question: who is given credit for the gnu initiative

answers: Richard Stallman

title: GNU/Linux naming controversy

title: Richard Stallman

text: Stallman has written many essays on software freedom, and has been an outspoken political campaigner for the free software movement since the early 1990s. The speeches he has regularly given are titled "The GNU Project and the Free Software Movement", "The Dangers of Software Patents", and "Copyright and Community in the Age of Computer Networks". In 2006 and 2007, during the eighteen month public consultation for the drafting of version 3 of the GNU General Public License, he added a fourth topic explaining the proposed changes. Linus Torvalds has criticized Stallman for what he considers "black-and-white thinking". Stallman's staunch advocacy

title: GNU/Linux naming controversy

text: He later used "GNU/Linux" exclusively, and the essay was superseded by Stallman's 1997 essay, "Linux and the GNU project". Modern free software and Open-source software systems are composed of software by many different authors, including the Linux kernel developers, the GNU project, and other vendors such as those behind the X Window System. Desktop- and server-based distributions use GNU components such as the GNU C Library (glibc), GNU Core Utilities (Coreutils), and bash. In a 2002 analysis of the source code for Red Hat Linux 7.1, a typical Linux distribution, the total size of the packages from the GNU project

title: GNU Project

text: to ensure that the "entire" software of a computer grants its users all freedom rights (use, share, study, modify), even the most fundamental and important part, the operating system (including all its numerous utility programs), needed to be free software. According to its manifesto, the founding goal of the project was to build a free operating system and, if possible, "everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system so that one could get along without any software that is not free." Stallman decided to call this operating system "GNU" (a recursive acronym meaning ""GNU's not Unix""), basing its design

title: Richard Stallman

text: will not lead to people valuing and defending their freedom. Two alternatives which Stallman does accept are "software libre" and "unfettered software", but "free software" is the term he asks people to use in English. For similar reasons, he argues for the term "proprietary software" rather than "closed-source software", when referring to software that is not free software. Stallman asks that the term "GNU/Linux", which he pronounces , be used to refer to the operating system created by combining the GNU system and the Linux kernel. Stallman refers to this operating system as "a variant of GNU, and the GNU

title: Software patents and free software

text: the GNU General Public License does not allow software to be distributed if that software requires a patent licence that does not ""permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you"". In 2004, Open Source Risk Management commissioned a patent study, carried out by Dan Ravicher. For this study, Ravicher performed patent searches to estimate the patent-risk of the Linux kernel: In conclusion, he found that no court-validated software patent is infringed by the Linux kernel. However, Ravicher also found 283 issued but not yet court-validated software patents that, if upheld as

title: GNU

text: GNU GNU is an operating system and an extensive collection of computer software. GNU is composed wholly of free software, most of which is licensed under the GNU Project's own General Public License (GPL). "GNU" is a recursive acronym for "GNU's Not Unix!", chosen because GNU's design is Unix-like, but differs from Unix by being free software and containing no Unix code. The GNU project includes an operating system kernel, GNU HURD, which was the original focus of the Free Software Foundation (FSF). However, non-GNU kernels, such as the Linux kernel, can also be used with GNU software; as the

title: GNU

text: GNU packages to the Free Software Foundation, though the Free Software Foundation considers it acceptable to release small changes to an existing project to the public domain. However, this is not required; package maintainers may retain copyright to the GNU packages they maintain, though since only the copyright holder may enforce the license used (such as the GNU GPL), the copyright holder in this case enforces it rather than the Free Software Foundation. For the development of needed software, Stallman wrote a license called the GNU General Public License (first called Emacs General Public License), with the goal to guarantee

title: Matthew Garrett

text: Matthew Garrett Matthew Garrett is a technologist, programmer, and free software activist who is a major contributor to a series of free software projects including Linux, GNOME, Debian, Ubuntu, and Red Hat. He is a recipient of the Free Software Award from the Free Software Foundation for his work on Secure Boot, UEFI, and the Linux kernel. Garrett states that he was born in Galway, Ireland and has a PhD in Genetics from the University of Cambridge. He is the author of several articles on "Drosophila melanogaster" (i.e., fruit fly) genetics. Garrett has been a contributor to the GNOME and

title: Martin Michlmayr

text: in free software and open source projects, and particularly on release management processes and practices. In 2013, O'Reilly awarded an open source award to Michlmayr, putting him in "the 'unsung heroes' category—the people who devote themselves to the important but not always glorious jobs that keep open source healthy". Between 2008 and 2014 Michlmayr served on the board of directors of the Open Source Initiative, acting as the organization's secretary. He is a member of Software Freedom Conservancy's evaluation committee, which evaluates projects that apply to Conservancy for membership. Michlmayr acted as an advisor to Software in the Public Interest

title: Richard Stallman

text: free software. With this, he also launched the free software movement. He has been the GNU project's lead architect and organizer, and developed a number of pieces of widely used GNU software including, among others, the GNU Compiler Collection, the GNU Debugger and the GNU Emacs text editor. In October 1985 he founded the Free Software Foundation. Stallman pioneered the concept of copyleft, which uses the principles of copyright law to preserve the right to use, modify and distribute free software, and is the main author of free software licenses which describe those terms, most notably the GNU General Public

title: GNU/Linux naming controversy

text: in response to seeing "an idealistic project stymied and made ineffective, because people don't usually give it the credit for what it has done," concluding "If you're an idealist like me, that can ruin your whole decade." In response to another common argument (see below), the FSF acknowledges that many people have contributed to the system and that a short name cannot credit all of them, but argues that this cannot justify calling the system "Linux": In continuing to speak on the subject, in 2010, Stallman stated that naming is not simply a matter of giving equal mention to the

title: Brian Fox (computer programmer)

text: Bash, GNU Makeinfo, GNU Info, GNU Finger, GNU Echo and the readline and history libraries. He was also the maintainer of GNU Emacs for a time, and made many contributions to the software that was created for the GNU Project between 1986 and 1994. In 2008, Fox collaborated with Alan Dechert and Brent Turner to create a completely open source election system. The system was coded together with Parker Abercrombie, and demonstrated at the LinuxWorld conference in Moscone Center in San Francisco, August 5–7, 2008. Fox also is a founding member of both the California Association of Voting Officials (CAVO)

title: GNU Project

text: list of projects is laid out and each project has specifics for what type of developer is able to perform the task needed for a certain piece of the GNU project. The skill level ranges from project to project but anyone with background knowledge in programming is encouraged to support the project. The packaging of GNU tools, together with the Linux kernel and other programs, is usually called a Linux distribution (distro). The GNU Project calls the combination of GNU and the Linux kernel "GNU/Linux", and asks others to do the same, resulting in the GNU/Linux naming controversy. Today most

title: Free Software Song

text: Give GNU Up". A version is used in the free software karaoke video game Sinatra. The lyrics have been placed in the public domain. Note: the audio-only recording on this page has slightly different lyrics, indicated in brackets below: In the spirit of free software, supporters are invited to write additional verses to the song. Free Software Song The Free Software Song is a filk song by Richard M. Stallman about free software. The song is set to the melody of the Bulgarian "Sadi Moma". A version of this song is also performed by a band (the GNU/Stallmans) during the

title: GNU Project

text: notable projects of the GNU Project is the GNU Compiler Collection, whose components have been adopted as the standard compiler system on many Unix-like systems. The GNOME desktop effort was launched by the GNU Project because another desktop system, KDE, was becoming popular but required users to install Qt, which was then proprietary software. To prevent people from being tempted to install KDE and Qt, the GNU Project simultaneously launched two projects. One was the Harmony toolkit. This was an attempt to make a free software replacement for Qt. Had this project been successful, the perceived problem with the KDE

title: Richard Stallman

text: for free software inspired the creation of the Virtual Richard M. Stallman (vrms), software that analyzes the packages currently installed on a Debian GNU/Linux system, and reports those that are from the non-free tree. Stallman disagrees with parts of Debian's definition of free software. In 1999, Stallman called for development of a free online encyclopedia through the means of inviting the public to contribute articles. The resulting GNUPedia was eventually retired in favour of the emerging Wikipedia, which had similar aims and was enjoying greater success. Stallman is a world traveler and has visited at least 65 countries, mostly to

title: GNU

text: has been written by volunteers; some in their spare time, some paid by companies, educational institutions, and other non-profit organizations. In October 1985, Stallman set up the Free Software Foundation (FSF). In the late 1980s and 1990s, the FSF hired software developers to write the software needed for GNU. As GNU gained prominence, interested businesses began contributing to development or selling GNU software and technical support. The most prominent and successful of these was Cygnus Solutions, now part of Red Hat. The system's basic components include the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), the GNU C library (glibc), and GNU Core Utilities

title: GNU/Linux naming controversy

text: or the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution (AdTI), have been misinterpreted by many commentators who assume that the whole operating system is being targeted. SCO and the AdTI have even been accused of deliberately exploiting this confusion. Regarding suggestions that renaming efforts stem from egotism or personal pique, Stallman has responded that his interest is not in giving credit to himself but to the GNU Project: "Some people think that it's because I want my ego to be fed. Of course, I'm not asking you to call it 'Stallmanix'." Stallman has admitted to irritation, although he believes it to be justified

title: GNU Project

text: some is released under a weak copyleft or a lax, push-over free software license. The first goal of the GNU project was to create a whole free-software operating system. By 1992, the GNU project had completed all of the major operating system utilities, but had not completed their proposed operating system kernel, GNU Hurd. With the release of the Linux kernel, started independently by Linus Torvalds in 1991, and released under the GPL with version 0.12 in 1992, for the first time it was possible to run an operating system composed completely of free software. Though the Linux kernel is

title: GNU/Linux naming controversy

text: preferred pronunciation (see below), has been criticized for its perceived clumsiness and verbosity, a factor that Torvalds has cited as the downfall of operating systems such as 386BSD. The "Linux Journal" speculated that Stallman's advocacy of the combined name stems from frustration that "Linus got the glory for what [Stallman] wanted to do." Others have suggested that, regardless of the merits, Stallman's persistence in what sometimes seems a lost cause makes him and GNU look bad. For example, Larry McVoy (author of BitKeeper, once used to manage Linux kernel development) opined that "claiming credit only makes one look foolish and

title: History of free and open-source software

text: Manifesto in 1985 to outline the GNU Project's purpose and explain the importance of free software. Another probable inspiration for the GNU project and its manifesto was a disagreement between Stallman and Symbolics, Inc. over MIT's access to updates Symbolics had made to its Lisp machine, which was based on MIT code. Soon after the launch, he used the existing term "free software" and founded the Free Software Foundation to promote the concept. "The Free Software Definition" was published in February 1986. In 1989, the first version of the GNU General Public License was published. A slightly updated version 2

title: Richard Stallman

text: the job. I chose to make the system compatible with Unix so that it would be portable, and so that Unix users could easily switch to it." In 1985, Stallman published the GNU Manifesto, which outlined his motivation for creating a free operating system called GNU, which would be compatible with Unix. The name GNU is a recursive acronym for "GNU's Not Unix". Soon after, he started a nonprofit corporation called the Free Software Foundation to employ free software programmers and provide a legal infrastructure for the free software movement. Stallman is the nonsalaried president of the FSF, which is

title: Richard Stallman

text: a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization founded in Massachusetts. Stallman popularized the concept of "copyleft", a legal mechanism to protect the modification and redistribution rights for free software. It was first implemented in the GNU Emacs General Public License, and in 1989 the first program-independent GNU General Public License (GPL) was released. By then, much of the GNU system had been completed. Stallman was responsible for contributing many necessary tools, including a text editor (Emacs), compiler (GCC), debugger (GNU Debugger), and a build automator (GNU make). The notable omission was a kernel. In 1990, members of the GNU project began using Carnegie

title: GNU Project

text: mechanics of the program and modify it, freedom to redistribute copies, and freedom to improve and change modified versions for public use. To implement these freedoms, users needed full access to code. To ensure code remained free and provide it to the public, Stallman created the GNU General Public License (GPL), which allowed software and the future generations of code derived from it to remain free for public use. Although most of the GNU Project's output is technical in nature, it was launched as a social, ethical, and political initiative. As well as producing software and licenses, the GNU Project

title: Richard Stallman

text: Mellon's Mach microkernel in a project called GNU Hurd, which has yet to achieve the maturity level required for full POSIX compliance. In 1991, Linus Torvalds, a Finnish student, used the GNU's development tools to produce the free monolithic Linux kernel. The existing programs from the GNU project were readily ported to run on the resultant platform. Most sources use the name "Linux" to refer to the general-purpose operating system thus formed, while Stallman and the FSF call it "GNU/Linux". This has been a longstanding naming controversy in the free software community. Stallman argues that not using GNU in the

title: GNU Manifesto

text: words, software developers (contributors) may modify, enhance, correct, etc. the source code under these terms; thereby contributing to the overall stability and feature-set of the software. Additionally, developers may even use the GNU Licensed code in their own applications (provided an exact copy of the received GNU license is included with all distributions). The second part of this section explains how it's not just the developers who will benefit, but also the end-users. The general trend throughout is that, in the opinion of the authors, everyone benefits from the project's stated goals. A fairly large part of the "GNU Manifesto"

title: Richard Stallman

text: Project is its principal developer". He claims that the connection between the GNU project's philosophy and its software is broken when people refer to the combination as merely Linux. Starting around 2003, he began also using the term "GNU+Linux", which he pronounces , to prevent others from pronouncing the phrase "GNU/Linux" as , which would erroneously imply that the Linux kernel is maintained by the GNU project. Stallman has said that he is "an atheist of Jewish ancestry" and often wears a button that reads "Impeach God". Stallman refers to mobile phones as "portable surveillance and tracking devices", refusing to

title: Michael Meeks (software developer)

text: and dynsort implementations for GNU Binutils and glibc. Most of this work was focused at making OpenOffice.org and now its fork LibreOffice start faster, and was later subsumed into the "-hash-style=gnu" linking optimization. His work on iogrind also allows applications to be profiled and optimized to first-time (or 'cold') start far more rapidly . He supports LibreOffice and Evolution as the free software solutions for document editing and groupware. Previously he worked for Quantel gaining expertise in real time AV editing and playback achieved with high performance focused hardware/software solutions. Meeks is a Christian, which he says made him think

title: GNU

text: GNU software to form a working operating system. The FSF maintains that an operating system built using the Linux kernel and GNU tools and utilities, should be considered a variant of GNU, and promotes the term "GNU/Linux" for such systems (leading to the GNU/Linux naming controversy). The GNU Project has endorsed Linux distributions, such as gNewSense, Trisquel and Parabola GNU/Linux-libre. Other GNU variants which do not use the Hurd as a kernel include Debian GNU/kFreeBSD and Debian GNU/NetBSD, bringing to fruition the early plan of GNU on a BSD kernel. The GNU Project recommends that contributors assign the copyright for

title: GNU/Linux naming controversy

long_answer: In 1983, Richard Stallman, founder of the Free Software Foundation, set forth plans of a complete Unix-like operating system, called GNU, composed entirely of free software. In September of that year, Stallman published a manifesto in Dr. Dobb's Journal detailing his new project publicly, outlining his vision of free software. Software development work began in January 1984. By 1991, the GNU mid-level portions of the operating system were almost complete, and the upper level could be supplied by the X Window System, but the lower level (kernel, device drivers, system-level utilities and daemons) was still mostly lacking. The GNU kernel was called GNU Hurd. The Hurd followed an ambitious design which proved unexpectedly difficult to implement and has only been marginally usable.


question: who is the lead singer of collective soul

answers: Ed Roland

title: Collective Soul

text: Collective Soul is an American rock band originally from Stockbridge, Georgia. Now based in Atlanta, the group consists of lead vocalist Ed Roland, rhythm guitarist Dean Roland, bassist Will Turpin, drummer Johnny Rabb and lead guitarist Jesse Triplett.

title: Ross Childress

text: Ross Childress Ross Childress (born September 8, 1971) is an American musician. He was the original lead guitarist and co-songwriter for the rock band Collective Soul. Childress was born on September 8, 1971 in Stockbridge, Georgia, USA. Childress grew up with and had played with the original band members of Collective Soul before the group signed to Atlantic Records in early 1994. Over a period of eight years with the band, he recorded on, and toured in support of, five studio albums that have sold over seven million copies and generated seven #1 singles on the U.S. Billboard Mainstream Rock

title: Ross Childress

text: guitar work from Ross. Ross is currently half of the duo performing as 2 Broke Kings along with Stephen Wines. They are sometimes joined by former Collective Soul drummer Shane Evans while performing at metro Atlanta venues. Ross Childress Ross Childress (born September 8, 1971) is an American musician. He was the original lead guitarist and co-songwriter for the rock band Collective Soul. Childress was born on September 8, 1971 in Stockbridge, Georgia, USA. Childress grew up with and had played with the original band members of Collective Soul before the group signed to Atlantic Records in early 1994. Over

title: The Collective (band)

text: was a student at Rostrevor College in Woodforde, South Australia. He was also in the school choir and a cappella groups. William Singe, born , is from Forestville, New South Wales and was the rapper of The Collective. Singe is of Māori Australian descent. He previously auditioned for "The X Factor" in season three but only made it to the end of the bootcamp stage. Singe auditioned for the fourth season singing Justin Bieber's "One Less Lonely Girl" and received positive comments from the judges. Mel B felt that Singe was singing the song just to her, Guy Sebastian called

title: Collective Soul

text: become a Grammy Award-winning producer for Collective Soul, Matchbox Twenty, Blessid Union of Souls and Edwin McCain, and landed executive positions with record companies. After the demise of Roland's previous music collaborations, he enlisted musicians to record a demo in a basement. Roland initially intended to sell the songs to a publishing company and had no immediate plans of forming a band out of it. The demo was submitted to WRAS (FM), 88.5's Amy Staehling, host of the long running and popular GEORGIA MUSIC SHOW at Georgia State University's 100,000 watt student radio station in Atlanta, the largest student run

title: Collective Soul

text: 200. Notable singles from "Collective Soul" included US Rock Chart No. 1 hits "December," "Where The River Flows," and "The World I Know," No. 2 hit "Gel," and the Top 10 hit "Smashing Young Man." Following a split with their manager, Collective Soul found their tour dates canceled and were called into the courtroom to face a legal battle that lasted into 1996, presumably with said ex-manager Bill Richardson. While the legal battles continued, the band went to a cabin, in the middle of of cow pasture in Stockbridge, and began recording. They recorded into a computer their impromptu efforts

title: Cheney Brannon

text: Cheney Brannon Cheney Brannon (born April 29, 1973) is an American musician. He is a former drummer for the rock band Collective Soul, and is the current drummer for acts such as Cheap Thrill, Riley Biederer, John Corabi and Joel Kosche. Brannon self-taught himself to play the drums at age 9. Two years later, at age 11, he joined his first band, Chapter One. At age 18, Brannon moved to Atlanta to take on its music scene. Brannon is credited in the liner notes of the Collective Soul album "Afterwords" (2007) as having played the tambourine on the track "What

title: Joel Kosche

text: Joel Kosche Joel Sefton Kosche (born September 20, 1969) is an American musician. He is best known for his thirteen-year tenure as the lead guitarist of the rock band Collective Soul. He is also a solo artist, and tours with his backing band, Joel Kosche Band. His debut solo album, "Fight Years", was released in 2010. Kosche self-taught himself to play guitar at age 13, and later trained in classical guitar. Active in Atlanta's music scene, he co-founded the band Rhapsody, and in 1994, along with other members of Rhapsody, he co-founded the progressive rock band Jovian Storm which achieved

title: Collective Soul

text: Colorado, where lead guitarist Jesse Triplett made his live debut as a member of Collective Soul. Triplett replaced Joel Kosche, who had been with the band since replacing original lead guitarist Ross Childress in 2001. On February 6, Collective Soul publicly confirmed Kosche's departure from the band: "After 13 great years, Joel Kosche has moved on in the world of music. Collective Soul welcomes Jesse Triplett as our new lead guitarist." On his own Facebook page, Kosche said that he had not "moved on in the world of music" but that he'd been fired. The band's ninth studio album, "See

title: The Collective (band)

text: group to pursue his solo career. The remaining members of The Collective disbanded that same month to also pursue solo careers. Trent Bell, born , is from Townsville, Queensland. He was a student at Kirwan State High School in Kirwan, Queensland and was the school captain in Year 12. Bell left Townsville in 2009 to pursue his dream for music; he auditioned for the seventh season of "Australian Idol" but did not make the top twelve. Bell also worked as a retail assistant in Brisbane. In 2011, he did vocal training and speech therapy. Bell previously auditioned for "The X

title: Joel Kosche

text: lead guitarist." On May 27, Kosche broke his silence regarding his departure from the band in a post written on Facebook, saying it was not an amicable split and that it had nothing to do with him wanting to pursue a solo career or wanting to "move on in the world of music." Joel Kosche Joel Sefton Kosche (born September 20, 1969) is an American musician. He is best known for his thirteen-year tenure as the lead guitarist of the rock band Collective Soul. He is also a solo artist, and tours with his backing band, Joel Kosche Band. His

title: Collective Soul

text: with Roadrunner Records a subsidiary of their previous label Atlantic Records. The first was single "Staring Down" and the second single was "Welcome All Again". "Staring Down" charted at #18 Billboard's Adult Top 40. The album debuted at No. 24 on the Billboard 200. The third single, "You," also charted briefly on the Billboard Adult Top 40. Collective Soul were inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame in September 2009. In their induction speech, Roland thanked a long list of former members and collaborators who had involved over the past 3 decades, including Childress, Hoyle and Brannon. He also

title: Sandra Nankoma

text: Art from Makerere University. Sandra Nankoma Sandra Nankoma also previously known as Sandy Soul is a Ugandan recording artist, singer-songwriter, composer and performer of Afro-soul and jazz music and an actress. She landed into the music industry when she collaborated with Sylvester Kabombo on a hip hop song, "Fumbiro" in 2009. She later released her hit singles, “"Mercedes" and "Kaddugala". Sandra started to sing at a tender age. She joined the Fellowship choir at her new school, where she quickly became one of the leaders of the scripture Union choir, for 2 years. She is an almunus of Uganda Christian

title: Joel Kosche

text: an outdoor concert in Rochester, Minnesota on August 21, 2011, it was announced that Kosche's wife had a baby daughter recently. In August 2013, Kosche collaborated with online education site JamPlay.com to put together guitar a series of lessons for aspiring guitarists and members of JamPlay. Collective Soul kicked off their 2014 North American winter tour without Kosche; Jesse Triplett took his place as lead guitarist. On February 6, Collective Soul publicly confirmed Kosche's departure from the band: "After 13 great years, Joel Kosche has moved on in the world of music. Collective Soul welcomes Jesse Triplett as our new

title: Collective Soul

text: radio station in the country, where she added the song "Shine" to the local rotation. It was an instant listener favorite. The demo was also passed along to WJRR in Orlando, Florida which began playing "Shine," soon to be its most requested song. Amidst the surprise popularity, Roland agreed to perform live shows, enlisting his brother Dean on rhythm guitar, drummer Shane Evans, bassist Will Turpin, and lead guitarist Ross Childress, in what would be the first official lineup of Collective Soul. Atlantic Records took note of the popularity of "Shine" and subsequently signed them to a contract. Upon Collective

title: Collective Soul (1995 album)

text: Shane Evans was on vacation and unreachable. This forced the band to loop a drum sample of his from a DAT before hiring a second drummer to improve it. After many takes, Roland was also disappointed with the final version of "Bleed" but liked the song too much to remove it from the record. Mixing was completed in the first week of February 1995; mastering was finished on a Friday with the plants opened and the album delivered the next day. The band then went to New York City for a week of publicity and photo sessions. Collective Soul opened

title: Collective Soul (1995 album)

text: for Van Halen during their Balance Tour which began on March 11, 1995 in Pensacola, Florida and ended in May 1995. The band then performed at festivals in the United States before taking a break and then continuing with their own solo tour including club shows. Seven songs from the new album were performed on tour with "Shine" being the only played track from their previous release. A new unnamed song was also performed in concert. The band's self-titled release included five singles: "December," "The World I Know," "Where the River Flows," "Gel" and "Smashing Young Man." The three former

title: Collective Soul

text: released their sixth studio album, "Youth", which debuted at No. 66 on the Billboard 200. "Counting the Days" became a Top 10 rock hit. The second single, "Better Now" received significant airplay on Adult Top 40 radio, reaching the Top 10, and was used in commercials for the cereal Special K. The resultant US and Canadian tours lasted over two years. The third single "How Do You Love" became a Top 20 hit on Adult Top 40 radio. During the recording of this album, Shane Evans was dismissed from the band due to drug use, with session musician Ryan Hoyle

title: Sandra Nankoma

text: Sandra Nankoma Sandra Nankoma also previously known as Sandy Soul is a Ugandan recording artist, singer-songwriter, composer and performer of Afro-soul and jazz music and an actress. She landed into the music industry when she collaborated with Sylvester Kabombo on a hip hop song, "Fumbiro" in 2009. She later released her hit singles, “"Mercedes" and "Kaddugala". Sandra started to sing at a tender age. She joined the Fellowship choir at her new school, where she quickly became one of the leaders of the scripture Union choir, for 2 years. She is an almunus of Uganda Christian University Mukono where she

title: The Soul Clan

text: The Soul Clan The Soul Clan was a collective of American soul musicians led by Solomon Burke, which started in 1966 as started by Burke, Otis Redding, Wilson Pickett, Don Covay and Joe Tex. Later, both Pickett and Redding left the collective and were replaced by fellow Atlantic artists such as Arthur Conley (a protege of Redding's) and Ben E. King. After the release of the minor successful R&B song, "Soul Meeting", the collective broke up in 1969. The collective, which included Pickett stepping in for Conley, who had by then settled in Europe, briefly reunited in 1981 for a

title: Soul for Real

text: with a video available on his YouTube channel. The following year, the group released the official video for "Love Again" and premiered it on their VEVO channel. In that same year Jase4Real also released his third solo effort "If You Feel Like Me: The Mixtape." Jason, better known as Jase/Jase4Real is the lead singer of the -platinum-selling R&B group, Soul for Real. He is best known for singing lead on "Candy Rain"; the group's biggest hit to date off the album of the same name. Now all grown up, he went on to pursue a solo career, releasing three solo

title: North American Winter Tour

text: new lead guitarist." North American Winter Tour The North American Winter Tour 2014 was a concert tour by American rock band Collective Soul. The tour kicked off on January 15 at Belly Up in Aspen, Colorado, where lead guitarist Jesse Triplett made his live debut as a member of Collective Soul. Triplett replaced Joel Kosche, who had been with the band since replacing original lead guitarist Ross Childress in 2001. On February 6, Collective Soul publicly confirmed Kosche's departure from the band: "After 13 great years, Joel Kosche has moved on in the world of music. Collective Soul welcomes Jesse

title: Collective Soul

text: Soul's seventh studio album, "Afterwords" was released in August 2007. It was co-produced by Anthony J. Resta who also contributed synthesizers, percussion and lead guitar on the song "Bearing Witness". The band made a deal in the US with Target stores, making it the "exclusive physical retailer" of "Afterwords" for one year. The album was immediately available in digital form on iTunes. The record debuted at # 25 on the Billboard Comprehensive Albums chart (as albums available only from a single retailer were ineligible for the "Billboard" 200 at the time). Billboard would later amend this rule due to similar

title: Tanika Charles

text: Tanika Charles Tanika Charles is a Canadian soul and rhythm and blues singer, who released her full-length debut album "Soul Run" in 2016. Formerly based in Edmonton, Alberta, Charles moved to Toronto, Ontario in the late 2000s after breaking up with her then-boyfriend. She performed as a backing vocalist for Bedouin Soundclash, Isis Salaam and Emmanuel Jal, and performed as a solo artist under the stage name Ms. Chawlz, before releasing her debut EP "What! What? What!?" in 2010. She released "Soul Run", the title track from her full-length album, as a preview single in fall 2015, and followed up

title: Collective Soul

text: compilation, "Seven Year Itch: Greatest Hits 1994–2001" (the title being stylized as "7even Year Itch"), which featured the two new songs, the single "Next Homecoming" and "Energy". The record marked the end of the group's contract with Atlantic Records and the departure of lead guitarist Childress due to private personal differences. The band promoted their longtime guitar technician, Joel Kosche from Jovian Storm, to be the new lead guitarist. In 2004 Collective Soul created their independent label, El Music Group which allowed the band greater control over the production and distribution of their music. In November of that year, they

title: Charlotte (singer)

text: Charlotte (singer) Charlotte Kelly is a British singer-songwriter, composer, arranger, and record producer. Kelly rose to fame in the mid 1990s as one of the lead singers of British R&B group Soul II Soul, one of the London's best-selling groups of all time. She performed lead vocals on their single "I Care" for their fourth studio album "Volume V: Believe" (1995). She continued to record and perform with the group until the release of their final studio album "Time for Change" (1997). During their hiatus, Kelly released her debut solo album "Just Another Girl" (1998), which sold exclusively in Japan.

title: Antonique Smith

text: Music Group. The video was directed by Larenz Tate and co-stars actor Lance Gross and Vine star King Bach and was released on December 2, 2014 on Essence Online. The single was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Traditional R&B Performance at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards. In 2015 she released the EP "Love Is Everything", which was funded by Kickstarter in 2012 and raised over $50,000 in 30 days from her fans. She co-wrote her Grammy-nominated single and theme for the television show "Shots Fired". Antonique Smith Antonique Smith (born August 11, 1979) is an American actress and

title: Cheney Brannon

text: I Can Give You." In October 2008, Brannon became an official member of the band, replacing Ryan Hoyle on drums. During Brannon's tenure as drummer, Collective Soul performed the 2009 NFC Championship Game halftime show; recorded and released the album "Collective Soul" (2009), also known as "Rabbit" to differentiate it from the band's 1995 album of the same name; performed the song "You" on the March 16, 2010 episode of "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno"; re-recorded and released the single "Tremble for My Beloved" in 2010; and toured nationally and internationally from 2008–11. In September 2009, Collective Soul were

title: The Collective (band)

text: Trent Bell, Julian De Vizio, Zach Russell, Jayden Sierra and Will Singe successfully auditioned as soloists for the fourth season of "The X Factor" and progressed to the super bootcamp stage. After failing to make it into the top six of the Under-25 Boys category during super bootcamp, the judges Ronan Keating, Guy Sebastian, Natalie Bassingthwaighte and Mel B decided to put them together to form a boy band for the home visits stage, thus qualifying for the Groups category. During home visits, they travelled to London, England and sang Rihanna's "We Found Love", their first song as a group,

title: Ed Roland

text: local Georgia music scene since the early 1980s. Despite the initial rejections, Collective Soul independently released "Hints, Allegations & Things Left Unsaid" in 1993 on a label called Rising Storm. It was a compilation of some of Roland's songwriting demos created when he worked at Real 2 Reel Studios. This collection eventually caught the attention of a college radio station in Orlando, Florida. Several other college radio stations began to play "Shine" and it became an underground hit. The popularity of the song and band was convincing enough that Atlantic Records signed Collective Soul in 1993 to a long term

title: Collective Soul


question: who does dwyane wade play for right now

answers: the Miami Heat

answers: Miami Heat

title: Dwyane Wade

title: Dwyane Wade

text: , Wade is a shooting guard that is also capable of playing point guard as he did during his rookie season and in subsequent seasons with smaller lineups. On offense, he has established himself as one of the quickest and most difficult players to guard, as well as one of the best slashers in the NBA. Wade's signature one-two step allows him to dash past bigger defenders and occasionally get the extra foul shot. Wade is able to get to the free throw line consistently; he ranked first in free-throw attempts per 48 minutes in 2004–05 and again in the

title: Dwyane Wade

text: Wade. Three days later, Wade signed with the Cleveland Cavaliers. Wade took a chance at teaming up with LeBron James once again, but the union took a turn for the worse almost immediately, with Wade balking at coach Tyronn Lue's plan to bring him off the bench. Wade started for the Cavaliers in the first three games of season but struggled mightily, shooting 7-for-25 from the field. After a blowout loss to the Orlando Magic in the third game, Wade volunteered to demote himself to a bench role for the betterment of the team. Wade eventually took to the bench

title: Dwyane Wade

text: the 2013–14 season, Wade played in 54 games due to injury and the team's decision to rest him during back-to-back games. Wade averaged 19 points per game and posted a career-high 54 percent field goal percentage, and had notable games in victories against elite teams such as a 32-point outing against the Pacers on November 7 and 29 points against the Los Angeles Clippers on December 18. In the playoffs, the team increased Wade's minutes per game, noted by a 28-point performance in the closing game of Miami's second-round victory over the Brooklyn Nets and a 23-point outing in a

title: Dwyane Wade

text: 2006–07 season. He has proven himself an unselfish player, averaging 6.1 assists per game throughout his career. After winning the NBA Finals MVP Award in 2006, Wade developed a reputation as one of the premier clutch players in the NBA. He has gained a reputation for being capable of hitting game-winning baskets and potential game-winning free throws. David Thorpe, an athletic trainer who runs a training center for NBA players in the offseason, also cites Wade's developing post up game as one of his strengths. "Watching Wade operate on the left block is literally like watching old footage of MJ

title: Dwyane Wade

text: the gold medal. In the 2008–09 season, Wade led the league in scoring and earned his first NBA scoring title. With LeBron James and Chris Bosh, Wade helped guide Miami to four consecutive NBA Finals from 2011 to 2014, winning back-to-back championships in 2012 and 2013. After 1 seasons away from the Heat with the Chicago Bulls and Cleveland Cavaliers, Wade was traded back to Miami in February 2018. A 12-time NBA All-Star, Wade is Miami's all-time leader in points, games, assists and steals, shots made and shots taken. Dwyane Wade was born on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois,

title: Dwyane Wade

text: says she has been clean since 2003. Wade chose to play college basketball for Tom Crean at Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. During Wade's freshman year at Marquette, he was ineligible to play with the men's team as he had fallen short of academic standards set by the NCAA's Proposition 48. Wade sought tutoring to improve his writing skills in order to regain eligibility. Wade earned eligibility to play for the 2001–2002 season, and he led the Golden Eagles in scoring with 17.8 ppg, led the conference in steals at 2.47 per game, and averaged 6.6 rebounds and 3.4 assists

title: Dwyane Wade

text: rehabilitate the shoulder or undergo season-ending surgery. Wade later announced that he would put off the surgery and rehabilitate his shoulder with the intention of rejoining the team in time for the playoffs. After missing 23 games to recover from the injury, Wade returned to the active roster in a game against the Charlotte Bobcats. Sporting a black sleeve to help protect his dislocated left shoulder, Wade played 27 minutes and recorded 12 points and 8 assists, in a 111–103 overtime loss. For the season, Wade averaged 27.4 points, 7.5 assists, 4.7 rebounds, and 2.1 steals per game shooting 50%

title: Dwyane Wade

text: per game for the season. After undergoing months of rehabilitation on his left knee and helping the U.S. Olympic team win a gold medal at the 2008 Olympics, in which he led the team in scoring, Wade returned to the starting lineup at the start of the 2008–09 season. Early in the season, Wade became the second player in NBA history to tally at least 40 points, 10 assists and five blocked shots in a game since Alvan Adams did so in the 1976–77 season. With a healthy Wade leading the league in scoring and the Heat making a push

title: Dwyane Wade

text: game of scoring in double figures in a double overtime thriller against the Chicago Bulls, in which he scored the game-winning three-point basket to secure a 130–127 win. Wade finished with 48 points on 71.4% shooting, 12 assists, 6 rebounds, 4 steals and 3 blocks in 50 minutes. According to the Elias Sports Bureau, Wade joined Wilt Chamberlain as the only other player in NBA history to score that many points and have that many assists in a game, while having as high of a field goal percentage. Two games later, Wade surpassed Alonzo Mourning and became the Heat's all-time

title: Dwyane Wade

text: 25, in a 125–115 loss to the Toronto Raptors, Wade scored a season-high 35 points, the most ever by a Miami bench player. On December 9, he scored 25 points in his 1,000th career game, leading the Heat to a 121–98 victory over the Los Angeles Clippers. Wade was a member of the 2004 U.S. national team with fellow NBA All-Stars LeBron James and Carmelo Anthony. The team competed in the 2006 FIBA World Championship in Japan, in which Wade averaged 19.3 points per game. The team won a bronze medal, which disappointed many United States' fans who had hoped

title: Dwyane Wade

text: the tournament and tallied a game-high 27 points in 27 minutes on 75% field goal shooting and added 4 steals, 2 assists and 2 rebounds in the game. For the tournament, he averaged a team-high 16 points in 18 minutes on 67% field goal shooting, 4 rebounds, 2 assists and 2.3 steals, as the United States lived up to their Redeem Team moniker and captured gold medal honors for the first time since 2000. On June 28, 2012, it was reported that Wade would miss the 2012 Summer Olympics in London because of knee surgery. Standing at tall and weighing

title: Dwyane Wade

text: the Charlotte Bobcats, Wade helped the Heat clinch a playoff berth and become only the second team in NBA History to reach the postseason after winning 15 or fewer games the year before. In a 122–105 win against the New York Knicks, Wade recorded a career-high 55 points on 63% field goal shooting and added 9 rebounds and 4 assists. Wade recorded 50 points through three quarters and was pulled out of the game while he was one point shy of eclipsing the franchise record of 56 points set by Glen Rice. For the season, Wade averaged a league-high 30.2

title: Dwyane Wade

text: for a return to the days of the original "Dream Team". Wade was named to the national team from 2006 to 2008. He was named co-captain of the 2006 team, along with James and Anthony. In 2007, due to injury, Wade was unable to compete at the FIBA Americas Championship, where the United States compiled a 10–0 record and qualified for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China. At the 2008 Summer Olympics, the United States went unbeaten and earned gold medal honors, defeating the 2006 World champion Spain in the final game. Wade led the team in scoring throughout

title: Dwyane Wade

text: from the field, and finished the season as the NBA's leader in PER (Player efficiency rating). In the playoffs, Wade averaged 23.5 points, 6.3 assists, and 4.8 rebounds per game, as the Heat were swept in the first round by the Chicago Bulls. Following the playoffs, Wade underwent a pair of successful surgeries to repair his dislocated left shoulder and left knee. The knee ailment, commonly called "jumper's knee", prevented Wade from joining USA Basketball in the Olympic Qualifying Tournament over the summer. After missing the Tournament of Americas Olympic Qualifiers over the summer, Miami's eight pre-season games and first

title: Dwyane Wade

text: Lawn. Wade quickly found success as a wide receiver on the football team, but he needed to work extremely hard to earn playing time on the varsity basketball team during his junior year. While he did not acquire much playing time during his second year, his stepbrother, Demetris McDaniel, was the star of the team. Wade grew four inches in the summer before his junior year and saw an increase in playing time, averaging 20.7 points and 7.6 rebounds per game. The following year, Wade averaged 27.0 points and 11.0 rebounds per game while leading his team to a 24–5

title: Dwyane Wade

text: to a one-year, $20 million contract. Wade hit just seven shots from beyond the arc during the entire 2015–16 regular season. However, the 2016 postseason saw a change in Wade's play. He converted on his first seven three-point shot attempts before missing his first one during a Game 3 loss to the Toronto Raptors in the conference semi-finals. According to Elias Sports Bureau, Wade had never made more than five three-pointers in a row during his career. In July 2016, Wade joined his hometown team, the Chicago Bulls, on a two-year deal worth approximately $47 million. The Heat had a

title: Dwyane Wade

text: seven regular season games to recover from off-season left knee and left shoulder surgeries, Wade made his first appearance of the 2007–08 season on November 14, 2007. Battling pain in his left knee throughout the season, Wade was elected to his fourth consecutive All-Star Game appearance. However, with the Heat holding the worst record in the NBA and Wade still experiencing problems in his left knee, Heat coach Pat Riley announced Wade would miss the final 21 games of the season to undergo OssaTron treatment on his left knee. Wade averaged 24.6 points, 6.9 assists, 4.2 rebounds, and 1.7 steals

title: Dwyane Wade

text: flu-like symptoms in game 6 of the Eastern Conference Finals against the Detroit Pistons. He put up a double-double with 14 points and 10 assists in that game, including an 8-point flurry to close out the third quarter that put the game out of reach. In his first trip to the NBA Finals, in which Miami faced off against the Dallas Mavericks, Wade had some especially memorable moments. His performance in games three, four, and five, in which he scored 42, 36, and 43 points, respectively, helped bring the Heat back from a 0–2 deficit to lead the series 3–2.

title: Dwyane Wade

text: the Los Angeles Clippers, which was held at the MasterCard Center in Beijing, China. Miami won the game 94–80. On December 26, 2012, during an away game against the Charlotte Bobcats, Wade kicked guard Ramon Sessions in the groin. The following day, Wade was suspended by the NBA for one game. Wade finished the 2012–2013 season with averages of 21.2 points, 5 rebounds and 5.1 assists per game. In the playoffs, injuries limited Wade to a career-low scoring average of 15.9 points per game, but he upped his average to 19.6 points a game during the NBA Finals against the

title: Dwyane Wade

text: 4.8 rebounds, 1.8 steals and 1.1 blocks per game, while leading his team to a 47–35 record, clinching the fifth seed in the NBA Playoffs. In the first round, with the Heat facing a sweep against the Boston Celtics, Wade recorded a career playoff-high and also franchise record 46 points, outscoring the entire Celtics team in the 4th quarter with 19 points versus 15 by Boston. It was also Wade's sixth career playoff game with at least 40 points scored. Despite averaging 33.2 points on 56.4% shooting, 6.8 assists, 5.6 rebounds, 1.6 steals and 1.6 blocks, Wade and the Heat

title: Dwyane Wade

text: as his high-flying style of basketball may be, some have expressed concerns over the dangers of playing in this manner, as Wade has already hurt his knees and wrists after mid-air collisions with larger players. Wade has also established himself on defense for his ability to block shots and accumulate steals. He became the NBA's all-time leader in blocks for players listed and under, which he achieved in only 679 games, over 400 games less than the previous record holder: Dennis Johnson (1,100). Wade married his high school girlfriend Siohvaughn Funches in 2002. He filed for a divorce in 2007,

title: Dwyane Wade

text: Wade mended relations with Heat president Pat Riley; less than two weeks later, Wade found himself back in Miami. Wade fully believed for many months that he would eventually return to the Heat, though he figured it would happen in a free-agent deal in the summer of 2018. On February 9, in his return game for the Heat, Wade was introduced with a standing ovation from the crowd and came off the bench to score three points on 1-of-6 shooting with two assists, one rebound, a key late block, and four turnovers in 22 minutes of play in a 91–85

title: Dwyane Wade

text: for a playoff position, Wade was elected to his fifth consecutive All-Star game appearance. Following the All-Star game, Wade recorded 50 points on 56.6% shooting and added 5 rebounds and 5 assists in a blow-out loss against the Orlando Magic. Wade became the fourth player in NBA history to score at least 50 points while his team lost by at least 20 in a game. The following game, Wade recorded a career-high 16 assists and added 31 points and 7 rebounds in a 103–91 win against the Detroit Pistons. Wade became the second player to record 15 or more assists

title: Dwyane Wade

text: projection. As a result, he elected to forgo his senior year at Marquette and enter the 2003 NBA draft. On February 3, 2007, almost four years after Wade played in his final collegiate game, Marquette retired his jersey at halftime of a game against Providence. Although Marquette requires student-athletes to graduate prior to receiving jersey retirement honors, the University made a special exception for Wade based on his accomplishments since leaving Marquette. On March 5, 2003, JoLinda Wade was released from prison. Three days later she saw Dwyane play basketball for the first time in five years. She watched Marquette

title: Dwyane Wade

text: after scoring at least 50 points since Wilt Chamberlain did so in 1968. Two games later, Wade tied a franchise record with 24 points in the fourth quarter, as he led the Heat back from a 15-point deficit in the final nine minutes of the quarter to secure a 120–115 win over the New York Knicks. For the game, Wade recorded 46 points on 55% field goal shooting, 10 assists, 8 rebounds, 4 steals and 3 blocks. Wade followed the performance with a second consecutive 40-point game against the Cleveland Cavaliers. Playing against his Eastern Conference rival and good friend,

title: Dwyane Wade

text: goals in 30 minutes of play. He finished the 2005–06 regular season averaging 27.2 points, 6.7 assists, 5.7 rebounds, and 1.95 steals per game. Against the Chicago Bulls in the first round of the 2006 NBA Playoffs, Wade shook off a few injuries that scared Heat fans, including a severely bruised hip in Game 5. Returning late in the half, Wade resurrected his team by scoring 15 of his 28 points while suffering from intense pain, leading the Heat to the much-needed 3–2 series lead. After this, Wade successfully led his team to the 2006 NBA Finals, despite suffering from

title: Dwyane Wade

text: win over the Milwaukee Bucks. On February 27, Wade scored a season-high 27 points, the last of those coming on a jumper that gave Miami its only lead of the fourth quarter with 5.9 seconds left, as the Heat rallied to beat the Philadelphia 76ers 102–101. Wade had 15 of his points in the fourth quarter. On April 3, in a 101–98 win over the Atlanta Hawks, Wade reached 5,000 assists in a Heat uniform, becoming the ninth player to score 20,000 points and collect 5,000 assists with one team, joining Karl Malone, Kobe Bryant, Michael Jordan, LeBron James, Larry

title: Dwyane Wade

text: points per game, earning his first NBA Scoring Title, and added 7.5 assists, 5.0 rebounds, 2.2 steals, and 1.3 blocks per game. Wade finished the season with higher point, assist, steal and block averages than LeBron James and Kobe Bryant, who both finished ahead of Wade in the MVP race. On November 1, in just his third game of the 2009–10 season Wade recorded his 10,000th career point in a 95–87 win against the Chicago Bulls. On November 12 against the Cleveland Cavaliers, Wade made a spectacular dunk over Anderson Varejão, considered by many to be one of the greatest

title: Dwyane Wade

text: Game, which was his sixth overall All-Star appearance. Wade was named the game's MVP after recording 28 points, 11 assists, 5 steals and 6 rebounds. In just his second game back from the All-Star Game on February 17, Wade strained his calf in the first quarter. He left the game with 8 points in 8 minutes of play, ending his personal and also Heat's franchise record streak of 148 consecutive games with at least 10 points. On April 2, Wade was named Eastern Conference Player of the Month and Player of the Week twice for his play in the month

title: Dwyane Wade

long_answer: Dwyane Tyrone Wade Jr. (/dweɪn/ dwayn; born January 17, 1982) is an American professional basketball player for the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association (NBA). After a successful college career at Marquette, Wade was drafted fifth overall in the 2003 NBA draft by Miami. In his third season, Wade led the Heat to their first NBA Championship in franchise history and was named the 2006 NBA Finals MVP. At the 2008 Summer Olympics, Wade led the United States men's basketball team, commonly known as the "Redeem Team", in scoring, and helped them capture the gold medal. In the 2008–09 season, Wade led the league in scoring and earned his first NBA scoring title. With LeBron James and Chris Bosh, Wade helped guide Miami to four consecutive NBA Finals from 2011 to 2014, winning back-to-back championships in 2012 and 2013. After 1½ seasons away from the Heat with the Chicago Bulls and Cleveland Cavaliers, Wade was traded back to Miami in February 2018. A 12-time NBA All-Star, Wade is Miami's all-time leader in points, games, assists and steals, shots made and shots taken.

short_answers:
Miami Heat
the Miami Heat


question: a drug that might be used in surgery for its amnesic properties is

answers: benzodiazepines

answers: Benzodiazepines

title: Benzodiazepine

text: Benzodiazepines enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at the GABAA receptor, resulting in sedative, hypnotic (sleep-inducing), anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties. High doses of many shorter-acting benzodiazepines may also cause anterograde amnesia and dissociation. These properties make benzodiazepines useful in treating anxiety, insomnia, agitation, seizures, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawal and as a premedication for medical or dental procedures. Benzodiazepines are categorized as either short-, intermediate-, or long-acting. Short- and intermediate-acting benzodiazepines are preferred for the treatment of insomnia; longer-acting benzodiazepines are recommended for the treatment of anxiety.

title: Eticyclidine

text: Schedule 1 list of illegal drugs in the 1970s, although it was only briefly abused in the 1970s and 1980s and is now little known. Eticyclidine Eticyclidine (PCE, CI-400) is a dissociative anesthetic drug with hallucinogenic effects. It is similar in effects to phencyclidine but is slightly more potent. PCE was developed by Parke-Davis in the 1970s and evaluated for anesthetic potential under the code name CI-400, but research into PCE was not continued after the development of ketamine, a similar drug with more favourable properties. PCE is slightly more potent than PCP and has similar effects, but its unpleasant

title: Eticyclidine

text: Eticyclidine Eticyclidine (PCE, CI-400) is a dissociative anesthetic drug with hallucinogenic effects. It is similar in effects to phencyclidine but is slightly more potent. PCE was developed by Parke-Davis in the 1970s and evaluated for anesthetic potential under the code name CI-400, but research into PCE was not continued after the development of ketamine, a similar drug with more favourable properties. PCE is slightly more potent than PCP and has similar effects, but its unpleasant taste and tendency to cause nausea made it less accepted by users. Due to its similarity in effects to PCP, PCE was placed into the

title: Carbarsone

text: only nitarsone approvals in place. In 2015 FDA withdrew the approval of using nitarsone in animal feeds. The ban came into effect at the end of 2015. Carbarsone Carbarsone is an organoarsenic compound used as an antiprotozoal drug for treatment of amebiasis and other infections. It was available for amebiasis in the United States as late as 1991. Thereafter, it remained available as a turkey feed additive for increasing weight gain and controlling histomoniasis (blackhead disease). Carbarsone is one of four arsenical animal drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in poultry and/or swine, along with

title: Atropine

text: by Theophrastus in the fourth century B.C. for treatment of wounds, gout, and sleeplessness, and as a love potion. By the first century A.D. Dioscorides recognized wine of mandrake as an anaesthetic for treatment of pain or sleeplessness, to be given prior to surgery or cautery. The use of Solanaceae containing tropane alkaloids for anesthesia, often in combination with opium, persisted throughout the Roman and Islamic Empires and continued in Europe until superseded by the use of ether, chloroform, and other modern anesthetics. Atropine extracts from the Egyptian henbane were used by Cleopatra in the last century B.C. to dilate

title: Norepinephrine

text: brain often have strong sedating effects, due to their inhibitory effects on the locus coeruleus. Clonidine, for example, is used for the treatment of anxiety disorders and insomnia, and also as a sedative premedication for patients about to undergo surgery. Xylazine, another drug in this group, is also a powerful sedative and is often used in combination with ketamine as a general anaesthetic for veterinary surgery—in the United States it has not been approved for use in humans. These are drugs whose primary effects are thought to be mediated by different neurotransmitter systems (dopamine for stimulants, serotonin for antidepressants), but

title: Amfonelic acid

text: Amfonelic acid Amfonelic acid (AFA; WIN 25,978) is a research chemical and dopaminergic stimulant with antibiotic properties. The stimulant properties of AFA were discovered serendipitously at Sterling-Winthrop in the midst of research on the antibiotic nalidixic acid. In addition to behaving as antibiotics, it was found that many derivatives of nalidixic acid have either stimulant or depressant effects on the central nervous system. Researchers at Sterling-Winthrop found that AFA had a higher potency and therapeutic index than cocaine or amphetamine and so it was singled out for further study. A small number of clinical trials were held in the 1970s,

title: Amlexanox

text: ulcers associated with Behçet disease. In Japan, it is used to treat bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis. The drug is contraindicated in those with known allergies to it. Amlexanox may cause a slightly painful stinging or burning sensation, nausea or diarrhea. The drug is an anti-inflammatory, antiallergic immunomodulator. Its mechanism of action is not well-determined, but it might inhibit inflammation by inhibiting the release of histamine and leukotrienes. It has been shown to selectively inhibt TBK1 and IKK-ε, producing reversible weight loss and improved insulin sensitivity, reduced inflammation and attenuated hepatic steatosis without affecting food intake in obese mice.

title: Amrinone

text: the contraction, removes the Ca from the cytoplasm, stores it back in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and promotes the subsequent relaxation as well, producing a lusitropic effect. Both inotropic and lusitropic effects are the reason why amrinone is used to treat heart failure. Amrinone decreases the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure while increasing cardiac output because it functions as an arterial vasodilator and increases venous capacitance while decreasing venous return. There is a net decrease in myocardial wall tension, and O consumption when using amrinone. Amrinone also has beneficial effects during diastole in the left ventricle including relaxation, compliance and filling in

title: Polydioxanone

text: depolymerization back to the monomer. The ether oxygen group in the backbone of the polymer chain is responsible for its flexibility. Polydioxanone is used for biomedical applications, particularly in the preparation of surgical sutures. Other biomedical applications include orthopedics, maxillofacial surgery, plastic surgery, drug delivery, cardiovascular applications, and tissue engineering. It is degraded by hydrolysis, and the end products are mainly excreted in urine, the remainder being eliminated by digestive or exhaled as CO. The biomaterial is completely reabsorbed in 6 months and can be seen only a minimal foreign body reaction tissue in the vicinity of the implant. Materials

title: Amrinone

text: in patients with heart failure showed that amrinone produced short-term hemodynamic improvement, but had limited long-term clinical benefit. Some serious side effects of long term administration included sustained ventricular tachycardia resulting in circulatory collapse, worsening myocardial ischemia, acute myocardial infarction, and worsening congestive heart failure. Amrinone has good absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and may lead to some gastrointestinal upset when taken orally. The oral form of the drug is no longer in use. Currently, only acute intravenous administration takes place. The effects of amrinone vary widely with species and experimental condition; therefore inotropic effects are variable. A loss in

title: Topological drugs

text: the natural analogs nor the structural similarity to the biological molecules, are of particular interest. An example of such abiotic (xenobiotic) compounds is the carbocyclic adamantane derivatives. These compounds are widely used in drug therapy of the human diseases . Second type of the pharmaceuticals available on the market comprises the biological, biologically revealed, and biomimetic macromolecules with molecular weights more than 2000 Da, the therapeutic activity of which is defined mainly by the complex protein – protein interactions. This class of the high-weight biological macromolecules includes, for example, insulins, enzymes, interferons, proteins (albumin, etc.), and vaccines as well. At

title: Bioinorganic chemistry

text: of metal-containing pharmaceuticals, and compounds that interact with endogenous metal ions in enzyme active sites. The most widely used anti-cancer drug is cisplatin. MRI contrast agent commonly contain gadolinium. Lithium carbonate has been used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder. Gold antiarthritic drugs, e.g. auranofin have been commerciallized. Carbon monoxide-releasing molecules are metal complexes have been developed to suppress inflammation by releasing small amounts of carbon monoxide. The cardiovascular and neuronal importance of nitric oxide has been examined, including the enzyme nitric oxide synthase. (See also: nitrogen assimilation.) Besides, metallic transition complexes based on triazolopyrimidines have been tested

title: Phencyclidine

text: pharmacological investigations led to the rapid development of PCP. It was approved for use as an investigational drug under the brand names Sernyl and Sernylan in the 1950s as an anesthetic, but because of its long terminal half-life and adverse side effects, such as hallucinations, mania, delirium, and disorientation, it was removed from the market in 1965 and limited to veterinary use. PCP is a Schedule II substance in the United States and its ACSCN is 7471. Its manufacturing quota for 2014 was 19 grams. It is a Schedule I drug by the Controlled Drugs and Substances act in Canada,

title: Amfepramone

text: Amfepramone Amfepramone, also known as diethylpropion, is a stimulant drug of the phenethylamine, amphetamine, and cathinone classes that is used as an appetite suppressant. It is used in the short-term management of obesity, along with dietary and lifestyle changes. Amfepramone is most closely chemically related to the antidepressant and smoking cessation aid bupropion (previously called amfebutamone), which has also been developed as a weight-loss medicine when in a combination product with naltrexone. Amfepramone is believed to have relatively low abuse potential. but recently there have been reports of teens and adults in the UK abusing this drug, known as "tombstones"

title: Ambroxol

text: Gaucher and Parkinson's disease. Both ambroxol and its parent drug bromhexine have been shown to induce autophagy in several cell types, and ambroxol was shown to potentiate rifampicin therapy in a model of tuberculosis through host directed effects. Ambroxol Ambroxol is a drug that breaks up phlegm, used in the treatment of respiratory diseases associated with viscid or excessive mucus. Recently, a hypothesis suggested that it may have a potential role in treatment of Paget's disease of bone, Parkinsonism, and other common diseases of aging-associated diseases involving dysfunction of autophagy. It is the active ingredient of Mucosolvan, Mucobrox, Mucol, Lasolvan,

title: Uricosuric

text: drugs in the presence of other medications. The primary uricosuric drugs include probenecid, benzbromarone and sulfinpyrazone. Drugs with other primary uses, that have known uricosuric properties, include losartan, atorvastatin, and fenofibrate. Although these drugs may have significant uricosuric action, their other significant pharmacological actions in off-label use as a uricosuric requires careful assessment of the patient to achieve the most benefit and least risk. Abdominal surgery also has a uricosuric effect, as well as the potential to precipitate an acute attack of gout. In general, uricosuric drugs act on the proximal tubules in the kidneys, where they interfere with the

title: Carbarsone

text: Carbarsone Carbarsone is an organoarsenic compound used as an antiprotozoal drug for treatment of amebiasis and other infections. It was available for amebiasis in the United States as late as 1991. Thereafter, it remained available as a turkey feed additive for increasing weight gain and controlling histomoniasis (blackhead disease). Carbarsone is one of four arsenical animal drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in poultry and/or swine, along with nitarsone, arsanilic acid, and roxarsone. In September 2013, the FDA announced that Zoetis and Fleming Laboratories would voluntarily withdraw current roxarsone, arsanilic acid, and carbarsone approvals, leaving

title: Ambroxol

text: Ambroxol Ambroxol is a drug that breaks up phlegm, used in the treatment of respiratory diseases associated with viscid or excessive mucus. Recently, a hypothesis suggested that it may have a potential role in treatment of Paget's disease of bone, Parkinsonism, and other common diseases of aging-associated diseases involving dysfunction of autophagy. It is the active ingredient of Mucosolvan, Mucobrox, Mucol, Lasolvan, Mucoangin, Surbronc, Ambolar, and Lysopain. The substance acts on mucus membranes, restoring the physiological clearance mechanisms of the respiratory tract (which play an important role in the body’s natural defence mechanisms) through several mechanisms, including breaking up phlegm,

title: Inhalant

text: propane and butane gas, both of which are intended for use as fuels, are used as inhalants. Several medical anesthetics are used as recreational drugs, including diethyl ether (a drug that is no longer used medically, due to its high flammability and the development of safer alternatives) and nitrous oxide, which is widely used in the 2010s by dentists as an anti-anxiety drug during dental procedures. Diethyl ether has a long history of use as a recreational drug. The effects of ether intoxication are similar to those of alcohol intoxication, but more potent. Also, due to NMDA antagonism, the user

title: Arabinopyranosyl-N-methyl-N-nitrosourea

text: Arabinopyranosyl-N-methyl-N-nitrosourea Arabinopyranosyl-"N"-methyl-"N"-nitrosourea, also known as Aranose (Араноза) is a cytostatic anticancer chemotherapeutic drug of an alkylating type. Chemically it is a nitrosourea derivative. It was developed in the Soviet Union in the 1970s. It was claimed by its developers that its advantages over other nitrosoureas are a relatively low hematological toxicity (compared to other nitrosoureas available at that time) and a wider therapeutic index, which allows for its outpatient administration. It was first synthesized in late 1970s in the Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Soviet Cancer Research Institute (which belonged to Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR). Its first

title: Neurotechnology

text: brain to produce new cells and to make more connections between neurons. Pharmaceuticals play a vital role in maintaining stable brain chemistry, and are the most commonly used neurotechnology by the general public and medicine. Drugs like sertraline, methylphenidate, and zolpidem act as chemical modulators in the brain, and they allow for normal activity in many people whose brains cannot act normally under physiological conditions. While pharmaceuticals are usually not mentioned and have their own field, the role of pharmaceuticals is perhaps the most far-reaching and commonplace in modern society (the focus on this article will largely ignore neuropharmaceuticals, for

title: Barbiturate

text: barbiturates became recognized. Barbituric acid itself does not have any direct effect on the central nervous system and chemists have derived over 2,500 compounds from it that possess pharmacologically active qualities. The broad class of barbiturates is further broken down and classified according to speed of onset and duration of action. Ultrashort-acting barbiturates are commonly used for anesthesia because their extremely short duration of action allows for greater control. These properties allow doctors to rapidly put a patient "under" in emergency surgery situations. Doctors can also bring a patient out of anesthesia just as quickly, should complications arise during surgery.

title: 4-NEMD

text: States military as an anaesthetic agent, most likely for use in surgery but possibly also for use as a non-lethal incapacitating agent, although this has not been officially confirmed. 4-NEMD 4-NEMD is a potent sedative drug which acts as a selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist. It is closely related to dexmedetomidine but is several times more potent. Like other alpha-2 agonists, it produces sedative and muscle relaxant effects but without producing respiratory depression. It is not currently used in medicine but has been researched as the basis for a potential new generation of alpha-2 agonist drugs, which may have selectivity for

title: Anodyne

text: Anodyne An anodyne is a drug used to lessen pain through reducing the sensitivity of the brain or nervous system. The term was common in medicine before the 20th century, but such drugs are now more often known as analgesics or painkillers. The name derives from Greek "anōdynos" (), from "an-" (, "without") and "odynē" (, "pain"). Etymologically, the term covers any substance that reduces pain, but the term was used more restrictively by doctors. Some definitions restrict the term to topical medications, including herbal simples such as onion, lily, root of mallows, leaves of violet, and elderberry. Other definitions

title: Atrasentan

text: end-point by the FDA. The recently initiated SONAR trial will determine if atrasentan reduces kidney failure in diabetic kidney disease. Atrasentan Atrasentan is an experimental drug that is being studied for the treatment of various types of cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer. It is also being investigated as a therapy for diabetic kidney disease. Atrasentan failed a phase 3 trial for prostate cancer in patients unresponsive to hormone therapy. A second trial confirmed this finding. It is an endothelin receptor antagonist selective for subtype A (ET). While other drugs of this type (sitaxentan, ambrisentan) exploit the vasoconstrictive properties of

title: Lonafarnib

text: which showed that a cocktail of drugs that included lonafarnib and two other drugs met clinical efficacy endpoints that improved the height and diminished the rigidity of the bones of progeria patients. Lonafarnib Lonafarnib is a farnesyltransferase inhibitor (FTI) that has been investigated in a human clinical trial as a treatment for progeria, which is an extremely rare genetic disorder in which symptoms resembling aspects of aging are manifested at a very early age. Lonafarnib is a synthetic tricyclic halogenated carboxamide with antineoplastic properties. As such, it is used primarily for cancer treatment. For those with progeria, research has shown

title: SRT1720

text: SRT1720 SRT1720 is an experimental drug that was studied by Sirtris Pharmaceuticals intended as a small-molecule activator of the sirtuin subtype SIRT1. The compound has been studied in animals, but safety and efficacy in humans have not been established. In animal models of obesity and diabetes SRT1720 was found to improve insulin sensitivity and lower plasma glucose levels in fat, muscle and liver tissue, and increase mitochondrial and metabolic function. In mice rendered obese and diabetic by feeding a high-fat, high-sugar diet, a study performed at the National Institute of Aging found that feeding chow infused with the highest dose

title: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

text: by combining a short-term local anesthetic such as lidocaine with an NSAID acting as a longer term analgesic. However, as different species have varying reactions to different medications in the NSAID family, little of the existing research data can be extrapolated to animal species other than those specifically studied, and the relevant government agency in one area sometimes prohibits uses approved in other jurisdictions. For example, ketoprofen's effects have been studied in horses more than in ruminants but, due to controversy over its use in racehorses, veterinarians who treat livestock in the United States more commonly prescribe flunixin meglumine, which,

title: Synephrine

text: trade name of "Synephrin Tartrate", and indicated that the dose was 100 mg, given intramuscularly, or subcutaneously. Published in 1966, the "Textbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry" described synephrine (in the form of its racemic tartrate) as a sympathomimetic agent that was "less effective than epinephrine", and which had been used for the treatment of chronic hypotension, collapse due to shock, and other conditions leading to hypotension. In a later (1972) textbook, synephrine was described as a drug, sold in Europe, that was administered in situations involving shock, such as surgical or bacteremic shock, and spinal anesthesia-related shock. The

title: Benzodiazepine


question: a single period of precession of earth's axis is completed in about

answers: approximately 26,000 years

answers: 26,000 years

title: Axial precession

text: In astronomy, axial precession is a gravity-induced, slow, and continuous change in the orientation of an astronomical body's rotational axis. In particular, it can refer to the gradual shift in the orientation of Earth's axis of rotation, which, similar to a wobbling top, traces out a pair of cones joined at their apices in a cycle of approximately 26,000 years.  The term "precession" typically refers only to this largest part of the motion; other changes in the alignment of Earth's axis—nutation and polar motion—are much smaller in magnitude.

title: Apsidal precession

text: for the ellipse to revolve once relative to the fixed stars. The Earth's polar axis, and hence the solstices and equinoxes, precess with a period of about years in relation to the fixed stars. These two forms of 'precession' combine so that it takes between and years (and on average years) for the ellipse to revolve once relative to the vernal equinox, that is, for the perihelion to return to the same date (given a calendar that tracks the seasons perfectly). This interaction between the anomalistic and tropical cycle is important in the long-term climate variations on Earth, called the

title: Axial precession

text: of the Sun relative to the backdrop of the stars at some seasonally fixed time slowly regresses a full 360° through all twelve traditional constellations of the zodiac, at the rate of about 50.3 seconds of arc per year, or 1 degree every 71.6 years. At present, the rate of precession corresponds to a period of 25,772 years, but the rate itself varies somewhat with time (see Values below), so one cannot say that in exactly 25,772 years the earth's axis will be back to where it is now. For further details, see Changing pole stars and Polar shift and

title: Sidereal time

text: 23 h 56 min 4.1 s (86,164.1 s). Earth's rotation is not a simple rotation around an axis that would always remain parallel to itself. Earth's rotational axis itself rotates about a second axis, orthogonal to Earth's orbit, taking about 25,800 years to perform a complete rotation. This phenomenon is called the precession of the equinoxes. Because of this precession, the stars appear to move around Earth in a manner more complicated than a simple constant rotation. For this reason, to simplify the description of Earth's orientation in astronomy and geodesy, it was conventional to chart the positions of the

title: Astrological age

text: the Sun, incurs a precessional motion involving a slow periodic shift of the axis itself: approximately one degree every 72 years. This motion, which is caused mostly by the Moon's gravity, gives rise to the precession of the equinoxes in which the Sun's position on the ecliptic at the time of the vernal equinox, measured against the background of fixed stars, gradually changes with time. In graphical terms, the Earth behaves like a spinning top, and tops tend to wobble as they spin. The spin of the Earth is its daily (diurnal) rotation. The spinning Earth slowly wobbles over a

title: Foucault pendulum

text: sharing the rotation of the earth about its own axis, the suspension point of the pendulum traces out a circular path during one sidereal day. At the latitude of Paris, 48 degrees 51 minutes north, a full precession cycle takes just under 32 hours, so after one sidereal day, when the Earth is back in the same orientation as one sidereal day before, the oscillation plane has turned by just over 270 degrees. If the plane of swing was north-south at the outset, it is east-west one sidereal day later. This also implies that there has been exchange of momentum;

title: Milankovitch cycles

text: fixed stars. Apsidal precession occurs in the plane of the ecliptic and alters the orientation of the Earth's orbit relative to the ecliptic. This happens primarily as a result of interactions with Jupiter and Saturn. Smaller contributions are also made by the sun's oblateness and by the effects of general relativity that are well known for Mercury. Apsidal precession combines with the 25,771.5-year cycle of axial precession (see above) to vary the position in the year that the Earth reaches perihelion. Apsidal precession shortens this period to 23,000 years on average (varying between 20,800 and 29,000 years). As the orientation

title: Commentariolus

text: at an angle of about 23° to the perpendicular to the plane of its orbit. The third motion is a precession of the Earth's axis of rotation about an axis perpendicular to the plane of its orbit. Copernicus specified the rate of this precession with respect to the radial line from the Earth to the centre of its orbit as being slightly less than a year, with an implied direction as being from west to east. "With respect to the fixed stars", this precession is very slow, and in the opposite direction—from east to west—and explains the phenomenon of the

title: Apsidal precession

text: the eccentricity of its orbit is 0.206 and the period of revolution 87.97 days or . From these and the speed of light (which is ~), it can be calculated that the apsidal precession during one period of revolution is = radians ( degrees or 0.104″). In one hundred years, Mercury makes approximately 415 revolutions around the Sun, and thus in that time, the apsidal perihelion due to relativistic effects is approximately 43″, which corresponds almost exactly to the previously unexplained part of the measured value. The Earth's apsidal precession slowly increases its argument of periapsis; it takes about years

title: Milankovitch cycles

text: overall summer insolation, and also less insolation at higher latitudes, which melts less of the previous winter's snow and ice. Axial precession is the trend in the direction of the Earth's axis of rotation relative to the fixed stars, with a period of 25,771.5 years. This motion means that eventually Polaris will no longer be the north pole star. It is caused by the tidal forces exerted by the Sun and the Moon on the solid Earth; both contribute roughly equally to this effect. Currently, perihelion occurs during the southern hemisphere's summer. This means that solar radiation due to (1)

title: Milankovitch cycles

text: the ecliptic" or "planetary precession". Earth's current inclination relative to the invariable plane (the plane that represents the angular momentum of the Solar System, approximately the orbital plane of Jupiter) is 1.57°. Milankovitch did not study apsidal precession. It was discovered more recently and measured, relative to Earth's orbit, to have a period of about 70,000 years. However, when measured independently of Earth's orbit, but relative to the invariable plane, precession has a period of about 100,000 years. This period is very similar to the 100,000-year eccentricity period. Both periods closely match the 100,000-year pattern of glacial events. Artifacts taken

title: Precession

text: predicted the anomalies. Deviating from Newton's law, Einstein's theory of gravitation predicts an extra term of , which accurately gives the observed excess turning rate of 43″ every 100 years. The gravitational force between the Sun and moon induces the precession in Earth's orbit, which is the major cause of the climate oscillation of Earth that has a period of 19,000 to 23,000 years. It follows that changes in Earth's orbital parameters (e.g., orbital inclination, the angle between Earth's rotation axis and its plane of orbit) is important to the study of Earth's climate, in particular to the study of

title: Axial precession

text: oceans of the Earth will have vaporized before that time (about 2,100 million years from now). Axial precession In astronomy, axial precession is a gravity-induced, slow, and continuous change in the orientation of an astronomical body's rotational axis. In particular, it can refer to the gradual shift in the orientation of Earth's axis of rotation in a cycle of approximately 25,772 years. This is similar to the precession of a spinning-top, with the axis tracing out a pair of cones joined at their apices. The term "precession" typically refers only to this largest part of the motion; other changes in

title: Axial precession

text: for any object moving around the Earth, along or close to the ecliptic, notably, the Moon. The combined action of the Sun and the Moon is called the lunisolar precession. In addition to the steady progressive motion (resulting in a full circle in about 25,700 years) the Sun and Moon also cause small periodic variations, due to their changing positions. These oscillations, in both precessional speed and axial tilt, are known as the nutation. The most important term has a period of 18.6 years and an amplitude of 9.2 arcseconds. In addition to lunisolar precession, the actions of the other

title: 2012 phenomenon

text: a spinning top wobbles as it slows down. Over the course of 25,800 years, a period often called a Great Year, the Sun's path completes a full, 360-degree backward rotation through the zodiac. In Western astrological traditions, precession is measured from the March equinox, one of the two annual points at which the Sun is exactly halfway between its lowest and highest points in the sky. At the end of the 20th century and beginning of the 21st, the Sun's March equinox position was in the constellation Pisces moving back into Aquarius. This signaled the end of one astrological age

title: Lunar precession

text: takes to completes one orbit with respect to the fixed stars). This apsidal precession completes one rotation in the same time as the number of sidereal months exceeds the number of anomalistic months by exactly one, after about 3,233 days (8.85 years). The rotational axis of the Moon also undergoes precession. Since the Moon's axial tilt is only 1.5° with respect to the ecliptic (the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun), this effect is small. Once every 18.6 years, The lunar north pole describes a small circle around a point in the constellation Draco, while correspondingly, the lunar south

title: Axial precession

text: which is measured by the Sun's apparent position relative to the stars. After about 26 000 years the difference amounts to a full year, so the positions of the seasons relative to the orbit are "back where they started". (Other effects also slowly change the shape and orientation of the Earth's orbit, and these, in combination with precession, create various cycles of differing periods; see also Milankovitch cycles. The magnitude of the Earth's tilt, as opposed to merely its orientation, also changes slowly over time, but this effect is not attributed directly to precession.) For identical reasons, the apparent position

title: Earth-centered inertial

text: The gravitational attraction of the Sun and Moon on the Earth's equatorial bulge cause the rotational axis of the Earth to precess in space similar to the action of a top. This is called precession. Nutation is the smaller amplitude shorter-period (< 18.6 years) wobble that is superposed on the precessional motion of the Celestial pole. It is due to shorter-period fluctuations in the strength of the torque exerted on Earth's equatorial bulge by the sun, moon, and planets. When the short-term periodic oscillations of this motion are averaged out, they are considered "mean" as opposed to "true" values. Thus,

title: Precession

text: like a motion of the entire sphere of the fixed stars with respect to the equinoxes. In ancient China, the Jin-dynasty scholar-official Yu Xi (fl. 307-345 AD) made a similar discovery centuries later, noting that the position of the Sun during the winter solstice had drifted roughly one degree over the course of fifty years relative to the position of the stars. The precession of Earth's axis was later explained by Newtonian physics. Being an oblate spheroid, Earth has a non-spherical shape, bulging outward at the equator. The gravitational tidal forces of the Moon and Sun apply torque to the

title: Axial precession

text: Earth's axis and the shift in the equinoxes. These images show the position of the Earth's axis on the "celestial sphere", a fictitious sphere which places the stars according to their position as seen from Earth, regardless of their actual distance. The first image shows the celestial sphere from the outside, with the constellations in mirror image. The second image shows the perspective of a near-Earth position as seen through a very wide angle lens (from which the apparent distortion arises). The rotation axis of the Earth describes, over a period of 25,700 years, a small circle (blue) among the

title: Saros (astronomy)

text: different position with respect to the stars for each eclipse in a Saros series. The axis of rotation of the Earth–Moon system exhibits a precession period of 18.59992 years. The saros is not an integer number of days, but contains the fraction of of a day. Thus each successive eclipse in a saros series occurs about 8 hours later in the day. In the case of an eclipse of the Sun, this means that the region of visibility will shift westward about 120°, or about one third of the way around the globe, and the two eclipses will thus not

title: Axial precession

text: Axial precession In astronomy, axial precession is a gravity-induced, slow, and continuous change in the orientation of an astronomical body's rotational axis. In particular, it can refer to the gradual shift in the orientation of Earth's axis of rotation in a cycle of approximately 25,772 years. This is similar to the precession of a spinning-top, with the axis tracing out a pair of cones joined at their apices. The term "precession" typically refers only to this largest part of the motion; other changes in the alignment of Earth's axis—nutation and polar motion—are much smaller in magnitude. Earth's precession was historically

title: Lunar precession

text: year. The number of solar orbits (years) during one lunar nodal precession period equals the period of orbit (one year) divided by this difference, minus one: − 1. The second kind of precession of the Moon's orbit is that of the major axis of the Moon's elliptic orbit (the line of the apsides from perigee to apogee), which precesses eastward by 360° in approximately 8.85 years. This is the reason that an anomalistic month (the period the Moon moves from the perigee to the apogee and to the perigee again) is longer than the sidereal month (the period the Moon

title: Axial precession

text: axis located on the plane, with longitude 174°.8764) and the proper motions of the stars. The precessional eras of each constellation, often known as Great Months, are approximately: The precession of the equinoxes is caused by the gravitational forces of the Sun and the Moon, and to a lesser extent other bodies, on the Earth. It was first explained by Sir Isaac Newton. Axial precession is similar to the precession of a spinning top. In both cases, the applied force is due to gravity. For a spinning top, this force tends to be almost parallel to the rotation axis initially

title: Nodal precession

text: orbital period is , so the angular velocity is . The precession is therefore This is equivalent to −3.683° per day, so the orbit plane will make one complete turn (in inertial space) in 98 days. The apparent motion of the sun is approximately +1° per day (360° per year / 365.2422 days per tropical year ≈ 0.9856473° per day), so apparent motion of the sun relative to the orbit plane is about 2.8° per day, resulting in a complete cycle in about 127 days. For retrograde orbits is negative, so the precession becomes positive. (Alternatively, can be thought of

title: Axial precession

text: of seconds in one annum (a Julian year) (3.15576s/a): The solar equation is a good representation of precession due the Sun because Earth's orbit is close to an ellipse, being only slightly perturbed by the other planets. The lunar equation is not as good a representation of precession due to the Moon because the Moon's orbit is greatly distorted by the Sun and neither the radius nor the eccentricity is constant over the year. Simon Newcomb's calculation at the end of the 19th century for general precession ("p") in longitude gave a value of 5,025.64 arcseconds per tropical century, and

title: Astronomical chronology

text: precession is a very slow process which makes only small changes in the azimuth of a star rising in the East. Among the artifacts that can most readily be dated by astronomical techniques are depictions of the positions of the celestial bodies at a particular time. Since the motions of the celestial bodies are all at different periods, it takes many centuries for all the planets plus the Sun and the Moon, to reach the same positions in the signs of the Zodiac. For a configuration accurate to ±15° (that is, within a single sign) the positions of these seven

title: Lunar standstill

text: completes one orbit around the Sun in 365.25636 days, slightly longer than one year due to precession altering the direction of Earth's inclination. The Moon's orbit around Earth (shown dotted) is inclined at an angle of "i" = 5.14° relative to the ecliptic. The Moon completes one orbit around the Earth in 27.32166 days. The two points at which Moon crosses the ecliptic are known as its orbital nodes, shown as "N1" and "N2" (ascending node and descending node, respectively), and the line connecting them is known as the "line of nodes". Due to precession of the Moon's orbital inclination,

title: Earth

text: September. In the Southern Hemisphere, the situation is reversed, with the summer and winter solstices exchanged and the spring and autumnal equinox dates swapped. The angle of Earth's axial tilt is relatively stable over long periods of time. Its axial tilt does undergo nutation; a slight, irregular motion with a main period of 18.6 years. The orientation (rather than the angle) of Earth's axis also changes over time, precessing around in a complete circle over each 25,800 year cycle; this precession is the reason for the difference between a sidereal year and a tropical year. Both of these motions are

title: Earth's rotation

text: called polar motion. Precession is a rotation of the Earth's rotation axis, caused primarily by external torques from the gravity of the Sun, Moon and other bodies. The polar motion is primarily due to free core nutation and the Chandler wobble. Over millions of years, the Earth's rotation slowed significantly by tidal acceleration through gravitational interactions with the Moon. In this process, angular momentum is slowly transferred to the Moon at a rate proportional to formula_1, where formula_2 is the orbital radius of the Moon. This process gradually increased the length of day to its current value and resulted in

title: Axial precession

short_answers:
26,000 years
approximately 26,000 years