question: who did the us share the oregon country with

answers: French Canadian

answers: British

title: Oregon Country

text: traveled south-west down the Kootenai River and Columbia River following the southern portion of the well established York Factory Express trade route. The Canadian effort proved to be too little, too late. In what was dubbed "The Great Migration of 1843" or the "Wagon Train of 1843", an estimated 700 to 1,000 American emigrants came to Oregon, decisively tipping the balance. Britain gave up claims to its portion of the Columbia District south of the 49 parallel to the United States by the Oregon Treaty in 1846. In 1843, settlers in the Willamette Valley established a provisional government at Champoeg,

title: Oregon Country

text: of the area's frontiers, so that American trades would find nothing there. The Mountain Men, like the Metis employees of the Canadian fur companies, adopted Indian ways and many of them married Native American women. Reports of Oregon Country eventually circulated in the eastern United States. Some churches decided to send missionaries to convert the Indians. Jason Lee, a Methodist minister from New York, was the first Oregon missionary. He built a mission school for Indians in the Willamette Valley in 1834. Others followed within a few years. American settlers began to arrive from the east by the Oregon Trail

title: Oregon Country

text: a few American explorers and traders visited this land beyond the Rocky Mountains. Long after the Lewis and Clark Expedition and also after the consolidation of the fur trade in the region by the Canadian fur companies, American "Mountain Men" such as Jedediah Smith and Jim Beckwourth came roaming into and across the Rocky Mountains, following Indian trails through the Rockies to California and Oregon. They sought beaver pelts and other furs, which were obtained by trapping. These were difficult to obtain in the Oregon Country due to the Hudson's Bay Company policy of creating a "fur desert": deliberate over-hunting

title: Oregon Country

text: which was personally (but not officially) recognized by John McLoughlin of the Hudson's Bay Company in 1845. Political pressure in the United States urged the occupation of all the Oregon Country. Expansionists in the American South wanted to annex Texas, while their counterparts in the Northeast wanted to annex the Oregon Country whole. It was seen as significant that the expansions be parallel, as the relative proximity to other states and territories made it appear likely that Texas would be pro-slavery and Oregon against slavery. In the 1844 U.S. Presidential election, the Democrats had called for expansion into both areas.

title: Oregon pioneer history

text: in 1792, along with the 1804-1806 Lewis and Clark Expedition to Oregon Country, and runs until circa 1890 when railroads and urban centers created a more settled state. At the beginning of the pioneer period the Oregon Country was the homeland of numerous tribes of Native Americans. Regardless, portions of the area were claimed by the United States, Great Britain, Spain, and Russia. From 1818 to the mid-19th century, several treaties were signed that would set the current political boundaries. In 1818, the United States and Great Britain signed the Treaty of 1818 that led to what has been termed

title: Hudson's Bay Company

text: the trail. The company's stranglehold on the region was broken by the first successful large wagon train to reach Oregon in 1843, led by Marcus Whitman. In the years that followed, thousands of emigrants poured into the Willamette Valley of Oregon. In 1846, the United States acquired full authority south of the 49th parallel; the most settled areas of the Oregon Country were south of the Columbia River in what is now Oregon. McLoughlin, who had once turned away would-be settlers as company director, then welcomed them from his general store at Oregon City. He was later proclaimed the "Father

title: Native American peoples of Oregon

text: to dispossession of land, violence, and other forms of pressure that lead to community fragmentation. Native American peoples of Oregon The Native American Peoples of Oregon are the indigenous peoples who have inhabited and who still inhabit the area that is now the state of Oregon in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Though the federal government currently recognizes only nine tribes existing within the state boundaries of present day Oregon, this land has been home to countless native groups and peoples, “Since time immemorial...since before memories.” Many diverse communities and groups have lived in the area, cultivating

title: Jedediah Smith

text: afforded by the Pit River, but determined it to be impassable, so veered northwest toward the Pacific coast to find the Columbia River and return to the Rocky Mountain region. Jedediah became the first explorer to reach the Oregon Country over land by traveling up the California coast. When Smith's party left Mexican Alta California and entered the Oregon Country the Treaty of 1818 allowed joint occupation between Britain and the United States. In the Oregon Country, Smith's party, then numbering 19, and over 250 horses, came into contact with the Umpqua people. The tribes along the coast had monitored

title: Westward Expansion Trails

text: 1841, with the first recorded colonist wagon traingroup being the 1843 "Great Migration" of about 900 colonists, led in part by Marcus Whitman. The Provisional Government of Oregon was established by such colonists in 1843, generally limited to the Willamette Valley. The Oregon Treaty of 1846 divided the Oregon Country between Great Britain and the United States, mostly along the 49th parallel. The Territory of Oregon was established shortly afterward, in 1848, and over 12,000 American settlers made the journey there during the decade. Families usually began their journey at Independence, Missouri, near the Missouri River with the best time

title: Oregon Country

text: River on July 9, 1811. He erected a pole and a notice claiming the country for Great Britain and stating the intention of the North West Company to build a trading post on the site. Later in 1811, on the same expedition, he finished his survey of the entire Columbia, arriving at a partially constructed Fort Astoria two months after the departure of John Jacob Astor's ill-fated "Tonquin". The earliest evidence of the name Oregon has Spanish origins. The term "orejón" comes from the historical chronicle "Relación de la Alta y Baja California" (1598) written by the new Spaniard Rodrigo

title: Champoeg Meetings

text: States, several French Canadians also voted in favor of forming a provisional government. A state park and marker at the site of the May 2 vote commemorate the proceedings, as well as a large mural behind the desk of the Oregon Speaker of the House at the Oregon State Capitol in Salem. The Oregon Country was an enormous area of indeterminate boundaries on the Pacific Northwest coast. By 1805, it was claimed simultaneously by the United States as well as by three colonial European powers: Russia, Great Britain and Spain. Interest by these nations was mostly stimulated by the prospect

title: Chetco River

text: the south bank of the river near a Native American village. Between 1853 and 1855, many Native Americans were killed and their villages destroyed in skirmishes occurring around the same time as the nearby Rogue River Wars. On July 9, 1856, the remaining Chetco were marched north to the Siletz Reservation. Oregon—and therefore the Chetco watershed—was jointly occupied by the United Kingdom and the United States after the Treaty of 1818 was signed. The Oregon Treaty was ratified in 1846, giving the United States ownership of Oregon. Soon after, the Oregon Territory was established, and Oregon became a U.S. state

title: Oregon Supreme Court

text: States may issue a pardon (some crimes require the Oregon Legislature to concur). Following the journey of the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1805, the region known as Oregon Country experienced increased activity and exploration by Europeans and Americans. Beginning with the fur trade, settlement by Euro-Americans began as early as 1811 with the founding of Fort Astoria and slowly increased until the 1830s. In the 1830s additional settlement occurred, agricultural production increased, and missionaries started religious missions in the region. In 1835, the first trial in the region was held with John Kirk Townsend presiding as magistrate over a

title: Champoeg, Oregon

text: to the Willamette Valley with the expedition of John C. Frémont. On his journey eastward to deliver the petition, Gilpin evangelized for the settlement of the Pacific Northwest, helping to spread "Oregon fever". He presented the petition to Congress in 1845. The question of possession of the Oregon Country was settled the following year in the 1846 Oregon Treaty. When the Oregon Territory was organized in 1848, however, Champoeg was not chosen as the capital. Around 1852 the town had grown to include a ferry across the Willamette, a warehouse owned by Francis Pettygrove and Alanson Beers, a steamboat landing,

title: Oregon Country

text: The Oregon Country was a predominantly American term referring to a disputed region of the Pacific Northwest of North America. The region was occupied by British and French Canadian fur traders from before 1810, and American settlers from the mid-1830s, with its coastal areas north from the Columbia River frequented by ships from all nations engaged in the maritime fur trade, most of these from the 1790s through 1810s being Boston-based. The Oregon Treaty of 1846 ended disputed joint occupancy pursuant to the Treaty of 1818 and established the British-American boundary at the 49th parallel (except Vancouver Island).

title: Oregon pioneer history

text: beaver pelt hats and the numbers of beavers declined due to over harvesting. Then beginning in the mid-1830s missionaries and settlers began to arrive in the region Also the majority of the Native Americans in many areas were killed off by diseases introduced by Euro-Americans, including up to 70 percent in the Willamette Valley and Lower Columbia valley by 1830. Mass migration began in 1842 when a wagon train of around 100 wagons came overland along the Oregon Trail. In 1846 McLoughlin retired from leading the HBC in the region. Then in 1849 the United States Army arrived after the

title: History of the west coast of North America

text: became the California Trail, and by the mid-1840s significant numbers of Americans were arriving in California. In addition, the long-standing dispute between the United States and Great Britain over the Oregon Country was resolved in 1846, with the signing of the Oregon Treaty; the Oregon Treaty divided the disputed territory along what later became the current international boundary between Canada and the United States. In this era, much of the west coast of North America transformed from an area still largely populated by indigenous peoples to widespread population of non-natives. In particular, the west coast of the United States showed

title: Native American peoples of Oregon

text: Native American peoples of Oregon The Native American Peoples of Oregon are the indigenous peoples who have inhabited and who still inhabit the area that is now the state of Oregon in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Though the federal government currently recognizes only nine tribes existing within the state boundaries of present day Oregon, this land has been home to countless native groups and peoples, “Since time immemorial...since before memories.” Many diverse communities and groups have lived in the area, cultivating land, engaging in complex relationships across communities, and creating and maintaining forms of governance consistent

title: High Desert (Oregon)

text: to Oregon along the Oregon Trail began to live in the high desert region in the 1850s and 1860s after they had begun farming and logging in the Willamette Valley and other lands in western Oregon. Thousands of these emigrants reached the area from the west, crossing the Cascade Range to make land claims in eastern Oregon. The high desert area was settled by whites later than western Oregon in part because of Elijah White's failure to find a pass east through the Cascades. Once they had claimed more land, pioneers and members of the American government negotiated treaties with

title: Oregon Territory

text: territory (the portions in present-day southern Idaho and western Wyoming) was added to the Washington Territory. Oregon Territory The Territory of Oregon was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from August 14, 1848, until February 14, 1859, when the southwestern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Oregon. Originally claimed by several countries (see Oregon Country), the region was divided between the UK and US in 1846. When established, the territory encompassed an area that included the current states of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, as well as parts of Wyoming

title: Treaty with the Kalapuya, etc.

text: proclaimed on April 10, 1855. In the mid-1830s -- partially driven by public interest in the concept of manifest destiny -- the option of expanding across North America emerged. Following this, writers began exhorting Congress to occupy the Oregon Territory. This drove some of the first American settlers to the region, and the development of the Oregon Trail began to bring larger numbers to the area by the early 1840s. Unlike California, which was at the time still controlled by Mexico, the Oregon Territory was largely unsettled and tentatively claimed. This made it a tempting goal for those who believed

title: Oregon Territory

text: to settle down in the area and began farming, and missionaries started to arrive in the 1830s. Some settlers also began arriving in the late 1830s, and covered wagons crossed the Oregon Trail beginning in 1841. At that time, no government existed in the Oregon Country, as no one nation held dominion over the territory. A group of settlers in the Willamette Valley began meeting in 1841 to discuss organizing a government for the area. These earliest documented discussions, mostly concerning forming a government, were held in an early pioneer and Native American encampment and later town known as Champoeg,

title: James A. O'Neil

text: the "Loriot" and then drove cattle back to Oregon. In 1838, he was one of the people to sign a petition circulated around the Euro-American settlements of the Oregon Country that was sent to the United States Congress asking for the United States to extend its jurisdiction over the region. The U.S. did not do so until it formed the Oregon Territory in 1848 after settling the Oregon boundary dispute with Great Britain. In 1841, settler Ewing Young died without an heir, leading to a series of meetings at Champoeg on the French Prairie. At a later meeting in 1843,

title: Native American peoples of Oregon

text: in Oregon. These are the Burns Paiute Tribe, the Confederated Tribes of the Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians, the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon, the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians, the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs, the Coquille Indian Tribe, the Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians, and the Klamath Tribes. There are many native people in Oregon who are neither officially nor unofficially associated with any of these recognized groups. These individuals belong to groups that have not yet been recognized by the United

title: Oregon Territory

text: Oregon Territory The Territory of Oregon was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from August 14, 1848, until February 14, 1859, when the southwestern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Oregon. Originally claimed by several countries (see Oregon Country), the region was divided between the UK and US in 1846. When established, the territory encompassed an area that included the current states of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, as well as parts of Wyoming and Montana. The capital of the territory was first Oregon City, then Salem, followed briefly by

title: Oregon Trail

text: the West Coast in Puget Sound. While there were almost no United States settlers in the future state of Washington in 1846, the United States had already demonstrated it could induce thousands of settlers to go to the Oregon Territory, and it would be only a short time before they would vastly outnumber the few hundred HBC employees and retirees living in Washington. Reports from expeditions in 1806 by Lieutenant Zebulon Pike and in 1819 by Major Stephen Long described the Great Plains as "unfit for human habitation" and as "The Great American Desert". These descriptions were mainly based on

title: Oregon

text: western valleys, and around coastal estuaries. During the prehistoric period, the Willamette Valley region was flooded after the collapse of glacial dams from Lake Missoula, located in what would later become Montana. These massive floods occurred during the last glacial period and filled the valley with of water. By the 16th century, Oregon was home to many Native American groups, including the Chinook, Coquille (Ko-Kwell), Bannock, Chasta, Kalapuya, Klamath, Klickitat, Molalla, Nez Perce, Takelma, Killamuk, Neah-kah-nie, Umatilla, and Umpqua. The first Europeans to visit Oregon were Spanish explorers led by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, who sighted southern Oregon off the Pacific

title: Roll On, Columbia, Roll On

text: settlers followed the Oregon Trail westward and were met with resistance from the Native Americans. The first three of these four verses describe a battle with a congress of the northwestern tribes in the area surrounding Cascade Locks on the Washington bank of the Columbia. If the Indians had taken the blockhouse at this location, they would have continued on into Oregon and to the Willamette Valley. However, they were stopped when Philip Henry Sheridan sailed across from Fort Vancouver with soldiers. The fourth of these verses refers to additional Indian wars that occurred "year after year", citing battles fought

title: Columbia Slough

text: center for fur trading and other commerce throughout the Pacific Northwest, including what would later become the state of Oregon. By the 1830s, smallpox, malaria, measles and other diseases carried by non-indigenous explorers and traders had reduced the native population by up to 90 percent throughout the lower Columbia basin. The United States gained control over the Oregon Territory—including Fort Vancouver, the Portland Basin, and the slough—by treaty with Great Britain in 1846. By 1851, the Clackamas tribe's population had fallen to 88, and in 1855 the tribe signed a treaty surrendering its lands to the U.S. By 1850, White

title: Oregon Trail

text: states of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. On May 1, 1839, a group of eighteen men from Peoria, Illinois, set out with the intention of colonizing the Oregon country on behalf of the United States of America and drive out the HBC operating there. The men of the Peoria Party were among the first pioneers to traverse most of the Oregon Trail. The men were initially led by Thomas J. Farnham and called themselves the Oregon Dragoons. They carried a large flag emblazoned with their motto ""Oregon Or The Grave"". Although the group split up near Bent's Fort on the South

title: Oregon Country

short_answers:
British
French Canadian


question: when did rob dyrdek's fantasy factory end

answers: March 5, 2015

title: Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory

text: Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory is an American reality television series that aired on MTV and debuted on February 8, 2009. The factory is a space for skateboarder Rob Dyrdek to manage two aspects of his life, business and pleasure. The 25,000-square-foot complex contains two distinct areas: A warehouse designed for skateboarding and an office complex. Dyrdek's cousin, Christopher "Drama" Pfaff serves as Dyrdek's assistant on the show. Christopher "Big Black" Boykin, originally from "Rob & Big", made his debut appearance to the Fantasy Factory beginning in the fourth season. Rashawn "Bam Bam" Davis, who co-starred with

title: Rob Dyrdek

text: businesses. He also built a music studio for his cousin Pfaff inside the factory. During the course of the first season, he also opened his first SafeSpot SkateSpot. At the grand-opening, Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa rode with Dyrdek on the world's largest skateboard. Fantasy Factory aired a total of seven seasons, with the season finale airing on March 13, 2014. The show mainly featured a cast of Dyrdek, Chris Pfaff, Boykin, Scott Pfaff, Chanel West Coast, and Sterling Brim. Episodes included seeing Dyrdek bitten by a shark, and being attacked by a trained tiger. Other stunts that Dyrdek filmed included performing

title: Rob Dyrdek

text: ceremony, which was featured in an episode of "Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory", took place at the Fantasy Factory in Los Angeles. He became engaged to his girlfriend Filipino–American model Bryiana Noelle Flores after proposing to her at Disneyland. They married, and had their first child in 2016. Rob Dyrdek Robert Stanley Dyrdek (born June 28, 1974) is an entrepreneur, former American professional skateboarder, actor, producer, and reality TV star. He is best known for his roles in the reality shows "Rob & Big", "Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory" and "Ridiculousness". He also is the creator of the animated series "Wild Grinders",

title: Rob Dyrdek

text: Club of America to develop new skate parks in California. The organization was also the focus of Dyrdek’s documentary film "The Motivation", which premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival. Dyrdek first starred in the MTV reality series, "Rob & Big" (aired November 2006 to April 2008), with his best friend and bodyguard Christopher "Big Black" Boykin, as well as his cousin, Chris "Drama" Pfaff and friend Rashawn "Bam Bam" Davis. In February 2009, "Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory", featuring Dyrdek, Pfaff, and his Dyrdek Enterprise staff, was first broadcast. It covered Dyrdek’s "Fantasy Factory", a converted warehouse where Dyrdek runs his

title: Rob Dyrdek

text: Rob Dyrdek Robert Stanley Dyrdek (born June 28, 1974) is an entrepreneur, former American professional skateboarder, actor, producer, and reality TV star. He is best known for his roles in the reality shows "Rob & Big", "Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory" and "Ridiculousness". He also is the creator of the animated series "Wild Grinders", in which he voices the series' main character, Lil Rob. In 2014, Dyrdek was labeled as one of the "most influential skateboarders of all-time" by "FoxWeekly". Dyrdek was born on June 28, 1974 in Kettering, Ohio to Gene and Patty Dyrdek. Dyrdek was involved in sports as

title: Rob & Big

text: Pfaff -was also featured in this season. However, two years later in an interview with friend and fellow MTV star Johnny Knoxville, Dyrdek gave more reasons as to why the show ended. Rob & Big returned to MTV with the reality television show, "Fantasy Factory", which ended in 2015. Christopher Boykin died of heart failure May 9, 2017 at age 45. Rob & Big Rob & Big is an American reality television series that follows the lives of professional skateboarder, actor, producer Rob Dyrdek and his best friend and bodyguard Christopher "Big Black" Boykin. It premiered on November 4, 2006,

title: Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory

text: Rob, Big Black, and Drama in "Rob & Big", made his first appearance in the Fantasy Factory on the third episode of Season 5. Throughout the series, guest appearances included Ryan Sheckler, John Mayer, Danny Way, Steve Berra, Ludacris, and Johnny Knoxville and Chris Pontius from "Jackass". On September 17, 2013, it was announced that "Fantasy Factory" was renewed for a sixth season, which premiered on January 16, 2014. The sixth season was originally announced to be the final season, but in June 2014, MTV announced that "Fantasy Factory" would return for a seventh season. The seventh season premiered on

title: Rob Dyrdek

text: to produce live 360 virtual reality broadcasts. In an episode of Fantasy Factory, Dyrdek jockeyed a race horse for his friend Joe Ciaglia Jr. This led to his own run as a race horse owner, owning up to thirteen horses at a time during his career. His horses have raced in stakes including the Breeder’s Cup. Dyrdek founded this foundation in 2003, and it has merged with the SLS Foundation. This foundation builds legal skate parks for skateboarders in their communities. This cause is close to Dyrdek because of the ties he has with being a professional skateboarder. Practicing this

title: Steve Berra

text: in the DVS Shoes (formerly DVS Shoe Co.) video, "Skate More", a production that he managed to film a full part for. Berra has been featured in MTV shows "Rob & Big" and "Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory". Season 2, Episode 6 of "Rob & Big" revolves around the Tampa Pro professional skateboarding contest, whereby Berra and Dyrdek engage in a US$5,000 bet to "up the ante" of the competition. In Season 2, Episode 8 of "Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory", entitled "The Berrics vs. Fantasy Factory", Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory skate park crew competes against The Berrics crew. As of 2013, Berra

title: Christopher Boykin

text: peeling and eating three bananas in one minute, and another for eating five powdered doughnuts in two minutes, 45 seconds. Boykin left "Rob & Big" after the third season, since he was starting a family. MTV premiered "Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory" in February 2009, less than a year after the final episode of "Rob & Big". Boykin joined the cast in 2011, and remained until the show's final episode in 2015. He also appeared on three episodes of Dyrdek's show "Ridiculousness", which premiered in 2011. Guest appearances on the MTV series "Guy Code" and "Snack Off" (2014) are among his

title: The Berrics

text: facility with their own funds; one of the key initial goals for the Berrics facility was to provide a setting where skateboarders could practice their tricks to avoid spending that time in street-based environments in California, where skateboarding is illegal in most spaces. Following the website's inception in late 2007, it quickly grew and, according to "The Wall Street Journal", in January 2009, the Berrics attracted more unique visitors than the websites of every major skateboard magazine, as well as ESPN.com's action sports section. Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory was inspired by the Berrics and, in 2012, Dyrdek challenged the Berrics

title: Rob Dyrdek

text: the first kick flip with an automobile, filmed as a part of a television advertisement for Chevrolet. As a part of the show, Dyrdek also co-invented the first “skateboard car”, and exhibited the Mustang built vehicle on an episode of the series. Dyrdek was also featured in the video games "skate.", and "Skate 2" (which also featured Boykin). In Skate 2, the player is able to purchase an early version of the Fantasy Factory as an add-on, allowing the player to skate within the factory premises. In 2008 Dyrdek appeared in the film "Righteous Kill", playing the character of Rambo

title: Rob Dyrdek

text: listed as the "Longest Skateboard in the World"), but, according to the "World Records Academy" website, this was broken in 2010. Dyrdek's personal bests—some of which have since been surpassed—include: Dyrdek’s first business was Orion Trucks. During his time with DC, Dyrdek began his exploration of entrepreneurship through shoe design and this led Dyrdek to launch various short-lived companies, including a hip hop record label and a skate shop. Dyrdek's properties have included "Wild Grinders" (an animated series on the Nickelodeon network), and Street League Skateboarding (SLS). In addition, Dyrdek has partnerships with various brands, including Rogue Status (with musician

title: Rob Dyrdek

text: Blender quit their board sponsor and created Alien Workshop. At the age of 16, Dyrdek decided to forgo his senior year of high school and instead moved to Southern California to continue with his professional skate career. He would later acquire the company himself during his post-riding career as an entrepreneur. Soon after moving to California, Dyrdek began to ride for Droors Clothing, a company that was then transformed into DC Shoes. which sponsored Dyrdek until 2016. Both Droors and DC were founded with the involvement of highly regarded skateboarder Danny Way and, in the lead-up period for the release

title: Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory

text: The sixth season was originally announced to be the final season, but in June 2014, MTV announced that Fantasy Factory would return for a seventh season. The seventh season premiered on January 1, 2015 and ended March 5, 2015.

title: Rob Dyrdek

text: Travis Barker). "Wild Grinders", a fictional cartoon skate crew, is Dyrdek's venture into toys based on him and his group of childhood skateboarding friends. Dyrdek is also the founder of the business incubator Dyrdek Machine, and acquired DNA Distribution, the holding company of Alien Workshop, before returning the company back to its founders. Dyrdek is also an investor in the UFC, Beach Whiskey (where he also serves on the Advisory Board), Beatbox Beverages, and Stance. In 2017 Dyrdek became a cofounder of Black Feather Whiskey. Dyrdek is also a co-founder and board member of Ultracast, which has partnered with NASCAR

title: Alien Workshop

text: sponsored, so it was pretty surreal when he called me and asked me to be pro on his company Seek. The last 8 years with AWS have been great and I just wanted to say thank you to Rob, Chris Carter, and Mike Hill for everything you've done for me. I wish you guys the best!! A press release announced on October 2, 2013 that Dyrdek would continue as a minority shareholder of parent company DNA, following an acquisition by Pacific Vector Holdings (PVH), a company that also owned the Gatorz sunglasses and No Fear clothing brands. The closing of

title: Rob Dyrdek

text: alongside Robert de Niro and Al Pacino. Dyrdek made a movie entitled "Street Dreams" in 2009. The idea was developed by Rob and Nino Scalia in response their belief that modern films focused on skateboarding were not realistic enough. Dyrdek and then Scalia completed the script over the span of six months. While pitching the script he decided to fund the film with his own money. He also appeared in the film as one of the main characters. In 2011, Dyrdek appeared in "Jackass 3.5", in a scene with Johnny Knoxville. Later that year, on August 29, 2011, Dyrdek started

title: Rob & Big

text: Rob & Big Rob & Big is an American reality television series that follows the lives of professional skateboarder, actor, producer Rob Dyrdek and his best friend and bodyguard Christopher "Big Black" Boykin. It premiered on November 4, 2006, and concluded on April 15, 2008, after three seasons. Reruns of the series air on the MTV sister network, MTV2. The series was followed-up with "Fantasy Factory". Most episodes of the show follow a central task or event in the daily life of Rob and Big, such as: attempting to break Guinness world records, having their home exorcised, skateboarding, and random

title: Shoot Out at the Fantasy Factory

text: Shoot Out at the Fantasy Factory Shoot Out at the Fantasy Factory is the sixth studio album by English rock band Traffic released in 1973. It followed their 1971 album "The Low Spark of High Heeled Boys" and contained five songs. "Shoot Out", while achieving poorer reviews than its predecessor, did reach number six on the Billboard Pop Albums chart, one space higher than "Low Spark" had peaked in 1972. Like its predecessor, the original jacket for the "Shoot Out" LP had its top right and bottom left corners clipped. The album was remastered for CD in 2003. The album

title: Terry Kennedy (skateboarder)

text: made a full recovery. Terry Kennedy (skateboarder) Terry Kennedy (born May 27, 1985), commonly as "TK", is an American professional skateboarder. He rides his skateboard with a regular footed stance. He is the Co-Founder of Fly Society, a clothing and music brand. His sponsors are Baker Skateboards, Active Ride Shop, Venture, Shake Junt, Gold Wheels and FootPrint Insoles. Kennedy appeared on Bam Margera's MTV television shows, "Viva La Bam", "Bam's Unholy Union" and Rob Dyrdek's MTV show "Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory". He had also made cameo appearance in Snoop Dogg's chart topping song Drop It Like It's Hot, as well

title: Shoot Out at the Fantasy Factory

text: high points that have kept Traffic moving." Retrospective reviews were less forgiving, with AllMusic stating that both the compositions and the performances are uniformly weak, adding up to "a competent, if perfunctory effort in the band's familiar style", while Robert Christgau's review consisted of a single sentence followed by the note 'Giveaway: "(Sometimes I Feel So) Uninspired."' The original, full-length master of "Shoot Out at the Fantasy Factory" was originally only heard on the original U.S. vinyl version. This was at a time when Island Records was manufactured and distributed by Capitol Records. When Island's distribution deal with Capitol ended,

title: Alien Workshop

text: 2014, Johnson said to host Jake Phelps: "We got fired ... I didn't hear from my Pacific Vector representative." On May 29, 2014, Barton published a tribute to the company as part of his "Top 5 YouTubes Of The Week" segment—Barton's first selection was Dyrdek's part in "Memory Screen" and he dedicated the selection "to a company that I was always happy to feature here, I just never thought a reason would be goodbye. Let’s start at the very beginning in 1991 with “Day one baby!” Rob Dyrdek and his part in "Memory Screen"." A screening of an original VHS

title: Rob Dyrdek

text: sport is hard for most people because street skating is illegal in most communities and these communities often do not have legal skate parks available. Dyrdek believes that "the skate plaza is essential to the future of skateboarding." Dyrdek has one sister, Denise. His cousins Christopher "Drama" Pfaff and Scott "Big Cat" Pfaff are featured in "Rob and Big" and "Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory". He also has two bulldogs named Meaty and Beefy, and Pomeranian dog named Gretchen Weiner. Dyrdek became an ordained minister through the Universal Life Church in order to perform his sister's wedding in December 2011. The

title: Alien Workshop

text: really liked the company, I really liked everyone involved in it and I became friends with everyone. And when you got to quit a company like that, you wanna blow your brains out, you know? I only spoke to Carter and that's probably, like, one of the hardest calls I had to make and just talked to him and he was, like, "Well, fuck man, it's a bummer, but it's, like, you gotta do what you gotta do." On January 10, 2012, "Skateboarder" magazine announced Dyrdek's purchase of Alien Workshop and DNA Distribution from Burton Snowboards. Following Dyrdek's acquisition of

title: Rob Dyrdek

text: a child and began skateboarding at the age of 11, when he received his first skateboard from professional skateboarder Neil Blender. Of his early interest in the sport, Dyrdek has stated, "I was so focused on becoming a pro skateboarder. I would sit in school and think about all the tricks I was going to do, then I’d get out of school and skate until they made me come inside." At the age of 12, Dyrdek acquired sponsorship from the same company that Blender was a team member of and began his skateboarding career. A few years later, Dyrdek and

title: Steel Panther

text: Sludge! Vol. 1" put out by the Metal Sludge web site. Their cover of the song "Fantasy" by Aldo Nova was used as the opening musical theme for the MTV program "Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory". On November 27, 2007 Metal Skool played original songs as well as covers of KISS songs at the Gene Simmons roast, they can be seen in the background of Gene Simmons' reality show "Gene Simmons Family Jewels". That year, they also appeared as themselves on "Las Vegas" in the episode "The High Price of Gas". In April 2008 the band decided to change their name

title: Christopher Boykin

text: Dyrdek starred in the reality television series "Rob & Big" on MTV. In a 2006 episode of "Rob & Big", Dyrdek and Boykin visit the studios of game developer EA Black Box in Vancouver to do motion capture for a video game in which they were to become characters. The game, "Skate", was published in 2007. Boykin and Dyrdek also appeared in the 2009 sequel, "Skate 2". In 2007, Boykin launched a clothing brand, Big Black, to market T-shirts and hats that bore his catchphrase, "Do Work". In the show's 2008 season, Boykin set two Guinness world records: one for

title: Cloverfield

text: Michael Giacchino that plays over the end credits is not featured on the album, as it is the mixtape played at the party and is not the official soundtrack of the film. This album was distributed to guests at a "Cloverfield" premiere party held at the Dark Room in New York City on January 17, 2008. A complete soundtrack release of all the music in the film, including Giacchino's "Roar!" end title piece, has now also been released exclusively on iTunes; it has not been officially released in retail stores. A CD entitled "Rob's Party Mix" comes packaged in a

title: Dream Pod 9

text: off in 1994 to become DP9. The company had a rise to fame in the mid and late 1990, fueled by the purported quality and depth of their books. It suffered from the general depression of the game industry after 9/11. Since 2004, the company has put an increased emphasis on wargames and has recently released the Heavy Gear Blitz! miniature game; both actions have done a great deal to counteract the problems encountered after the market downturn. While the company has not published RPG books prior to 2009, they have repeatedly stated they will continue to support the SilCORE

title: Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory


question: roman god of the underworld also called orcus or pluto

answers: Dis Pater

title: 90482 Orcus

text: objects with a similar size and orbit to that of Pluto are named after underworld deities. Accordingly, the discoverers suggested naming the object after "Orcus", the Etruscan god of the underworld and punisher of broken oaths. He was portrayed in paintings in Etruscan tombs as a hairy, bearded giant. The name was also a private reference to the homonymous Orcas Island, where Brown's wife Diane had lived as a child and that they visit frequently. On March 30, 2005, Orcus's companion, Vanth, was named after a winged female demon of the Etruscan underworld. She could be present at the moment

title: Pluto (mythology)

text: fera vota)", where fallen gladiators were human sacrifices to Dis and Charon received their souls as his payment, to the delight of the underworld Jove "(Iovis infernalis)". Medieval mythographies, written in Latin, continue the conflation of Greek and Roman deities begun by the ancient Roman themselves. Perhaps because the name Pluto was used in both traditions, it appears widely in these Latin sources for the classical ruler of the underworld, who is also seen as the double, ally, or adjunct to the figure in Christian mythology known variously as the Devil, Satan, or Lucifer. The classical underworld deities became casually

title: Proserpina

text: Roman god of the underworld's traditional Latin name, Dis. Venus, in order to bring love to Pluto, sent her son Amor (also known as Cupid) to hit Pluto with one of his arrows. Proserpina was in Sicily, at the Pergusa Lake near Enna, where she was playing with some nymphs and collecting flowers, when Pluto came out from the volcano Etna with four black horses named Orphnaeus, Aethon, Nycteus and Alastor. He abducted her in order to marry her and live with her in the underworld of which he was the ruler. Her mother Ceres, also known as Demeter, the

title: Dīs Pater

text: Dīs Pater Dīs Pater (pronounced ) was a Roman god of the underworld. Dis was originally associated with fertile agricultural land and mineral wealth, and since those minerals came from underground, he was later equated with the chthonic deities Pluto (Hades) and Orcus. "Dīs Pater" was commonly shortened to simply Dīs and this name has since become an alternative name for the underworld or a part of the underworld, such as the City of Dis of Dante's "The Divine Comedy", which comprises Lower Hell. It is often thought that Dīs Pater was also a Celtic god. This confusion arises from

title: Februus

text: the same entity. Februus In ancient Roman religion, Februus, whose name means "purifier", was the god of purification. He was also worshipped under the same name by the Etruscans as the god of purification, and also the underworld. For the Etruscans, Februus was also the god of riches (money/gold) and death, both connected to the underworld in the same natural manner as with the better-known Roman god Pluto. Februus may have become the Roman Febris, goddess of fever ("febris" in Latin means fever) and malaria. These are possibly connected with the sweating of fevers, which was considered a purgative, washing,

title: Pluto (mythology)

text: because Proserpina (the Latin name of Persephone) was sterile. In "The Faerie Queene" (1590s), Edmund Spenser invents a daughter for Pluto whom he calls Lucifera. The character's name was taken from the 16th-century mythography of Natale Conti, who used it as the Latin translation of Greek "phosphor", "light-bearer," a regular epithet of Hecate. Spenser incorporated aspects of the mysteries into "The Faerie Queene". Orpheus was regarded as a founder and prophet of the mysteries called "Orphic," "Dionysiac," or "Bacchic." Mythologized for his ability to entrance even animals and trees with his music, he was also credited in antiquity with the

title: 90482 Orcus

text: Etruscan equivalent of the Roman Pluto, and later became an alternate name for Pluto. The surface of Orcus is relatively bright with albedo reaching 23%, grey in color and water-rich. The ice is predominantly in crystalline form, which may be related to past cryovolcanic activity. Other compounds like methane or ammonia may also be present. The existence of a satellite allowed astronomers to determine the mass of the system, which is approximately equal to that of the Saturnian moon Tethys. The ratio of masses of Orcus and Vanth is uncertain, possibly anywhere from 1:33 to 1:12. The diameter of Orcus

title: Februus

text: Februus In ancient Roman religion, Februus, whose name means "purifier", was the god of purification. He was also worshipped under the same name by the Etruscans as the god of purification, and also the underworld. For the Etruscans, Februus was also the god of riches (money/gold) and death, both connected to the underworld in the same natural manner as with the better-known Roman god Pluto. Februus may have become the Roman Febris, goddess of fever ("febris" in Latin means fever) and malaria. These are possibly connected with the sweating of fevers, which was considered a purgative, washing, and purification process.

title: Pluto (mythology)

text: . Jupiter got the sky, Neptune got the sea, and Pluto got the shaft." In Riordan's explanation, Hades "was more of a death god," but acquired his identity as a god of wealth among the Romans, along with a new name. Scientific terms derived from the name of Pluto include: Pluto (mythology) Pluto (Latin: "Plūtō"; , "") was the ruler of the underworld in classical mythology. The earlier name for the god was Hades, which became more common as the name of the underworld itself. In ancient Greek religion and mythology, Pluto represents a more positive concept of the god

title: Pluto (mythology)

text: called, as is known, Lethe, Cocytus, Phlegethon and Acheron, tributaries of the Stygian swamp." This work derives from that of the Third Vatican Mythographer, possibly one Albricus or Alberic, who presents often extensive allegories and devotes his longest chapter, including an excursus on the nature of the soul, to Pluto. In Dante's "Divine Comedy" (written 1308–1321), Pluto presides over the fourth circle of Hell, to which the greedy are condemned. The Italian form of the name is "Pluto", taken by some commentators to refer specifically to Plutus as the god of wealth who would preside over the torment of those

title: Pluto (mythology)

text: of other deities, including Summanus, the Roman god of nocturnal thunder; Februus, the Roman god from whose purification rites the month of February takes its name; the syncretic god Serapis, regarded as Pluto's Egyptian equivalent; and the Semitic god Muth (Μούθ). Muth was described by Philo of Byblos as the equivalent of both Thanatos (Death personified) and Pluto. The ancient Greeks did not regard Pluto as "death" per se. The best-known myth involving Pluto or Hades is the abduction of Persephone, also known as Kore ("the Maiden"). The earliest literary versions of the myth are a brief mention in Hesiod's

title: Proserpina

text: is known as Pluto; they form a divine couple who rule the underworld together, and receive Eleusinian initiates into some form of better afterlife. Renamed thus, the king of the underworld is distanced from his consort's violent abduction. In the early 1st century Ovid gives two poetic versions of the myth in Latin; one in Book 5 of his "Metamorphoses" (Book 5) and another in Book 4 of his "Fasti". An early 5th century Latin version of the same myth is Claudian's "De raptu Proserpinae"; in most cases, these Latin works identify Proserpina's underworld abductor and later consort by the

title: Dīs Pater

text: the Sabine god Soranus. In southern Germany and the Balkans, Dīs Pater had a Celtic goddess, Aericura, as a consort. Dīs Pater was rarely associated with foreign deities in the shortened form of his name, "Dis". Dīs Pater Dīs Pater (pronounced ) was a Roman god of the underworld. Dis was originally associated with fertile agricultural land and mineral wealth, and since those minerals came from underground, he was later equated with the chthonic deities Pluto (Hades) and Orcus. "Dīs Pater" was commonly shortened to simply Dīs and this name has since become an alternative name for the underworld or

title: Pluto (mythology)

text: Pluto (mythology) Pluto (Latin: "Plūtō"; , "") was the ruler of the underworld in classical mythology. The earlier name for the god was Hades, which became more common as the name of the underworld itself. In ancient Greek religion and mythology, Pluto represents a more positive concept of the god who presides over the afterlife. "Ploutōn" was frequently conflated with "Ploutos" (Πλοῦτος, Plutus), a god of wealth, because mineral wealth was found underground, and because as a chthonic god Pluto ruled the deep earth that contained the seeds necessary for a bountiful harvest. The name "Ploutōn" came into widespread usage

title: Pluto (mythology)

title: Persephone

text: stands aside; Hecate, holding two torches, looks back as she leads her to the enthroned Demeter. The 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia "Suda" introduces a goddess of a blessed afterlife assured to Orphic mystery initiates. This Macaria is asserted to be the daughter of Hades, but no mother is mentioned. In the myth Pluto abducts Persephone to be his wife and the queen of his realm (this is the myth which explains their marriage). Pluto (Πλούτων, "Ploutōn") was a name for the ruler of the underworld; the god was also known as Hades, a name for the underworld itself. The name "Pluton"

title: Pluto (mythology)

text: in Latin is Diespiter; some call him Orcus.) Saturn was shown his daughter Glauce but his son Pluto was hidden and removed. Glauce then died young. That is the pedigree, as written, of Jupiter and his brothers; that is how it has been passed down to us in holy scripture." In this theogony, which Ennius introduced into Latin literature, Saturn, "Titan," Vesta, Ceres, and Ops are siblings; Glauca is the twin of Pluto and dies mysteriously young. There are several mythological figures named Glauca; the sister of Pluto may be the Glauca who in Cicero's account of the three aspects

title: Pluto (mythology)

text: of souls' who presides over the magic of love and generation and who uses a fantastic counter-art to mock, but also ... to supplement, the divine icastic or truly imitative art of the sublime translunar Demiurge." Christian writers of late antiquity sought to discredit the competing gods of Roman and Hellenistic religions, often adopting the euhemerizing approach in regarding them not as divinities, but as people glorified through stories and cultic practices and thus not true deities worthy of worship. The infernal gods, however, retained their potency, becoming identified with the Devil and treated as demonic forces by Christian apologists.

title: Pluto (mythology)

text: "Euridice" (1600); Caccini's "Euridice" (1602); Rossi's "Orfeo" (1647); Cesti's "Il pomo d'oro" (1668); Sartoris's "Orfeo" (1672); Lully's "Alceste", a "tragédie en musique" (1674); Charpentier's chamber opera "La descente d'Orphée aux enfers" (1686); Telemann's "Orpheus" (1726); and Rameau's "Hippolyte et Aricie" (1733). Pluto was a baritone in Lully's "Proserpine" (1680), which includes a duo dramatizing the conflict between the royal underworld couple that is notable for its early use of musical characterization. Perhaps the most famous of the Orpheus operas is Offenbach's satiric "Orpheus in the Underworld" (1858), in which a tenor sings the role of "Pluton", disguised in the giddily

title: Pluto (mythology)

text: referring to the underworld as a place, and Pluto regularly invoked as the partner of Persephone. Five Latin curse tablets from Rome, dating to the mid-1st century BC, promise Persephone and Pluto an offering of "dates, figs, and a black pig" if the curse is fulfilled by the desired deadline. The pig was a characteristic animal sacrifice to chthonic deities, whose victims were almost always black or dark in color. A set of curse tablets written in Doric Greek and found in a tomb addresses a Pasianax, "Lord to All," sometimes taken as a title of Pluto, but more recently

title: Pluto (mythology)

text: underworld coalesced into a single mythology that made few if any distinctions among Hades, Pluto, Dis, and Orcus. Unlike his freely procreating brothers Zeus and Poseidon, Pluto is monogamous, and is rarely said to have children. In Orphic texts, the chthonic nymph Melinoe is the daughter of Persephone by Zeus disguised as Pluto, and the Eumenides ("The Kindly Ones") are the offspring of Persephone and "Zeus Chthonios", often identified as Pluto. The Augustan poet Vergil says that Pluto is the father of Allecto the Fury, whom he hates. The lack of a clear distinction between Pluto and "chthonic Zeus" confuses

title: Pluto (mythology)

text: the depths and weight of the underworld, as in Monteverdi and Rinuccini's "L'Orfeo" (1607) and "Il ballo delle ingrate" (1608). In their "ballo", a form of ballet with vocal numbers, Cupid invokes Pluto from the underworld to lay claim to "ungrateful" women who were immune to love. Pluto's part is considered particularly virtuosic, and a reviewer at the première described the character, who appeared as if from a blazing Inferno, as "formidable and awesome in sight, with garments as given him by poets, but burdened with gold and jewels." The role of Pluto is written for a bass in Peri's

title: Pluto (mythology)

text: deities. In the Hermetic Corpus, Jupiter Plutonius "rules over earth and sea, and it is he who nourishes mortal things that have soul and bear fruit." In Ptolemaic Alexandria, at the site of a dream oracle, Serapis was identified with Aion Plutonius. Gilles Quispel conjectured that this figure results from the integration of the Orphic Phanes into Mithraic religion at Alexandria, and that he "assures the eternity of the city," where the birth of Aion was celebrated at the sanctuary of Kore on 6 January. In Latin, "Plutonius" can be an adjective that simply means "of or pertaining to Pluto."

title: Toilet god

text: ancient Rome had a sewer goddess, a toilet god and a god of excrement. The sewer goddess Cloacina (named from the Latin word "cloaca" or sewer) was borrowed from Etruscan mythology and became seen as the protectoress of the Cloaca Maxima, Rome's sewage system. An early Roman ruler, Titus Tatius, built a shrine to her in his toilet; she was invoked if sewers became blocked or backed up. She was later merged with the better-known Roman goddess Venus and was worshipped at the Shrine of Venus Cloacina in the Roman Forum. The Romans are alleged by some to have had

title: The Black Cat (short story)

text: the Roman god of the Underworld. Although Pluto is a neutral character at the beginning of the story, he becomes antagonistic in the narrator's eyes once the narrator becomes an alcoholic. The alcohol pushes the narrator into fits of intemperance and violence, to the point at which everything angers him – Pluto in particular, who is always by his side, becomes the malevolent witch who haunts him even while avoiding his presence. When the narrator cuts Pluto's eye from its socket, this can be seen as symbolic of self-inflicted partial blindness to his own vision of moral goodness. The fire

title: Pluto (Marvel Comics)

text: Pluto (Marvel Comics) Pluto is a fictional deity appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is based on the Greco-Roman god of the same name. Pluto first appeared in the pages of "Thor" #127 in 1966 where he was adapted by Stan Lee and drawn by Jack Kirby. Pluto is the Olympian god of the Underworld, death, and the dead, and is the Monarch of Hades. Much of the character's story parallels that of traditional Greek Myth. To wit, after defeating their father Cronus, Pluto and his brothers Zeus and Neptune as well as his sisters

title: Pluto (mythology)

text: were known simply as God "(Theos)" and Goddess "(Thea)". In the ritual texts of the mystery religions preserved by the so-called Orphic or Bacchic gold tablets, from the late 5th century BC onward the name "Hades" appears more frequently than "Plouton", but in reference to the underground place: "Plouton" is the ruler who presides over it in a harmonious partnership with Persephone. By the end of the 4th century BC, the name "Plouton" appears in Greek metrical inscriptions. Two fragmentary tablets greet Pluto and Persephone jointly, and the divine couple appear as welcoming figures in a metrical epitaph: "I know

title: Pluto (mythology)

text: that even below the earth, if there is indeed a reward for the worthy ones,<br>the first and foremost honors, nurse, shall be yours, next to Persephone and Pluto." Hesychius identifies Pluto with Eubouleus, but other ancient sources distinguish between these two underworld deities. In the Mysteries Eubouleus plays the role of a torchbearer, possibly a guide for the initiate's return. In the view of Lewis Richard Farnell, Eubouleus was originally a title referring to the "good counsel" the ruler of the underworld was able to give and which was sought at Pluto's dream oracles; by the 2nd century BC, however,

title: Pluto (mythology)

text: of Diana conceived the third with the equally mysterious Upis. This is the genealogy for Pluto that Boccaccio used in his "Genealogia Deorum Gentilium" and in his lectures explicating the "Divine Comedy" of Dante. In Book 3 of the Sibylline Oracles, dating mostly to the 2nd century AD, Rhea gives birth to Pluto as she passes by Dodona, "where the watery paths of the River Europus flowed, and the water ran into the sea, merged with the Peneius. This is also called the Stygian river." The Orphic theogonies are notoriously varied, and Orphic cosmology influenced the varying Gnostic theogonies of

title: Pluto (Marvel Comics)

text: realms, and he has made occasional use of potent mystical items such as the Gem of Tartarus, which encased the four original Defenders within an enchanted pillar, though the Gem itself was fragile and swiftly shattered. Pluto (Marvel Comics) Pluto is a fictional deity appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is based on the Greco-Roman god of the same name. Pluto first appeared in the pages of "Thor" #127 in 1966 where he was adapted by Stan Lee and drawn by Jack Kirby. Pluto is the Olympian god of the Underworld, death, and the dead,

title: Pluto (mythology)

long_answer: Plūtō ([ˈpluːtoː]; genitive Plūtōnis) is the Latinized form of the Greek Plouton. Pluto's Roman equivalent is Dis Pater, whose name is most often taken to mean "Rich Father" and is perhaps a direct translation of Plouton. Pluto was also identified with the obscure Roman Orcus, like Hades the name of both a god of the underworld and the underworld as a place. The borrowed Greek name Pluto is sometimes used for the ruler of the dead in Latin literature, leading some mythology handbooks to assert misleadingly that Pluto was the Roman counterpart of Hades. Pluto (Pluton in French and German, Plutone in Italian) becomes the most common name for the classical ruler of the underworld in subsequent Western literature and other art forms.


question: who is regarded as the founder of psychoanalysis

answers: Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud

answers: Sigmund Freud

title: Roberto Assagioli

text: in psychiatry at the psychiatric hospital Burghölzli in Zürich. This led to him opening the first psychoanalytic practice in Italy, known as Instituto di Psicosintesi. However, his work in psychoanalysis left him unsatisfied with the field of psychiatry; as a whole, as he felt that psychoanalysis was incomplete. Assagioli is famous for developing and founding the science of Psychosynthesis, a spiritual and holistic approach to psychology that had developed from psychoanalysis. He was largely inspired by Freud’s idea of the repressed mind and Jung’s theories of the collective unconscious. Trained in psychoanalysis but unsatisfied by what he regarded as its

title: Psychoanalytic theory

text: to balance two different ideas as to her diagnosis and treatment. Today, Breuer can be considered the grandfather of psychoanalysis. Anna O. was subject to both physical and psychological disturbances, such as not being able to drink out of fear. Breuer and Freud both found that hypnosis was a great help in discovering more about Anna O. and her treatment. The research and ideas behind the study on Anna O. were highly referenced in Freud's lectures on the origin and development of psychoanalysis. These observations led Freud to theorize that the problems faced by hysterical patients could be associated with

title: Scheina Grebelskaja

text: Scheina Grebelskaja Scheina Grebelskaja (1886-19?) was a Russian psychoanalyst who worked at the Burghölzli, the psychiatric hospital of the University of Zürich. She was one of the early pioneers in psychoanalytic theory. Her work was fundamental in supporting the Freudian theory about the existence of subconscious drives. Scheina (Jenny) Grebelskaja , born in a Russian-Jewish family, was born in Derazhnya in the province of Podolia as the daughter of Samuel Grebinsky. She came to Zurich at the end of 1906, where she first had to take an entrance exam in German, Latin and natural history, before she could enroll in

title: August Aichhorn

text: his medium of life.” August Aichhorn is considered to be one of the founders of psychoanalytic education. He is remembered for his work with juvenile delinquent and disadvantaged youth. He believed that imposed discipline and suppression which were practiced in traditional reformatories yielded few positive results. Aichhorn was known for his intuitive talents in dealing with the antisocial nature of troubled adolescents, and his unorthodox approach in handling their aggressive tendencies. Aichhorn was an advocate of the idea that there was a distinction between manifest and latent delinquency, and believed that arrested development in youth was a precursor to antisocial

title: Hyman Spotnitz

text: the school that came to be known as Modern Psychoanalysis: Evelyn Abrams, Leslie Rosenthal, Sidney and Shirley Love, and others. These early followers became the first teachers and supervisors. Not long thereafter they were followed by Avivah Sayres, Selwyn Brody, Phyllis W. Meadow, Evelyn Liegner, Leonard Liegner, Fanny Milstein, Lou Ormont, Benjamin Margolis, Ethel Clevans, Marie Coleman Nelson, Arnold Bernstein, Murray Sherman, Stanley Hayden, Gerald M. Fishbein, Harold Stern, Jacob Kesten, Jacob Kirman, William Kirman, Robert Marshall, Harold Davis, Charles and Deborah Greene Bershatsky, Adrienne Fischer and many others too numerous to mention. Spotnitz was also one of the first

title: Juliet Mitchell

text: attention with her pathbreaking article “Women: The Longest Revolution", in the "New Left Review" (1966), an original synthesis of Simone de Beauvoir, Frederich Engels, Viola Klein, Betty Friedan and other analysts of women's oppression. She is a fellow professor of Psychoanalysis at the Jesus College, Cambridge and founded the Centre for Gender Studies at Cambridge University. In 2010 she is appointed director of the Expanded Doctoral School in Psychoanalytic Studies at the Psychoanalysis Unit of University College London (UCL). She is a retired registrant of the British Psychoanalytic Council. Mitchell is best known for her book "Psychoanalysis and Feminism: Freud,

title: Alix Strachey

text: seen as a key event in the development of psychoanalysis. Freud asked the couple to translate some of his works into English, and this was to become their lives' work. Both became psychoanalysts themselves, and as well as Freud's works also translated works by a number of other European psychoanalysts including Karl Abraham, Melanie Klein and Otto Fenichel. Their translations remain the standard editions of Freud's works to this day. She lived at Marlow, Buckinghamshire, in the house "Lord's Wood" built by her mother (1899–1900). Alix Strachey Alix Strachey (4 June 1892 – 28 April 1973), née Sargant-Florence, was an

title: Karen Horney

text: Karen Horney Karen Horney (; ; 16 September 1885 – 4 December 1952) was a German psychoanalyst who practiced in the United States during her later career. Her theories questioned some traditional Freudian views. This was particularly true of her theories of sexuality and of the instinct orientation of psychoanalysis. She is credited with founding feminist psychology in response to Freud's theory of penis envy. She disagreed with Freud about inherent differences in the psychology of men and women, and she traced such differences to society and culture rather than biology. As such, she is often classified as neo-Freudian. Horney

title: History of psychology

text: dream interpretation to reveal putatively unconscious beliefs and desires that he argued were the underlying causes of his patients' "hysteria." He dubbed this approach psychoanalysis. Freudian psychoanalysis is particularly notable for the emphasis it places on the course of an individual's sexual development in pathogenesis. Psychoanalytic concepts have had a strong and lasting influence on Western culture, particularly on the arts. Although its scientific contribution is still a matter of debate, both Freudian and Jungian psychology revealed the existence of compartmentalized thinking, in which some behavior and thoughts are hidden from consciousness – yet operative as part of the complete

title: Theodor Reik

text: psychoanalysis in the US is accordingly important: that the training of non-medical analysts, such as psychologists and social workers, is now largely accepted, is significantly due to Reik's efforts. Reik is best known for psychoanalytic studies of psychotherapeutic listening, masochism, criminology, literature, and religion. Theodor Reik Theodor Reik (; 12 May 1888, Vienna – 31 December 1969, New York) was a psychoanalyst who trained as one of Freud's first students in Vienna, Austria, and was a pioneer of lay analysis in the United States. Reik received a Ph.D. degree in psychology from the University of Vienna in 1912. His dissertation,

title: Psychoanalytic theory

text: and including the school of object relations. The psychoanalytic approach has a variety of advantages and limitations that have spurred further research and expansion into the realm of personality development. Psychoanalytic theory is a major influence in Continental philosophy and in aesthetics in particular. Freud is considered a philosopher in some areas, and other philosophers, such as Jacques Lacan, Michel Foucault, and Jacques Derrida have written extensively on how psychoanalysis informs philosophical analysis. When analysing literary texts, the psychoanalytic theory could be utilized to decipher or interpret the concealed meaning within a text, or to better understand the author's intentions.

title: Gottfried Fischer

text: Gottfried Fischer Gottfried Fischer (13 September 1944 – 2 October 2013) was a German psychologist, psychotherapist and psychoanalyst. He is considered to be the founder of psychotraumatology in Germany and has been director of the Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychological Diagnostics at the University of Cologne from 1995 to 2009. Fischer studied psychology and philosophy. He received a doctor’s degree in psychology and qualified as a professor in medical psychology at the University of Freiburg with a thesis on qualitative psychology research with the title: ”Contradiction and change – a dialectic model of change in the psychoanalytical process. A

title: Sophie Morgenstern

text: 1924.Her innovations included the use of drawings in child psychotherapy. She committed suicide in June 1940 after the Nazis entered Paris. Sophie Morgenstern Sophie Morgenstern (1 April 1875 – 13 June 1940) was a French psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. She is known in France as a pioneer of child psychoanalysis and an influence on more famous figures such as Françoise Dolto. Originally of Polish Jewish origin, Morgenstern went to medical school in Zurich, where she studied at the Burghölzli clinic under Eugen Bleuler and Eugene Minkowski. She came to Paris in the 1920s where she was analysed by Eugénie Sokolnicka, one

title: Marjorie Brierley

text: in paving the way for their ultimate resolution. Marjorie Brierley Marjorie Flowers Brierley (24 March 1893 - 21 April 1984) was a pioneer of psychoanalysis in Britain, and helped chair the Controversial discussions of 1942 which shaped the subsequent history of the British Psycho-Analytical Society. Brierley went through a double training analysis of four years from 1927 onwards, becoming a training analyst herself in 1933. Significant among the eleven papers Brierley published between 1932 and 1947, were her contributions on female gender and early development, and on the nature of the affect. Her proposal of a "temporary armistice" in the

title: Psychoanalysis

text: Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques related to the study of the unconscious mind, which together form a method of treatment for mental-health disorders. The discipline was established in the early 1890s by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud and stemmed partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others.

title: Sophie Morgenstern

text: Sophie Morgenstern Sophie Morgenstern (1 April 1875 – 13 June 1940) was a French psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. She is known in France as a pioneer of child psychoanalysis and an influence on more famous figures such as Françoise Dolto. Originally of Polish Jewish origin, Morgenstern went to medical school in Zurich, where she studied at the Burghölzli clinic under Eugen Bleuler and Eugene Minkowski. She came to Paris in the 1920s where she was analysed by Eugénie Sokolnicka, one of the first Freudian psychoanalysts present in France. She worked at the Hôpital Vaugirard, under the direction of Georges Heuyer, from

title: Ronald Fairbairn

text: is depressed and denies this, her child is unable to connect completely to her. Therefore, the child identifies itself with this denied part of the parent, and becomes depressed too. Ronald Fairbairn William Ronald Dodds Fairbairn () FRSE (11 August 1889 – 31 December 1964) was a Scottish psychiatrist, psychoanalyst and a central figure in the development of the object relations theory of psychoanalysis. Ronald Fairbairn was born at the Red House, Cluny Gardens, in Edinburgh in 1889, the only child of Cecilia Leefe and Thomas Fairbairn, a chartered surveyor, and President of the Edinburgh Architectural Association. He was educated

title: Janine Chasseguet-Smirgel

text: Janine Chasseguet-Smirgel Janine Chasseguet-Smirgel (1928 – March 5, 2006) (whose surname is alternatively spelled Chasseguet-Smirguel, but generally not in English-language publications) was a leading French psychoanalyst, a training analyst, and past President of the Société psychanalytique de Paris in France. From 1983 to 1989, she was Vice President of the International Psychoanalytical Association. Chasseguet-Smirgel was Freud Professor at the University College, London, and Professor of Psychopathology at the Université Lille Nord de France. She is best known for her reworking of the Freudian theory of the ego ideal and its connection to primary narcissism, as well as for her extension

title: Edith Jacobson

text: Edith Jacobson Edith Jacobson (; September 10, 1897 – December 8, 1978) was a German psychoanalyst. Her major contributions to psychoanalytic thinking dealt with the development of the sense of identity and self-esteem and with an understanding of depression and psychosis. She was able to integrate the tripartite structural model of classic psychoanalysis with the theory of object relations into a revised drive theory. Thereby, she increased the treatment possibilities of the more disturbed pre-oedipal patients. Born into a Jewish family to a physician father and musician mother, Edith Jacobson was a physician and later she became also a psychoanalyst.

title: Sigmund Freud

text: Freud elaborated his theory of the unconscious and went on to develop a model of psychic structure comprising id, ego and super-ego. Freud postulated the existence of libido, a sexualised energy with which mental processes and structures are invested and which generates erotic attachments, and a death drive, the source of compulsive repetition, hate, aggression and neurotic guilt. In his later works, Freud developed a wide-ranging interpretation and critique of religion and culture. Though in overall decline as a diagnostic and clinical practice, psychoanalysis remains influential within psychology, psychiatry, and psychotherapy, and across the humanities. It thus continues to generate

title: Géza Róheim

text: humans, which allowed for the possibility of exploration and play. Géza Róheim Géza Róheim (; September 12, 1891 – June 7, 1953) was a Hungarian psychoanalyst and anthropologist. Considered by some as the most important anthropologist-psychoanalyst, he is often credited with founding the field of psychoanalytic anthropology; was the first psychoanalytically trained anthropologist to do field research; and later developed a general cultural theory. The only child of a prosperous Budapest family, Róheim studied Geography and Anthropology at the universities of Leipzig, Berlin and eventually Budapest, where he received his doctorate in 1914. In 1919 he became the first professor

title: George S. Klein

text: drives, energies and mechanisms. His critical reappraisal of psychoanalytic theory, some of which were published in a series of earlier articles, were posthumously edited and integrated into his book "Psychoanalytic Theory: An Exploration of Essentials". George S. Klein George Stuart Klein (July 15, 1917 – April 11, 1971) was an American psychologist and psychoanalyst who made significant contributions in the experimental areas of the "new-look perception", "cognitive controls", "subliminal perception", "REM-dream" studies as well as in the advancement of psychoanalytic "ego psychology". Klein was born on July 15, 1917 in Brooklyn, New York. He received a B. A. from City

title: J. A. Hadfield

text: J. A. Hadfield James Arthur Hadfield (1882–1967) was a pioneer of psychodynamic psychotherapy in Britain, who became an influential figure at the interwar Tavistock Clinic. He is perhaps best known as being the analyst of W. R. Bion, while Bion was analysing Samuel Beckett. Coming from an academic background, Hadfield was influenced in his psychological approach by both Carl Jung and William McDougall. Causally, Hadfield favoured lack of parental protection rather than the repression of sexual love as the source of childhood disturbances. His writings were repeatedly criticised by Ernest Jones for their lack of Freudianism; while his analytic technique

title: Wilfred Bion

text: a way that promotes the growth of the whole personality. 'Bion's ideas are highly unique', so that he 'remained larger than life to almost all who encountered him'. He has been considered by Neville Symington as possibly "the greatest psychoanalytic thinker...after Freud". Bion was born in Mathura, North-Western Provinces, India, and educated at Bishop's Stortford College in England. After the outbreak of the First World War, he served in the Tank Corps as a tank commander in France, and was awarded both the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) (on 18 February 1918, for his actions at the Battle of Cambrai), and

title: Valery Leibin

text: Russian nationalists now. Also O.E. Akimov, while calling Valery Leibin "a prominent figure in the psychoanalytic world”, "the greatest expert in the field of theory, practice and history of psychoanalysis”, "the leading psychotherapist”, accuses the latter in causing psychological trauma to his students. Valery Leibin Valery Moiseevich Leibin (born 8 March 1942 in the village of Khmelyovka in Zuevskiy district of Kirov region in Russia) is a Russian psychoanalyst, Ph.D., head of the department of history and theory of psychoanalysis in Institute of Psychoanalysis, Professor of , an honorary Doctor of East European Institute of Psychoanalysis, an honorary member of

title: Art history

text: Moses titled Der Moses des Michelangelo as one of the first psychology based analyses on a work of art. Freud first published this work shortly after reading Vasari's "Lives". For unknown purposes, Freud originally published the article anonymously. Carl Jung also applied psychoanalytic theory to art. C.G. Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist, an influential thinker, and founder of analytical psychology. Jung's approach to psychology emphasized understanding the psyche through exploring the worlds of dreams, art, mythology, world religion and philosophy. Much of his life's work was spent exploring Eastern and Western philosophy, alchemy, astrology, sociology, as well as literature and

title: Psychotherapy

text: as free association, dream interpretation, transference and analysis of the id, ego and superego. His popular reputation as father of psychotherapy was established by his use of the distinct term "psychoanalysis", tied to an overarching system of theories and methods, and by the effective work of his followers in rewriting history. Many theorists, including Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, Karen Horney, Anna Freud, Otto Rank, Erik Erikson, Melanie Klein and Heinz Kohut, built upon Freud's fundamental ideas and often developed their own systems of psychotherapy. These were all later categorized as "psychodynamic", meaning anything that involved the psyche's conscious/unconscious influence on

title: Ukrainian Association of Psychoanalysis

text: philosophical, applied and clinical psychoanalysis. One of the main, but not the only task of Association is to create periodicals on psychoanalysis as well as to organize educational and cultural events in the field of depth psychology and aimed at the development of personality. Ukrainian Association of Psychoanalysis was founded in 2000 with the purpose to revive psychoanalytic movement in our country. Its members participate in international research projects, conferences and symposiums. The Association organizes open local and international seminars, conferences, congresses, symposiums, presentations of psychoanalytic literature. Since 2004 Ukrainian Association of Psychoanalysis is a collective member of the European

title: Sabina Spielrein

text: sixty years later by the Jungian analyst Aldo Carotenuto, who published a selection of them. The archive remains in the possession of the heirs of Édouard Claparède, and although further selections have been published in a number of books and journals, it has never been fully examined or catalogued. Psychoanalysis in Russia already had a turbulent history but its influence was strongest between 1921 and 1923. On her arrival in Moscow, she found herself the most experienced psychoanalyst there, as well as one of the most closely connected with analysts and psychologists in the west. She was appointed to a

title: Jessica Benjamin

text: decades. She is one of the founders of relational psychoanalysis, and is one of the first to introduce feminism and gender studies into psychoanalytic thought. Her early studies included social structure and feminism, but more recently she is known for her effort to explain the classical aspects of psychoanalysis using object relations, relational psychoanalysis, and feminist thought. She has made significant contributions to the concept of intersubjectivity in psychoanalysis. In 2015 Jessica Benjamin received the Hans-Kilian-Award for her achievements in the fields of psychoanalysis, feminist psychology and the theory of intersubjective recognition. She is a Fellow of the New York

title: Psychoanalysis

short_answers:
Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud


question: name of volcano that erupted in iceland in 2010

answers: Eyjafjallajökull

title: Tindfjallajökull

text: Tindfjallajökull Tindfjallajökull is a stratovolcano in the south of Iceland. It has erupted rocks of basaltic to rhyolitic composition, and a 5-km-wide caldera was formed during the eruption of the 54,000-year-old Thórsmörk Ignimbrite. It is capped by a glacier of 19 km². Its highest peak is Ýmir (1462m), which takes its name from the giant Ýmir of Norse mythology. The most recent eruption was at an unknown time in the Holocene. The name means "Tindfjöll glacier". Tindfjöll ("peak mountains") is a ridge that extends to the south of the glacier. The rivers that flow from the glacier are Hvítmaga to

title: Eldfell

text: the lava fountains had built a cinder cone over 100 metres (330 ft) high. The name initially given to the new volcano was Kirkjufell ("Church Mountain"), owing to its proximity to Kirkjubær. This name was not adopted by the official Icelandic place-naming committee, who chose Eldfell ("Fire Mountain") instead, despite local opposition. The fountains’ Strombolian eruptions continued until 19 February, depositing thick tephra over the northern half of the island and adding to the cone until it was 200 metres (660 ft) high. The eruption column that caused the air fall “occasionally rose to 9,000 metres (30,000 ft), or nearly

title: Bláhnjúkur

text: Bláhnjúkur Bláhnjúkur is a volcano in the south of Iceland. Its height is 940 m. Its name translates to "blue peak" in English. This comes from the blue-black colour of its sides. The colour is due to volcanic ash and lava flows. The mountain is situated in Landmannalaugar, a natural park near Hekla. It lies next to the volcano Brennisteinsalda. A hiking trail leads up to the top of the mountain from which, in good conditions, five glaciers are visible. The best way to get to the peak is on road number F 208. The hike is considered easy and

title: Torfajökull

text: Torfajökull Torfajökull (Icelandic for "Torfi's glacier") is a rhyolitic stratovolcano and complex of subglacial volcanoes, located north of Mýrdalsjökull and south of Þórisvatn Lake, Iceland. Torfajökull last erupted in 1477 and consists of the largest area of silicic extrusive rocks in Iceland. The volcano's eruption around 870 has left a thin layer of tephra all over Iceland. This layer makes possible to determine the exact dates of many archeological finds, like in the Reykjavík 871±2 museum. According to legend, the glacier is named for Torfi Jónsson í Klofa, an Icelandic historical figure. When the plague arrived in Iceland in 1493,

title: Brennisteinsalda

text: Brennisteinsalda The Brennisteinsalda is a volcano in the south of Iceland. Its height is about 855 m. It is situated near Landmannalaugar and not far from Hekla. The name means in English: "sulphur wave". It comes from the sulphur spots which have coloured its sides. But there are other colours, too: green from mosses, black and blue from lava and ashes, red from iron in the earth. It could very well be the most colourful mountain of Iceland and so its picture is often found in books and calendars. The mountain is still visibly an active volcano with hot sulphur

title: Eldfell

text: Eldfell Eldfell is a volcanic cone just over high on the Icelandic island of Heimaey. It formed in a volcanic eruption, which began without warning on the eastern side of Heimaey, in the Westman Islands, on 23 January 1973. The name means "Hill of Fire" in Icelandic. The eruption caused a major crisis for the island and nearly led to its permanent evacuation. Volcanic ash fell over most of the island, destroying around 400 homes, and a lava flow threatened to close off the harbour, the island's main income source via its fishing fleet. An operation was mounted to cool

title: Brennisteinsalda

text: springs and vapour at its sides. The hiking trail "Laugavegur" passes by. In front of it there is an obsidian lava field. Brennisteinsalda The Brennisteinsalda is a volcano in the south of Iceland. Its height is about 855 m. It is situated near Landmannalaugar and not far from Hekla. The name means in English: "sulphur wave". It comes from the sulphur spots which have coloured its sides. But there are other colours, too: green from mosses, black and blue from lava and ashes, red from iron in the earth. It could very well be the most colourful mountain of Iceland

title: Öræfajökull

text: Park. Öræfajökull has erupted twice in historical times, in 1362 and 1728. In 1362, the volcano erupted explosively, with huge amounts of tephra being ejected. The district of Litla-Hérað was destroyed by floods and tephra fall. Sailors reported pumice “in such masses that ships could hardly make their way through it”. Thick volcanic deposits obliterated farmland and ash travelled as far as western Europe. More than 40 years passed before people again settled the area, which became known as Öræfi. The name literally means "an area without harbour", but it took on a meaning of "wasteland" in Icelandic. An eruption

title: Torfajökull

text: Torfi fled with his family and his belongings into the highlands and settled in a valley surrounded by the glacier. According to another legend, the glacier is named for Torfi, a farm worker at a nearby farm. Torfi eloped with the farmer's daughter and fled to the glacier. Torfajökull Torfajökull (Icelandic for "Torfi's glacier") is a rhyolitic stratovolcano and complex of subglacial volcanoes, located north of Mýrdalsjökull and south of Þórisvatn Lake, Iceland. Torfajökull last erupted in 1477 and consists of the largest area of silicic extrusive rocks in Iceland. The volcano's eruption around 870 has left a thin layer

title: Ljósufjöll

text: Magnús Einarsson. The name derives from the central volcano and translates into English as "Mountains of the Light". The system is the largest Quaternary rhyolitic outcrop in the Snæfellsnes volcanic zone and as such the central volcano is highly silicic which causes the light coloration. Ljósufjöll Ljósufjöll is a fissure vent system and central volcano on the Snæfellsnes Peninsula in Iceland. The system has a length of about 90 km reaching from the lavafields Berserkjahraun on the northside of Snæfellsnes to the village Bifröst and the nearby "Grábrók craters" next to the no. 1 highway (hringvegur) north of Borgarnes. The

title: Volcanology of Iceland

text: concern with this eruption was the large plumes of sulphur dioxide (SO2) in the atmosphere which adversely affected breathing conditions across Iceland, depending on wind direction. The volcanic cloud was also transported toward Western Europe in September 2014. The smooth flowing basaltic lava pāhoehoe is in Iceland called "helluhraun". It forms rather flat surfaces that are quite easy to pass. On the other hand, there is less flowing lava, ʻaʻā, on Iceland called "apalhraun". The loose, broken, sharp, spiny surface of an ʻaʻā flow makes hiking difficult and slow. Volcanology of Iceland The volcanoes of Iceland include a high concentration

title: Eldfell

text: volcano will be covered by grass, as neighbouring Helgafell is. Eldfell is one of the best known volcanic eruptions in the world. Eldfell Eldfell is a volcanic cone just over high on the Icelandic island of Heimaey. It formed in a volcanic eruption, which began without warning on the eastern side of Heimaey, in the Westman Islands, on 23 January 1973. The name means "Hill of Fire" in Icelandic. The eruption caused a major crisis for the island and nearly led to its permanent evacuation. Volcanic ash fell over most of the island, destroying around 400 homes, and a lava

title: Öræfajökull

text: Öræfajökull Öræfajökull, () is an ice-covered volcano in south-east Iceland. The largest active volcano and the highest peak in Iceland at , it lies within the Vatnajökull National Park and is covered by the glacier. Öræfajökull is located at the southern extremity of the Vatnajökull glacier and overlooking the Ring Road between Höfn and Vík. It is the largest active volcano in the country, and on the summit crater's north-western rim is Hvannadalshnúkur, the highest peak in Iceland at . Geographically, Öræfajökull is considered part of Vatnajökull, and the area covered by glacier is within the boundary of Vatnajökull National

title: Grímsvötn

text: At the same time, sudden inflation was measured by GPS in the volcano, indicating magma movement under the mountain. On 1 November 2010 meltwater from the Vatnajökull glacier was flowing into the lake, suggesting that an eruption of the underlying volcano. On 21 May 2011 at 19:25 UTC, an eruption began, with high plumes accompanied by multiple earthquakes. The ash cloud from the eruption rose to , and is so far 10 times larger than the 2004 eruption, and the strongest in Grímsvötn in the last 100 years. Disruption to air travel in Iceland commenced on 22 May, followed by

title: Eyjafjallajökull

text: Eyjafjallajökull (Icelandic pronunciation [ˈeɪjaˌfjatlaˌjœːkʏtl̥] ( listen)), (English pronunciation: ei-ya-fyat-LA-yer-kitle), English Island Mountain Glacier, is one of the smaller ice caps of Iceland, north of Skógar and west of Mýrdalsjökull.  The ice cap covers the caldera of a volcano with a summit elevation of 1,651 metres (5,417 ft). The volcano has erupted relatively frequently since the last glacial period, most recently in 2010.

title: Thrihnukagigur

text: Thrihnukagigur Þríhnúkagígur (, anglicized as Thrihnukagigur, literally translated as "Three Peaks Crater") is a dormant volcano near Reykjavík, Iceland. Covering a area and a depth of , it has not erupted in the past 4000 years. It was discovered in 1974 by cave explorer Árni B Stefánsson, and opened for tourism in 2012. It is the only volcano in the world where visitors can take an elevator and safely descend into the magma chamber. The magma that would normally fill the chamber and become sealed is believed to have drained away, to the bewilderment of most scientists, revealing the rift

title: Bláhnjúkur

text: takes 1-2 hours round-trip. Bláhnjúkur Bláhnjúkur is a volcano in the south of Iceland. Its height is 940 m. Its name translates to "blue peak" in English. This comes from the blue-black colour of its sides. The colour is due to volcanic ash and lava flows. The mountain is situated in Landmannalaugar, a natural park near Hekla. It lies next to the volcano Brennisteinsalda. A hiking trail leads up to the top of the mountain from which, in good conditions, five glaciers are visible. The best way to get to the peak is on road number F 208. The hike

title: Hengill

text: Hengill Hengill (Icelandic, pronounced ) volcano is situated in the southwest of Iceland, to the south of Þingvellir. The volcano covers an area of about 100 km². The volcano is still active, evidenced by its numerous hot springs and fumaroles, but the last eruption occurred approximately 2,000 years ago. The volcano is an important source of energy for the south of the country, which is captured at the Nesjavellir power station (near the western shore of the lake Þingvallavatn) and the Hellisheiði power station (approximately 11 km southwest of Nesjavellir). Both stations are operated by Orkuveita Reykjavíkur (Reykjavik Energy). The

title: Hverfjall

text: Hverfjall Hverfjall (also known as Hverfell) is a tephra cone or tuff ring volcano in northern Iceland, to the east of Mývatn. It erupted in 2500 BP in the southern part of the Krafla fissure swarm. The crater is approximately 1 km in diameter. Tephra has been carried from Hverfjall all over the Lake Myvatn area. A landslide apparently occurred in the south part of the crater during the eruption, which accounts for the disruption to the round shape of the mountain. During the Age of Settlement, lava flowed from Svortuborgir, at the southern end of Namafjall, around Hverfjall, which

title: Grímsvötn

text: every 2–7 years. Parallel volcanic activity in nearby Bárðarbunga is known to be associated with increased activity in Grímsvötn. Seismic activity has been increasing in the area in recent years, indicating the entry of magma. Grímsvötn Grímsvötn (; "vötn" = "waters", singular: ) is a volcano in southeast Iceland. It is in the highlands of Iceland at the northwestern side of the Vatnajökull ice-cap. The caldera is at , at an elevation of . Beneath the caldera is the magma chamber of the Grímsvötn volcano. Grímsvötn is a basaltic volcano which has the highest eruption frequency of all the volcanoes

title: Krafla

text: Krafla Krafla is a caldera of about 10 km in diameter with a 90 km long fissure zone, in the north of Iceland in the Mývatn region. Its highest peak reaches up to 818 m and it is 2 km in depth. There have been 29 reported eruptions in recorded history. Krafla includes the crater Víti, one of two well-known craters by this name in Iceland (the other is in Askja). The Icelandic word "víti" means "hell". In former times, people often believed hell to be under volcanoes. Víti has a green lake inside of it. South of the Krafla

title: Þórisjökull

text: Þórisjökull Þórisjökull or Thórisjökull (Icelandic for "Thóris's glacier") is a small glacier and volcano in western-central Iceland, to the southwest of Langjökull glacier. It has an elevation of . Kaldidalur lies in the foreground. þórisjökull is situated between Langjökull glacier and the shield volcano Ok to its east. The "Cold valley" (translation of Kaldidalur) is lying between them with its famous highland road of the same name. The glacier volcano Þórisjökull is a tuya from the Ice Age (in Iceland from 100,000 years ago til about 10,000 years ago). Its mountain part consists mainly of hyaloclastites. The glacier was part

title: Prestahnúkur

text: Prestahnúkur The volcano Prestahnúkur is in the west of the Highlands of Iceland to the west of Langjökull glacier, or to be more specific, to the west of Geitlandsjökull glacier, a part of the Langjökull. The central volcano Prestahnúkur consists of rhyolite and has a small magma chamber. At its feet is a high temperature area which shows that the volcano is active. In 2009 some geologists of the Icelandic Meteorologic Institute researched the material about earthquake events in the area. This shows that volcanic fissures lie in direction southwest-northeast and reach among others under the glaciers Þórisjökull and Geitlandsjökull-Langjökull.

title: Brennisteinsfjöll

text: Brennisteinsfjöll Brennisteinsfjöll ("Brimstone mountain") is a minor ridge with crater rows and small shield volcanoes in the Reykjanes peninsula in Iceland, about 20 km or 10 miles south of the capital Reykjavík. There was a lava flow south from Brennisteinsfjöll to the coast at Herdísarvík bay. Previously it was thought that this lava flow ceased before the settlement of Iceland, but this is now not thought to be the case as the coast road (now Route 42) was covered in lava at one stage. As the name suggests, sulphur is found here. Brennisteinsfjöll is geothermal. The last eruption was a

title: Eldgjá

text: Eldgjá Eldgjá (, "fire canyon") is a volcano and a canyon in Iceland. Eldgjá and the Katla volcano are part of the same volcanic system in the south of the country. Situated between Landmannalaugar and Kirkjubæjarklaustur, Eldgjá is the largest volcanic canyon in the world, approx. 40 km long, 270 m deep and 600 m wide at its greatest. It was discovered by Þorvaldur Thoroddsen in 1893. The first documented eruption in 939 was the largest flood basalt in historic time. The areal extent of the lava is around 800 km. An estimated 18 km of magma poured out of

title: Eyjafjallajökull

text: Middle English word "ikel" surviving in the "-icle" of English "icicle". "Eyjafjöll" is the name given to the southern side of the volcanic massif together with the small mountains which form the foot of the volcano. The name "Eyjafjöll" is made up of the words "eyja" (genitive plural of "ey", meaning "eyot" or "island"), and the plural word "fjöll", meaning "fells" or "mountains", and together literally means: "the mountains of the islands". The name probably refers to the close-by archipelago of Vestmannaeyjar. The word "fjalla" is the genitive plural of "fjöll", and so "Eyjafjalla" is the genitive form of "Eyjafjöll"

title: Skjaldbreiður

text: rifts inside the Þingvellir National Park, the best known of which are Silfra, Almannagjá, Hrafnagjá and Flosagjá. Skjaldbreiður Skjaldbreiður, meaning the "broad shield" in Icelandic, is an Icelandic lava shield formed in one huge and protracted eruption roughly 9,000 years ago. The extensive lava fields which were produced by this eruption, flowed southwards, and formed the basin of Þingvallavatn, Iceland's largest lake, and Þingvellir, the "Parliament Plains" where the Icelandic national assembly, the Alþing was founded in 930. The volcano summit is at 1,060 metres, and its crater measures roughly 300 metres in diameter. Straddling the Mid-Atlantic ridge, the lava

title: Hofsjökull

text: glacier (area about 4 km²), which is also called Hofsjökull. In 2015, Hofsjökull increased in mass, the first time in 20 years this had happened. Hofsjökull Hofsjökull (Icelandic: “temple glacier”) is the third largest glacier in Iceland after Vatnajökull and Langjökull and the largest active volcano in the country. It is situated in the west of the Highlands of Iceland and north of the mountain range Kerlingarfjöll, between the two largest glaciers of Iceland. It covers an area of 925 km, reaching at its summit. The subglacial volcano is a shield type with caldera. Hofsjökull is the source of several

title: Dimmuborgir

text: Borgir is named after the Dimmuborgir region. Dimmuborgir Dimmuborgir ("dimmu" "dark", "borgir" "cities" or "forts", "castles"); pronounced ) is a large area of unusually shaped lava fields east of Mývatn in Iceland. The Dimmuborgir area is composed of various volcanic caves and rock formations, reminiscent of an ancient collapsed citadel (hence the name). The dramatic structures are one of Iceland's most popular natural tourist attractions. The Dimmuborgir area consists of a massive, collapsed lava tube formed by a lava lake flowing in from a large eruption in the Þrengslaborgir and Lúdentsborgir crater row to the East, about 2300 years ago.

title: 2011 eruption of Grímsvötn

text: 2011 eruption of Grímsvötn The 2011 eruption of Grímsvötn was an eruption in Grímsvötn, Iceland's most active volcano, which caused disruption to air travel in Northwestern Europe from 22–25 May 2011. The last eruption of Grímsvötn was in 2004, with the previous most powerful eruptions in 1783, 1873 and 1902. The Grímsvötn eruption was the largest eruption in Iceland for 50 years. The eruption is estimated to have started under the glacier at around 17:30 UTC on 21 May 2011 when an intense spike in tremor activity was detected. At around 19:00 UTC, the eruption broke the ice cover of

title: Eyjafjallajökull