question: where does blonde hair green eyes come from

answers: a low concentration in pigmentation

title: Blond

text: ice or snow on the ground, and this reflects the solar radiation onto the skin, making this environment lack the conditions for the person to have blond, brown or red hair, light skin and blue, grey or green eyes. An alternative hypothesis was presented by Canadian anthropologist Peter Frost, who claims blond hair evolved very quickly in a specific area at the end of the last ice age by means of sexual selection. According to Frost, the appearance of blond hair and blue eyes in some northern European women made them stand out from their rivals, and more sexually appealing

title: Eye color

text: low or moderate concentration of melanin) with: 2) a blue shade created by the Rayleigh scattering of reflected light. Green eyes contain the yellowish pigment lipochrome. Green eyes probably result from the interaction of multiple variants within the "OCA2" and other genes. They were present in south Siberia during the Bronze Age. They are most common in Northern, Western and Central Europe. In Ireland and Scotland 14% of people have brown eyes and 86% have either blue or green eyes, In Iceland, 89% of women and 87% of men have either blue or green eye color. A study of Icelandic

title: Sex differences in human physiology

text: hair, whereas males were more likely to have black or dark brown hair. Another study found green eyes, which are a result of lower melanin levels, to be much more common in women than in men, at least by a factor of two. However, one more recent study found that while women indeed tend to have a lower frequency of black hair, men on the other hand had a higher frequency of platinum blond hair, blue eyes and lighter skin. According to this one theory the cause for this is a higher frequency of genetic recombination in women than in

title: Green

text: green pigment in green eyes; like the color of blue eyes, it is an optical illusion; its appearance is caused by the combination of an amber or light brown pigmentation of the stroma, given by a low or moderate concentration of melanin, with the blue tone imparted by the Rayleigh scattering of the reflected light. Green eyes are most common in Northern and Central Europe. They can also be found in Southern Europe, West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia. In Iceland, 89% of women and 87% of men have either blue or green eye color. A study of Icelandic

title: Eye color

text: and Dutch adults found green eyes to be much more prevalent in women than in men. Among European Americans, green eyes are most common among those of recent Celtic and Germanic ancestry, about 16%. 37.2% of Italians from Verona and 56% of Slovenes have blue/green eyes. Green eyes are common in Tabby cats as well as the Chinchilla Longhair and its shorthaired equivalents are notable for their black-rimmed sea-green eyes. Hazel eyes are due to a combination of Rayleigh scattering and a moderate amount of melanin in the iris' anterior border layer. Hazel eyes often appear to shift in color

title: Leggy

text: sweet and pretty, and likes to sing diverse songs. Jill has long blonde hair almost to her knees with bangs, as well as blue eyes and pink lipstick. In the Leggy brochure it states that her nickname is the new blonde. She was American born in Denver, living in Santa Monica California. She is a student, with the distinguishing features of long blonde hair, long legs and big eyes. She loves horses, sleeping late and cooking. Nan has brown curly hair in an up do ponytail, with brown and violet eyes and red lipstick. In the Leggy brochure it states

title: Eva Green

text: described herself as "a secular Jew who never attended synagogue as a girl" and feels "like a citizen of the world". She has described her family as "bourgeois" and has said that her sister is very different from her. Green is naturally dark blonde; she has dyed her hair black since she was 15 years old. She is the niece of actress Marika Green and the maternal first cousin of singer Elsa Lunghini and actress Joséphine Jobert. The surname "Green" ]; is Swedish. It does not originate from the English word "green", which is "grön" in Swedish. "Green" is derived

title: The Green-Eyed Blonde

text: The Green-Eyed Blonde The Green-Eyed Blonde is a 1957 American drama film directed by Bernard Girard and written by Dalton Trumbo, a blacklisted Hollywood screenwriter; the script was credited to his front, Sally Stubblefield. The film stars Susan Oliver, Melinda Plowman, Beverly Long, Norma Jean Nilsson, Tommie Moore and Carla Merey. The film was released by Warner Bros. on December 14, 1957. Maggie Wilson joins the staff of a California institution for wayward girls, run by the stern Mrs. Nichols. A new arrival, Betsy Abel, hates her mother and has a two-month-old baby of her own, refusing to identify the

title: Carleton S. Coon

text: basin from a Near Eastern origin. While often characterized by dark brown hair, dark eyes and robust features, he stressed that Mediterraneans skin is, as a rule, some shade of white from pink to light brown, hair is usually black or dark brown but his whiskers may reveal a few strands of red of even blond, and blond hair is an exception but can be found, and a wide range of eye color can be found. Coon first modified Franz Weidenreich's polycentric (or multiregional) theory of the origin of races. The Weidenreich Theory states that human races have evolved independently

title: My Scene

text: maroon-streaked platinum blonde hair, green eyes, pale skin and a beauty mark on her cheek. In 2007, she was produced with dark brown hair with blonde streaks and green-blue eyes. She is from California and is a skater and surfer. She is Chelsea 's cousin. According to the My Scene website, she enjoys the beach. Ellis is her boyfriend. Her birthday is May 10 and her astrological sign is Taurus. Her look is edgy, funky, and colorful. She was named after Delancey Street in New York City. Her pet is named Sugar. Delancey is voiced by Meghan Black. Kenzie has

title: Blond

text: culture, blonde women are often negatively stereotyped as sexually attractive, but unintelligent. The word "blond" is first documented in English in 1481 and derives from Old French "blund, blont", meaning "a colour midway between golden and light chestnut". It gradually eclipsed the native term "fair", of same meaning, from Old English "fæġer", causing "fair" later to become a general term for "light complexioned". This earlier use of "fair" survives in the proper name Fairfax, from Old English "fæġer-feahs" meaning "blond hair". The word "blond" has two possible origins. Some linguists say it comes from Medieval Latin "blundus", meaning "yellow", from

title: Girl with Green Eyes

text: with Baba, where she gets over her heartbreak and meets "different people, different men". In "The New York Times", Bosley Crowther wrote, ""Girl With Green Eyes" is another of those remarkably fresh and natural films that have come from the Woodfall organisation, which is sparked by protean Tony Richardson and which has given us such a dazzling range of pictures as "A Taste of Honey", "Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner" and "Tom Jones". While it is not as ambitious or extensive as any of those, it is a wonderfully tender, touching and humorous little drama of a lonely Irish

title: My Scene

text: red hair, light freckled skin, and green eyes and is from Atlanta, Georgia. Kenzie has appeared four times since she was introduced in 2004. She and "Nolee" were very close and, according to the official website, Kenzie works in a shopping mall and also creates scents. Her birthday is June 25 and her astrological sign is Cancer. She likes to make people laugh, and her style is characterized as "cute." Her pet is Coco, and was a repaint of Barbie's dog, Yorkie. Kenzie is voiced by Ashleigh Ball. Kennedy has golden-blonde hair, light (then tanned) skin and gray-blue eyes. She

title: Blonde stereotype

text: been conducted over the years to measure society's attitude toward blondes and brunettes. Many of the studies have shown that men, especially those of European descent, find blonde women more attractive than brunettes, redheads, or women of other races who had darker hair, eyes, or complexion. A Cornell University study showed that blonde waitresses receive larger tips than brunettes, even when controlling for other variables such as age, breast size, height and weight. In a 2012 interview with NBC News, Dr. Lisa Walker, Sociology Department Chair at the University of North Carolina said that hair color "absolutely" plays a role

title: Blond

title: White Latin Americans

text: a subsequent DNA tests showed that the average self identifying white was genetically 54% European. Genotype and phenotype in Chileans vary according to social class. 13% of lower-class Chileans have at least one non-Hispanic European surname, compared to 72% of those who belong to the upper-middle-class. Phenotypically, only 9.6% of lower-class girls have light-colored eyes—either green or blue—where 31.6% of upper-middle class girls have such eyes. Blonde hair is present in 2.2% and 21.3%, of lower-class and upper-middle girls respectively, whilst black hair is more common among lower-class girls (24.5%) than upper-middle class ones (9.0%). Chile was usually an unattractive

title: The Green-Eyed Blonde

text: the girls start a full-scale riot. Greeneyes is given a six-month extension to her sentence, against Maggie's recommendation. Greeneyes escapes, but when she and Ed are chased by police, they are killed. The Green-Eyed Blonde The Green-Eyed Blonde is a 1957 American drama film directed by Bernard Girard and written by Dalton Trumbo, a blacklisted Hollywood screenwriter; the script was credited to his front, Sally Stubblefield. The film stars Susan Oliver, Melinda Plowman, Beverly Long, Norma Jean Nilsson, Tommie Moore and Carla Merey. The film was released by Warner Bros. on December 14, 1957. Maggie Wilson joins the staff of

title: Blond Eskimos

text: to explain the high amount of blondeness in Copper Inuit inhabiting southwestern Victoria Island. In 2003, two Icelandic scientists, the geneticists and anthropologists Agnar Helgason and Gísli Pálsson announced the results of their research comparing DNA from 100 Cambridge Bay Inuit with DNA from Icelanders, and concluded that there was no match. In 2008, in an article in "Current Anthropology," Palsson concludes that recent work "refutes Stefansson's speculations on the Copper Inuit". Blond Eskimos Blonde Eskimos or Blond Eskimos is a term first applied to sightings and encounters of light haired Inuit (then known as Eskimo) peoples of Northern Canada

title: Blond

text: hair is very frequent. The hair color gene MC1R has at least seven variants in Europe, giving the continent a wide range of hair and eye shades. Based on a genetic research carried out at three Japanese universities, the date of the genetic mutation that resulted in blond hair in Europe has been isolated to about 11,000 years ago during the last ice age. A typical explanation found in the scientific literature for the evolution of light hair is related to the evolution of light skin, and in turn the requirement for vitamin D synthesis and northern Europe's seasonal less

title: Blond

text: to 7,700 years ago, as the earliest known individuals in whom the modern Scandinavian phenotype, combining light skin, blue eyes and blond hair, was combined. These individuals had light skin gene alleles in SLC24A5 and SLC45A2, and HERC2/OCA2 alleles associated with blue eyes (also contributes to lighter skin and blond hair). Light pigmentation traits had thus already existed in pre-Indo-European Europeans, since at least the later Mesolithic. Later individuals with Yamnaya ancestry, by contrast, were predominantly dark-eyed (brown), dark-haired and had a skin colour that was moderately light, though somewhat darker than that of the average modern European. It is

title: Portuguese people

text: features can be questioned, nevertheless, it is possible to draw the general anthropometrical features of the majority of the Portuguese population. Dark to medium brown hair and brown and hazel eyes are predominant. However, light brown and blond hair and blue and green eyes are also found frequently. Chestnut and auburn-colored hair types occur generally. Legitimate black hair—not espresso brown—can be found, but it is not very common. Light, true red hair (meaning red shades that are non-auburn) is seen on occasion. Pigmentation field studies by Tamagnini (1916, 1936), Correa (1919) and others recorded national average fair hair ("blondism") frequencies

title: Brown

text: on non-Europeans. A small amount of black eumelanin, in the absence of other pigments, results in grey hair. A small amount of brown eumelanin in the absence of other pigments results in blond hair. In Western popular culture, a common stereotype is that brunettes are stable, serious, smart and sophisticated. A British study into hair color and the intensity of attraction found that 62 percent of the men participating in the study associated brown-haired women with stability and competence. Brunettes were described as independent and self-sufficient by 67 percent of the men, and as intelligent by 81 percent. A majority

title: My Scene

text: their "My Scene Goes Hollywood" line. Bryant has green eyes and strawberry blonde hair. He was introduced in season two along with Hudson, and made his final appearance in season three. According to the official website, he is an Aquarius born on February 6, snacks on wasabi green peas, loves video cameras, likes to skateboard and would never watch a buddy cop movie. He is probably happiest when he's behind a camera, as he love documenting every moment. He was marketed as Nolee's boyfriend. It is rumored he was created to look like "American Idol" runner-up Justin Guarini. Recently, a

title: Sarará

text: but is only present in significant numbers in Western Eurasian populations and their descendants) are recessive, so that a person with full Amerindian or sub-Saharan African ancestry, or a mixing between the two, is by far very unlikely to have red-haired or blond-haired offspring, no matter how fair the complexion of her or his Caucasian or multiracial sexual partner or spouse. The genes responsible for brown hair are also extremely rare among Indigenous peoples of the Americas and Black Africans, but not as uncommon. The most common hair colour in Brazil is brown. Natural blond and red hair are especially

title: Indo-Iranians

text: U2e, U5a1, Z, T1, T4, H, and K2b. 90% of the Bronze Age period mtDNA haplogroups were of west Eurasian origin and the study of three key genes known to be involved in human pigmentation pathways —HERC2, SLC45A2, and TYR— provide direct evidence of strong selection favoring blue (or green)-eyes, fair-skin and light-hair. This also correlates with first hand accounts written by ancient historians, including Pliny the Elder who characterizes the Iranic tribe Seres as red-haired and blue-eyed; and Ammianus Marcellinus who wrote that the Alans, another Iranic tribe, were tall, blond and light-eyed. . A 2004 study also established

title: Rainbow Valley

text: with red hair and gray-green eyes. She is special chums with Walter, who tells her his secrets and lets her read his poetry. Di is like her father, with similar qualities and personality, having his practical bent and common sense, as well as his twinkling sense of humor. Diana, like her mother before her, regrets her hair color and wishes her hair was like Nan's. She is very chummy and likes to have a named best friend, which causes several unfortunate events, but she is also quite loyal to her brothers and sisters. Her nickname is pronounced "Die", not "Dee".

title: Brian Breaghach Mág Samhradháin

text: it. Poems 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 by Giolla Pádraig mac Naimhin, written c.1290–1298, in the Book of Magauran describe what Brian looked like then. He had blonde curly hair with blue-grey eyes, dark eyebrows and ruddy cheeks. His skin was fair. He wore a diadem on his head, a red cloak and coloured shoes. He played chess. He was fond of poetry and kept a poet's school house at the foot of Cuilcagh mountain. His wife Fionnghuala O'Connor had long blond hair which she wore in plaits. She had a ruddy face with green-blue eyes, dark eyebrows and

title: Blond

text: of a person, esp. a woman... being foolish or scatter-brained." Another hair color word of French origin, "brunet(te)" (from the same Germanic root that gave "brown"), functions in the same way in orthodox English. The "OED" gives "brunet" as meaning "dark-complexioned" or a "dark-complexioned person", citing a comparative usage of "brunet" and "blond" to Thomas Henry Huxley in saying, "The present contrast of blonds and brunets existed among them." "Brunette" can be used, however, like "blonde", to describe a mixed-gender populace. The "OED" quotes Grant Allen, "The nation which resulted... being sometimes blonde, sometimes brunette." "Blond" and "blonde" are also

title: Sakura Kinomoto

text: towards the feelings of others. Sakura is so innocent and naive that she fails to recognize Syaoran's feelings for her and unintentionally gets into trouble. Despite this, she retains a determined spirit and attachments to those she cares for. Sakura has short, honey brown hair, fair skin, and emerald green eyes. In certain manga sketches and official artwork, this sometimes changes. In addition to her anime hair and eyes, her hair is sometimes colored auburn, her eyes are sometimes colored grey or blue, and her skin is sometimes olive skin. As a child, she is naturally short in height, but

title: Brown hair

text: Lisa", is brunette. In the French folk song "Au Clair de la Lune", the likable Lubin visits his brunette neighbor at Pierrot's suggestion. In the Irish song "The Star of the County Down" the narrator falls in love with a woman with "nut-brown" hair, called Rose McCann. The Doctor, the eponymous character of timelord "Doctor Who" who is able to regenerate its body, has had brown hair in seven of its incarnations, including the first three Doctors that have appeared in the revived series. In popular culture, brunettes may be portrayed as being in a rivalry or competition with blonde

title: Blond

long_answer: A typical explanation found in the scientific literature for the evolution of light hair is related to the evolution of light skin, and in turn the requirement for vitamin D synthesis and northern Europe's seasonal less solar radiation. Lighter skin is due to a low concentration in pigmentation, thus allowing more sunlight to trigger the production of vitamin D. In this way, high frequencies of light hair in northern latitudes are a result of the light skin adaptation to lower levels of solar radiation, which reduces the prevalence of rickets caused by vitamin D deficiency. The darker pigmentation at higher latitudes in certain ethnic groups such as the Inuit is explained by a greater proportion of seafood in their diet and by the climate which they live in, because in the polar climate there is more ice or snow on the ground, and this reflects the solar radiation onto the skin, making this environment lack the conditions for the person to have blond, brown or red hair, light skin and blue, grey or green eyes.


question: coldplay song i will try to fix you

answers: "Fix You"

title: Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall

text: Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall "Every Teardrop is a Waterfall" is a song by British rock band Coldplay. The song is the lead single from Coldplay's fifth studio album, "Mylo Xyloto", it was released on 3 June 2011, as a digital download except in the United Kingdom where it was released 2 days later. The song was nominated for two Grammy Awards: Best Rock Performance and Best Rock Song. It contains elements of the 1976 song "I Go to Rio" written by Peter Allen and Adrienne Anderson. Debuting at number 29 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the United States,

title: Yellow (Coldplay song)

text: song's main melody, consisting of a chord pattern, popped into his head. At first, Martin did not take it seriously "as he relayed the tune to the rest of the band in his worst Neil Young impersonation voice". Martin has said, "The song had the word 'stars' and that seemed like a word you should sing in a Neil Young voice." The melody "started off a lot slower", according to drummer Will Champion, and it sounded like a Neil Young song. Not long after, despite not taking the song seriously, Martin's idea worked out when he had developed the tempo

title: Viva la Vida

text: the stupidity of what we have to put up with every day. Hence the album title." Unlike the then-typical arrangement of Coldplay songs, in which either the guitar or piano is the prominent instrument, the track mostly consists of a string section and a digital piano playing the song's upbeat riff, along with a steady bass drum beat, percussion (including a timpano and a church bell), bass guitar, and Martin's vocals; there is limited use of electric guitar. All the strings are arranged and conducted by violinist Davide Rossi, who is one of the main collaborators of the album. Rossi's

title: Birds (Coldplay song)

text: Birds (Coldplay song) "Birds" is a song by British alternative rock band Coldplay. It was produced by the band's long-time record producer Rik Simpson along with Norwegian production duo Stargate. It appears as the second track on their seventh studio album, "A Head Full of Dreams" (2015). An official music video was also released by the band. The video was directed by Marcus Haney. It was set to the backdrop of the Colorado Desert's famous Salvation Mountain. The entire video was shot on a Super 8mm camera. The director wrote on Instagram: "It's a tribute of thanks to the late

title: Fix You

text: Manchester" benefit concert for the victims of the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing. The song received widespread acclaim from music critics. In the "Rolling Stone Magazine" review of the album, critic Kelefa Sanneh wrote: "One of the best is 'Fix You', an unabashedly sentimental song where Martin delivers words of encouragement in a gentle falsetto [...] Proving once more that no band can deliver a stately rock ballad like this one." Paul McNamee of "NME" magazine wrote: "It’s a wonderful song that shifts from simple stark piano and voice to a ringing, clattering burst of intent and proto-prog four-part harmony." Adrien

title: Oceans (Coldplay song)

text: performance of the song, playing the acoustic guitar without his wedding ring; the first time since his separation from Gwyneth Paltrow. Oceans (Coldplay song) "Oceans" is a song by British rock band Coldplay. It is the seventh track from their sixth studio album, "Ghost Stories". The song is an acoustic ballad that has been described as channelling Coldplay's earlier works, "Parachutes" and "A Rush of Blood to the Head". The song is predominantly played with an acoustic guitar and a steady electronic drum beat, with a light orchestra accompanying the song towards the end. The song's second half merges into

title: Strawberry Swing

text: Petrdis of "The Guardian" stated that there "certainly a wider sonic palette on offer" on the song, musing that that track contained both a jerkily funky beat, and a vaguely African-sounding guitar line. The song shares common traits of Coldplay's songs; it's a mid-tempo track, featuring echoing guitars, piano ballad-inspired melodies and bittersweet, anthemics, falsetto vocals. The overall sound of the song was also inspired by the Delakota song "The Rock", which utilizes a backward guitar loop. The song received mostly positive reviews from music critics. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic stated that the track, with its light, "gently infectious

title: Oceans (Coldplay song)

text: a lovely, slightly forlorn sway of a song, with an acoustic guitar anchoring Chris Martin's meandering falsetto amidst some swirling atmospherics". Alex Young of "Consequence of Sound" jokingly stated that the song would "make for a good Starbucks soundtrack". "Oceans" was first performed by the band during their appearance on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge program on 23 April 2014, alongside "Magic". A video of the performance was uploaded onto the official BBC Radio 1 YouTube channel the same day as the airing of the performance. The performance was featured on many music magazines and websites, with some noting Martin's

title: Fun (Coldplay song)

text: The song has the name title and concept as another song written by Chris Martin in 2008, which was left off "Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends" and was released by Australian singer-songwriter Natalie Imbruglia. Judah Joseph of "The Huffington Post" said Martin's and Tove Lo's vocals "[weaved] seamlessly", and he complimented the former for his "effortless" crooning. Referring to Martin's allusion to his separation from Paltrow, Tom Breihan of "Stereogum" wrote, "It’s a rare moment of acute, cutting humanity from a songwriter who tends to prefer sloppy vagaries." Furthermore, he said, "And goofy though it may

title: Magic (Coldplay song)

text: craftsmanship." The song was placed at number thirty on "Rolling Stone"s 50 Best Songs of 2014 list. Writing for Consequence of Sound, Alex Young opined that the track "sounds a lot less Bon Iver and a lot more Chris Martin drinking a venti, no-whip Skinny Vanilla Latte on a Sunday afternoon." Carl Williot of Idolator noted the song's Edge influence and commented that it showed "a tonedown their trademark grandeur in exchange for a more minimalist, atmospheric set of songs." "Spin"'s Kyle McGovern had similar thoughts, and called the track "a low-key meditation on love." Bill Lamb of About.com gave

title: Paradise (Coldplay song)

text: in a Rihanna song and melodies you would expect from a band like Friendly Fires and the "oohs" from 3OH!3 is what you first hear. That is, of course, until Chris Martin's vocals come into play and there is no doubt in your mind that this is Coldplay. A wonderful chorus of "para-para-paradise" reminds you just how good they really are. It will remain with you for weeks to come, like that new piece of clothing you just can't get enough of". About.com said, in a three-and-a-half star review, that "even when Coldplay sound a bit like they are spinning

title: Trouble (Coldplay song)

text: at number 1. Two different music videos for the single were released. An associated EP titled Trouble – Norwegian Live EP was released in the summer of 2001, consisted of five tracks recorded live by the band at Rockefeller Music Hall in Oslo, Norway. According to Coldplay's lead singer Chris Martin, the song's writing was inspired by his own behaviour. Martin recalls, "There were some bad things going in our band ... the song is about behaving badly towards somebody you really love and I was certainly doing that to some members of the band." He added that he supposed

title: The Hardest Part (Coldplay song)

text: The Hardest Part (Coldplay song) "The Hardest Part" is a song by British rock band Coldplay. It was written by all four members of the band for their third album, "X&Y". A piano-based ballad song, it begins with a piano melody, followed with electric guitar lines, that accompanies slow-tempo drumming. It was released on 3 April 2006 as the fourth single from "X&Y". The song was released as a radio-only song on United Kingdom radio stations. It appeared on the United States "Billboard" Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart and peaked at number 37, making it Coldplay's first appearance on that

title: 42 (song)

text: 42 (song) "42" is a song by British rock band Coldplay. It was written by all members of the band for their fourth album, "Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends". The song, divided into three parts, does not have a chorus. The first part is a ballad with piano and strings. It then transforms into an uptempo rock arrangement with a guitar solo. Finally, the song ends with a multi-instrumental part. A live version of "42" was featured on the band's 2009 live album, "LeftRightLeftRightLeft". The mysterious title "42" may be related to the fact that there

title: Fix You

text: "Fix You" is a song by the British rock band Coldplay.  It was written by all four members of the band for their third studio album, X&Y (2005). The track is built around an organ accompanied by slow tempo drums and vocals.

title: Fix You

text: anyway." The song, which is written in the key of E major, features an organ and piano sound. The song starts with a hushed electric organ ballad, including Martin's falsetto. The song then builds with acoustic guitar and piano, along with a string section during the beginning choruses. The sound then shifts with a plaintive three-note guitar line, ringing through a rhythmic upbeat drum tempo. The song then transitions to its bridge, which roars into an instrumentation of piano notes, electric & bass guitar riffs, drums, and a singalong chorus with an anthemic feel. A synthesiser then joins the instrumentation,

title: Coldplay

text: and funds aiming to counter plastic pollution of the ocean. Coldplay have won numerous music awards throughout their history, including the American Music Award, nine Brit Awards (including winning the Best British Group four times), six MTV Video Music Awards, seven MTV Europe Music Awards, three World Music Awards, seven Billboard Music Awards, and seven Grammy Awards out of 32 nominations. 2009 was their most successful year having received seven Grammy Award nominations at the 51st Grammy Awards, and won three. Coldplay have sold over 100 million records worldwide. Coldplay Coldplay are a British rock band, formed in 1996 by

title: Violet Hill

text: most any Coldplay tunes I can think of." Kristina Feliciano of "Paste" magazine wrote: "You know you're in for a different kind of Coldplay experience when Chris Martin ditches his anguished falsetto for a deep, doomy basso profundo, as he does on 'Violet Hill'". Mikael Wood of "Spin" magazine wrote: "'Violet Hill' pulls a similar fake-out, bludgeoning a delicate Eno-style soundscape with big Black Sabbath guitars." Darcie Stevens of the "Austin Chronicle" wrote: "While the band's fourth LP begins light and pretty, its power breaks late-album with Old West tangent 'Violet Hill'". The song appeared on "Rolling Stone"s Hot List

title: Talk (Coldplay song)

text: a chiming note for more abrasive riffs during the bridge (or breakdown) near the end of the song. A string section can be heard during the choruses and before the start of the bridge. Guy Berryman also plays uptempo bass lines to compliment the track's pace, featuring slower, more abrasive riffs during the song's verses and bridge. In the fourth line of the second verse, Martin sings: "Or write a song nobody had sung/Or do something that's never been done." The third line of the third verse is: "Tell me how do you feel?/Well I feel like they're talking in

title: Yellow (Coldplay song)

text: Artists Company. It was shot at 50 frames per second, twice the regular speed. At the shoot, Chris Martin had to sing the song at double speed so that the audio and visual content would be in sync, a common yet difficult practice of music videos. The final product is slowed to 25 frames per second, giving the slow motion effect of the video. The transition of the video from night to day was achieved during the telecine process. During the transfer from film to videotape, an operator manually adjusted the amount of lighting for blue in the beginning, red

title: Don't Panic (Coldplay song)

text: followed by the vocals of Chris Martin. A review claims that Coldplay's indie rock inclination is obvious in the song. The verse melody is similar to 'Things' by Split Enz (1979). Originally, the band planned to release "Don't Panic" as "Parachutes" fourth single. However, it was abandoned after they deemed three singles were enough for an album. Following the successful single releases of the album in 2000, the band thought that "Parachutes" had gained enough exposure in significant regions in the United Kingdom. When they decided to release a fourth single, it would be for countries yet not "overdosed" by

title: Atlas (Coldplay song)

text: rings around most of the current zeitgeist." On 15 October 2013, it was announced that "Atlas" would receive the Hollywood Song Award at the 17th Hollywood Film Awards. The song was also performed at the gala ceremony, which took place on 21 October 2013 at the Beverly Hilton hotel. Carlos de Abreau, the Hollywood Film Awards founder and executive director, told "The Hollywood Reporter", "The Hollywood Film Awards is thrilled to present the Hollywood Song Award to a band as globally respected and prolific as Coldplay. They continue to build their legacy and, with 'Atlas' marking the first time they

title: Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall

text: praised the song, stating "Modern rock behemoths Coldplay just previewed the first single off their upcoming Brian Eno-produced fifth studio album, and it's every bit as soaring as we've come to expect from the band." and finished up saying "In any case, "Every Teardrop Is A Waterfall" has major summer smash potential, so teary waterfalls, be gone, Coldplay!" Bill Lamb of About.com gave the song a four stars rating out of five explaining "The overall effect of this song is Coldplay moving forward into new explorations while keeping the elements that endear them to their fans wholly intact. "Every Teardrop

title: All I Can Think About Is You

text: Andrew Pollard of "Redbrick" said that the song "feels like a celebration of their [Coldplay] distinct sound and musical past rather than a lazy rehash". Ben Kaye of "Consequence of Sound" said that the song has "a psychedelic dream of jammy guitars and gentle percussion". An animated lyrics video was released alongside the single and was directed by I Saw John First. Colin Stutz of "Billboard" magazine called the video "equally trippy" as the song. Credits adapted from Tidal. All I Can Think About Is You "All I Can Think About Is You" is a song by British rock band

title: Viva la Vida

text: of Apple Inc.'s iPod + iTunes advertisement campaign. Coldplay performed the song live for the first time at the 2008 MTV Movie Awards. It has since gone on to make many media appearances, including being featured throughout the episode from the paranormal drama "Medium", as a song played on the radio in the episode "We're Not in Kansas Anymore" from the teen drama "90210", used as bumper music on Bill Bennett's "Morning in America" radio talk show, and on the international soundtrack to the Brazilian soap opera "A Favorita" which helped push "Viva la Vida" up the charts in Brazil,

title: Christmas Lights (song)

text: from YouTube after the IFPI claimed a breach of copyright, despite the video being on one of Coldplay's official channels. However, it was eventually uploaded once again. Christmas Lights (song) "Christmas Lights" is a song by British alternative rock band Coldplay released on 1 December 2010, as a digital download. Described by the band as "a mid-tempo number" in the key of G major, the song was released to very positive reviews. The cover art is by Yu Matsuoka Pol. Chris Martin wrote the song in December 2008. The morning after he began work on "Christmas Lights", he performed a

title: Mylo Xyloto

text: CD, digital copy and LP disc along with copies of the bands studio notes, stencils, a poster, a pop up book and stickers was made available on 19 December 2011. On 31 May, Coldplay announced that their new song "Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall" would be released on 3 June at 12 pm BST via download. The single contains elements of "I Go to Rio" written by Peter Allen and Adrienne Anderson. On 21 June 2011, Coldplay's website announced that the band would release an iTunes exclusive digital EP containing the songs "Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall", "Major Minus", and

title: Midnight (Coldplay song)

text: down to a ghostly essence." Writing for PopMatters, Evan Sawdey rated the song 8/10 and summarized it as "chilly, moody, and evocative". "Rolling Stone"s Cory Grow compared Martin's vocals to Peter Gabriel "as he sings about darkness, while the synths build throughout the track before a skittery, rave-like keyboard line flits about noisy static". Idolator's Carl Williot described the song as "a haunting electronic soundscape that not only lacks the band's trademark anthemic choruses and stadium-filling guitar lines, but boasts nary a hook and has few decipherable lyrics". Lewis Corner of Digital Spy opined that the song was "subdued, murky,

title: Trouble (Coldplay song)

text: Trouble (Coldplay song) "Trouble" is a song by British rock band Coldplay, for their debut album, "Parachutes" (2000). The band wrote the song and co-produced it with British record producer Ken Nelson. The song's arrangement is built around the acoustic piano. The song was released on 26 October 2000 as the album's third single. It reached number 10 on the UK Singles Chart, making it the band's second top 10 single in the country. Although "Trouble" failed to chart on the United States, the music press deemed it almost as successful as its predecessor, "Yellow". In Iceland the song peaked

title: Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall

text: "Until Now", with the artist's name listed as 'Coldplay vs. Swedish House Mafia' with the title as in the original, rather than putting on a remix credit. The song has also been remixed by Swedish DJ Avicii. Source: Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall "Every Teardrop is a Waterfall" is a song by British rock band Coldplay. The song is the lead single from Coldplay's fifth studio album, "Mylo Xyloto", it was released on 3 June 2011, as a digital download except in the United Kingdom where it was released 2 days later. The song was nominated for two Grammy Awards:

title: Fix You


question: who is the cast of the new tomb raider movie

answers: Alicia Vikander as Lara Croft

title: Alicia Vikander

text: the adaptation of the novel "The Light Between Oceans" (2016), directed by Derek Cianfrance, with Michael Fassbender and Rachel Weisz. The film was released in the United States by Touchstone Pictures on 2 September 2016. Vikander portrayed Lara Croft in the action reboot film "Tomb Raider", which was released on 16 March 2018. Vikander previously lived in North London. In late 2014, she began a relationship with actor Michael Fassbender, in which they made their first public appearance together at the 2016 Golden Globes, where Vikander was nominated twice—for her roles in "The Danish Girl" (2015) and "Ex Machina" (2015).

title: Tomb Raider (2013 video game)

text: and is accompanied by Conrad Roth, a Royal Marine turned adventurer and close friend of the Croft family who serves as mentor to Lara; Samantha "Sam" Nishimura, Lara's friend and a representative of the Nishimura family who films the expedition for a documentary; Joslyn Reyes, a skeptical and temperamental mechanic and single mother; Jonah Maiava, an imposing and placid fisherman who is willing to believe in the existence of the paranormal and esoteric; Angus "Grim" Grimaldi, the gruff Glaswegian helmsman of the "Endurance"; and Alex Weiss, a goofy and bespectacled electronics specialist. Lara set out on her first expedition aboard

title: Tomb Raider (film)

text: she prepares for her next adventure. Additionally, Nick Frost plays a pawn shop owner and Jaime Winstone his wife. Hannah John-Kamen and Antonio Aakeel play Lara's friends. Duncan Airlie James plays Terry, a mixed martial arts club operator. Josef Altin portrays Bruce, Lara's boss, Billy Postlethwaite and Roger Nsengiyumva appear as Bill and Rog, Lara's co-workers and opponents at the race and Michael Obiora portrays Baxter, the Croft Holdings' receptionist. GK Films first acquired the rights to make the film in 2011. Norwegian director Roar Uthaug came on board in November 2015, and Alicia Vikander was announced as the new

title: Lara Croft: Tomb Raider

text: Lara Croft: Tomb Raider Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (also known as simply Tomb Raider) is a 2001 action-adventure film based on the "Tomb Raider" video game series featuring the character Lara Croft, portrayed by Angelina Jolie. An international co-production between the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan and Germany, it was directed by Simon West and revolves around Lara Croft trying to obtain ancient artifacts from the Illuminati. The film was released on June 15, 2001, and received generally negative reviews from critics for its stylized action and bland plot, although Angelina Jolie was praised for her performance. "Tomb Raider"

title: Tomb Raider (film)

text: to Hong Kong where she hires Lu Ren, captain of the ship "Endurance", to sail into the Devil's Sea and the island of Yamatai. The ship capsizes in a violent storm and Lara is washed ashore where she is knocked unconscious. She awakens only to encounter Mathias Vogel, the leader of an expedition to locate Himiko's tomb. The expedition has been funded by a shadowy organization called Trinity, which seeks to harness and weaponize Himiko's power. Vogel takes Lara prisoner, claiming that he killed her father and revealing that he intends to use Richard's research to continue his expedition. He

title: Lara Croft: Tomb Raider

text: Angelina Jolie was nominated for the Worst Actress Golden Raspberry Award for her role in the film, but she lost to Mariah Carey in "Glitter". "Lara Croft: Tomb Raider" is a 2001 soundtrack album to the film. The various artists soundtrack was released June 15, 2001. The Score was later released on June 25, 2001. The movie also featured the songs "Lila" by Vas and "Piano Concerto in F Minor" performed by Hae-Wong Chang. These were not featured on the soundtrack. Also used in the movie were elements of "Elevation (Influx Remix)" by U2. This was uncredited. For the first

title: Camilla Luddington

text: Rivers, Kelly Osbourne, George Kotsiopoulos, and Kris Jenner. In June 2012, Crystal Dynamics confirmed Luddington would voice Lara Croft in the video game "Tomb Raider". Luddington originally went into the audition for Lara thinking she was auditioning for a project called "Krypted" with a character called Sara. In June 2014, it was revealed that a sequel was in production, titled "Rise of the Tomb Raider", and Luddington confirmed on her Twitter account that she would be returning to voice and motion capture Lara in the new game. Luddington also returned to reprise her role for "Shadow of the Tomb Raider",

title: Tomb Raider (film)

text: Lara Croft in April 2016. "Deadline Hollywood" had previously reported that Daisy Ridley was considered for the role, though she later stated in an interview that it was just a "crazy rumor." Walton Goggins was announced to play the villain in December 2016, and much of the rest of the cast was revealed in early 2017. Principal photography on the film began on January 23, 2017, in Cape Town, South Africa, and ended on June 9, 2017, at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden. Wilton House near Salisbury in Wiltshire was the location for exterior shots for Croft Manor. The waterfall sequence

title: Tomb Raider (2013 video game)

text: CGI studio Visual Works. Keeley Hawes did not return as Lara Croft for 2013's "Tomb Raider", after completing "", "", "" and "Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light". She reprised the role of Lara in the downloadable game "Lara Croft and the Temple of Osiris", which was released on 9 December 2014. In December 2010, Crystal Dynamics was said to be trialling dozens of voice actresses. On 26 June 2012, the voice actress of Lara Croft was revealed to be Camilla Luddington. Lara is played by Nadine Njeim in the Arabic dub, by Nora Tschirner in the German dub,

title: Tomb Raider (2013 video game)

text: by Alice David in the French dub, by Karolina Gorczyca in the Polish dub, by Yuhko Kaida in the Japanese dub, by Benedetta Ponticelli in the Italian dub, by Guiomar Alburquerque Durán in the Spanish dub and by Polina Sherbakova in the Russian dub. On 31 May 2012, a gameplay trailer was released online, showcasing more action-based gameplay along with varying plot elements. The trailer confirmed the presence of several other non-playable characters besides Lara on the island, many of which appear to be part of a menacing organization. On 4 June, at Microsoft's E3 2012 press conference, a new

title: Tomb Raider (film)

text: in returning as Lara Croft for a second film, stating that "If there's an audience out there for it, then I would love to". In 2015, Adrian Askarieh, producer of the "Hitman" films, stated that he hoped to oversee a shared universe of Square Enix films with "Just Cause", "Hitman", "Tomb Raider", "Deus Ex", and "Thief", but admitted that he does not have the rights to "Tomb Raider". Tomb Raider (film) Tomb Raider is a 2018 action-adventure film directed by Roar Uthaug, with a screenplay by Geneva Robertson-Dworet and Alastair Siddons, from a story by Evan Daugherty and Robertson-Dworet. An

title: Jill de Jong

text: Jill de Jong Jill de Jong, also known as Jildou de Jong (born February 17, 1982) is a Dutch model and actress. Born in Hoogeveen, Drenthe. On March 21, 2002 she was selected by Eidos Interactive as the Lara Croft character model for the Tomb Raider video game series. She began her career as a model at the age of fifteen after winning a modeling contest in the Netherlands. Over the past ten years she became a respected and successful top model, shooting TV and print campaigns for big brand names such as, Ralph Lauren, Escada, Redken, Izod, St. Yves,

title: Alison Carroll

text: a receptionist at a golf club, Carroll was announced as the new Lara Croft model for the latest video game featuring the heroine, "". Carroll replaced previous Lara model Karima McAdams, who retired from the role earlier in the year. Carroll held the position until 2010, and is the final official Lara Croft model, as the use of models has been discontinued for future "Tomb Raider" games. In January 2011, it was announced that Carroll was cast in the action film Amsterdam Heavy by director Michael Wright. Other cast members are Michael Madsen, Vincent van Ommen and Fajah Lourens. Alison

title: Tomb Raider (film)

text: Raider", directed by the Norwegian genre specialist Roar Uthaug, is that it doesn’t tamp down Vikander’s inner flame, or the three-dimensionality of her talent; it doesn’t fold and insert her into an overly gymnastic and CGI-happy thrill ride. The movie is full of vine-swinging, bow-and-arrow-shooting, ancient-spirit-meeting action, but most of it is staged on a convincing human scale, one that’s been expertly tailored to its star’s understated directness." Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, and said, "this is a beautifully crafted and unpretentious piece of action cinema, with a number of sequences that

title: Tomb Raider (film)

text: Tomb Raider is a 2018 action-adventure film directed by Roar Uthaug, with a screenplay by Geneva Robertson-Dworet and Alastair Siddons, from a story by Evan Daugherty and Robertson-Dworet. It is based on the 2013 video game of the same name, with some elements of its sequel by Crystal Dynamics, and is a reboot of the Tomb Raider film series. The film stars Alicia Vikander as Lara Croft, who embarks on a perilous journey to her father's last-known destination, hoping to solve the mystery of his disappearance.  Dominic West, Walton Goggins, Daniel Wu, and Kristin Scott Thomas appear in supporting roles.

title: Tomb Raider (film)

text: reviews from critics, with some describing the plot as "paint-by-numbers", and others praising the action sequences, tone, grittiness and realistic take on the franchise. Vikander's performance was highly praised but the characterization of Croft drew a polarized response; some described her as a "capable, powerful, and unobjectified heroine", while others called her bland, and a "punching bag and onlooker." Following the disappearance of her father, Lord Richard Croft, Lara Croft makes a living as a bike courier. When she is arrested after a bike accident involving a police car, Richard's business partner Ana Miller posts her bail. After never claiming

title: Rise of the Tomb Raider

text: reprised her role as protagonist Lara Croft. Bobby Tahouri, known for his work on "Game of Thrones", composed the soundtrack. Development was completed on 9 October 2015, with Crystal Dynamics confirming that the game was declared gold (indicating that it was being prepared for duplication and release). One of the game's intentions was to craft a more "personal" experience for players, and the team wanted to explore the journey in which Lara becomes the tomb raider. She becomes determined to uncover more myths, and convinces the world that they are real at the end of the 2013 reboot; this became

title: Rhona Mitra

text: Irish. She has a brother, Jason, who is two years older, and a younger brother, Guyan, who is a travel writer for Lonely Planet and "The Sunday Times". Mitra appeared as the live action model for Lara Croft, the lead character in Eidos Interactive's "Tomb Raider" video game series before Angelina Jolie took the role for the two "Tomb Raider" films (2001–2003). Mitra was ranked No. 46 on the "Maxim" Hot 100 Women of 2001. She played the romantic interest of Christopher Lambert in "Beowulf". Her first main role came as Scott Wolf's illicit love interest on "Party of Five".

title: Revisioned: Tomb Raider

text: Revisioned: Tomb Raider Revisioned: Tomb Raider (trademarked as Re\Visioned: Tomb Raider) is a ten-part animated series based on the "Tomb Raider" series. It was distributed through the online video game service GameTap from July 10, 2007 to November 13, 2007. The series consists of various animation and comic book talent's renditions of Lara Croft, presented in the form of animated short films. The series was originally intended to conclude on August 23, 2007, but the date for the final episode was changed to November 13, 2007. Even though the styles of the episodes vary, the voice actress for Lara Croft,

title: Tomb Raider (2013 video game)

text: her father. The film was released on 16 March 2018. Tomb Raider (2013 video game) Tomb Raider is an action-adventure video game developed by Crystal Dynamics and published by Square Enix. "Tomb Raider" is the tenth title in the "Tomb Raider" franchise, and operates as a reboot that reconstructs the origins of Lara Croft. "Tomb Raider" was released on 5 March 2013 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, on 23 January 2014 for OS X, on 27 April 2016 for Linux, and on 7 March 2017 for Shield TV. Crystal Dynamics began development of "Tomb Raider" soon after

title: Tomb Raider (film)

text: and Kristin Scott Thomas appear in supporting roles. Principal photography took place from January to June 2017 at the Warner Bros. Studios in the United Kingdom, and in Cape Town, South Africa. The first "Tomb Raider" film not to be distributed by Paramount Pictures, it was released in the United Kingdom on March 14, 2018, and in the United States on March 16, 2018, by Warner Bros. Pictures, in RealD 3D, IMAX 3D, IMAX and 4DX. The film grossed $273 million worldwide, just below the $274 million made by Angelina Jolie's but more than its . The film received mixed

title: Tomb Raider (film)

text: by the wayside, the one thing left standing is Vikander...The film strains credulity even for a vid-game fantasy by letting the leading lady recover awfully quickly from bad injuries, but other than that Vikander commands attention and is the element here that makes "Tomb Raider" sort of watchable." Matt Bobkin of "Exclaim!" gave the film a 5 out of 10 score, writing ""Tomb Raider" is at its best when delivering mindless action, but don't bother trying to glean any sort of deeper, subversive meaning." Owen Gleiberman of "Variety" praised the film, saying that "The exciting surprise of the new "Tomb

title: Tomb Raider (2013 video game)

text: for Xbox One and Xbox 360, and 28 January 2016 for Microsoft Windows. The PlayStation 4 version was released on 11 October 2016, titled the 20 Year Celebration, as it was released 20 years after the original "Tomb Raider" game. This version includes all of the previously released DLC. The 2018 "Tomb Raider" reboot film adaptation, directed by Roar Uthaug, is in part based on the video game. Alicia Vikander, who portrays Lara Croft, was cast alongside actors Daniel Wu and Walton Goggins. Graham King, producer of the film, stated that the plot would focus on Lara Croft's search for

title: Tomb Raider (2013 video game)

text: has established its own society based on the worship of Himiko, complete with a social structure and laws, with their exact purpose and intentions being explored over the course of the story. The player takes on the role of Lara Croft, a young and ambitious archaeology graduate whose theories on the location of the lost kingdom of Yamatai have convinced the Nishimura family—descendants from the people of Yamatai themselves—to fund an expedition in search of the kingdom. The expedition is led by Dr. James Whitman, a celebrity archaeologist who has fallen on hard times and is desperate to avoid bankruptcy,

title: Lara Croft: Tomb Raider

text: further $65 million. Showtime paid $6.8 million for premium cable television rights. In total, $94 million was put together. The deal between Eidos, "Tomb Raider"s publisher, and Paramount Pictures was structured so Eidos received royalties. The announcement of the film generated significant discussion about who would be cast to play Lara Croft. Numerous actresses (and non-actresses) were rumoured to be on the shortlist to play her and countless others declared their interest in the role, most notably Jennifer Love Hewitt, Famke Janssen, Jennifer Lopez, Rhona Mitra, Elizabeth Hurley, Ashley Judd, Sandra Bullock, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Diane Lane, Demi Moore and Denise

title: Tomb Raider (film)

text: adds Lara and Lu Ren to his slave force; eventually, the two of them try to escape, and Lara is the only one successful. After surviving rapids and narrowly avoiding getting thrown over a waterfall, Lara is forced to kill a Trinity guard after nightfall. She follows a mysterious figure through the jungle, and discovers that the figure is her father, who stayed on the island to prevent Trinity from finding Himiko's tomb. After Lara convinces him that she is real and not a figment of his imagination, Richard treats her injuries. Despite his protests, Lara sets off the next

title: Lara Croft: Tomb Raider

text: Vikander as Lara Croft with Roar Uthaug directing. It was released March 16, 2018. "Lara Croft: Tomb Raider" was released on DVD and VHS on November 13, 2001; a Blu-Ray release followed on June 3, 2008. A 4K UHD Blu-Ray release followed on February 27, 2018. Lara Croft: Tomb Raider Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (also known as simply Tomb Raider) is a 2001 action-adventure film based on the "Tomb Raider" video game series featuring the character Lara Croft, portrayed by Angelina Jolie. An international co-production between the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan and Germany, it was directed by Simon

title: Tomb Raider (2013 video game)

text: be published by Square Enix, after the latter's acquisition of Eidos Interactive in 2009. Camilla Luddington was announced to voice and perform as Lara Croft in 2010, replacing Keeley Hawes. After a delayed release from late 2012 to March 2013, "Tomb Raider" received much anticipation and hype. Upon release, the game received critical acclaim, with critics praising the graphics, the gameplay, Luddington's performance as Lara, and Lara's characterization and development, although the addition of a multiplayer mode was not well received and some reviewers directed criticism towards the disconnection between the narrative and the player's actions during gameplay. "Tomb Raider"

text: Lara Croft: Tomb Raider – The Cradle of Life Lara Croft: Tomb Raider – The Cradle of Life is a 2003 action-adventure film based on the "Tomb Raider" video game series. Angelina Jolie stars as the titular Lara Croft character with supporting performances from Gerard Butler, Ciarán Hinds, Chris Barrie, Noah Taylor, Til Schweiger, Djimon Hounsou and Simon Yam. An international co-production between the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany and Japan, the film was directed by Jan de Bont and is a sequel to the 2001 film "". "The Cradle of Life" received mostly negative reviews, though critics noted

title: Lara Croft: Tomb Raider

text: her down some. But we did give her a bit of padding there. For me, it was simply one size. So it was like having a padded bra. But no, I am not flat chested anyway. So we still made it Lara Croft, but we didn't go to any extremes. And Lara doesn't apologize for herself, and for having that, you know, recognizable shape. So I'm not going to apologize for her either." The film marked the feature film debut of television actor Chris Barrie, known for his role of Arnold Rimmer in the BBC science fiction comedy series "Red

title: Tomb Raider (film)


question: where does the song 10 green bottles come from

answers: United Kingdom

title: Ten Green Bottles (book)

text: Threshold Theatre. Ten Green Bottles (book) Ten Green Bottles is a book by Vivian Jeanette Kaplan and a play based on the book. It is the true story of a Jewish family that escaped from Nazi-occupied Vienna to Shanghai under Japanese rule. The book was published in English in Canada and in the U.S. by St. Martin's Press in 2004 and has been republished in Germany (as "Von Wien nach Shanghai"), Italy (as "Dieci Bottiglie Verdi"), Hungary (as "Sanghaji Fogsag") and China (as "十个绿瓶子"). In Canada it won the Canadian Jewish Book Award and in Italy won the ADEI (Associazione

title: Ten Green Bottles (book)

text: Ten Green Bottles (book) Ten Green Bottles is a book by Vivian Jeanette Kaplan and a play based on the book. It is the true story of a Jewish family that escaped from Nazi-occupied Vienna to Shanghai under Japanese rule. The book was published in English in Canada and in the U.S. by St. Martin's Press in 2004 and has been republished in Germany (as "Von Wien nach Shanghai"), Italy (as "Dieci Bottiglie Verdi"), Hungary (as "Sanghaji Fogsag") and China (as "十个绿瓶子"). In Canada it won the Canadian Jewish Book Award and in Italy won the ADEI (Associazione Donne Ebree

title: Ten Green Bottles (book)

text: d'Italia) - WIZO Award. It has received generally positive critical reviews in the North American press. The title of the book comes from the song sung in Marco's Bar by British servicemen stationed in Shanghai. The book is told from the viewpoint of the author's mother and starts in 1921. Gerda Karpel (referred to always as Nini in the book) is a 5-year-old Jewish girl living in Vienna in 1921. She comes from an upper-middle-class family. The book starts with the birth of Nini's brother, Willi, and chronicles the death of Nini's father shortly after the birth. The book then

title: Ten Green Bottles (book)

text: greets them on arrival and to the moving of most Jews into a ghetto in the Hongkou District. During that time, they purchase ownership in a bar owned by Marco, a Bulgarian Jew; this is where Nini heard the song "Ten Green Bottles". The book ends with the family leaving Shanghai for Richmond Hill, Canada. The critically acclaimed world premiere of the play was performed in English in Toronto, Canada in 2009. All performances were sold out and seen by over 4,000 people. It was produced by Helena Fine of Te-Amim Theatre and written and directed by Mark Cassidy of

title: 99 Bottles of Beer

text: 99 Bottles of Beer "99 Bottles of Beer" is an anonymous folk song dating to the mid-20th century. It is a traditional reverse counting song in both the United States and Canada. It is popular to sing on long trips, as it has a very repetitive format which is easy to memorize and can take a long time to sing. In particular, the song is often sung by children on long bus trips, such as class field trips, or on Scout and/or Girl Guide outings. The song's lyrics are as follows: 99 bottles of beer on the wall, 99 bottles

title: The Bottle

text: it a "strong anti-alcohol rant with a funky bass hook and chilly flute fills." "The Bottle" was later ranked number 92 on "NME's" list of The Top 150 Singles of All-Time and was included in "Q" magazine's "1010 Songs You Must Own!" publication. These are the formats and track listings of the U.K. single releases of "The Bottle": Billboard Music Charts (North America) – "The Bottle" Joe Bataan covered "The Bottle" for his 1975 album "Afrofilipino", though slightly re-titled "The Bottle (La Botella)". The Christians covered "The Bottle" for their 1992 album "Happy In Hell". Paul Weller covered "The Bottle"

title: 99 Bottles of Beer

text: programming languages. A simple example using classical BASIC syntax: FOR Bottle = 100 TO 1 STEP -1 NEXT Bottle Another example using C#: for (int bottleNumber = 100; 1 <= bottleNumber;) 99 Bottles of Beer "99 Bottles of Beer" is an anonymous folk song dating to the mid-20th century. It is a traditional reverse counting song in both the United States and Canada. It is popular to sing on long trips, as it has a very repetitive format which is easy to memorize and can take a long time to sing. In particular, the song is often sung by children

title: GreenBottle

text: its production process is highly energy intensive and whilst 62% of glass is recycled in the UK, only 50% of this is remelted. The balance is either destined for land fill, road aggregate or fibreglass insulation manufacture. In the UK more than 1.2 billion wine bottles are used every year. Although recyclable, glass containers are constituted of varying degrees of recycled glass. Green glass is made of 76% recycled glass content, clear glass just 29%. Plastic bottles require up to 4.5 times the amount carbon to produce compared to a milk GreenBottle. Most plastic, even if it has been recycled

title: The Glass Bottle

text: The Glass Bottle The Glass Bottle was an American pop band fronted by Gary Criss, whose song about bitterness and heartbreak, "I Ain't Got Time Anymore", was recorded in 1970 and reached #36 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart in September 1971. The band was co-produced by Dickie Goodman. Goodman had an advertising deal with a PR firm that was trying to save the glass industry from losing soda pop clients to plastic bottles, so Goodman and partner Bill Ramal formed a group, called them "The Glass Bottle" and produced their album. The group produced two hits, "I Ain't Got

title: Green Coca-Cola Bottles

text: Green Coca-Cola Bottles Green Coca-Cola Bottles is a 1962 painting by Andy Warhol that depicts one hundred and twelve almost identical bottles Coca-Cola bottles. "Green Coca-Cola Bottles" took a mainstream item and converted it into a piece of art. Warhol’s piece utilized a silkscreen technique, which mechanicalized some aspects of the painting but featured individualized “unevenness” across the painting. The painting engenders an optimistic message for the American public, described in Warhol’s own words, “What’s grand about this country is that America started the tradition where the richest consumers buy essentially the same thing as the poorest... you can know

title: Shades of green

text: bottles. The first recorded use of "bottle green" as a color name in English was in 1816. "Bottle green" is a color in Prismacolor marker and pencil sets. It is also the color of the uniform of the Police Service of Northern Ireland replacing the Royal Ulster Constabulary's "rifle green" colored uniforms in 2001. It also the green used in uniforms for South Sydney High School in Sydney. "Bottle green" is also the color most associated with guide signs and street name signs in the United States. Bottle green is also the background color of the Flag of Bangladesh, as

title: Bottle Fairy

text: music and melody, but different lyrics for each version. The first four versions are named after the four seasons and are sung by a different Bottle Fairy according to her season. The final version, "Four Seasons Song", features all four of the Bottle Fairies. All five EDs are used in the anime, the first four playing three episodes each to roughly correspond with the progression of seasons and months and the final song playing in episode 13. Each episode of the anime also features a different ED animation corresponding to the month shown in the episode. Episode 13 shows multiple

title: Drinking from the Bottle

text: Drinking from the Bottle "Drinking from the Bottle" is a song by British DJ and record producer Calvin Harris from his third studio album, "18 Months". The song features British rapper Tinie Tempah. The song was released as a single on 27 January 2013. It has peaked at number five on the UK Singles Chart. A lyric video to accompany the release of "Drinking from the Bottle" was first released onto YouTube on 2 December 2012 at a total length of four minutes and one second. The official video was uploaded to Harris's YouTube's account on 21 December, after being

title: Drinking from the Bottle

text: weary response: 'Go on then, one last time won't hurt us... right?'." Drinking from the Bottle "Drinking from the Bottle" is a song by British DJ and record producer Calvin Harris from his third studio album, "18 Months". The song features British rapper Tinie Tempah. The song was released as a single on 27 January 2013. It has peaked at number five on the UK Singles Chart. A lyric video to accompany the release of "Drinking from the Bottle" was first released onto YouTube on 2 December 2012 at a total length of four minutes and one second. The official

title: Ten Green Bottles

text: "Ten Green Bottles" is a song that is popular in the United Kingdom.  In essence, the song is a single verse repeated, each time with one bottle fewer:

title: Winter in America

text: and flute harmonies by Jackson. It became a popular song played at parties at the time. French music critic Pierre Jean-Critin calls it "an epic song [...] whose infectious groove can still set dance floors alight over thirty years later." The song's dance and popular music sensibilities and social message engendered its appeal to listeners following its release as a single. Scott-Heron later said of the single's success and style, "Pop music doesn't necessarily have to be shit." "The Bottle" also addresses problems of drug addiction, abortion, and incarceration, and features Scott-Heron on keyboards. Despite its grim observations, "The Bottle"

title: The Bottle

text: America" (1974). It became an underground and cult hit upon its release, and the single peaked at number 15 on the R&B Singles Chart. Described by music critics as the album's best recording, the commercial success of "The Bottle" helped lead to Jackson's and Scott-Heron's next recording contract with Arista Records. Similar to other compositions by Scott-Heron, the song has been sampled extensively by hip hop artists. "The Bottle" is a social commentary on alcohol abuse with a Caribbean beat. Scott-Heron wrote it after seeing men line up every day in front of a liquor store called the Log Cabin,

title: Bottom of the Bottle (song)

text: on WorldStarHipHop October 30, 2015 and was uploaded to Currensy's official YouTube account November 2, 2015. August Alsina does not appear in the video. "Bottom of the Bottle" is Currensy's highest charting single of his career peaking at 97 on "Billboard" Hot 100. Bottom of the Bottle (song) "Bottom of the Bottle" is a song by American rapper Currensy featuring R&B singer August Alsina and rapper Lil Wayne. The song was released on August 28, 2015, by Jet Life Recordings and Atlantic Records as the first single from his eight studio album, "Canal Street Confidential" (2015). The song premiered on

title: Genie in a Bottle

text: the mashup as possible, and as a result it became their first single as a double A-side, with another song, "Save Yourself", reaching #10 in the UK Singles Chart. In 2016, Dove Cameron covered "Genie in a Bottle" with cleaner lyrics for the Disney Channel short series "". It has over 143 million plays on VEVO. In 2017, after her departure from Fifth Harmony, Camila Cabello released her debut single "Crying in the Club", which samples "Genie in a Bottle". "Genie in a Bottle" has been widely regarded as one of Aguilera's signature songs. This song gained her mainstream success

title: Genie in a Bottle

text: song follows a chord progression of Fm – E – D, and Aguilera's vocals span from F to B. Tom Lanham of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the song a B+ rating referencing the predictability after other performers from the "Mickey Mouse Club" writing "Yet another ex-Mouseketeer scampers down the Britney-pop path with a suggestive synth ditty and a husky voice well beyond her 18 years." Lanham wrote her vocal performance is "uncomfortably adult" and called the track "a sinfully sweet confection". A writer for the "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette" gave the song a positive review calling it a "smoldering soul-pop" track and described

title: Kevin Bloody Wilson

text: in Perth at the time they met. She had returned to the town to visit friends and her brother who still lived there and they met when she attended one of his shows. Betty, who was in the studio audience, told Denton that Kevin was a romantic who regularly bought her flowers. "The Genie in the Bottle" is a country song Kevin co-wrote with Adam Harvey that spent more than 6 weeks on the Australian Country Singles chart as well as reaching the number one video spot on the Country Music Television Channel in 2008. His songs generally consist of

title: Green bottle fly

text: Green bottle fly The name green bottle fly or greenbottle fly is applied to numerous species of Calliphoridae or blow fly, in the genera "Lucilia" and "Phaenicia" (the latter is sometimes considered a subgenus of the former). These flies are found in most areas of the world, primarily the Western Hemisphere and especially California and Australia, and the most well-known species is the common greenbottle, "Lucilia sericata" (or "Phaenicia sericata", depending on authority), though there are other common species such as "Lucilia caesar", "Lucilia cuprina", "Lucilia coeruleiviridis", and "Lucilia illustris". The maggots of this fly are known to preferentially consume

title: The Bottles

text: The Bottles The Bottles were a power pop duo from Los Angeles, California, consisting of Peter Bayless and Jefery Levy. They released one, self-titled album in September 1979 on MCA Records. The album was produced by Levy and was preceded by the single "I Don't Wanna Be Your Man". The Bottles began when Jon Sheinberg, the son of Sidney Sheinberg, was managing Levy and giving him advice. Sheinberg told Levy about MCA's then-vice president of artists and repertoire, Denny Rosencrantz, and Levy contacted him and made a deal as his own producer. As a result of the deal, Levy recorded

title: 99 Bottles of Beer

text: wall, no more bottles of beer. We've taken them down and passed them around; now we're drunk and passed out! Another alternate line reads: If that one bottle should happen to fall, what a waste of alcohol! The boring and time-consuming nature of the "99 Bottles of Beer" song means that probably only a minority of renditions are done to the final verse. The American comedian Andy Kaufman exploited this fact in the routine early in his career when he would actually sing all 100 verses. Atticus, a band from Knoxville, Tennessee recorded a thirteen and a half minute live

title: Genie in a Bottle

text: Genie in a Bottle "Genie in a Bottle" is a song recorded by American singer Christina Aguilera from her self-titled debut album released in 1999. It was written by Pam Sheyne, Steve Kipner and David Frank, and produced by Kipner and Frank. The song was released on June 22, 1999, by RCA Records as the album's lead single. "Genie in a Bottle" uses sexual references to talk about the theme of self-respect. "Genie in a Bottle" received generally favorable reviews from contemporary music critics, most of whom praised the song's lyrics and Aguilera's vocals on the track. The single achieved

title: Bottle It Up

text: Bottle It Up "Bottle It Up" is a song by American singer and songwriter Sara Bareilles. Written by Bareilles and produced by Eric Rosse, it was released as the second single from her 2007 album "Little Voice" on March 10, 2008. Following its release, it reached became a top twenty hit on the "Billboard" Adult Alternative Songs and Adult Top 40 charts, peaking at numbers 16 and 15 respectively, while also reaching the top forty in the Netherlands. On August 20, 2013, the song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of over 500,000 copies.

title: Bottom of the Bottle (song)

text: Bottom of the Bottle (song) "Bottom of the Bottle" is a song by American rapper Currensy featuring R&B singer August Alsina and rapper Lil Wayne. The song was released on August 28, 2015, by Jet Life Recordings and Atlantic Records as the first single from his eight studio album, "Canal Street Confidential" (2015). The song premiered on August 27, 2015, and the next day was released for digital download as a single on iTunes. The album, "Canal Street Confidential", was released on December 4, 2015. While talking about "Bottom of the Bottle" in an interview with "Billboard" magazine, Curren$y said;

title: GreenBottle

text: paper bottle with a thin plastic lining. GreenBottle was initially produced as a milk bottle exclusive to national British retailer Asda. Following the successful launch of the GreenBottle milk container, the company unveiled its designs for a paper wine bottle. The launch was met with international enthusiasm, gaining press coverage, and eventually sales, from around the world. GreenBottle is a commercially viable, environmentally green alternative to plastic, glass and laminated cartons. The bottles are made by moulding the pulp of wood fibre which is then pressed into shape. The plastic liner is automatically vacuum formed and inserted into one half

title: GreenBottle

text: shell, another half shell is placed on top and the two are then sealed together. The bottles are designed to easily integrate with existing filling lines. The bottles can be printed, labelled and/or embossed. Packaging is the largest contributor to a product's carbon footprint - accounting for between 30-70% of the total emissions. GreenBottle has an estimated 10% of the carbon footprint of glass and weighs just one sixth of an average wine glass bottle, making it much more fuel efficient to transport both in bulk and for consumers. Glass is often regarded as a green form of packaging but

title: She Stayed as Steam

text: limited edition "Coke bottle green"12" viny (limited to 750 copies), along with a digital download. Two live tracks from a session on FM 4 serve as vinyl exclusive tracks. A variety of options to purchase the EP are available through Favorite Gentlemen's website. Digital downloads are available through two options: "standard digital" downloads as 320 kbit/s mp3s or "Audiophile Digital" downloads, with a choice to download the EP as FLAC, Apple Lossless or WAV files. The Audiophile option also includes the mp3s from the standard option. The vinyl also comes with these options, including the two vinyl exclusive live tracks

title: Ten Green Bottles


question: what was the first kind of vertebrate to exist on earth

answers: believed to be the Myllokunmingia

answers: the Myllokunmingia

answers: Myllokunmingia

title: Vertebrate paleontology

text: Ma (megaannum, million years ago). The Devonian Period (395 to 345 Ma) brought in the changes that allowed primitive air-breathing fish to remain on land as long as they wished, thus becoming the first terrestrial vertebrates, the amphibians. Amphibians developed forms of reproduction and locomotion and a metabolism better suited for life exclusively on land, becoming more reptilian. Full-fledged reptiles appeared in the Carboniferous Period (345 to 280 Ma). The reptilian changes and adaptations to diet and geography are chronicled in the fossil record of the varying forms of therapsida. True mammals showed up in the Triassic Period (225 to

title: Evolution of mammals

text: their choice was based on the fact that "the lower jaw is the most likely skeletal element of a Mesozoic mammal to be preserved." Today, most paleontologists consider that animals are mammals if they satisfy this criterion. The first fully terrestrial vertebrates were amniotes — their eggs had internal membranes that allowed the developing embryo to breathe but kept water in. This allowed amniotes to lay eggs on dry land, while amphibians generally need to lay their eggs in water (a few amphibians, such as the common Suriname toad, have evolved other ways of getting around this limitation). The first

title: Vertebrate paleontology

text: Vertebrate paleontology Vertebrate paleontology is the subfield of paleontology that seeks to discover, through the study of fossilized remains, the behavior, reproduction and appearance of extinct animals with vertebrae or a notochord. It also tries to connect, by using the evolutionary timeline, the animals of the past and their modern-day relatives. The fossil record shows aspects of the meandering evolutionary path from early aquatic vertebrates to mammals, with a host of transitional fossils, though there are still large blank areas. The earliest known fossil vertebrates were heavily armored fish discovered in rocks from the Ordovician Period about 500 to 430

title: Casineria

text: "Casineria", vertebrates were primarily aquatic, only spending part of their time on land. "Casineria" and its relatives were the first vertebrates to live and reproduce on land. In 1992, an amateur fossil collector spotted the remnants of this four-legged creature on the shore of Cheese Bay, Scotland. For the next five years, the fossil languished at the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh while researchers focused on other projects. Consisting of a slab and counterslab (compression fossil) of a single partial skeleton, the fossil was cataloged with the specimen designation NMS G.1993.54.1. Around 1997, work began to expose the remainder

title: Brain

text: work: The first vertebrates appeared over 500 million years ago (Mya), during the Cambrian period, and may have resembled the modern hagfish in form. Sharks appeared about 450 Mya, amphibians about 400 Mya, reptiles about 350 Mya, and mammals about 200 Mya. Each species has an equally long evolutionary history, but the brains of modern hagfishes, lampreys, sharks, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals show a gradient of size and complexity that roughly follows the evolutionary sequence. All of these brains contain the same set of basic anatomical components, but many are rudimentary in the hagfish, whereas in mammals the foremost part

title: Julia Clarke

text: Vega Island in the Antarctic in 1992, Vegavis iaai which was an early relative of ducks and geese in 2005. It is thought to be the only species of modern bird to have lived at the time of the dinosaurs. She studied the voice organ (syrinx) of a fossil originally found in 1992. The findings by her and other researchers was published in the science journal Nature. Fossils of the ancient bird Inkayacu were first discovered in 2008 on the Pacific coast of Ica, Peru. A nearly complete skeleton was uncovered in the Paracas National Reserve by a team led

title: Vertebrate paleontology

text: beginning the serious study into the lives of extinct animals. With the publication of the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin in 1849, the field got a theoretical framework. Much of the subsequent work has been to map the relationship between fossil and extant organisms, as well as their history through time. In modern times, Alfred Romer (1894–1973) wrote what has been termed the definitive textbook on the subject, called "Vertebrate Paleontology". It shows the progression of evolution in fossil fish, and amphibians and reptiles through comparative anatomy, including a list of all the (then) known fossil vertebrate genera. Romer

title: Vertebrate paleontology

text: 190 Ma) around the same time as the dinosaurs, which also sprouted from the reptilian line. Birds first diverged from dinosaurs between 100 Ma and 60 Ma. One of the people who helped figure out the vertebrate progression was French zoologist Georges Cuvier (1769–1832), who realized that fossils found in older rock strata differed greatly from more recent fossils or modern animals. He published his findings in 1812 and, although he steadfastly refuted evolution, his work proved the (at the time) contested theory of extinction of species. Thomas Jefferson is credited with initiating the science of vertebrate paleontology in the

title: Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles

text: in. This allowed amniotes to lay eggs on dry land, while amphibians generally need to lay their eggs in water. The first amniotes apparently arose in the late Carboniferous from the ancestral reptiliomorphs (a group of amphibians whose only living descendants are amniotes). Within a few million years two important amniote lineages became distinct: mammals' synapsid ancestors and the sauropsids, from which lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds are descended. The earliest known fossils of all these groups date from about 320 to 315M years ago. It is difficult to be sure about when each of them evolved, since vertebrate

title: Paleozoology

text: classify species adhering to a rod-shaped, flexible body type called a notochord. They differ from other phyla in that other phyla may have cartilage or cartilage-like tissues forming a sort of skeleton, but only vertebrates possess what we define as bone. Classes of vertebrates listed in chronological order from oldest to most recent include heterostracans, osteostracans, coelolepid agnathans, acanthodians, osteichthyan fishes, chondrichthyan fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds. All vertebrates are studied under standard evolutionary generalizations of behavior and life process, although there is controversy over whether population can be accurately estimated from limited fossil resources. Evolutionary origins of vertebrates

title: John A. Long

text: Devonian fishes showing embryos inside them. This later discovery, published in the journal "Nature" (May 2008) was the first time that reproduction by internal fertilisation was demonstrated in the extinct Class Placodermi, and the oldest evidence for vertebrate viviparity yet discovered. One of the specimens, named "Materpiscis", was also the only known fossil to show a mineralised umbilical structure linked to the unborn embryo. Nature magazine made a short documentary video about this discovery. Other Gogo fish fossils have been found showing remarkable preservation of 3-D muscle tissues, nerve cells and microcapillaries, making this one of the world's most extraordinary

title: Life

text: of vertebrates and invertebrates respectively, and divided the blooded animals into five groups: viviparous quadrupeds (mammals), oviparous quadrupeds (reptiles and amphibians), birds, fishes and whales. The bloodless animals were also divided into five groups: cephalopods, crustaceans, insects (which included the spiders, scorpions, and centipedes, in addition to what we define as insects today), shelled animals (such as most molluscs and echinoderms), and "zoophytes" (animals that resemble plants). Though Aristotle's work in zoology was not without errors, it was the grandest biological synthesis of the time and remained the ultimate authority for many centuries after his death. The exploration of the

title: Vertebrate Paleontology (Romer)

text: Vertebrate Paleontology (Romer) Vertebrate Paleontology is an advanced textbook on vertebrate paleontology by Alfred Sherwood Romer, published by the University of Chicago Press. It went through three editions (1933, 1945, 1966) and for many years constituted a very authoritative work and the definitive coverage of the subject. A condensed version centering on comparative anatomy, coauthored by T.S. Parson came in 1977, remaining in print until 1985. The 1987 book "Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution" by Robert L. Carroll is largely based on Romer's book. The book provides a very detailed and comprehensive technical account of every main group of living and

title: Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution

text: Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution is an advanced textbook on vertebrate paleontology by Robert L. Carroll, published in 1988 by WH Freeman. It provides a very detailed technical account of various groups of living and fossil vertebrates. The book, which is written in the style of Alfred Sherwood Romer's "Vertebrate Paleontology", presented more recent overall coverage of the subject. At the rear of the book is a 53-page Classification list which lists every genus known at the time of publication, along with locality and stratigraphic range. "Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution" appeared in print in 1988, just before

title: Vertebrate

title: History of Earth

text: the terrestrial plants. There is also unconfirmed evidence that arthropods may have appeared on land as early as 530 Ma. At the end of the Ordovician period, 443 Ma, additional extinction events occurred, perhaps due to a concurrent ice age. Around 380 to 375 Ma, the first tetrapods evolved from fish. Fins evolved to become limbs that the first tetrapods used to lift their heads out of the water to breathe air. This would let them live in oxygen-poor water, or pursue small prey in shallow water. They may have later ventured on land for brief periods. Eventually, some of

title: Evolution of mammals

text: amniotes apparently arose in the middle Carboniferous from the ancestral reptiliomorphs. Within a few million years, two important amniote lineages became distinct: mammals' synapsid ancestors and the sauropsids, from which lizards, snakes, turtles/tortoises, crocodilians, dinosaurs, and birds are descended. The earliest known fossils of synapsids and sauropsids (such as "Archaeothyris" and "Hylonomus", respectively) date from about 320 to 315 million years ago. The times of origin are difficult to know, because vertebrate fossils from the late Carboniferous are very rare, and therefore the actual first occurrences of each of these types of animal might have been considerably earlier than the

title: Aristotle's biology

text: "Enhaima" (the modern zoologist's vertebrates) and animals without blood, "Anhaima" (invertebrates). Animals with blood included live-bearing tetrapods, "Zōiotoka tetrapoda" (roughly, the mammals), being warm, having four legs, and giving birth to their young. The cetaceans, "Kētōdē", also had blood and gave birth to live young, but did not have legs, and therefore formed a separate group ("megista genē", defined by a set of functioning "parts"). The birds, "Ornithes" had blood and laid eggs, but had only 2 legs and were a distinct form ("eidos") with feathers and beaks instead of teeth, so they too formed a distinct group, of over

title: Vertebrate Paleontology (Romer)

text: fossil vertebrates, though the mammal-like reptiles are covered in particular, these being Romer's main interest. At the rear of the book is a classification list which includes every genus known at the time of publication, along with locality and stratigraphic range. Vertebrate Paleontology (Romer) Vertebrate Paleontology is an advanced textbook on vertebrate paleontology by Alfred Sherwood Romer, published by the University of Chicago Press. It went through three editions (1933, 1945, 1966) and for many years constituted a very authoritative work and the definitive coverage of the subject. A condensed version centering on comparative anatomy, coauthored by T.S. Parson came

title: Jamoytius

text: that clade. It is also the earliest known vertebrate with camera-type eyes. It also possessed weakly mineralised scales. "Jamoytius" was originally named by Errol White on the basis of two specimens (the generic name is a reference to J. A. Moy-Thomas) and, at the time, it was considered to be the most basal vertebrate known. Since then, it has been reclassified by many workers as having many different affinities, such as an "unspecialized anaspid", or as a sister taxon to the lampreys, its difficulty in classification due to difficulties in reconstructing the anatomy; it does not possess any usual chordate

title: Bunostegos

text: upright on four limbs, with the body held above ground. This new information directly suggests that it could be the first tetrapod with a fully erect gait. The animal has been described as about the size of a modern cow with a knobbly skull and bony plate armor on its back." Its teeth show it to have been a plant eater. It lived in an isolated desert region of the supercontinent of Pangaea some 260 million years ago. Its home region appears to have supported a distinctive fauna, in contrast to the rest of the supercontinent, where species were broadly

title: Fedexia

text: earliest examples of vertebrate life in North America that lived mostly on land, although they likely returned to the water to mate and lay eggs. "Fedexia" is one of the oldest known vertebrates to have been primarily terrestrial rather than aquatic. Even older are the trematopids "Actiobates" and "Anconastes", which are Missourian (Kasimovian) and early Virgilian in age, respectively. The shift toward a terrestrial lifestyle may have been a response to the warmer and drier global climate that existed during the late Carboniferous. During this time, glaciation caused the climate to rapidly fluctuate and sea levels to drop. This resulted

title: Animal

text: sense touch, and would contract if about to be pulled off their rocks, but that they were rooted like plants and never moved about. In 1758, Carl Linnaeus created the first hierarchical classification in his "Systema Naturae". In his original scheme, the animals were one of three kingdoms, divided into the classes of Vermes, Insecta, Pisces, Amphibia, Aves, and Mammalia. Since then the last four have all been subsumed into a single phylum, the Chordata, while his Insecta (which included the crustaceans and arachnids) and Vermes have been renamed or broken up. The process was begun in 1793 by Jean-Baptiste

title: Triassic

text: vertebrates during this time. A specialized subgroup of archosaurs, called dinosaurs, first appeared in the Late Triassic but did not become dominant until the succeeding Jurassic Period. The first true mammals, themselves a specialized subgroup of therapsids, also evolved during this period, as well as the first flying vertebrates, the pterosaurs, who, like the dinosaurs, were a specialized subgroup of archosaurs. The vast supercontinent of Pangaea existed until the mid-Triassic, after which it began to gradually rift into two separate landmasses, Laurasia to the north and Gondwana to the south. The global climate during the Triassic was mostly hot and

title: History of Earth

text: to have found a place in modern classification. During the Cambrian, the first vertebrate animals, among them the first fishes, had appeared. A creature that could have been the ancestor of the fishes, or was probably closely related to it, was "Pikaia". It had a primitive notochord, a structure that could have developed into a vertebral column later. The first fishes with jaws (Gnathostomata) appeared during the next geological period, the Ordovician. The colonisation of new niches resulted in massive body sizes. In this way, fishes with increasing sizes evolved during the early Paleozoic, such as the titanic placoderm "Dunkleosteus",

title: Reptile

text: classes of reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals. The British anatomist Thomas Henry Huxley made Latreille's definition popular and, together with Richard Owen, expanded Reptilia to include the various fossil "antediluvian monsters", including dinosaurs and the mammal-like (synapsid) "Dicynodon" he helped describe. This was not the only possible classification scheme: In the Hunterian lectures delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons in 1863, Huxley grouped the vertebrates into mammals, sauroids, and ichthyoids (the latter containing the fishes and amphibians). He subsequently proposed the names of Sauropsida and Ichthyopsida for the latter two groups. In 1866, Haeckel demonstrated that vertebrates could be

title: Embryo fossil

text: from one environment to another. For instance scientists in 1988 discovered a special 370 million year-old fossil which is a transitional form from sea to land animals animals (tetrapods). Transitional forms from one species to another exist, such as one reptile group (Cynodonts) which appeared 260 million years ago as reptiles but quickly changed in time to mammaliforms some 245 million years ago. Evolution and the transition process are very clear in the bone structure of the ear, so all fossils that are recorded up to today provide us with sufficient clarity to understand more about evolutionary history. In general,

title: Hadrosaurus

text: sedimentary rocks where the "Hadrosaurus" fossil was found have been dated at some time between 80.5 and 78.5 million years ago. In 1868 the only known specimen became the first ever mounted dinosaur skeleton and since 1991 the species "H. foulkii" has become the official state dinosaur of New Jersey. In 1838, John Estaugh Hopkins was digging in a marl pit (on a small tributary of the Cooper River in Haddonfield, New Jersey, and part of the Campanian-age Woodbury Formation) when he uncovered large bones, putting them on display at his home, also in Haddonfield. In 1858, these bones sparked

title: Paleozoic

text: of plant life in the late Carboniferous and Permian. A noteworthy feature of Paleozoic life is the sudden appearance of nearly all of the invertebrate animal phyla in great abundance at the beginning of the Cambrian. The first vertebrates appeared in the form of primitive fish, which greatly diversified in the Silurian and Devonian Periods. The first animals to venture onto dry land were the arthropods. Some fish had lungs, and powerful bony fins that in the late Devonian, 367.5 million years ago, allowed them to crawl onto land. The bones in their fins eventually evolved into legs and they

title: Tiktaalik

text: Those fins and a suite of other characteristics set Tiktaalik apart as something special; it has a combination of features that show the evolutionary transition between swimming fish and their descendants, the four-legged vertebrates - a clade which includes amphibians, dinosaurs, birds, mammals and humans. It and similar animals may possibly be the common ancestors of the broad swath of all vertebrate terrestrial fauna: amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. The first well-preserved "Tiktaalik" fossils were found in 2004 on Ellesmere Island in Nunavut, Canada. "Tiktaalik" provides insights on the features of the extinct closest relatives of the tetrapods. Unlike many

title: Vertebrate

long_answer: Vertebrates originated about 525 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion, which saw the rise in organism diversity. The earliest known vertebrate is believed to be the Myllokunmingia. Another early vertebrate is Haikouichthys ercaicunensis. Unlike the other fauna that dominated the Cambrian, these groups had the basic vertebrate body plan: a notochord, rudimentary vertebrae, and a well-defined head and tail. All of these early vertebrates lacked jaws in the common sense and relied on filter feeding close to the seabed. A vertebrate group of uncertain phylogeny, small-eel-like conodonts, are known from microfossils of their paired tooth segments from the late Cambrian to the end of the Triassic.

short_answers:
Myllokunmingia
believed to be the Myllokunmingia
the Myllokunmingia