question: what is the lead singers name of staind

answers: Aaron Lewis

title: Staind

title: Tormented (Staind album)

text: a bass guitar player who later left, completing the early lineup of the band in early 1995. Originally, Staind went by the name Stain, but changed the name to Staind after the band found out the moniker already had been claimed by another group. Staind originally covered songs by bands such as Korn, Tool, Alice in Chains, Rage Against the Machine, Stone Temple Pilots, Pearl Jam, Deftones, and Helmet. The band played their first gig in February 1995. The band officially formed in Springfield, Massachusetts on November 24, 1995, after Johnny April joined the same month replacing the original bassist.

title: Staind

text: originally called "Seven", but was renamed "Staind". It was released on September 13, 2011. The first single "Not Again" was released to active radio stations on July 18. The song "The Bottom" appeared on the "" soundtrack. On June 30, Staind released a song called "Eyes Wide Open" from their new record. "Eyes Wide Open" would later be released on November 29 as the album's second single. On July 12, Staind released the first single "Not Again" through YouTube and was officially released/available on July 26. In November 2011, the band announced through their YouTube page that Sal Giancarelli was

title: Staind (album)

text: Staind (album) Staind is the eponymous seventh and most recent studio album by American rock band Staind, released on September 13, 2011. The album marks the return to Staind's more aggressive heavier sound that was predominant on the earlier albums "Tormented", "Dysfunction", and "Break the Cycle". The album also returns the guitar solos of Staind's first album "Tormented". It is the band's final studio album to feature drummer Jon Wysocki, as he left the band after the recording sessions in May 2011. Rapper Snoop Dogg appears on the remix of the song "Wannabe", which appears as a Japanese bonus track.

title: Staind (album)

text: their website in May 2011. Many songs were released before the album's official release date. The lead single, "Not Again", was made available as a streaming video on the band's official website on July 12, 2011. It was released to radio stations on July 19, 2011. "The Bottom" was released on the "" . Additionally, "Eyes Wide Open" was released on June 30, and the song "Paper Wings" was released on August 8. The official music video for "Not Again" premiered August 30, 2011. The single topped the Mainstream Rock Songs chart for seven non-consecutive weeks, and peaked at No.

title: Staind (album)

text: with first sales week of 47,000 copies, making the fifth consecutive top-five album for the band. As of November 19, it has sold over 100,000 copies. The album received a score of 55 out of 100 from Metacritic based on "mixed or average reviews", with some critics, including IGN (which gave it a score of 7.5 out of 10), calling it Staind's most mature and balanced release to date and praising the band for returning to their heavier, metal roots. Notes Staind (album) Staind is the eponymous seventh and most recent studio album by American rock band Staind, released on

title: Staind

text: record". In December 2010, Staind posted three webisodes from the studio, which featured the band members discussing the writing and recording process of their new album. They announced that as of April 20, the band had completed the recording of their untitled seventh album and would release it later that year. On May 20, 2011, Staind announced that original drummer Jon Wysocki had left the band. Drummer Will Hunt filled in for a few dates, while Wysocki's drum tech Sal Giancarelli filled in for the rest of the tour. Three days later, it was reported that Staind's new album was

title: 14 Shades of Grey

text: been certified gold then later platinum. After finishing their tour schedule, Staind allowed Lewis and his wife to conceive their first child and settle for a few months. They then took about five weeks to write new songs before they began recording in Los Angeles. The band also spent a week developing the songs at producer Josh Abraham's house. Guitarist Mike Mushok noted it as the first time Staind has actually written in the studio. In January 2003, Staind planned on a May 6 release date for their untitled fourth album. This date persisted into March during which an album

title: Staind

text: solo country music career and Mushok subsequently joining the band Saint Asonia, but the band continued to tour on and off in the following years. As of 2016, Lewis has reiterated that the band has not broken up, and will possibly create another album, but that his current focus is on his solo career. The band most recently performed live in 2017, and as of 2018, is on hiatus. Staind has sold over 15 million records worldwide. Many of the band's singles have reached high positions on US rock and all-format charts as well, including "It's Been Awhile", "Fade", "Price

title: Fade (Staind song)

text: to while growing up as a child. "Spin", in its dedicated song review, praised the track for being "another moody, well-crafted ballad" by the band. Fade (Staind song) "Fade" is a song by American rock band Staind. It was the third single off of their album "Break the Cycle". The song was a crossover success for the band, peaking at number 3 and 4 on the "Billboard" Mainstream Rock and Modern Rock song charts respectively, and at number 62 on the "Billboard" all-format Hot 100 chart. The origins of the song trace back the recording sessions in the late 1990s,

title: Staind (album)

text: sound heard on earlier albums such as "Dysfunction" and "Tormented". Mike Mushok said "It's like "Dysfunction" 2011. The music goes back to where we started, but there's still melody. We were ready to make an album that was heavy from beginning to end. It was time." Bassist Johnny April said "There's a deeper anger to the vocals and music. Some of the riffs Mike came up with were challenging and incredibly different. We've grown so much, and at the same time managed to find out way back to our roots." The album debuted at number 5 on the "Billboard" 200,

title: Staind

text: to the band. They re-opened the case in mid-2005. Staind's fifth album, titled "Chapter V", was released on August 9, 2005, and became their third consecutive number one. The album opened to sales of 185,000 and has since been certified platinum in the U.S. The first single "Right Here" was the biggest success from the album, garnering much mainstream radio play and peaking at number 1 on the mainstream rock chart. "Falling" (the video of which does not feature the band members at all) was released as the second single, followed by "Everything Changes" and "King of All Excuses". Staind

title: So Far Away (Staind song)

text: Jane, and other videos. So Far Away (Staind song) "So Far Away" is a song by American band Staind. It was released in June 2003 as the second single from their fourth album "14 Shades of Grey". The song enjoyed much success on both rock and mainstream radio, reaching number-one on the US Mainstream Rock Tracks for fourteen consecutive weeks, one of the longest runs in the chart's history, and number-one on the Modern Rock Tracks for seven non-consecutive weeks. The song also became the band's second Top 40 Hit on the "Billboard" Hot 100, peaking at number 24. Bram

title: Fade (Staind song)

text: Fade (Staind song) "Fade" is a song by American rock band Staind. It was the third single off of their album "Break the Cycle". The song was a crossover success for the band, peaking at number 3 and 4 on the "Billboard" Mainstream Rock and Modern Rock song charts respectively, and at number 62 on the "Billboard" all-format Hot 100 chart. The origins of the song trace back the recording sessions in the late 1990s, prior to the band releasing their second studio album, their first major record label album "Dysfunction" in 1999. The song's guitar riff was initially written

title: Mike Mushok

text: Shortly before the performance, Limp Bizkit frontman Fred Durst confronted the band about their album's graphic cover art, and accused them of being satan worshippers. But, Durst ended up being impressed by Staind's performance. Following that, Staind released the albums Dysfunction in 1999, Break the Cycle in 2001, 14 Shades of Grey in 2003, Chapter V in 2005, in 2006, The Illusion of Progress in 2008, and their self-titled album in 2011 before going on hiatus in 2012. In 2014, Staind began to tour again briefly before going on a second hiatus. They reunited for a one-off set in August

title: Staind

text: (most commonly playing at Club Infinity) for a year and a half. Staind self-released their debut album, "Tormented", in November 1996, citing Tool, Faith No More, and Pantera as their influences. In October 1997, Staind acquired a concert slot through Aaron's cousin Justin Cantor with Limp Bizkit. Just prior to the performance, Limp Bizkit frontman Fred Durst was appalled by Staind's grotesque album cover and unsuccessfully attempted to remove them from the bill. Durst thought that Staind were Theistic Satanists. After being persuaded to let Staind perform, Durst was impressed with their performance. After hearing Staind perform, Durst was so

title: Break the Cycle

text: musicians Artwork Production Break the Cycle Break the Cycle is the third studio album by American rock band Staind, released through Elektra Entertainment and Flip Records in 2001. It is Staind's most successful album to date, and was the album that broke them into the mainstream. It was a huge international success for the band, as it spent three weeks at number one position in the U.S. album charts and many weeks in the top 10 album charts of the "Billboard" 200, the UK and New Zealand. It sold at least 4 million copies in 2001. The album was certified

title: Staind (album)

text: 4 on the Rock Songs chart and No. 14 on the Alternative Songs chart. The second single was confirmed as "Eyes Wide Open". "Something to Remind You", despite not being a single, peaked at No. 19 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100, due to digital downloads. It would be released as the fourth single later on. On September 15 Staind played a benefit concert for the September 11 victims and presented the new album. Eight of the ten total songs were performed, excluding "Take a Breath" and "Now". The band views the album as a return to the more aggressive

title: Fade (Staind song)

text: recorded. The song's first official release was on May 8, 2001, on the band's third studio album, "Break the Cycle", a release that would eventually be certified five times platinum by the RIAA, indicated 5 million units shipped. After the release of "It's Been Awhile" and "Outside", "Fade" would later be released as the album's third single on September 4, 2001. The song performed well at rock radio radio, peaking at number 3 and 4 respectively on the US "Billboard" Mainstream Rock and Mondern Rock song charts respectively, and even crossed over to the all-format radio stations, peaking at 62

title: Saint Asonia

text: past band, Staind, like Mudshovel (Dyfunction) and For You (Break The Cycle). The band announced that their debut album will be released on July 31 that same year via RCA Records and will feature 11 tracks. The band released their second single, "Blow Me Wide Open", on June 29. Saint Asonia booked a short headlining tour in August 2015, as well as a tour with Seether in the fall of 2015. In February 2016, Saint Asonia joined the first part of the 2016 Disturbed tour, as an opening act. On May 2, 2016, Saint Asonia released a cover of the

title: Chapter V (Staind album)

text: toured with 3 Doors Down, Hurt, Three Days Grace, Breaking Benjamin, and Seether (later cancelled) across the United States to promote the album. Initial critical response ranged from mixed to average. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has received an average score of 48, based on 10 reviews. Production Chapter V (Staind album) Chapter V is the fifth studio album by American rock band Staind. It was released on August 9, 2005, debuted at number 1 with first week sales of 185,000 copies, and has spawned 1 big hit

title: Dysfunction (album)

text: or depressing. Staind toured with Kid Rock in the spring before joining the Family Values Tour 1999 along with various nu metal and rap metal musicians. Three tracks were performed live during the band's MTV Unplugged performance in 2002: "Me", and "Home", and the hidden track "Excess Baggage". Album - "Billboard" (North America) Dysfunction (album) Dysfunction is the second studio album by American rock band Staind. It is also the group's first release on any label at all, in this case the Flip/Elektra label. "Suffocate", "Just Go", "Mudshovel", and "Home" were released as singles. The song "Mudshovel" can also be

title: Staind

text: "Break the Cycle" would go on to sell seven million copies worldwide, making this Staind's best selling album. In early 2003, Staind embarked on a worldwide tour to promote the release of the follow-up to "Break the Cycle", "14 Shades of Grey", which sold two million albums and debuted at number 1 on the Billboard 200. The album saw a departure from their previous nu metal sound and the album mostly contain a lighter and more melodic post-grunge sound. The album provided two mainstream hits: the lead single "Price to Play" and "So Far Away", which spent 14 weeks on

title: So Far Away (Staind song)

text: So Far Away (Staind song) "So Far Away" is a song by American band Staind. It was released in June 2003 as the second single from their fourth album "14 Shades of Grey". The song enjoyed much success on both rock and mainstream radio, reaching number-one on the US Mainstream Rock Tracks for fourteen consecutive weeks, one of the longest runs in the chart's history, and number-one on the Modern Rock Tracks for seven non-consecutive weeks. The song also became the band's second Top 40 Hit on the "Billboard" Hot 100, peaking at number 24. Bram Teitelman of "Billboard" reviewed

title: Staind

text: 2-CD/DVD set of "Chapter V". On September 6, 2006, Staind performed an acoustic show in the Hiro Ballroom, New York City that was recorded for their singles collection. They played sixteen songs including three covers: Tool's "Sober", Pink Floyd's "Comfortably Numb" and Alice in Chains's "Nutshell". The collection "" was released on November 14, 2006. It included all the band's singles, the three covers performed at the New York show and a remastered version of "Come Again", from Staind's first independent release "Tormented". On August 19, 2008, Staind released their sixth album, "The Illusion of Progress". Prior to the album's

title: Break the Cycle

text: Break the Cycle Break the Cycle is the third studio album by American rock band Staind, released through Elektra Entertainment and Flip Records in 2001. It is Staind's most successful album to date, and was the album that broke them into the mainstream. It was a huge international success for the band, as it spent three weeks at number one position in the U.S. album charts and many weeks in the top 10 album charts of the "Billboard" 200, the UK and New Zealand. It sold at least 4 million copies in 2001. The album was certified 5x platinum by

title: Dysfunction (album)

text: Staind from opening for Limp Bizkit at a 1997 concert, due to the intense cover illustration on their 1996 album "Tormented", Fred Durst was impressed with their performance. After hearing their four-song demo, Durst signed Staind to Flip/Elektra to record the band's album "Dysfunction". However, Durst suggested Staind would become more melodic. Durst and Staind then traveled to Jacksonville, Florida to begin developing new songs, and after a meeting with Flip, Staind recorded a three-track sampler in Los Angeles, California. By February 1998, they acquired a record contract and after performing on the summer Warped Tour began recording "Dysfunction" in

title: 14 Shades of Grey

text: music videos. Staind supported "14 Shades of Grey" with a series of in-store appearances followed by free club performances. They also performed with Label mates Cold during the summer of 2003. Concert setlists incorporated songs from all the band's albums including a few tracks from "Tormented", Staind's lesser known record. Additional Initial critical response ranged from mixed to average. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has received an average score of 41, based on 10 reviews. 14 Shades of Grey 14 Shades of Grey is the fourth studio album

title: Staind

text: release, the track "This Is It" was available for download on the iTunes Store, as well as for "Rock Band". The album debuted at No. 3 on US Billboard 200, No. 1 on the Top Modern Rock/Alternative Albums Chart, No. 1 on the Top Digital Albums Chart, and also No. 1 on the Top Internet Albums Chart, with first week sales of 91,800 units. The first single on the album, "Believe", topped Billboard's Top 10 Modern Rock Tracks on September 5, 2008. The band also supported Nickelback on their 2008 European tour. The second single was "All I Want", and

title: Fade (Staind song)

text: on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. A live version of the song was released on the compilation album "The Family Values Tour 2001", while an acoustic version of the song later appeared on the release "Staind - MTV Unplugged" in November 2002. The song also received its own music video, which alternates between the band performing in a crumbling watch tower and footage of a man in an office space. The song maintains a standard verse-chorus song structure, with a bridge prior to the final chorus. The verses contains strummed, clean electric guitar notes being played, before expanding into loud,

title: Staind

long_answer: Staind (/steɪnd/ STAYND) is an American rock band formed in 1995. The original lineup consisted of lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist Aaron Lewis, lead guitarist Mike Mushok, bassist and backing vocalist Johnny April, and drummer Jon Wysocki. The lineup has been stable outside of Wysocki's departure in 2011, who was replaced by Sal Giancarelli. The band has recorded seven studio albums: Tormented (1996), Dysfunction (1999), Break the Cycle (2001), 14 Shades of Grey (2003), Chapter V (2005), The Illusion of Progress (2008), and Staind (2011). The band's activity became more sporadic after their self-titled release; with Lewis pursuing a solo country music career and Mushok subsequently joining the band Saint Asonia, but the band continued to tour off and on in the coming years. As of 2016, Lewis had reiterated that the band has not broken up, and will possibly create another album, but that his current focus is his solo career. The band's most recently performed live in 2017, and as of 2018, is in a hiatus. The band has sold over 15 million records worldwide. Many of the band's singles have substantially charted on US rock and all-format charts as well, including "It's Been Awhile", "Fade", "Price to Play", "So Far Away", and "Right Here".


question: what type of legal system is used in the uk

answers: Scots law

answers: Northern Ireland law

answers: English law

title: Law of the United Kingdom

text: The United Kingdom has three legal systems, each of which applies to a particular geographical area. English law applies in England and Wales, Northern Ireland law applies in Northern Ireland, and Scots law applies in Scotland.  While these three systems diverge in the more detailed rules, there are also substantive fields of law which apply across the United Kingdom.

title: English law

text: of Wales Act 2006 came into force after the 2007 Welsh general election. That said, the Welsh legal system remains English common law, in that the legal system administered through both civil and criminal courts remains unified throughout England and Wales. This is different from the situation of Northern Ireland, for example, which did not cease to be a distinct jurisdiction when its legislature was suspended (see Northern Ireland (Temporary Provisions) Act 1972). A major difference is also the use of the Welsh language, as laws concerning it apply in Wales and not in the rest of the United Kingdom.

title: Courts of England and Wales

text: Courts of England and Wales The Courts of England and Wales, supported administratively by Her Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service, are the civil and criminal courts responsible for the administration of justice in England and Wales. The United Kingdom does not have a single unified legal system—England and Wales has one system, Scotland another, and Northern Ireland a third. There are exceptions to this rule; for example in immigration law, the Asylum and Immigration Tribunal's jurisdiction covers the whole of the United Kingdom, while in employment law there is a single system of employment tribunals for England, Wales, and Scotland

title: Common law

text: Paisley, Scotland. Scotland maintains a separate criminal law system from the rest of the UK, with the High Court of Justiciary being the final court for criminal appeals. The highest court of appeal in civil cases brought in Scotland is now the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (before October 2009, final appellate jurisdiction lay with the House of Lords). The centuries-old authority of the common law courts in England to develop law case by case and to apply statute law—"legislating from the bench"— is a traditional function of courts, which was carried over into the U.S. system as an

title: Barrister

text: procuradores. In a nutshell, procuradores are court agents that operate under the instructions of an "abogado". Their practice is confined to the locality of the court to which they are admitted. Although with somewhat different laws, England and Wales are considered within the United Kingdom a single united and unified legal jurisdiction for the purposes of both civil and criminal law, alongside Scotland and Northern Ireland, the other two legal jurisdictions within the United Kingdom. England and Wales are covered by a common bar (an organisation of barristers) and a single law society (an organisation of solicitors). The profession of

title: Legal professions in England and Wales

text: Legal professions in England and Wales Legal professions in England and Wales are divided between two distinct branches under the legal system, those of solicitors and barristers. Other legal professions in England and Wales include being judges, as well as the roles of Attorney-General, Solicitor-General, and Director of Public Prosecutions. Solicitors tend to work together with others in private practice and are generally the first port of call for those seeking legal advice. Solicitors are also employed in government departments and commercial businesses. The Law Society is the professional body representing solicitors. Barristers, on the other hand, do not generally

title: Legal professions in England and Wales

text: need to have at least ten years of practical experience. Legal professions in England and Wales Legal professions in England and Wales are divided between two distinct branches under the legal system, those of solicitors and barristers. Other legal professions in England and Wales include being judges, as well as the roles of Attorney-General, Solicitor-General, and Director of Public Prosecutions. Solicitors tend to work together with others in private practice and are generally the first port of call for those seeking legal advice. Solicitors are also employed in government departments and commercial businesses. The Law Society is the professional body

title: Law enforcement in the United Kingdom

text: Law enforcement in the United Kingdom Law enforcement in the United Kingdom is organised separately in each of the legal systems of the United Kingdom: England and Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. Most law enforcement is carried out by police officers serving in regional police services (known as territorial police forces) within one of those jurisdictions. These regional services are complemented by UK-wide agencies, such as the National Crime Agency and the national specialist units of certain territorial police forces, such as the Specialist Operations directorate of the Metropolitan Police. Police officers are granted certain powers to enable them to

title: Courts of Scotland

text: Court of Exchequer, district courts, and the High Court of Constabulary. The United Kingdom does not have a single judicial system — England and Wales have one system, Scotland another, and Northern Ireland a third. The Military Courts of the United Kingdom have jurisdiction over all members of the armed forces of the United Kingdom and civilians subject to service discipline in relation to offences against military law. The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom operates across all three separate jurisdictions, hearing some civil - but not criminal - appeals in Scottish cases, and determining certain devolution and human rights

title: English family law

text: English family law English family law concerns the law relating to family matters in England and Wales. Family law concerns a host of authorities, agencies and groups which participate in or influence the outcome of private disputes or social decisions involving family law. Such a view of family law may be regarded as assisting the understanding of the context in which the law works and to indicate the policy areas where improvements can be made. The UK is made up of three jurisdictions: Scotland, Northern Ireland, and England and Wales. Each has quite different systems of family law and courts.

title: Legal services in the United Kingdom

text: was outside England and Wales. Five of the world's ten largest law firms by revenues are headquartered in the UK, and three of the largest five Global 100 law firms, based on headcount in 2013 have their main base of operations in the UK. As of 2013 the legal services market in the United Kingdom is experiencing rapid change as a result of forces including market consolidation, globalisation, regulatory change leading to greater corporatisation and the use of new legal structures, and an increasing role of technology. In 2013, gross fees generated by law firms in the UK increased by

title: Common law

text: time) of essentially civil law jurisdiction. The former Soviet Bloc and other Socialist countries used a Socialist law system. Much of the Muslim world uses Sharia (also called Islamic law). The common law constitutes the basis of the legal systems of: and many other generally English-speaking countries or Commonwealth countries (except the UK's Scotland, which is bijuridicial, and Malta). Essentially, every country that was colonised at some time by England, Great Britain, or the United Kingdom uses common law except those that were formerly colonised by other nations, such as Quebec (which follows the law of France in part), South

title: Courts of the United Kingdom

text: Courts of the United Kingdom The Courts of the United Kingdom are separated into three separate jurisdictions, the Courts of England and Wales, Courts of Scotland and the Courts of Northern Ireland, as the United Kingdom does not have a single unified judicial system. However, in the area of immigration law, the respective jurisdictions of the Asylum and Immigration Tribunal and the Special Immigration Appeals Commission cover all of the United Kingdom; in employment law, Employment tribunals and the Employment Appeal Tribunal have jurisdiction in the whole of Great Britain (i.e., not in Northern Ireland). The Constitutional Reform Act 2005

title: Law enforcement by country

text: modern police force, law enforcement in the United Kingdom is based on the long-standing philosophy of policing by consent. Policing and law enforcement are organised separately in each of the legal systems of the United Kingdom as a result of devolution of powers to Scotland, Northern Ireland and, to a lesser extent, London. England and Wales have 43 local police forces (formerly known as constabularies), each of which covers a 'police area' (a particular county, grouping of counties or metropolitan area). Since 2012, 41 of these forces have their own directly elected Police and Crime Commissioner, under the Police Reform

title: Crime in the United Kingdom

text: Crime in the United Kingdom Crime in the United Kingdom describes acts of violent crime and non-violent crime that take place within the United Kingdom. Courts and police systems are separated into three sections, based on the different judicial systems of England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Responsibility for crime in England and Wales is split between the Home Office, the government department responsible for reducing and preventing crime, along with law enforcement in the United Kingdom; and the Ministry of Justice, which runs the Justice system, including its courts and prisons. In Scotland, this responsibility falls on the

title: Constitution of the United Kingdom

text: after being challenged for the leadership of the Conservative Party. The strength of party discipline within the Commons, enforced by the whip system, is shown by the fact that the two most recent motions of no confidence in which a Government was defeated occurred in 1924 and 1979. There are three judicial systems in the United Kingdom: that of England and Wales, that of Scotland, and that of Northern Ireland. Under the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 the final court of appeal for all cases, other than Scottish criminal, is the newly seated Supreme Court of the United Kingdom: for Scottish

title: Courts of England and Wales

text: 28 to that Act. Part II of Schedule 4 to the Administration of Justice Act 1977 curtailed the jurisdiction of certain other anomalous local courts. Courts of England and Wales The Courts of England and Wales, supported administratively by Her Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service, are the civil and criminal courts responsible for the administration of justice in England and Wales. The United Kingdom does not have a single unified legal system—England and Wales has one system, Scotland another, and Northern Ireland a third. There are exceptions to this rule; for example in immigration law, the Asylum and Immigration Tribunal's

title: Legal services in the United Kingdom

text: was introduced by the Legal Profession and Legal Aid (Scotland) Act 2007. The diversity of people employed within the British legal system has changed significantly since the 1970s. Since 1913 when there was a ban on women to work as lawyers, women in the industry today accounts for 50% of all practising lawyers. In addition almost 20% of solicitors are from a BAME background with Asian lawyers over represented at 12%. Over the years there have been a number of associations setup to represent the diverse communities that now constitute the legal profession including the Society of Asian Lawyers, Society

title: Admiralty law

text: systems of Britain and the United States are in contrast to civil law legal systems which prevail in continental Europe and trace back to old Roman codified law. Although England's admiralty law was a development of continental civil law, its admiralty courts were common law courts, albeit somewhat distanced from the mainstream Kings Bench. Most of the common law countries (including Pakistan, Singapore, India, and many other Commonwealth of Nations countries) follow English statute and case law. India still follows many Victorian-era British statutes such as the Admiralty Court Act 1861 [24 Vict c 10]. Whilst Pakistan now has its

title: Federal government of Nigeria

text: law of Nigeria is based on the rule of law, the independence of the judiciary, and British common law (due to the long history of British colonial influence). The common law in the legal system is similar to common-law systems used in England and Wales and other Commonwealth countries. The constitutional framework for the legal system is provided by the Constitution of Nigeria. There is a judicial branch, with the Supreme Court regarded as the highest court of the Nation. The two fundamental sources of Nigerian law through legislation are (1) Acts of British parliament, popularly referred to as statutes

title: Law of the United Kingdom

text: Wales, using devolved authority granted in the Government of Wales Act 2006 and in effect since May 2007. Each piece of Welsh legislation is known as an Act of the Assembly. However, as there is no criminal law within contemporary Welsh law, Wales is not generally considered a fourth jurisdiction of the United Kingdom. This is because the judiciary and the courts follow England and Wales law, which is made by the United Kingdom Parliament, and is not specific to Wales. Although Welsh law is recognised as separate in operation, this is not sufficient for Wales to constitute a separate

title: Scottish criminal law

text: of the criminal justice system in Scotland. Scottish criminal law Scots criminal law governs the rules of criminal law in Scotland. Scottish criminal law relies far more heavily on common law than in England and Wales. Scottish criminal law includes offences against the person of murder, culpable homicide, rape and assault, offences against property such as theft and malicious mischief, and public order offences including mobbing and breach of the peace. Scottish criminal law can also be found in the statutes of the UK Parliament with some areas of criminal law, such as misuse of drugs and traffic offences appearing

title: English law

text: law. The UK's highest civil appeal court is the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, whose decisions are binding on all three UK jurisdictions, as in "Donoghue v Stevenson", a Scots case that forms the basis of the UK's law of negligence. Unlike Scotland and Northern Ireland, Wales is not a separate jurisdiction within the United Kingdom. The customary laws of Wales within the Kingdom of England were abolished by King Henry VIII's Laws in Wales Acts which brought Wales into legal conformity with England. While Wales now has a devolved Assembly, any legislation which that Assembly passes is enacted

title: Legal services in the United Kingdom

text: business structure legal service providers was approved by the Solicitors Regulation Authority in April 2012; Co-operative Legal Services, the Kent-based Lawbridge Solicitors and the Oxford-based John Welch & Stammers were the first firms to be approved. As of July 2010 there were around 11,100 law firms registered in England and Wales. Sole practitioners and partnerships with two or three members together accounted for around 80% of the total number of firms, while those with more than 25 partners accounted for around 2% of firms. Lawyers in England and Wales are divided between solicitors and barristers, each of which have their

title: Civil procedure in England and Wales

text: Civil procedure in England and Wales English civil procedure shares much in common with the civil law systems of other common law countries. The civil courts of England and Wales adopted an overwhelmingly unified body of rules as a result of the Woolf Reforms on 26 April 1999. These are collectively known as the Civil Procedure Rules and in all but some very confined areas replaced the Rules of the Supreme Court (applicable to the High Court of Justice) and the County Court Rules. All defended cases are allocated to one of three tracks: Note- The Jackson Reforms of 2013

title: Law of the United Kingdom

text: Scotland, as they deal with both criminal and civil caseloads. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is the highest court of appeal for several independent Commonwealth countries, the British overseas territories, and the British Crown dependencies. There are also immigration courts with UK-wide jurisdiction — the Asylum and Immigration Tribunal and Special Immigration Appeals Commission. The Employment tribunals and the Employment Appeal Tribunal have jurisdiction throughout Great Britain, but not Northern Ireland. European Union law is actively transposed into the UK legal systems under the UK parliament's law-making power, in fulfillment of its EU treaty obligations, not inherently by

title: Cannabis trafficking penalties for juveniles

text: – federal level). If a minor incurs in any unlawful importation of narcotic, thus including cannabis, sanctions will be decided on the quantity by a judge of minors in the concerned canton. England's Judicial System is structured as follows; Magistrates Court, which deals with less serious crimes, and the Crown Court, which deals with more serious crimes. The accused or the prosecution may appeal to the High Court if they don't agree with the trial's outcome. If the accused or prosecution don't accept the High Courts outcome, they may take their case to the court of appeal. Once the Court

title: Common law

text: Africa and Sri Lanka (which follow Roman Dutch law), where the prior civil law system was retained to respect the civil rights of the local colonists. Guyana and Saint Lucia have mixed Common Law and Civil Law systems. The remainder of this section discusses jurisdiction-specific variants, arranged chronologically. Scotland is often said to use the civil law system, but it has a unique system that combines elements of an uncodified civil law dating back to the Corpus Juris Civilis with an element of its own common law long predating the Treaty of Union with England in 1707 (see Legal institutions

title: Law of the United Kingdom

text: summary court. The sheriff courts provide a local court service with 49 sheriff courts organised across six sheriffdoms. The Scots legal system is unique in having three possible verdicts for a criminal trial: "guilty", "not guilty" and ""not proven"". Both "not guilty" and "not proven" result in an acquittal with no possibility of retrial. The Cabinet Secretary for Justice is the member of the Scottish Government responsible for Police Scotland, the courts and criminal justice, and the Scottish Prison Service, which manages the prisons in Scotland. Welsh law is the primary and secondary legislation generated by the National Assembly for

title: Barristers in England and Wales

text: Barristers in England and Wales Barristers in England and Wales are one of the two main categories of lawyer in England and Wales, the other being solicitors. Barristers have traditionally had the role of handling cases for representation in court, both defence and prosecution. (The word 'lawyer' is a generic one, referring to a person who practises in law, which could also be deemed to include other legal practitioners such as chartered legal executives.) The work of senior legal professionals in England and Wales is divided between solicitors and barristers. Both are trained in law but serve differing functions in

title: Law of the United Kingdom

short_answers:
English law
Northern Ireland law
Scots law


question: when did macbook pro 13 inch come out

answers: October 2008

answers: June 8, 2009

title: MacBook Pro

text: The product's second iteration, known as the "unibody" model, has a casing made from a single piece of aluminum. It debuted in October 2008 in 13- and 15-inch screen sizes.  In January 2009, the 17-inch model was updated with the same unibody design. Subsequent updates brought upgraded Intel Core i5 and i7 processors and introduced Intel's Thunderbolt technology.

title: MacBook Pro

text: 13-inch model now comes with a 128GB storage option, down from the base 256GB storage. On July 12, 2018 Apple updated the Touch Bar models with Intel Coffee Lake quad-core processors in 13-inch models and six-core processors in 15-inch models, updated graphics cards, third-generation butterfly keyboards, Bluetooth 5, T2 SoC Chip, True Tone display technology, and larger capacity batteries. The 15-inch model can also be configured with up to 4TB of storage, 32GB of DDR4 memory and a Core i9 processor. In late November the higher-end 15-inch model could be configured with Radeon Pro Vega graphics. The fourth generation MacBook

title: MacBook Pro

text: ports, and the default RAM on premium models was increased to 8 GB. Following this announcement, the 17-inch model was discontinued. After a media event on October 22, 2013 Apple discontinued all second generation MacBook Pros except for the entry-level 2.5 GHz 13-inch model. Apple discontinued the 13-inch 2nd generation MacBook Pro on October 27, 2016. Prior to its discontinuation it was Apple’s only product to still include an optical drive and a Firewire port, and only laptop with a hard disk drive and Ethernet port. Some reviewers praised the new laptop's performance and compact size, the quality of the

title: MacBook family

text: MacBook Pro is Apple's higher end laptop available in both 13-inch and 15-inch configurations. A redesigned MacBook Pro was introduced on October 27, 2016, which is thinner and lighter than the previous generation MacBook Pro. Both size models feature a touch-sensitive OLED display strip located in place of the function keys, a Touch ID sensor integrated with the power button, a butterfly mechanism keyboard similar to the MacBook, and four USB-C ports that also serve as Thunderbolt 3 ports. The 13-inch model is also available in a less expensive configuration with conventional function keys and only two USB-C/Thunderbolt 3 ports.

title: MacBook Pro

text: is thinner than its predecessor and is the first to include a high-resolution Retina Display. A 13-inch variant was released in October 2012. The fourth generation MacBook Pro was announced on October 27, 2016. It replaces the function keys with an interactive, multi-touch "Touch Bar" and a Touch ID sensor integrated into the Power button. The original 15-inch MacBook Pro was announced on January 10, 2006 by Steve Jobs at the Macworld Conference & Expo. The 17-inch model was unveiled on April 24, 2006. The first design was largely a carryover from the PowerBook G4, but uses Intel Core CPUs

title: MacBook Pro

text: with Intel's Haswell processors and Iris Graphics, 802.11ac Wi-Fi, Thunderbolt 2, and PCIe-based flash storage. The chassis of the 13-inch version was slightly slimmed to to match the 15-inch model. The lower-end 15-inch model only included integrated graphics while the higher-end model continued to include a discrete Nvidia graphics card in addition to integrated graphics. Support for 4K video output via HDMI was added but limited the maximum number of external displays from three to two. On July 29, 2014 Apple announced updated prices and processors for the Haswell MacBook Pro with Retina Display. On March 9, 2015, the 13-inch

title: MacBook Pro

text: MacBook Pro The MacBook Pro (sometimes abbreviated as MBP) is a line of Macintosh portable computers introduced in January 2006 by Apple Inc. It is the high-end model of the MacBook family and is currently available in 13- and 15-inch screen sizes. A 17-inch version was available between April 2006 and June 2012. The first generation MacBook Pro is externally similar to the PowerBook G4 it replaces, but uses Intel Core processors instead of PowerPC G4 chips. The 15-inch model was introduced first, in January 2006; the 17-inch model followed in April. Both received several updates and Core 2 Duo

title: MacBook Pro

text: was announced as an option for the 15-inch models. The 13-inch gained an integrated Nvidia GeForce 320M graphics processing unit (GPU) with 256 MB of shared memory, while the 15- and 17-inch models were upgraded to the GeForce GT 330M, with either 256 or 512 MB of dedicated memory. The 15- and 17-inch models also have an integrated Intel GPU that is built into the Core i5 and i7 processors. The 15-inch model also gained . Save for a third USB 2.0 slot, all the ports on the 17-inch MacBook Pro are the same in type and number as on

title: MacBook Pro

text: Retina Display. Other new or changed features include a second Thunderbolt port, a HDMI port, and a thinner MagSafe port, dubbed the "MagSafe 2". Apple introduced a 13-inch version on October 23, 2012 with specifications similar but slightly inferior to the 15-inch version's, such as less powerful processors. The new models omit Ethernet and FireWire 800 ports, though Apple offers Thunderbolt adapters for both interfaces. They also omit a SuperDrive, making the 15-inch model Apple's first professional notebook since the PowerBook 2400c to ship without a built-in optical drive. Instead of a hard disk drive, the new models ship with

title: MacBook Pro

text: macOS High Sierra 10.13.4. Devices using HDMI, previous generation Thunderbolt, and USB will require an adapter to connect to the MacBook Pro. The models come with a 3.5 mm headphone jack, although TOSLINK functionality of older generation MacBook Pros has been removed. Other updates to the MacBook Pro include dual and quad-core Intel "Skylake" Core i5 and i7 processors, improved graphics, and displays that offer a 25% wider color gamut, 67% more brightness, and 67% more contrast. All versions are able to output to a 5K display, with the 15-inch models capable of two. The 15-inch models include a discrete

title: MacBook Pro

text: model was updated with Intel Broadwell processors, Iris 6100 graphics, faster flash storage, increased battery life, and a Force Touch trackpad. On May 19, 2015, the 15-inch model was also updated with similarly fast flash storage, increased battery life, the Force Touch trackpad, and an AMD Radeon R9 discrete graphics card on the higher-end model. The higher-end 15-inch model also added support for dual-cable output to 5120×2880 displays. The 15-inch models were released with the same Intel Haswell processors and Iris Pro graphics as the 2014 models due to a delay in shipment of newer Broadwell quad-core processors. Apple continued

title: MacBook Pro

text: to sell the 2015 15-inch model until July 2018. The Retina Display MacBook Pro largely follows the design of the previous generation with its aluminum enclosure and separated black keys. The most apparent body changes are a thinner chassis and a display with a redesigned hinge and thinner bezel and the removal of the internal optical drive. The power button is moved from the upper right corner of the chassis onto the keyboard, taking the place of the optical disc eject button. At thick, the 15-inch model is 25 percent thinner than its predecessor. The model name is no longer

title: MacBook (12-inch)

text: MacBook (12-inch) The MacBook (known colloquially as the "Retina MacBook" or "12-inch MacBook") is a line of Macintosh portable computers introduced in March 2015 by Apple Inc. The MacBook has a similar appearance to the MacBook Air, but is thinner and lighter, and is available in colors called space gray, silver, gold, and rose gold. It offers a high-resolution Retina Display, a Force Touch trackpad, a redesigned keyboard, and only two ports: a headphone jack and a USB 3.1 Type-C port for charging, data transfer and video output. In the MacBook product line, the MacBook sits below the MacBook Pro

title: MacBook Pro

text: the 15-inch version. All models come with 4 GB of system memory that is upgradeable to 8 GB. Battery life was also extended further in this update, to an estimated ten hours for the 13-inch and 8–9 hours on the 15- and 17-inch MacBook Pros. This was achieved through both greater power efficiency and adding more battery capacity. One reviewer reported about six hours of battery life through a continuous video battery stress test in the 15-inch and another, who called the battery life "unbeatable", reported nearer to eight in the 13-inch through their "highly demanding battery drain test". Thunderbolt

title: MacBook Air

text: of the 13" MacBook Pro on October 27, 2016, which was specifically targeted towards MacBook Air users. The 11.6" MacBook Air, introduced in October 2010, is only slightly larger and heavier (when closed) than the iPad 2. The 11.6" Air has been regarded as thin and light compared to other ultraportables, such as the Sony VAIO Z and the 11" Samsung Series 9. As of 2013, several Ultrabooks such as the Sony VAIO Pro have managed smaller dimensions than the MacBook Air by using carbon fiber construction. On October 30, 2018, Apple unveiled a redesigned 13.3" MacBook Air model, with

title: MacBook Pro

text: 14, 2008, in a press event at company headquarters, Apple officials announced a new 15-inch MacBook Pro featuring a "precision aluminum unibody enclosure" and tapered sides similar to those of the MacBook Air. Designers shifted the MacBook Pro's ports to the left side of the case, and moved the optical disc drive slot from the front to the right side, similar to the MacBook. The new MacBook Pros had two video cards, which the user could switch between: the Nvidia GeForce 9600M GT with either 256 or 512 MB of dedicated memory and a GeForce 9400M with 256 MB of

title: MacBook Pro

text: models during a press event at their headquarters on October 27, 2016. All models, except the baseline 13-inch model, introduced the Touch Bar, a multi-touch enabled OLED strip built into the top of the keyboard in place of the function keys. The Touch Bar models also include a sapphire-glass covered Touch ID sensor at the right end of the Touch Bar which doubles as a power button. The models also introduce a "second-generation" butterfly mechanism keyboard that provided more travel than the first iteration implemented on the Retina MacBook. The 13-inch model has a trackpad that is 46% larger than

title: MacBook Pro

text: Radeon Pro 450, 455 or 460 graphics card in addition to the integrated Intel graphics. Additionally, Apple introduced a cheaper lower-end 13-inch model which lacks the Touch Bar in favor of function keys, and has only two USB-C ports. The flash storage in the Touch Bar models is soldered to the logic board and is not upgradeable, while in the 13-inch model without Touch Bar, it is removable, but difficult to replace, as it is a proprietary format of SSD storage. On June 5, 2017 Apple updated the line with Intel Kaby Lake processors and newer graphics cards. Additionally, the

title: MacBook Pro

text: people "rethink how they use technology". He praised the inclusion of USB 3.0 and the slimmer body. Dan Ackerman of CNET commented "I've previously called the 15-inch MacBook Pro one of the most universally useful all-around laptops you can buy. This new version adds to that with HDMI, faster ports, and more portability. But it also subtracts from that with its exclusion of an optical drive and Ethernet port, plus its very high starting price. The Pro and Retina Pro are clearly two laptops designed for two different users, and with the exception of all-day commuters who need something closer

title: MacBook Pro

text: Pro units without Touch Bar, manufactured between October 2016 and October 2017, may have the built-in battery expanded, which is also known as "swelling". Apple initiated a free replacement program for eligible units. A "limited number" of 128GB and 256GB solid-state drives (SSD) used in 13-inch MacBook Pro (non Touch Bar) units have an issue that may result in data loss and failure of the drive. 13-inch MacBook Pro units with affected drives were sold between June 2017 and June 2018. This resulted in Apple launching a repair program for those affected- the repair involves the update of firmware. Some

title: MacBook Pro

text: FireWire 800 port and all except the 17-inch models would receive an SD card slot. The 17-inch model would retain its ExpressCard/34 slot. For the 13-inch MacBook Pro, the Kensington lock slot was moved to the right side of the chassis. In August 2009, Apple extended the "matte" anti-glare display option to the 15-inch MacBook Pro. On April 13, 2010, Intel Core i5 and Core i7 CPUs were introduced in the 15- and 17-inch models, while the 13-inch retained the Core 2 Duo with a speed increase. The power brick was redesigned and a high-resolution display (of 1,680 × 1,050)

title: MacBook (12-inch)

text: in terms of average specifications. Compared to the MacBook Air which at the time had 13.3-inch and 11.6-inch screen sizes, the 12-inch MacBook is considered a more premium device due to its higher resolution Retina Display, more compact form factor, the absence of fan, and higher storage and memory. However, the processor and graphic performance is inferior to the MacBook Air. Many reviewers have also criticized the shallow travel of the redesigned keyboard keys. On April 19, 2016, Apple updated the MacBook with new sixth-generation Intel Core M processors, Intel HD 515 graphics, faster RAM, longer battery life, faster storage

title: MacBook Air

text: maximum of . Since the release of the MacBook Air, other thinner laptops have been released, such as the Dell Adamo, launched in March 2009, which is a constant thick. Apple subsequently removed "The world's thinnest notebook" from their marketing materials. On October 20, 2010, Apple released a redesigned 13.3" model with a tapered enclosure, higher screen resolution, improved battery, and flash storage instead of a hard drive. In addition, a new 11.6" model was introduced, offering reduced cost, weight, battery life, and performance relative to the 13.3" model, but better performance than typical netbooks of the time. On July

title: MacBook (12-inch)

text: were filed against Apple regarding the keyboard issue with one alleging a "constant threat of nonresponsive keys and accompanying keyboard failure" and accusing Apple of not alerting consumers to the issue. In June 2018, Apple announced a Service Program to "service eligible MacBook and MacBook Pro keyboards, free of charge". Notes: MacBook (12-inch) The MacBook (known colloquially as the "Retina MacBook" or "12-inch MacBook") is a line of Macintosh portable computers introduced in March 2015 by Apple Inc. The MacBook has a similar appearance to the MacBook Air, but is thinner and lighter, and is available in colors called space

title: MacBook Pro

text: with up to a 2,560 × 1,600 pixel resolution are supported through a dual-link DVI port. All models include a built-in Gigabit Ethernet port, Bluetooth 2.0, and 802.11a/b/g. Later models include support for the draft 2.0 specification of 802.11n and Bluetooth 2.1. Apple refreshed the entire MacBook Pro line on October 24, 2006 to include Intel Core 2 Duo processors. Memory capacity was doubled for each model, to 1 GB on the low-end 15-inch and 2 GB for the high-end 15- and 17-inch models. FireWire 800 was added to the 15-inch models. Hard drive capacity was increased, although video card

title: MacBook Pro

text: options stayed the same. The MacBook Pro line received a second update on June 5, 2007 with new Nvidia Geforce 8600M GT video cards and faster processor options. LED backlighting was added to the 15-inch model's screen, and its weight was reduced from to . Furthermore, the speed of the front-side bus was increased from 667 MHz to 800 MHz. On November 1, 2007, Apple added the option of a 2.6 GHz Santa Rosa platform Core 2 Duo CPU as well as reconfigured hard drive options. On February 26, 2008, the MacBook Pro line was again updated. LED backlighting was

title: MacBook Pro

text: added as an option for the 17-inch model. Processors were updated to "Penryn" cores, which are built on the 45 nanometer process (65 nanometer "Merom" cores were previously used), and hard drive and memory capacities were increased. Multi-touch capabilities, first introduced with the MacBook Air earlier that year, were brought over to the MacBook Pro's trackpad. When the 15-inch unibody MacBook Pro was introduced on October 14, 2008, the pre-unibody model with the same screen size was discontinued, while the 17-inch pre-unibody model continued to be sold. The original case design was discontinued on January 6, 2009, when the 17-inch

title: MacBook Pro

text: instead of PowerPC G4 chips. The 15-inch MacBook Pro weighs the same as the 15-inch aluminum PowerBook G4, but is deeper, wider, and thinner. Other changes from the PowerBook include a built-in iSight webcam and the inclusion of MagSafe, a magnetic power connector designed to detach easily when yanked. These features were later brought over to the MacBook. The optical drive was reduced in size in order to fit into the slimmer MacBook Pro, hence it runs slower than the optical drive in the PowerBook G4 and cannot write to dual layer DVDs. Both the original 15- and 17-inch model

title: MacBook Pro

text: its eight-hour capacity. Some sources even reported up to eight hours of battery life for the 13- and 15-inch MacBook Pros during casual use, while others reported around six hours. Like the 17-inch MacBook Pro, Apple claims that they will last around 1,000 charge cycles while still containing 80 percent of their capacity. Graphics card options stayed the same from the previous release, although the 13-inch and the base model 15-inch, came with only the GeForce 9400M GPU. The screens were also improved, gaining a claimed 60 percent greater color gamut. All of these mid 2009 models also included a

title: MacBook Pro

text: its predecessor while the 15-inch model has a trackpad twice as large as the prior generation. All ports have been replaced with either two or four combination USB-C 3.1 Gen 2 ports that support Thunderbolt 3 and dual DisplayPort 1.2 signals, any of which can be used for charging. The MacBook Pro is incompatible with some older Thunderbolt 3 certified peripherals, including Intel's own reference design for Thunderbolt 3 devices. Furthermore, macOS on MacBook Pro blocks certain classes of Thunderbolt 3 compatible devices from working by blacklisting them. Support for Thunderbolt 3 external graphics processing units (eGPU) was added in

title: MacBook Pro


question: the heart muscle is stimulated to contract by electrical impulses which are generated where

answers: the sinoatrial node

title: Electrical conduction system of the heart

text: The electrical conduction system of the heart transmits signals generated usually by the sinoatrial node to cause contraction of the heart muscle. The pacemaking signal generated in the sinoatrial node travels through the right atrium to the atrioventricular node, along the Bundle of His and through bundle branches to cause contraction of the heart muscle.  This signal stimulates contraction first of the right and left atrium, and then the right and left ventricles. This process allows blood to be pumped throughout the body.

title: Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling

text: body is at rest. This rate can be altered, however, by nerves that work to either increase heart rate (sympathetic nerves) or decrease it (parasympathetic nerves), as the body's oxygen demands change. Ultimately, muscle contraction revolves around a charged atom (ion), calcium (Ca), which is responsible for converting the electrical energy of the action potential into mechanical energy (contraction) of the muscle. This is achieved in a region of the muscle cell, called the transverse-tubule during a process known as calcium induced calcium release. Located in the wall of the right atrium is a group of specialised cells, called the

title: Cardiac muscle

text: muscle contracts in a similar manner to skeletal muscle, although with some important differences. An electrical stimulation in the form of an action potential delivered in a rhythmic pattern triggers the release of calcium from the cell's internal calcium store, the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The rise in calcium causes the cell's myofilaments to slide past each other in a process called excitation contraction coupling. Diseases of heart muscle are of major importance. These include conditions caused by a restricted blood supply to the muscle including angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and other heart muscle disease known as cardiomyopathies. Cardiac muscle tissue

title: Muscle contraction

text: either excitatory (contractile) or inhibitory (relaxing). There are two types of cardiac muscle cells: autorhythmic and contractile. Autorhythmic cells do not contract, but instead set the pace of contraction for other cardiac muscle cells, which can be modulated by the autonomic nervous system. In contrast, contractile muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) constitute the majority of the heart muscle and are able to contract. Unlike skeletal muscle, excitation–contraction coupling in cardiac muscle is thought to depend primarily on a mechanism called calcium-induced calcium release. Though the proteins involved are similar, the L-type calcium channels and ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are not physically coupled. Instead,

title: Systole

text: heart beats—is cued by messages from the brain, reflecting the brain's responses to conditions of the body, such as pain, emotional stress, level of activity, and to ambient conditions including external temperature, time of day, etc. Electrical systole opens voltage-gated sodium, potassium and calcium channels in cells of myocardium tissue. Subsequently, a rise in intracellular calcium triggers the interaction of actin and myosin in the presence of ATP which generates mechanical force in the cells in the form of muscular contraction, or mechanical systole. The contractions generate intra-ventricular pressure, which is increased until it exceeds the external, residual pressures in

title: Cardiac muscle

text: much that the pumping function of the heart is reduced. If the heart is no longer able to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, this is described as heart failure. Cardiac muscle Cardiac muscle (also called heart muscle or myocardium) is one of three types of vertebrate muscles, with the other two being skeletal and smooth muscles. It is an involuntary, striated muscle that constitutes the main tissue of the walls of the heart. The myocardium forms a thick middle layer between the outer layer of the heart wall (the epicardium) and the inner layer (the endocardium), with

title: Cardiac muscle

text: Cardiac muscle Cardiac muscle (also called heart muscle or myocardium) is one of three types of vertebrate muscles, with the other two being skeletal and smooth muscles. It is an involuntary, striated muscle that constitutes the main tissue of the walls of the heart. The myocardium forms a thick middle layer between the outer layer of the heart wall (the epicardium) and the inner layer (the endocardium), with blood supplied via the coronary circulation. It is composed of individual heart muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) joined together by intercalated discs, encased by collagen fibres and other substances forming the extracellular matrix. Cardiac

title: Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling

text: into the cell. Secondly Ca indirectly activates proteins, called myofilaments, resulting in muscle contraction. The two main myofilaments in cardiac (and skeletal) muscle are actin and myosin. Ca binds to a protein called troponin, which is bound to the actin filament. This binding causes a shape change in the troponin which exposes areas on the actin, to which the head of the myosin filament binds. The binding of the myosin head to actin is known as a cross-bridge. A molecule, called adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which is produced by an intracellular structure called a mitochondrion, is then used, as a source

title: Cardiac muscle

text: with a characteristic flow of ions across the cell membrane known as an action potential. The action potential subsequently triggers muscle contraction by increasing the concentration of calcium within the cytosol. However, the mechanism by which calcium concentrations within the cytosol rise differ between skeletal and cardiac muscle. In cardiac muscle, the action potential comprises an inward flow of both sodium and calcium ions. The flow of sodium ions is rapid but very short-lived, while the flow of calcium is sustained and gives the plateau phase characteristic of cardiac muscle action potentials. The comparatively small flow of calcium through the

title: Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling

text: Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling (Cardiac EC coupling) describes the series of events, from the production of an electrical impulse (action potential) to the contraction of muscles in the heart. This process is of vital importance as it allows for the heart to beat in a controlled manner, without the need for conscious input. EC coupling results in the sequential contraction of the heart muscles that allows blood to be pumped, first to the lungs (pulmonary circulation) and then around the rest of the body (systemic circulation) at a rate between 60 and 100 beats every minute, when the

title: Myocardial contractility

text: Myocardial contractility Myocardial contractility represents the innate ability of the heart muscle (cardiac muscle or myocardium) to contract. The ability to produce changes in force during contraction result from incremental degrees of binding between different types of tissue, that is, between filaments of myosin (thick) and actin (thin) tissue. The degree of binding depends upon the concentration of calcium ions in the cell. Within an in vivo intact heart, the action/response of the sympathetic nervous system is driven by precisely timed releases of a catecholamine, which process determines the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol of cardiac muscle cells.

title: Cardiac pacemaker

text: Cardiac pacemaker The contraction of cardiac muscle (heart muscle) in all animals is initiated by electrical impulses known as action potentials. The rate at which these impulses fire controls the rate of cardiac contraction, that is, the heart rate. The cells that create these rhythmic impulses, setting the pace for blood pumping, are called pacemaker cells, and they directly control the heart rate. They make up the cardiac pacemaker, that is, the natural pacemaker of the heart. In most humans, the concentration of pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial (SA) node is the natural pacemaker, and the resultant rhythm is a

title: Heart

text: determined by how much they are stretched, which is influenced by blood pressure, level of physical activity, and the relative distribution of blood. With increased pressure and stretch, the rate of baroreceptor firing increases, and the cardiac centers decrease sympathetic stimulation and increase parasympathetic stimulation . As pressure and stretch decrease, the rate of baroreceptor firing decreases, and the cardiac centers increase sympathetic stimulation and decrease parasympathetic stimulation. There is a similar reflex, called the atrial reflex or Bainbridge reflex, associated with varying rates of blood flow to the atria. Increased venous return stretches the walls of the atria where

title: Cardiac physiology

text: the force of contractions. Sympathetic stimulation triggers the release of norepinephrine from the cardiac nerves and also stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete both epinephrine and norepinephrine. These secretions increase the heart rate, subsequent metabolic rate and contractility. Parasympathetic stimulation stimulates the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from the vagus nerve which decreases contractility, and stroke volume which increases end systolic volume. Several synthetic drugs have been developed that can act either as a stimulant or inhibitor inotrope. The stimulant inotropes, such as Digoxin, cause higher concentrations of calcium ions which increase contractility. Excess calcium (hypercalcemia) is also a positive inotrope.

title: Heart

text: 8 around the two ventricles and proceeding toward the apex. This complex swirling pattern allows the heart to pump blood more effectively. There are two types of cells in cardiac muscle: muscle cells which have the ability to contract easily, and pacemaker cells of the conducting system. The muscle cells make up the bulk (99%) of cells in the atria and ventricles. These contractile cells are connected by intercalated discs which allow a rapid response to impulses of action potential from the pacemaker cells. The intercalated discs allow the cells to act as a syncytium and enable the contractions that

title: Muscle contraction

text: body that produce sustained contractions. Cardiac muscle make up the heart, which pumps blood. Skeletal and cardiac muscles are called striated muscle because of their striped appearance under a microscope, which is due to the highly organized alternating pattern of A bands and I bands. Excluding reflexes, all skeletal muscles contractions occur as a result of conscious effort originating in the brain. The brain sends electrochemical signals through the nervous system to the motor neuron that innervates several muscle fibers. In the case of some reflexes, the signal to contract can originate in the spinal cord through a feedback loop

title: Sarcoplasmic reticulum

text: is triggered differently in different muscles. In cardiac and smooth muscle an electrical impulse (action potential) triggers calcium ions to enter the cell through an L-type calcium channel located in the cell membrane (smooth muscle) or T-tubule membrane (cardiac muscle). These calcium ions bind to and activate the RyR, producing a larger increase in intracellular calcium. In skeletal muscle, however, the L-type calcium channel is bound to the RyR. Therefore activation of the L-type calcium channel, via an action potential, activates the RyR directly, causing calcium release (see calcium sparks for more details). Also, caffeine (found in coffee) can bind

text: rapid growth of a second order sympathetic adrenergic system arising from the formation of the thoracic spinal ganglia. The third order of electrical influence of the heart is derived from the vagus nerve as the other peripheral organs form. Cardiac muscle has some similarities to neurons and skeletal muscle, as well as important unique properties. Like a neuron, a given myocardial cell has a negative membrane potential when at rest. Stimulation above a threshold value induces the opening of voltage-gated ion channels and a flood of cations into the cell. The positively charged ions entering the cell cause the depolarization

title: Cardiac physiology

text: capable of generating its own electrical impulse followed by contraction. When two independently beating embryonic cardiac muscle cells are placed together, the cell with the higher inherent rate sets the pace, and the impulse spreads from the faster to the slower cell to trigger a contraction. As more cells are joined together, the fastest cell continues to assume control of the rate. A fully developed adult heart maintains the capability of generating its own electrical impulse, triggered by the fastest cells, as part of the cardiac conduction system. The components of the cardiac conduction system include the atrial and ventricular

title: Cardiac muscle

text: nutrients. Blood is brought to the myocardium by the coronary arteries. These originate from the aortic root and lie on the outer or epicardial surface of the heart. Bloods is then drained away by the coronary veins into the right atrium. When looked at microscopically, cardiac muscle can be likened to the wall of a house. Most of the wall is taken up by bricks, which in cardiac muscle are individual cardiac muscle cells or cardiomyocytes. The mortar which surrounds the bricks is known as the extracellular matrix, produced by supporting cells known as fibroblasts. In the same way that

title: Cardiac muscle

text: When the concentration of calcium within the cell falls, troponin and tropomyosin once again cover the binding sites on actin, causing the cell to relax. Until recently, it was commonly believed that cardiac muscle cells could not be regenerated. However, a study reported in the April 3, 2009 issue of "Science" contradicts that belief. Olaf Bergmann and his colleagues at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm tested samples of heart muscle from people born before 1955 who had very little cardiac muscle around their heart, many showing with disabilities from this abnormality. By using DNA samples from many hearts, the researchers

title: Cardiac contractility modulation

text: which delivers an electrical signal with the intention to result in cardiac contraction, the Cardiac contractility modulation treatment applies the NES, adjusted to and synchronized with the electrical action in the cardiac cycle. In Cardiac contractility modulation therapy, electrical stimulation is applied to the cardiac muscle during the absolute refractory period. In this phase of the cardiac cycle, electrical signals cannot trigger new cardiac muscle contractions, hence this type of stimulation is known as a non-excitatory stimulation. However, the electrical signals increase the influx of calcium ions into the cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes). In contrast to other electrical stimulation treatments

title: Troponin

text: for the myosin crossbridge, thus preventing contraction. When the muscle cell is stimulated to contract by an action potential, calcium channels open in the sarcoplasmic membrane and release calcium into the sarcoplasm. Some of this calcium attaches to troponin, which causes it to change shape, exposing binding sites for myosin (active sites) on the actin filaments. Myosin's binding to actin causes crossbridge formation, and contraction of the muscle begins. Troponin is found in both skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle, but the specific versions of troponin differ between types of muscle. The main difference is that the TnC subunit of troponin

title: Cardiac muscle

text: heart muscle may become inflamed in a condition called myocarditis, most commonly caused by a viral infection but sometimes caused by the body's own immune system. Heart muscle can also be damaged by drugs such as alcohol, long standing high blood pressure or hypertension, or persistent abnormal heart racing. Specific diseases of heart muscle called cardiomyopathies can cause heart muscle to become abnormally thick (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), abnormally large (dilated cardiomyopathy), or abnormally stiff (restrictive cardiomyopathy). Some of these conditions are caused by genetic mutations and can be inherited. Many of these conditions, if severe enough, can damage the heart so

title: Muscle contraction

text: (meaning that they are initiated by the smooth or heart muscle cells themselves instead of being stimulated by an outside event such as nerve stimulation), although they can be modulated by stimuli from the autonomic nervous system. The mechanisms of contraction in these muscle tissues are similar to those in skeletal muscle tissues. Muscle contractions can be described based on two variables: force and length. Force itself can be differentiated as either tension or load. Muscle tension is the force exerted by the muscle on an object whereas a load is the force exerted by an object on the muscle.

title: Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling

text: Ca Uniport system, which pumps Ca into the mitochondia. Heart rate is affected by nerves. Sympathetic nerves, coming from the spinal cord, increase heart rate, whereas parasympathetic nerves (for example the vagus nerves) work to decrease it. Sympathetic nerves work by releasing a protein (neurotransmitter) called noradrenaline which binds to a specific receptor (beta 1 adrenoceptor) located in the sarcolemma and the t-tubule membrane of cardiac cells. This activates a protein, called a G-protein and results in a series of reactions (known as a cyclic AMP pathway) that leads to the production of a molecule called cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate).

title: Stimulus (physiology)

text: that will restore the body to stasis (such as withdrawal, drinking or resting). Blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiac output are measured by stretch receptors found in the carotid arteries. Nerves embed themselves within these receptors and when they detect stretching, they are stimulated and fire action potentials to the central nervous system. These impulses inhibit the constriction of blood vessels and lower the heart rate. If these nerves do not detect stretching, the body determines perceives low blood pressure as a dangerous stimulus and signals are not sent, preventing the inhibition CNS action; blood vessels constrict and the heart

title: Cardiac muscle

text: such as may occur during abnormal heart rhythms such as ventricular fibrillation. Viewed through a microscope, cardiac muscle cells are roughly rectangular, measuring 100–150μm by 30–40μm. Individual cardiac muscle cells are joined together at their ends by intercalated disks to form long fibres. Each cell contains myofibrils, specialised protein fibres that slide past each other. These are organised into sarcomeres, the fundamental contractile units of muscle cells. The regular organisation of myofibrils into sarcomeres gives cardiac muscle cells a striped or striated appearance when looked at through a microscope, similar to skeletal muscle. These striations are caused by lighter I

title: Heart rate

text: the baroreceptor reflex. With increased pressure and stretch, the rate of baroreceptor firing increases, and the cardiac centers decrease sympathetic stimulation and increase parasympathetic stimulation. As pressure and stretch decrease, the rate of baroreceptor firing decreases, and the cardiac centers increase sympathetic stimulation and decrease parasympathetic stimulation. There is a similar reflex, called the atrial reflex or Bainbridge reflex, associated with varying rates of blood flow to the atria. Increased venous return stretches the walls of the atria where specialized baroreceptors are located. However, as the atrial baroreceptors increase their rate of firing and as they stretch due to the

title: Electrical muscle stimulation

text: impulses are generated by a device and are delivered through electrodes on the skin near to the muscles being stimulated. The electrodes are generally pads that adhere to the skin. The impulses mimic the action potential that comes from the central nervous system, causing the muscles to contract. The use of EMS has been cited by sports scientists as a complementary technique for sports training, and published research is available on the results obtained. In the United States, EMS devices are regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). A number of reviews have looked at the devices. Electrical


question: book series about the end of the world

answers: Left Behind

title: Left Behind

text: Left Behind is a series of 16 best-selling religious novels by Tim LaHaye and Jerry B. Jenkins, dealing with Christian dispensationalist End Times: the pretribulation, premillennial, Christian eschatological interpretation of the Biblical apocalypse. The primary conflict of the series is the members of the Tribulation Force, an underground network of converts, against an NWO-esque organization, Global Community, and its leader Nicolae Carpathia—the Antichrist. Left Behind is also the title of the first book in the series.  The series was first published between 1995–2007 by Tyndale House, a firm with a history of interest in dispensationalism.

title: The Lake at the End of the World

text: The Lake at the End of the World The Lake at the End of the World is a post-nuclear holocaust young adult novel published in 1988. Its author is Caroline MacDonald. Set in 2025, it tells the story of Hector, a teenage boy who has lived all his life in an underground bunker as the youngest member of a cult, who occasionally escapes the bunker to look outside, and Diana, a teenage girl who lives with her parents, apparently the only survivors of the nuclear holocaust. The story is told in part from Hector's perspective and from Diana's. Won the

title: The Lake at the End of the World

text: living dangerously and freely. The Lake at the End of the World The Lake at the End of the World is a post-nuclear holocaust young adult novel published in 1988. Its author is Caroline MacDonald. Set in 2025, it tells the story of Hector, a teenage boy who has lived all his life in an underground bunker as the youngest member of a cult, who occasionally escapes the bunker to look outside, and Diana, a teenage girl who lives with her parents, apparently the only survivors of the nuclear holocaust. The story is told in part from Hector's perspective and

title: The World at the End of Time

text: The World at the End of Time World at the End of Time is a 1990 hard science fiction novel by American writer Frederik Pohl. It tells the parallel stories of a human and a plasma-based intelligence who manage to survive to the time near the heat death of the universe. The book is thus a combined work in speculative cosmology and space colonization. "World at the End of Time" follows the story of a young Earth-born human, Viktor Sorricaine, on a colony expedition to a distant star system. The colonists are frozen for the long trip between stars. Unknown

title: It's Not the End of the World

text: It's Not the End of the World It's Not the End of the World is a young adult novel written by Judy Blume, published in 1972. Karen Newman feels like her world is coming undone and has soured on the idea of marriage. In her diary, she gives each day a letter grade; lately, her days have not been graded higher than a C-minus. She is overjoyed to learn that her sixth grade teacher will be Miss Pace, a nice and popular teacher, but when the first day of school comes, she is crushed to find that Miss Pace, after

title: Kenneth Womack

text: novel, "The Restaurant at the End of the World", provides a fictive re-creation of the last hours in the lives of the staff and visitors to the Windows on the World restaurant complex atop the North Tower of the World Trade Center. In 2013, "The Restaurant at the End of the World" earned the gold medal in the Independent Publisher Book Awards for Best Regional Fiction (Mid-Atlantic). The novel was also a finalist in the 2013 Indie Book Awards and the 2013 Montaigne Medal competition. His third novel, "Playing the Angel", was published in August 2013. In addition to his

title: The Last Kids on Earth

text: The Last Kids on Earth The Last Kids on Earth is a children's illustrated novel and subsequent book series by American author Max Brallier, illustrated by Douglas Holgate (Holgate also co-authors the fourth book in the series), with audiobook format narrated by Robbie Daymond. Novels in the series have been recognized on Best Seller lists of both The New York Times and USA Today. This book is highly recommended The series currently includes four books. In the initial story, a foster child and optimistic loner named Jack finds himself abandoned in a cartoonish end-of-the-world apocalypse. He thrives on freedom, junk

title: The End of All Things (book)

text: The End of All Things (book) The End of All Things is a science fiction novel by American writer John Scalzi, the sixth book set in the "Old Man's War" universe. The two major human governments, of the Earth and the Colonial Union, have parted ways after the destruction of Earth Station, and both have a poor relationship with the Conclave, a coalition of alien governments. Now the Colonial Union is running out of troops in the Colonial Defense Forces (CDF) without a new source of humans from Earth which would result in the human colonies being vulnerable to the

title: World's End (Chadbourn novel)

text: World's End (Chadbourn novel) World's End is a novel written by British author Mark Chadbourn and the initial entry in The Age of Misrule trilogy. It was first published in Great Britain by Millennium on 14 September 2000. An edition collecting all three books in "The Age of Misrule" series ("World's End", "Darkest Hour" and "Always Forever") was published in Great Britain on 14 September 2006. Jack 'Church' Churchill – a man still tormented by the suicide of his girlfriend Marianne two years previously – and Ruth Gallagher – a lawyer increasingly disillusioned with the way her life has turned

title: The End of All Things (book)

text: scenes, politics, snarky commentary and food for thought. "Publishers Weekly" said the book would satisfy fans of the series by providing entertaining action scenes. The End of All Things (book) The End of All Things is a science fiction novel by American writer John Scalzi, the sixth book set in the "Old Man's War" universe. The two major human governments, of the Earth and the Colonial Union, have parted ways after the destruction of Earth Station, and both have a poor relationship with the Conclave, a coalition of alien governments. Now the Colonial Union is running out of troops in

title: The End (novel)

text: The End (novel) The End is the thirteenth and final novel in the children's novel series "A Series of Unfortunate Events" by Lemony Snicket. The book was released on Friday, October 13, 2006. The book opens with the Baudelaire orphans and Count Olaf on a boat heading away from the Hotel Denouement. After a storm, the Baudelaires arrive and are welcomed on an island by a young girl named Friday. Count Olaf, however, is not welcomed due to his snobby attitude and death threat to Friday. Later, the pregnant Kit Snicket and a friendly snake known as the "Incredibly Deadly

title: The War of the End of the World

text: The War of the End of the World The War of the End of the World () is a 1981 novel written by Peruvian novelist Mario Vargas Llosa. It is a novelization of the War of Canudos conflict in late 19th-century Brazil. In the midst of the economic decline — following drought and the end of slavery — in the province of Bahia in Northeastern Brazil, the poor of the backlands are attracted by the charismatic figure and simple religious teachings of Antonio Conselheiro, called "The Counselor", who preaches that the end of the world is imminent and that the

title: Endworld

text: Endworld Endworld is a series of post-apocalyptic novels written by David L. Robbins. The first book was published in 1986. As of 2014, there have been 29 novels written in the series. David Robbins also wrote a 13 novel spin-off to this series called "Blade". The series begins 100 years after World War III, a nuclear war between the United States and the Soviet Union. The series revolves around the predecessors of The Family, a survivalist group living in an isolated compound, called The Home, located in north-western Minnesota and their attempts to venture outside their secure home for the

title: The Ends of the Earth (novel)

text: The Ends of the Earth (novel) The Ends of the Earth (original title: Il confine del Mondo) is the third and last part of Valerio Massimo Manfredi's trilogy on Alexander the Great. After the Oracle of Ammon told him he is the son of Zeus, Alexander feels invincible and marches north towards the historic town of Babylon. The beautiful city is ravaged and the Palace of Persepolis, the former residence of King Darius, is burnt to ashes together with the memories of the old Empire. It is now time to start anew and Alexander decides on yet another hard task:

text: The End of the World (Skeeter Davis song) "The End of the World" is a country pop song written by composer Arthur Kent and lyricist Sylvia Dee, who often worked as a team. They wrote the song for American singer Skeeter Davis, and her recording of it was highly successful in the early 1960s. It spawned many cover versions. "The End of the World" is a sad song about the aftermath of a romantic breakup. Dee, the lyricist, said she drew on her sorrow from her father's death to set the mood for the song. Davis recorded her version with

title: Good Omens

text: Pepper, Wensleydale and Brian - who collectively form a gang that is simply referred to as "Them" by the adults. As the end of the world nears, Adam blissfully and naively uses his powers, changing the world to fit things he reads in a conspiracy theory magazine, such as raising the lost continent of Atlantis and causing Little Green Men to land on earth and deliver a message of goodwill and peace. In the meantime, the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse assemble: War (a female war correspondent), Death (a biker), Famine (a dietician and fast-food tycoon), and Pollution (a young

title: World's End (Sinclair novel)

text: World's End (Sinclair novel) World's End is the first novel of Upton Sinclair's Lanny Budd series. First published in 1940, after World War II had begun in Europe the previous year, the story covers the period from 1913 to 1919, before and after World War I. Lanny Budd is a teenage student at a private school in Germany for music and dance. Budd, born in Switzerland, is the grandson of the president of Budd Gunmakers in New England. His parents are American born: his father is the European sales representative, and his mother, his father's former mistress, is supported in

title: World Without End (Follett novel)

text: World Without End (Follett novel) World Without End is a best-selling 2007 novel by Welsh author Ken Follett. It is the second book in the Kingsbridge Series, and is the sequel to 1989's "The Pillars of the Earth". "World Without End" takes place in the same fictional town as "Pillars of the Earth" — Kingsbridge — and features the descendants of some "Pillars" characters 157 years later. The plot incorporates two major historical events, the start of the Hundred Years' War and the Black Death. The author was inspired by real historical events relating to the Cathedral of Santa María

title: Giant of World's End

text: Giant of World's End Giant of World's End is a fantasy novel written by Lin Carter set on a decadent far-future Earth in which all the world's land masses have supposedly drifted back together to form a last supercontinent called Gondwane. The book is chronologically the last in Carter's Gondwane Epic (five prequel novels set earlier in time being issued later). It was first published in paperback by Belmont Books in February 1969. The first British edition was issued in paperback by Five Star in 1972. The book has been translated into Polish. Gondwane is a crazy-quilt of human and

title: World's End (Sinclair novel)

text: of the French and British people against Germany. World's End (Sinclair novel) World's End is the first novel of Upton Sinclair's Lanny Budd series. First published in 1940, after World War II had begun in Europe the previous year, the story covers the period from 1913 to 1919, before and after World War I. Lanny Budd is a teenage student at a private school in Germany for music and dance. Budd, born in Switzerland, is the grandson of the president of Budd Gunmakers in New England. His parents are American born: his father is the European sales representative, and his

title: The End of the F***ing World

text: praising the programme's surreal concept and execution. The End of the F***ing World The End of the F***ing World is a British dark comedy-drama television programme, based on a graphic novel of the same name by Charles Forsman. The eight-part programme premiered its first episode on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom on 24 October 2017, after which all eight episodes were released on All 4. It was a co-production with Netflix, who released it internationally on 5 January 2018. The programme follows James (Alex Lawther), a 17-year-old who believes himself to be a psychopath, and Alyssa (Jessica Barden), a

title: World's End (TV series)

text: World's End (TV series) World's End is a British mystery drama television series, created by Danny Spring and Diane Whitley, which premiered on 28 March 2015 on CBBC. It stars Amy Robbins as Stephanie Morelle and twins Carlos and Marco Esparza as her two sons, Noah and Luke. American-raised twins Noah & Luke arrive with their mother at a remote castle, where they meet Cat Sharpe (Jade Johnson), Gaia Roberts (Pearl Appleby), AJ Javadi (Vahid Gold), Slim Butt (Sam Glen) & Lexy Winters (Sophia Carr Gomm). They soon discover that they are surrounded by mysteries, and their pasts are all

title: The Warrior of World's End

text: The Warrior of World's End The Warrior of World's End is a fantasy by American writer Lin Carter, set on a decadent far-future Earth in which all the world's land masses have supposedly drifted back together to form a last supercontinent called Gondwane. The book is chronologically the first in Carter's Gondwane Epic (the culminating novel "Giant of World's End" having been issued earlier). It was first published in paperback by DAW Books in November 1974, and reprinted twice through November 1978. A trade paperback edition was published by Wildside Press in January 2001. The book includes a map by

title: The End (novel)

text: be done as one long episode. The End (novel) The End is the thirteenth and final novel in the children's novel series "A Series of Unfortunate Events" by Lemony Snicket. The book was released on Friday, October 13, 2006. The book opens with the Baudelaire orphans and Count Olaf on a boat heading away from the Hotel Denouement. After a storm, the Baudelaires arrive and are welcomed on an island by a young girl named Friday. Count Olaf, however, is not welcomed due to his snobby attitude and death threat to Friday. Later, the pregnant Kit Snicket and a friendly

title: To the Ends of the Earth (TV series)

text: To the Ends of the Earth (TV series) To the Ends of the Earth is a three-part BBC television miniseries adaptation of the trilogy of novels of the same name by William Golding. It premiered in the United Kingdom on BBC Two in July 2005, and in the United States on PBS as part of Masterpiece Theatre in October 2006. Starring Benedict Cumberbatch and Jared Harris, the series was critically acclaimed with "The New York Times" calling it "an intriguing drama" and "The Guardian" "the best TV drama of the year by a nautical mile." A BBC press release quoted

title: The World at the End of Time

text: has been slowed again. After the vast amount of time that has passed, all that remains of the once young universe are dead stars and black holes, with Wan-To desperately surviving on the energy provided by proton decay. Wan-To receives a tachyon transmission from his long-forgotten systems and makes preparations to move into these last remaining stars — believing that the small matter creatures inhabiting the system are irrelevant and can be destroyed should they become an irritation. The World at the End of Time World at the End of Time is a 1990 hard science fiction novel by American

title: The Dancers at the End of Time

text: The Dancers at the End of Time The Dancers at the End of Time is a series of science fiction novels and short stories written by Michael Moorcock, the setting of which is the End of Time, an era "where entropy is king and the universe has begun collapsing upon itself". The inhabitants of this era are immortal decadents, who create flights of fancy using power rings that draw on energy devised and stored by their ancestors millions of years prior. Time travel is possible, and throughout the series various points in time are visited and revisited. Space travellers are

title: Until the End of the World

text: Until the End of the World Until the End of the World (; ) is a 1991 French-German science fiction drama film by the German film director Wim Wenders; the screenplay was written by Wenders and Peter Carey, from a story by Wenders and Solveig Dommartin. An initial draft of the screenplay was written by American filmmaker Michael Almereyda. Wenders, whose career had been distinguished by his mastery of the road movie, had intended this as the ultimate road movie. In late 1999, an orbiting Indian nuclear satellite is out of control and predicted to re-enter the atmosphere, threatening unknown

title: World Without End (miniseries)

text: End". World Without End (miniseries) World Without End is an eight-episode 2012 television miniseries based on the novel of the same name by Ken Follett. It is a sequel to the 2010 miniseries "The Pillars of the Earth", also based on a Follett novel. "World Without End" is set 150 years after "The Pillars of the Earth" and chronicles the experiences of the fictional English town of Kingsbridge during the start of the Hundred Years' War and the outbreak of the Black Death. The cast is led by Cynthia Nixon, Miranda Richardson, Ben Chaplin, Peter Firth, Charlotte Riley, and Tom

title: World Without End (miniseries)

text: World Without End (miniseries) World Without End is an eight-episode 2012 television miniseries based on the novel of the same name by Ken Follett. It is a sequel to the 2010 miniseries "The Pillars of the Earth", also based on a Follett novel. "World Without End" is set 150 years after "The Pillars of the Earth" and chronicles the experiences of the fictional English town of Kingsbridge during the start of the Hundred Years' War and the outbreak of the Black Death. The cast is led by Cynthia Nixon, Miranda Richardson, Ben Chaplin, Peter Firth, Charlotte Riley, and Tom Weston-Jones.

title: Left Behind