question: when was how deep is your love released

answers: 1977

answers: September 1977

title: How Deep Is Your Love (Bee Gees song)

title: How Deep Is Your Love (Sean Paul song)

text: Is Your Love" was first released onto YouTube on 4 October 2012 at a total length of three minutes and twenty-seven seconds. The music video premiered on BET's 106 & Park on 2 October 2012, when Sean Paul visited the show to premiere the video. How Deep Is Your Love (Sean Paul song) "How Deep Is Your Love" is the fifth single from the Jamaican recording artist Sean Paul's fifth studio album Tomahawk Technique, featuring American singer Kelly Rowland. It was written by Mikkel S. Eriksen, Jason Henriques, Ester Dean, Sean Paul Henriques and was produced by Stargate. It was

title: How Deep Is Your Love (Sean Paul song)

text: How Deep Is Your Love (Sean Paul song) "How Deep Is Your Love" is the fifth single from the Jamaican recording artist Sean Paul's fifth studio album Tomahawk Technique, featuring American singer Kelly Rowland. It was written by Mikkel S. Eriksen, Jason Henriques, Ester Dean, Sean Paul Henriques and was produced by Stargate. It was released as a digital download in the United States on 24 July 2012. The song has charted in Switzerland and Austria. On 12 February 2012 the song entered the Swiss Singles Chart at number 72. A music video to accompany the release of "How Deep

text: How Deep Is Your Love? (The Rapture song) "How Deep Is Your Love?" is a song by American dance-punk band The Rapture. It was initially released as the lead single from the band's fourth studio album "In the Grace of Your Love" on June 13, 2011 as a single-sided 12-inch single through DFA Records. The song was remixed by Emperor Machine, as part of Adult Swim's 2011 Singles Program. The song peaked at number 19 on the Belgian Flanders Tip singles chart. The official music video for the song, using a shorter edit of the song lasting only three minutes

text: How Deep Is Your Love (Calvin Harris and Disciples song) "How Deep Is Your Love" is a song by Scottish DJ and record producer Calvin Harris and English production trio Disciples. It was released on 17 July 2015. It features uncredited vocals by Norwegian singer and songwriter Ina Wroldsen. The single received generally positive reviews, and was commercially successful, reaching the top-ten in 22 countries, including number two on the UK Singles Chart and number one in Australia, Belgium, Greece, the Netherlands and Russia. The song was remixed by producer Kayzo. On 3 June 2015, Harris announced an upcoming collaboration

text: else, something a bit different. He wanted a single out for the summer because it had been so long since it had happened. "I missed the feeling of having a new song out in the summer." "How Deep Is Your Love" is a deep house song. Your EDM described it as an "upbeat tune", containing "bass-y plucks and piano chords". For Hayden Manders of "Nylon", the track is influenced by 90s Euro house and compared it to Disclosure's music. "Billboard" called the song "another dance club anthem from the reliable hitmaker." Hayden Manders of "Nylon" felt Harris returned to form

text: and forty-five seconds, was uploaded on April 24, 2012 to the official YouTube channel for Noisey, the music subsidiary for the magazine "Vice". How Deep Is Your Love? (The Rapture song) "How Deep Is Your Love?" is a song by American dance-punk band The Rapture. It was initially released as the lead single from the band's fourth studio album "In the Grace of Your Love" on June 13, 2011 as a single-sided 12-inch single through DFA Records. The song was remixed by Emperor Machine, as part of Adult Swim's 2011 Singles Program. The song peaked at number 19 on the

text: ninth number one on this chart. Since the chart began in 2003, only Rihanna has racked up more number ones (11 hits). The single also debuted on the "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 60. and has currently peaked at number 27. In the Australian ARIA Singles Chart, the song debuted at number eight and in its sixth week on the chart, reached number one. It is Harris' first number-one single there. The accompanying music video for "How Deep Is Your Love", directed by Emil Nava, premiered on Tidal on 4 August 2015 and was released elsewhere on 6 August 2015.

text: Found Love' or Cheryl Cole’s 'Call My Name'. Instead, [Harris] opts for some slow-burning house. If his next album sounds this fresh, the love will go pretty deep, actually." "How Deep Is Your Love" entered at number seven on the UK Singles Chart, giving Harris his 19th top ten hit on the chart. The song eventually peaked at number two. The song debuted at number five on the US Hot Dance/Electronic Songs. It sold 41,000 downloads and captured two million U.S. streams (the bulk of which, 74 percent, came from Spotify) in its first week. It marked Harris' eighth top

title: How Deep Is Your Love (Bee Gees song)

text: brothers sing while passing by a stream of rainbow lights. In this video Barry Gibb is bearded. On the "Cashbox" charts on the week 4 February 1978, when it was at #13, the soundtrack's second single "Stayin' Alive" was at #1 with "Night Fever" debuted at #71 on the same week. When "How Deep Is Your Love" became a UK #3, Barry exclaimed: "You have no idea what a thrill it is to have a Top Five single in England. With all the new wave and punk rock out, I would have thought something like 'How Deep Is Your Love'

title: Calvin Harris

text: 17 July 2015, Harris and London-based production trio Disciples released the single "How Deep Is Your Love". The song peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart, giving Harris his 19th top-10 entry in the UK. It peaked at number one on the ARIA Charts, giving Harris his first chart-topper in Australia. The song peaked at number three on the Hot Dance/Electronic Songs in the US and marked Harris's eighth top-10 entry since the chart's launch, making it the most of any act. In September, Harris was featured on Dillon Francis's EP "This Mixtape Is Fire", collaborating on a

title: How Deep Is Your Love (Dru Hill song)

text: How Deep Is Your Love (Dru Hill song) "How Deep Is Your Love" is an R&B single by group Dru Hill and features the remix rapper Redman. It is the first single from the group's second album, "Enter the Dru". The song was released on September 22, 1998, the hit song spent three weeks at number-one on the US R&B chart, and peaked at number-three on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. The song was also used in the end credits and is featured on the soundtrack to the 1998 film "Rush Hour". The music video directed by Brett Ratner

text: ten since the chart's launch, making it the most of any act (previously, he was tied with Zedd at seven each). Additionally, the song debuted at number four on Dance/Electronic Digital Songs and at number six on the Dance/Electronic Streaming Songs. On its tenth week, it has hit number three on both the Hot Dance/Electronic Songs and the Dance/Electronic Streaming Songs and reahced number two on the Dance/Electronic Digital Songs and the Dance Club Songs. The song also debuted on Dance/Mix Show Airplay at number 24. It eventually reached number one on the chart after 10 weeks, giving Harris his

text: with London-based production trio Disciples. The song leaked on 15 July 2015, two days prior to its official release. The song first materialised when London-based band Disciples and Norwegian singer-songwriter Ina Wroldsen co-wrote it in early 2014. They recorded the vocals of Wroldsen in one take for the demo. Two of the artists from Disciples who are published by Fly-Eye (Harris's publishing company) decided to send him the rough demonstration for feedback and pointers. Harris loved the track and eventually proposed collaborating on it together. Harris told radio KISS-FM that following the release of "Motion", he wanted to do something

text: thanks to "How Deep Is Your Love". Writing for Jezebel Jia Tolentino described it as a "a straightforward, minimalist full-on heater with a contagious playfulness in its three main hooks" and credited Disciples for "the subtlety in this track". Daniel Cha from Your EDM opined that the song is "an ideal soundtrack to an oceanside drive". Lewis Corner of Digital Spy wrote "Calvin Harris is ready to soundtrack the rest of your summer with his new deep house banger." "Time" Nolan Feeney wrote: " 'How Deep Is Your Love' doesn’t evoke the pummeling build-ups and synthesizer onslaughts of Rihanna’s 'We

title: How Deep Is Your Love (Dru Hill song)

text: was shot on top of Hopewell Centre in Wan Chai, Hong Kong and features clips from "Rush Hour". Redman's verse is cut from both the group's album and the video version as he does not appear in the video.This song was also one of the hottest songs for club mix music that originated out of their hometown on Baltimore. US 12" single "Side A" "Side B" How Deep Is Your Love (Dru Hill song) "How Deep Is Your Love" is an R&B single by group Dru Hill and features the remix rapper Redman. It is the first single from the

title: Disciples (production team)

text: in February 2015. BBC Radio 1 picked it as its "Track of the Day" and Tong highlighted it in his BBC Radio 1 programme "Essential Mix". The trio gained international recognition through their collaboration with fellow British record producer Calvin Harris on "How Deep Is Your Love", which peaked at No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart and No. 27 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. The group released their EP "The Following" through FFRR Records on 24 October 2015. "How Deep Is Your Love" was nominated for British Artist Video of the Year and British Single at the 2016

title: How Deep Is Your Love (Bee Gees song)

text: as he fell asleep, Galuten claimed, "Even though I did the demo because he wasn't there, there were a lot of things from his personality [on 'How Deep Is Your Love']". On the song's lyrics, Barry revealed: "A lot of the textures you hear in the song were added on later. We didn't change any lyrics, mind you, but the way we recorded it was a little different than the way we wrote in the terms of construction. A little different for the better, I think, the title 'How Deep Is Your Love' we thought was perfect because of all

title: How Deep Is Your Love (Bee Gees song)

text: wouldn't have a chance. We always kept going forward and we're getting stronger every day". The song won Best Pop Performance by a Group at the 20th Grammy Awards which were held on 23 February 1978. The song also received a nomination for Best Original Song at the 35th Golden Globe awards held on 28 January 1978. The award went to "You Light Up My Life" by Kasey Cisyk. At the time of both award ceremonies, the song was still in the Top 10 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. In 1983, the Bee Gees were sued by a Chicago

text: swarming around her. The video ends with Gigi walking out of the party room. It was won for Best Electronic Video on the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards. The music video has over 1.2 billion views on YouTube as of April 2018. In September 2015, American singer Charlie Puth covered the song on BBC Radio 1 and the version was included in the compilation "BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge". Slovenian duo Maraaya also covered the song, their cover can be found on their YouTube channel. Rihanna samples the song on her Anti World Tour while performing "We Found Love". How

title: How Deep Is Your Love (Bee Gees song)

text: in the Top 10 for a then-record 17 weeks. The single spent six weeks atop the US adult contemporary chart. It is listed at number 22 on the 55th anniversary edition of "Billboard's All Time Top 100". Alongside "Stayin' Alive" and "Night Fever", it is one of the group's three tracks on the list. The song was covered by Take That for their 1996 "Greatest Hits" album, reaching number-one on the UK Singles Chart for three weeks. "How Deep Is Your Love" ranked number 375 on "Rolling Stone"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. In a British

title: Deep in Love

text: certified Platinum in the region in 2013 by the Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana (FIMI) for exceeding 30,000 in digital copies sold. The song further reached number eight on Hungary's Dance Top 40 chart, number 18 on Poland's Dance Top 50 chart, and number 109 on the Tophit ranking in Russia. An accompanying music video for "Deep in Love" was uploaded onto Roton's official YouTube channel on 15 August, preceded by the release of a teaser on 9 August 2011. It was filmed at a studio in Bucharest, Romania, as well as on the Canary Islands; all outfits used were created

title: Deep in Love

text: track for four months. A love song, its lyrics include a reference to the popular paradigm that men are from Mars and women are from Venus. Filmed in a studio in Bucharest and on the Canary Islands, an accompanying music video for "Deep in Love" was uploaded onto Roton's YouTube channel on 15 August 2011. For further promotion, the song was also performed at the ZU Loves You event organized by Radio ZU. Commercially, "Deep in Love" reached the top 40 on Hungarian, Romanian, Polish and Italian music charts, while being awarded a Platinum certification in the latter region by

title: How Deep Is Your Love (Bee Gees song)

text: to chairs and in a basement. A blonde woman with heavy mascara (actress and model Paula Hamilton) walks into the basement and circles the four members individually pulling their hair. She then puts them all into her van and drives down the motorway. She stops by a reservoir and has the four members placed on the edge, she points at each member before grabbing Gary's rope and pushes him back still holding on. Her fingers slip through the rope and he falls backwards into the reservoir, still tied to the chair. She initially looks shocked but then smirks. UK Cassette

title: JJ Heller

text: the first single from the album and it peaked at number 13 on the "Billboard" Singles chart. In 2011 she released her "Deeper" album, which is a collection of acoustic songs, which were put aside to allow her to release the more pop-oriented "When I'm with You". "When I'm With You" was covered by Jennifer Love Hewitt's character "Riley Parks" on Season 2 Episode 6 of "The Client List" entitled "Unanswered Prayers". The shortened cover was released on iTunes on April 9, 2013. Heller released "Loved" on March 12, 2013. Her song "Control" was featured on Season 7 Episode 19

title: You Light Up My Life (Johnny Mathis album)

text: You Believe"), and a few soundtrack tunes (the title track, "How Deep Is Your Love", "Till Love Touches Your Life"). The album made its first appearance on "Billboard" magazine's Top LP's & Tapes chart in the issue dated April 1, 1978, and remained there for 24 weeks, peaking at number 9 while in the meantime receiving Gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America on May 2 and Platinum certification two months later, on July 6. It also made it to number 3 during a 19-week run on the UK album chart, and on June 30 of that year

title: How Deep Is Your Love (Bee Gees song)

text: play live covers of the song. Take That's version was released as a single from their "Greatest Hits" compilation in 1996. The single went on to become what was to be the band's final UK number one until their 2006 comeback single "Patience" a decade later. The song stayed at number one in the UK charts for three weeks. The single sold 671,000 copies and has received a Platinum sales status certification in the UK. The song also topped the charts in Denmark, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Latvia and Spain. The music video saw the four members of the band tied

title: The Deeper the Love

text: icing on the cake, and gave me the verse chord sequence. I finished writing it in Tahiti [...] very early in the morning with the sun rising over the Pacific." "The Deeper the Love" was released as the album's second single in early 1990. It was a Top 40 chart success in the UK, the US, Canada and Ireland. In addition, it also reached number 4 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart in the US. The song was performed in its original form for the 1990 "Slip of the Tongue" tour, but after that it has only been performed in

title: How Deep Is Your Love (Bee Gees song)

text: a chord, and he said, 'Oh no, I don't think it should be that inversion, it should be this', and so we changed it to that, but by the time Albhy had come in, the song was sort of there. A demo was made at Le Château d'Hérouville in France, with the additional recording done at Criteria Studios when they got back to Miami. As Weaver says, "We started work about 12 o'clock maybe one o'clock in the morning, and that demo was done at about three or four o'clock in the morning. Albhy played piano on the demo, I'd

title: Down on Sunset

text: de Munk. In 1998 this album was re-released as How Deep Is Your Love by Spectrum and Universal. Brigitte Nielsen - "I'm The One... Nobody Else" (1992) Down on Sunset Down on Sunset is the title of the third studio album by singer-songwriter & producer Thomas Anders, released in 1992. It is produced by Ralf Stemmann and Christian De Walden (Brigitte Nielsen) and contains Neil Sedaka's classics Laughter in the Rain. Several songs were co-written by Thomas Anders aka Chris Copperfield. The same year album was re-released in Japan. "How Deep Is Your Love" and "Standing Alone" (duet with Glenn

title: How Deep Is Your Love (Bee Gees song)

long_answer: "How Deep Is Your Love" is a pop ballad and Rap based, written, and recorded by the Bee Gees in 1977 and released as a single in September of that year. It was ultimately used as part of the soundtrack to the film Saturday Night Fever. It was a number three hit in the United Kingdom and Australia. In the United States, it topped the Billboard Hot 100 on 24 December 1977 (becoming the first of six consecutive US number-one hits), ended the 10-week reign of Debby Boone's "You Light Up My Life" and stayed in the Top 10 for a then-record 17 weeks. The single spent six weeks atop the US adult contemporary chart. It is listed at number 22 on the 55th anniversary edition of Billboard's All Time Top 100. Alongside "Stayin' Alive" and "Night Fever", it is one of the group's three tracks on the list. The song was covered by Take That for their 1996 Greatest Hits album, reaching number-one on the UK Singles Chart for three weeks.


question: where was the last world cup held and who won

answers: Germany

answers: hosted by Brazil

answers: won by Germany

answers: Estádio do Maracanã

title: List of FIFA World Cup finals

text: The FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition established in 1930. It is contested by the men's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The tournament has taken place every four years, except in 1942 and 1946, when the competition was cancelled due to World War II. The most recent World Cup, hosted by Brazil in 2014, was won by Germany, who beat Argentina 1–0 after extra time.

title: Mário Zagallo

text: inside forward. Zagallo won the World Cup as a manager in 1970, and as assistant coach in 1994, both with Brazil. He was the first person to win the World Cup both as a player and as a manager. Winning the World Cup in 1970 at the age of 38, he is also the second youngest coach to win a World Cup, after Alberto Suppici, who won aged 31 with Uruguay in 1930. Zagallo (original family name Zakour, a Lebanese surname from Zahle) married Alcina de Castro on 13 January 1955 at the Church of Capuchins in Rio de Janeiro

title: 2011 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup Final

text: 2011 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup Final The 2011 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup Final was the last match of the 2011 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup which took place on September 11, 2011 at the Stadio del Mare, in the Italian city of Ravenna. The final took place between Russia, who were taking place in their first ever final and defending champions Brazil, who were playing in their fourteenth final, aiming to win their fourteenth title. The result of the match saw Russia claim the FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup crown, winning their first ever title and becoming only

title: Hans Wuthrich

text: Hans Wuthrich Hans Wüthrich (born 1 November 1889, date of death unknown) was the first Swiss match official to be appointed to a FIFA World Cup final match when he was selected to run the line in the 1938 final match between Italy and Hungary in Paris. Wüthrich, who refereed both the 1934 and 1937 Swiss Cup Finals , had already officiated in three matches prior to the final, acting as match referee in the semi-final between Italy and Brazil in Marseilles and also running the line in the notorious game between the hosts France and Italy in Paris, the

title: Franz Beckenbauer

text: previous World Cup final. Beckenbauer is one of three men (with Mario Zagallo, and Didier Deschamps) to have won the Cup as player and as manager, and he is the first man and one of only two (with Didier Deschamps) to have won the title as team captain as well as manager. Beckenbauer then moved into club management, and accepted a job with Olympique de Marseille in 1990 but left the club within one year. Marseille eventually won the 1990–91 French championship and ended runner-up of the 1990–91 European Cup. From 28 December 1993 until 30 June 1994, and then

title: Paul Barrière Trophy

text: theft, the trophy was last held aloft by Johnny Raper after Australia's 20-2 win over France at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 10 June 1968 to claim the fourth World Cup title. Ironically, the stolen trophy was not the one which was due to be competed for and presented in the 1970 World Cup Final the following Saturday at Headingley Rugby Stadium, Leeds: with the commencement of sponsorship in the game, administrators had decided to play for a new sponsored trophy, with the original being kept safe and on display at the hotel in a symbolic capacity only. Following its

title: Ashok Kumar (field hockey)

text: silver at the second World Cup in Amsterdam in 1973. The highlight of his career was the 1975 Hockey World Cup in Kuala Lumpur where he scored the important goal in the gold medal match for India against Pakistan. On a pass from Surjit Singh, Ashok cracked the ball goalwards. The ball hit the corner of the post and bounced out. But for a fraction of a second the ball was in the goal and despite protests by Pakistan, the Malaysian umpire confirmed the goal. His fourth and last appearance in the World Cup was in the 1978 World Cup

title: 2017 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup Final

text: 2017 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup Final The 2017 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup Final was the last match of the 2017 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup which took place on May 7, 2017 at the National Beach Soccer Arena in Nassau, the Bahamas. The final was contested between Tahiti, who had previously competed in one World Cup final, the last World Cup final in 2015 which they lost to Portugal, and Brazil, who were back into a World Cup final after their last appearance six years ago in 2011, their sixth FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup final and their

title: Faryd Mondragón

text: at a World Cup. His record for oldest player in World Cup history was broken four years later at the 2018 World Cup by 45-year-old Egyptian goalkeeper Essam El-Hadary. After Colombia's elimination to the host country Brazil in the quarter-finals, Mondragón officially confirmed his retirement from football and thanked the fans and nation for the support after stating, "This is my last stadium as a professional player. I'm proud to be part of this wonderful group. Thank you all for the years of support.". Updated 27 June 2014 Mondragón is of Lebanese descent. His first name Faryd means "unique or

title: Hugo Gatti

text: World Cup under coach Cesar Menotti, but Gatti was left out of the finals squad in favour of Ubaldo Fillol. His last international match was on 5 June 1977. Gatti has continued to be involved in football since his retirement as a player, writing columns and opinions that have been controversial at times. As of 2010 he lives in Spain and collaborates with several media. notably "Punto Pelota" now "El Chiringuito de Jugones". And as of 2012 he collaborates in several football shows in Argentina. Hugo Gatti Hugo Orlando Gatti (born 19 August 1944) is a former Argentine professional football

title: 1930 FIFA World Cup

text: Rimet presented the World Cup Trophy, which was later named for him, to the head of the Uruguayan Football Association, Raúl Jude. The following day was declared a national holiday in Uruguay; in the Argentinian capital, Buenos Aires, a mob threw stones at the Uruguayan consulate. Francisco Varallo (who played as a forward for Argentina) was the last player of the final to die, on 30 August 2010. France, Yugoslavia and the United States all played friendlies in South America following the competition. Brazil played France on 1 August, Yugoslavia on 10 August and the United States on 17 August,

title: Belgium at the FIFA World Cup

text: Felipe Scolari admitted after this match that Belgium was a tough edge and after the tournament he declared that the match against the Red Devils had been the hardest for Brazil to win. With the World Cup final still to go, the team did win the tournament's fair-play award. Marc Wilmots equalled the record of Enzo Scifo and Franky Van der Elst by appearing in 4 World Cup squads, although he did not play in his first World Cup in 1990. Wilmots also scored his 5th World Cup goal against Russia, which made him Belgium's top scorer in World Cup

title: Colombia at the FIFA World Cup

text: man before clipping the ball over the goalkeeper. Colombia, which had already qualified for the knockout stage but needed a point to be certain of winning the group, finished as group winners with a perfect record of three wins out of three, while Japan, which had to win the match to have any chance to qualify, were eliminated. Faryd Mondragón became the oldest player to make an appearance in the history of the World Cup, at the age of , when he came on for the last five minutes of the match, breaking the record of Roger Milla, who played

title: 2011 Cricket World Cup Final

text: Muttiah Muralitharan was carrying minor injuries, but was retained. He had announced that he would retire from One Day International cricket after the World Cup, so this was his last match. The semi-final held at the Premadasa Stadium in Colombo was his last ODI match on home soil, and there he had been carried around the stadium, perched on his teammates' shoulders, on a lap of honour after that match. The on-field umpires were Simon Taufel of Australia and Aleem Dar of Pakistan, with Ian Gould being the third (TV) umpire. All of these umpires are highly rated; Taufel has

title: 2011 Cricket World Cup Final

text: ground. The 2011 Cricket World Cup was the tenth World Cup, organised by the International Cricket Council (ICC). The competition took place between 19 February and 2 April 2011. Co-hosted by India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, the tournament was the third World Cup to be played in the Indian subcontinent. The ICC ruled out Pakistan citing security reasons. There were 14 participating teams, which included four associate members of the ICCKenya, Canada, Ireland and Netherlands. The structure of the tournament was similar to that of the 1996 World Cup. The 14 teams were separated into two groups of seven and

title: 1992 Cricket World Cup Final

text: bowler showed Allan Lamb and the dangerous Chris Lewis the pavilion door. Soon Fairbrother was caught by Moin Khan off Aaqib Javed to seal England's last hope. Imran Khan had the final say, when the last-man, Richard Illingworth, was caught by Ramiz Raja off his bowling to finish the final and crown Pakistan World Champions. 1992 Cricket World Cup Final The final of the 1992 ICC Cricket World Cup was played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne on 25 March 1992. The match was won by Pakistan under their captain Imran Khan who defeated England by 22 runs to lift

title: World Cup Sculpture

text: World Cup Sculpture The World Cup Sculpture, or simply The Champions, is a bronze statue of the 1966 World Cup Final located near West Ham United Football Club's now demolished Boleyn Ground (Upton Park) stadium in the London Borough of Newham, England. It depicts a famous victory scene photographed after the final, held at the old Wembley Stadium in London, featuring Bobby Moore, Geoff Hurst, Martin Peters and Ray Wilson. It was the first and only time England had won the World Cup, and England captain Moore is pictured held shoulder high, holding the Jules Rimet Trophy aloft. Jointly commissioned

title: Gabriel Batistuta

text: Just Fontaine, and Gerd Müller) and the first to score a hat-trick in two World Cups. Argentina were knocked out of the World Cup by the Netherlands courtesy of a last minute Dennis Bergkamp winner after the two sides had held out for a 1–1 draw for almost the entire match. After a good series of performances by Argentina in the qualification matches for the 2002 World Cup, hopes were high that the South Americans – now managed by Marcelo Bielsa – could win the trophy, and Batistuta announced that he planned to quit the national team at the end

title: 1938 FIFA World Cup Final

text: final score favouring the Italians 4–2, Italy became the first team to successfully defend the title (and the first team to win the title on foreign soil) and were once more crowned World Cup winners. The last survivor of the game was Italy's Pietro Rava, who died on 5 November 2006 at the age of 90. After 6 minutes, Gino Colaussi opened the scoring for Italy, before Pál Titkos equalised for the Hungarians two minutes later. However, Italy quickly regained the lead eight minutes later with a goal from Silvio Piola. In the 35th minute, Italy extended their lead to

title: George Reader

text: George Reader George Reader (22 November 1896 – 13 July 1978) was the fourth man to referee a FIFA World Cup Final, the first Englishman (one of only 10 match officials from the United Kingdom) to do so, and the oldest match official at any World Cup in history. He hailed from Nuneaton, Warwickshire. By profession he was a schoolmaster, going to St Luke's teacher training college (the same one that Ken Aston was to attend) just after the First World War in Exeter. St. Luke's is now part of Exeter University. Finding work in Exeter as a young teacher,

title: 2012–13 UCI Track Cycling World Cup

text: of the World Cup was hosted in Cali, the third most populated city in Colombia. Cali has hosted the World Cup on twelve occasions. This round was hosted between 11–13 October 2012 at the Unidad Deportiva Alberto Galindo Velodrome. The second round of the World Cup was hosted in Glasgow, the largest city in Scotland. This round was hosted between 16–18 November 2012 at the Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome. The World Cup was the first major competition to be held at the Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome, which was built for the 2014 Commonwealth Games and officially opened on 5 October

title: 1938 FIFA World Cup

text: holders, Italy, and Switzerland were seen off by Hungary. Czechoslovakia took Brazil to extra time in a notoriously feisty match in Bordeaux before succumbing in a replay; the South Americans proved too strong for the depleted Czechoslovak side (both Oldřich Nejedlý and František Plánička had suffered broken bones in the first game) and won 2–1. This was the last ever match to be replayed in a World Cup. Hungary destroyed Sweden in one of the semi-finals 5–1, while Italy and Brazil had the first of their many important World Cup clashes in the other. The Brazilians rested their star player

title: Edgardo Codesal

text:
Cup.

Edgardo Codesal Méndez Edgardo Codesal Edgardo Codesal Méndez (; born 2 June 1951 in Montevideo, Uruguay) is an Uruguayan-Mexican football (soccer) referee, who controlled the final match of the 1990 World Cup held in Italy. His grandfather was from Argentina, and his father, José Maria Codesal, was a referee in the 1966 FIFA World Cup. As a child he remembered his father refereeing. Edgardo was passionate about football, played in childhood Baby Football teams in the area and in his teens he played as goalkeeper for the Club Atlético Cerro of Montevideo. He began his career as a referee

title: South American nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: not won by a European team. The final holds many records in World Cup history. Pelé became the youngest player to play a World Cup finals, the youngest scorer in a World Cup final and the youngest player to win a World Cup winners' medal. The team of the tournament voted by journalists was five Brazil players: The 1962 World Cup was held in Chile, the third World Cup held in South America. Five South American nations participated, where the tournament was again won Brazil, who claimed their second title after defeating Czechoslovakia 3–1 in the final, becoming the second

title: 1990 FIFA World Cup

text: of which last qualified in 1978. Austria, Cameroon, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia also returned after missing the 1986 tournament. Among the teams who failed to qualify were 1986 semi-finalists France (missing out their first World Cup since 1974), Denmark, Poland (for the first time since 1970), Portugal and Hungary. The following 24 teams qualified for the final tournament. Twelve stadiums in twelve cities were selected to host matches at the 1990 World Cup. The Stadio San Nicola in Bari and Turin's Stadio delle Alpi were completely new venues opened for the World Cup. The remaining ten venues all underwent extensive programmes

title: Tim (footballer)

text: at the South American Championship 1942, where he scored one goal. 44 years after participating in the World Cup as a player, Tim was the manager of the Peru national team at the 1982 World Cup, in what is the longest interval ever between an individual's World Cup participations, and the longest World Cup career overall. Two years after the 1982 World Cup, he died in Rio de Janeiro at the age of 69. He coached Bangu. In 1968, he was Primera División Argentina champion with San Lorenzo de Almagro. Tim (footballer) Elba de Pádua Lima, best known by the

title: Roy Race

text: in Mexico. This was his only World Cup appearance as the 1986 Basran massacre wouldn't allow Race to win the most illustrious trophy in the World. His very last performance for England was displayed against Turkey in 1987 at Wembley Stadium and according to press the most spectacular goal that Race scored for England took place against Brazil in 1981. It is remarkable that with Roy in the squad England were defeated only in one game, the one that saw England out of the quarter finals of the 1970 World Cup. In the summer of 1979 Roy Race managed and

title: Hernán Darío Gómez

text: 2006 FIFA World Cup. Bora Milutinovic (Mexico, 1986; Costa Rica, 1990; United States, 1994; Nigeria, 1998; and China, 2002) and Carlos Alberto Parreira (Kuwait, 1982; United Arab Emirates, 1990; Brazil, 1994 and 2006; Saudi Arabia, 1998; South Africa, 2010) have guided five teams in World Cups, but without playing the qualification rounds. Hernán Darío Gómez Hernán Darío Gómez Jaramillo (; born 3 February 1956), also known as El Bolillo (; "The Baton"), is a Colombian former footballer and the current manager of Ecuador. He was an active player from 1966 to 1985, when he retired after a knee injury. Gómez

title: Sudhir Kumar Chaudhary

text: was eventually rescued by Bangladesh Police. During the World Cup, Sudhir sported a kooky crown - a replica World Cup trophy. Sudhir's crowning moment came on April 2, 2011, the day India defeated Sri Lanka in the Final at Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai, to become the World Champions. Sachin Tendulkar himself signaled Sudhir who was sitting among the cheering Indian fans, to come to the Indian dressing room and join the team's celebrations. Tendulkar asked Zaheer Khan to bring the World Cup over. Tendulkar shook hands with Sudhir Chaudhary, hugged him and finally let him lift the cup from Zaheer’s hands.

title: Roll ball

text: Ball World Cup 2011 was held at the Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex in Pune in Maharashtra state of the Republic of India. This was held from 17 April 2011 to 22 April 2011. Denmark was the winner. Host India was the runner-up. The second Roll Ball World Cup 2013 was held in Nairobi, Kenya from 3 to 6 October 2013.It was won by India by defeating the inaugural champions Iran in the final. The third Roll Ball World Cup 2015 was held at the Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex in Pune in Maharashtra state of the Republic of India.

title: List of FIFA World Cup finals

short_answers:
hosted by Brazil
won by Germany


question: when was the internet introduced to the public

answers: September 1993

answers: 1995

answers: in the very late 1980s

title: History of the Internet

title: Internet service provider

text: such as UUCP. By the late 1980s, a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet. The remaining restrictions were removed by 1991, shortly after the introduction of the World Wide Web. During the 1980s, online service providers such as CompuServe and America On Line (AOL) began to offer limited capabilities to access the Internet, such as e-mail interchange, but full access to the internet was not readily available to the general public. In 1989, the first Internet service providers, companies offering the public direct access to the Internet for a monthly fee, were established in

title: Information Age

text: mainframes were common, and special message-sharing systems leading to email were first developed in the 1960s, independent computer-to-computer networking began with ARPANET in 1969. This expanded to become the Internet (coined in 1974), and then the World Wide Web in 1989. Public digital data transmission first utilized existing phone lines using dial-up, starting in the 1950s, and this was the mainstay of the Internet until broadband in the 2000s. The introduction of wireless networking in the 1990s combined with the proliferation of communications satellites in the 2000s allowed for public digital transmission without the need for cables. This technology led

title: Commercialization of the Internet

text: November 1988 and then actively to the public starting in January 1990, albeit only to the NSFNET backbone with their approval. Barry Shein's The World STD was selling dial-up Internet on a legally questionable basis starting in late 1989 or early 1990, and then on an approved basis by 1992. He claims to be and is generally recognized as the first to ever think of selling dial-up Internet access for money. Although the Internet infrastructure was mostly privately owned by 1993, the lack of security in the protocols made doing business and obtaining capital for commercial projects on the Internet

title: Internet

text: was established with a low-speed satellite relay between Princeton University and Stockholm, Sweden in December 1988. Although other network protocols such as UUCP had global reach well before this time, this marked the beginning of the Internet as an intercontinental network. Public commercial use of the Internet began in mid-1989 with the connection of MCI Mail and Compuserve's email capabilities to the 500,000 users of the Internet. Just months later on 1 January 1990, PSInet launched an alternate Internet backbone for commercial use; one of the networks that would grow into the commercial Internet we know today. In March 1990,

title: History of the Internet

text: the Internet. The first of these was the Archie search engine from McGill University in 1990, followed in 1991 by WAIS and Gopher. All three of those systems predated the invention of the World Wide Web but all continued to index the Web and the rest of the Internet for several years after the Web appeared. There are still Gopher servers as of 2006, although there are a great many more web servers. As the Web grew, search engines and Web directories were created to track pages on the Web and allow people to find things. The first full-text Web

title: Online service provider

text: the information superhighway. When Mosaic and Netscape were released in 1994, they had a ready audience of more than 10 million people who were able to download their first web browser through an online service. Though ISPs quickly began offering software packages with setup to their customers, this brief period gave many users their first online experience. Two online services in particular, Prodigy and AOL, are often confused with the Internet, or the origins of the Internet. Prodigy's Chief Technical Officer said in 1999: "Eleven years ago, the Internet was just an intangible dream that Prodigy brought to life. Now

title: Mass media in Canada

text: 1971, and this innovation was followed by Project Gutenberg and eBooks. Tim Berners-Lee is considered the inventor of the World Wide Web; he implemented the first successful communication between a HyperText Transfer Protocol client and a server. Because the Internet allowed users ease of access to information about practically any topic, the medium has seen immense popularity ever since its inception. There has never been a point in its relatively short history (it has only been around for about 40 years) when it has declined in popularity. Of all mass media discussed, it seems to be the least threatened. There

title: History of the Internet in Sweden

text: History of the Internet in Sweden The history of Internet in Sweden can be considered to have begun in 1984, when the first Swedish network was connected to the Internet in Gothenburg. In the past, however, were data links between some colleges and universities with access via modem and UUCP to the European part of the Internet. The Internet's predecessor ARPANET took its start around 1969 in California, USA. Although Sweden had connected to the internet in 1984, it was not until 1988 that this access was considered significant, when the higher education network SUNET was able to connect with

title: History of the Internet

text: can be gathered from the quote: History of the Internet The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. Initial concepts of wide area networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States, United Kingdom, and France. The U.S. Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s, including for the development of the ARPANET project, directed by Robert Taylor and managed by Lawrence Roberts. The first message was sent over the ARPANET in 1969 from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock's laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the

title: History of the Internet in Sweden

text: by the European Commission."" History of the Internet in Sweden The history of Internet in Sweden can be considered to have begun in 1984, when the first Swedish network was connected to the Internet in Gothenburg. In the past, however, were data links between some colleges and universities with access via modem and UUCP to the European part of the Internet. The Internet's predecessor ARPANET took its start around 1969 in California, USA. Although Sweden had connected to the internet in 1984, it was not until 1988 that this access was considered significant, when the higher education network SUNET was

title: Internet in the Philippines

text: No 10175 were promulgated on August 12, 2015. The early history of the Internet in the Philippines started with the establishment of Bulletin Board Systems (BBS) by computer hobbyist and enthusiast. They were able to link their BBS’s using a dial-up connection protocol enabling them to participate in discussion forums, send messages and share files. 1986: Establishment of first BBS in the Philippines, Star BBS was formed by Efren Tercias and James Chua of Wordtext Systems. Fox BBS was operated by Johnson Sumpio. First-Fil RBBS a public-access BBS went online with an annual subscription fee of P1,000. A precursor to

title: History of the Internet

text: History of the Internet The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. Initial concepts of wide area networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States, United Kingdom, and France. The U.S. Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s, including for the development of the ARPANET project, directed by Robert Taylor and managed by Lawrence Roberts. The first message was sent over the ARPANET in 1969 from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock's laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the second network node at Stanford Research

title: Internet in South Africa

text: 1988. On 12 November 1991, the first IP connection was made between Rhodes' computing centre and the home of Randy Bush in Portland, Oregon. By November 1991, South African universities were connected through UNINET to the Internet. Commercial Internet access for businesses and private use began in June 1992 with the registration of the first .co.za subdomain. The African National Congress, South Africa's governing political party, launched its website, , in 1997, making it one of the first African political organizations to establish an Internet presence; around the same time, the Freedom Front Plus () registered . The Internet user

title: History of the Internet in Sweden

text: the USA. Internet access became available to the Swedish public in 1994 when Kuai Connection and later Algonet as the first operators connected the Swedish Internet with the Swedish telephone network via modem pools. The usage costs were made up of a fixed monthly fee and per minute charges as with any other telephone call. In 1996 Internet access became available for a flat monthly fee in Ängelholm where the local cable TV company began to offer connectivity via Cable TV modems with an Ethernet interface. A big change started in 1999 when Bredbandsbolaget concluded a Framework Agreement with housing

title: Internet in France

text: been seen as outdated and consequently all the fixed broadband internet offers in France are unmetered. Initially the Internet was only available to a small number of users in a few companies and universities. The general public began to have access to Internet starting from 1994, and was democratized in the early 2000s with the emergence of ADSL. During the summer of 1988, the INRIA connected the Sophia Antipolis NSFNet network to Princeton by a satellite link leased to France Telecom and MCI. The link became operational on 8 August 1988, and allowed INRIA researchers to access the US network

title: History of infrastructure

text: NSFNET was decommissioned, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic. The Internet started a rapid expansion to Europe and Australia in the mid to late 1980s and to Asia in the late 1980s and early 1990s. During the late 1990s, it was estimated that traffic on the public Internet grew by 100 percent per year, while the mean annual growth in the number of Internet users was thought to be between 20% and 50%. As of 31 March 2011, the estimated total number of Internet users was 2.095 billion (30.2% of world population).

title: Lina Trivedi

text: to talk about a new development that existed on college campuses called the Internet. She indicated that the Internet was primarily a research tool, however college students were starting to make personal Websites and she thought creating a Web site for Beanie Babies could present a unique opportunity to engage the consumer market. She brought her 14.4k modem that was supplied by DePaul University where she was enrolled as a student, and demonstrated how the Internet works. Mr. Warner was intrigued and he gave Trivedi free license to create a Web site using her judgement and skills. By the time

title: Arab culture

text: in the US in the 1980s. Internet access began in the early 1990s in the Arab world, with Tunisia being first in 1991 according to Dr. Deborah L. Wheeler. The years of the Internet's introduction in the various Arab countries are reported differently. Wheeler reports that Kuwait joined in 1992, and in 1993, Turkey, Iraq and the UAE came online. In 1994 Jordan joined the Internet, and Saudi Arabia and Syria followed in the late 1990s. Financial considerations and the lack of widespread availability of services are factors in the slower growth in the Arab world, but taking into consideration

title: History of wikis

text: client, which he called World Wide Web (it was also a Web editor), and the first hypertext server (info.cern.ch). In 1991 he posted a short summary of the World Wide Web project on the alt.hypertext newsgroup, marking the debut of the Web as a publicly available service on the Internet. Early adopters of the World Wide Web were primarily university-based scientific departments or physics laboratories. In May 1992 appeared ViolaWWW, a graphical browser providing features such as embedded graphics, scripting, and animation. However, the turning point for the World Wide Web was the introduction of the Mosaic graphical browser in

title: History of the Internet

text: an important activity on computer networks from well before the Internet was established and was supported in a variety of ways including bulletin board systems (1978), Usenet (1980), Kermit (1981), and many others. The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) for use on the Internet was standardized in 1985 and is still in use today. A variety of tools were developed to aid the use of FTP by helping users discover files they might want to transfer, including the Wide Area Information Server (WAIS) in 1991, Gopher in 1991, Archie in 1991, Veronica in 1992, Jughead in 1993, Internet Relay Chat (IRC)

title: Privacy-invasive software

text: visible part of the Internet known as the World Wide Web (WWW) that was introduced in 1990. Commercial interests became well aware of the potential offered by the WWW in terms of electronic commerce especially because the restrictions on the commercial use of the Internet were removed which opened the space for companies to use the web as a platform to advertise and sell their goods. Thus, shortly after, companies selling goods over the Internet emerged, i.e. pioneers such as book dealer Amazon.com and CD retailer CDNOW.com, which both were founded in 1994. During the following years, personal computers and

title: 20th-century events

text: efforts from Al Gore, the Internet grew beyond its military role when universities and commercial businesses were permitted to connect their networks to it. The main impetus for this was electronic mail, a far faster and convenient form of communication than a conventional letter and memo distribution, and the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). However, the Internet remained largely unknown to the general public, who were used to Bulletin Boards and services like Compuserve and America Online. This changed when Tim Berners-Lee devised a simpler form of Vannevar Bush's hypertext, which he dubbed the World Wide Web. "The Web" suddenly changed

title: History of the Internet

text: commercial dialup ISP in the United States was The World, which opened in 1989. In 1992, the U.S. Congress passed the Scientific and Advanced-Technology Act, , which allowed NSF to support access by the research and education communities to computer networks which were not used exclusively for research and education purposes, thus permitting NSFNET to interconnect with commercial networks. This caused controversy within the research and education community, who were concerned commercial use of the network might lead to an Internet that was less responsive to their needs, and within the community of commercial network providers, who felt that government

title: History of the Internet

text: to noncommercial uses such as research; unrelated commercial use was strictly forbidden. This initially restricted connections to military sites and universities. During the 1980s, the connections expanded to more educational institutions, and even to a growing number of companies such as Digital Equipment Corporation and Hewlett-Packard, which were participating in research projects or providing services to those who were. Several other branches of the U.S. government, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the Department of Energy (DOE) became heavily involved in Internet research and started development of a successor to ARPANET. In the

title: Internet in the Philippines

text: Internet in the Philippines Internet in the Philippines first became available on March 29, 1994, with the Philippine Network Foundation (PHNet) connecting the country and its people to Sprint in the United States via a 64 kbit/s link. As of 2016, more than 44,000,000 people used the internet in the country, accounting for 43.5% of the total population. A year after the connection, The Public Telecommunications Act of the Philippines was made into law. Securing a franchise is now optional for value-added service providers. This law enabled many other organizations to establish connections to the Internet, to create Web sites

title: Internet science

text: website for Symbolics Computer Corp. in Massachusetts, was the first registered domain. 1986: The National Science Foundation’s NSFNET goes online to connected supercomputer centers at 56,000 bits per second — the speed of a typical dial-up computer modem. 1987: The number of hosts on the Internet exceeds 20,000. Cisco ships its first router. 1989: World.std.com becomes the first commercial provider of dial-up access to the Internet. 1990: Tim Berners-Lee develops HyperText Markup Language (HTML). This technology continues to have a large impact on ways how humans view and navigate the Internet in present days. 1991: CERN introduces the World Wide

title: On the Internet, nobody knows you're a dog

text: it's that widely known and recognized." The cartoon marks a notable moment in the history of the Internet. Once the exclusive domain of government engineers and academics, the Internet had by then become a subject of discussion in general interest magazines like "The New Yorker". Lotus Software founder and early Internet activist Mitch Kapor commented in a "Time" magazine article in 1993 that "the true sign that popular interest has reached critical mass came this summer when the New Yorker printed a cartoon showing two computer-savvy canines". The cartoon symbolizes an understanding of Internet privacy that stresses the ability of

title: Ty Warner

text: approached Warner to talk about a new development that existed on college campuses called the Internet. She indicated that the Internet was primarily a research tool, however college students were starting to make personal Websites and she thought creating a Web site for Beanie Babies could present an unprecedented opportunity to engage the market in a unique way. She brought to Ty's office a 14.4k modem and demonstrated how the Internet works. Mr. Warner was intrigued and gave Trivedi free license to create a Web site using her judgement and skills. By the time the first iteration of the Ty

title: Social media

text: Atari, IBM PC, Commodore 64, Sinclair, and similar personal computers. The IBM PC was introduced in 1981, and subsequent models of both Mac computers and PCs were used throughout the 1980s. Multiple modems, followed by specialized telecommunication hardware, allowed many users to be online simultaneously. Compuserve, Prodigy and AOL were three of the largest BBS companies and were the first to migrate to the Internet in the 1990s. Between the mid-1980s and the mid-1990s, BBSes numbered in the tens of thousands in North America alone. Message forums (a specific structure of social media) arose with the BBS phenomenon throughout the

title: History of the Internet

long_answer: A boost in web users was triggered in September 1993 by NCSA Mosaic, a graphical browser which eventually ran on several popular office and home computers. This was the first web browser aiming to bring multimedia content to non-technical users, and therefore included images and text on the same page, unlike previous browser designs; its founder, Marc Andreessen, also established the company that in 1994, released Netscape Navigator, which resulted in one of the early browser wars, when it ended up in a competition for dominance (which it lost) with Microsoft Windows' Internet Explorer. Commercial use restrictions were lifted in 1995. The online service America Online (AOL) offered their users a connection to the Internet via their own internal browser.


question: where does creatine come from in the body

answers: kidneys

answers: liver

answers: the liver and kidneys

answers: arginine

answers: glycine

title: Creatine

text: Creatine synthesis primarily occurs in the liver and kidneys.  On average, it is produced endogenously at an estimated rate of about 8.3 mmol or 1 gram per day in young adults. Creatine is also obtained through the diet at a rate of about 1 gram per day from an omnivorous diet. Most of the human body's total creatine and phosphocreatine stores are found in skeletal muscle, while the remainder is distributed in the blood, brain, and other tissues.

title: Creatine

text: that the intramuscular stores of creatine can be increased by ingesting creatine in larger than normal amounts, scientists discovered "creatine phosphate", and determined that creatine is a key player in the metabolism of skeletal muscle. The substance creatine is naturally formed in vertebrates. While creatine's influence on physical performance has been well documented since the early twentieth century, it came into public view following the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona. An August 7, 1992 article in "The Times" reported that Linford Christie, the gold medal winner at 100 meters, had used creatine before the Olympics. An article in "Bodybuilding Monthly" named

title: Creatine

text: Creatine Creatine ( or is an organic compound with the nominal formula (HN)(HN)CN(CH)CHCOH. This species exists in various modifications (tautomers) in solution. Creatine is found in vertebrates where it facilitates recycling of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of the cell, primarily in muscle and brain tissue. Recycling is achieved by converting adenosine diphosphate (ADP) back to ATP via donation of phosphate groups. Creatine also acts as a buffer. In 1912, Harvard University researchers Otto Folin and Willey Glover Denis found evidence that ingesting creatine can dramatically boost the creatine content of the muscle. In the late 1920s, after finding

title: Bodybuilding supplement

text: date most prohormone products have not been thoroughly studied, and the health effects of prolonged use are unknown. Although initially available over the counter, their purchase was made illegal without a prescription in the US in 2004, and they hold similar status in many other countries. They remain legal, however, in the United Kingdom and the wider European Union. Their use is prohibited by most sporting bodies. Creatine is an organic acid naturally occurring in the body that supplies energy to muscle cells for short bursts of energy (as required in lifting weights) via creatine phosphate replenishment of ATP. A

title: Creatine

text: in 1832 when Michel Eugène Chevreul isolated it from the basified water-extract of skeletal muscle. He later named the crystallized precipitate after the Greek word for meat, κρέας ("kreas"). In 1928, creatine was shown to exist in equilibrium with creatinine. Studies in the 1920s showed that consumption of large amounts of creatine did not result in its excretion. This result pointed to the ability of the body to store creatine, which in turn suggested its use as a dietary supplement. The discovery of phosphocreatine was reported in 1927. In the 1960's, creatine kinase (CK) was shown to phosphorylate ADP using

title: Bodybuilding supplement

text: number of scientific studies have shown that creatine can improve strength, energy, muscle mass, and recovery times. In addition, recent studies have also shown that creatine improves brain function. and reduces mental fatigue. Unlike steroids or other performance-enhancing drugs, creatine can be found naturally in many common foods such as herring, tuna, salmon, and beef. Creatine increases what is known as "cell volumization" by drawing water into muscle cells, making them larger. This "intracellular" retention should not be confused with the common myth that creatine causes bloating (or "intercellular" water retention). Creatine is sold in a variety of forms, including

title: Creatine

text: the evidence did not provide a reliable foundation for treatment decisions, due to risk of bias, small sample sizes, and the short duration of trials. Creatine Creatine ( or is an organic compound with the nominal formula (HN)(HN)CN(CH)CHCOH. This species exists in various modifications (tautomers) in solution. Creatine is found in vertebrates where it facilitates recycling of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of the cell, primarily in muscle and brain tissue. Recycling is achieved by converting adenosine diphosphate (ADP) back to ATP via donation of phosphate groups. Creatine also acts as a buffer. In 1912, Harvard University researchers Otto

title: Creatine

text: in the creatine biosynthetic pathway lead to various severe neurological defects. Clinically, there are three distinct disorders of creatine metabolism. Deficiencies in the two synthesis enzymes can cause caused by variants in "GATM" and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency, caused by variants in "GAMT". Both biosynthetic defects are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. A third defect, creatine transporter defect, is caused by mutations in "SLC6A8" and inherited in a X-linked manner. This condition is related to the transport of creatine into the brain. Creatine use can increase maximum power and performance in high-intensity anaerobic repetitive work (periods of work and rest)

title: Creatine phosphate shuttle

text: Creatine phosphate shuttle The creatine phosphate shuttle is an intracellular energy shuttle which facilitates transport of high energy phosphate from muscle cell mitochondria to myofibrils. This is part of phosphocreatine metabolism. In mitochondria, ATP levels are very high as a result of glycolysis, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation processes, whereas creatine phosphate levels are low. This makes conversion of creatine to phosphocreatine a highly favored reaction. Phosphocreatine is a very-high-energy compound. It then diffuses from mitochondria to myofibrils. In myofibrils, during exercise (contraction) ADP levels are very high, which favors resynthesis of ATP. Thus, phosphocreatine breaks down to creatine, giving its

title: Creatine

text: to take small oral doses every 3–6 hours throughout the day. After the "loading dose" period (1–2 weeks, 12–24 g a day), it is no longer necessary to maintain a consistently high serum level of creatine. As with most supplements, each person has their own genetic "preset" amount of creatine they can hold. The rest is eliminated as waste. A typical post-loading dose is 2–5 g daily. Creatine supplementation appears to increase the number of myonuclei that satellite cells will 'donate' to damaged muscle fibers, which increases the potential for growth of those fibers. This increase in myonuclei probably stems

title: Creatine

text: to give phosphocreatine. The phosphate group is attached to an NH center of the creatine. The P-N bond is highly reactive. Creatine supplements are marketed in ethyl ester, gluconate, monohydrate, and nitrate forms. Endogenous serum or plasma creatine concentrations in healthy adults are normally in a range of 2–12 mg/L. A single 5 g (5000 mg) oral dose in healthy adults results in a peak plasma creatine level of approximately 120 mg/L at 1–2 hours post-ingestion. Creatine has a fairly short elimination half-life, averaging just less than 3 hours, so to maintain an elevated plasma level it would be necessary

title: Creatine

text: be a concern, with only minor levels of mercury being detectable. Two studies reviewed in 2007 found no impurities. When creatine is mixed with protein and sugar at high temperatures (above 148 °C), the resulting reaction produces carcinogenic heterocyclic amines (HCAs). Such a reaction happens when grilling or pan-frying meat. Creatine content (as a percentage of crude protein) can be used as an indicator of meat quality. Creatine is a derivative of the guanidinium cation. A cyclic form of creatine, called creatinine, exists in equilibrium with its tautomer and with creatine. Creatine undergoes phosphorylation, by the action of creatine kinase

title: Bodybuilding supplement

text: with grape juice, lemonade, or many high glycemic index drinks. Some studies have suggested that consumption of creatine with protein and carbohydrates can have a greater effect than creatine combined with either protein or carbohydrates alone. When combined with an appropriate exercise program, dietary supplementation with β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB) has been shown to dose-dependently augment gains in muscle hypertrophy (i.e., the size of a muscle), muscle strength, and lean body mass, reduce exercise-induced skeletal muscle damage, and expedite recovery from high-intensity exercise. HMB is believed to produce these effects by increasing muscle protein synthesis and decreasing muscle protein breakdown by

title: Creatine transporter defect

text: X-linked recessive manner. This usually results in hemizygous males having severe symptoms, while heterozygous female carriers tend to have less severe and more varying symptoms. The creatine phosphate system is needed for the storage and transmission of phosphate-bound energy in the brain and muscle. The brain and muscle have particularly high metabolic demands, therefore, making creatine a necessary molecule in ATP homeostasis. In regard to the brain, in order for creatine to reach the brain, it must first pass through the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB separates blood from brain interstitial fluid and is, therefore, able to regulate the transfer

title: Creatine

text: that caffeine interacts with creatine to increase the rate of progression of Parkinson's Disease. A 2011 survey of 33 supplements commercially available in Italy found that over 50% of them exceeded the European Food Safety Authority recommendations in at least one contaminant. The most prevalent of these contaminants was creatinine, a breakdown product of creatine also produced by the body. Creatinine was present in higher concentrations than the European Food Safety Authority recommendations in 44% of the samples. About 15% of the samples had detectable levels of dihydro-1,3,5-triazine or a high dicyandiamide concentration. Heavy metals contamination was not found to

title: Bodybuilding supplement

text: creatine monohydrate and creatine ethyl ester, amongst others. Though all types of creatine are sold for the same purposes, there are subtle differences between them, such as price and necessary dosage. In "The New Encyclopedia of Modern Bodybuilding, 2nd ed.", author Arnold Schwarzenegger states: Creatine monohydrate is regarded as a necessity by most bodybuilders. Creatine monohydrate is the most cost-effective dietary supplement in terms of muscle size and strength gains. … There is no preferred creatine supplement, but it is believed that creatine works best when it is consumed with simple carbohydrates. This can be accomplished by mixing powdered creatine

title: Phosphocreatine

text: Creatine phosphate can be broken down into creatinine, which is then excreted in the urine. A 70-kg man contains around 120g of creatine, with 40% being the unphosphorylated form and 60% as creatine phosphate. Of that amount, 1–2% is broken down and excreted each day as creatinine. Phosphocreatine is used intravenously in hospitals in some parts of the world for cardiovascular problems under the name Neoton, and also used by some professional athletes, as it is not a controlled substance. Phosphocreatine can anaerobically donate a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP during the first two to seven seconds following

title: Creatine phosphate shuttle

text: inorganic phosphate for ATP formation. At the onset of exercise phosphocreatine is broken down to provide ATP for muscle contraction. ATP hydrolysis results in products of ADP and inorganic phosphate. The inorganic phosphate will be transported into the mitochondrial matrix, while the free creatine passes through the outer membrane where it will be resynthesised into PCr. The antiporter transports the ADP into the matrix, while transporting ATP out. Due to the high concentration of ATP around the mitrochondrial creatine kinase, it will convert ATP into PCr which will then move back out into the cells cytoplasm to be converted into

title: Muscle

text: form of creatine phosphate which is generated from ATP and can regenerate ATP when needed with creatine kinase. Muscles also keep a storage form of glucose in the form of glycogen. Glycogen can be rapidly converted to glucose when energy is required for sustained, powerful contractions. Within the voluntary skeletal muscles, the glucose molecule can be metabolized anaerobically in a process called glycolysis which produces two ATP and two lactic acid molecules in the process (note that in aerobic conditions, lactate is not formed; instead pyruvate is formed and transmitted through the citric acid cycle). Muscle cells also contain globules

title: Creatine

text: from creatine's ability to increase levels of the myogenic transcription factor MRF4. It is ineffective as a treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A meta-analysis found that creatine treatment increased muscle strength in muscular dystrophies, and potentially improved functional performance. Creatine treatment does not appear to improve muscle strength in people who have metabolic myopathies. High doses of creatine lead to increased muscle pain and an impairment in activities of daily living when taken by people who have McArdle disease. Creatine's impact on mitochondrial function has led to research on its efficacy and safety for slowing Parkinson's disease. As of 2014,

title: Fabio Cannavaro

text: during periods of anoxia and stress. It is not on the banned substance list. This chemical is, in partnership with adenosine triphosphate (ATP), fundamental to the ability of the body to produce muscular energy. Phosphocreatine is formed naturally within the body, with over 95% of the compound stored within the muscle cells. The body also receives dietary creatine primarily through the consumption of meat. No action was ever taken regarding this incident. On 8 October 2009, Cannavaro failed a drug test. However, Juventus claimed the drugs were medicine for a severe allergic reaction to a wasp sting, and not performance-enhancing.

title: BUN-to-creatinine ratio

text: are freely filtered by the glomerulus; however, urea reabsorbed by the tubules can be regulated (increased or decreased) whereas creatinine reabsorption remains the same (minimal reabsorption). Urea and creatinine are nitrogenous end products of metabolism. Urea is the primary metabolite derived from dietary protein and tissue protein turnover. Creatinine is the product of muscle creatine catabolism. Both are relatively small molecules (60 and 113 daltons, respectively) that distribute throughout total body water. In Europe, the whole urea molecule is assayed, whereas in the United States only the nitrogen component of urea (the blood or serum urea nitrogen, i.e., BUN or

title: Creatine transporter defect

text: have sufficient amounts of creatine, however it cannot get to the tissues where it is needed. Studies in which oral creatine monohydrate supplements were given to patients with CTD found that patients did not respond to treatment. However, similar studies conducted in which patients that had GAMT or AGAT deficiency were given oral creatine monohydrate supplements found that patient’s clinical symptoms improved. Patients with CTD are unresponsive to oral creatine monohydrate supplements because regardless of the amount of creatine they ingest, the creatine transporter is still defective, and therefore creatine is incapable of being transported across the BBB. Given the

title: Sports nutrition

text: used by World War II pilots. Blood doping also known as blood transfusions, increases oxygen delivery to exercising tissues and has been demonstrated to improve performance in endurance sports, such as long-distance cycling. The supplement, Creatine, may be helpful for well-trained athletes to increase exercise performance and strength in relation with their dietary regimen. The substance glutamine, found in whey fiber supplements, is the most abundant free amino acid found in the human body. It is considered that glutamine may have a possible role in stimulated anabolic processes such as muscle glycogen and protein synthesis, for well-trained and well-nourished athletes.

title: Cerebral creatine deficiency

text: sources or supplementation. Ornithine aminotransferase deficiency can cause secondary creatine deficiency, however it does not result in cerebral creatine deficiency. The clinical findings in all three CCDs result from the consequences of decreased levels of creatine in tissues where it is required. In affected individuals with all three disorders, there is an almost complete absence of creatine and phosphocreatine in the brain. The two tissues with the highest demands for creatine are the brain and skeletal muscles. Muscular findings usually include weakness and decreased endurance. Other clinical findings include seizures, intellectual disability and developmental delay. Most affected individuals appear normal

title: Muscle fatigue

text: They include molecules such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glycogen and creatine phosphate. ATP binds to the myosin head and causes the ‘ratchetting’ that results in contraction according to the sliding filament model. Creatine phosphate stores energy so ATP can be rapidly regenerated within the muscle cells from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate ions, allowing for sustained powerful contractions that last between 5–7 seconds. Glycogen is the intramuscular storage form of glucose, used to generate energy quickly once intramuscular creatine stores are exhausted, producing lactic acid as a metabolic byproduct. Substrate shortage is one of the causes of metabolic fatigue.

title: Creatine transporter defect

text: of nutrients to the brain from the blood. In order to pass through the BBB, creatine utilizes creatine transporter (CRT). When present at the BBB, CRT mediates the passage of creatine from the blood to the brain. When being transported from the blood to the brain, creatine has to constantly move against the creatine concentration gradient that is present at the border between the brain and circulating blood. The diagnosis of CTD is usually suspected based on the clinical presentation of mental retardation, abnormalities in cognitive and expressive speech, and developmental delay. Furthermore, a family history of X-linked intellectual disability,

title: Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase

text: and had low urinary guanidinoacetate concentrations, was identified as a new genetic defect in creatine metabolism. It is one of three cerebral creatine deficiencies. Patients with brain creatine deficiency present nonspecific neurologic symptoms, including mental retardation, language disorders, epilepsy, autistic-like behavior, neurologic deterioration, and movement disorders. A deficiency in AGAT results in a creatine deficiency in the body. The treatment for this is creatine supplements since the body cannot make the creatine on its own. The positive results of creatine treatment (in AGAT deficiencies) and the observation that fetal and early postnatal development are normal in these patients support the

title: Theo Wallimann

text: International CREATINE-2015 Conference on "Creatine in Health, Sport and Disease" (April 20-25th) held in Laufen, Germany., The Lectures of the invited speakers held at this Congress have been published in the Special Issue: "Creatine for Life: in Health, Sport and Medicine" in the Journal "Amino Acids" (Springer Verlag) (Aug.2016) Vol 48 (8):1439-2199 (Issue Editors: Theo Wallimann and Roger Harris). Theo Wallimann Theo Wallimann (born October 13, 1946 in Alpnach, Obwalden, Switzerland) was a research group leader and Adjunct-Professor at the Institute of Cell Biolog' (from 1981-2006) and later (until June 2008) at the Institute of Molecular Health Science at the

title: Creatine kinase

text: are located on different chromosomes: "B" on 14q32 and "M" on 19q13. In addition to those three "cytosolic" CK isoforms, there are two mitochondrial creatine kinase isoenzymes, the "ubiquitous" and "sarcomeric" form. The functional entity of the latter two mitochondrial CK isoforms is an octamer consisting of four dimers each. While mitochondrial creatine kinase is directly involved in formation of phospho-creatine from mitochondrial ATP, cytosolic CK regenerates ATP from ADP, using PCr. This happens at intracellular sites where ATP is used in the cell, with CK acting as an "in situ" ATP regenerator. Isoenzyme patterns differ in tissues. Skeletal muscle

title: Creatine

short_answers:
kidneys
liver
the liver and kidneys


question: what happens when iron reacts with oxygen and water

answers: Rust

title: Rust

text: Rust is an iron oxide, a usually red oxide formed by the redox reaction of iron and oxygen in the presence of water or air moisture. Several forms of rust are distinguishable both visually and by spectroscopy, and form under different circumstances. Rust consists of hydrated iron(III) oxides Fe2O3·nH2O and iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (FeO(OH), Fe(OH)3).

title: Iron-rich sedimentary rocks

text: from bacteria or by chemical oxidation. This often happens when ferrous ions come into contact with water (due to dissolved oxygen within surface waters) and a water-mineral reaction occurs. The formula for the oxidation/reduction of iron is: The formula works for oxidation to the right or reduction to the left. Fe is the ferrous form of iron. This form of iron gives up electrons easily and is a mild reducing agent. These compounds are more soluble because they are more mobile. Fe is the ferric form of iron. This form of iron is very stable structurally because it's valence electron

title: Halogen

text: Iron reacts with fluorine, chlorine, and bromine to form Iron(III) halides. These reactions are in the form of: However, when iron reacts with iodine, it forms only iron(II) iodide. Iron wool can react rapidly with fluorine to form the white compound iron(III) fluoride even in cold temperatures. When chlorine comes into contact with heated iron, they react to form the black iron (III) chloride. However, if the reaction conditions are moist, this reaction will instead result in a reddish-brown product. Iron can also react with bromine to form iron(III) bromide. This compound is reddish-brown in dry conditions. Iron's reaction with

title: Iron-oxidizing bacteria

text: that dissolved organic material. Where concentrations of organic material exceed the concentration of dissolved oxygen required for complete oxidation, microbial populations that contain iron-reducing bacteria can reduce insoluble ferric oxide in aquifer soils to soluble ferrous hydroxide and use the oxygen released by that change to oxidize some of the remaining organic material: When the de-oxygenated water reaches a source of oxygen, iron-oxidizing bacteria use that oxygen to convert the soluble ferrous iron back into an insoluble reddish precipitate of ferric iron: Since the latter reaction is the normal equilibrium in our oxygen atmosphere while the first requires biological coupling

title: Properties of water

text: One example of an alkali metal reacting with water is: Some other reactive metals, such as aluminum and beryllium, are oxidized by water as well, but their oxides adhere to the metal and form a passive protective layer. Note that the rusting of iron is a reaction between iron and oxygen that is dissolved in water, not between iron and water. Water can be oxidized to emit oxygen gas, but very few oxidants react with water even if their reduction potential is greater than the potential of . Almost all such reactions require a catalyst. An example of the oxidation

title: Iron–hydrogen alloy

text: hydrogen moves out of solution with iron it reverts to elemental hydrogen (). When iron hydrides with more than 2 ppm hydrogen are cooled, the hydrogen no longer fits within the crystalline structures, resulting in an excess of hydrogen. The way for hydrogen to leave the crystalline phases is for it to precipitate out of solution as elemental hydrogen, leaving behind a surrounding phase of BCC iron called ferrite with a small proportion of hydrogen in solution. In a supersaturated composition (greater than 2 ppm hydrogen), the hydrogen will precipitate out as large inclusions of elemental hydrogen at the grain

title: Hemoglobin

text: bound, a very weakly bonded water molecule fills the site, forming a distorted octahedron. Even though carbon dioxide is carried by hemoglobin, it does not compete with oxygen for the iron-binding positions but is bound to the protein chains of the structure. The iron ion may be either in the Fe or in the Fe state, but ferrihemoglobin (methemoglobin) (Fe) cannot bind oxygen. In binding, oxygen temporarily and reversibly oxidizes (Fe) to (Fe) while oxygen temporarily turns into the superoxide ion, thus iron must exist in the +2 oxidation state to bind oxygen. If superoxide ion associated to Fe is

title: Reactivity series

text: performed in a high-school laboratory (at least as demonstrations). The most reactive metals, such as sodium, will react with cold water to produce hydrogen and the metal hydroxide: Metals in the middle of the reactivity series, such as iron, will react with acids such as sulfuric acid (but not water at normal temperatures) to give hydrogen and a metal salt, such as iron(II) sulfate: There is some ambiguity at the borderlines between the groups. Magnesium, aluminium and zinc "can" react with water, but the reaction is usually very slow unless the metal samples are specially prepared to remove the surface

title: Catalase

text: His75, causing a proton (hydrogen ion) to transfer between the oxygen atoms. The free oxygen atom coordinates, freeing the newly formed water molecule and Fe(IV)=O. Fe(IV)=O reacts with a second hydrogen peroxide molecule to reform Fe(III)-E and produce water and oxygen. The reactivity of the iron center may be improved by the presence of the phenolate ligand of Tyr358 in the fifth coordination position, which can assist in the oxidation of the Fe(III) to Fe(IV). The efficiency of the reaction may also be improved by the interactions of His75 and Asn148 with reaction intermediates. In general, the rate of the

title: Iron(II) oxide

text: up tetrahedral positions in the close packed oxide lattice. Below 200 K there is a minor change to the structure which changes the symmetry to rhombohedral and samples become antiferromagnetic. Iron(II) oxide makes up approximately 9% of the Earth's mantle. Within the mantle, it may be electrically conductive, which is a possible explanation for perturbations in Earth's rotation not accounted for by accepted models of the mantle's properties. Iron dissolved in groundwater is in the reduced iron II form. If this groundwater comes in contact with oxygen at the surface, e.g. in natural springs, iron II is oxidised to iron

title: Animikie Group

text: beds. Enough oxygen had accumulated in seawater so that dissolved iron – which had earlier eroded from the surrounding land – was oxidized. Oxygenated water has low levels of dissolved iron because iron reacts with oxygen to form compounds that precipitate out; the compounds include hematite (FeO), limonite (FeO·2HO) and siderite (FeCO). These iron compounds precipitated from the sea water in varying proportions with chert, producing banded-iron formations. Banded-iron formations occur in several ranges around the margins of this basin, five of which contained sufficient concentrations of iron to be economically mined. These banded-iron formations have been one of the

title: Human iron metabolism

text: for the functioning and survival of nearly all cell types. Oxygen is transported from the lungs to the rest of the body bound to the heme group of hemoglobin in erythrocytes. In muscles cells, iron binds myoglobin, which regulates its release. Iron is also potentially toxic. Its ability to donate and accept electrons means that it can catalyze the conversion of hydrogen peroxide into free radicals. Free radicals can cause damage to a wide variety of cellular structures, and ultimately kill the cell. Iron bound to proteins or cofactors such as heme is safe. Also, there are virtually no truly

title: Coreless planet

text: iron reacts with water to form iron oxide and release hydrogen before differentiation of a metal core has taken place. Provided the iron droplets are well mixed and small enough (<1 centimeter), the predicted end result is that the iron is oxidized and trapped in the mantle, unable to form a core. Earth's magnetic field results from its flowing liquid metallic core, according to the dynamo theory, but in super-Earths the mass can produce high pressures with large viscosities and high melting temperatures which could prevent the interiors from separating into different layers and so result in undifferentiated coreless mantles.

title: Deoxidization

text: part of the steelmaking process. Oxygen blowing is a method of steelmaking where oxygen is blown through pig iron to lower the carbon content. Oxygen forms oxides with the unwanted elements, such as carbon, silicon, phosphorus, and manganese, which appear from various states of the manufacturing process. These oxides will float to the top of the steel pool and remove themselves from the pig iron. However, some of the oxygen will also react with the iron itself. Due to the high temperatures involved in smelting itself, oxygen in the air may dissolve into the molten iron while it is being

title: Iron

text: Fe. However, it does not react with concentrated nitric acid and other oxidizing acids due to the formation of an impervious oxide layer, which can nevertheless react with hydrochloric acid. Iron reacts with oxygen in the air to form various oxide and hydroxide compounds; the most common are iron(II,III) oxide (FeO), and iron(III) oxide (FeO). Iron(II) oxide also exists, though it is unstable at room temperature. Despite their names, they are actually all non-stoichiometric compounds whose compositions may vary. These oxides are the principal ores for the production of iron (see bloomery and blast furnace). They are also used in

title: Hemoglobin

text: The iron atom in the heme group must initially be in the ferrous (Fe) oxidation state to support oxygen and other gases' binding and transport (it temporarily switches to ferric during the time oxygen is bound, as explained above). Initial oxidation to the ferric (Fe) state without oxygen converts hemoglobin into "hemiglobin" or methemoglobin, which cannot bind oxygen. Hemoglobin in normal red blood cells is protected by a reduction system to keep this from happening. Nitric oxide is capable of converting a small fraction of hemoglobin to methemoglobin in red blood cells. The latter reaction is a remnant activity of

title: Iron

text: bonding results in the tilting of the oxygen molecule, resulting in a Fe–O–O bond angle of around 120° that avoids the formation of Fe–O–Fe or Fe–O–Fe bridges that would lead to electron transfer, the oxidation of Fe to Fe, and the destruction of hemoglobin.) This results in a movement of all the protein chains that leads to the other subunits of hemoglobin changing shape to a form with larger oxygen affinity. Thus, when deoxyhemoglobin takes up oxygen, its affinity for more oxygen increases, and vice versa. Myoglobin, on the other hand, contains only one heme group and hence this cooperative

title: Acid mine drainage

text: (iron(III)): Either of these reactions can occur spontaneously or can be catalyzed by microorganisms that derive energy from the oxidation reaction. The ferric cations produced can also oxidize additional pyrite and reduce into ferrous ions: The net effect of these reactions is to release H, which lowers the pH and maintains the solubility of the ferric ion. Water temperatures as high as 47 °C have been measured underground at the Iron Mountain Mine, and the pH can be as low as -3.6. Organisms which cause acid mine drainage can thrive in waters with pH very close to zero. Negative pH

title: Iron

text: a strong oxidizing agent that it oxidizes nitrogen and ammonia at room temperature, and even water itself in acidic or neutral solutions: The Fe ion has a large simple cationic chemistry, although the pale-violet hexaquo ion [Fe(HO)] is very readily hydrolyzed when pH increases above 0 as follows: As pH rises above 0 the above yellow hydrolyzed species form and as it rises above 2–3, reddish-brown hydrous iron(III) oxide precipitates out of solution. Although Fe has an d configuration, its absorption spectrum is not like that of Mn with its weak, spin-forbidden d–d bands, because Fe has higher positive charge

title: Iron-oxidizing bacteria

text: with a simultaneous oxidation of carbon, organic material dissolved in water is often the underlying cause of iron-metabolizing bacteria populations. Groundwater may be naturally de-oxygenated by decaying vegetation in swamps; and useful mineral deposits of bog iron ore have formed where that groundwater has historically emerged to be exposed to atmospheric oxygen. Anthropogenic sources like landfill leachate, septic drain fields, or leakage of light petroleum fuels like gasoline are other possible sources of organic materials allowing soil microbes to de-oxygenate groundwater. A similar reversible reaction may form black deposits of manganese dioxide from dissolved manganese, but is less common because

title: Iron-oxidizing bacteria

text: Iron-oxidizing bacteria Iron-oxidizing bacteria are chemotrophic bacteria that derive the energy they need to live and multiply by oxidizing dissolved ferrous iron. They are known to grow and proliferate in waters containing iron concentrations as low as 0.1 mg/L. However, at least 0.3 ppm of dissolved oxygen is needed to carry out oxidation. Known species of bacteria with microbial metabolisms based on iron oxidation include "Thiobacillus ferrooxidans" and "Leptospirillum ferrooxidans". Iron-oxidizing bacteria colonize the transition zone where de-oxygenated water from an anaerobic environment flows into an aerobic environment. Groundwater containing dissolved organic material may be de-oxygenated by microorganisms feeding on

title: Iron

text: in vertebrates. Iron is also the metal at the active site of many important redox enzymes dealing with cellular respiration and oxidation and reduction in plants and animals. In adult human males are some 3.8 grams of iron, and 2.3 grams in females, for whom iron is distributed in hemoglobin and throughout the body. Iron is a critical element in the metabolism of hundreds of proteins and enzymes involved in diverse body functions, such as oxygen transport, DNA synthesis, and cell growth. The mechanical properties of iron and its alloys can be evaluated using a variety of tests, including the

title: Evolution of metal ions in biological systems

text: in its ionic form due to its low insolubility with sulfides. The increasing oxidation of HS into SO leads to the later release of Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn since all of their sulfates are soluble. The Earth began as an iron aquatic world with low oxygen. The Great Oxygenation Event occurred approximately 2.4 Ga (billion years ago) as cyanobacteria and photosynthetic life induced the presence of dioxygen in the planet’s atmosphere. Iron became insoluble (as did other metals) and scarce while other metals became soluble. Sulfur was a very important element during this time. Once oxygen was released into

title: Plastid terminal oxidase

text: irons are reduced from iron(III) to iron(II). Four different mechanisms are proposed for the next step, oxygen capture. One mechanism proposes a peroxide intermediate, after which one oxygen atom is used to create water and another is left bound in a diferryl configuration. Upon one more plastoquinone oxidation, a second water molecule is formed and the irons return to a +3 oxidation state. The other mechanisms involve the formation of Fe(III)-OH or Fe(IV)-OH and a tyrosine radical. These radical-based mechanisms could explain why over-expression of the "PTOX" gene causes increased generation of reactive oxygen species. The enzyme is present in

title: Hydrogen

text: the absence of atmospheric oxygen (), in deep geological conditions prevailing far away from Earth atmosphere, hydrogen () is produced during the process of serpentinization by the anaerobic oxidation by water protons (H) of the ferrous (Fe) silicate present in the crystal lattice of fayalite (, the olivine iron-endmember). The corresponding reaction leading to the formation of magnetite (), quartz (Si) and hydrogen () is the following: This reaction closely resembles the Schikorr reaction observed in anaerobic oxidation of ferrous hydroxide in contact with water. the From all the fault gases formed in power transformers, hydrogen is the most common

title: Microbial metabolism

text: anaerobic conditions. Under aerobic, moderate pH conditions ferrous iron is oxidized spontaneously to the ferric () form and is hydrolyzed abiotically to insoluble ferric hydroxide (). There are three distinct types of ferrous iron-oxidizing microbes. The first are acidophiles, such as the bacteria "Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans" and "Leptospirillum ferrooxidans", as well as the archaeon "Ferroplasma". These microbes oxidize iron in environments that have a very low pH and are important in acid mine drainage. The second type of microbes oxidize ferrous iron at near-neutral pH. These micro-organisms (for example "Gallionella ferruginea", "Leptothrix ochracea", or "Mariprofundus ferrooxydans") live at the oxic-anoxic interfaces

title: In situ chemical oxidation

text: hydrogen peroxide with [ferric] iron (Iron III). When the peroxide is catalyzed by soluble iron it forms hydroxyl radicals(·OH) that oxidize contaminants such as chlorinated solvents, fuel oils, and BTEX. Traditional Fenton's reagent usually requires a significant pH reduction of the soils and groundwater in the treatment zone to allow for the introduction and distribution of aqueous iron as iron will oxidize and precipitate at a pH greater than 3.5. Unfortunately, the contaminated groundwater that needs to be treated has a pH level that is at or near neutral. Due to this, there are controversies on whether ISCO using Fenton's

title: Iron(II) hydroxide

text: anaerobic conditions, the iron(II) hydroxide can be oxidized by the protons of water to form magnetite (iron(II,III) oxide) and molecular hydrogen. This process is described by the Schikorr reaction: Anions such as selenite and selenate can be easily adsorbed on the positively charged surface of iron(II) hydroxide, where they are subsequently reduced by Fe. The resulting products are poorly soluble (Se, FeSe, or FeSe). Iron(II) hydroxide has also been investigated as an agent for the removal of toxic selenate and selenite ions from water systems such as wetlands. The iron(II) hydroxide reduces these ions to elemental selenium, which is insoluble

title: Rust

text: take up more volume than the original metal; this expansion can generate enormous forces, damaging structures made with iron. See "economic effect" for more details. The rusting of iron is an electrochemical process that begins with the transfer of electrons from iron to oxygen. The iron is the reducing agent (gives up electrons) while the oxygen is the oxidising agent (gains electrons). The rate of corrosion is affected by water and accelerated by electrolytes, as illustrated by the effects of road salt on the corrosion of automobiles. The key reaction is the reduction of oxygen: Because it forms hydroxide ions,

title: Iron

text: are fed into the top of the furnace, while a massive blast of air heated to 900 °C, about 4 tons per ton of iron, is forced into the furnace at the bottom. In the furnace, the coke reacts with oxygen in the air blast to produce carbon monoxide: The carbon monoxide reduces the iron ore (in the chemical equation below, hematite) to molten iron, becoming carbon dioxide in the process: Some iron in the high-temperature lower region of the furnace reacts directly with the coke: The flux present to melt impurities in the ore is principally limestone (calcium carbonate)

title: Rust