question: how many numbers are in the euromillions draw

answers: 7

title: EuroMillions

text: EuroMillions is a transnational lottery requiring 7 correct numbers to win the jackpot . It was launched on 7 February 2004 by France's Française des Jeux, Spain's Loterías y Apuestas del Estado and the United Kingdom's Camelot.  The first draw was held on Friday 13 February 2004 in Paris. Initially, only the UK, France and Spain participated, with the Austrian, Belgian, Irish, Luxembourgish, Portuguese and Swiss lotteries joining for the 8 October 2004 drawing.

title: National Lottery (United Kingdom)

text: entry fee to the EuroMillions draw is £2.50 per board. The odds of winning the jackpot are 139,838,160 to 1. On Friday 26 January 2018, the first EuroMillions HotPicks draw took place. It uses the same five main numbers as the EuroMillions draw and offers players the chance to win one of five prizes from £10 up to £1 million. The game works in a similar way to Lotto HotPicks whereby players have to decide how many numbers they are going to match. If they do not successfully match all of their selected numbers, then no prize is awarded. As

title: EuroMillions

text: winners at the next level. A new rule change of 24 September 2016: if the jackpot is not won after five draws, the prize money will be distributed amongst the winners at the next level. The participating national lotteries in the EuroMillions game have each established a EuroMillions Trust account. This is used for the settlement of all amounts due and for holding amounts in respect of future prizes. This trust arrangement protects the participating lotteries between them from a default from one of the national companies and ultimately the players' interests. Super Draws and Event draws are special drawings

title: EuroMillions

text: September 24, 2016 the amount of lucky stars changed from a pool of 11 to a pool of 12 numbers. Decreasing the jackpot winning odds from 1:117million to 1:140million. From September 24, 2016 the cost of entry in Ireland and Spain rose to €2.50 per line. All prizes, including the jackpot, are tax-free (except in Switzerland, Spain and Portugal since 2013) and are paid as a lump sum. Draws take place at 20:45 every Tuesday and Friday in Paris. The results are published shortly after the draw on associated and independent websites around 23:00 hours. To participate in the EuroMillions

title: EuroMillions

text: when the Jackpot is set to a guaranteed amount - often €100,000,000. The difference being that a Super Draw jackpot will roll over to the next drawing if not won but an Event Draw jackpot will be distributed amongst the winners in the next lower tier (i.e. match 5 + 1). So far there has not been an event draw, until now, jackpots in a Super Draw have rolled over to the next drawing if not won The first Super draw of 2011 took place on Tuesday 10 May to mark the introduction of the second weekly Euromillions draw and

title: National Lottery (Ireland)

text: number) or on a seven-number game (including the bonus number). Lotto 5-4-3-2-1 accounted for €13.1 million in sales in 2012. The National Lottery joined the transnational EuroMillions lottery on 8 October 2004. As of 2012, EuroMillions accounts for 24 percent of National Lottery sales. Several EuroMillions jackpots have been won or shared in Ireland: Irish sales of EuroMillions were €131.5 million in 2012, a 3.2 percent increase on the previous year. In June 2007, the National Lottery introduced "Plus," an add-on to the main EuroMillions game available only to Irish players. For an extra €1 per line, players can enter

title: EuroMillions

text: Prize Category Dy: y is the number of Draws from starting the minimum Jackpot (roll-ups) The first huge jackpot of over € 115.4 million hit the Irish Dolores McNamara on July 29, 2005. On February 3, 2006, three winners shared the record jackpot of € 183 million after the first rank was eleven draws vacant. Two Frenchmen and one Portuguese got € 61,191,026 each. In order to let the jackpot not grow even more, the rules of the game in the period from 2006 to 2009 stipulated that after the twelfth draw without a winner before the jackpot amount is

title: EuroMillions

text: each week of €500,000. Sales of the main EuroMillions in Ireland for 2006 were over €145 million; this success led to the introduction of 'Plus'. Since November 2009 at least one UK player every week has won a guaranteed £1,000,000. With the introduction of the Tuesday EuroMillions Draw on Tuesday 10 May 2011 there were 2 Millionaire Raffle winners each week. The latest changes to Euromillions in September 2016 now mean that two guaranteed Millionaire Raffle winners are made per draw, or 4 per week across the two draws. According to the Euromillions website, the chances of winning the UK

title: EuroMillions

text: Lotto, tickets can be purchased from many outlets, namely at licensed stores and online websites. The gameplay changed on Tuesday 10 May 2011 with a second weekly draw and the number of "lucky stars" in the Pacquerette machine increasing from 9 to 11. A prize for matching two main numbers and no lucky stars was also introduced on the same date. On Saturday 24 September 2016 the number of "lucky stars" increased again, from 11 to 12. As of 24 September 2016 the structure of the draw was changed, with the Lucky Star being drawn from a pool of 12

title: EuroMillions

text: July 12, 2011 is still considered the highest jackpot in the UK. In the UK, the total EuroMillions revenue is broken down as follows: When Chris and Colin Weir, one couple who won the EuroMillions, pledged to donate their prize money to good causes, cyber criminals started using the couple's name in their email scams to fool the general public and ultimately cheat them of money. In June 2007, with the success of the main EuroMillions game, the Irish National Lottery launched EuroMillions Plus. For an extra €1 per line, players could enter the additional draw with the top prize

title: Gambling in the United Kingdom

text: this brand, including Lotto and Thunderball. As with other lotteries players choose a set of numbers, say 6 from 50, with six numbers then being drawn at random. Players win cash prizes depending on how many numbers they match. The National Lottery launched a pan-European "super-lottery", called EuroMillions, in 2004. Currently this is available in nine countries. In the United Kingdom, the national lottery has so far raised several billions of pounds for Good Causes, a programme which distributes money via grants. 28% of lottery revenue goes towards the fund, along with all unclaimed prizes. Additionally, 12% goes to the

title: EuroMillions

text: changes to the game format (11 lucky stars instead of 9 and a new "match 2 main numbers and no lucky stars" prize tier). The first Super draw of 2016 took place on Friday 30 September to introduce the change to the game format (12 lucky stars instead of 11 and increased price). Event draws have been held to date on Super draws have been held to date on (A €100,000,000 Super draw was planned for 6 June 2014 but was cancelled when the jackpot rolled over to €105,000,000). AJ: Announced Jackpot (Super Draw) RO2: Roll over in the 2nd

title: Eurojackpot

text: the official draw i.e. Croatia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Norway, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden. Czech Republic and Hungary joined on October 2014. Slovakia joined in October 2015 and Poland in September 2017. The organisers also provide official websites to support retail sales, where it is possible to view the results of the draws shortly after they are recorded. Spain is only country to have participate in both EuroMillions and Eurojackpot lottery games. A number of non-official online lottery sites provide tickets or bets on the Eurojackpot lottery. Some of these operators are state-licensed, while

title: Eurojackpot

text: lottery draw takes place every Friday at 21:00 local time in Helsinki. The evaluation of the winning lottery tickets is done in Germany and Denmark. Compared to other lotteries like the EuroMillions and the German Lotto 6 aus 49, the Eurojackpot is designed to pay out more frequently (1:95 million odds versus over 1:139 million for the EuroMillions and the German Lotto). As a result, it is not anticipated that the lottery will grow to the same record-breaking sizes achieved by the EuroMillions, as it will most likely be won instead. Up to January 31, 2013 the Eurojackpot lottery had

title: Eurojackpot

text: 18,000,000.00 Euro after a week when the maximum Jackpot with 90,000,000.00 hadn't been drawn. It was followed by the next multiple 5+2 win on 10 February, when a Hungarian player won the country's biggest-ever lottery prize (overtaking the most famous 5/90 "Ötöslottó"'s record with 5092 million Forint, which was 19˙216˙280,26 EUR as in the currency of 28 November 2003). The Eurojackpot lottery was proposed in 2006, to compete with the EuroMillions lottery. By virtue of a large number of participating countries, the EuroMillions is able to offer considerably larger jackpots than those offered in a single national lottery. After seeing

title: National Lottery (United Kingdom)

text: is £4 million on a £10 game. Odds of winning a top prize vary on each Instant Win game, and may be higher or lower than their scratchcard counterpart. Introduced in November 2009, each EuroMillions ticket purchased in the UK contains a unique "UK Millionaire Maker" code, consisting of four letters and five numbers. There are two winners per draw (with the exception of a special draw), with each winner receiving a fixed £1,000,000. Odds of winning depend on the number of tickets sold for that particular draw in the UK, but are generally 1 in 1,900,000 on Tuesdays and

title: Eurojackpot

text: the success of EuroMillions, Germany, Finland, Denmark, Slovenia, Italy and the Netherlands met in Amsterdam in November 2011 to complete the negotiations for the Eurojackpot lottery and to begin the roll out in 2012. After the negotiations, Estonia also decided to participate in the lottery. The first ticket sales began on March 17, 2012 while the first ever draw took place on March 23, 2012. Spain joined the Eurojackpot from 30 June 2012 with the ticket concession granted to ONCE, the National Organization of Spanish blind people. On February 1, 2013 Croatia, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway and Sweden came along.

title: Eurojackpot

text: The Czech Republic and Hungary joined the Eurojackpot from October 10, 2014, Slovakia from October 9, 2015 and Poland from September 15, 2017. In comparison, the Eurojackpot has a wider reach of potential players with an audience in local countries of 300 million, compared to the Euromillions of 217 million. The gameplay changed on Friday October 10, 2014 with the number of the smaller set, the "Euronumbers", in the Pacquerette machine increasing from 8 to 10. The odds of winning the jackpot decreased from 1:59,325,280 to 1 in 95,344,200. Eurojackpot is available to the residents of the countries participating in

title: The National Lottery Draws

text: the draw was presented by the game show host and would often include a challenge for the winner of the previous Saturday's game show, offering a chance to win more prizes. From January 2013, the Wednesday draws are available to watch exclusively on the National Lottery's website. There is still a results update on BBC One at 22:35. The Friday night draws showed the EuroMillions results and the Thunderball draw and are usually broadcast at 23:15. The Friday night draws were the only draws not to be broadcast live. From January 2013, the Friday draws are available to watch exclusively

title: EuroMillions

text: Millionaire Maker game on a Tuesday can be estimated as 1 in 1,900,000 but can shrink to 1 in 2,250,000 in the events of rollovers. On a Friday, it can be calculated as 1 in 2,950,000 but again the odds can fall to 1 in 3,400,000 in the events of a 4 times rollover. Winning in this game depends entirely on the number of the playslips sold so the odds fluctuate. The odds may also fluctuate during a super draw or a special event in the UK Millionaire Raffle. Prices per line in the UK increased by 50p to £2.00.

title: Eurojackpot

text: Eurojackpot Eurojackpot is a transnational European lottery launched in March 2012. As of October 13, 2015, the countries participating in the lottery are: Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Norway, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and Poland. The jackpot starts at €10,000,000 and can roll over up to €90,000,000. Playing the Eurojackpot costs €2 per line. The goal is to match 5 correct numbers out of 50 plus another 2 supplementary numbers out of another 10; the odds of winning the jackpot are 1:95,344,200. There are 12 tiers of prizes for Eurojackpot. The

title: Powerball

text: UK, Eurojackpot and EuroMillions (unlike most two-drum games, Euromillions selects two numbers called "Lucky Stars" from the 2nd drum; jackpot winners must make a total of seven matches). Through 2008, Powerball drawings usually were held at Screenscape Studios in West Des Moines, Iowa. The drawings' host was longtime Iowa radio personality Mike Pace, who had hosted MUSL drawings since Lotto America began in 1988. In 1996, Powerball went "on the road" for the first time, holding five remote drawings at the Summer Olympics in Atlanta. A few weeks later, Georgia became the only jurisdiction to leave Powerball (Maine, which joined

title: Vikinglotto

text: - 8. As the Viking number is drawn from a different pool, the same number could appear twice in a single draw - once as a main number and once as the Viking number. The first and second prize tiers are common to each member country and are financed by a fixed Euro amount from each combination played. The lower prizes are national and locally decided, this means there are more prize tiers available in some participating nations than in others. This arrangement is different from EuroMillions where all prize categories are common to all participating countries. Lithuania offer the

title: The National Lottery Draws

text: on the National Lottery's website. There is still a results update on BBC One at 22:35. The National Lottery draws were originally filmed at BBC Television Centre in London. From 2006 to 2012, it was filmed at Arqiva Chalfont Grove studios in Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire in a set known as Lottery HQ. From January 2013, it has been filmed from Pinewood Studios. The EuroMillions draw takes place in a dedicated studio in Paris, France. The draw is occasionally shown at other locations for special events such as "The National Lottery Awards" ceremony. Until 2017, the programme was usually broadcast

title: National Lottery (Ireland)

text: 2012, total National Lottery sales were €734 million. A total of €406 million was distributed in prizes and €225 million was distributed to good causes. All cash prizes won in National Lottery games are paid as tax-free lump sums. All prizes in Lotto, EuroMillions, and Daily Million games must be claimed within 90 days of the applicable drawing dates. No minor under the age of 18 may purchase tickets for or claim prizes in any National Lottery game. Winners have the right to remain anonymous. Lotto, which began in March 1988, is the National Lottery's flagship drawing game. It is

title: EuroMillions

text: rolled down and shared between the winners in the next prize tier. This happened for the first time on November 17, 2006, after over € 183 million had accumulated in the jackpot. The sum was shared between the winners of the second rank (there were 20 winners of € 9.6 million each). The first highest jackpot with € 190 million hit the Bayford couple from England on August 10, 2012, but they got "only" £ 148.6 million because of the strength of the euro. The € 185 million (£ 161.6 million) jackpot that hit the Weir couple from Scotland on

title: Vikinglotto

text: €0.71) in Iceland up to €1.10 in Slovenia. For every line, or combination, a player enters into the draw, they must select six main numbers which can be any integer from 1 to 48. Then they must also pick one bonus number, known as the Viking number, from between 1 and 8. In the past, players had to select two additional numbers (Lucky Numbers) but these were replaced by the Viking number in May 2017. During the draw, six main numbers are drawn from 1 - 48 and the additional Viking number is drawn from a separate pool of 1

title: Romanian numbers

text: of thousands, millions, billions, etc.: "douăzeci de mii" "twenty thousand" (also note the plural "mii", unlike the singular "thousand" in English). The rules for this "de" are the same as those described above: it is used when the last two digits of the number of thousands, millions, etc. are 00 or 20–99. Again, in technical contexts, this "de" may be dropped: "treizeci milioane euro" "thirty million euros". The number name and the noun it modifies must agree in number and gender. The rule for number agreement is simple: When the number is 1, the modified noun is put in its

title: Eurojackpot

text: others are not. Generally, lottery tickets are restricted to purchase by adults, according to the Age of majority in a particular country. Countries such as Slovenia, Iceland and Italy restrict most private operators from offering lotteries. Eurojackpot Eurojackpot is a transnational European lottery launched in March 2012. As of October 13, 2015, the countries participating in the lottery are: Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Norway, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and Poland. The jackpot starts at €10,000,000 and can roll over up to €90,000,000. Playing the Eurojackpot costs €2 per line. The

title: Mark Six

text: accepted until 15 minutes prior to the drawing. Players choose six numbers or more at Jockey Club website or betting station out of a possible 49. Each selection of the numbers costs 10 HKD and is one selection of the results of the lottery draw. In the draw, seven numbers are drawn. The first six numbers drawn are called the "drawn numbers". The last one drawn is called the "extra number". Often, in Cantonese this number is called a 'half number'. The prize pool for the 1st prize is guaranteed to be at least HK$8 million. Where there are multiple

title: EuroMillions


question: who sang my bucket got a hole in it

answers: Hank Williams

title: My Bucket's Got a Hole in It

text: "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It" is a song widely attributed to Clarence Williams, who obtained a copyright in 1933. The song became popular performed by Hank Williams for MGM and reached #4 on the country chart in 1949.

title: My Bucket's Got a Hole in It

text: is backed by members of the Pleasant Valley Boys - Zeke Turner (lead guitar), Jerry Byrd (steel guitar), and Louis Innis (rhythm guitar) - as well as Tommy Jackson (fiddle) and Ernie Newton (bass). The song is significant for featuring the only guitar solo Williams ever recorded: The blues influence is evident in other Williams songs, such as "Move It on Over," "Mind Your Own Business," and "Honky Tonk Blues," but "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It" remains the song that displays the influence most prominently. My Bucket's Got a Hole in It "My Bucket's Got a Hole in

title: My Bucket's Got a Hole in It

text: heard it while growing up in Alabama." Tom Gates and his Orchestra performed the earliest known recording of this song on July 25, 1927 (Gennett 6198-A Champion 15307) in St. Paul, Minnesota as "The Bucket's Got a Hole in It." Band members included the composers, Lee N. Blevins on trombone and Victor Sells on trumpet. Also playing were Earl Clark, Frank Cloustier (Piano, Director), Bob Gates, Tom Gates, Tracy "Pug" Mama, Nevin Simmons (Alto Sax/Vocals), and Harold Stoddard. Even in this early recording, the melody had already been used by the New Orleans Rhythm Kings in their "She's Crying For

title: My Bucket's Got a Hole in It

text: Me Blues" ('25 - Victor), also by Louis Dumaine's Jazzola Eight in '27 as To-Wa-Bac-A-Wa-Yale Blues. Washboard Sam, aka Robert Brown, released a version of this song on Bluebird B-7906 known as "Bucket's Got A Hole In It." This recording was made in 1937 as one of "several historic blues recording sessions [that] took place on the top floor of the Leland Hotel located in downtown Aurora, Illinois. Lester Melrose, a freelance A&R man, and record producer, put together those recording sessions for the Bluebird label. Melrose brought together a small group of artists from St. Louis, and some of

title: My Bucket's Got a Hole in It

text: Chicago’s finest blues artists of the time, and over the course of the next 20 months, recorded over 300 tracks. " Featured in this series of recordings are the performers Tampa Red, Washboard Sam, Big Bill Broonzy, Walter Davis, John Lee “Sonny Boy” Williamson, Big Joe Williams, Henry Townsend, Robert Lee McCoy, Speckled Red, Merlene Johnson, Addie “Sweet Peas” Spivey, Bill “Jazz” Gillum and One Arm Slim, amongst many others. Williams likely first heard "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It" from Rufus Payne, nicknamed "Tee Tot," a black street singer who taught a young Hank to play blues guitar.

title: There's a Hole in My Bucket

text: Bukovič, who stayed true to the English lyrics of the song and only translated it while keeping the rhyme. It was first sung by the band Fešáci in 1977 by their front man Michal Tučný. A Hebrew version was written by Israeli songwriter Dan Almagor and was recorded in 1961, sung by Yossi Banai and Yona Atari. In a 1966 episode of "The Dean Martin Show", Dean Martin and George Gobel sang a version of the song on television. . It was also performed by Jim Henson as Henry and Rita Moreno as Liza on Sesame Street. There's a Hole

title: There's a Hole in My Bucket

text: became even more widespread when it was included in the famous Wandervogel songbook "Der Zupfgeigenhansl" in 1909. In George Korson's "Pennsylvania Songs and Legends" (1949) there is a song with meter closer to the modern English version and beginning thus: This was collected in 1940, and is earlier than any known English-language version. This suggests that it might be a traditional "Pennsylvania Dutch" (i.e. German) song. Ed McCurdy recorded it in 1958 on "Children's Songs". Harry Belafonte recorded it with Odetta in 1960. It was in the UK charts in 1961. In his book "Where Have All the Flowers Gone"

title: There's a Hole in My Bucket

text: There's a Hole in My Bucket "There's a Hole in My Bucket" (or "...in the Bucket") is a children's song, based on a dialogue between two characters, called Henry and Liza, about a leaky bucket. The song describes a deadlock situation: Henry has a leaky bucket, and Liza tells him to repair it. To fix the leaky bucket, he needs straw. To cut the straw, he needs an axe. To sharpen the axe, he needs to wet the sharpening stone. To wet the stone, he needs water. But to fetch water, he needs the bucket, which has a hole in

title: There's a Hole in My Bucket

text: (1993), Pete Seeger refers to it as an originally German song, "Lieber Heinrich". "Songs Along the Mahantongo: Pennsylvania Dutch Folksongs" (1951), by Boyer, Buffington, & Yoder, has a version These German-American versions all have Henry as the foolish questioner and Lisa as the common-sense woman. In 1953, Flanders and Swann wrote a parody named "There's a Hole in My Budget" satirising the British budget deficit, substituting the Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Chancellor Rab Butler for Henry and Liza, respectively. They rerecorded it in 1974, updating the characters to Harold Wilson and Denis Healey. Czech lyrics were written by M.

title: Tug of War (Carly Rae Jepsen album)

text: song, "There's a Hole in My Bucket" and its music video was released in May 2009. The fourth and final single from the album was "Sour Candy" which features Josh Ramsay of Marianas Trench on the single version. Ramsay also produced the latter song and is the only song on the album that was not produced by the album's main producer Ryan Stewart. As of June 25, 2012, the album has sold 10,000 copies in Canada. Tug of War (Carly Rae Jepsen album) Tug of War is the debut album by Canadian singer-songwriter Carly Rae Jepsen who came in third

title: There's a Hole in My Bucket

text: it. <score sound="1">{ \key g \major \time 3/4 \partial 4 a'8 \noBeam a' | b'4 d' d' | e'8 g'4. d'4 | e' g' d' | e' g' a'8 \noBeam a' | b'4 d' d' | e'8 g'4. d'4 | e' g' fis' | g'2 | \bar "|." } \addlyrics { There's a hole in my buc -- ket, dear Li -- za, dear Li -- za, There's a hole in my buc -- ket, dear Li -- za, a hole. }</score> <poem style=margin-left:2em> Yes, Liza! Don't fetch the water... There's a hole in the bucket, dear Liza, dear Liza,

title: My Bucket's Got a Hole in It

text: beer, and probably had something to do with the fact that Acuff-Rose didn't publish it." In addition, Williams originally had a couplet mentioning a Ford automobile ("Me an' my baby, we got a Ford/Now we change the gears from the running board") and Rose demanded that, if Williams did record it, the reference be dropped because if Hank endorsed Ford, "then deejays sponsored by GM, Chrysler, and Studebaker wouldn't spin his record." Williams recorded the song on August 30, 1949 at Herzog Studio in Cincinnati, Ohio (the same session that produced the B-side "I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry"). He

title: Odetta

text: A solo career followed, with "Odetta Sings Ballads and Blues" (1956) and "At the Gate of Horn" (1957). "Odetta Sings Folk Songs" was one of the best-selling folk albums of 1963. In 1959 she appeared on "Tonight with Belafonte", a nationally televised special. She sang "Water Boy" and a duet with Belafonte, "There's a Hole in My Bucket". In 1961, Martin Luther King, Jr. called her "The Queen of American Folk Music". Also in 1961 the duo Harry Belafonte and Odetta made number 32 in the UK Singles Chart with the song "There's a Hole in the Bucket". She is

title: Suds in the Bucket

text: Suds in the Bucket "Suds in the Bucket" is a song written by Billy Montana and Jenai, and recorded by American country music singer Sara Evans. It was released in May 2004 as the third single from her fourth album "Restless" (2003). It became her third number-one single on the US Country charts, and her first since "Born to Fly" in early 2001. It was certified Gold by the RIAA on November 18, 2005. The song appears in the game "Karaoke Revolution Country" and is included in the "Rock Band: Country Track Pack"; it will appear as downloadable content for

title: Hank Williams

text: Bucket's Got a Hole in It". In 1950, Williams began recording as "Luke the Drifter" for his religious-themed recordings, many of which are recitations rather than singing. Fearful that disc jockeys and jukebox operators would hesitate to accept these unusual recordings, Williams used this alias to avoid hurting the marketability of his name. Although the real identity of Luke the Drifter was supposed to be anonymous, Williams often performed part of the material of the recordings on stage. Most of the material was written by Williams himself, in some cases with the help of Fred Rose and his son Wesley.

title: Hole in My Pocket

text: Hole in My Pocket "Hole in My Pocket" is a song co-written by Boudleaux and Felice Bryant, and recorded by American country music artist Ricky Van Shelton. It was released in March 1989 as the third single from his album "Loving Proof". The song reached number 4 on the "Billboard" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart and became a number 1 hit in Canada. Shelton's version was an updated rendition of the original recording by Grand Ole Opry artist Little Jimmy Dickens, recorded in Nashville on April 16, 1958 with a small group of Nashville session players including guitarists Grady

title: Bucket (song)

text: Bucket (song) "Bucket" is a song by Canadian singer/songwriter Carly Rae Jepsen, released in April 2009 as the third single from her debut studio album, "Tug of War". The song peaked at number 32 on the Canadian Hot 100. The official music video for the song premiered August 5, 2009, and received heavy airplay on Canadian music video channel MuchMusic. The video features Jepsen and her friends spending the day on the beach, ending with a bonfire scene. The video was shot in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in late April 2009, and the weather was "freezing cold" on the day

title: There's a Hole in My Bucket

text: of songs "Bergliederbüchlein" (c 1700). It is set as a dialogue between a woman named "Liese", and an unnamed man. In later German sources the song is reproduced under the title of "Heinrich und Liese" and credited as a folk song from Hesse. In the 19th century it was sung as a commercium song and printed in the 1858 "Kommersbuch". The renowned song collection "Deutscher Liederhort" (3 volumes, 1856–1894) edited by Ludwig Erk and Franz Magnus Böhme includes the song, relating it also to the Flemish song "Mooy Bernardyn" ("Wat doet gy in het groene veld ?"). The German song

title: I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry

text: Williams was inspired to write the song when he found it on a schedule of upcoming MGM releases. The song was recorded on August 30, 1949, at Herzog Studio in Cincinnati, Ohio. Williams is backed by members of the Pleasant Valley Boys - Zeke Turner (lead guitar), Jerry Byrd (steel guitar), and Louis Innis (rhythm guitar) - as well as Tommy Jackson (fiddle) and Ernie Newton (bass). As Escott observes, the plaintive despair in Williams' voice on the recording is echoed by the backing of the musicians: The song was released as the B-side to the blues "My Bucket's Got

title: Cash Machine

text: of this song is the reference/adaptation of an old folk song. The lyrics towards the very end of the song are: "There's a hole in my pocket! My pocket! My pocket!" This is an adaptation of the folk song, "There's a Hole in the Bucket." The original release of "Cash Machine" was not intended by the band to be chart eligible, instead it was released to get the band radio play and hype for the following release, "Tied Up Too Tight". As a result, it was released with a free sticker, a stunt pulled to force the single into being

title: Harry Belafonte

text: a duet with Belafonte of "There's a Hole in My Bucket" that hit the national charts in 1961. Belafonte was the first Jamaican American to win an Emmy, for "Revlon Revue: Tonight with Belafonte" (1959). Belafonte recorded for RCA Victor from 1953 to 1974. Two live albums, both recorded at Carnegie Hall in 1959 and 1960, enjoyed critical and commercial success. From his 1959 album, "Hava Nagila" became part of his regular routine and one of his signature songs. He was one of many entertainers recruited by Frank Sinatra to perform at the inaugural gala of President John F. Kennedy

title: Hole in My Pocket

text: Martin and Harold Bradley. Though Dickens was known for his earthy hard country songs, this one was a hard rocker in the Chuck Berry mode. While the Dickens version was not a hit, Shelton's recording, despite some modern touches, closely followed the 1958 arrangement. The narrator has a hole in his pocket so all his money is gone and he can't buy his girlfriend anything. "Hole in My Pocket" reached number 4 on the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart and number 1 on the Canadian "RPM" Country Tracks chart. Hole in My Pocket "Hole in My Pocket" is a song

title: Four Bucketeers

text: performed as a sketch within the "Tiswas" programme. According to Sally James, "John came in one day and he said ‘I’ve sort of got this idea’. It’s a march basically, and we all sing this song. And it’s another excuse to chuck buckets of water! So obviously we didn’t do it in the studio. We had this little area outside the back of the studio where a camera would sort of poke out of the window, so we ended the show down there marching about, sploshing all this water from the buckets. And then the next week it was incredible,

title: Ava Barber

text: The song was only moderately successful, though, reaching only No. 70 on the country singles charts that year. Barber's 1978 release, "Bucket to the South", turned into a big country hit, peaking at No. 13 on the Hot Country Songs list in 1978, and reached No. 12 in Canada. Being a country singer brought her instant fame, and she soon appeared on many of its television shows, like "Nashville Now", "Crook & Chase", and made two appearances on the Grand Ole Opry as well. Barber's success on the country charts tapered off after the success of "Bucket to the South".

title: Hole in My Soul

text: Hole in My Soul "Hole in My Soul" is a power ballad performed by American hard rock band Aerosmith. It was written by Steven Tyler, Joe Perry, and professional songwriter and longtime Aerosmith collaborator Desmond Child. It was released as the second major single from "Nine Lives" in 1997. The song reached #51 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, #4 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, #29 in the United Kingdom, and #4 in Latvia. The song is a ballad, one of Aerosmith's more emotional ones. It is also lengthy, running just over six minutes. The lyrics focus on a heartbroken

title: Repetitive song

text: Beer". Another type of song describes a circular phenomenon (see Recursion). In "There's a Hole in My Bucket", the singer-narrator attempts to fix a leaky bucket, only to find out that ultimately one needs to have a functional bucket in order to effect the repair. In "Where Have All the Flowers Gone?", flowers were offered to soldiers, who fell in a war, new flowers grew on their graves, those flowers were given to soldiers and so on. In children's songs, repetition serves various educational purposes: repetition aids memory, can aid in learning punctuation and reading skills, and is very valuable

title: The Bucket

text: The Bucket "The Bucket" is the first single taken from the "Aha Shake Heartbreak" album by the American rock band Kings of Leon. It is one of the band's most successful singles, reaching number 16 in the UK Singles Chart (making it their most successful UK release at the time) and number 23 in the U.S. Modern Rock chart. In Australia, the song was ranked #31 on Triple J's Hottest 100 of 2004. The song is written about bassist Jared Followill, who is the youngest member in the band, dealing with the band's fame at the age of 17. The

title: Hole in My Soul

text: creates another who he also loses to a football player (played by Seann William Scott). A classmate (played by Alexandra Holden) discovers his machine and stops him from creating another girl for himself, and he realizes the girl for him had been there all along. Hole in My Soul "Hole in My Soul" is a power ballad performed by American hard rock band Aerosmith. It was written by Steven Tyler, Joe Perry, and professional songwriter and longtime Aerosmith collaborator Desmond Child. It was released as the second major single from "Nine Lives" in 1997. The song reached #51 on the

title: Hole in My Soul

text: man who feels very sad and emotionally damaged ("I got dust for tears and I'm all tapped out") by a failed relationship ("tell me how it feels to be the one who turns the knife inside of me") and feels that there is a void in his life that cannot be filled ("there's a hole in my soul that's been killing me forever"). In concert, Steven Tyler has been known to substitute some lines with racier lyrics. On a live version of the song from the "A Little South of Sanity" album, Tyler sings "I fuck with my boots on

title: There's a Hole in My Bucket

text: I hone it, dear Liza, with what? But the stone is too dry, dear Liza, dear Liza, The stone is too dry, dear Liza, too dry. With what shall I wet it, dear Liza, dear Liza? With what shall I wet it, dear Liza, with what? In what shall I fetch it, dear Liza, dear Liza? In what shall I fetch it, dear Liza, in what? There's a hole in the bucket, dear Liza, dear Liza, There's a hole in the bucket, dear Liza, a hole.</poem> The earliest known archetype of this song seems to be in the German collection

title: My Bucket's Got a Hole in It


question: who spoke the words ich bin ein berliner

answers: U.S. President John F. Kennedy

title: Ich bin ein Berliner

title: Ich bin ein Berliner

text: is "Pfannkuchen" (literally "pancake"). A further part of the misconception is that the audience to his speech laughed at his supposed error. They actually cheered and applauded both times the phrase was used. They laughed and cheered a few seconds after the first use of the phrase when Kennedy joked with the interpreter: "I appreciate my interpreter translating my German." A reference to this misconception appears in Len Deighton's spy novel "Berlin Game", published in 1983, which contains the following passage, spoken by Bernard Samson: In Deighton's novel, Samson is an unreliable narrator, and his words cannot be taken at

title: Ich bin ein Berliner

text: East German occupation. Speaking from a platform erected on the steps of Rathaus Schöneberg for an audience of 450,000, Kennedy said, Kennedy used the phrase twice in his speech, including at the end, pronouncing the sentence with his Boston accent and reading from his note "ish bin ein Bear"lee"ner", which he had written out using English orthography to approximate the German pronunciation. He also used classical Latin pronunciation of "civis romanus sum", with the c pronounced /k/ and the v as /w/. There is a widespread misconception (outside German-speaking countries) that the phrase is incorrect German and in fact means

title: Ich bin ein Berliner

text: the audience. Besides the typescript, Kennedy had a cue card on which he himself had written the phonetic spelling, and he surprised everyone by completely disregarding the speech, which had taken weeks to prepare. Instead, he improvised: "He says more than he should, something different from what his advisers had recommended, and is more provocative than he had intended to be." The speech culminated with the second use in the speech of the "Ich bin ein Berliner" phrase: "Today, in the world of freedom, the proudest boast is "Ich bin ein Berliner!"" The crowd was quiet while Weber translated and

title: Ich bin ein Berliner

text: the last one Sorensen could have worked on. Robert Lochner claimed in his memoirs that Kennedy had asked him for a translation of "I am a Berliner", and that they practiced the phrase in Brandt's office. Daum credited the origin of the phrase "Ich bin ein Berliner" to Kennedy and his 1962 speech in New Orleans quoted above. According to Daum, Kennedy was affected by seeing the Berlin Wall, so that he "falls back on the most memorable passage of his New Orleans speech given the year before, changing pride in being an American in being a Berliner." Behind the

title: Robert Lochner

text: phrase ""Ich bin ein Berliner"" ("I am a Berliner"), for which he created the phonetic spelling ""ish bin ein bear-lee-ner"". Later in his life, Lochner worked in Vietnam and Washington before retiring in Berlin. He died from a pulmonary embolism on September 21, 2003, and left three daughters and a son. Robert Lochner Robert H. Lochner (October 20, 1918 - September 21, 2003) was a journalist who helped to revive the free media in West Germany after World War II and who is most well known for assisting John F. Kennedy with his famous ""Ich bin ein Berliner"" speech in

title: Ich bin ein Berliner

text: long table set up on the steps of the Rathaus Schöneberg were U.S. and German dignitaries, including Dean Rusk (Kennedy's Secretary of State), Lucius D. Clay (the US administrator of Germany), Konrad Adenauer (the German chancellor), Willy Brandt, and Otto Bach (President of the "Abgeordnetenhaus" of Berlin). The crowd was estimated at 450,000 people. Bach spoke first, of the recent developments in Berlin, especially the wall. He was followed by Konrad Adenauer, who spoke briefly and introduced the president. Kennedy was accompanied not by Robert Lochner, but by Heinz Weber of the Berlin mission; Weber translated the president's speech to

title: Ich bin ein Berliner

text: Kennedy's counsel and habitual speechwriter; and by an interpreter, Robert Lochner, who had grown up in Berlin. It became clear quickly that the president did not have a gift for languages and was more likely to embarrass himself if he was to cite in German for any length. But there are differing accounts on the origin of the phrase "Ich bin ein Berliner". Plischke wrote a 1997 account of visiting Kennedy at the White House weeks before the trip to help compose the speech and teach him the proper pronunciation; she also claims that the phrase had been translated stateside

title: Ich bin ein Berliner

text: the John F. Kennedy-Institute for North American Studies of the FU Berlin. The public square in front of the Rathaus Schöneberg was renamed "John-F.-Kennedy-Platz". A large plaque dedicated to Kennedy is mounted on a column at the entrance of the building and the room above the entrance and overlooking the square is dedicated to Kennedy and his visit. The original manuscript of the speech is stored with the National Archives and Records Administration. There is a widespread perception that Kennedy made an embarrassing mistake by saying "Ich bin ein Berliner". By not leaving out the indefinite article "ein," he supposedly

title: Ich bin ein Berliner

text: of U.S. policy in the wake of the construction of the Berlin Wall. Another phrase in the speech was also spoken in German, ""Lasst sie nach Berlin kommen"" ("Let them come to Berlin"), addressed at those who claimed "we can work with the Communists", a remark at which Nikita Khrushchev scoffed only days later. The speech is considered one of Kennedy's best, both a notable moment of the Cold War and a high point of the New Frontier. It was a great morale boost for West Berliners, who lived in an enclave deep inside East Germany and feared a possible

title: Ich bin ein Berliner

text: already by the translator scheduled to accompany him on the trip ("a rather unpleasant man who complained bitterly that he had had to interrupt his vacation just to watch the President’s mannerisms"). Additionally, Ted Sorensen claimed in his memoir "Counselor: A Life at the Edge of History" (2008) to have had a hand in the speech, and said he had incorrectly inserted the word "ein", incorrectly taking responsibility for the "jelly doughnut misconception", below, a claim apparently supported by Berlin mayor Willy Brandt but dismissed by later scholars since the final typed version, which does not contain the words, is

title: Ich bin ein Berliner

text: repeated the president's German line; Kennedy was obviously relieved at the crowd's positive response and thanked Weber for his translation. Weber translated this compliment also. According to Daum, after this first successful delivery, "Kennedy, who fiddles a bit with his suit jacket, is grinning like a boy who has just pulled off a coup." Kennedy's National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy thought the speech had gone "a little too far", and the two revised the text for a softer stance before repeating the speech at the Freie Universität Berlin later that day. While the immediate response from the West German population

title: Ich bin ein Berliner

text: was positive, the Soviet authorities were less pleased with the combative "Lass sie nach Berlin kommen". Only two weeks before, Kennedy had spoken in a more conciliatory tone, speaking of "improving relations with the Soviet Union": in response to Kennedy's Berlin speech, Nikita Khrushchev, days later, remarked that "one would think that the speeches were made by two different Presidents." Ronald Reagan would evoke both the sentiment and the legacy of Kennedy's speech 24 years later in his "Tear down this wall!" speech. There are commemorative sites to Kennedy in Berlin, such as the German-American John F. Kennedy School and

title: Ich bin ein Berliner

text: changed the meaning of the sentence from the intended "I am a citizen of Berlin" to "I am a Berliner" (a Berliner being a type of German pastry, similar to a jelly doughnut). According to some grammar texts, the indefinite article can be omitted in German when speaking of an individual's profession or origin but is in any case used when speaking in a figurative sense. Furthermore, although the word "Berliner" is used for a jelly doughnut in the north, west and southwest of Germany, it is not used in Berlin itself or the surrounding region, where the usual word

title: Ich bin ein Berliner

text: the four allied powers, each with primary responsibility for a certain zone. Kennedy's speech marked the first instance where the U.S. acknowledged that East Berlin was part of the Soviet bloc along with the rest of East Germany. On July 25, 1961, Kennedy insisted in a presidential address that the U.S. would defend West Berlin, asserting its Four-Power rights, while making it clear that challenging the Soviet presence in Germany was not possible. The "Ich bin ein Berliner" speech is in part derived from a speech Kennedy gave at a Civic Reception on May 4, 1962, in New Orleans; there

title: Ich bin ein Berliner

text: also he used the phrase "civis Romanus sum" by saying "Two thousand years ago the proudest boast was to say, "I am a citizen of Rome." Today, I believe, in 1962 the proudest boast is to say, "I am a citizen of the United States." And it is not enough to merely say it; we must live it. Anyone can say it. But Americans who serve today in West Berlin—your sons and brothers --[...] are the Americans who are bearing the great burden." The phrases "I am a Berliner" and "I am proud to be in Berlin" were typed already

title: Ich bin ein Berliner

text: a week before the speech on a list of expressions to be used, including a phonetic transcription of the German translation. Such transcriptions are also found in the third draft of the speech (in Kennedy's own handwriting), from June 25. The final typed version of the speech does not contain the transcriptions, which are added by hand by Kennedy himself. In practice sessions before the trip, Kennedy had run through a number of sentences, even paragraphs, to recite in German; in these sessions, he was helped by Margaret Plischke, a translator working for the US State Department; by Ted Sorensen,

title: Wladimir Kaminer

text: his 2007 book "Ich bin kein Berliner" was subtitled "My first speech as mayoral candidate" ("Meine erste Rede als Bürgermeisterkandidat"). Wladimir Kaminer Wladimir Kaminer (; born 19 July 1967) is a Russian-born German short story writer, columnist and disc jockey of Jewish origin. Kaminer was born in Moscow, and after initially training as an audio engineer for theatre and radio, then studied dramaturgy at the Moscow Institute of Theatre. Following the collapse of the Berlin Wall, Kaminer emigrated to Marzahn, Berlin, in 1990. From the late 1990s onward Kaminer became a prime mover in Berlin's art and literature scenes, based

title: Free University of Berlin

text: sector, often supported through the ""Währungsstipendium"" of the senate. On 26 June 1963, the same day he held his famous "Ich bin ein Berliner" speech at Rathaus Schöneberg, John F. Kennedy was awarded honorary citizen by the Free University and held a ceremonial speech in front of the Henry Ford building in which he addressed the future of Berlin and Germany under the consideration of the motto of the FU. Amongst the attendant crowd are also the Governing Mayor of Berlin Willy Brandt and the Chancellor of Germany Konrad Adenauer. His brother, Robert F. Kennedy visited the university in 1962

title: Ich bin ein Berliner

text: face value. However, "The New York Times"' review of Deighton's novel appeared to treat Samson's remark as factual and added the detail that Kennedy's audience found his remark funny: Four years later, it found its way into a "New York Times" op-ed: The doughnut misconception has since been repeated by media such as the BBC (by Alistair Cooke in his "Letter from America" program), "The Guardian", MSNBC, CNN, "Time" magazine, and "The New York Times"; mentioned in several books about Germany written by English-speaking authors, including Norman Davies and Kenneth C. Davis; and used in the manual for the Speech

title: Freie Berliner Kunstausstellung

text: comments had been anticipated for years. In 1983 Richard von Weizsäcker was the first mayor who was willing to write words of acknowledgement. Since then greetings from the acting mayor of Berlin became a tradition. For the first time in 1990, after what was called Die Wende – after the fall of the Berlin Wall but before German reunification – Walter Momper, mayor of Berlin at that time, congratulated the FBK, hoping for “satisfied artists and many interested visitors from East and West”. In 1991 the time had come to announce: “The 21st FBK is finally a free exhibition for

title: West Berlin

text: LIVE OAK, working together with NATO, was entrusted with potential military responses to any crisis. On 26 June 1963, President Kennedy visited West Berlin and gave a public speech known for its famous phrase "Ich bin ein Berliner". The Four Power Agreement on Berlin (September 1971) and the Transit Agreement (May 1972) helped to significantly ease tensions over the status of West Berlin. While many restrictions remained in place, it also made it easier for West Berliners to travel to East Germany and it simplified the regulations for Germans travelling along the autobahn transit routes. At the Brandenburg Gate in

title: Ich bin ein Berliner

text: "I'm a doughnut". It has even been embellished into an urban legend including equally incorrect claims about the audience laughing at this phrase. Germany's capital, Berlin, was deep within the area controlled after World War II by the Soviet Union. Initially governed in four sectors controlled by the four Allied powers (United States, United Kingdom, France and the Soviet Union), tensions of the Cold War escalated until the Soviet forces implemented the Berlin Blockade, which the Western allies relieved with the dramatic airlift. Afterward, the sectors controlled by the NATO Allies became an effective exclave of West Germany, completely surrounded

title: Ich bin ein Berliner

text: Synthesis Markup Language. It is also mentioned in Robert Dallek's biography of Kennedy, "". Another reference to this misconception appears in David Foster Wallace's novel "Infinite Jest", published in 1996, which contains the following passage: The phrase and the legend are quoted very often in fiction and popular culture in the United States. Besides a direct quote, there exist many variations starting "Ich bin ein (+ noun, e.g., Frankfurter, Hamburger)" that are supposed to be understood by the primarily English-speaking audience based on the widespread knowledge of this German phrase and its myth. The phrase is perhaps ambiguous, but in

title: Klaus Wowereit

text: convention of the Berlin SPD. After the end of his speech, there was half a second of surprised silence, then spontaneous cheering and loud applause to support him. In a 2010 interview with Time Magazine, he said that coming out may actually have strengthened his campaign. His election as mayor made Berlin one of three major European cities with an openly gay mayor, along with Paris, whose mayor was Bertrand Delanoë, and Hamburg, whose mayor was Ole von Beust at that time, who both also took office in 2001. However, von Beust resigned in 2010 and Delanoë left office in

title: History of Berlin

text: about the Berlin Wall in which he said, ""Ich bin ein Berliner"" – "I am a Berliner" – which meant much to a city that was a Western island in Soviet satellite territory. Much Cold War espionage and counter-espionage took place in Berlin, against a backdrop of potential superpower confrontation in which both sides had nuclear weapons set for a range that could hit Germany. In 1971, the Four-Power Agreement on Berlin was signed. While the Soviet Union applied the oversight of the four powers only to West Berlin, the Western Allies emphasized in a 1975 note to the United

title: Mödlareuth

text: attraction. The Americans nicknamed the town "Little Berlin". In 1983, the then U.S. Vice President George H. W. Bush visited and exclaimed, "Ich bin ein Mödlareuther!", an allusion to John F. Kennedy's "Ich bin ein Berliner" statement. Bush visited Mödlareuth together with the then Defense Minister of West-Germany Manfred Wörner who later became the seventh Secretary General of NATO. Arnold Friedrich, the mayor of Töpen, a nearby village, was also present during the visit. One month after the fall of the Berlin Wall (November 1989), a pedestrian crossing was opened at Mödlareuth (December 1989). On 17 June 1990, four months

title: Endre Tot

text: taken with him in his suitcase and in his mind from Budapest. Shortly after arriving, he placed the following inscription upon the Berlin Wall: „Ich würde mich freuen, wenn ich etwas auf die andere Seite der Mauer schreiben dürfte” (I should be glad if I were allowed to write something on the other side of this wall). He demonstrated his joys ("TÓTalJOYs") with posters in his hand or upon his back in the busiest spots of the metropolis. He even placed a flickering sentence speaking about his joy among the news items of a street newsreel atop a Kurfürstendamm building.

title: Hanfparade

text: six-hour closing speech at the . The Hanfparade took place on August 13, 2005 in Berlin. It took place under the motto, "We are the hemp!"—a play on the slogan ""Wir sind das Volk!"" used by the East Germans before the opening of the inner German border. The demonstration started at 12:00 at the city hall Rotes Rathaus accompanied by five parade floats and by the citizens of Berlin city center. The parade was again smaller than in the previous years with 1000 to 1200 participants. This was because (among other things) the closing speech was forbidden at short notice

title: Robert Lochner

text: Robert Lochner Robert H. Lochner (October 20, 1918 - September 21, 2003) was a journalist who helped to revive the free media in West Germany after World War II and who is most well known for assisting John F. Kennedy with his famous ""Ich bin ein Berliner"" speech in 1963. Born in New York City on October 20, 1918, Lochner grew up in Berlin. He studied one semester at the University of Berlin, and then took a B.A. and an M.A. in Political Science and Economics at the University of Chicago and remained in the U.S. He worked for NBC

title: Ich bin ein Berliner

long_answer: "Ich bin ein Berliner" (German pronunciation: [ˈʔɪç ˈbɪn ʔaɪn bɛɐ̯ˈliːnɐ], "I am a Berliner") is a quotation from a June 26, 1963, speech by U.S. President John F. Kennedy in West Berlin. It is widely regarded as the best-known speech of the Cold War and the most famous anti-communist speech. Kennedy aimed to underline the support of the United States for West Germany 22 months after Soviet-supported East Germany erected the Berlin Wall to prevent mass emigration to the West. The message was aimed as much at the Soviets as it was at Berliners and was a clear statement of U.S. policy in the wake of the construction of the Berlin Wall. Another phrase in the speech was also spoken in German, "Lasst sie nach Berlin kommen" ("Let them come to Berlin"), addressed at those who claimed "we can work with the Communists", a remark at which Nikita Khrushchev scoffed only days later.


question: where is creatine phosphate found in the body

answers: brain

answers: pancreas

answers: skeletal muscle and the brain

answers: muscle cells

answers: heart

title: Phosphocreatine

text: Phosphocreatine, also known as creatine phosphate (CP) or PCr (Pcr), is a phosphorylated creatine molecule that serves as a rapidly mobilizable reserve of high-energy phosphates in skeletal muscle and the brain to recycle adenosine triphosphate, the energy currency of the cell.

title: Creatine

text: that the intramuscular stores of creatine can be increased by ingesting creatine in larger than normal amounts, scientists discovered "creatine phosphate", and determined that creatine is a key player in the metabolism of skeletal muscle. The substance creatine is naturally formed in vertebrates. While creatine's influence on physical performance has been well documented since the early twentieth century, it came into public view following the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona. An August 7, 1992 article in "The Times" reported that Linford Christie, the gold medal winner at 100 meters, had used creatine before the Olympics. An article in "Bodybuilding Monthly" named

title: Creatine phosphate shuttle

text: Creatine phosphate shuttle The creatine phosphate shuttle is an intracellular energy shuttle which facilitates transport of high energy phosphate from muscle cell mitochondria to myofibrils. This is part of phosphocreatine metabolism. In mitochondria, ATP levels are very high as a result of glycolysis, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation processes, whereas creatine phosphate levels are low. This makes conversion of creatine to phosphocreatine a highly favored reaction. Phosphocreatine is a very-high-energy compound. It then diffuses from mitochondria to myofibrils. In myofibrils, during exercise (contraction) ADP levels are very high, which favors resynthesis of ATP. Thus, phosphocreatine breaks down to creatine, giving its

title: Creatinine

text: Creatinine Creatinine ( or ; from ) is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle, and is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body (depending on muscle mass). Serum creatinine (a blood measurement) is an important indicator of renal health because it is an easily measured byproduct of muscle metabolism that is excreted unchanged by the kidneys. Creatinine itself is produced via a biological system involving creatine, phosphocreatine (also known as creatine phosphate), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP, the body's immediate energy supply). Creatine is synthesized primarily in the liver from the methylation of glycocyamine (guanidino acetate,

title: Creatine phosphate shuttle

text: ATP (by cytoplasmic creatine kinase) to be used as energy for muscle contraction. In some vertebrates, arginine phosphate plays a similar role. Creatine phosphate shuttle The creatine phosphate shuttle is an intracellular energy shuttle which facilitates transport of high energy phosphate from muscle cell mitochondria to myofibrils. This is part of phosphocreatine metabolism. In mitochondria, ATP levels are very high as a result of glycolysis, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation processes, whereas creatine phosphate levels are low. This makes conversion of creatine to phosphocreatine a highly favored reaction. Phosphocreatine is a very-high-energy compound. It then diffuses from mitochondria to myofibrils. In

title: Phosphocreatine

text: Creatine phosphate can be broken down into creatinine, which is then excreted in the urine. A 70-kg man contains around 120g of creatine, with 40% being the unphosphorylated form and 60% as creatine phosphate. Of that amount, 1–2% is broken down and excreted each day as creatinine. Phosphocreatine is used intravenously in hospitals in some parts of the world for cardiovascular problems under the name Neoton, and also used by some professional athletes, as it is not a controlled substance. Phosphocreatine can anaerobically donate a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP during the first two to seven seconds following

title: Creatine phosphate shuttle

text: inorganic phosphate for ATP formation. At the onset of exercise phosphocreatine is broken down to provide ATP for muscle contraction. ATP hydrolysis results in products of ADP and inorganic phosphate. The inorganic phosphate will be transported into the mitochondrial matrix, while the free creatine passes through the outer membrane where it will be resynthesised into PCr. The antiporter transports the ADP into the matrix, while transporting ATP out. Due to the high concentration of ATP around the mitrochondrial creatine kinase, it will convert ATP into PCr which will then move back out into the cells cytoplasm to be converted into

title: Creatine

text: in 1832 when Michel Eugène Chevreul isolated it from the basified water-extract of skeletal muscle. He later named the crystallized precipitate after the Greek word for meat, κρέας ("kreas"). In 1928, creatine was shown to exist in equilibrium with creatinine. Studies in the 1920s showed that consumption of large amounts of creatine did not result in its excretion. This result pointed to the ability of the body to store creatine, which in turn suggested its use as a dietary supplement. The discovery of phosphocreatine was reported in 1927. In the 1960's, creatine kinase (CK) was shown to phosphorylate ADP using

title: Creatine

text: to give phosphocreatine. The phosphate group is attached to an NH center of the creatine. The P-N bond is highly reactive. Creatine supplements are marketed in ethyl ester, gluconate, monohydrate, and nitrate forms. Endogenous serum or plasma creatine concentrations in healthy adults are normally in a range of 2–12 mg/L. A single 5 g (5000 mg) oral dose in healthy adults results in a peak plasma creatine level of approximately 120 mg/L at 1–2 hours post-ingestion. Creatine has a fairly short elimination half-life, averaging just less than 3 hours, so to maintain an elevated plasma level it would be necessary

title: Creatine

text: be a concern, with only minor levels of mercury being detectable. Two studies reviewed in 2007 found no impurities. When creatine is mixed with protein and sugar at high temperatures (above 148 °C), the resulting reaction produces carcinogenic heterocyclic amines (HCAs). Such a reaction happens when grilling or pan-frying meat. Creatine content (as a percentage of crude protein) can be used as an indicator of meat quality. Creatine is a derivative of the guanidinium cation. A cyclic form of creatine, called creatinine, exists in equilibrium with its tautomer and with creatine. Creatine undergoes phosphorylation, by the action of creatine kinase

title: Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase

text: is located in the cytoplasm, including the intermembrane space of the mitochondria, of the cells that make up those tissues. -Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase catalyses the first, which is also the committed step in the formation of creatine. The second step of the process, producing the actual creatine molecule, occurs solely in the cytosol, where the second enzyme, S-adenosylmethionine:guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), is found. The creatine is then transported through the bloodstream and taken up through sodium-dependent creatine transporters by cells that require creatine. The crystal structure of AGAT was determined by Humm, Fritsche, Steinbacher, and Huber of the Max Planck Institute of

title: Creatine kinase

text: are located on different chromosomes: "B" on 14q32 and "M" on 19q13. In addition to those three "cytosolic" CK isoforms, there are two mitochondrial creatine kinase isoenzymes, the "ubiquitous" and "sarcomeric" form. The functional entity of the latter two mitochondrial CK isoforms is an octamer consisting of four dimers each. While mitochondrial creatine kinase is directly involved in formation of phospho-creatine from mitochondrial ATP, cytosolic CK regenerates ATP from ADP, using PCr. This happens at intracellular sites where ATP is used in the cell, with CK acting as an "in situ" ATP regenerator. Isoenzyme patterns differ in tissues. Skeletal muscle

title: Creatine

text: that caffeine interacts with creatine to increase the rate of progression of Parkinson's Disease. A 2011 survey of 33 supplements commercially available in Italy found that over 50% of them exceeded the European Food Safety Authority recommendations in at least one contaminant. The most prevalent of these contaminants was creatinine, a breakdown product of creatine also produced by the body. Creatinine was present in higher concentrations than the European Food Safety Authority recommendations in 44% of the samples. About 15% of the samples had detectable levels of dihydro-1,3,5-triazine or a high dicyandiamide concentration. Heavy metals contamination was not found to

title: Bodybuilding supplement

text: with grape juice, lemonade, or many high glycemic index drinks. Some studies have suggested that consumption of creatine with protein and carbohydrates can have a greater effect than creatine combined with either protein or carbohydrates alone. When combined with an appropriate exercise program, dietary supplementation with β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB) has been shown to dose-dependently augment gains in muscle hypertrophy (i.e., the size of a muscle), muscle strength, and lean body mass, reduce exercise-induced skeletal muscle damage, and expedite recovery from high-intensity exercise. HMB is believed to produce these effects by increasing muscle protein synthesis and decreasing muscle protein breakdown by

title: Bodybuilding supplement

text: creatine monohydrate and creatine ethyl ester, amongst others. Though all types of creatine are sold for the same purposes, there are subtle differences between them, such as price and necessary dosage. In "The New Encyclopedia of Modern Bodybuilding, 2nd ed.", author Arnold Schwarzenegger states: Creatine monohydrate is regarded as a necessity by most bodybuilders. Creatine monohydrate is the most cost-effective dietary supplement in terms of muscle size and strength gains. … There is no preferred creatine supplement, but it is believed that creatine works best when it is consumed with simple carbohydrates. This can be accomplished by mixing powdered creatine

title: Creatine

text: use of phosphocreatine (PCr) through a reversible reaction with the enzyme creatine kinase (CK). In skeletal muscle, PCr concentrations may reach 20–35 mM or more. Additionally, in most muscles, the ATP regeneration capacity of CK is very high and is therefore not a limiting factor. Although the cellular concentrations of ATP are small, changes are difficult to detect because ATP is continuously and efficiently replenished from the large pools of PCr and CK. Creatine has the ability to increase muscle stores of PCr, potentially increasing the muscle’s ability to resynthesize ATP from ADP to meet increased energy demands. Genetic deficiencies

title: Creatine

text: 18 years old not use creatine. People with kidney disease, high blood pressure, or liver disease should not take creatine as a dietary supplement. One well-documented effect of creatine supplementation is weight gain within the first week of the supplement schedule, likely attributable to greater water retention due to the increased muscle creatine concentrations. A 2009 systematic review discredited concerns that creatine supplementation could affect hydration status and heat tolerance and lead to muscle cramping and diarrhea. Creatine taken with medications that can harm the kidney can increase the risk of kidney damage: A National Institutes of Health study suggests

title: Glycocyamine

text: Glycocyamine Glycocyamine (or guanidinoacetate) is a metabolite of glycine in which the amino group has been converted into a guanidine by guanylation (transfer of a guanidine group from arginine). In vertebrate organism it is then transformed into creatine by methylation. Glycocyamine is used as a supplement and as a feed additive in poultry farming. However, the metabolism of creatine from glycocyamine in the liver causes a depletion of methyl groups. This causes homocysteine levels to rise, which has been shown to produce cardiovascular and skeletal problems. Glycocyamine itself is not an amino acid but it plays a role in the

title: Creatine

text: by 5 to 15%. Creatine has no significant effect on aerobic endurance, though it will increase power during short sessions of high-intensity aerobic exercise. A survey of 21,000 college athletes showed that 14% of athletes take creatine supplements to improve performance. Non-athletes report taking creatine supplements to improve appearance. Side effects include: Use of creatine by healthy adults in normal dosages does not harm kidneys; its effects on the kidney in elderly people and adolescents were not well understood as of 2012. Both the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Sports Medicine recommend that individuals younger than

title: Creatine

text: to take small oral doses every 3–6 hours throughout the day. After the "loading dose" period (1–2 weeks, 12–24 g a day), it is no longer necessary to maintain a consistently high serum level of creatine. As with most supplements, each person has their own genetic "preset" amount of creatine they can hold. The rest is eliminated as waste. A typical post-loading dose is 2–5 g daily. Creatine supplementation appears to increase the number of myonuclei that satellite cells will 'donate' to damaged muscle fibers, which increases the potential for growth of those fibers. This increase in myonuclei probably stems

title: Creatinase

text: in arginine and proline metabolism. As of late 2007, two structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes and . Creatinase In enzymology, a creatinase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are creatine and HO, whereas its two products are sarcosine and urea. The native enzyme was shown to be made up of two subunit monomers via SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weights of these subunits was estimated to be 47,000 g/mol. The enzyme works as a homodimer, and is induced by choline chloride. Each

title: Creatine

text: from creatine's ability to increase levels of the myogenic transcription factor MRF4. It is ineffective as a treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A meta-analysis found that creatine treatment increased muscle strength in muscular dystrophies, and potentially improved functional performance. Creatine treatment does not appear to improve muscle strength in people who have metabolic myopathies. High doses of creatine lead to increased muscle pain and an impairment in activities of daily living when taken by people who have McArdle disease. Creatine's impact on mitochondrial function has led to research on its efficacy and safety for slowing Parkinson's disease. As of 2014,

title: BUN-to-creatinine ratio

text: are freely filtered by the glomerulus; however, urea reabsorbed by the tubules can be regulated (increased or decreased) whereas creatinine reabsorption remains the same (minimal reabsorption). Urea and creatinine are nitrogenous end products of metabolism. Urea is the primary metabolite derived from dietary protein and tissue protein turnover. Creatinine is the product of muscle creatine catabolism. Both are relatively small molecules (60 and 113 daltons, respectively) that distribute throughout total body water. In Europe, the whole urea molecule is assayed, whereas in the United States only the nitrogen component of urea (the blood or serum urea nitrogen, i.e., BUN or

title: Glycocyamine

text: homocysteine formation with glycocyamine alone. Glycocyamine Glycocyamine (or guanidinoacetate) is a metabolite of glycine in which the amino group has been converted into a guanidine by guanylation (transfer of a guanidine group from arginine). In vertebrate organism it is then transformed into creatine by methylation. Glycocyamine is used as a supplement and as a feed additive in poultry farming. However, the metabolism of creatine from glycocyamine in the liver causes a depletion of methyl groups. This causes homocysteine levels to rise, which has been shown to produce cardiovascular and skeletal problems. Glycocyamine itself is not an amino acid but it

title: Rhabdomyolysis

text: raised or increasing creatinine and urea levels, falling urine output) or reddish-brown discoloration of the urine. The most reliable test in the diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis is the level of creatine kinase (CK) in the blood. This enzyme is released by damaged muscle, and levels above 1000 U/L (5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN)) indicate rhabdomyolysis. More than 5,000 U/L indicates severe disease but depending on the extent of the rhabdomyolysis, concentrations up to 100,000 U/l are not unusual. CK concentrations rise steadily for 12 hours after the original muscle injury, remain elevated for 1–3 days and then fall

title: BUN-to-creatinine ratio

text: be determined in plasma or serum and not whole blood because erythrocytes contain considerable amounts of noncreatinine chromogens. To minimize the conversion of creatine to creatinine, specimens must be as fresh as possible and maintained at pH 7 during storage. The amount of urea produced varies with substrate delivery to the liver and the adequacy of liver function. It is increased by a high-protein diet, by gastrointestinal bleeding (based on plasma protein level of 7.5 g/dl and a hemoglobin of 15 g/dl, 500 ml of whole blood is equivalent to 100 g protein), by catabolic processes such as fever or

title: Creatine transporter defect

text: have sufficient amounts of creatine, however it cannot get to the tissues where it is needed. Studies in which oral creatine monohydrate supplements were given to patients with CTD found that patients did not respond to treatment. However, similar studies conducted in which patients that had GAMT or AGAT deficiency were given oral creatine monohydrate supplements found that patient’s clinical symptoms improved. Patients with CTD are unresponsive to oral creatine monohydrate supplements because regardless of the amount of creatine they ingest, the creatine transporter is still defective, and therefore creatine is incapable of being transported across the BBB. Given the

title: Aldolase A deficiency

text: In non-contiguous patients an aggravated form of adolase-a deficiency has been seen to manifest in muscular deterioration. This is often recognized initially through signs of muscle weakness and exercise intolerance, suggesting rapid muscular fatigue and damage, likely directly related to ATP depletion. This breakdown of muscular fibers or, rhabdomyolysis, can lead to detectable blood creatine phosphate level elevation and potentially exaggerated hyperkalemia. Delayed growth and development was noted in some patients, although not fully explained, this may be generally associated with the physiological difficulties implicit in errors of energy metabolism. In particular neurological impairment was conjecturally linked with the predominant

title: Adenosine monophosphate deaminase deficiency type 1

text: Symptomatic relief from the effects of MADD may sometimes be achieved by administering ribose orally at a dose of approximately 10 grams per 100 pounds (0.2 g/kg) of body weight per day, and exercise modulation as appropriate. Taken hourly, ribose provides a direct but limited source of energy for the cells. Patients with myoadenylate deaminase deficiency do not retain ribose during heavy exercise, so supplementation may be required to rebuild levels of ATP. Creatine monohydrate could also be helpful for AMPD patients, as it provides an alternative source of energy for anaerobic muscle tissue and was found to be helpful

title: Creatinase

text: by residues of the large domain of one monomer and some residues of the small domain of the other monomer. It has been suggested that a sulfhydryl group is located on or near the active site of the enzyme following inhibition experiments. Creatinase has been found to be most active at pH 8 and is most stable between ph 6-8 for 24 hrs. at 37 degrees. This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds, specifically in linear amidines. The systematic name of this enzyme class is creatine amidinohydrolase. This enzyme participates

title: Phosphocreatine


question: who defeated the last remaining roman army in europe

answers: Goths

title: Fall of the Western Roman Empire

title: Final War of the Roman Republic

text: the so-called Pax Romana (Roman Peace). The Empire that Augustus established would last in Western Europe until the fall of Rome in the 5th century AD. The Eastern part of the Roman Empire would also survive as the Byzantine Empire until the fall of Constantinople in AD 1453. Final War of the Roman Republic The Final War of the Roman Republic, also known as Antony's Civil War or The War between Antony and Octavian, was the last of the Roman civil wars of the Roman Republic, fought between Mark Antony (assisted by Cleopatra) and Octavian. After the Roman Senate declared

title: Syagrius

text: Syagrius Syagrius (430 – 486 or 487) was the last Gallic military commander of a Roman rump state in northern Gaul, now called the Kingdom of Soissons. Gregory of Tours referred to him as King of the Romans. Syagrius's defeat by king Clovis I of the Franks is considered the end of Western Roman rule outside of Italy. He inherited his position from his father, Aegidius, the last Roman "magister militum per Gallias". Syagrius preserved his father's territory between the Somme and the Loire around Soissons after the collapse of central rule in the Western Empire, a domain Gregory of

title: End of Roman rule in Britain

text: at the same time, but either way this would be the last Roman campaign in Britain of which there is any record. In 401 or 402 Stilicho faced wars with the Visigothic king Alaric and the Ostrogothic king Radagaisus. Needing military manpower, he stripped Hadrian's Wall of troops for the final time. 402 is the last date of any Roman coinage found in large numbers in Britain, suggesting either that Stilicho also stripped the remaining troops from Britain, or that the Empire could no longer afford to pay the troops who were still there. Meanwhile, the Picts, Saxons and Scoti

title: Cisalpine Gaul

text: defeated in the Battle of the Ticinus, leading to all the Gauls except for the Cenomani to join the insurgency. Rome then sent the army of Tiberius Sempronius Longus who engaged Hannibal in the Battle of the Trebia, also resulting in a Roman defeat, forcing Rome to temporarily abandon Gallia Cisalpina altogether, returning only after the defeat of Carthage in 202 BC. Rome conquered the last remaining independent Celtic kingdom in Italy in 192 BC. Sometimes referred to as "Gallia Citerior" ("Hither Gaul"), "Provincia Ariminum", or "Gallia Togata" ("Toga-wearing Gaul", indicating the region's early Romanization). "Gallia Transpadana" denoted that part

title: Atuatuci

text: BCE), where the Romans are said to have lost more than 80,000 men. After the Marian reforms of the legions, the Teutones and Ambrones were finally defeated by the Romans at Aquae Sextiae in 102 BC. The Cimbri were defeated by the Romans in northeast Italy in 101 BC. The Atuatuci were said to be the remnants of a group of the Cimbri who stayed in northern Gaul after defeating a previous Roman army under Marcus Junius Silanus in Gaul in 109 BC, before the Germanic tribes moved south towards Italy. From the account of Caesar, the exact position of

title: Fall of the Western Roman Empire

text: and set about recovering the remaining Gallic provinces, which had not recognized his elevation. He defeated the Visigoths at the Battle of Arelate, reducing them to federate status and obliging them to give up their claims in Hispania; he moved on to subdue the Burgundians, the Gallo-Romans around Lugdunum (who were granted tax concessions and whose senior officials were appointed from their own ranks) and the Suevi and Bagaudae in Hispania. Marcellinus, magister militum in Dalmatia and the pagan general of a well-equipped army, acknowledged him as emperor and recovered Sicily from the Vandals. Aegidius also acknowledged Majorian and took

title: The Last Legion

text: militum" – the senior officer of the Roman army second to the emperor. He had indeed promised his Germanic foederati a third of Italy to settle in but not to Odoacer personally. Orestes was himself a usurper, having promised the land to foederati to buy their quiescence in his rebellion against the legitimate emperor Julius Nepos. Although Orestes proclaimed his son, Romulus Augustus (derisively called "Augustulus", meaning "little Augustus") Emperor, the proclamation was not recognised as legitimate beyond the parts of the Italian Peninsula controlled by Orestes' troops. The common identification of Augustus as the "last Western Emperor" dates only

title: History of Europe

text: has a tradition rich in scholarly interest. Some other notable dates are the Battle of Adrianople in 378, the death of Theodosius I in 395 (the last time the Roman Empire was politically unified), the crossing of the Rhine in 406 by Germanic tribes after the withdrawal of the legions to defend Italy against Alaric I, the death of Stilicho in 408, followed by the disintegration of the western legions, the death of Justinian I, the last Roman Emperor who tried to reconquer the west, in 565, and the coming of Islam after 632. Many scholars maintain that rather than

title: Lentienses

text: the frozen Rhine in February 378, invading the Roman Empire. They were defeated by the Roman emperor Gratianus in the Battle of Argentovaria (modern Colmar in Alsace), when their king, Priarius, died. This battle was the last campaign by any Roman Emperor behind the Limes area. It was also the last time the name Lentienses was mentioned in historical documents. The Latin name "Lentienes" was formed from the name of the Celtic village "Lentia"; today a region north of Lake Constance is called Linzgau. Lentienses The Lentienses (German "Lentienser") were a Germanic tribe in the region between the river Danube

title: Pavia

text: (Milan) and the other to Ticinum, and thence to Laumellum where it divided once more, one branch going to Vercellae - and thence to Eporedia and Augusta Praetoria - and the other to Valentia - and thence to Augusta Taurinorum (Turin). It was at Pavia in 476 AD that the reign of Romulus Augustulus (r. 475-476), the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire ended and Roman rule ceased in Italy. Romulus Augustulus, while considered the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, was actually a usurper of the imperial throne; his father Flavius Orestes having dethroned the previous emperor,

title: Celts

text: between two Roman forces and crushed. The defeat of the combined Samnite, Celtic and Etruscan alliance by the Romans in the Third Samnite War sounded the beginning of the end of the Celtic domination in mainland Europe, but it was not until 192 BC that the Roman armies conquered the last remaining independent Celtic kingdoms in Italy. The Celts also expanded down the Danube river and its tributaries. One of the most influential tribes, the Scordisci, had established their capital at Singidunum in the 3rd century BC, which is present-day Belgrade, Serbia. The concentration of hill-forts and cemeteries shows a

title: Fall of the Western Roman Empire

text: each other in the name of Honorius and a number of competing claimants to the imperial throne. The remaining troops in Britannia elevated a succession of imperial usurpers. The last, Constantine III, raised an army from the remaining troops in Britannia, invaded Gaul and defeated forces loyal to Honorius led by Sarus. Constantine's power reached its peak in 409 when he controlled Gaul and beyond, he was joint consul with Honorius and his magister militum Gerontius defeated the last Roman force to try to hold the borders of Hispania. It was led by relatives of Honorius; Constantine executed them. Gerontius

title: Roman army

text: latter foe being the most successful in establishing a foothold in Thrace. The Ottomans swiftly expanded through the Balkans and cut off Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, from the surrounding land. The last decisive battle was fought by the Palaiologan army in 1453, when Constantinople was besieged and fell on 29 May. The last isolated remnants of the Byzantine state were conquered by 1461. Roman army The Roman army (Latin: ) was the terrestrial armed forces deployed by the Romans throughout the duration of Ancient Rome, from the Roman Kingdom (to c. 500 BC) to the Roman Republic

title: Hermannsdenkmal

text: was believed to be near the original battle site, although experts now consider it more likely that the battle took place near Kalkriese, about 100 km to the north-west. In 9 AD, Roman-educated Arminius, a member of the Cherusci people, turned against his former Roman allies and led an alliance of Germanic tribes to defeat three legions under Publius Quinctilius Varus. The legions were completely destroyed, and the remains of some 20,000 Roman troops, along with Varus, were left to decay in the forest. To Rome and its Emperor Augustus the loss was a catastrophe; it is often called the

title: Hoxne Hoard

text: left defenceless against Suebi, Alans, and Vandals who crossed the frozen Rhine in 406 and overran Gaul. The remaining Roman troops in Britain, fearing that the invaders would cross the Channel, elected a series of emperors of their own to lead the defence. The first two such emperors were put to death by the dissatisfied soldiery in a matter of months, but the third, who would declare himself Constantine III, led a British force across the English Channel to Gaul in his bid to become Roman Emperor. After scoring victories against the "barbarians" in Gaul, Constantine was defeated by an

title: Romulus Augustulus

text: Romulus Augustulus Flavius Romulus Augustus (c. AD 460 – after AD 476; possibly still alive as late as AD 507), known derisively and historiographically as Romulus Augustulus, was the Roman emperor who ruled the Western Roman Empire from 31 October 475 until 4 September 476. He is often described as the "last Western Roman emperor", though some historians consider this to be Julius Nepos. His deposition by Odoacer traditionally marks the end of the Roman Empire in the West, the end of Ancient Rome, and the beginning of the Middle Ages in Western Europe. Although he, as all other emperors,

title: Caratacus's last battle

text: Chapel Lawn, Shropshire. Caratacus's last battle The Battle of Caer Caradoc was the final battle in Caratacus's resistance to Roman rule. Fought in 50 AD, the Romans defeated the Britons and thus secured the southern areas of the province of Britannia. Caratacus chose a battlefield in hilly country, placing the Britons on the higher ground. His forces were probably primarily made up of warriors from the Ordovices though there may have been some Silures as well. This position made both approach and retreat difficult for the Romans, and comparatively easy for his own forces. Where the slope was shallow, he

title: Last of the Romans

text: Last of the Romans The term Last of the Romans ("Ultimus Romanorum") has historically been used to describe a man thought to embody the values of Ancient Roman civilization—values which, by implication, became extinct on his death. It has been used to describe a number of individuals. The first recorded instance was Julius Caesar's description of Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger as the one with whom the old Roman spirit would become extinct. In the United States, "last of the Romans" was used on numerous occasions during the early 19th century as an epithet for the political leaders and statesmen

title: Yorkshire

text: In the early 5th century, the Roman rule ceased with the withdrawal of the last active Roman troops. By this stage, the Western Empire was in intermittent decline. After the Romans left, small Celtic kingdoms arose in the region, including the Kingdom of Ebrauc around York and the Kingdom of Elmet to the west. Elmet remained independent from the Germanic Northumbrian Angles until some time in the early 7th century, when King Edwin of Northumbria expelled its last king, Certic, and annexed the region. At its greatest extent, Northumbria stretched from the Irish Sea to the North Sea and from

title: The Last Legion

text: see stirrups, even though that kind of stirrup did not come into use in Europe until after 700 AD. The Emperor Tiberius is referred to as "the last of Julius Caesar's line". Inconsistently, Romulus Augustulus is also depicted as the last of Julius Caesar's family line and Tiberius as one of his ancestors. Tiberius was actually the second of the five Julio-Claudian emperors, succeeding to the role of emperor as the adopted son of Augustus, who had himself been adopted by Julius Caesar. Augustus had named several of his own relatives as heirs, but as they all died, he named

title: The Last Legion (novel)

text: the Heruli and Skyrian horsemen. The officer Aurelianus Ambrosius Ventidius, detached from his friends, rides desperately toward the villa of the noble Orestes for help, but the villa was attacked and destroyed by Odoacer's barbarians. Aurelius soon finds Orestes fatally wounded and can only receive the last request of Orestes' dying breath to save and protect Romulus Augustus, his son, the last emperor of Rome. Having reunited with the last survivors of the massacre of his legion (Rufius Vatrenus, a veteran of countless battles, and Cornelius Batiatus, a black giant of enormous strength from Ethiopia) and with the aid of

title: Roman emperor

text: (senate, consuls, and magistrates) were preserved until the very end of the Western Empire. The Western Roman Empire collapsed in the late 5th century. Romulus Augustulus is often considered to be the last emperor of the West after his forced abdication in 476, although Julius Nepos maintained a claim recognized by the Eastern Empire to the title until his death in 480. Following Nepos' death, the Eastern Emperor Zeno abolished the division of the position and proclaimed himself as the sole Emperor of a reunited Roman Empire. The Eastern imperial lineage continued to rule from Constantinople ("New Rome"); they continued

title: Litorius

text: Litorius Litorius (died 439) was a Roman general of the closing period of the Western Roman Empire serving as Magister militum per Gallias from 435 until his death mainly in Gaul under magister militum Flavius Aetius. Litorius is noted for being the last Roman commander in the ancient Roman military history to perform of pagan rites and the consultation of auspices before a battle. His military actions were mostly focused against Visigoths that had gradually been attempting to spread their control over Gaul. In 436 their king Theodoric I tried to conquer Narbo Martius to obtain access to the Mediterranean

title: Battle of Telamon

text: ground tenaciously, but the Roman shields and short thrusting swords were more effective in close combat than the Celtic smaller shields and long slashing swords, which allowed the Romans to gain the upper hand. Finally, the Roman cavalry rode down the hill into the flank of the exhausted Celts, who broke. The Celtic infantry was slaughtered and their cavalry put to flight. Around 40,000 Celts were killed and 10,000, including Concolitanus, taken prisoner. Aneroëstes escaped with a small group of followers, who committed suicide with him. After the battle Papus marched the combined armies into Liguria and the territory of

title: Battle of Sarmisegetusa

text: as the last great conquest of the Roman Empire before its eventual decline. Battle of Sarmisegetusa The Battle of Sarmizegetusa (also spelled "Sarmizegethuza") was a siege of Sarmizegetusa, the capital of Dacia, fought in 106 between the army of the Roman Emperor Trajan, and the Dacians led by King Decebalus. Because of the threat the Dacians represented to the Roman Empire's eastward expansion, in the year 101 Emperor Trajan made the decision to begin a campaign against them. The first conflict began on March 25 and the Roman troops, consisting of four principal legions, the units X "Gemina", XI "Claudia",

title: Germanic peoples

text: Germany had proven too costly and with it, ended 28 years of Roman campaigning across the North European plains. Both Arminius another contemporary Germanic warrior king named Maroboduus attempted to rule his warrior-based empires in autocratic fashion were deposed or outright killed through the treachery of other warrior-nobles who strove for their own glory. At the end of the 1st century, two provinces west of the Rhine called Germania inferior and Germania superior were established by the Emperor Domitian, having previously been military districts, "so as to separate this more militarized zone from the civilian populations farther west and south".

title: Battle of Noreia

text: defeat a Roman army. Battle of Noreia The Battle of Noreia, in 112 BC, was the opening battle of the Cimbrian War fought between the Roman Republic and the migrating Proto-Germanic tribes, the Cimbri and the Teutons (Teutones). It ended in defeat, and near disaster, for the Romans. The Cimbri and Teutones left their home lands around the Baltic sea in the Jutland peninsula and Southern Scandinavia. They travelled southeast and encountered the Scordisci, with whom they fought. Following their victory over the latter, they arrived at the Danube in Noricum (113 BC), which was home to the Taurisci, who

title: Last Roman Emperor

text: Last Roman Emperor Last Roman Emperor, Last World Emperor or Emperor of the Last Days is a figure of medieval European legend, which developed as an aspect of eschatology in the Catholic Church. The legend predicts that in the end times, a last emperor would appear on earth to reestablish the Holy Roman Empire and assume his function as biblical katechon who stalls the coming of the Antichrist. The legend first appears in the 7th-century apocalyptic text known as the "Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius"; that and the oracles of the Tiburtine Sibyl are its two most important sources. It developed over

title: Caratacus's last battle

text: Caratacus's last battle The Battle of Caer Caradoc was the final battle in Caratacus's resistance to Roman rule. Fought in 50 AD, the Romans defeated the Britons and thus secured the southern areas of the province of Britannia. Caratacus chose a battlefield in hilly country, placing the Britons on the higher ground. His forces were probably primarily made up of warriors from the Ordovices though there may have been some Silures as well. This position made both approach and retreat difficult for the Romans, and comparatively easy for his own forces. Where the slope was shallow, he built rough stone

title: Fall of the Western Roman Empire

long_answer: Relevant dates include 117 CE, when the Empire was at its greatest territorial extent, and the accession of Diocletian in 284. Irreversible major territorial loss, however, began in 376 with a large-scale irruption of Goths and others. In 395, after winning two destructive civil wars, Theodosius I died, leaving a collapsing field army and the Empire, still plagued by Goths, divided between his two incapable sons. By 476 when Odoacer deposed the Emperor Romulus, the Western Roman Emperor wielded negligible military, political, or financial power and had no effective control over the scattered Western domains that could still be described as Roman. Invading barbarians had established their own power in most of the area of the Western Empire. While its legitimacy lasted for centuries longer and its cultural influence remains today, the Western Empire never had the strength to rise again.