question: when was the abacus invented in ancient china

answers: 2nd century BC

title: Abacus

text: The earliest known written documentation of the Chinese abacus dates to the 2nd century BC.

title: Abacus

text: Abacus The abacus ("plural" abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a calculating tool that was in use in Europe, China and Russia, centuries before the adoption of the written Hindu–Arabic numeral system. The exact origin of the abacus is still unknown. Today, abacuses are often constructed as a bamboo frame with beads sliding on wires, but originally they were beans or stones moved in grooves in sand or on tablets of wood, stone, or metal. Abacuses come in different designs. Some designs, like the bead frame consisting of beads divided into tens, are used mainly to teach

title: Abacus

text: scholars concentrated on exchanging knowledge and inventions with the countries around them – India, China, and the Roman Empire, when it is thought to have been exported to other countries. The earliest archaeological evidence for the use of the Greek abacus dates to the 5th century BC. Also Demosthenes (384 BC–322 BC) talked of the need to use pebbles for calculations too difficult for your head. A play by Alexis from the 4th century BC mentions an abacus and pebbles for accounting, and both Diogenes and Polybius mention men that sometimes stood for more and sometimes for less, like the

title: Suanpan

text: account book and doctor's prescriptions on the counter of an apothecary. However, the identification of the object as an abacus is a matter of some debate. The word "abacus" was first mentioned by Xu Yue(160–220) in his book "suanshu jiyi" (算数记遗), or "Notes on Traditions of Arithmetic Methods", in Han Dynasty. As it described, the original abacus had five beads ("suan zhu)" bunched by a stick in each column, separated by a transverse rod, and arrayed in a wooden rectangle box. One in the upper part represents five and each of four in the lower part represents one. People move

title: Abacus

text: root and cube root operations at high speed. There are currently schools teaching students how to use it. In the long scroll "Along the River During the Qingming Festival" painted by Zhang Zeduan during the Song dynasty (960–1297), a "suanpan" is clearly visible beside an account book and doctor's prescriptions on the counter of an apothecary's (Feibao). The similarity of the Roman abacus to the Chinese one suggests that one could have inspired the other, as there is some evidence of a trade relationship between the Roman Empire and China. However, no direct connection can be demonstrated, and the similarity

title: Abacus

text: a hardwood. The beads are counted by moving them up or down towards the beam; beads moved toward the beam are counted, while those moved away from it are not. The "suanpan" can be reset to the starting position instantly by a quick movement along the horizontal axis to spin all the beads away from the horizontal beam at the center. The prototype of the Chinese abacus is the appeared during the Han Dynasty, and the beads are oval. In the Song Dynasty or before used the 4:1 type or four beads abacus similar to the modern abacus or commony

title: Abacus

text: which was still common in China. Today's Japanese abacus is a 1:4 type, four-bead abacus was introduced from China in the Muromachi era. It adopts the form of the upper deck one bead and the bottom four beads. The top bead on the upper deck was equal to five and the bottom one is equal to one like the Chinese or Korean abacus , and the decimal number can be expressed, so the abacus is designed as one four abacus. The beads are always in the shape of a diamond. The quotient division is generally used instead of the division

title: Abacus

text: countries. Merchants, traders and clerks in some parts of Eastern Europe, Russia, China and Africa use abacuses, and they are still used to teach arithmetic to children. Some people who are unable to use a calculator because of visual impairment may use an abacus. The use of the word "abacus" dates before 1387 AD, when a Middle English work borrowed the word from Latin to describe a sandboard abacus. The Latin word came from Greek ἄβαξ "abax" which means something without base, and improperly, any piece of rectangular board or plank. Alternatively, without reference to ancient texts on etymology, it

title: Abacus

text: pebbles on an abacus. The Greek abacus was a table of wood or marble, pre-set with small counters in wood or metal for mathematical calculations. This Greek abacus saw use in Achaemenid Persia, the Etruscan civilization, Ancient Rome and, until the French Revolution, the Western Christian world. A tablet found on the Greek island Salamis in 1846 AD (the Salamis Tablet), dates back to 300 BC, making it the oldest counting board discovered so far. It is a slab of white marble long, wide, and thick, on which are 5 groups of markings. In the center of the tablet is

title: Abacus

text: of addition and subtraction; however, this primitive device proved difficult to use for more complex calculations". The use of the abacus in Ancient Egypt is mentioned by the Greek historian Herodotus, who writes that the Egyptians manipulated the pebbles from right to left, opposite in direction to the Greek left-to-right method. Archaeologists have found ancient disks of various sizes that are thought to have been used as counters. However, wall depictions of this instrument have not been discovered. During the Achaemenid Empire, around 600 BC the Persians first began to use the abacus. Under the Parthian, Sassanian and Iranian empires,

title: Roman abacus

text: Roman abacus The Ancient Romans developed the Roman hand abacus, a portable, but less capable, base-10 version of earlier abacuses like those used by the Greeks and Babylonians. It was the first portable calculating device for engineers, merchants and presumably tax collectors. It greatly reduced the time needed to perform the basic operations of arithmetic using Roman numerals. As Karl Menninger says on page 315 of his book, "For more extensive and complicated calculations, such as those involved in Roman land surveys, there was, in addition to the hand abacus, a true reckoning board with unattached counters or pebbles. The

title: Addition

text: digital computers, where the efficiency of addition, in particular the carry mechanism, is an important limitation to overall performance. The abacus, also called a counting frame, is a calculating tool that was in use centuries before the adoption of the written modern numeral system and is still widely used by merchants, traders and clerks in Asia, Africa, and elsewhere; it dates back to at least 2700–2300 BC, when it was used in Sumer. Blaise Pascal invented the mechanical calculator in 1642; it was the first operational adding machine. It made use of a gravity-assisted carry mechanism. It was the only

title: Abacus

text: China to Korea around 1400 AD. Koreans call it "jupan" (주판), "supan" (수판) or "jusan" (주산). The four beads abacus( 1:4 ) was introduced to Korea Goryeo Dynaty from the China during Song Dynasty, later the five beads abacus (5:1) abacus was introduced to Korean from China during the Ming Dynasty. Some sources mention the use of an abacus called a "nepohualtzintzin" in ancient Aztec culture. This Mesoamerican abacus used a 5-digit base-20 system. The word Nepōhualtzintzin comes from Nahuatl and it is formed by the roots; "Ne" – personal -; "pōhual" or "pōhualli" – the account -; and "tzintzin"

title: Roman abacus

text: word "calx" means 'pebble' or 'gravel stone'; "calculi" are thus little stones (used as counters)." Both the Roman abacus and the Chinese suanpan have been used since ancient times. With one bead above and four below the bar, the systematic configuration of the Roman abacus is coincident to the modern Japanese soroban, although the soroban is historically derived from the suanpan. The Late Roman hand abacus shown here as a reconstruction contains seven longer and seven shorter grooves used for whole number counting, the former having up to four beads in each, and the latter having just one. The rightmost

title: Abacus

text: the Roman numeral system. This system of 'counter casting' continued into the late Roman empire and in medieval Europe, and persisted in limited use into the nineteenth century. Due to Pope Sylvester II's reintroduction of the abacus with modifications, it became widely used in Europe once again during the 11th century This abacus used beads on wires, unlike the traditional Roman counting boards, which meant the abacus could be used much faster. Writing in the 1st century BC, Horace refers to the wax abacus, a board covered with a thin layer of black wax on which columns and figures were

title: Roman abacus

text: this authors view. The reconstruction of a Roman hand abacus in the Cabinet [1], supports this. The replica Roman hand abacus at [2], shown alone here [3], plus the description of a Roman abacus on page 23 of [4] provides further evidence of such devices. Roman abacus The Ancient Romans developed the Roman hand abacus, a portable, but less capable, base-10 version of earlier abacuses like those used by the Greeks and Babylonians. It was the first portable calculating device for engineers, merchants and presumably tax collectors. It greatly reduced the time needed to perform the basic operations of arithmetic

title: Abacus

text: of the Abacus. Hindu texts used the term "śūnya" (zero) to indicate the empty column on the abacus. In Japanese, the abacus is called "soroban" (, lit. "Counting tray"), imported from China in the 14th century. It was probably in use by the working class a century or more before the ruling class started, as the class structure did not allow for devices used by the lower class to be adopted or used by the ruling class. The 1/4 abacus, which is suited to decimal calculation popular appeared circa 1930, and became widespread as the Japanese abandoned hexadecimal weight calculation

title: Abacus

text: The preferred plural of "abacus" is a subject of disagreement, with both "abacuses" and "abaci" (hard "c") in use. The user of an abacus is called an "abacist". The period 2700–2300 BC saw the first appearance of the Sumerian abacus, a table of successive columns which delimited the successive orders of magnitude of their sexagesimal number system. Some scholars point to a character from the Babylonian cuneiform which may have been derived from a representation of the abacus. It is the belief of Old Babylonian scholars such as Carruccio that Old Babylonians "may have used the abacus for the operations

title: Abacus (architecture)

text: Abacus (architecture) In architecture, an abacus (from the Greek "abax", slab; or French "abaque", "tailloir"; plural abacuses or abaci) is a flat slab forming the uppermost member or division of the capital of a column, above the bell. Its chief function is to provide a large supporting surface, tending to be wider than the capital, as an abutment to receive the weight of the arch or the architrave above. The diminutive of abacus, abaculus, is used to describe small mosaic tiles, also called abaciscus or tessera, used to create ornamental floors with detailed patterns of chequers or squares in a

title: Abacus

text: known as Japanese style abacus, "you can make a number by hand," and "beads are counted", which can be expressed as a decimal number. Therefore, the abacus is designed as a four-bead abacus. In the early Ming Dynasty, the abacus began to appear in the form of 1:5 abacus. The upper deck had one bead and the bottom had five beads. "you can make a number by hand," and "the number of beads will be counted". Binary or any of the following numbers, so the abacus is designed as a five-bead abacus. In the late Ming Dynasty, the abacus styles

title: Chinese mathematics

text: diameter, and radius, along with the definition of volume. The history of mathematical development lacks some evidence. There are still debates about certain mathematical classics. For example, the "Zhoubi Suanjing" dates around 1200–1000 BC, yet many scholars believed it was written between 300–250 BC. The "Zhoubi Suanjing" contains an in-depth proof of the "Gougu Theorem" (a special case of the Pythagorean Theorem) but focuses more on astronomical calculations. However, the recent archaeological discovery of the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips, dated c. 305 BC, has revealed some aspects of pre-Qin mathematics, such as the first known decimal multiplication table. The abacus was

title: Abacus (architecture)

text: this element decreases in importance—they became short with a narrow profile during the 14th century, and disappeared almost entirely during the 15th century (fig. 8). Abacus (architecture) In architecture, an abacus (from the Greek "abax", slab; or French "abaque", "tailloir"; plural abacuses or abaci) is a flat slab forming the uppermost member or division of the capital of a column, above the bell. Its chief function is to provide a large supporting surface, tending to be wider than the capital, as an abutment to receive the weight of the arch or the architrave above. The diminutive of abacus, abaculus, is

title: Abacus

text: visuospatial and visuomotor processing which generate the visual abacus and perform the movement of the imagery bead. Since the only thing needed to be remembered is the finial position of beads, it takes less memory and less computation time. An adapted abacus, invented by Tim Cranmer, called a Cranmer abacus is still commonly used by individuals who are blind. A piece of soft fabric or rubber is placed behind the beads so that they do not move inadvertently. This keeps the beads in place while the users feel or manipulate them. They use an abacus to perform the mathematical functions

title: Abacus

text: clearing button, immediately put the upper bead to the upper position, the lower bead is dialed to the lower position, immediately clearing, easy to use. The abacus is still manufactured in Japan today even with the proliferation, practicality, and affordability of pocket electronic calculators. The use of the soroban is still taught in Japanese primary schools as part of mathematics, primarily as an aid to faster mental calculation. Using visual imagery of a soroban, one can arrive at the answer in the same time as, or even faster than, is possible with a physical instrument. The Chinese abacus migrated from

title: Abacus (architecture)

text: shape is adopted in the Roman and Renaissance Corinthian and Composite capitals, in some cases with the carved ovolo moulding, fillet, and cavetto In Romanesque architecture, the abacus survives as a heavier slab, generally moulded and decorated. It is often square with the lower edge splayed off and moulded or carved, and the same was retained in France during the medieval period. In Early English work, a circular deeply moulded abacus was introduced, which in the 14th and 15th centuries was transformed into an octagonal one. In Gothic architecture, the moulded forms of the abacus vary in shape, such as

title: Roman abacus

text: unique to the Roman hand abacus described in following sections. The longer slot with five beads below the Ө position allowed for the counting of 1/12 of a whole unit called an "uncia" (from which the English words "inch" and "ounce" are derived), making the abacus useful for Roman measures and Roman currency. The first column was either a single slot with 4 beads or 3 slots with one, one and two beads respectively top to bottom. In either case, three symbols were included beside the single slot version or one symbol per slot for the three slot version. Many

title: Abacus school

text: Abacus school Abacus school is a term applied to any Italian school or tutorial after the 13th century, whose commerce-directed curriculum placed special emphasis on mathematics, such as algebra, among other subjects. These schools sprang after the publication of Fibonacci<nowiki>’s</nowiki> "Book of the Abacus" and his introduction of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system. In Fibonacci’s viewpoint, this system, originating in India around 400 BCE, and later adopted by the Arabs, was simpler and more practical than using the existing Roman numeric tradition. Italian merchants and traders quickly adopted the structure as a means of producing accountants, clerks, and so on, and

title: Abacus (architecture)

text: square, circular, or even octagonal, it may even be a flat disk or drum. The form of the Gothic abacus is often affected by the shape of a vault that springs from the column, in which case it is called an impost block. In śilpaśāstra, the ancient Indian science of sculpture, the abacus is commonly termed as phalaka (or, phalakā). It consists of a flat plate and forms part of the standard pillar (stambha). The phalaka should be constructed below the potikā (‘bracket’). It is commonly found together with the dish-like maṇḍi as a single unit. The term is found

title: Abacus

text: students a tool to compute mathematical problems that equals the speed and mathematical knowledge required by their sighted peers using pencil and paper. Many blind people find this number machine a very useful tool throughout life. The binary abacus is used to explain how computers manipulate numbers. The abacus shows how numbers, letters, and signs can be stored in a binary system on a computer, or via ASCII. The device consists of a series of beads on parallel wires arranged in three separate rows. The beads represent a switch on the computer in either an "on" or "off" position. Abacus

title: Abacus school

text: with many professions, including trade, there was an increasing need to do away with the old Roman numeral system which produced too many errors. The number of Roman characters a merchant needed to memorize to carry out financial transactions as opposed to Hindu-numerals made the switch practical. Commercialists were first introduced to this new system through Leonardo Fibonacci, who came from a business family and had studied Arabic math. Being convinced of its uses, abacus schools were therefore created and dominated by wealthy merchants, with some exceptions. Sons could now be trained by the best and brightest teachers to take

title: Abacus


question: the nurses' health study is an example of what type of study

answers: long-term

answers: prospective

answers: prospective studies

title: Nurses' Health Study

title: Nurses' Health Study

text: These conditions demonstrated relationships with states of health, such as risk of developing chronic disease. Because the women continued submitting their responses as time passed, the Nurses' Health Study was the first cohort study of such magnitude to follow a population over time. The study has continued into 2018, and as of 2016 were funded almost entirely (90%) by the federal government. Data received from the study has expanded the understanding of women's health. Public messages from the United States Surgeon General, World Health Organization, and World Cancer Research Fund have resulted from the findings of the Nurses' Health Study.

title: Nurses' Health Study

text: Late to Be Healthy, Studies Show." The 2004 article discusses the research of the study and resulting understanding of general health in older populations. The impact of the study itself was also in the public eye. In the New York Times article "In Nurses' Lives, a Treasure Trove of Health Data,"nurses themselves were cited as changing daily habits and considering their choices as a result of their participation. In this way, the findings and magnitude of the Nurses Health Study reached the public throughout its history. The NHS 1 contained populations representing nurses of the time, but did not reflect

title: Nurses' Health Study

text: as to obtain a second generation of data. The Nurses' Health Study 3 (NHS3)was developed in 2010 by Drs. Jorge Chavarro, Walter Willett, Janet Rich-Edwards, and Stacey Missmer. The study includes investigators from the Channing Division of Network Medicine at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. The original population contained females 19-49 in age and expanded to include Canadian subjects. Unlike the predecessor studies, the NH3 includes participants of both male and female genders in 2015. Jorge Chavarro has been the PI of NHS3 since its 2010 inception. The studies revealed

title: Nurses' Health Study

text: sources. The term "Nurses' Health Study" has been stated in over three hundred articles of the New York Times and The Washington Post alone. These articles discussed the findings of the study, such as one titled "Women, Alcohol and the Search for Certainty." Published as early as 1988, this Washington Post article discussed the effect of the NHS on the relationship between women and alcohol, citing the former as a factor which effects a woman's risk for CVD and strokes. News outlets have also described the more general implications of the study, such as a piece titled "It's Never Too

title: Nurses' Health Study

text: Policies such as the '2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans' and the Dietary Guidelines of the Food and Drug Administration regarding trans-fat related to the findings of these studies. Studies to date have led to the publication of hundreds of peer-reviewed papers. Influential figures in the NHS have published advice for women based on their findings. For example, the book "Healthy Women and Healthy Lives"was written by Hankson, Colditz, Manson, and Speizer to reflect results of the study. This work makes explicit suggestions for a healthy lifestyle based on the study. This study was referenced in popular news by many

title: Nurses' Health Study

text: Health Study II (NHS II)was established in 1989 by Dr. Walter Willett, who has been the NHS II PI since inception. The focus of the study was women's health, especially the long term adverse effects of oral contraceptives. The sample population contained females within the age range of 25-42, employed as nurses, from 14 U.S. States. Data collected included the brand of pill and length of use. Over time, the study expanded to include information on basic practices and measurements of health, such as exercise practices and food intake. Between the years of 1996 and 1999, approximately 30,000 nurses volunteered

title: Nursing research

text: Nursing research Nursing research is research that provides evidence used to support nursing practices. Nursing, as an evidence-based area of practice, has been developing since the time of Florence Nightingale to the present day, where many nurses now work as researchers based in universities as well as in the health care setting. Nurse education places focus upon the use of evidence from research in order to rationalise nursing interventions. In England and Wales, courts may determine if a nurse acted reasonably based upon whether their intervention was supported by research. Nursing research falls largely into two areas: Recently in the

title: Time and motion study

text: be collected automatically from the memory of computer-control machines (i.e. automated time studies). A Health care time and motion study is used to research and track the efficiency and quality of health care workers. In the case of nurses, numerous programs have been initiated to increase the percent of a shift nurses spend providing direct care to patients. Prior to interventions nurses were found to spend ~20% of their time doing direct care. After focused intervention, some hospitals doubled that number, with some even exceeding 70% of shift time with patients, resulting in reduced errors, codes, and falls. Time and

title: Evidence-based nursing

text: (T). Asking questions in this format assists in generating a search that produces the most relevant, quality information related to a topic, while also decreasing the amount of time needed to produce these search results. To begin the search for evidence, use each keyword from the PICOT question that was formed. Once results have been found on the intervention or treatment, the research can be rated to determine which provides the strongest level of evidence. There are seven levels of evidence, with a level I being of the strongest quality and a level VII being of the weakest quality: The

title: Nurses' Health Study

text: including Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Children's Hospital Boston, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. TheNurses' Health Study (NHS)(original cohort) was established in 1976 by Dr. Frank Speizer. Initially, the study investigated contraceptive use, smoking, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. The1976 baseline group included married female registered nurses between the ages of 30 and 55. Approximately 121,700 participants in 11 of the most populous U.S. states (California, Connecticut, Florida, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas) responded. The survey was then distributed biennially thereafter. Over the years, the principle investigator (PI) of the NHS has

title: Nurses' Health Study

text: included Frank Speizer, Graham Colditz, Sue Hankinson, and Meir Stampfer. Over time, the study expanded. Most notably, a dietary questionnaire was added in 1980 due to investigators recognizing the impact of diet and nutrition on the development of Chronic disease.Blood, urine, saliva, and other physical samples were received and tested beginning in 1982. Experimenters followed up reports of morbidity using the National Death Index. Where possible and permitted, cancer diagnoses were reviewed. Although reports of other diseases were not followed up, self-reporting has been confirmed by medical records and doctors unaware of the answers to the study's questions. The Nurses'

title: Evidence-based nursing

text: the qualitative studies that are done. Evidence should be gathered from every available subject within the sample to create balance and dissolve any bias. There should also be several researchers doing the interviewing to obtain different perspectives about the subject. Researchers must also obtain negative information as well as the positive information gathered to support the data. This will help to show the researchers were unbiased and were not trying to hide negative results from readers, and actually makes it possible to objectively understand the phenomenon under investigation. The inclusion of this negative information will strengthen the researchers' initial study,

title: Evidence-based nursing

text: even if it is found to be effective in a study. The next step in the evidence-based practice process is to evaluate whether the treatment was effective in terms of patient outcomes. It is important to evaluate the outcomes in a real-world clinical setting to determine the impact of the evidence-based change on healthcare quality. The last step is to share the information especially if positive outcomes are achieved. By sharing the results of evidence-based practice process, others may benefit. Some methods to disseminate the information include presentations at conferences, rounds within one's own institution, and journal publications. One method

title: Nurses' Health Study

text: great diversity. The participants had a slightly higher income than the average of the time and a majority were white (97%). In 2012, however, minority participants were increasingly sought after. Leaders of the experiment made this a priority by sending extra information on the study to possible subjects living in areas of high diversity. In 2015 males were accepted into the study. This was caused by an increase in the number of males in the nursing profession. The Nurses' Health Study faced controversy based on its recommendations. The study published in 1985 that taking estrogen as a part of Hormone

title: Evidence-based nursing

text: the findings of randomized clinical trials. Within this context qualitative research findings are considered to have little value and the old debate in nursing has been re-ignited related as to whether qualitative versus quantitative research findings provides the best empirical evidence for nursing practice. In response to this crisis qualitative scholars have been called upon by leaders in the field to clarify for outsiders what qualitative research is and to be more explicit in pointing out the utility of qualitative research findings. In addition, attention to "quality" in qualitative research has been identified as an area worthy of renewed focus.

title: Nursing research

text: UK, action research has become increasingly popular in nursing. In 2008, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality AHRQ created the AHRQ Health Care Innovations Exchange to document and share health care quality improvement programs, including hundreds of profiles featuring nursing innovations. Each of the nursing profiles contained in this collection contains an evidence rating that assesses how strong the relationship is between the innovative practice and the results described in the profile. Nursing research Nursing research is research that provides evidence used to support nursing practices. Nursing, as an evidence-based area of practice, has been developing since the time

title: Growing Up Today Study

text: from 238,000 nurse participants, making it one of the largest and longest running investigations of factors that influence women’s health and risk for disease. Combined, the Growing Up Today Study and the Nurses’ Health Study can be considered a cross-generational super-study, leading to new insights and landmark findings in the field of public health research. In 1996, at the start of the study, 16,882 children between the ages of 9 and 14 years old were enrolled in GUTS I. Eight years later, in 2004, the study expanded and a second cohort of 10,920 children between the ages of 10 and

title: Evidence-based nursing

text: of research for evidence-based practice in nursing is 'qualitative research': "The word implies a entity and meanings that are not experimentally examined or measured in terms of quantity, amount, frequency, or intensity." With qualitative research, researchers learn about patient experiences through discussions and interviews. The point of qualitative research is to provide beneficial descriptions that allow insight into patient experiences. "Hierarchies if research evidence traditionally categorize evidence from weakest to strongest, with an emphasis on support for the effectiveness of interventions. That this perspective tends to dominate the evidence-based practice literature makes the merit of qualitative research unclear;" Some people

title: Evidence-based nursing

text: and may actually work in favor to support the hypothesis. Any data that has been gathered must be appropriately documented. If the data collected was obtained from interviews or observation, it must all be included. Dates, times and gender of the sample may be needed, providing background on subjects, such as breast cancer in women over thirty-five. Any pertinent information pertaining to the sample must be included for the reader to judge the study as worthy. In addition, the current evidence-based practice (EBP) movement in healthcare emphasizes that clinical decision making should be based on the "best evidence" available, preferably

title: Nursing literature

text: profession grew, new journals began to be published, including journals dedicated to various nursing specialties. Nursing journals remain a primary method in which the nursing community shares information and disseminates research findings. These journals are most often peer-reviewed and contain editorials and reports of original research, including randomized controlled trials, observational studies, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and qualitative research. Some journals also include case reports and case studies. With the advent of evidence-based nursing, the number of journals blossomed. Most journal articles are indexed in National Library of Medicine's PubMed database as well as various other databases, including CINAHL. Nightingale wrote

title: NutritionDay

text: type. Repeated participation in the audit allows benchmarking designed to enhance learning within units and to track changes in local practice and international trends. Based on four to five questionnaires, information of the participating hospital units or nursing home and their patients and residents is collected. Of particular interest are the unit organisation and structure, health status and nutritional care of the patients, weight monitoring and food intake. The unit acts as direct care unit of a group of patients with all its specific characteristics, its occupational group, its patient’s population and the local culture is from special interest. A

title: Occupational health nursing

text: Occupational health nursing Occupational health nursing is a specialty nursing practice that provides for and delivers health and safety programs and services to workers, worker populations, and community groups. The practice focuses on promotion, maintenance and restoration of health, prevention of illness and injury, and protection from work‐related and environmental hazards. Occupational health nurses (OHNs) aim to combine knowledge of health and business to balance safe and healthful work environments and a "healthy" bottom line. As of 2012, there were approximately 19,000 occupational health nurses in the US. Occupational health nurse training in the U.S. is supported by the National

title: Clinical study design

text: Clinical study design Clinical study design is the formulation of trials and experiments, as well as observational studies in medical, clinical and other types of research (e.g., epidemiological) involving human beings. The goal of a clinical study is to assess the safety, efficacy, and / or the mechanism of action of an investigational medicinal product or procedure, or new drug or device that is in development, but potentially not yet approved by a health authority (e.g. Food and Drug Administration). It can also be to investigate a drug, device or procedure that has already been approved but is still in

title: Health services research

text: management, engineering, pharmacy, psychology, usability and user experience design. While health services research is grounded in theory, its underlying aim is to perform research that can be applied by physicians, nurses, health managers and administrators, and other people who make decisions or deliver care in the health care system. For example, the application of epidemiological methods to the study of health services by managers is a type of health services research that can be described as Managerial epidemiology. Approaches to HSR include: Many data and information sources are used to conduct health services research, such as population and health surveys,

title: Health human resources

text: of HHR practitioners from around the world are focusing on issues such as HHR advocacy, surveillance and collaborative practice. Some examples of global HRH partnerships include: Health workforce research is the investigation of how social, economic, organizational, political and policy factors affect access to health care professionals, and how the organization and composition of the workforce itself can affect health care delivery, quality, equity, and costs. Many government health departments, academic institutions and related agencies have established research programs to identify and quantify the scope and nature of HHR problems leading to health policy in building an innovative and sustainable

title: Evidence-based nursing

text: by a large proportion of the population under study. Such a change in response appears to be inconsistent. The Iowa Model is used to promote quality of care. It is a guideline for nurses in their decision making process. The decision making can include clinical and administration practices. These practices affect patient outcomes. The model is based on problem-solving steps at are a part of the scientific process. Recognition for applicability and ease of use. Key components of using the Iowa Model: Evidence-based nursing Evidence-based nursing (EBN) is an approach to making quality decisions and providing nursing care based upon

title: Evidence-based nursing

text: of the future because these could potentially improve the health of patients. There are many barriers to promoting evidence-based practice. The first of which would be the practitioner's ability to critically appraise research. This includes having a considerable amount of research evaluation skills, access to journals, and clinic/hospital support to spend time on EBN. Time, workload pressures, and competing priorities can impede research and development. The causes of these barriers include nurses' and other professional practitioners' lack of knowledge of research methods, lack of support from professional colleagues and organizations, and lack of confidence and authority in the research arena.

title: Bachelor of Science in Nursing

text: and nursing education. Hospitals employing higher percentages of BSN-prepared nurses have shown an associated decrease in morbidity, mortality, and failure-to-rescue rates. Increasing the percentage of BSN nurses employed decreases by 10 percent the 30-day inpatient mortality and failure-to-rescue rates Studies that provide this type of evidence-based practice encompass the ultimate purpose of a higher level of educated nurse workforce. It adds to support the ultimate mission of the Texas Board of Nursing (BON or Board), which is to protect and promote the welfare of the people of Texas by ensuring that each person holding a license as a nurse in

title: Psychiatric and mental health nursing

text: keep in mind when completing a thorough mental health assessment in the nursing profession: Nursing interventions may be divided into the following categories: Psychiatric medication is a commonly used intervention and many psychiatric mental health nurses are involved in the administration of medicines, both in oral (e.g. tablet or liquid) form or by intramuscular injection. Nurse practitioners can prescribe medication. Nurses will monitor for side effects and response to these medical treatments by using assessments. Nurses will also offer information on medication so that, where possible, the person in care can make an informed choice, using the best evidence, available.

title: Nurses' Health Study

long_answer: The Nurses' Health Study (NHS), is a series of prospective studies that examine epidemiology and the long-term effects of nutrition, hormones, environment, and nurses' work-life on health and disease development. The studies are among the largest investigations into risk factors for major chronic diseases ever conducted. The NHS studies have led to many insights on health and well-being, including cancer prevention, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes (type 2). The studies include clinicians, epidemiologists, and statisticians at the Channing Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Public Health, and several Harvard-affiliated hospitals, including Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Children's Hospital Boston, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.

short_answers:
long-term
prospective
prospective studies


question: who plays the little girl in jurassic park

answers: Ariana Clarice Richards

title: Ariana Richards

text: Ariana Clarice Richards (born September 11, 1979) is an American actress and painter.  She is best known for her role as Lex Murphy in the blockbuster film Jurassic Park. Richards won several Young Artist Awards for her acting, but since adulthood has focused on her art career.

title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: so I spent endless time in a drug store to find the most photogenic. I went with Barbasol, which ended up in the movie. I was so broke that I took the can home after the audition to use it." Laura Dern was Spielberg's first choice for the role of Ellie Sattler though she was not the only actress offered the part. Robin Wright turned down the role. Spielberg chose to cast Wayne Knight after seeing his acting performance in "Basic Instinct", saying, "I waited for the credits to roll and wrote his name down." Ariana Richards who plays Lex

title: Katie McGrath

text: Katie McGrath Katie McGrath () is an Irish actress. In television, she is best known for portraying Morgana on the BBC One series "Merlin" (2008–2012), Lucy Westenra on the British-American series "Dracula" (2013–2014), Sarah Bennett in the first season of the Canadian horror anthology series "Slasher" (2016) and for her role as Lena Luthor on the American superhero series "Supergirl" (2016–present). Her film roles include Lady Thelma Furness in the drama film "W.E." and Jules Daley in the Christmas movie delight "A Princess for Christmas", (2011), Zara in the science fiction adventure film "Jurassic World" (2015) and Elsa in the

title: Jurassic World

text: of the creature in its aquatic habitat. The theme park's ball-shaped gyrosphere rides were another of Spielberg's ideas; he approved Trevorrow's and Connolly's draft in September 2013. Prior to the production delay in May 2013, actors Bryce Dallas Howard, David Oyelowo and Garrett Hedlund had been considered for roles in the film. By August 15, 2013, John Krasinski was in talks for a role as a dinosaur tamer. In September 2013, Howard was in early negotiations for a role and was cast in early November. By mid-October, Ty Simpkins had been cast as the child lead, while Nick Robinson was

title: Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom

text: casting was underway for the role of a nine-year-old girl. Approximately 2,500 girls were interviewed for the part, which ultimately went to Isabella Sermon, marking her film debut. By November 2016, Tom Holland—who previously starred in "The Impossible"—had discussed a role in the film with Bayona, but did not believe he would be available because of scheduling conflicts. Toby Jones, Rafe Spall, and Justice Smith were cast at the end of the year. Daniella Pineda, Ted Levine and James Cromwell were cast in early 2017, while Wong confirmed his return as Dr. Henry Wu. To maintain secrecy, the "Ancient Futures"

title: Vanessa Lee Chester

text: office success. The following year, she was cast in a lead role as Kelly in Steven Spielberg's "" (1997), playing the daughter of Ian Malcolm (Jeff Goldblum). The film was a box office hit, grossing over $600 million worldwide. Chester later worked mostly in television, most notably appearing in "Malcolm in the Middle" and "The West Wing". She was nominated for a Saturn Award (The Lost World: Jurassic Park), Image Award (The Lost World: Jurassic Park), Young Artist Award (A Little Princess) and took home the Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film – Supporting Young Actress

title: Laura Dern

text: and her mother became the first mother and daughter to be nominated for an Academy Award for acting in the same film in "Rambling Rose" although, unlike in "Wild at Heart", they did not play mother and daughter in the film. Dern starred as Dr. Ellie Sattler in Steven Spielberg's 1993 film "Jurassic Park". That same year, Clint Eastwood contacted the actress for his film "A Perfect World". She also starred as Ruth in the 1996 film "Citizen Ruth", the directorial debut of Alexander Payne. Dern's mother makes a cameo appearance, playing Dern's character's mother, with Dern's character screaming a

title: Bryce Dallas Howard

text: films "Jurassic World" (2015) and "" (2018), the fourth and fifth installments in the "Jurassic Park" series, and her most financially successful films to date. Howard was born March 2, 1981, in Los Angeles, California, to writer Cheryl Howard Crew (née Alley) and actor-director Ron Howard, She has two younger sisters, twins Jocelyn and Paige, and a younger brother named Reed. Through her father, she is a granddaughter of actors Rance Howard and Jean Speegle Howard as well as a niece of actor Clint Howard. Her godfather is actor Henry Winkler, who co-starred on "Happy Days" with her father. All

title: The Lost World: Jurassic Park

text: the title for Crichton's novel. Koepp wrote a total of nine drafts for the film. In November 1994, Richard Attenborough said he would reprise his role as John Hammond from the first film. In 1995, Spielberg met Vanessa Lee Chester at the premiere of "A Little Princess", in which she appeared. Chester later recalled, "As I was signing an autograph for him, he told me one day he'd put me in a film." Spielberg met with Chester the following year to discuss "The Lost World: Jurassic Park" before ultimately casting her as Malcolm's daughter, Kelly. In April 1996, Julianne Moore

title: Juliette Binoche

text: performance in her English-language debut "The Unbearable Lightness of Being" (1988), directed by Philip Kaufman, launched her international career. She sparked the interest of Steven Spielberg, who offered her several parts including a role in "Jurassic Park" which she declined, choosing instead to join Krzysztof Kieślowski in "" (1993), a performance for which she won the Venice Film Festival Award for Best Actress and a César. Three years later Binoche gained further acclaim in Anthony Minghella's "The English Patient" (1996), for which she was awarded an Academy Award and a BAFTA for Best Supporting Actress in addition to the Best

title: Julianne Moore

text: appearance of 1996 came in the Merchant Ivory film "Surviving Picasso", where she played the artist Dora Maar opposite Anthony Hopkins. The period drama met with poor reviews. A key point in Moore's career came when she was cast by Steven Spielberg to star as paleontologist Dr. Sarah Harding in "" – the sequel to his 1993 blockbuster "Jurassic Park". Filming the big-budget production was a new experience for Moore, and she has said she enjoyed herself "tremendously". It was a physically demanding role, with the actress commenting, "There was so much hanging everywhere. We hung off everything available, plus

title: Laura Dern

text: a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress for playing the titular orphan in "Rambling Rose" (1991) and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film for the 1992 film "Afterburn". She established herself as a Hollywood leading lady with a starring role in the adventure film "Jurassic Park" (1993). In 1997, Dern guest-starred in the "Puppy Episode" of the sitcom "Ellen", in which Ellen DeGeneres publicly came out. Following roles in such films as "Citizen Ruth" (1996), "October Sky" (1999), and "I Am Sam" (2001), Dern won the Golden Globe Award for Best

title: The Lost World: Jurassic Park

text: is substantially darker than "Jurassic Park". It makes more extensive use of computer-generated imagery to depict the dinosaurs, along with life-sized animatronics. The film received mixed reviews and grossed over $618 million worldwide. A sequel, "Jurassic Park III", was released on July 18, 2001. On Isla Sorna, off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, a girl named Cathy Bowman wanders around during a family vacation, and survives an attack by a swarm of "Compsognathus". Her parents file a lawsuit against the genetics company InGen, now headed by John Hammond's nephew, Peter Ludlow, who plans to use Isla Sorna to recover

title: Jurassic Park

text: Park, a theme park located on Isla Nublar. When an incident with a velociraptor results in the death of an employee, Hammond (Richard Attenborough) brings in three specialists to sign off on the park to calm investors. The specialists, paleontologist Alan Grant (Sam Neill), paleobotanist Ellie Sattler (Laura Dern), and chaos theorist Ian Malcolm (Jeff Goldblum) are surprised to see the island park's main attraction are living, breathing dinosaurs, created with a mixture of fossilized DNA and genetic cross-breeding/cloning. When lead programmer Dennis Nedry (Wayne Knight) shuts down the park's power to sneak out with samples of the dinosaur embryos

title: Lucy Boynton

text: Blackheath High School, followed by James Allen's Girls' School. Boynton's first professional role was as the young Beatrix Potter in the 2006 British-American film "Miss Potter". Boynton has said that the first day of filming was "the best day of [her] life." In 2007, she was nominated for the Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film – Supporting Young Actress, for "Miss Potter". She went on to play Posy Fossil in 2007, one of three main characters, in the BBC film "Ballet Shoes". Posy is a young, ambitious ballerina who is taken under the wing of a

title: Jurassic Park: The Game

text: Park dinosaur theme park, owned by InGen and located on the island of Isla Nublar. The game begins with Gerry, Sarah Hardings' father, showing his teenage daughter Jess (voiced by Heather Hudson), Sarah's younger sister, around the park. At this time, Dennis Nedry puts his plan into motion to shut down the park's security and escape with stolen dinosaur embryos, hidden inside a canister of shaving cream. During a tropical storm, Nedry's two contacts, Nima Cruz (voiced by Nika Futterman) and Miles Chadwick (voiced by Jared Emerson-Johnson), head into the park after he fails to meet them at the dock.

title: Linda Park

text: Her college stage credits included "Mad Forest", "Lysistrata", "Cyrano de Bergerac", "Richard III", and "The Trojan Women", among others. In 2001, Park had a small role in the feature film "Jurassic Park III" (2001) as Ellie Satler's assistant. Also in 2001, less than a year after graduation, Park was cast in the role of Hoshi Sato in the fifth incarnation of the "Star Trek" franchise, "Star Trek: Enterprise", which premiered in September 2001. Sato was the ship's communications officer, with a natural gift for translating alien languages. Park herself is fluent in both English and Korean, and she also speaks

title: Portrayal of women scientists in film

text: her time to protecting the animals. Fossey is shown as an independent woman, breaking the common trope of women being the homemaker. Jurassic Park (1993) The 1993 film Jurassic Park, based on the novel by Michael Crichton depicts a paleobotanist, Dr. Ellie Sattler. She is portrayed with great physical ability, allowing her to survive multiple attacks from dinosaurs. She is shown to have extensive knowledge about dinosaurs and plant life throughout the movie. Gravity (2013) The 2013 film "Gravity", directed by Alfonso Cuarón and starring Sandra Bullock and George Clooney, is often heralded as a breakthrough feminist film due to

title: Laura Dern

text: in "Within These Walls" and Arthur Miller's "Focus". She had a minor role in "Jurassic Park III", and was a supporting actress in the film "I Am Sam". She starred in the 2002 film "Damaged Care" and the 2004 film "We Don't Live Here Anymore". Dern starred in the 2005 film "Happy Endings", and in the same year, she appeared in the film "The Prize Winner of Defiance, Ohio". In 2006, David Lynch and Dern reunited for "Inland Empire" and, also in 2006, Dern had a supporting role in "Lonely Hearts". Mike White, known for writing "School of Rock" and

title: Jurassic Park

text: on the remains of the original park on Isla Nublar. The film sees the park run by Simon Masrani (Irrfan Khan) and Masrani Corp, and features the return of Dr. Henry Wu (BD Wong) from the first film. Chris Pratt, Bryce Dallas Howard, and Jake Johnson star, while Vincent D'Onofrio portrayed the main antagonist, Vic Hoskins. The cast also includes Lauren Lapkus, Ty Simpkins, Nick Robinson, Omar Sy, and Judy Greer. The primary dinosaur antagonist is "Indominus rex", a genetically-modified hybrid of "Tyrannosaurus rex" and several other species, including "Velociraptor", cuttlefish, tree frog, and pit viper. A sequel to "Jurassic

title: Bryce Dallas Howard

text: of Elton John. She is set to reprise role again in an unnamed science thriller sixth installment of the "Jurassic Park" franchise in 2021. During her senior year of high school, Howard learned of existentialism. "I was like, 'This is it! This is my religion.' I had never felt a connection to any sort of spirituality before that. It was very basic – you're responsible for the choices that you make – but it was mind-blowing at the time." Howard met actor Seth Gabel at New York University, and the two dated for five years before marrying on June 17,

title: Jurassic World

text: worked on in June 2006. The following month, Spielberg denied an Internet rumor that Breck Eisner would direct, saying Johnston was standing by for the job. In December 2006, Laura Dern said she was open to reprising her role as Ellie Sattler but had not been contacted about appearing in the film. In March 2007, Neill said he knew nothing about the project. By April 2007, Dern had been contacted about appearing in the film, with filming expected to begin that year for release in 2008. By that time, Johnston no longer planned to direct the film. In December 2007,

title: Jurassic World

text: "Zero Dark Thirty". In 2010, Pratt had joked that Spielberg had cast him in the film. Trevorrow said that when Pratt was cast, "we had no idea he'd become as big a star as he has. I just cast a bunch of character actors, as all Jurassic Park movies have. And somehow we ended up with a movie star." Trevorrow considered Owen to be a combination of Alan Grant and Ian Malcolm. Pratt said about the character; "He's got a little bit of the Goldblum cynicism but also the Sam Neill excitement at the wonder of the biology of it

title: Katy Manning

text: documentary filmmaker Rohan Spong. In 2000 she voiced the main character Gloria in the Australian children's animated television series "Gloria's House" as well as voicing Emma in the animated film from Burbank Animation Studios "Jungle Girl and the Lost Island of Dinosaurs" in 2002. In June and July 2007, she appeared as Yvette in the stage show "'Allo 'Allo!" alongside Gorden Kaye as René Artois at Twelfth Night Theatre in Brisbane. Guy Siner and Sue Hodge also reprised their original roles from the television series, and the other characters were portrayed by Australian television actors including Steven Tandy and Jason

title: Jurassic Park (film)

text: Jurassic Park (film) Jurassic Park is a 1993 American science fiction adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg and produced by Kathleen Kennedy and Gerald R. Molen. The first installment in the "Jurassic Park" franchise, it is based on the 1990 novel of the same name by Michael Crichton and a screenplay written by Crichton and David Koepp. The film is set on the fictional island of Isla Nublar, located off Central America's Pacific Coast near Costa Rica. There billionaire philanthropist John Hammond and a small team of genetic scientists have created a wildlife park of de-extinct dinosaurs. When industrial sabotage

title: Jurassic Park

text: World" was released on June 22, 2018. The film was directed by J. A. Bayona and written by Trevorrow and Connolly, with Trevorrow and Spielberg as executive producers. The film stars Chris Pratt, Bryce Dallas Howard, Rafe Spall, Justice Smith, Daniella Pineda, James Cromwell, Toby Jones, Ted Levine, BD Wong, Isabella Sermon, and Geraldine Chaplin, with Jeff Goldblum reprising his role as Dr. Ian Malcolm. During early conversations on "Jurassic World", Spielberg told Trevorrow that he was interested in having several more films made. In April 2014, Trevorrow announced that sequels to "Jurassic World" had been discussed: "We wanted to

title: Triassic Parq

text: Triassic Parq Triassic Parq is a musical comedy with music by Marshall Pailet, and lyrics and book by Marshall Pailet, Bryce Norbitz and Steve Wargo. The novel and film "Jurassic Park" told from the perspective of the dinosaurs. A clan of genetically engineered female dinosaurs (played by male and female actors) is thrown into chaos when one of the female dinosaurs spontaneously turns male. Originally directed by Marshall Pailet and presented Off-Broadway at the Soho Playhouse in 2012. The original cast featured Alex Wyse (Velociraptor of Innocence), Wade McCollum (Velociraptor of Faith), Lindsay Nicole Chambers (Velociraptor of Science), Shelley Thomas

title: Phylicia Rashad

text: to 2000. That year, Cosby asked Rashad to work on his animated television series "Little Bill", in which the actress voiced Bill's mother, Brenda, until the show's end in 2004. She also played a role in the pre-show of the Dinosaur ride at Walt Disney World's Animal Kingdom theme park as Dr. Helen Marsh, the head of the Dino Institute. Rashad played "Kill Moves" wealthy mother on "Everybody Hates Chris" on December 9, 2007. In 2007 she appeared as Winnie Guster in the Psych episode "Gus's Dad May Have Killed an Old Guy". She returned to the role in 2008,

title: Patricia Tallman

text: Witch under heavy make-up in the cult classic "Army of Darkness", as well as the Witch in the modern day scenes. In 1993, Tallman's most notable stunt work came as stunt double for Laura Dern throughout Steven Spielberg's "Jurassic Park". In addition, she served as stunt double for Laurel Holloman, who portrayed vampire hunter Justine Cooper in the series "Angel", a photo of Tallman was also used as the photo of Justine Cooper's dead twin sister. In a 2001 episode of the TV series "Sheena", she guest-starred as the villain Caroline Dula. Tallman appeared in the 2002 psychological horror short,

title: Jurassic World

text: all, so it's a combination". Although Pratt received top billing in the cast, Trevorrow stated that Howard's character Claire is the lead character. Vincent D'Onofrio, Irrfan Khan and Omar Sy were cast in early 2014. Trevorrow had admired Sy's acting and wrote the character of Barry with him in mind for the role. Trevorrow also said he cast actors such as Sy because they were well-known internationally, stating that "this is a global film and Jurassic Park doesn't belong to just America". In March 2014, Johnson confirmed he would have a role in the film. The same month, Trevorrow announced

title: Ariana Richards


question: who took over the dutch colony in north america

answers: England

answers: English

title: Dutch colonization of the Americas

text: In 1664, an English naval expedition ordered by Prince James, Duke of York and of Albany (later King James II & VII) sailed in the harbor at New Amsterdam, threatening to attack. Being greatly outnumbered, Director-General Peter Stuyvesant surrendered after negotiating favorable articles of capitulation. The Province then took a new name, New York (from James's English title).  Fort Orange was renamed Fort Albany (from James's Scottish title). The region between the lower Hudson and the Delaware was deeded to proprietors and called New Jersey.

title: Adriaen van der Donck

text: took over the colony, the city of New Amsterdam retained the municipal charter van der Donck had lobbied for, including uniquely Dutch features, such as a guarantee of free trade. Adriaen van der Donck Adriaen Cornelissen van der Donck (16181655) was a lawyer and landowner in New Netherland after whose honorific "Jonkheer" the city of Yonkers, New York is named. In addition to being the first lawyer in the Dutch colony, he was a leader in the political life of New Amsterdam (modern New York City), and an activist for Dutch-style republican government in the Dutch West India Company-run trading

title: Territorial evolution of North America prior to 1763

text: Governor Peter Stuyvesant — moved an army to the Delaware River in the late summer of 1655, leading to the immediate surrender of Fort Trinity and Fort Christina. Thus the settlement was absorbed into the Dutch New Netherlands on September 15, 1655. The 1663 Province of Carolina charter granted the Lords Proprietor title to all of the land from the southern border of the Virginia Colony at 36 degrees north to 31 degrees north (along the coast of present-day Georgia). In 1665, the charter was revised slightly, with the northerly boundary extended to 36 degrees 30 minutes north to include

title: Cornelia van Nijenroode

text: over the control of her fortune caused such a public scandal that they were both exiled from the colony by the governor Johannes Camphuys in 1688. In the Netherlands, the court rules that she must hand over her property to her husband, but, as her fortune was not accounted for, the matter was still unresolved at her death. She has been referred to as a typical example of the independent Eurasian women of the Dutch colonial empire. Cornelia van Nijenroode Cornelia van Nijenroode (Hirado, Japan, 1629 – Netherlands, c. 1692), was a Dutch merchant in the Dutch East Indies, famous

title: Dutch Chilean

text: Dutch Chilean In 1600, the Chilean city of Valdivia was conquered by Dutch pirate Sebastian de Cordes. He left the city after a few months. Four decades later, in 1642, the VOC and the WIC sent a fleet of ships to Chile to take control of Valdivia and its Spanish gold mines. The expedition was conducted by Hendrik Brouwer, a Dutch general. In 1643 Brouwer conquered the Chiloé Archipelago and Valdivia. After Brouwer died on 7 August 1643, vice-general Elias Herckmans took control. The second emigration from the Netherlands to Chile occurred in 1895. A dozen Dutch families settled in

title: Wouter van Twiller

text: Dincklagen, who didn't think much of his ability to manage the affairs of New Netherland properly. To succeed Van Twiller as Director-General, the Dutch West India Company sent Willem Kieft in September 1637. Van Twiller subsequently returned to the Netherlands and assumed guardianship of Johannes, eldest son of Killian van Rensselaer, following the death of that patroon in 1644. He died in Amsterdam. Notes Bibliography Wouter van Twiller Wouter van Twiller (May 22, 1606 – buried August 29, 1654) was an employee of the Dutch West India Company and the Director of New Netherland from 1633 until 1638. He succeeded

title: Dutch Empire

text: the Dutch had been ousted from Brazil. In the intervening years, a Portuguese expedition had been sent from Brazil to recapture Luanda in Angola, by 1648 the Dutch were expelled from there also. On the north-east coast of North America, the West India Company took over a settlement that had been established by the Company of New Netherland (1614–18) at Fort Orange at Albany on the Hudson River, relocated from Fort Nassau which had been founded in 1614. The Dutch had been sending ships annually to the Hudson River to trade fur since Henry Hudson's voyage of 1609. To protect

title: Allard Anthony

text: Netherlands during the Spanish occupation before its establishment as a separate nation. His place in the history of colonial Holland can be compared to the well-known Peter Stuyvesant and the less-known Willem Verhulst. Allard Anthony Allard Burgtem Antonides (1620–1685) was one of five Schepens (Dutch for aldermen or magistrate) in New Amsterdam and early New York City, the city that was to become New York City. As a representative of New Amsterdam and the New Netherlands colony, Antonides made significant contributions during his appeals to the Dutch monarchy. In 1664, when the British Empire conquered the colony, Antonides anglicized his

title: Wolfert Gerritse van Couwenhoven

text: Wolfert Gerritse van Couwenhoven Wolfert Gerritse Van Couwenhoven (1 May 1579 – 1662), also known as Wolphert Gerretse van Kouwenhoven and Wolphert Gerretse, was an original patentee, director of bouweries (farms), and a founder of the New Netherland colony. He also founded the first European settlement on Long Island, called New Amersfoort, and was a Schepen of New Amsterdam in 1654. He is noted as playing an "active role in laying the foundations of the communities of Manhattan, Albany, Rensselaer, and Brooklyn." The progenitor of the Vanderbilt family, Jan Aertszoon (1620–1705), also known as Jan Aertson, a Dutch farmer from

title: Adrian Jorisszen Tienpoint

text: Wilhelmus on the Delaware River, and the first permanent Dutch settlement in North America, Fort Orange at present day Albany, New York. According to John Romeyn Brodhead, Cornelius Jacobsen May was appointed as the first Director of the colony, with Adrian Joris as second in command. May hastened south to oversee construction of Fort Nassau on the South River to forestall French incursions. Tienpont was left in command of Fort Orange and was called its 'governor' in dispositions of an early settler taken in 1685 and 1688. He acted as deputy for Director of New Netherland Willem Verhulst. Tienpoint negotiated

title: Coert van Voorhees

text: Coert van Voorhees Coert Stevense van Voorhees (1637–1702), a settler of New Netherland is remembered today as progenitor of numerous American families, and as an early settler of Brooklyn. He was born around April 1637 in Hees, near Ruinen, Drenthe, Netherlands, the son of Steven van Voorhees and Aeltje Wessels. Van Voorhees married Marretje Gerritse van Couwenhoven, daughter of Gerret Wolfertse van Couwenhoven and Aeltje Cool, and granddaughter of Wolphert Gerretse, an original patentee of the New Netherland colony. He arrived in New Amsterdam when he was 22 years of age sailing on the de Bonte Koe in 1660. He

title: Manor of Rensselaerswyck

text: of Texel in the ship "Eendragt", or "Unity", under Captain John Brouwer. In a few weeks, they arrived at Fort Orange and began the development and settlement of the Manor of Rensselaerswyck. A few weeks after the arrival of the first colonists, the patroon's special agent, Gillis Hassett, secured a grant of land from the Indians, lying mostly to the north of Fort Orange and extending up the river to an Indian structure called Monemins Castle. This was situated on Haver Island at the confluence of the Mohawk and Hudson rivers. This and the earlier purchase completed the bounds of

title: Wilhelmus Beekman

text: Wilhelmus Beekman Wilhelmus Hendricksen Beekman (April 28, 1623 – September 21, 1707) — also known as William Beekman and Willem Beekman (or Beeckman) — was a Dutch immigrant to America who came to New Amsterdam (now New York City) from the Netherlands in the same vessel (the ship "Princess", on May 27, 1647) with Director-General and later Governor Peter Stuyvesant. Beekman soon became Treasurer of the Dutch West India Company, beginning a long life in public service that included being Mayor of New York City, Governor of Delaware, 1653-1664 and Governor of Pennsylvania, 1658-1663. He is the progenitor of the

title: Peter Minuit

text: and in 1626 was appointed the new director of New Netherland, taking over from Willem Verhulst. He sailed to North America and arrived in the colony on May 4, 1626. Minuit is credited with purchasing the island of Manhattan from the Native Americans in exchange for traded goods valued at 60 guilders. According to the writer Nathaniel Benchley, Minuit conducted the transaction with Seyseys, chief of the Canarsees, who were only too happy to accept valuable merchandise in exchange for an island that was mostly controlled by the Weckquaesgeeks. The figure of 60 guilders comes from a letter by a

title: Hieronymus van Beverningh

text: Hieronymus van Beverningh Hieronymus van Beverningh (sometimes spelled Beverningk) (Gouda, April 25, 1614 – Oud Teylingen, October 30, 1690) was a prominent Dutch regent, diplomat, amateur botanist, and patron of the arts, who lived during the Dutch Golden Age. Beverningh was the son of Melchior Beverningh, a captain in the States Army and Sibilla Standert. His grandfather, Johan Beverningh, was a Prussian officer who had taken a commission in the States Army and reached the rank of lieutenant-general of artillery. He studied at the Latin school in his birthplace Gouda under Jacobus Hovius and at the University of Leiden. After

title: Hieronymus van Beverningh

text: 1690. He was buried in the tomb he had bought in 1668 from the Blois-van-Treslong family, in the Janskerk (Gouda). Hieronymus van Beverningh Hieronymus van Beverningh (sometimes spelled Beverningk) (Gouda, April 25, 1614 – Oud Teylingen, October 30, 1690) was a prominent Dutch regent, diplomat, amateur botanist, and patron of the arts, who lived during the Dutch Golden Age. Beverningh was the son of Melchior Beverningh, a captain in the States Army and Sibilla Standert. His grandfather, Johan Beverningh, was a Prussian officer who had taken a commission in the States Army and reached the rank of lieutenant-general of artillery.

title: Dutch colonization of the Americas

text: city after a few months. In 1642, the VOC and WIC sent a fleet to Chile to conquer Valdivia and its supposed gold mines. This expedition was led by Hendrik Brouwer, a Dutch admiral. In 1643, Brouwer died before effecting the conquest of the Chiloé Archipelago; his lieutenant Elias Herckmans succeeded in capturing the ruins of the city, which he refortified and named "Brouwershaven". Finding no gold but many hostile natives, the Dutch soon abandoned the outpost. The second emigration from the Netherlands to Chile was in 1895. Under the so-called "Inspector General of Colonization and Immigration Chilean", a dozen

title: History of Delaware

text: Dutch West India Company were the first Europeans to actually occupy the land. They established trading-posts: Fort Wilhelmus in 1624 at "Hooghe Eyland" (High Island), now Burlington Island, opposite Burlington, New Jersey; Fort Nassau, near Gloucester City, New Jersey, in 1626; and at Zwaanendael, now Lewes, Delaware, in 1631. Peter Minuit was the Dutch Director-General of New Netherland during this period and probably spent some time at the Burlington Island post, thereby familiarizing himself with the region. In any case, Minuit had a falling out with the directors of the Dutch West India Company, was recalled from New Netherland, and

title: Cornelius Van Steenwyk

text: Cornelius Van Steenwyk Cornelius Steenwyck (born Cornelis Jacobsz Steenwijck; March 16, 1626 – November 21, 1684) served two terms as Mayor of New York City, the first from 1668 to 1672 (or 1670, and the second from 1682 to 1684 (or 1683). Other spellings of his name include Cornelis Steenwijck, Cornelius Steenwyk, and Van Steenwyk. He also briefly served as governor of the Dutch West India Company's paper claim over New Holland (Acadia) in 1676, although his only attempt to actually assert Dutch control over the territory was rebuffed at Fort Pentagouet by three war ships from Boston. The Dutch

title: Firth Haring Fabend

text: New York and New Jersey from which she has benefited not only in substance but in many warm friendships with her colleagues in Dutchness. In 2017, she received the Alice P. Kenney Award from the New Netherland Institute for her contributions to scholarship related to the Dutch colony in North America. She is a participant in the New York Council for the Humanities Speakers Program as well as its Community Conversations, and she has over the years consulted for the Museum of the City of New York, the American History Workshop, the New Amsterdam History Center, the New York Genealogical

title: Willem Blaeu

text: of America's Indians: Willem Blaeu Willem Janszoon Blaeu (; 157121 October 1638), also abbreviated to Willem Jansz. Blaeu, was a Dutch cartographer, atlas maker and publisher. Along with his son Johannes Blaeu, Willem is considered one of the notable figures of the Netherlandish/Dutch school of cartography in its golden age (the 16th and 17th centuries). Blaeu was born at Uitgeest or Alkmaar. As the son of a well-to-do herring salesman, he was destined to succeed his father in the trade, but his interests lay more in mathematics and astronomy. Between 1594 and 1596, as a student of the Danish astronomer

title: History of Albany, New York

text: colony in Canada and among the natives, all of whom vied to control the trade. In 1618, a flood ruined the fort on Castle Island, but it was rebuilt in 1624 as Fort Orange. Both forts were named in honor of the royal Dutch House of Orange-Nassau. Fort Orange and the surrounding area were incorporated as the village of Beverwijck () in 1652. Over the next several decades, the Mohawk, Mohican and Dutch formed a different relationship "based on a sense of mutual opportunity, of seeing more advantage in cooperation than in conflict." They created a collaborative venture in the

title: Fort Nassau (North River)

text: military defense structure and named the fort in honor of the stadtholder of the United Netherlands, who was of the House of Orange-Nassau. Christiaensen built on the remains of a 1540 French fur traders' fort or store house. This was the first Dutch settlement in North America. Jacob Eelkens became commander on Christiaensen's death in 1616. In 1617 a freshet damaged the fort to such an extent that it was abandoned and rebuilt on more secure ground at the mouth of the Normans Kill (called the "Tawasentha" by the natives) with the Hudson River. This new fortification was built by

title: Manor of Rensselaerswyck

text: of the Albany area by Henry Hudson in 1609, the Dutch claimed the area and set up two forts to anchor it: Fort Nassau in 1614 and Fort Orange in 1624, both named for the Dutch noble House of Orange-Nassau. This established a Dutch presence in the area, formally called New Netherland. In June 1620, the Dutch West India Company was established by the States-General and given enormous powers in the New World. In the name of the States-General, it had the authority to make contracts and alliances with princes and natives, build forts, administer justice, appoint and discharge governors,

title: Schenectady, New York

text: minor roles. Some mixed-race descendants, such as Jacques Cornelissen Van Slyck and his sister Hilletie van Olinda, who were of Dutch, French and Mohawk ancestry, became interpreters and intermarried with Dutch colonists. They also gained land in the Schenectady settlement. They were among the few "métis" who seemed to move from Mohawk to Dutch society, as they were described as "former Indians", although they did not always have an easy time of it. In 1661 Jacques inherited what became known as Van Slyck's Island from his brother Marten, who had been given it by the Mohawk. Van Slyck family descendants

title: Hendrick Christiaensen

text: Hendrick Christiaensen Hendrick Christiaensen (died 1619) was a Dutch explorer who was involved in the earlier exploration of what became the colony of New Netherland. Hendrick Christiaensen was a ship captain and trader employed by the Van Tweenhuysen Company of Amsterdam. In 1611 Christiaensen paid two visits to Manhattan in his ship "Fortuyn", including one with fellow explorer Adriaen Block in his "Tyger". Upon his return to the Netherlands in 1612, he brought back with him two young Native Americans who were the sons of a local sachem. The Dutch were fascinated with the boys, whom they called Orson and

title: Cornelis van Aerssen van Sommelsdijck

text: generation of a line active in Dutch politics. After a political career in the Netherlands, in 1683 he became tired of Dutch public affairs. Accordingly, he acquired a one-third share of the Society of Suriname, the other shareholders being the Dutch West India Company and the city of Amsterdam. At that time Suriname was a very small colony which was torn by religious sectarianism. Cornelis van Aerssen van Sommelsdijck Cornelis van Aerssen van Sommelsdijck (also: Sommelsdijk) (The Hague, 20 August 1637 - Paramaribo, 19 July 1688) was the first governor of Suriname after the establishment of the Society of Suriname

title: Rehoboth Beach, Delaware

text: Oklahoma, Kansas, parts of Arkansas) while the Sikkonese and Assateagues were extirpated; the Nanticoke, however, still exist in the general area today. The land later came under the control of the Duke of York, younger brother of King Charles II who also seized and occupied in 1664 the Dutch colony further north at the mouth of the Hudson River on Manhattan Island and adjacent Long Island as New Netherland with Fort Amsterdam and the village of New Amsterdam. Followed by the previous Swedish colony on the upper Delaware River at Fort Christina and New Sweden (which the Dutch had attacked

title: Dutch colonization of the Americas

text: In 1624, the first colonists, mostly Walloons and their slaves-bound servants, arrived to New Netherland by the shipload, landing at Governors Island and initially dispensed to Fort Orange, Fort Wilhelmus and Kievets Hoek. In 1626, Director of the WIC Peter Minuit purchased the island of Manhattan from the Lenape natives and started construction of Fort Amsterdam, which grew to become the main port and capital, New Amsterdam. The colony expanded to outlying areas at Pavonia, Brooklyn, Bronx, and Long Island. On the Connecticut River, Fort Huys de Goede Hoop was completed in 1633 at present day Hartford. By 1636, the

title: Kiliaen van Rensselaer (merchant)

text: found ready to dispose of their possessions. In April, two officers of the West India Company in Fort Orange, Sebastiaen Jansen Krol and Dirk Cornelisz Duyster, specially empowered by writing of January 12, 1630, purchased a large tract of land on the west side of the North River. Gillis Houset, one of the men initially sent to determine a settlement location, increased this territory in August by adding tracts of land on the right bank, located above and below Fort Orange, and also by adding land on the east side of the river. After the initial expansion, the territory was

title: Dutch colonization of the Americas


question: where in the constitution is the executive branch referenced

answers: Article Two

text: Article Two of the United States Constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government, which carries out and enforces federal laws.  The executive branch includes the President, the Vice President, the Cabinet, executive departments, independent agencies, and other boards, commissions, and committees.

title: Constitution

text: the use of the metric system of measurement instead of national units previously used. Constitutions usually explicitly divide power between various branches of government. The standard model, described by the Baron de Montesquieu, involves three branches of government: executive, legislative and judicial. Some constitutions include additional branches, such as an auditory branch. Constitutions vary extensively as to the degree of separation of powers between these branches. In presidential and semi-presidential systems of government, department secretaries/ministers are accountable to the president, who has patronage powers to appoint and dismiss ministers. The president is accountable to the people in an election. In

title: Politics of Pakistan

text: a five-year term. The president was a significant authority until the 18th amendment, passed in 2010, stripped the presidency of its major powers. Since then, Pakistan has been shifted from a Semi-presidential system to a purely parliamentary government. The Government consists of three branches: executive, legislative and judicial. The Executive branch consists of the Cabinet and is led by the Prime Minister. It is totally independent of the legislative branch that consists of a bicameral parliament. The Upper House is the Senate whilst the National Assembly is the lower house. The Judicial branch forms with the composition of the Supreme

title: Government of Kenya

text: Executive branch of government. Kenya's constitution states that it is a multi-party democratic state founded on the national values and principles of governance referred to in Article 10. There are three arms of government, which operate independently and work to balance each other, based upon the "Separation of powers" principle. Before the 2013 general election the Judiciary wouldn't be considered as independent as it is today, and before the 1992 elections Kenya wasn't a multiparty state - all power was centered in the Executive with Daniel arap Moi as President. The legislative branch includes the National Assembly and the Senate.

title: Federal government of the United States

text: the U.S. Constitution is the idea of "checks and balances" among the powers and responsibilities of the three branches of American government: the executive, the legislative, and the judiciary. For example, while the legislative branch (Congress) has the power to create law, the executive branch under the president can veto any legislation—an act which, in turn, can be overridden by Congress. The president nominates judges to the nation's highest judiciary authority, the Supreme Court, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in turn, can invalidate unconstitutional laws passed by the Congress. These and other examples are

title: 1997 Constitution of Fiji: Chapter 7

text: 1997 Constitution of Fiji: Chapter 7 Chapter 7: Executive Government. Chapter 7 of the 1997 Constitution is titled "Executive Government." There are five Parts, further subdivided into thirty sections, which set out the organization, functions, and responsibilities of the executive branch of government. Modeled on the Westminster system, Fiji's constitution does not separate the Executive and Legislative branches of government as strictly as do many democracies, but despite considerable overlap, the branches of government are nevertheless constitutionally distinct. Part 1 of Chapter 7, comprising Sections 85 through 88, establishes the offices of President and Vice-President and briefly summarizes their functions

title: Colombian Constitution of 1991

text: national constituency, rather than by individual department. The 1991 Constitution also democratized the legislative process, by creating possibilities for a large number of citizens or local elected officials to initiate a bill or constitutional amendment project before Congress. The seventh title of the Constitution, in articles 188 through 227, establishes the executive branch, which is led by the President of Colombia and includes the Vice President and the Council of Ministers (or cabinet). The President is head of State, head of government and the supreme administrative authority. In these capacities, the President appoints and dismisses members of cabinet and senior

title: Querétaro

text: Informador, Mass, Magazine, Reporte (Q), Rincones Queretanos, Radar and El Informador de Santa Rosa Jáuregui. The state government is divided into the Legislative, Judicial and Executive branches under Article 23 of the state constitution. The executive branch is headed by the governor, under whom are a number of agencies, including the state secretary and the state attorney general. The Legislature is unicameral made up of representatives popularly elected in districts of the state. This legislature has a number of committees tasked with certain types of legislation. The Judiciary consists of a state supreme court and a system of various lower

title: Government of the Philippines

text: Government of the Philippines The Government of the Philippines () is the national government of the Philippines. It is governed as unitary state under a presidential representative and democratic and a constitutional republic where the President function as both the head of state and the head of government of the country within a pluriform multi-party system. The government has three interdependent branches: the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judicial branch. The powers of the branches are vested by the Constitution of the Philippines in the following: Legislative power is vested in the two-chamber Congress of the Philippines—the Senate

title: Government of Oklahoma

text: and president pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate. Bills for raising revenue may only originate in the House of Representatives though the state senate may alter and amend them as the body sees fit. The executive branch is the branch of the Oklahoma state government that executes the laws of Oklahoma. The branch, consisting of over 300 state agencies, boards, and commissions, is headed by the Governor of Oklahoma, who is assisted by eleven other statewide officials. The governor is both head of state and head of government for Oklahoma. Under the constitution, the governor is elected to serve a

title: Government of Puerto Rico

text: Puerto Rico is the President of the United States. Structurally, the government is composed of three branches: the executive, legislative, and judicial branch. The executive branch is headed by the governor, currently Ricky Rosselló, who is also the head of government. The legislative branch consists of a bicameral legislature, namely the Legislative Assembly, composed by the Senate as its upper house and by the House of Representatives as its lower house. The governor and legislators are elected by popular vote every four years. The judicial branch is headed by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico, currently

title: Government of Maryland

text: are held in even-numbered years not divisible by four, in which the President of the United States is "not" elected—this, as in other states, is intended to divide state and federal politics. The constitution establishes five principal executive branch officers, as described below. Four of them are elected statewide: the governor and lieutenant governor (who are elected on the same ticket), the attorney general, and the comptroller. The fifth, the treasurer, is elected by a joint ballot of both houses of the General Assembly. As in all states, a popularly elected governor heads Maryland's executive branch. The governor's cabinet is

title: Constitution of Georgia (U.S. state)

text: proposals to amend the Constitution by the General Assembly," according to Paragraph IV. Constitution of Georgia (U.S. state) The Constitution of the State of Georgia is the governing document of the U.S. State of Georgia. The constitution outlines the three branches of government in Georgia. The legislative branch is embodied in the bicameral General Assembly. The executive branch is headed by the Governor. The judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court. Besides providing for the organization of these branches, the Constitution carefully outlines which powers each branch may exercise. The current Georgia State Constitution was ratified on November 2,

title: Constitution of Georgia (U.S. state)

text: Constitution of Georgia (U.S. state) The Constitution of the State of Georgia is the governing document of the U.S. State of Georgia. The constitution outlines the three branches of government in Georgia. The legislative branch is embodied in the bicameral General Assembly. The executive branch is headed by the Governor. The judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court. Besides providing for the organization of these branches, the Constitution carefully outlines which powers each branch may exercise. The current Georgia State Constitution was ratified on November 2, 1982. It is the newest state constitution in the United States and is

title: Colombian Constitution of 1991

text: (Congress, made up of the Senate and Chamber of Representatives) amends the Constitutions, makes the laws and exercises political control over the executive branch and public administration. The President is head of state, head of government and supreme administrative authority; the government is made up of the President, cabinet ministers and heads of administrative departments (Article 114). The Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court of Justice, the Council of State, the Supreme Council of the Judiciary (to be replaced by the National Commission of Judicial Discipline), the Attorney General of the Nation, the tribunals and the judges administer justice, as does

title: Government of the Philippines

text: is the upper chamber and the House of Representatives is the lower chamber. Executive power is exercised by the government under the leadership of the President. Judicial power is vested in the courts with the Supreme Court of the Philippines as the highest judicial body. The legislative power is vested in the Congress of the Philippines which consists of the Senate of the Philippines Senate and House of Representatives. The upper house is located in Pasay City, while the lower house is located in Quezon City. Both are in Metro Manila. The district and sectoral representatives are elected for a

title: Constitution of Armenia

text: Ազգային ժողով, ԱԺ "Azgayin Zhoghov", "AZh"), also informally referred to as the Parliament of Armenia (խորհրդարան, "khorhrdaran") is the legislative branch of the government of Armenia. The Government of the Republic of Armenia () is the executive branch of the government in Armenia. It is an executive council of government ministers headed by the Prime Minister of Armenia. The Judiciary of Armenia interprets and applies the law of Armenia. Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, judiciary exercises judicial power separately from the legislative power of parliament and executive power of the prime minister. As per the Constitution, it

title: Government of the Philippines

text: autonomous regions, where the residents of the local government units have to ratify in a plebiscite their inclusion in such a setup. Government of the Philippines The Government of the Philippines () is the national government of the Philippines. It is governed as unitary state under a presidential representative and democratic and a constitutional republic where the President function as both the head of state and the head of government of the country within a pluriform multi-party system. The government has three interdependent branches: the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judicial branch. The powers of the branches are

title: U.S. state

text: detailed and more elaborate than their federal counterpart. The Constitution of Alabama, for example, contains 310,296 words – more than 40 times as many as the U.S. Constitution. In practice, each state has adopted the three-branch frame of the federal government: executive, legislative, and judicial (even though doing so has never been required). In each state, the chief executive is called the governor, who serves as both head of state and head of government. All governors are chosen by direct election. The governor may approve or veto bills passed by the state legislature, as well as push for the passage

title: Colombia

text: presidential participatory democratic republic as established in the Constitution of 1991. In accordance with the principle of separation of powers, government is divided into three branches: the executive branch, the legislative branch and the judicial branch. As the head of the executive branch, the President of Colombia serves as both head of state and head of government, followed by the Vice President and the Council of Ministers. The president is elected by popular vote to serve four-year term (In 2015, Colombia's Congress approved the repeal of a 2004 constitutional amendment that eliminated the one-term limit for presidents). At the provincial

title: Colombian Constitution of 1991

text: the electromagnetic spectrum and the right to reply. The 2015 constitutional reform has created seats in elected bodies for runner-up candidates in presidential, gubernatorial and mayoral elections; specifically, the second placed candidate for President, Vice President, governor and mayor shall have the right to hold a seat in the Senate, Chamber of Representatives, departmental assembly and municipal council respectively. This rule will be applicable beginning with the 2018 presidential and congressional elections. The first chapter outlines the three branches of government - the legislative, executive and judicial, in addition to other autonomous and independent entities (Article 113). The legislative branch

title: Government of Colombia

text: represent the president and the executive branch of government Mayors are subordinated to the governors who are maximum representatives of the executive branch of government at a municipal level. Mayors are also elected in regional elections along with the department governors. The legislative branch is the branch that makes laws. Representatives are elected by the people and support their thoughts in government. The judiciary of Colombia (Spanish: Rama Judicial de Colombia) is a branch of the State of Colombia that interprets and applies the laws of Colombia, to ensure equal justice under law, and to provide a mechanism for dispute

text: Executive branch of the government of Honduras The Republic of Honduras is organized according to Title I: On the State of the Honduran Constitution of 1982. According to Title V: Branches of the Government, the three administrative branches are the legislative, executive and judicial. The legislative branch is the Congress of Deputies, which is elected by direct vote. Executive power is held by the president or, in the event of their death, by the vice-president. The judicial branch is composed of a supreme court, a court of appeals and other courts specified by the law. The president of Honduras, the

title: Political divisions of the United States

text: states and the United States as a whole are each sovereign jurisdictions. All state governments are modeled after the federal government and consist of three branches (although the three-branch structure is not Constitutionally required): executive, legislative, and judicial. They retain plenary power to make laws covering anything not preempted by the U.S. Constitution, federal statutes, or treaties ratified by the U.S. Senate, and are organized as presidential systems where the governor is both head of government and head of state (even though this too is not required). The various states are then typically subdivided into counties. Louisiana uses the term

title: Wisconsin

text: branches of government. Published every two years with updated information, copies are available by contacting state legislators. Wisconsin's Constitution outlines the structure and function of state government. Wisconsin's government is organized into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The executive branch is headed by the governor. The current governor, Scott Walker, assumed office on January 3, 2011. In addition to the governor, the executive branch includes five other elected constitutional officers: Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Attorney General, Treasurer, and State Superintendent of Public Instruction. Four members of the Wisconsin executive branch are Republicans. The Secretary of State is a

title: Law

text: the United Kingdom (an hereditary office), and the President of Austria (elected by popular vote). The other important model is the presidential system, found in the United States and in Brazil. In presidential systems, the executive acts as both head of state and head of government, and has power to appoint an unelected cabinet. Under a presidential system, the executive branch is separate from the legislature to which it is not accountable. Although the role of the executive varies from country to country, usually it will propose the majority of legislation, and propose government agenda. In presidential systems, the executive

title: Constitution of Kenya

text: was subjected to a referendum on 4 August 2010. The new Constitution was approved by 67% of Kenyan voters. The key changes proposed by the new constitution released are in the following areas: Gains achieved The executive at the top most levels will be constituted of a president, deputy president and the Cabinet. The Legislative branch is bicameral and will constitute of the following An upper house – the Senate A lower house – the National Assembly County Assemblies and Executive There will be three superior courts: An independent Judicial Service Commission has been set up to handle the appointment

title: Law of the Republic of Ireland

text: the legislative, judicial and executive branches of government. The Irish Supreme Court and High Court exercise judicial review over all legislation and may strike down laws if they are inconsistent with the constitution. The Constitution can only be amended by referendum. A proposal to amend the Constitution is introduced into Dáil Éireann (the lower house of parliament) as a bill and if passed by the Dáil, and passed or deemed to have been passed by the Senate (the upper house), is put to the people. Only Irish citizens resident in the state may vote. There is no threshold for such

title: Geography of Peru

text: the legislative, executive, and judicial branch. Congress is a unicameral branch that specializes in passing laws, ratifying treaties, and adjusting taxes and budget policies. They are elected every five years by an open list where each member represents a portion of the population proportional to their votes in a 130-seat legislature. The President is the chief of state and government. He or She is voted into office by majority vote in two-round elections. The president has the power to block legislation, appoint cabinet members including prime ministers, and veto laws by legislation if the executive branch disagrees with legislative policy.

title: Politics of the United States

text: the federal government, state governments have three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The chief executive of a state is its popularly elected governor, who typically holds office for a four-year term (although in some states the term is two years). Except for Nebraska, which has unicameral legislature, all states have a bicameral legislature, with the upper house usually called the Senate and the lower house called the House of Representatives, the House of Delegates, Assembly or something similar. In most states, senators serve four-year terms, and members of the lower house serve two-year terms. The constitutions of the various states