question: who was it that described the structure of dna

answers: James Watson and Francis Crick

answers: James Watson

answers: Francis Crick

title: DNA

title: Francis Crick

text: his skills in the analysis of X-ray diffraction data for proteins, working primarily on ribonuclease and the mechanisms of protein synthesis. David Harker, the American X-ray crystallographer, was described as "the John Wayne of crystallography" by Vittorio Luzzati, a crystallographer at the Centre for Molecular Genetics in Gif-sur-Yvette near Paris, who had worked with Rosalind Franklin. After the discovery of the double helix model of DNA, Crick's interests quickly turned to the biological implications of the structure. In 1953, Watson and Crick published another article in "Nature" which stated: "it therefore seems likely that the precise sequence of the bases

title: Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

text: which subsequently turned out to be incorrect. Both Crick, and particularly Watson, thought that they were racing against Pauling to discover the structure of DNA. Max Delbrück was a physicist who recognized some of the biological implications of quantum physics. Delbruck's thinking about the physical basis of life stimulated Erwin Schrödinger to write, "What Is Life?" Schrödinger's book was an important influence on Crick and Watson. Delbruck's efforts to promote the "Phage Group" (exploring genetics by way of the viruses that infect bacteria) was important in the early development of molecular biology in general and the development of Watson's scientific

text: head William Lawrence Bragg, to publish their double-helix molecular model of DNA based on data from Franklin and Wilkins. By November 1951, Watson had acquired little training in X-ray crystallography, by his own admission, and thus had not fully understood what Franklin was saying about the structural symmetry of the DNA molecule. Crick, however, knowing the Fourier transforms of Bessel functions that represent the X-ray diffraction patterns of helical structures of atoms, correctly interpreted further one of Franklin's experimental findings as indicating that DNA was most likely to be a double helix with the two polynucleotide chains running in opposite

text: consequences of biological information from DNA to proteins. The discovery of the DNA double helix made clear that genes are functionally defined parts of DNA molecules, and that there must be a way for cells to translate the information in DNA to specific amino acids, which are used in order to make proteins. Linus Pauling was a chemist who was very influential in developing an understanding of the structure of biological molecules. In 1951, Pauling published the structure of the alpha helix, a fundamentally important structural component of proteins. In early 1953, Pauling published a triple helix model of DNA,

title: Rosalind Franklin

text: Rosalind Franklin Rosalind Elsie Franklin (25 July 192016 April 1958) was an English chemist and X-ray crystallographer who made contributions to the understanding of the molecular structures of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid), viruses, coal, and graphite. Although her works on coal and viruses were appreciated in her lifetime, her contributions to the discovery of the structure of DNA were largely recognised posthumously. Born to a prominent British Jewish family, Franklin was educated at a private day school at Norland Place in West London, Lindores School for Young Ladies in Sussex, and St Paul's Girls' School, London. Then she

title: William A. Haseltine

text: co-discoverer of the structure of DNA, and Walter Gilbert, who later received a Nobel prize for developing a method to determine the sequence of DNA. Work in this laboratory gave him an excellent grounding in the tools of what was then the new field of molecular biology. As a graduate student he worked on fundamental aspects of regulation of expression of genes. He elucidated the means by which bacteria signal the shift from growth when food is abundant to maintenance when food is scarce, the topic of his PhD thesis titled "Magic Spot and the Stringent Response". During his graduate

title: Rosalind Franklin and DNA

text: Rosalind Franklin and DNA Rosalind Franklin and DNA is a biography of an English chemist Rosalind Franklin (1920–1958) written by her American friend Anne Sayre in 1975. Franklin was a physical chemist who made pivotal research in the discovery of the structure of DNA, known as "the most important discovery" in biology. DNA itself had become "life's most famous molecule". While working at the King's College London in 1951, she discovered two types of DNA called A-DNA and B-DNA. Her X-ray images of DNA indicated helical structure. Her X-ray image of B-DNA (called Photo 51) taken in 1952 became the

title: William Astbury

text: him well prepared samples of DNA from calf thymus. The fact that DNA produced a diffraction pattern indicated that it also had a regular structure and it might be feasible to deduce it. Astbury was able to obtain some external funding and he employed the crystallographer Florence Bell. She recognised that the "beginnings of life [were] clearly associated with the interaction of proteins and nucleic acids". Bell and Astbury published an X-ray study on DNA in 1938, describing the nucleotides as a "Pile of Pennies". Astbury and Bell reported that DNA's structure repeated every 2.7 nanometres and that the bases

title: Maurice Wilkins

text: an incorrect structure of DNA, “mobilised” Watson and Crick to restart model building. With additional information from research reports of Wilkins and Franklin, obtained via Max Perutz, Watson and Crick correctly described the double-helix structure of DNA in 1953. Wilkins continued to test, verify, and make significant corrections to the Watson-Crick DNA model and to study the structure of RNA. Wilkins, Crick, and Watson were awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material." Wilkins was born in Pongaroa,formerly north Wairarapa,

title: Florence Bell (scientist)

text: of Leeds, where she joined Astbury's laboratory. During her postgraduate studies she used X-ray diffraction to characterise biomolecules, including nucleic acids. She received her PhD in 1939. Astbury became interested in DNA, and Bell's work demonstrated it was a regular, ordered structure of nucleotides separated by 3.3 - 3.4 Å. She studied the nucleic acids in yeast, pancreases, tobacco mosaic virus and calf thymus. She recognised that the "beginnings of life are clearly associated with the interaction of proteins and nucleic acids". Bell and Astbury published an X-ray study on DNA in 1938, describing the nucleotides as a "Pile of

title: Florence Bell (scientist)

text: when most scientists believed that proteins were the genetic material and that DNA was just a structural component composed of a monotonous repeat of bases. Bell's note book is held in the Leeds University archives. Florence Bell (scientist) Florence Ogilvy Bell (1 May 1913 – 23 November 2000), later Florence Sawyer, was a British scientist who contributed to the discovery of DNA. She was an X-ray crystallographer in the lab of William Astbury. In 1938 they published a paper in "Nature" that described the structure of DNA as a "Pile of Pennies". Florence Ogilvy Bell was born at 47 Hanover

title: Nucleic acid double helix

text: of DNA labeled as "Photo 51", from Rosalind Franklin in 1952, followed by her more clarified DNA image with Raymond Gosling, Maurice Wilkins, Alexander Stokes, and Herbert Wilson, and base-pairing chemical and biochemical information by Erwin Chargaff. The prior model was triple-stranded DNA. The realization that the structure of DNA is that of a double-helix elucidated the mechanism of base pairing by which genetic information is stored and copied in living organisms and is widely considered one of the most important scientific discoveries of the 20th century. Crick, Wilkins, and Watson each received one third of the 1962 Nobel Prize

title: William Astbury

text: rather, that it resided in subtle and elaborate variations in its three-dimensional structure. Far from making his jaw drop and his pulse race, the revelation that DNA was a simple a twisting helix would therefore have been a disappointment but it is intriguing to speculate on how differently history might have unfolded had Astbury shown Beighton's image to his friend and colleague the eminent US chemist and Nobel Laureate, Linus Pauling when he visited Astbury at his home in Headingley, Leeds in 1952. Pauling was, at that time, Watson and Crick's greatest rival in trying to solve the structure of

title: Phoebus Levene

text: as head of the biochemical laboratory at the Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research. He spent the rest of his career at this institute, and it was there that he identified the components of DNA. (He had discovered ribose in 1909 and deoxyribose in 1929.) Not only did Levene identify the components of DNA, he also showed that the components were linked together in the order phosphate-sugar-base to form units. He called each of these units a nucleotide, and stated that the DNA molecule consisted of a string of nucleotide units linked together through the phosphate groups, which are the 'backbone'

text: autobiographical account of the discovery of the double-helical, molecular structure of DNA called "The Double Helix", which was not publicly accepted either by Crick or Wilkins. Furthermore, Erwin Chargaff also printed a rather "unsympathetic review" of Watson's book in the March 29, 1968 issue of "Science". In the book, Watson stated among other things that he and Crick had access to some of Franklin's data from a source that she was not aware of, and also that he had seen—without her permission—the B-DNA X-ray diffraction pattern obtained by Franklin and Gosling in May 1952 at King's in London. In particular,

title: Frederick Griffith

text: by Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty of The Rockefeller Hospital. This identification departed from the prevailing belief that the "protein" content of chromosomes probably was the anatomical structure of genes, although it would take another decade—till Watson and Crick's 1953 in "Nature" indicating DNA's molecular structure suggesting how a molecule as seemingly simple as DNA could encode the structure of proteins—for the interpretation of DNA as genes to become widely accepted. Biologists made little more than speculation of Griffith's report of transformation until genetics research in 1951. Griffith's report was virtually ignored by clinicians, and by the medical sector

title: Herbert Wilson

text: in the "Journal of Molecular Biology". Nevertheless, both he and Alex Stokes are now recognized at King's College as two of the eight key researchers that contributed to the discovery of the structure of the A-DNA crystalline structure. Following the publication of the double helical structure in 1953, Wilson participated in the refinement of the DNA structure in Wilkins' group. In 1957 Professor Wilson was appointed Lecturer in Physics at Queen's College, Dundee, then at University of St Andrews, became a Senior Lecturer in 1964, and then Reader at the University of Dundee in 1973. In 1962 he was Visiting

title: Michael Creeth

text: Michael Creeth James Michael Creeth (3 October 1924 – 15 January 2010) was an English biochemist whose experiments on DNA viscosity confirming the existence of hydrogen bonds between the purine and pyrimidine bases of DNA were crucial to Watson and Crick's discovery of the double helix structure of DNA. He was educated at Northampton Town and County Grammar School and went on to read Chemistry at University College Nottingham, Creeth and the Decoding of DNA The research conducted by Creeth for his PhD and more especially an associated paper in 1947 was one key element amongst others which paved the

title: James Watson

text: determined that their results were inconclusive and could not specifically identify the newly labeled molecules as DNA. Watson never developed a constructive interaction with Kalckar, but he did accompany Kalckar to a meeting in Italy, where Watson saw Maurice Wilkins talk about his X-ray diffraction data for DNA. Watson was now certain that DNA had a definite molecular structure that could be elucidated. In 1951, the chemist Linus Pauling in California published his model of the amino acid alpha helix, a result that grew out of Pauling's efforts in X-ray crystallography and molecular model building. After obtaining some results from

title: James Watson

text: their own unique contributions to the discovery of the structure of DNA in separate articles, and all of the contributors published their findings in the same volume of "Nature". These classic molecular biology papers are identified as: Watson J.D. and Crick F.H.C. "A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid" "Nature" 171, 737–738 (1953); Wilkins M.H.F., Stokes A.R. & Wilson, H.R. "Molecular Structure of Deoxypentose Nucleic Acids" Nature 171, 738–740 (1953); Franklin R. and Gosling R.G. "Molecular Configuration in Sodium Thymonucleate" "Nature" 171, 740–741 (1953). The wording on the DNA sculpture (which was donated by Watson) outside Clare College's Memorial Court, Cambridge,

title: Michael Creeth

text: way to the decoding of the complexities of DNA in 1953. Put simply, Creeth and his Nottingham colleagues conducted chemical experiments which demonstrated the hydrogen pair bonding in the molecule. In his PhD thesis he additionally postulated and sketched a molecular structure for DNA based on hydrogen bonds linking overlapped shorter chains together to form a longer, almost double, chain. In Creeth’s model the hydrogen bonded bases are on the inside of the molecule, which has a phosphate sugar backbone, but there is no helical structure as the X-Ray data was not yet available to provide the data to imply

title: Eukaryotic chromosome structure

text: it was up to Watson and Crick to put all of those findings together to come up with a model for DNA. Later, chemist Alexander Todd determined that the backbone of a DNA molecule contained repeating phosphate and deoxyribose sugar groups. The biochemist Erwin Chargaff found that adenine and thymine always paired while cytosine and guanine always paired. High resolution X-ray images of DNA that were obtained by Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin suggested a helical, or corkscrew like shape. Packaging of DNA is facilitated by the electrostatic charge distribution: phosphate groups cause DNA to have a negative charge, whilst

title: Jerry Donohue

text: structure was more likely, based on a publication of June Broomhead and quantum mechanical calculations. Within a few days, Watson and Crick were able to build their famous model for DNA. In their famous article by Watson and Crick in "Nature" that proposed the structure of DNA, the following acknowledgment to Donohue appears: "We are much indebted to Dr. Jerry Donohue for constant advice and criticism, especially on interatomic distances". After Cambridge, Donohue became Assistant Professor of Chemistry at the University of Southern California (USC) where he continued to specialize in hydrogen-bonding. He also studied sulfur-containing compounds and began to

title: Peter Ritchie Calder

text: the United Nations and was President of the National Peace Council and of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. He also worked for the "News Chronicle" newspaper as Science Editor. Sir Lawrence Bragg's original announcement of the discovery of the structure of DNA was made at a Solvay conference on proteins in Belgium on 8 April 1953 but went unreported by the UK press. He then gave a talk at Guy's Hospital Medical School in London on Thursday 14 May 1953, which resulted in an article by Ritchie Calder in the "News Chronicle" of London on Friday 15 May 1953, entitled

title: Mario Capecchi

text: in Ohio. Capecchi came to MIT as a graduate student intending to study physics and mathematics, but during the course of his studies, he became interested in molecular biology. He subsequently transferred to Harvard to join the lab of James D. Watson, co-discoverer of the structure of DNA. Capecchi received his Ph.D. in biophysics in 1967 from Harvard University, with his doctoral thesis completed under the tutelage of Watson. Capecchi was a Junior Fellow of the Society of Fellows at Harvard University from 1967 to 1969. In 1969 he became an Assistant Professor in the Department of Biochemistry at Harvard

title: Erwin Chargaff

text: Erwin Chargaff Erwin Chargaff (11 August 1905 – 20 June 2002) was an Austro-Hungarian biochemist who immigrated to the United States during the Nazi era and was a professor of biochemistry at Columbia University medical school. Through careful experimentation, Chargaff discovered two rules that helped lead to the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA. The first rule was that in DNA the number of guanine units is equal to the number of cytosine units, and the number of adenine units is equal to the number of thymine units. This hinted at the base pair makeup of DNA. The

title: James Watson

text: new Laboratory of Molecular Biology. According to the late Beryl Oughton, later Rimmer, they all travelled together in two cars once Dorothy Hodgkin announced to them that they were off to Cambridge to see the model of the structure of DNA. The Cambridge University student newspaper "Varsity" also ran its own short article on the discovery on Saturday, May 30, 1953. Watson subsequently presented a paper on the double-helical structure of DNA at the 18th Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Viruses in early June 1953, six weeks after the publication of the Watson and Crick paper in "Nature". Many at

text: in late 1952, Franklin had submitted a progress report to the Medical Research Council, which was reviewed by Max Perutz, then at the Cavendish Laboratory of the University of Cambridge. Watson and Crick also worked in the MRC-supported Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge whereas Wilkins and Franklin were in the MRC-supported laboratory at King's in London. Such MRC reports were not usually widely circulated, but Crick read a copy of Franklin's research summary in early 1953. Perutz's justification for passing Franklin's report about the crystallographic unit of the B-DNA and A-DNA structures to both Crick and Watson was that the report

title: John Randall (physicist)

text: on DNA structure by X-ray diffraction. According to Raymond Gosling, the role of John Randall in the pursuit of the double helix cannot be overstated. Gosling felt so strongly on this subject that he wrote to "The Times" in 2013 during the sixtieth anniversary celebrations. Randall firmly believed that DNA held the genetic code and assembled a multi-disciplinary team to help prove it. It was Randall who pointed out that since DNA was largely carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, it was just the same as the atoms in the air in the camera. The result was a diffuse back-scattering of X-rays,

title: DNA

long_answer: DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher in 1869. Its molecular structure was first identified by James Watson and Francis Crick at the Cavendish Laboratory within the University of Cambridge in 1953, whose model-building efforts were guided by X-ray diffraction data acquired by Raymond Gosling, who was a post-graduate student of Rosalind Franklin. DNA is used by researchers as a molecular tool to explore physical laws and theories, such as the ergodic theorem and the theory of elasticity. The unique material properties of DNA have made it an attractive molecule for material scientists and engineers interested in micro- and nano-fabrication. Among notable advances in this field are DNA origami and DNA-based hybrid materials.

short_answers:
Francis Crick
James Watson
James Watson and Francis Crick


question: what does a heart rate of 131 mean

answers: Tachycardia

answers: tachycardia in adults

title: Tachycardia

text: Tachycardia, also called tachyarrhythmia, is a heart rate that exceeds the normal resting rate. In general, a resting heart rate over 100 beats per minute is accepted as tachycardia in adults.  Heart rates above the resting rate may be normal (such as with exercise) or abnormal (such as with electrical problems within the heart).

title: Heart rate

text: and cholesterol. A very slow heart rate (bradycardia) may be associated with heart block. It may also arise from autonomous nervous system impairment. Heart rate Heart rate is the speed of the heartbeat measured by the number of contractions (beats) of the heart per minute (bpm). The heart rate can vary according to the body's physical needs, including the need to absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide. It is usually equal or close to the pulse measured at any peripheral point. Activities that can provoke change include physical exercise, sleep, anxiety, stress, illness, and ingestion of drugs. The American Heart

title: Cardiac physiology

text: and basal metabolic rate can all affect the heart rate. An athlete's heart rate can be lower than 60 bpm. During exercise the rate can be 150 bpm with maximum rates reaching from 200 and 220 bpm. The normal sinus rhythm of the heart rate is generated by the SA node. It is also influenced by central factors through sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves of the two paired cardiovascular centres of the medulla oblongata. Activity is increased via sympathetic stimulation of the cardioaccelerator nerves, and inhibited via parasympathetic stimulation by the vagus nerve. During rest vagal stimulation normally predominates as, left

title: Heart rate

text: hypothyroidism. Trained athletes tend to have slow resting heart rates, and resting bradycardia in athletes should not be considered abnormal if the individual has no symptoms associated with it. For example, Miguel Indurain, a Spanish cyclist and five time Tour de France winner, had a resting heart rate of 28 beats per minute, one of the lowest ever recorded in a healthy human. Daniel Green achieved the world record for the slowest heartbeat in a healthy human with a heart rate of just 26 bpm in 2014. Arrhythmias are abnormalities of the heart rate and rhythm (sometimes felt as palpitations).

title: QT interval

text: above 470 ms. If there is not a very high or low heart rate, the upper limits of QT can roughly be estimated by taking QT=QTc at a heart rate of 60 beats per minute (bpm), and subtracting 0.02s from QT for every 10 bpm increase in heart rate. For example, taking normal QTc ≤ 0.42 s, QT would be expected to be 0.42 s or less at a heart rate of 60 bpm. For a heart rate of 70 bpm, QT would roughly be expected to be equal to or below 0.40 s. Likewise, for 80 bpm, QT would

title: Heart

text: troponin C in the troponin complex to enable contraction of the cardiac muscle, and separate from the protein to allow relaxation. The adult resting heart rate ranges from 60 to 100 bpm. The resting heart rate of a newborn can be 129 beats per minute (bpm) and this gradually decreases until maturity. An athlete's heart rate can be lower than 60 bpm. During exercise the rate can be 150 bpm with maximum rates reaching from 200 to 220 bpm. The normal sinus rhythm of the heart, giving the resting heart rate, is influenced a number of factors. The cardiovascular centres

title: Heart rate

text: significantly between individuals. Even within a single elite sports team, such as Olympic rowers in their 20s, maximum heart rates have been reported as varying from 160 to 220. Such a variation would equate to a 60 or 90 year age gap in the linear equations above, and would seem to indicate the extreme variation about these average figures. Figures are generally considered averages, and depend greatly on individual physiology and fitness. For example, an endurance runner's rates will typically be lower due to the increased size of the heart required to support the exercise, while a sprinter's rates will

title: Heart rate

text: be higher due to the improved response time and short duration. While each may have predicted heart rates of 180 (= 220 − age), these two people could have actual HR 20 beats apart (e.g., 170–190). Further, note that individuals of the same age, the same training, in the same sport, on the same team, can have actual HR 60 bpm apart (160–220): the range is extremely broad, and some say "The heart rate is probably the least important variable in comparing athletes." "Heart rate reserve" (HR) is the difference between a person's measured or predicted maximum heart rate and

title: Heart rate

text: be considered in the assessment of cardiovascular risk, even in apparently healthy individuals. Heart rate has many advantages as a clinical parameter: It is inexpensive and quick to measure and is easily understandable. Although the accepted limits of heart rate are between 60 and 100 beats per minute, this was based for convenience on the scale of the squares on electrocardiogram paper; a better definition of normal sinus heart rate may be between 50 and 90 beats per minute. Standard textbooks of physiology and medicine mention that heart rate (HR) is readily calculated from the ECG as follows: Lifestyle and

title: Heart rate

text: factors in resting heart rate (HR) to calculate target heart rate (THR), using a range of 50–85% intensity: Equivalently, "Example for someone with a HR of 180 and a HR of 70 (and therefore a HR of 110):" An alternative to the Karvonen method is the "Zoladz method", which derives exercise zones by subtracting values from HR: "Example for someone with a HR of 180:" "Heart rate recovery" (HR) is the reduction in heart rate at peak exercise and the rate as measured after a cool-down period of fixed duration. A greater reduction in heart rate after exercise during the

title: Heart rate

text: number of different metrics are used to describe heart rate. Normal pulse rates at rest, in beats per minute (BPM): The basal or resting heart rate (HR) is defined as the heart rate when a person is awake, in a neutrally temperate environment, and has not been subject to any recent exertion or stimulation, such as stress or surprise. A large body of evidence indicates that the normal range is 60-100 beats per minute. This resting heart rate is often correlated with mortality. For example, all-cause mortality is increased by 1.22 (hazard ratio) when heart rate exceeds 90 beats per

title: Vital signs

text: the arteries, recorded as beats per minute (bpm). It may also be called "heart rate". The pulse is commonly taken at the wrist (radial artery). Alternative sites include the elbow (brachial artery), the neck (carotid artery), behind the knee (popliteal artery), or in the foot (dorsalis pedis or posterior tibial arteries). The pulse rate can also be measured by listening directly to the heartbeat using a stethoscope. The pulse varies with age: a newborn or infant can have a heart rate of 130–150 bpm, a toddler of 100–120 bpm, an older child of 60–100 bpm, an adolescent of 80–100 bpm,

title: Sinoatrial node

text: Ca into the cell), and the activation of potassium channels, which allows the flow of K out of the cell, making the membrane potential more negative. Heart rate depends on the rate at which the sinoatrial node produces action potentials. At rest, heart rate is between 60 and 100 beats per minute. This is a result of the activity of two sets of nerves, one acting to slow down action potential production (these are parasympathetic nerves) and the other acting to speed up action potential production (sympathetic nerves). The sympathetic nerves begin in the thoracic region of the spinal cord

title: Heart rate

text: node, where the faster pacemaker cells driving the self-generated rhythmic firing and responsible for the heart's autorhythmicity are located. For endurance athletes at the elite level, it is not unusual to have a resting heart rate between 33 and 50 bpm. The "maximum heart rate" (HR) is the highest heart rate an individual can achieve without severe problems through exercise stress, and generally decreases with age. Since HR varies by individual, the most accurate way of measuring any single person's HR is via a cardiac stress test. In this test, a person is subjected to controlled physiologic stress (generally by

title: Heart arrhythmia

text: electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles (main pumping chambers). The impulse then spreads through both ventricles via the Bundle of His and the Purkinje fibres causing a synchronised contraction of the heart muscle and, thus, the pulse. In adults the normal resting heart rate ranges from 60 to 90 beats per minute. The resting heart rate in children is much faster. In athletes, however, the resting heart rate can be as slow as 40 beats per minute, and be considered as normal. The term sinus arrhythmia refers to a normal phenomenon of alternating mild acceleration and slowing of

title: Bruce protocol

text: journal, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, is 206.9 - (0.67 x age) which can also be used to more accurately determine VO2 Max, but may produce significantly different results. A diagnostician (e.g., physical therapist, personal trainer, doctor, athletic trainer, nurse, medical professional, dietitian, etc.) may be best served to conduct the test twice using both parameters and formulas. The "Karvonen method" factors in resting heart rate (HR) to calculate target heart rate (THR), using a range of 50–85%: Example for someone with a HR of 180 and a HR of 70:<br> 50% intensity: ((180 − 70) × 0.50)

title: Heart rate

text: error, S = 7–11 bpm. Consequently, the estimation calculated by HR = 220 − age has neither the accuracy nor the scientific merit for use in exercise physiology and related fields. A 2002 study of 43 different formulas for HR (including that of Haskell and Fox – see above) published in the Journal of Exercise Psychology concluded that: Research conducted at Northwestern University by Martha Gulati, et al., in 2010 suggested a maximum heart rate formula for women: A 2008 study from Lund, Sweden gives reference values (obtained during bicycle ergometry) for men: and for women: Maximum heart rates vary

title: Cardiac physiology

text: lowest recorded figure is 28 beats per minute for Miguel Indurain, a cyclist)–for most individuals, rates lower than 50 beats per minute would indicate a condition called bradycardia. Depending upon the specific individual, as rates fall much below this level, the heart would be unable to maintain adequate flow of blood to vital tissues, initially resulting in decreasing loss of function across the systems, unconsciousness, and ultimately death. The period of time that begins with contraction of the atria and ends with ventricular relaxation is known as the cardiac cycle. The period of contraction that the heart undergoes while it

title: Heart rate

text: minute. The mortality rate of patients with myocardial infarction increased from 15% to 41% if their admission heart rate was greater than 90 beats per minute. ECG of 46,129 individuals with low risk for cardiovascular disease revealed that 96% had resting heart rates ranging from 48-98 beats per minute. Finally, expert consensus reveals that 98% of cardiologists believe that the "60 to 100" range is too high, with a vast majority of them agreeing that 50 to 90 beats per minute is more appropriate. The normal resting heart rate is based on the at-rest firing rate of the heart's sinoatrial

title: Heart rate

text: (SA node), and the vagus nerve provides parasympathetic input to the heart by releasing acetylcholine onto sinoatrial node cells. Therefore, stimulation of the accelerans nerve increases heart rate, while stimulation of the vagus nerve decreases it. Due to individuals having a constant blood volume, one of the physiological ways to deliver more oxygen to an organ is to increase heart rate to permit blood to pass by the organ more often. Normal resting heart rates range from 60-100 bpm. Bradycardia is defined as a resting heart rate below 60 bpm. However, heart rates from 50 to 60 bpm are common

title: Heart rate

text: at rest. Bradycardia is a slow heart rate, defined as below 60 bpm at rest. During sleep a slow heartbeat with rates around 40–50 bpm is common and is considered normal. When the heart is not beating in a regular pattern, this is referred to as an arrhythmia. Abnormalities of heart rate sometimes indicate disease. While heart rhythm is regulated entirely by the sinoatrial node under normal conditions, heart rate is regulated by sympathetic and parasympathetic input to the sinoatrial node. The accelerans nerve provides sympathetic input to the heart by releasing norepinephrine onto the cells of the sinoatrial node

title: Heart rate

text: However, a standard error of the estimate of 10.8 beats/min must be accounted for when applying the formula to clinical settings, and the researchers concluded that actual measurement via a maximal test may be preferable whenever possible. From Tanaka, Monahan, & Seals (2001): Their meta-analysis (of 351 prior studies involving 492 groups and 18,712 subjects) and laboratory study (of 514 healthy subjects) concluded that, using this equation, HRmax was very strongly correlated to age (r = −0.90). The regression equation that was obtained in the laboratory-based study (209 − 0.7 x age), was virtually identical to that of the meta-study.

title: Exercise and music

text: music. The study tested 20 volunteers who listened to an MP3 player loaded with a mix of 13 songs that they selected and then rode an exercise bike for an hour at a pace and gear of their choice. The study found that heart rates rose from 133 to 146 beats per minute and power output increased accordingly, when listening to the tempo-less sound of crashing waves versus music with a medium to fast tempo. A 2004 study by a research team from Australia, Israel and the United States found that runners performing at a pace where they were at

title: Heart rate

text: with an increase in heart attack and about a 46 percent increase in hospitalizations for non-fatal or fatal heart attack. Other studies have shown that a high resting heart rate is associated with an increase in cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in the general population and in patients with chronic disease. A faster resting heart rate is associated with shorter life expectancy and is considered a strong risk factor for heart disease and heart failure, independent of level of physical fitness. Specifically, a resting heart rate above 65 beats per minute has been shown to have a strong independent effect on

title: Impedance cardiography

text: blood flow through the aortic valve over one heartbeat interval and their mean values are depicted in Fig.1. Their instantaneous values may be used in research; in clinical practice, their mean values, MAP and SV, are adequate. Systemic (global) blood flow parameters are (a) the blood flow per heartbeat, the Stroke Volume, SV [ml/beat], and (b) the blood flow per minute, the Cardiac Output, CO [l/min]. There is clear relationship between these blood flow parameters: where HR is the Heart Rate frequency (beats per minute, bpm). Since the normal value of CO is proportional to body mass it has to

title: Heart rate

text: heart rate then accelerates linearly for the first month of beating, peaking at 165–185 bpm during the early 7th week, (early 9th week after the LMP). This acceleration is approximately 3.3 bpm per day, or about 10 bpm every three days, an increase of 100 bpm in the first month. After peaking at about 9.2 weeks after the LMP, it decelerates to about 150 bpm (+/-25 bpm) during the 15th week after the LMP. After the 15th week the deceleration slows reaching an average rate of about 145 (+/-25 bpm) bpm at term. The regression formula which describes this acceleration

title: Bruce protocol

text: time completed (expressed in minutes and fractions of a minute e.g. 9 minutes 15 seconds = 9.25 minutes). As with many exercise test equations, there have been many regression equations developed that may give varying results. If possible, use the one derived from a similar population and which best suits your needs. ref: ACSM's Health-Related Physical Fitness Assessment Manual Maximum heart rate (MHR) is often calculated with the formula 220-age, which is quite inaccurate. The heart rate formula most often used for the Bruce is the Karvonen formula (below). A more accurate formula, offered in a study published in the

title: Cardiac physiology

text: sodium; body temperature; hypoxia; and pH balance . Factors that increase heart rate also trigger an increase in stroke volume. As with skeletal muscles the heart can increase in size and efficiency with exercise. Thus endurance athletes such as marathon runners may have a heart that has hypertrophied by up to 40%. The difference between maximum and minimum cardiac outputs is known as the cardiac reserve and this measures the residual capacity to pump blood. Heart rates may reach up to 185–195 in exercise, depending on how fit a person is. Cardiac output (CO) is a measurement of the amount

title: Rhythm interpretation

text: point the heart would have a rate of 0 and be supplying no blood through the body. Idioventricular rhythm this is a regular rhythm identifiable by a wide QRS complex with absent P waves, and a rate between 30-40 bpm. An Accelerated IVR is also a regular rhythm with a wide QRS complex and absent P waves, however the rate is between 50-100 bpm. The final rhythm is Ventricular Standstill this rhythm will appear as a flat line, but may have a few non conducted p waves, the heart rate of this will be 0 and be supplying no blood

title: Heart rate

text: They can be divided into two broad categories: fast and slow heart rates. Some cause few or minimal symptoms. Others produce more serious symptoms of lightheadedness, dizziness and fainting. A number of investigations indicate that faster resting heart rate has emerged as a new risk factor for mortality in homeothermic mammals, particularly cardiovascular mortality in human beings. Faster heart rate may accompany increased production of inflammation molecules and increased production of reactive oxygen species in cardiovascular system, in addition to increased mechanical stress to the heart. There is a correlation between increased resting rate and cardiovascular risk. This is not

title: Tachycardia


question: who sings for the beast in the new movie

answers: Dan Stevens

title: Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack)

text: The album, largely based on material from Disney's 1991 animated version, features songs and instrumental score composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Howard Ashman and three new songs composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Tim Rice. The songs feature vocal performances by the film's ensemble cast including Emma Watson, Dan Stevens, Luke Evans, Kevin Kline, Josh Gad, Ewan McGregor, Stanley Tucci, Audra McDonald, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Nathan Mack, Ian McKellen, and Emma Thompson.

title: Evermore (Beauty and the Beast song)

text: played during the film's end credits. Groban released a statement, saying: "I am honored to sing this beautiful new song by two of my absolute favorites, Alan Menken and Tim Rice. "Beauty and the Beast" has been with me since my childhood and to have a musical connection to this new film makes me so happy." The announcement coincided with the studio's release of a new promotional poster for the film, which Disney allowed the singer to premiere using his official Twitter account. A 30-second sample of the track was uploaded to SoundCloud on February 14, 2017, which Groban also

title: Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)

text: film as a "straight-forward, live-action, large-budget movie musical". Menken returned to score the film's music, which features songs from the original film by him and Howard Ashman, plus new material written by Menken and Tim Rice. Menken said the film would not include songs that were written for the Broadway musical and instead, created four new songs. However, an instrumental version of the song "Home", which was written for the musical, is used during the scene where Belle first enters her room in the castle. On January 19, 2017, it was confirmed by both Disney and Céline Dion—singer of the

title: Evermore (Beauty and the Beast song)

text: would not have translated well to the screen due to structural differences between the two formats. In the original animated film, the Beast does little singing apart from a brief solo during "Something There" because Menken and Ashman had not been able to agree upon a suitable moment within the film during which the Beast could have performed his own song. However, Menken considered it imperative that the character sing a solo in both the stage and live-action adaptations because he believes the Beast is actually the story's protagonist "whose life has changed in the most dramatic way." In the

title: Human Again (song)

text: by Lumière (Jerry Orbach), Cogsworth (David Ogden Stiers), Mrs. Potts (Angela Lansbury), and The Wardrobe (Jo Anne Worley). Neither Belle nor the Beast sing in the song, but they are seen in a brief scene where Belle teaches the Beast to read starting with "Romeo & Juliet" ("King Arthur" in the stage version and demo). The song was originally written for the 1991 film, but was cut due to pacing issues and its length. It was included in the 1994 Broadway musical, and was brought back for the 2002 DVD release of the film. Don Hahn explained: "Kirk and Gary

title: Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)

text: Grande and Legend's updated version of the title song is faithful to the original, Grammy-winning duet, performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson for the 1991 Disney film. Disney debuted the music video for Ariana Grande and John Legend's interpretation of the title song on Freeform television network on March 5, 2017, and it has since been viewed over 100 million views on the Vevo video-hosting service. Emma Thompson also performed a rendition of the title song, which was performed by Angela Lansbury in the original 1991 animated film. On March 16, 2015, Disney announced the film would be released

title: Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)

text: couldn't say yes right away, because I felt like I was kind of cheating in a way". She eventually felt compelled to record the song because of the impact "Beauty and the Beast" has had on her career. According to Dion, "I was at the beginning of my career, it put me on the map, it put me where I am today". Also, Josh Groban was announced to be performing the new original song "Evermore" on January 26, 2017. The 2017 film features a remake of the 1991 original song recorded as a duet by Ariana Grande and John Legend.

title: A Change in Me

text: the Beast", replacing actress Kim Huber in the role. Despite having initial reservations due to the singer's reputation as a sex symbol, director Robert Jess Roth eventually concluded that Braxton would offer an "interesting" interpretation of Belle after first meeting with her to discuss the role and observing similarities between Braxton's own personality and the character's. Once Roth forwarded his approval of the singer's casting to Disney, the studio began collaborating with Braxton's management on developing a contract stipulating that the singer would appear in the show for a three-month period. However, various circumstances resulted in Braxton continuously delaying to

title: Beauty and the Beast (musical)

text: Alan Menken, who had both scored and written the film's songs alongside lyricist Howard Ashman, returned to the project to write six new songs for the musical. Lyricist Tim Rice joined Menken to co-write the new numbers, replacing Ashman who had died in 1991, before the film was released. Both Menken and Rice initially approached the project with some resistance; Menken's emotional attachment to the music he had written with Ashman made him fear Disney's vision of a Broadway musical would transform "Beauty and the Beast" into an attraction too similar to what one would find at Walt Disney World.

title: Beauty and the Beast (musical)

text: amateur premiere of Disney's Beauty and the Beast, for which it was nominated for 4 AIMS Awards (Association of Irish Musical Societies) including Best Overall Show in Ireland and winning one, Best Actor in a Supporting Role (John Murphy for the part of Gaston). Belle was played by Bridget Nolan and Beast was played by Derek Ryan. <nowiki>*</nowiki> New song or instrumental cue † Expanded vocal or instrumental content, using either cut lyrics by Ashman or dance arrangements by Glen Kelly, or both. ‡ "Human Again" was written by Menken and Ashman for the movie, but was cut, due to

title: Alan Menken

text: the Beast", with the songs from the 1991 film and new material by Menken and Rice. , Menken is collaborating on writing new songs with Benj Pasek and Justin Paul for a live-action film version of "Aladdin" and is also working with Lin-Manuel Miranda on new music for a live-action film adaptation of "The Little Mermaid". Menken will also once again be working with Stephen Schwartz to write new songs for "Disenchanted", the sequel to "Enchanted". With eight Academy Awards (four each for best score and best song), only composer Alfred Newman (nine wins) and Walt Disney (22 wins) have

title: Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)

text: original 1991 "Beauty and the Beast" duet song, with singer Peabo Bryson—that Dion would be performing one of the new original songs "How Does a Moment Last Forever" to play over the end titles. She originally had doubts about whether or not to record the song due to the recent death of her husband and manager René Angélil, who had previously helped her secure the 1991 pop duet. While ultimately accepting the opportunity, she said: "[The] first Beauty and the Beast decision was made with my husband. Now I'm making decisions on my own. It's a little bit harder. I

title: Evermore (Beauty and the Beast song)

text: the film's closing credits. In the animated film, the Beast barely sings because Menken and original "Beauty and the Beast" lyricist Howard Ashman had not been able to determine a moment in the film during which it would have been appropriate for the character to perform his own song. Initially, Menken had especially wanted the Beast to perform "If I Can't Love Her", a song he and Rice had written for the character to sing in stage adaptation of the animated film, in the remake, but ultimately decided that an entirely new song that establishes that the Beast has finally

title: Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)

text: Afanasieff for successfully making the song his own. Actress and singer Paige O'Hara, who voices Belle, was among the first artists to express interest in recording the pop version of "Beauty and the Beast", but Disney dismissed her for being "too Broadway". Unable to afford to hire a "big singer" at the time, Disney settled for rising Canadian recording artist Celine Dion. Because she was relatively unknown to American audiences at the time, the studio doubted that Dion would have much of an impact in the United States on her own and subsequently hired the more well-known American singer Peabo

title: La La Land (film)

text: film's budget since he felt high-quality musicals could not be made cheaply. Initially, Miles Teller and Emma Watson were slated to star in the leads. Watson dropped out because of a commitment to the 2017 musical adaptation of "Beauty and the Beast", while Teller departed via long contract negotiations. Conversely, Gosling turned down a role as the Beast in "Beauty and the Beast" in favor of "La La Land". Chazelle decided to make his characters somewhat older, with experience in struggling to make their dreams, rather than younger newcomers just arriving in Los Angeles. Emma Stone plays Mia, a struggling

title: Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)

text: Tucci, and Gugu Mbatha-Raw joined the cast, as Cogsworth, Lumière, Cadenza, and Plumette, respectively. Composer Alan Menken returned to score the film's music, with new material written by Menken and Tim Rice. In June 2015, Menken said the film would not include the songs that were written for the Broadway musical. Filming began on May 18, 2015 in London, and production officially wrapped in August 2015. The film was released on March 17, 2017. "Beauty and the Beast" merchandise cover a wide variety of products, among them storybook versions of the film's story, a comic book based on the film

title: Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)

text: or Group with Vocals. The single was also nominated for the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and the Grammy Award for Song of the Year. Lansbury's performance has been universally lauded by both film and music critics. While the Dion-Bryson version received mixed reviews from critics who felt that it was inferior to Lansbury's original, the single became a commercial success, peaking at number nine on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and becoming the better-known of the two renditions. In addition to returning Disney songs to the pop charts after a thirty-year absence, the success of "Beauty and the

title: Human Again (song)

text: the song". A review of Beauty and the Beast 3D by Collider noted the exclusion of the number, deeming it a smart move due to not being a "bad song", but being "nowhere near as good as the rest of the number and it slows down the pacing". While "Human Again" is not featured in the live-action film, a variation of it can be seen in "Days in the Sun", performed after the Beast rescues Belle from the wolves, preceding the number "Something There". The song is sung first by a child representing the then-human Prince during his youth, on

title: Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)

text: Bryson to record the song alongside her as a duet. Disney contacted Dion's manager René Angélil about having his client record "Beauty and the Beast" while the singer was on tour in England. A fan of Dion's music, Menken personally wrote the singer a letter of approval. Hailing from the French-Canadian province of Quebec, Dion had just begun to learn English. At first Dion was hesitant to commit to the project due to having just recently been fired from recording "Dreams to Dream", the theme song of the animated film "" (1991), in favor of American singer Linda Ronstadt, who

title: Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)

text: recorded a demo of the song for them to use in the event that no other actress was available to sing it on her behalf, or no character other than Mrs. Potts was deemed suitable. Ultimately, Lansbury recorded her version in one take, which wound up being used in the final film. Producer Don Hahn recalled that the actress simply "sang 'Beauty and the Beast' from beginning to end and just nailed it. We picked up a couple of lines here and there, but essentially that one take is what we used for the movie." Lansbury's performance moved everyone who

title: Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)

text: Dion and American singer Peabo Bryson, and released as the only single from the film's soundtrack on November 25, 1991. Disney first recruited solely Dion to record a radio-friendly version of it in order to promote the film. However, the studio was concerned that the then-newcomer would not attract a large enough audience in the United States on her own, so they hired the more prominent Bryson to be her duet partner. At first Dion was also hesitant to record "Beauty and the Beast" because she had just recently been fired from recording the theme song of the animated film

title: Beauty and the Beast (musical)

text: time. Although Egan did not feel particularly pressured about the role, she was grateful to be surrounded by a supporting cast of veteran Broadway performers. Actor Terrence Mann was cast as the Beast. Mann had previously performed as Javert in "Les Misérables", for which he was nominated for a Tony Award. For his final audition for Disney management, Mann performed for a large audience comprising Disney executives and secretaries in a theatre located on 42nd Street, which he felt was in stark contrast to the usual method of auditioning for six to eight people in a dark theatre. Actor Gary

title: Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)

text: were revealed to be in talks to play Gaston and the Beast respectively, and Watson confirmed their casting the following day through tweets. The rest of the principal cast, including Josh Gad, Emma Thompson, Kevin Kline, Audra McDonald, Ian McKellen, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ewan McGregor and Stanley Tucci were announced between March and April to play LeFou, Mrs. Potts, Maurice, Madame de Garderobe, Cogsworth, Plumette, Lumière and Cadenza, respectively. Susan Egan, who originated the role of Belle on Broadway, commented on the casting of Watson as "perfect". Paige O'Hara, who voiced Belle in the original animated film and its sequels, offered

title: Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)

text: as Belle and the Beast. Celine and Peabo also duetted at the Grammys, World Music Awards, AMA's, "Wogan", "The Tonight Show", and "Top of the Pops" later that year. The duo reunited in 1996 to perform the song for the television special "Oprah in Disneyland", while Lansbury provided an encore performance at the 25th Anniversary screening of the film. Each of the 3 respective artists have performed the song in concerts later in their careers, outside the context of Disney's "Beauty and the Beast". For example, Lansbury sang it at the 2002 Christmas concert with Mormon Tabernacle Choir. Similarly, Dion

title: Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)

text: theatres in a special-edition edit, including a new musical sequence. For this version of the film, much of the animation was cleaned up, a new sequence set to the deleted song "Human Again" was inserted into the film's second act, and a new digital master from the original CAPS production files was used to make the high-resolution IMAX film negative. A sing along edition of the film, hosted by Jordin Sparks, was released in select theaters on September 29 and October 2, 2010. Prior to the showing of the film, Sparks showed an exclusive behind-the-scenes look at the newly restored

title: Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)

text: singing for Disney in the musical film "Bedknobs and Broomsticks" (1971), Lansbury, who was more accustomed to performing uptempo songs, was hesitant to record the ballad because of its unfamiliar rock style. Although she liked the song, Lansbury also worried that her aging singing voice was no longer strong enough to record "Beauty and the Beast", and was especially concerned about having to sustain its longer notes. Lansbury suggested that the songwriters ask someone else to sing "Beauty and the Beast", but they insisted that she simply "sing the song the way [she] envisioned it." On October 6, 1990, "Beauty

title: Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)

text: quickly recorded their vocals at The Power Station in New York over the Labor Day long weekend, while mixing was completed at The Record Plant in Los Angeles. The song was released as the only single from the film's soundtrack, on which the song appears alongside Lansbury's version, on November 25, 1991. The single is a pop ballad that lasts a total of four minutes and three seconds. It begins in the key of F major at a moderately slow tempo of 72 beats per minute, before modulating to D major, then G major, and ending in E major. The

title: Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)

text: Beauty and the Beast (Disney song) "Beauty and the Beast" is a song written by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken for the Disney animated feature film "Beauty and the Beast" (1991). The film's theme song, the Broadway-inspired ballad was first recorded by British-American actress Angela Lansbury in her role as the voice of the character Mrs. Potts, and essentially describes the relationship between its two main characters Belle and the Beast, specifically how the couple has learned to accept their differences and in turn change each other for the better. Additionally, the song's lyrics imply that the feeling

title: Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)

text: the new songs were "not transporting". He felt the film needed more life and depth, but praised Watson's performance as the "one of the film's stronger elements". Dana Schwartz of "The New York Observer" felt that some of the characters, such as Gaston and the Beast, had been watered down from the 1991 film, and that the additional backstory elements failed to "advance the plot or theme in any meaningful way" while adding considerable bloat. Schwartz considered the singing of the cast to be adequate but felt that their voices should have been dubbed over, especially for the complex songs.

title: Evermore (Beauty and the Beast song)

text: Following the release of Ariana Grande and John Legend's pop rendition of "Beauty and the Beast", Leib asked the studio for permission to release another one of "Beauty and the Beast"'s original songs as a single ahead of the film's March 17, 2017 release date. After eliminating "Days in the Sun" and confirming that Canadian singer Celine Dion would not be available to promote her cover of "How Does a Moment Last Forever", the studio ultimately decided to release "Evermore". Menken and Condon had been discussing which contemporary recording artist would be capable of delivering a song as vocally "demanding"

title: Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack)


question: what is the current rate of interest on ppf

answers: 7.6% Per Annum

answers: 7.6%

title: Public Provident Fund (India)

text: The Ministry of Finance, Government of India announces the rate of interest for PPF account every quarter. The current interest rate effective from 1 January 2018 is 7.6% Per Annum' (compounded annually).  Interest will be paid on 31 March every year. Interest is calculated on the lowest balance between the close of the fifth day and the last day of every month.

title: Public Provident Fund (India)

text: the prevailing interest on PPF. However, the rate of interest of 1% more than PPF interest p.a. shall continue to be charged on the loans already taken or taken up to 30.11.2013. Up to a maximum of 25 per cent of the balance at the end of the 2nd immediately preceding year would be allowed as loan. Such withdrawals are to be repaid within 36 months. A second loan could be availed as long as you are within the 3rd and before the 6th year, and only if the first one is fully repaid. Also note that once you become

title: Public Provident Fund (India)

text: for PPF accounts opened in the name of minor children. Parents can act as guardians in such PPF accounts of minor children. Any amount deposited in excess of ₹1.5 lacs in a financial year won't earn any interest. The amount can be deposited in lump sum or in a maximum of 12 installments per year. However, this does not mean a single deposit once in a month. The Ministry of Finance, Government of India announces the rate of interest for PPF account every quarter. The current interest rate effective from 1 October 2018 is 8".0%" "Per Annum'" (compounded annually). Interest

title: Sukanya Samriddhi Account

text: rate on quarterly basis dependent on the G-sec yields. The interest rate and spread that SSY enjoys over the G-sec rate of similar maturity is 75 basis points in comparison to PPF’s 25. The scheme currently provides an interest rate of 8.1% and EEE tax benefit. At the time of launch, only the deposits in the account were eligible for tax deduction under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act, which is in 2015-16. However, Finance Minister Arun Jaitley announced, during the 2015 Union Budget, tax exemption on the interest from the account and on withdrawal from the fund after

title: Public Provident Fund (India)

text: will be paid on 31 March every year. Interest is calculated on the lowest balance between the close of the fifth day and the last day of every month. 2014-2016 Original duration is 15 years. Thereafter, on application by the subscriber, it can be extended for 1 or more blocks of 5 years each. Subscriber has 3 options once the maturity period is over. Loan facility available from 3rd financial year up to 5th financial year. The rate of interest charged on loan taken by the subscriber of a PPF account on or after 01.12.2011 shall be 2% more than

title: Public Provident Fund (India)

text: Paragraph 9, for sub-rule 3(C) of Public Provident Fund Scheme, 1968 to facilitate the premature closure of PPF Account. Premature closure of PPF account is permitted after completion of 5 years for medical treatment of family members and for higher education of PPF account holder. However, premature closure comes with an interest rate penalty of 1%. The account can be transferred to other branches/ other banks or Post Offices and vice versa upon request by the subscriber. The service is free of charges. Step 1 – Approach the bank or post office branch where the PPF account is held and

title: Public Provident Fund (India)

text: account under the Public Provident Fund, and are entitled to tax-free returns. As of August 2018, as per the Indian Ministry of finance (Department of Economic Affairs), NRIs (Non resident Indians) are not allowed to open "new" PPF accounts. However, they are allowed to continue their existing PPF accounts upto its 15 years maturity period. An amendment to earlier rules allowing NRIs to invest in PPF was proposed in the finance bill 2018, but has not yet been approved. In October 2017, a notification was passed by the Ministry of finance regarding an amendment to the PPF scheme of 1968,

title: Public Provident Fund (India)

text: ask for the form for making the transfer. The bank or post office will provide you with a form which is to be filled. Step 2 – The existing bank will then forward the certified copy of the account, the account opening application, nomination form, and specimen signature. It will also forward the cheque/dd for the outstanding amount in the PPF account to the new bank at the branch specified by the customer. Step 3 – Once your bank receives these documents, the bank will inform you and ask you to submit a new PPF account opening form along with

title: Sukanya Samriddhi Account

text: higher education purposes. The account reaches maturity after time period of 21 years from date of opening it. Deposits in the account can be made till the completion of 14 years, from the date of the opening of the account. After this period the account will earn only applicable rate of interest.If the account is not closed, then it will not earn interest at the prevailing rate. If the girl is over 18 and married, normal closure is allowed. Of time, the interest of SSY will always be greater than that of PPF. For both, the government fixes the interest

title: Present value interest factor

text: Present value interest factor In economics, Present value interest factor, also known by the acronym PVIF, is used in finance theory to refer to the output of a calculation, used to determine the monthly payment needed to repay a loan. The calculation has a number of variable factors, which include the quantity borrowed, the given interest rate, the number of regular intervals at which the loan is to be repaid and the term of the loan. For example, if person borrows a lump of money, valued at W, due to be repaid at X intervals per year, at an annual

title: Present value interest factor

text: interest rate of Y, for Z years, then the regular payment that will repay this loan can be calculated as follows: Let: Then: A = W / PVIFA(X, Y, Z) Present value interest factor In economics, Present value interest factor, also known by the acronym PVIF, is used in finance theory to refer to the output of a calculation, used to determine the monthly payment needed to repay a loan. The calculation has a number of variable factors, which include the quantity borrowed, the given interest rate, the number of regular intervals at which the loan is to be repaid

title: Public Provident Fund (India)

text: are also eligible for tax deduction. PPF falls under EEE (Exempt,Exempt,Exempt) tax basket. Contribution to PPF account is eligible for tax benefit under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act. Interest earned is exempt from income tax and maturity proceeds are also exempt from tax. Public Provident Fund (India) The Public Provident Fund is a savings-cum-tax-saving instrument in India, introduced by the National Savings Institute of the Ministry of Finance in 1968. The aim of the scheme is to mobilize small savings by offering an investment with reasonable returns combined with income tax benefits. The scheme is fully guaranteed by

title: Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility

text: Congress forced the Fed to open its books. Congressional staffers are examining more than 21,000 transactions. One study estimated that the subsidy rate on the TALF's $12.1 billion of loans to by buy commercial mortgage backed securities (CMBS) was 34 percent. On March 23, 2009, U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner announced the Public-Private Investment Program (PPIP) to help struggling banks by buying up to $1 trillion of toxic assets from their' balance sheets. The program was to revive the market for unpackaged loans and mortgage securities not backed by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or other government-supported institutions. There were two

title: Public Provident Fund (India)

text: equal to 50% of the amount that stood in the account at the end of 4th year preceding the year in which the amount is withdrawn or the end of the preceding year whichever is lower. After 15 years of maturity, full PPF amount can be withdrawn and all is tax free, including the interest amount as well. Nomination facility is available in the name of one or more persons. The shares of nominees may also be defined by the subscriber. If any contribution of minimum amount in any year is not invested, then the account will be deactivated. To

title: Public Provident Fund (India)

text: which would deem a PPF account closed from the day a person became a non resident. This led to much confusion. Subsequently, the ministry issued an office memorandum in February 2018 keeping the above notification in abeyance till any further order in this regard, thus bringing the situation to the same stance as earlier. A minimum yearly deposit of ₹500 is required to open and maintain a PPF account. A PPF account holder can deposit a maximum of ₹1.5 lacs in his/her PPF account (including those accounts where he is the guardian) per financial year. There must be a guardian

title: Compound interest

text: formula_21 where p, r and s are estimated. To convert an interest rate from one compounding basis to another compounding basis, use where "r" is the interest rate with compounding frequency "n", and "r" is the interest rate with compounding frequency "n". When interest is continuously compounded, use where "formula_14" is the interest rate on a continuous compounding basis, and "r" is the stated interest rate with a compounding frequency "n". The interest on loans and mortgages that are amortized—that is, have a smooth monthly payment until the loan has been paid off—is often compounded monthly. The formula for payments

title: Payment protection insurance

text: on a monthly basis, as the premium for the insurance. When interest on the credit card is added to the premium, it can become very expensive. For example, the cost of PPI for the average credit card in the UK charging 19.32% on an average of £5,000 each month adds an extra £3,219.88 in premiums and interest. With lump sum loans PPI premiums are paid upfront with the cost from 13% to 56% of the loan amount as reported by the Citizens Advice Bureau (CAB) who launched a Super Complaint into what it called the Protection Racket.<br> When interest is

title: Public Provident Fund (India)

text: the old PPF passbook. You can also provide nominations for this new account. You will also be required to submit the KYC documents. Step 4 – If you hold an internet banking facility with your bank, after a few weeks, check that the transferred PPF account now shows up under the PPF account tab/link in your login. If that is not the case, inquire the local bank branch. Annual contributions qualify for tax deduction under Section 80C of income tax. The tax benefit is capped at ₹1.5 lacs per financial year. Contributions to PPF accounts of the spouse and children

title: Pension Protection Fund

text: the year from 6 April 2006 the administration levy is estimated to collect £15,000,000 For the 2007/2008 year the PPF intend to raise £675,000,000, compared to the £575,000,000 raised in 2006/2007. The cap has been reduced to 0.75% of the scheme's liabilities on a Section 179 basis. A list of all schemes which have been transferred into the Pension Protection Fund up to September 2015 can be seen online. Pension Protection Fund The Board of the Pension Protection Fund (PPF) is a statutory fund in the United Kingdom, intended to protect members if their Defined benefit pension fund becomes insolvent.

title: Liquidity adjustment facility

text: rates ranging from 100–175 basis points. A narrow LAF corridor is reflected from November 2008 onwards. At present the width of the corridor is 25 basis points. This corridor is used to contain any volatility in short-term interest rates. Liquidity adjustment facility has emerged as the principal operating instrument for modulating short term liquidity in the economy. Repo rate has become the key policy rate which signals the monetary policy stance of the economy. Liquidity adjustment facility Liquidity adjustment facility (LAF) is a monetary policy which allows banks borrow money through repurchase agreements. LAF is used to aid banks in

title: Financing cost

text: higher monthly payments. A lower monthly payment with a longer term may involve paying more interest. Financing cost Financing cost (FC), also known as the cost of finances (COF), is the cost, interest, and other charges involved in the borrowing of money to build or purchase assets. This can range from the cost it takes to finance a mortgage on a house, to finance a car loan through a bank, or to finance a student loan. The total expenses associated with securing funds for a project or business arrangement may include interest payments, financing fees charged by intermediary financial institution,

title: PPF (company)

text: PPF (company) PPF N.V. is a privately held international financial and investment group residing in Netherlands and founded in 1991. The company currently focuses on consumer financing, retailing, insurance, banking and real estate trade. It is active in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Serbia, Hungary, Montenegro, Netherlands, Russia, Kazakhstan, Germany, Belarus, India, Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines, China, France, Great Britain and the USA. The founder and majority shareholder, Petr Kellner (98.92%), is also estimated to be the wealthiest person in Czech Republic, according to the Forbes magazine. The other two shareholders, Ladislav Bartoníček and Jean-Pascal Duvieusart, each hold a 0.54% share. As

title: Pooled Finance Development Fund Scheme

text: for the PFDF each year. 5 percent of this fund is utilized for project development assistance while, the remaining 95 percent would be utilized for the contribution to the Credit Rating Enhancement Fund (CREF) to improve the credit rating of the municipal bonds to investment grade. The cost of each project of the Municipality/ULBs will be estimated. 75 percent of these costs will be reimbursed by the Central Government and 25 percent by the state governments. The contribution by the Central Government will be one time in nature. It will comprise 10 percent of the proposed amount of bond issue

title: Fixed interest rate loan

text: Fixed interest rate loan A fixed interest rate loan is a loan where the interest rate doesn't fluctuate during the fixed rate period of the loan. This allows the borrower to accurately predict their future payments. Variable rate loans, by contrast, are anchored to the prevailing discount rate. A fixed interest rate is based on the lender's assumptions about the average discount rate over the fixed rate period. For example, when the discount rate is historically low, fixed rates are normally higher than variable rates because interest rates are more likely to rise during the fixed rate period. Conversely, when

title: Floating interest rate

text: now fallen to 1.5%, and the borrowing costs are $625 for the following six months. Interest rates options can hedge the floating rate loan - for example, an interest rate cap ensures a borrower's future interest cash flows will not exceed a certain predefined level. Floating interest rate A floating interest rate, also known as a variable or adjustable rate, refers to any type of debt instrument, such as a loan, bond, mortgage, or credit, that does not have a fixed rate of interest over the life of the instrument. Floating interest rates typically change based on a reference rate

title: Reverse mortgage

text: reverse mortgage, but the interest rate is usually higher at the start of the loan than a comparable adjustable-rate HECM. Adjustable-rate reverse mortgages typically have interest rates that can change on a monthly or yearly basis within certain limits. Applicants for a HECM reverse mortgage will likely notice that there are two different interest rates disclosed on their loan documents: the "initial interest rate", or "IIR", and the "expected interest rate", or "EIR". The initial interest rate, or IIR, is the actual note rate at which interest accrues on the outstanding loan balance on an annual basis. For fixed-rate reverse

title: Interest

text: into the first formula for "B" above and solving for "λ" we get, "λ" and "λ" can be found using the formula for "λ" above or computing the "λ" recursively from "λ" = 0 to "λ". Since "p" = "rB"* the formula for the payment reduces to, and the average interest rate over the period of the loan is which is less than "r" if "n" > 1. Interest Interest is payment from a borrower or deposit-taking financial institution to a lender or depositor of an amount above repayment of the principal sum (i.e., the amount borrowed), at a particular

title: Pension Protection Fund

text: with a fully RPI protected pension before entering PPF of £4000 in today's money will lose over £100,000 over his expected life-span when that pension is converted into a PPF pension, assuming 2.5% CPI inflation. Considerably more to be lost if inflation goes over 5%. Furthermore, if at some point in the future the PPF has insufficient funds to pay benefits then the level of benefits or increases can be restricted. However, the levels of compensation are set in primary legislation, so changing these levels would require an Act of Parliament to do so. The PPF is funded by levies

title: Weighted-average life

text: to easily compute the total interest payments, given by: where "r" is the annual interest rate and "P" is the initial principal. This can be understood intuitively as: "The average dollar of principal is outstanding for the WAL, hence the interest on the average dollar is formula_14, and now one multiplies by the principal to get total interest payments." More rigorously, one can derive the result as follows. To ease exposition, assume that payments are monthly, so periodic interest rate is annual interest rate divided by 12, and time formula_15 (time in years is period number in months, over 12).

title: Present value

text: n periods at interest rate, i. The formula is valid (for positive n, i) for ni≤3. For completeness, for ni≥3 the approximation is formula_33. The formula can, under some circumstances, reduce the calculation to one of mental arithmetic alone. For example, what are the (approximate) loan repayments for a loan of PV= $10,000 repaid annually for n= 10 years at 15% interest (i=0.15)? The applicable approximate formula is C ≈10,000*(1/10 + (2/3) 0.15) =10,000*(0.1+0.1) =10,000*0.2 =$2000 pa by mental arithmetic alone. The true answer is $1993, very close. The overall approximation is accurate to within ±6% (for all n≥1) for

title: Public Provident Fund (India)


question: civil war what did the north fight for

answers: maintaining the republic

answers: loyalty to the U.S. Constitution

title: American Civil War

text: The American Civil War was fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The result of a long-standing controversy over slavery, war broke out in April 1861, when Confederates attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina, shortly after President Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated. The nationalists of the Union proclaimed loyalty to the U.S. Constitution.  They faced secessionists of the Confederate States, who advocated for states' rights to expand slavery.

title: History of the United States (1849–1865)

text: and failed, to remain neutral. Each side had its relative strengths and weaknesses. The North had a larger population and a far larger industrial base and transportation system. It would be a defensive war for the South and an offensive one for the North, and the South could count on its huge geography, and an unhealthy climate, to prevent an invasion. In order for the North to emerge victorious, it would have to conquer and occupy the Confederate States of America. The South, on the other hand, only had to keep the North at bay until the Northern public lost

title: 103rd Illinois Infantry Regiment

text: this is due to the writings of Edward Alfred Pollard, particularly "The Lost Cause: A New Southern History of the War of the Confederates." A strong sense of pride by southerns wanted to demonstrate the wrongdoings of the north, showing evidence where none existed or was grossly exaggerated. The culmination of the South Carolina battles ended with the burning of Columbia. By the time Sherman's army moved into North Carolina, the mood had swung within both the Union and Confederate armies. General Robert E. Lee had surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse, and the feeling of a northern victory was at hand.

title: History of slavery

text: and win support from Europe voted to seceded from the U.S. (the Union). They formed the Confederate States of America, based on the promise of maintaining slavery. War broke out in April 1861, as both sides sought wave after wave of enthusiasm among young men volunteering to form new regiments and new armies. In the North, the main goal was to preserve the union as an expression of American nationalism. By 1862 most northern leaders realized that the mainstay of Southern secession, slavery, had to be attacked head-on. All the border states rejected President Lincoln's proposal for compensated emancipation. However,

title: North Carolina

text: in the state's mountains and western Piedmont region remained neutral during the Civil War, while some covertly supported the Union cause during the conflict. Approximately 2,000 North Carolinians from western North Carolina enlisted in the Union Army and fought for the North in the war. Two additional Union Army regiments were raised in the coastal areas of the state, which were occupied by Union forces in 1862 and 1863. Numerous slaves escaped to Union lines, where they became essentially free. Confederate troops from all parts of North Carolina served in virtually all the major battles of the Army of Northern

title: Union (American Civil War)

text: Union (American Civil War) During the American Civil War (1861–1865), the Union, also known as the North, referred to the United States of America and specifically to the national government of President Abraham Lincoln and the 20 free states, as well as 4 border and slave states (some with split governments and troops sent both north and south) that supported it. The Union was opposed by 11 southern slave states (or 13, according to the Southern view and one western territory) that formed the Confederate States of America, also known as "the Confederacy" or "the South". All of the Union's

title: Racial equality

text: of the bloodiest and most traumatic war in American history. The American Civil War was fought from 1861 to 1865. By 1860 one in three persons in the Southern States belonged to another. In a population of twelve million, four million were slaves. In September 1862 Lincoln issued his Emancipation Proclamation, which avowed the aim of freeing the slaves in the Confederacy, and made abolition one of the North's central war aims. The North took the victory. Did the end of the war represent a gain or a loss for the country? The war represents a defeat for freedom simply

title: American Civil War

text: He also argues that if the Confederacy had fought using unconventional tactics, they would have more easily been able to hold out long enough to exhaust the Union. Confederates did not need to invade and hold enemy territory to win, but only needed to fight a defensive war to convince the North that the cost of winning was too high. The North needed to conquer and hold vast stretches of enemy territory and defeat Confederate armies to win. Lincoln was not a military dictator, and could continue to fight the war only as long as the American public supported a

title: Names of the American Civil War

text: latter regained some currency in the 20th century, but has again fallen out of use. Also in the 20th century, the term "War of Northern Aggression" developed under the Lost Cause of the Confederacy movement by Southern history revisionists, with attempts to negatively re-imagine the American Civil War narrative and preserve Confederate legacy. "Freedom War" is used to celebrate the effect the war had on ending slavery. In several European languages, the war is called "War of Secession". In most East Asian languages, the war is called "Battle between North and South side of the United States" or more commonly

title: American Civil War

text: American Civil War The American Civil War (also known by other names) was a war fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Civil War is the most studied and written about episode in U.S. history. Primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people, war broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States. The loyalists of the Union in the North proclaimed support for the Constitution. They faced secessionists of the Confederate

title: American Civil War

text: has largely developed outside academe, leading to a proliferation of solid studies by non-scholars who are thoroughly familiar with the primary sources, pay close attention to battles and campaigns, and write for the large public readership, rather than the small scholarly community. Bruce Catton and Shelby Foote are among the best-known writers. Practically every major figure in the war, both North and South, has had a serious biographical study. Deeply religious Southerners saw the hand of God in history, which demonstrated His wrath at their sinfulness, or His rewards for their suffering. Historian Wilson Fallin has examined the sermons of

text: Republican Abraham Lincoln had won the presidential election. In fact, North Carolina did not secede until May 20, 1861, after the fall of Fort Sumter and the secession of the Upper South's bellwether, Virginia. Some white North Carolinians, especially yeoman farmers who owned few or no slaves, felt ambivalently about the Confederacy; draft-dodging, desertion, and tax evasion were common during the Civil War years, especially in the Union-friendly western part of the state. North Carolinians, often in disagreement with the aristocracy of eastern planters, raised about 25,000 troops from the western counties to fight and occupy territory in the mountain

text: field. As the war went on, William Woods Holden became a quiet critic of the Confederate government, and a leader of the North Carolina peace movement. In 1864, he was the unsuccessful "peace candidate" against incumbent Governor Vance. Unionists in North Carolina formed a group called the "Heroes of America" that was allied with the U.S. Numbering nearly 10,000 men, a few of them possibly black, they helped Southern Unionists escape to U.S. lines. North Carolina in the American Civil War North Carolina had joined the Confederacy with some reluctance, mainly because neighbouring Virginia had done so, and it remained

title: Origins of the American Civil War

text: was superior to that of the South, and increasingly persuaded of the South's ambitions to extend slave power beyond its existing borders, Northerners were embracing a viewpoint that made conflict likely; however, conflict required the ascendancy of a political group to express the views of the North, such as the Republican Party. The Republican Party—campaigning on the popular, emotional issue of "free soil" in the frontier—captured the White House after just six years of existence. The Republican Party grew out of the controversy over the Kansas–Nebraska legislation. Once the Northern reaction against the Kansas–Nebraska Act took place, its leaders acted

title: Origins of the American Civil War

text: Origins of the American Civil War Historians debating the origins of the American Civil War focus on the reasons why seven Southern states declared their secession from the United States (the Union), why they united to form the Confederate States of America (simply known as the "Confederacy"), and why the North refused to let them go. While most historians agree that conflicts over slavery caused the war, they disagree sharply regarding which kinds of conflict—ideological, economic, political, or social—were most important. The primary catalyst for secession was slavery, most immediately the political battle over the right of Southerners to bring

title: American Civil War

text: 1800 and 1860 as the North, which phased slavery out of existence, industrialized, urbanized, and built prosperous farms, while the deep South concentrated on plantation agriculture based on slave labor, together with subsistence farming for poor freedmen. In the 1840s and 50s, the issue of accepting slavery (in the guise of rejecting slave-owning bishops and missionaries) split the nation's largest religious denominations (the Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterian churches) into separate Northern and Southern denominations. Historians have debated whether economic differences between the industrial Northeast and the agricultural South helped cause the war. Most historians now disagree with the economic determinism

title: Military history of the United States

text: army nor the South's scattered state militias were capable of winning a civil war. Both sides raced to raise armies—larger than any U.S. forces before—first with repeated calls for volunteers, but eventually resorting to unpopular large-scale conscription for the first time in U.S. history. The North initially sought a quick victory by trying to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia, not far from the U.S. capital at Washington, D.C. The South hoped to win by getting Britain and France to intervene, or else by exhausting the North's willingness to fight. The Confederates under General Robert E. Lee skillfully and

title: American Civil War

text: delayed defeat. Civil War historian Shelby Foote expressed this view succinctly: "I think that the North fought that war with one hand behind its back ... If there had been more Southern victories, and a lot more, the North simply would have brought that other hand out from behind its back. I don't think the South ever had a chance to win that War." A minority view among historians is that the Confederacy lost because, as E. Merton Coulter put it, "people did not will hard enough and long enough to win." Marxist historian Armstead Robinson agrees, pointing to a

text: For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War is a book by Pulitzer prize-winning author James M. McPherson. The book was published by Oxford University Press in 1997 and covers the lives and ideals of American Civil War soldiers from both sides of the war. Drawing from a compilation of over 25,000 letters and 250 personal diaries, "For Cause and Comrades" tells the story of the American Civil War's soldiers through their own uncensored point of view. In the book, McPherson contrasts the views of Confederate

title: Edward A. Pollard

text: that slavery improved the slaves and that slavery should gradually fade away. Pollard was strongly in favor of secession and during the war continued to write about slave society and Union depredations. After the Union forces occupied Richmond in 1865, he was arrested for continuing to publish pro-Confederate and pro-slavery writings, and he decried emancipation as the North's ultimate war crime. In 1866, Pollard published his most famous work, "The Lost Cause: A New Southern History of the War of the Confederates". This book saw the war as a contest between "two nations of opposite civilizations" that had been different

text: North Carolina in the American Civil War North Carolina had joined the Confederacy with some reluctance, mainly because neighbouring Virginia had done so, and it remained a divided state throughout the war, with the western mountain people retaining much Union sentiment. Yet it contributed more troops to the Confederacy than any other state (though it also raised Union regiments), and channelled many vital supplies through the major port of Wilmington, in defiance of the Union blockade. Fighting occurred sporadically in the state from September 1861, when Union Major General Ambrose Burnside set about capturing key ports and cities, notably Roanoke

text: set about capturing key ports and cities. His successes at Battle of Roanoke Island and Battle of New Bern helped cement Federal control of a part of coastal Carolina. Fighting continued in North Carolina sporadically throughout the war. In 1864, the Confederates assumed the offensive in North Carolina, trying to recover some of the territory lost to Burnside's expedition. They failed to retake New Bern, but reconquered Plymouth and held it for 6 months. Moreover, the Union army launched several attempts to seize Fort Fisher. In the war's closing days, a large Federal force under General Sherman marched into North

title: White Southerners

text: for the North over the issue of Negro bondage and various Christian denominations in the Southern states specifically targeted slavery as a moral and Biblical evil. Nearly 100,000 white Southern men served in the Union army during the American Civil War, with nearly every Southern slaveholding state raising at least one Yankee regiment. This number does not include the white Southerners who took up arms for the United States in the states that did not secede from the Union. Many peace and loyalist societies arose in the Southern states and were subsequently targeted by Confederates, with many Southern Unionists being

title: Slavery during the American Civil War

text: not. These individuals became part of the spoils of war. Northerners asked camp servants in the Confederate Army marching in the north why they did not flee to freedom. It would have been difficult for them to escaped during the campaign, however. Fleeing to the north may not have seemed like an appealing option as, in some cases, northerners expressed their racism and dislike for blacks in the presence of Confederate soldiers and servants. Even before the government authorized the impressment of slaves, officers forced thousands of slaves to work, and the scale of slave projects during the war was

title: North Carolina

text: of the Confederate states to declare secession from the Union, 13 days after the Tennessee legislature voted for secession. Some 125,000 North Carolinians served in the military; 20,000 were killed in battle, the most of any state in the Confederacy, and 21,000 died of disease. The state government was reluctant to support the demands of the national government in Richmond, and the state was the scene of only small battles. With the defeat of the Confederacy in 1865, the Reconstruction Era began. The United States abolished slavery without compensation to slaveholders or reparations to freedmen. A Republican Party coalition of

title: Grady McWhiney

text: in the battles of Telamon (225 BC), Culloden (1746) and Gettysburg (1863). According to their thesis, the South lost the Civil War because Southerners fought like their Celtic ancestors, who were intensely loyal to their leaders but lacked efficiency, perseverance, and foresight. In 1993 he argued the fundamental differences between North and South developed during the 18th century, when Celtic migrants first settled in the Old South. Some of the fundamental attributes that caused the Old South to adopt anti-English values and practices were Celtic social organization, language, and means of livelihood. It was supposedly the Celtic values and traditions

title: International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)

text: The newly united Italy was recognized as the sixth great power. During the American Civil War (1861–1865), the Southern slave states attempted to secede from the Union and set up an independent country, the Confederate States of America. The North would not accept this affront of American nationalism, and fought to restore the Union. British and French aristocratic leaders personally disliked American republicanism and favoured the more aristocratic Confederacy. The South was also by far the chief source of cotton for European textile mills. The goal of the Confederacy was to obtain British and French intervention, that is, war against

title: American Civil War

text: course of four years. Intense combat left 620,000 to 750,000 people dead, more than the number of U.S. military deaths in all other wars combined. The war ended when General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at the Battle of Appomattox Court House. Confederate generals throughout the southern states followed suit. Much of the South's infrastructure was destroyed, especially the transportation systems. The Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished, and four million black slaves were freed. During the Reconstruction Era that followed the war, national unity was slowly restored, the national government expanded its power, and civil rights

text: "This powerful commentary by today's premier Civil War historian is truly compelling in its depth and intensity." The "School Library Journal Review" also gave a favorable review, saying "McPherson uses these letters well: they not only support his arguments but provide the intensely human elements of fear, sickness, loneliness and exhaustion that make the question of motivations so poignant." The "Choice Review" lauded the book as well, saying "McPherson offers a persuasive and provocative account of why Civil War soldiers fought." "For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War" won the Lincoln Prize in 1998. For Cause

text: Island and New Bern. In 1864, the Confederates assumed the offensive, temporarily reconquering Plymouth, while the Union army launched several attempts to seize Fort Fisher. Troops from North Carolina played a major role in dozens of battles, including Gettysburg, where Tar Heels were prominent in Pickett's Charge. One of the last remaining major Confederate armies, under Joseph E. Johnston, surrendered near Bennett Place to Sherman, who spared North Carolina the destruction he had inflicted on her southern neighbour. North Carolina was a picture of contrasts. In the Coastal Plain, it was a plantation state with a long history of slavery.

title: American Civil War