.5 (ca. 0.0003 mol dm alkaline) requires special procedures because, when using the glass electrode, the Nernst law breaks down under those conditions. Various factors contribute to this. It cannot be assumed

title: PH

text: PH In chemistry, pH () is a logarithmic scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. It is approximately the negative of the base 10 logarithm of the molar concentration, measured in units of moles per liter, of hydrogen ions. More precisely it is the negative of the base 10 logarithm of the activity of the hydrogen ion. At 25 °C, solutions with a pH less than 7 are acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic. The neutral value of the pH depends on the temperature, being lower than 7 if the

title: PH

text: temperature increases. Pure water is neutral, pH 7 at (25 °C), being neither an acid nor a base. Contrary to popular belief, the pH value can be less than 0 or greater than 14 for very strong acids and bases respectively. Measurements of pH are important in agronomy, medicine, chemistry, water treatment, and many other applications. The pH scale is traceable to a set of standard solutions whose pH is established by international agreement. Primary pH standard values are determined using a concentration cell with transference, by measuring the potential difference between a hydrogen electrode and a standard electrode such

title: Wastewater discharge standards in Latin America

text: get 5 points. Later, an average is taken from all the parameters of the country, giving the index a relative position of all the countries. Afterwards, all the values are classified using quartiles. A summary with the values of each country is presented below. The pH is a chemical parameter that measures the acidity or basicity of the water and is commonly measured in situ. Distilled water has a pH of 7, where less than 7 is considered acid and greater than 7 is considered basic. In most cases, low pH is due to organic overloading and low oxygen conditions

title: PH

text: is dissolved in water, the pH will be greater than 7. A solution of a strong acid, such as hydrochloric acid, at concentration 1 mol dm has a pH of 0. A solution of a strong alkali, such as sodium hydroxide, at concentration 1 mol dm, has a pH of 14. Thus, measured pH values will lie mostly in the range 0 to 14, though negative pH values and values above 14 are entirely possible. Since pH is a logarithmic scale, a difference of one pH unit is equivalent to a tenfold difference in hydrogen ion concentration. <br> The pH

title: PH

text: a medium similar to the one being investigated. For instance, if one wishes to measure the pH of a seawater sample, the electrode should be calibrated in a solution resembling seawater in its chemical composition, as detailed below. The difference between p[H] and pH is quite small. It has been stated that pH = p[H] + 0.04. It is common practice to use the term "pH" for both types of measurement. Indicators may be used to measure pH, by making use of the fact that their color changes with pH. Visual comparison of the color of a test solution with

title: PH

text: of neutrality is not exactly 7 (25 °C), although this is a good approximation in most cases. Neutrality is defined as the condition where [H] = [OH] (or the activities are equal). Since self-ionization of water holds the product of these concentration [H]×[OH] = K, it can be seen that at neutrality [H] = [OH] = , or pH = pK/2. pK is approximately 14 but depends on ionic strength and temperature, and so the pH of neutrality does also. Pure water and a solution of NaCl in pure water are both neutral, since dissociation of water produces equal numbers

title: PH

text: the pH of pure water is 7.47. At 25 °C it's 7.00, and at 100 °C it's 6.14. This definition was adopted because ion-selective electrodes, which are used to measure pH, respond to activity. Ideally, electrode potential, "E", follows the Nernst equation, which, for the hydrogen ion can be written as where "E" is a measured potential, "E" is the standard electrode potential, "R" is the gas constant, "T" is the temperature in kelvins, "F" is the Faraday constant. For H number of electrons transferred is one. It follows that electrode potential is proportional to pH when pH is defined

title: PH

text: the concentration of the acid, so [A] = [H]. After some further algebraic manipulation an equation in the hydrogen ion concentration may be obtained. Solution of this quadratic equation gives the hydrogen ion concentration and hence p[H] or, more loosely, pH. This procedure is illustrated in an ICE table which can also be used to calculate the pH when some additional (strong) acid or alkaline has been added to the system, that is, when C ≠ C. For example, what is the pH of a 0.01M solution of benzoic acid, pK = 4.19? For alkaline solutions an additional term is

title: PH

text: upon the abundance of fluoride in the medium. In seawater, for instance, sulfate ions occur at much greater concentrations (>400 times) than those of fluoride. As a consequence, for most practical purposes, the difference between the total and seawater scales is very small. The following three equations summarise the three scales of pH: In practical terms, the three seawater pH scales differ in their values by up to 0.12 pH units, differences that are much larger than the accuracy of pH measurements typically required, in particular, in relation to the ocean's carbonate system. Since it omits consideration of sulfate and

title: Soil

text: of the acidity or alkalinity of the soil. More precisely, it is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration in an aqueous solution and ranges in values from 0 to 14 (acidic to basic) but practically speaking for soils, pH ranges from 3.5 to 9.5, as pH values beyond those extremes are toxic to life forms. At 25 °C an aqueous solution that has a pH of 3.5 has 10 moles H (hydrogen ions) per litre of solution (and also 10 mole/litre OH). A pH of 7, defined as neutral, has 10 moles hydrogen ions per litre of solution and also

title: PH

text: than three reagents. The calculation of hydrogen ion concentrations, using this formalism, is a key element in the determination of equilibrium constants by potentiometric titration. PH In chemistry, pH () is a logarithmic scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. It is approximately the negative of the base 10 logarithm of the molar concentration, measured in units of moles per liter, of hydrogen ions. More precisely it is the negative of the base 10 logarithm of the activity of the hydrogen ion. At 25 °C, solutions with a pH less than 7 are acidic and

title: PH

text: liter of solution) we get , thus such a solution has a pH of . For a commonplace example based on the facts that the masses of a mole of water, a mole of hydrogen ions, and a mole of hydroxide ions are respectively 18 g, 1 g, and 17 g, a quantity of 10 moles of pure (pH 7) water, or 180 tonnes (18×10 g), contains close to 1 g of dissociated hydrogen ions (or rather 19 g of HO hydronium ions) and 17 g of hydroxide ions. Note that pH depends on temperature. For instance at 0 °C

title: Water purification

text: close to 7 (neither alkaline nor acidic). Sea water can have pH values that range from 7.5 to 8.4 (moderately alkaline). Fresh water can have widely ranging pH values depending on the geology of the drainage basin or aquifer and the influence of contaminant inputs (acid rain). If the water is acidic (lower than 7), lime, soda ash, or sodium hydroxide can be added to raise the pH during water purification processes. Lime addition increases the calcium ion concentration, thus raising the water hardness. For highly acidic waters, forced draft degasifiers can be an effective way to raise the pH,

title: Heavy water

text: of OD vs. ions. For heavy water Kw DO (25.0 °C) = 1.35 × 10, and [D] must equal [OD] for neutral water. Thus pKw DO = p[OD] + p[D] = 7.44 + 7.44 = 14.87 (25.0 °C), and the p[D] of neutral heavy water at 25.0 °C is 7.44. The pD of heavy water is generally measured using pH electrodes giving a pH (apparent) value, or pHa, and at various temperatures a true acidic pD can be estimated from the directly pH meter measured pHa, such that pD+ = pHa (apparent reading from pH meter) + 0.41. The electrode

title: Hard water

text: expressed as the difference between the actual system pH and the saturation pH: If the actual pH of the water is below the calculated saturation pH, the LSI is negative and the water has a very limited scaling potential. If the actual pH exceeds pHs, the LSI is positive, and being supersaturated with CaCO, the water has a tendency to form scale. At increasing positive index values, the scaling potential increases. In practice, water with an LSI between -0.5 and +0.5 will not display enhanced mineral dissolving or scale forming properties. Water with an LSI below -0.5 tends to exhibit

title: Hydroxide

text: pure water is close to 10 mol∙dm, in order to satisfy the equal charge constraint. The pH of a solution is equal to the decimal cologarithm of the hydrogen cation concentration; the pH of pure water is close to 7 at ambient temperatures. The concentration of hydroxide ions can be expressed in terms of pOH, which is close to (14 − pH), so the pOH of pure water is also close to 7. Addition of a base to water will reduce the hydrogen cation concentration and therefore increase the hydroxide ion concentration (increase pH, decrease pOH) even if the base

title: Alkalinity

text: many attempts to measure, record, and study oceanic alkalinity. Some of the larger data sets are listed below. The following packages calculate the state of the carbonate system in seawater (including pH): Alkalinity Alkalinity (from Arabic ""al-qalī"") is the capacity of water to resist changes in pH that would make the water more acidic. (It should not be confused with basicity which is an absolute measurement on the pH scale.) Alkalinity is the strength of a buffer solution composed of weak acids and their conjugate bases. It is measured by titrating the solution with a monoprotic acid such as HCl

title: PH

text: which they came into wide usage. The first electronic method for measuring pH was invented by Arnold Orville Beckman, a professor at California Institute of Technology in 1934. It was in response to local citrus grower Sunkist that wanted a better method for quickly testing the pH of lemons they were picking from their nearby orchards. pH is defined as the decimal logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion activity, "a"+, in a solution. For example, for a solution with a hydrogen ion activity of (at that level, this is essentially the number of moles of hydrogen ions per

title: PH meter

text: acidity of the water, and it is therefore useful to know the acidity of the water, typically measured by means of a pH meter. Knowledge of pH is useful or critical in many situations, including chemical laboratory analyses. pH meters are used for soil measurements in agriculture, water quality for municipal water supplies, swimming pools, environmental remediation; brewing of wine or beer; manufacturing, healthcare and clinical applications such as blood chemistry; and many other applications. Advances in the instrumentation and in detection have expanded the number of applications in which pH measurements can be conducted. The devices have been miniaturized,

title: PH

text: [A] to determine by calculation. Two additional equations are needed. One way to provide them is to apply the law of mass conservation in terms of the two "reagents" H and A. C stands for analytical concentration. In some texts, one mass balance equation is replaced by an equation of charge balance. This is satisfactory for simple cases like this one, but is more difficult to apply to more complicated cases as those below. Together with the equation defining K, there are now three equations in three unknowns. When an acid is dissolved in water C = C = C,

title: PH

text: represents the concentration of the hydroxide ion. This equilibrium needs to be taken into account at high pH and when the solute concentration is extremely low. Strong acids and bases are compounds that, for practical purposes, are completely dissociated in water. Under normal circumstances this means that the concentration of hydrogen ions in acidic solution can be taken to be equal to the concentration of the acid. The pH is then equal to minus the logarithm of the concentration value. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is an example of a strong acid. The pH of a 0.01M solution of HCl is equal

title: Soil

text: 10 moles of OH per litre; since the two concentrations are equal, they are said to neutralise each other. A pH of 9.5 has 10 moles hydrogen ions per litre of solution (and also 10 mole per litre OH). A pH of 3.5 has one million times more hydrogen ions per litre than a solution with pH of 9.5 (9.5 - 3.5 = 6 or 10) and is more acidic. The effect of pH on a soil is to remove from the soil or to make available certain ions. Soils with high acidity tend to have toxic amounts of aluminium

title: PH meter

text: PH meter A pH meter is a scientific instrument that measures the hydrogen-ion activity in water-based solutions, indicating its acidity or alkalinity expressed as pH. The pH meter measures the difference in electrical potential between a pH electrode and a reference electrode, and so the pH meter is sometimes referred to as a "potentiometric pH meter". The difference in electrical potential relates to the acidity or pH of the solution. The pH meter is used in many applications ranging from laboratory experimentation to quality control. The rate and outcome of chemical reactions taking place in water often depends on the

title: Fishkeeping

text: or seawater (a salt level of 30 to 40 PPT), simulating an ocean or sea environment. Even higher salt concentrations are maintained in specialized tanks for raising brine organisms. Several other water characteristics result from dissolved materials in the water and are important to the proper simulation of natural environments. Saltwater is typically alkaline, while the pH of fresh water varies. "Hardness" measures overall dissolved mineral content; hard or soft water may be preferred. Hard water is usually alkaline, while soft water is usually neutral to acidic. Dissolved organic content and dissolved gases content are also important factors. Home aquarists

title: Acid neutralizing capacity

text: the right, the relation between pH and ANC is shown for four different solutions. In the blue line the solution has 1 mg/l DOC, a dissolved amount of carbon dioxide that is equivalent to a solution being in equilibrium with an atmosphere with twice the carbon dioxide pressure of our atmosphere. For the other lines, all three parameters except one is the same as for the blue line. Thus the orange line is a solution loaded with organic acids, having a DOC of 80 mg/l (typically very brown lake water or water in the top soil layer in a forest

title: PH

text: fluoride ions, the free scale is significantly different from both the total and seawater scales. Because of the relative unimportance of the fluoride ion, the total and seawater scales differ only very slightly. The pH of different cellular compartments, body fluids, and organs is usually tightly regulated in a process called acid-base homeostasis. The most common disorder in acid-base homeostasis is acidosis, which means an acid overload in the body, generally defined by pH falling below 7.35. Alkalosis is the opposite condition, with blood pH being excessively high. The pH of blood is usually slightly basic with a value of

title: Soil pH

text: Soil pH Soil pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a soil. pH is defined as the negative logarithm (base 10) of the activity of hydronium ions ( or, more precisely, ) in a solution. In soils, it is measured in a slurry of soil mixed with water (or a salt solution, such as 0.01 M ), and normally falls between 3 and 10, with 7 being neutral. Acid soils have a pH below 7 and alkaline soils have a pH above 7. Ultra-acidic soils (pH < 3.5) and very strongly alkaline soils (pH > 9)

title: PH

text: to −log(0.01), that is, pH = 2. Sodium hydroxide, NaOH, is an example of a strong base. The p[OH] value of a 0.01M solution of NaOH is equal to −log(0.01), that is, p[OH] = 2. From the definition of p[OH] above, this means that the pH is equal to about 12. For solutions of sodium hydroxide at higher concentrations the self-ionization equilibrium must be taken into account. Self-ionization must also be considered when concentrations are extremely low. Consider, for example, a solution of hydrochloric acid at a concentration of 5×10M. The simple procedure given above would suggest that it has

title: pH

long_answer: In chemistry, pH (/piːˈ(h)eɪtʃ/) (potential of hydrogen) is a numeric scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. It is approximately the negative of the base 10 logarithm of the molar concentration, measured in units of moles per liter, of hydrogen ions. More precisely it is the negative of the base 10 logarithm of the activity of the hydrogen ion. Solutions with a pH less than 7 are acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic. Pure water is neutral, at pH 7 (25 °C), being neither an acid nor a base. Contrary to popular belief, the pH value can be less than 0 or greater than 14 for very strong acids and bases respectively.