question: when was the last time mount etna exploded

answers: July–October 2012

answers: 16 March 2017

title: Mount Etna

text: historical times reveals that only 77 human deaths are attributable with certainty to eruptions of Etna, most recently in 1987 when two tourists were killed by a sudden explosion near the summit. A large lava flow from an eruption in 1928 led to the destruction of a population centre for the first time since the 1669 eruption. The eruption started high on Etna's northeast flank on 2 November. Then new eruptive fissures opened at decreasing elevations down the flank of the volcano. The third and most vigorous of these fissures opened late on 4 November at an unusually low elevation,

title: Mount Etna

text: volcanic edifice, forming a stratovolcano in alternating explosive and effusive eruptions. The growth of the mountain was occasionally interrupted by major eruptions, leading to the collapse of the summit to form calderas. From about 35,000 to 15,000 years ago, Etna experienced some highly explosive eruptions, generating large pyroclastic flows, which left extensive ignimbrite deposits. Ash from these eruptions has been found as far away as south of Rome's border, to the north. Thousands of years ago, the eastern flank of the mountain experienced a catastrophic collapse, generating an enormous landslide in an event similar to that seen in the 1980

title: Mount Etna

text: accessible record of Etna's eruptive history. The most recent collapse event at the summit of Etna is thought to have occurred about 2,000 years ago, forming what is known as the Piano Caldera. This caldera has been almost entirely filled by subsequent lava eruptions, but is still visible as a distinct break in the slope of the mountain near the base of the present-day summit cone. Mount Etna is moving towards the Mediterranean Sea at an average rate of 14 mm per year, the massif sliding on an unconsolidated layer above the older sloping terrain. Eruptions of Etna follow a

title: Mount Etna

text: Second Sicilian War. A particularly violent explosive (Plinian) summit eruption occurred in 122 BC, and caused heavy tephra falls to the southeast, including the town of Catania, where many roofs collapsed. To help with reconstruction after the devastating effects of the eruption, the Roman government exempted the population of Catania from paying taxes for ten years. The Roman poet Virgil gave what was probably a first-hand description of an eruption in the "Aeneid". During the first 1500 years AD, many eruptions went unrecorded (or records have been lost); among the more significant are: (1) an eruption in about 1030 AD

title: Mount Etna

text: on a new site, and its church contains the Italian fascist symbol of the torch, placed above the statue of Jesus Christ. In early November 2008, the town of Mascali commemorated the 80th anniversary of the eruption and destruction of the village with a number of public events where eyewitnesses shared their memories of the eruption. Other major 20th-century eruptions occurred in 1949, 1971, 1979, 1981, 1983 and 1991–1993. In 1971, lava buried the Etna Observatory (built in the late 19th century), destroyed the first generation of the Etna cable-car, and seriously threatened several small villages on Etna's east flank.

title: Mount Etna

text: variety of patterns. Most occur at the summit, where there are five distinct craters — the Northeast Crater, the Voragine, the Bocca Nuova, and the Southeast Crater Complex (2). Other eruptions occur on the flanks, which have more than 300 vents ranging in size from small holes in the ground to large craters hundreds of metres across. Summit eruptions can be highly explosive and spectacular, but rarely threaten the inhabited areas around the volcano. In contrast, flank eruptions can occur down to a few hundred metres altitude, close to or even well within the inhabited areas. Numerous villages and small

title: Mount Etna

text: lava flow travelled about into the uninhabited Valle del Bove. This eruption was visible far into the plains of Sicily, ending the following morning between the hours of 5 to 7 a.m. local time. Catania-Fontanarossa Airport shut down operations during the night for safety precautions. An eruption on the morning of 13 May 2008, immediately to the east of Etna's summit craters was accompanied by a swarm of more than 200 earthquakes and significant ground deformation in the summit area. The eruption continued at a slowly diminishing rate for 417 days, until 6 July 2009, making this the longest flank

title: Mount Etna

text: Mount Etna Mount Etna, or Etna ( or ; or ; ), is an active stratovolcano on the east coast of Sicily, Italy, in the Metropolitan City of Catania, between the cities of Messina and Catania. It lies above the convergent plate margin between the African Plate and the Eurasian Plate. It is the highest active volcano in Europe outside the Caucasus. It is currently high, though this varies with summit eruptions. It is the highest peak in Italy south of the Alps. Etna covers an area of with a basal circumference of . This makes it by far the

title: Mount Etna

text: of the eruption (until 30 March 1993) the lava never advanced close to the town again. Following six years (1995–2001) of unusually intense activity at the four summit craters of Etna, the volcano produced its first flank eruption since 1991–1993 in July–August 2001. This eruption, which involved activity from seven distinct eruptive fissures mostly on the south slope of the volcano, was a mass-media eruption, because it occurred at the height of the tourist season and numerous reporters and journalists were already in Italy to cover the G8 summit in Genoa. It also occurred close to one of the tourist

title: Mount Etna

text: approximately above sea-level, in a zone known as Ripe della Naca. The village of Mascali, lying down-slope of the Ripe della Naca, was almost completely destroyed in two days. Only a church and a few surrounding buildings survived in the north part of the village, called Sant'Antonino or "il quartiere". During the last days of the eruption, the flow interrupted the Messina-Catania railway line and destroyed the train station of Mascali. The event was used by Benito Mussolini's fascist regime for propaganda purposes, with the evacuation, aid, and rebuilding operations being presented as models of fascist planning. Mascali was rebuilt

title: Mount Etna

text: eruption of Etna since the 1991–1993 eruption that lasted 473 days. Previous eruptions, in 2001, 2002–2003, and 2004–2005 had lasted 3 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months, respectively. Lava flows advanced 6.5 km during the first few days of this eruption but thereafter stagnated at much minor distances from the vents; during the last months of the eruption lava rarely advanced more than 1 km downslope. Through January 2011 to February 2012, the summit craters of Etna were the site of intense activity. Frequent eruptions and ash columns forced the authorities to shut down the Catania airport on several occasions.

title: Mount Etna

text: areas on the volcano, and thus was easily accessible. Part of the "Etna Sud" tourist area, including the arrival station of the Etna cable car, were damaged by this eruption, which otherwise was a rather modest-sized event by Etna standards. In 2002–2003, a much larger eruption threw up a huge column of ash that could easily be seen from space and fell as far away as Libya, south across the Mediterranean Sea. Seismic activity in this eruption caused the eastern flanks of the volcano to slip by up to two metres, and many houses on the flanks of the volcano

title: Mount Etna

text: started on 11 March 1669 and produced lava flows that destroyed at least 10 villages on its southern flank before reaching the city walls of the town of Catania five weeks later, on 15 April. The lava was largely diverted by these walls into the sea to the south of the city, filling the harbour of Catania. A small portion of lava eventually broke through a fragile section of the city walls on the western side of Catania and destroyed a few buildings before stopping in the rear of the Benedictine monastery, without reaching the centre of the town. Contrary

title: Mount Etna

text: to widespread reports of up to 15,000 (or even 20,000) human fatalities caused by the lava, contemporaneous accounts written both in Italian and English mention no deaths related to the 1669 eruption (but give very precise figures of the number of buildings destroyed, the area of cultivated land lost, and the economic damage). Therefore, it is uncertain where the enormous number of fatalities can be attributed. One possibility is confusion between this eruption and an earthquake that devastated southeast Sicily (including Catania) 24 years later in 1693. A study on the damage and fatalities caused by eruptions of Etna in

title: Mount Etna

title: John Guest (geologist)

text: UCL under his auspices. He did research on a number of volcanoes around the World, but most notably Mount Etna in Sicily. He was the leader of the United Kingdom's efforts in a long-term collaboration with Italy to study the evolution of Mount Etna and, for the first time in over 100 years, make a geological map of it. In 1984, he was asked by the government of the United Kingdom to assess the volcanic threat to the British military personnel at a NATO base in Sicily. After submitting his report, it found its way - the following day -

title: Zafferana Etnea

text: to the summit of Mt. Etna. A volcanic eruption occurred April 3, 2013. Ash was sent all over the town and made a huge mess. The wet ash was like cement and it was waterproof, so it could not be flooded with water. Zafferana Etnea Zafferana Etnea (; ) is a "comune" (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Catania in the Italian region Sicily, located about southeast of Palermo and about north of Catania. The municipality of Zafferana Etnea contains the "frazioni" (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Fleri, Pisano, Petrulli; Sarro-Civita, Passopomo, Airone-Emmaus, Poggiofelice, and Caselle. Zafferana Etnea borders the

title: Mount Etna

text: near Monte Ilice on the lower southeast flank, which produced a lava flow that travelled about 10 km, reaching the sea north of Acireale; the villages of Santa Tecla and Stazzo are built on the broad delta built by this lava flow into the sea; (2) an eruption in about 1160 (or 1224), from a fissure at only elevation on the south-southeast flank near the village of Mascalucia, whose lava flow reached the sea just to the north of Catania, in the area now occupied by the portion of the city named Ognina. Etna's most destructive eruption since 122 BC

title: Mount Etna

text: largest of the three active volcanoes in Italy, being about two and a half times the height of the next largest, Mount Vesuvius. Only Mount Teide on Tenerife (Spain) surpasses it in the whole of the European–North-African region west of the Black Sea. In Greek Mythology, the deadly monster Typhon was trapped under this mountain by Zeus, the god of the sky and thunder and king of gods, and the forges of Hephaestus were said to also be located underneath it. Mount Etna is one of the world’s most active volcanoes and is in an almost constant state of activity.

title: Mount Etna

text: than fiery, associations, before her incorporation into the folklore of Sicily. For another Sicilian conception of the fairy realm or castle of Morgan le Fay – see Fata Morgana (mirage) re. an optical phenomenon common in the Strait of Messina. Volcanic activity first took place at Etna about 500,000 years ago, with eruptions occurring beneath the sea off the ancient coastline of Sicily. About 300,000 years ago, volcanism began occurring to the southwest of the summit (centre top of volcano) then, before activity moved towards the present centre 170,000 years ago. Eruptions at this time built up the first major

title: Mount Etna

text: chairlift. Sapienza Refuge was the finish of Stage 9 of the 2011 Giro d'Italia and Stage 4 of the 2017 Giro. Mount Etna Mount Etna, or Etna ( or ; or ; ), is an active stratovolcano on the east coast of Sicily, Italy, in the Metropolitan City of Catania, between the cities of Messina and Catania. It lies above the convergent plate margin between the African Plate and the Eurasian Plate. It is the highest active volcano in Europe outside the Caucasus. It is currently high, though this varies with summit eruptions. It is the highest peak in Italy

title: Mount Etna

text: June 2000 event was captured by naturalist filmmaker Geoff Mackley. Another event occurred on 11 April 2013. The borders of ten municipalities (Adrano, Biancavilla, Belpasso, Bronte (from two sides), Castiglione di Sicilia, Maletto, Nicolosi, Randazzo, Sant'Alfio, Zafferana Etnea) meet on the summit of Mount Etna, making this point one of elevenfold complexity, and the most complicated geopolitical multi-point anywhere north of the South Pole. Etna is one of Sicily's main tourist attractions, with thousands of visitors every year. The most common route is through the road leading to Sapienza Refuge ski area, lying at the south of the crater at

title: Mount Etna

text: experienced structural damage. The eruption also completely destroyed the tourist station Piano Provenzana, on the northeastern flank of the volcano, and part of the tourist station "Etna Sud" around the Rifugio Sapienza on the south flank. Footage from the eruptions was recorded by Lucasfilm and integrated into the landscape of the planet Mustafar in the 2005 film "". The Rifugio Sapienza is near the site of a cable car station which had previously been destroyed in the 1983 eruption; it has now been rebuilt. Following a rather silent, slow and non-destructive lava outflow on the upper southeastern flank between September

title: Mount Etna

text: would be completely filled. Instead, the eruption continued, and lava surmounted the barriers, heading directly toward Zafferana. Engineers then decided to use explosives near the source of the lava flow, to disrupt a very efficient lava tube system through which the lava travelled for up to without essentially losing heat and fluidity. The main explosion on 23 May 1992 destroyed the tube and forced the lava into a new artificial channel, far from Zafferana, and it would have taken months to re-establish a long lava tube. Shortly after the blasting, the rate of lava emission dropped, and during the remainder

title: Mount Etna

text: The fertile volcanic soils support extensive agriculture, with vineyards and orchards spread across the lower slopes of the mountain and the broad Plain of Catania to the south. Due to its history of recent activity and nearby population, Mount Etna has been designated a Decade Volcano by the United Nations. In June 2013, it was added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The word Etna is from the Greek αἴθω ("aithō"), meaning "I burn", through an iotacist pronunciation. In Classical Greek, it is called ("Aítnē"), a name given also to Catania and the city originally known as Inessa.

title: Mount Etna

text: In March 1981, the town of Randazzo on the northwestern flank of Etna narrowly escaped destruction by unusually fast-moving lava flows. That eruption was remarkably similar to one in 1928 that destroyed Mascali. The 1991–1993 eruption saw the town of Zafferana threatened by a lava flow, but successful diversion efforts saved the town with the loss of only one building a few hundred metres from the town's margin. Initially, such efforts consisted of the construction of earth barriers built perpendicularly to the flow direction; it was hoped that the eruption would stop before the artificial basins created behind the barriers

title: Mount Etna

text: 2004 and March 2005, intense eruptions occurred at the Southeast Crater in July–December 2006. These were followed by four episodes of lava fountaining, again at the Southeast Crater, on 29 March 11 April 29 April and 7 May 2007. Ash emissions and Strombolian explosions started from a vent on the eastern side of the Southeast Crater in mid-August 2007. On 4 September 2007 a spectacular episode of lava fountaining occurred from the new vent on the east side of the Southeast Crater, also producing a plume of ash and scoriae which fell over the east flank of the volcano. A

title: Mount Etna

text: The July 2011 episode also endangered the Sapienza Refuge, the main tourist hub on the volcano, but the lava flow was successfully diverted. In 2014, a flank eruption started involving lava flows and strombolian eruptions. This was the first flank eruption since 2008–09 On 3 December 2015, an eruption occurred which climaxed between 03:20 and 04:10 local time. The Voragine crater exhibited a lava fountain which reached in height, with an ash plume which reached in height. The activity continued on the following days, with an ash plume that reached in height that forced Catania airport to shut down for

title: Mount Etna

text: elevation of 1910 m. From the Refuge, a cableway runs uphill to an elevation of 2500 m, from where the crater area at 2920 m is accessible. Ferrovia Circumetnea – Round-Etna railway – is a narrow-gauge railway constructed between 1889 and 1895. It runs around the volcano in a 110-km long semi-circle starting in Catania and ending in Riposto 28 km north of Catania. There are two ski resorts on Etna: one at the Sapienza Refuge, with a chairlift and three ski lifts, and a smaller one on the north, at Piano Provenzana near Linguaglossa, with three lifts and a

title: Mount Etna

text: eruption of Mount St. Helens. The landslide left a large depression in the side of the volcano, known as 'Valle del Bove' (Valley of the Ox). Research published in 2006 suggested this occurred around 8000 years ago, and caused a huge tsunami, which left its mark in several places in the eastern Mediterranean. It may have been the reason the settlement of Atlit Yam (Israel), now below sea level, was suddenly abandoned around that time. The steep walls of the valley have suffered subsequent collapses on numerous occasions. The strata exposed in the valley walls provide an important and easily

title: Mount Etna

long_answer: Eruptions of Etna follow a variety of patterns. Most occur at the summit, where there are currently (as of 2008) five distinct craters — the Northeast Crater, the Voragine, the Bocca Nuova, and the Southeast Crater Complex (2). Other eruptions occur on the flanks, which have more than 300 vents ranging in size from small holes in the ground to large craters hundreds of metres across. Summit eruptions can be highly explosive and spectacular, but rarely threaten the inhabited areas around the volcano. In contrast, flank eruptions can occur down to a few hundred metres altitude, close to or even well within the inhabited areas. Numerous villages and small towns lie around or on cones of past flank eruptions. Since the year AD 1600, at least 60 flank eruptions and countless summit eruptions have occurred; nearly half of these have happened since the start of the 20th century. Since 2000, Etna has had four flank eruptions — in 2001, 2002–2003, 2004–2005, and 2008–2009. Summit eruptions occurred in 2006, 2007–2008, January–April 2012, and again in July–October 2012.


question: when did ford change the f150 body style

answers: the 2009 model year

answers: 1957

title: Ford F-Series (ninth generation)

text: seats. Extended-cab (SuperCab) models received larger rear side windows. A notable change included the reintroduction of the Flareside bed that returned for production since 1987. Instead of the previous classic-style bed, the Flareside bed was now a narrow-body version of the dual rear-wheel bed; the rear fenders were repositioned to fit the width of the cab. The 1994 models brought a slightly updated dashboard and the addition of a standard driver's-side airbag on F150s only, Center high mount stop lamp (CHMSL) third brake light/cargo light, brake-shift interlock and CFC-free air conditioning. New options for 1994 included remote keyless entry with

title: Ford Modular engine

text: strengthened powdered metal rods and forged aluminum pistons were added. Piston-cooling jets were also deleted, which are standard in the 5.0 model. Exterior changes include a high-mount intake plenum (as opposed to the standard engine's low-mounted one) with shorter runners to improve high-rpm power. Power is increased from to , and torque drops from to due to the upgrades. The Boss's redline is increased to 7500 rpm, but has been verified stable up to 8400. A torque-biased variant of the Coyote is produced as an alternative to the EcoBoost V6 in the new F-150 pickup truck. The F150 5.0L receives

title: Ferrari 150° Italia

text: Ferrari president Luca di Montezemolo, who founded the Future Italy think tank. In February 2011, Ford declared its intention to sue Ferrari over the use of the F150 name, to which Ford owns a trademark. In response, Ferrari began to refer to the car as the "F150th Italia", claiming the original F150 moniker was simply an abbreviation. On March 3, Ferrari announced that the name had again been tweaked to "Ferrari 150° Italia" (the 150º pronounced as the Italian ordinal "centocinquantesimo"), and that Ford had withdrawn its legal challenge. When the season began in Australia, many were surprised by Ferrari's

title: Ford Atlas

text: for easy entrance into the truck bed. Another feature is cargo ramps which were designed to make it easier to load wheeled items. The Trailer Backup assist automatically lines up the truck with the trailer. The last feature is automatic start/stop button. This feature was meant to improve fuel economy. Mileage is improved due to start/stop button and active grille shutters. The weight is unknown, however the next generation F150 based on the Atlas concept may be 700 pounds lighter than the current F-150 due extensive use of aluminum. The interior has blue LED lighting, four air conditioners, a screen

title: Ford F-Series (ninth generation)

text: or Old Body Style to avoid confusion from the similar Super Duty 7.3 Power Stroke parts. As part of the 4x4 offroad package, they were available with several skid plates underneath. (After 1997, the heavier-duty models were splitting from the Ford F-150. The line of trucks were called the 1999 Ford Super Duty.) The F-150 could be had with either short (6.5') or long (8') beds with either regular or extended cab. The F-250 and F-350 trucks were only available with longbeds (8 ft.) except in 1996 and 1997, the F-250 HD could be had in an extended cab/shortbed or

title: Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation)

text: 325hp while torque is boosted by 25 lb-ft to 400 lb-ft. Starting in 2018, the 2.7L EcoBoost, 3.5L EcoBoost and 5.0L Coyote V8 will all be mated with the 10R80 10-speed automatic transmission. The 2015 Ford F-150 makes a number of design departures from previous F-Series trucks. In a major redesign of the headlights, the rectangular headlight units were replaced with C-shaped units bracketing a trapezoidal grille. The LED headlights were originally planned to use glass for the optics to focus the beam, but it could not achieve the needed clarity, so Ford designers instead used polycarbonate thermoplastic. Each lamp

title: Ford F-Series

text: and moved the turn signal indicators to the outside of the front headlights. During the second half of 1997, the F-250 HD (heavy duty) was in the same series as the F-350. The body style stayed the same until the end of 1997. The only change of the F-250 HD and F-350 was that they no longer has classic style tailgates, with the stainless steel cap on them which read FORD. Instead the tailgate had the F-250 Heavy Duty/F-350 nameplate labeled on its left side, while Ford's blue oval was labeled on The right side (similarly styled like the 1997

title: Tickford Vehicle Engineering

text: front fascia, with the TS50 gaining driving lights in place of the brake ducts of the TE50. The TE50 had 17-inch wheels whereas the TS50 and TL50 went up to 18-inch. Aiming for a more sophisticated look compared to its rival HSV, FTE fit only low-profile rear wings on the Falcon-derived models and no wing on the more luxury-oriented TL50. Paint options were limited to Silhouette (black), Liquid Silver and Sparkling Burgundy on the TS50; Galaxy (metallic dark blue) and Venom Red on the TE50. All T Series models used the familiar Windsor V8 Engine renamed "Synergy 5000", but was

title: Ford F-Series (ninth generation)

text: F-Series. A "Windsor" V8 producing and of torque replaced the standard F-150 engine. The engine was based on an existing block, but Ford engineers fitted it with high flow rate "GT40" heads and used hypereutectic pistons to increase response, output and durability. The engine was also fitted with stainless steel "shorty" headers. An upgraded Ford E4OD automatic transmission was the only available transmission. An aluminum driveshaft connected it to 4.10:1 rear limited slip gears. The suspension had front and rear anti-rollbars and a special leaf, in the rear, tipped with a rubber snubber, that acted as a ladder bar and

title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: until a mid-year change in 1985, when the F-350 was fitted with the Dana 60 solid front axle. F-250s could be ordered with a Dana 50 TTB if it was a heavier duty model; all other F-250's were equipped with a Dana 44 TTB. These trucks were leaf sprung and used a single gas shock with no coil springs and radius arms like on the F-150. For the rear axle the F-350 trucks used a Dana 60 for the single rear wheel trucks and a Dana 70 for the dual rear wheel trucks until 1985 when Ford once again phased

title: Ford F-Series (tenth generation)

text: body style to August 2004 as 2004 models to finish out production. This generation of F-150 was sold in Mexico alongside the new 11th generation F-Series through 2008. It was only available as a Regular Cab and in XL trim, while the newer model was available in more trims, SuperCab and SuperCrew configurations and the new model was badged as Lobo, while the older model retained the F-150 name. A new lineup of improved efficiency engines were offered beginning for 1997. A 4.2 L OHV V6, based on Ford's 3.8 L Essex V6, replaced the 4.9 L OHV I6, while

title: Ford F-Series

text: the newly introduced Explorer and redesigned E-Series and Ranger. Along with the exterior updates, the interior received a complete redesign. Dormant since 1987, the FlareSide bed made its return as an option for 1992. To increase its appeal for younger buyers, the bed bodywork was redesigned, borrowing the sides of the F-350 dual-rear wheel bed (fitted to the narrower F-150 single-wheel chassis). To commemorate the 75th anniversary of the first Ford factory-produced truck (the 1917 Ford Model TT), Ford offered a 75th anniversary package on its 1992 F-series, consisting of a stripe package, an argent colored step bumper, and special

title: Tickford Vehicle Engineering

text: and rear fascia extensions. For the first time, the TE50 was fitted with foglights. The rear wing was claimed to offer more rear end grip above 100 km/h. With this bodykit, FTE departed from Ford's internal guidelines regarding defined manufacturing parameters such as departure angles. The result was the most visually aggressive Falcon vehicles since the GT 30th Anniversary of 1997. Blueprint, Congo Green and Monsoon Blue were three new colours offered across the range. The TE50 now featured the "Azzurro" alloy wheels as standard, and it could also be optioned with the Koni suspension components fitted to the TS50

title: Ford Super Duty

text: these trucks would make them the heaviest trucks in the F-Series line at the time. Following the redesign of the 1997 Ford F-150, the Ford F-Series began a transition in its layout. In response to the changing demographics of pickup truck purchases during the 1980s and 1990s, Ford shifted the design of the F-150 separate from the larger F-250 and F-350 (which remained in production). While still a full-size pickup under the skin, to expand its appeal among consumers, the F-150 adopted carlike aerodynamics and convenience features. To market a truck that appealed towards commercial buyers, fleet buyers, and users

title: Ford F-Series

text: Introduced in 1957, the third generation F-series was a significant modernization and redesign.  Front fenders became integrated into the body, and the new Styleside bed continued the smooth lines to the rear of the pickup.

title: Ferrari F50

text: as Ferrari cancelled the F50 GT project, instead focusing on Formula One after the BPR Global GT Series folded. Ferrari sold off the three complete chassis that were built - the test car 001, 002 and 003. Chassis 002 and 003 had bodies fitted before being sold. The remaining three tubs were reportedly destroyed. Automotive magazine "Car and Driver" tested an F50 in 1997 and published the following results: The F50 has a power to weight ratio of per horsepower. The F50 had the following track times: Ferrari F50 The Ferrari F50 is a mid-engined range-topping sports car made by

title: Ford Super Duty

text: Limited trim, which debuted on the Ford F150. Ford has announced the engine lineup for the all-new Super Duty: All engines will be paired with a "TorqShift" 6-speed automatic transmission, with the gasoline engines featuring 2 transmissions: 5-speed manual transmission (Chassis Cab F-350 Mexico Market only), Ford's all-new "TorqShift-G" automatic transmission. The Super Duty will be available in eleven exterior color options. On April 4, 2017, all Ford F-250 Super Duty trucks built between October 1, 2015 to April 1, 2017 were recalled due to the risk of improper and damaged rods in the parking brake and transmission allowing the

title: Ford F-Series (tenth generation)

text: in history, covered vehicles from the 1994–2002 model years. At its January 1996 launch, the 1997 PN96 F-Series was only offered as a F-150; the F-250 and F-350 were produced as 1996 models on the previous-generation chassis. To bridge the gap between the F-150 and the heavier-duty pickups, a PN96 version of the F-250 was introduced nearly a year later (though also a 1997 model), slotted between the F-150 and the F-250HD of the previous-generation chassis. While nearly externally indentical to the F-150, the F-250 gained increased load capability from a heavy-duty rear axle and load-leveling rear suspension; the F-250

title: Ford F-Series (eleventh generation)

text: the front of the door. Initially, only Ford's 4.6 L Triton or new 3-valve 5.4 L 3V Triton V8 engines and four-speed automatic transmissions were offered to the retail public on the new trucks. For the 2005 model year, Ford's 4.2 L Essex V6 and manual transmission became available and standard on base models after they were available only for fleet orders for 2004 and automatic headlamps became available. The 11th generation F-150 is the last vehicle Ford manufactured with a gasoline pushrod V6. The F-250 and F-350 Ford Super Duties (on the P3 platform) are a different class (over

title: Ford F-Series (ninth generation)

text: F150 continued the use of the Dana 44 Twin-Traction Beam axle from the 80–91 trucks, and the Ford 8.8" Rear Straight axle. The 4wd F250 carried the Dana 50 Twin Traction Beam axle, the Sterling 10.25 from the previous generation for the rear; full float on heavy duty 3/4 ton trucks and the 4wd F350 used the Dana 60 Straight Axle front, and the Sterling 10.25" rear Straight axle. The SVT Lightning is a sports/performance version of the F-150, released by Ford's SVT (Special Vehicle Team) division. Ford introduced the Lightning in 1992 to compete with primarily the Chevrolet 454

title: Ferrari F50

text: Ferrari F50 The Ferrari F50 is a mid-engined range-topping sports car made by Ferrari. Introduced in 1995, the car is a two-door, two seat targa top. The car is powered by a 4.7 L naturally aspirated "Tipo F130B" 60-valve V12 engine that was developed from the 3.5 L V12 used in the 1990 Ferrari 641 Formula One car. The car's design is an evolution of the 1989 Ferrari Mythos concept car. Only 349 cars were made with the last car being produced in Maranello, Italy, in July 1997. The F50's engine predated the car; it was used in the Ferrari

title: Ford F-Series (tenth generation)

text: Equipped only with rear-wheel drive, the Blackwood shared its 300 hp 5.4L 32-valve V8 with the Navigator. Ford F-Series (tenth generation) The tenth generation of the Ford F-Series is a line of pickup trucks produced by Ford from 1995 to 2004; it was sold from model years 1997 to 2004. In a major product shift in the Ford truck lineup, the F-250 and F-350 were split from the F-150. Beginning production in early-1998 (model year 1999) the newly branded Super Duty trucks had a distinct body and chassis, while still branded as F-Series trucks. This generation of the F-Series was

title: Ford F-Series (twelfth generation)

text: an EcoBoost-equipped FX2 or FX4 truck in a regular cab model with a 6.5' bed, a special FX Appearance Package, a flow-through center console with bucket seats and a 4.10 rear gear final drive ratio. Also new in 2014, the STX trim level also became available on SuperCrew models with the 5.5' box. In addition an STX Sport package was added for 2014 including 20" wheels, black cloth seats, and black exterior accents. Three engines were offered with the 2009 redesign: a revised 5.4 L 3-valve Triton V8 that is E85 capable with an output rating of and of torque,

title: Ford F-Series

text: 1997 F-150 was developed with a radically streamlined body. Dispensing with the traditional Twin I-Beam for a fully independent front suspension, the all-new chassis only shared the transmissions with the previous generation. In a major change, the long-running 4.9L inline-6 was replaced by a 4.2 L Essex V6 engine as standard. The 4.6 L Modular V8 shared with the Panther Car was optional (with a bigger 5.4 L Triton V8 version added in mid-1997). Originally developed for use in the F-Series, the Modular/Triton V8 was the first overhead-camshaft engine ever to be installed in a full-size pickup truck. To improve

title: Ford F-Series

text: was the last year that the 460 big block engine was available in a half ton truck. The 1980 F-Series was redesigned with an all-new chassis and larger body; this was the first ground-up redesign since 1965. The exterior styling of the truck was redone to improve aerodynamics and fuel economy. Medium-duty F-Series (F600-F900) were also redesigned; although they shared the cabin of the smaller pickup trucks, the largest version of F-Series now wore a bonnet with separate front wings (like the L-Series). Medium duty Ford F-Series would carry the 1980–1986 interior design until 2000 (though pickups were restyled again

title: Ford F-650

text: and F-750 bring many changes to the medium-duty Super Duty range of trucks. With Ford discontinuing the Econoline van in 2014, Ford is transferring all of its medium-duty truck production from Mexico to its Avon Lake, Ohio assembly plant upon the end of van production; it will be built alongside the F-53/F-59 front-engine motorhome/commercial chassis. While the cab itself is carryover, the 2016 medium-duty trucks feature an all-new hood, which features a larger grille and headlights. To save costs, entirely Ford powertrains replaced the outsourced engines and transmissions, and the headlights are shared with the E-Series. In addition to the

title: Ford F-Series (eighth generation)

text: a solid Dana 60 axle. Engines: Ford F-Series (eighth generation) The eighth generation of the Ford F-Series is a line of pickup trucks and light- to medium-duty commercial trucks produced by Ford from 1986 to 1991. While the 1980 cab and chassis was carried over to the new model, the 1987 model was more streamlined, and maintenance items were made simpler. The exterior was facelifted with new composite headlamps, a more aerodynamic front end, and circular fenders. Inside, the interior was given a complete redesign. Rear antilock brakes were now standard, the first pickup truck to boast this. For the

title: Ford F-Series

text: Ford F-150 around this same time). The F-250 HD also had some minor changes in trim location, and options available. The 1997 F-250 HD with the 7.3 Powerstroke Diesel is also the rarest and most desirable of ninth generation Fords. Following the introduction of the tenth-generation F-150, the F-250 and F-350 continued into production into the 1998 model year, becoming part of the Ford F-Series Super Duty line as they were replaced in 1999. For 1997, Ford Motor Company made a major change to its F-Series family of trucks as the F-Series pickup line was essentially split in two. During

title: Ford Super Duty

text: that of the 2015 Ford F-150, and shares many of the F-150's components. Trim levels will continue to be XL, XLT, Lariat, King Ranch, and Platinum. The Limited trim would not debut for F-250 and F-350 until 2018. Cab configurations continue to be 2-Door Regular Cab, 4-Door Super Cab, and 4-Door Super Crew Cab (the F-450, in pickup truck configuration, is only available in this configuration), with Short Box (6' 9") and Long Box (8') bed lengths. The truck will be available in F-250, F-350, and F-450 pickup truck models, and F-350, F-450, and F-550 chassis cab models. All will

title: Ford F-Series (twelfth generation)

text: in 2010 or 2011, The project was ultimately shelved, with the company developing the Ranger T6 as a global midsize truck and in North America, Ford focused on developing fuel-efficient powertrains such as the EcoBoost V6 and the 6-speed automatic transmission for the F-150. The 2009 F-150 featured a larger and more flexible interior, an updated three-bar grille, and additional choices of trim levels. The chassis included lighter-weight, high-strength steel for better fuel economy and safety and improved payload and towing capacity. For the first time in the history of the F-Series, a V8 engine was standard in all models;

title: Ford F-Series


question: an open-source clone of unix created in the early 1990s

answers: GNU/Linux

answers: Linux

title: Unix

text: Unix Unix (; trademarked as UNIX) is a family of multitasking, multiuser computer operating systems that derive from the original AT&T Unix, development starting in the 1970s at the Bell Labs research center by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and others. Initially intended for use inside the Bell System, AT&T licensed Unix to outside parties in the late 1970s, leading to a variety of both academic and commercial Unix variants from vendors including University of California, Berkeley (BSD), Microsoft (Xenix), IBM (AIX), and Sun Microsystems (Solaris). In the early 1990s, AT&T sold its rights in Unix to Novell, which then sold

title: OpenServer

text: OpenServer Xinuos OpenServer, previously SCO UNIX and SCO Open Desktop (SCO ODT), is a closed source computer operating system developed by Santa Cruz Operation (SCO), later acquired by SCO Group, and now owned by Xinuos. Early versions of OpenServer were based on UNIX System V, while the later OpenServer 10 is based on FreeBSD. SCO UNIX was the successor to the Santa Cruz Operation's variant of Microsoft Xenix, derived from UNIX System V Release 3.2 with an infusion of Xenix device drivers and utilities. SCO UNIX System V/386 Release 3.2.0 was released in 1989, as the commercial successor to SCO

title: UNIX System V

text: variants of System V that remain in commercial use are AIX (IBM), Solaris (Oracle), and HP-UX (HP). According to a study done by IDC, in 2012 the worldwide Unix market was divided between IBM (56%), Oracle (19.2%), and HP (18.6%). No other commercial Unix vendor had more than 2% of the market. Industry analysts generally characterize proprietary Unix as having entered a period of slow but permanent decline. OpenSolaris and its derivatives are the only SVR4 descendants that are open-source software. Core system software continues to be developed as illumos used in illumos distributions such as SmartOS, OpenIndiana and others.

title: UnixWare

text: both physical and virtual machines. All versions of UnixWare have included significant open source components including BIND/X11/Sendmail/DHCP/Perl/Tcl and others. Later releases are bundled with numerous additional open source applications including Apache, Samba, MySQL, PostgreSQL, OpenSSH, and Mozilla software. All versions of SCO operating system distributions including UnixWare also have an extensive set of open source packages available for free download via the SCO Skunkware site. UnixWare UnixWare is a Unix operating system. It was originally released by Univel, a jointly owned venture of AT&T's Unix System Laboratories (USL) and Novell. It was then taken over by Novell. By way of

title: OpenSolaris

text: the illumos Foundation, aims to continue the development and distribution of the OpenSolaris codebase. Since then many more illumos distributions are available for use, continuing development in open or offering support. OpenSolaris is a descendant of the UNIX System V Release 4 (SVR4) code base developed by Sun and AT&T in the late 1980s. It is the only version of the System V variant of UNIX available as open source. OpenSolaris was developed as a combination of several software "consolidations" that were open sourced subsequent to Solaris 10. It includes a variety of free software, including popular desktop and server

title: Unix

text: the core of the Mac OS X operating system, which was later renamed macOS. Unix operating systems are widely used in modern servers, workstations, and mobile devices. In the late 1980s, an open operating system standardization effort now known as POSIX provided a common baseline for all operating systems; IEEE based POSIX around the common structure of the major competing variants of the Unix system, publishing the first POSIX standard in 1988. In the early 1990s, a separate but very similar effort was started by an industry consortium, the Common Open Software Environment (COSE) initiative, which eventually became the Single

title: Research Unix

text: Research Unix Research Unix is a term used to refer to versions of the Unix operating system for DEC PDP-7, PDP-11, VAX and Interdata 7/32 and 8/32 computers, developed in the Bell Labs Computing Science Research Center (frequently referred to as Department 1127). The term "Research Unix" first appeared in the Bell System Technical Journal (Vol. 57, No. 6, Pt. 2 Jul/Aug 1978) to distinguish it from other versions internal to Bell Labs (such as PWB/UNIX and MERT) whose code-base had diverged from the primary CSRC version. However, that term was little-used until Version 8 Unix, but has been retroactively

title: Amiga Unix

text: Amiga Unix Amiga Unix (informally known as Amix) is a discontinued full port of AT&T Unix System V Release 4 operating system, done by Commodore-Amiga, Inc. in 1990, for the Amiga computer family (in addition to the proprietary AmigaOS shipping with the line of computers by default). Bundled with the Amiga 3000UX, Commodore's Unix was one of the first ports of SVR4 to the 68k architecture. The Amiga A3000UX model even got the attention of Sun Microsystems, though ultimately nothing came of it. Unlike Apple's A/UX, Amiga Unix contained no compatibility layer to allow AmigaOS applications to run under Unix.

title: Unix-like

text: Unix-like A Unix-like (sometimes referred to as UN*X or *nix) operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification. A Unix-like application is one that behaves like the corresponding Unix command or shell. There is no standard for defining the term, and some difference of opinion is possible as to the degree to which a given operating system or application is "Unix-like". The term can include free and open-source operating systems inspired by Bell Labs' Unix or designed to

title: Linux

text: freely redistributable, anyone may create a distribution for any intended use. The Unix operating system was conceived and implemented in 1969, at AT&T's Bell Laboratories in the United States by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna. First released in 1971, Unix was written entirely in assembly language, as was common practice at the time. Later, in a key pioneering approach in 1973, it was rewritten in the C programming language by Dennis Ritchie (with the exception of some hardware and I/O routines). The availability of a high-level language implementation of Unix made its porting to different computer

title: History of Linux

text: of the Multics project, the Unix operating system was conceived and implemented by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie (both of AT&T Bell Laboratories) in 1969 and first released in 1970. Later they rewrote it in a new programming language, C, to make it portable. The availability and portability of Unix caused it to be widely adopted, copied and modified by academic institutions and businesses. In 1977, the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) was developed by the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) from UC Berkeley, based on the 6th edition of Unix from AT&T. Since BSD contained Unix code that AT&T owned,

title: MINIX

text: MINIX MINIX (from "mini-Unix") is a POSIX-compliant (since version 2.0), Unix-like operating system based on a microkernel architecture. Early versions of MINIX were created by Andrew S. Tanenbaum for educational purposes. Starting with MINIX 3, the primary aim of development shifted from education to the creation of a highly reliable and self-healing microkernel OS. MINIX is now developed as open-source software. MINIX was first released in 1987, with its complete source code made available to universities for study in courses and research. It has been free and open-source software since it was re-licensed under the BSD license in April 2000.

title: Plurix

text: Plurix Plurix is a Unix-like operating system developed in Brazil in the early 1980s. Plurix was developed in the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), at the (NCE). The NCE researchers, after returning from postgraduate courses in the USA, attempted to license the UNIX source code from AT&T in the late 1970s without success. In 1982, due to AT&T refusing to license the code, a development team led by Newton Faller decided to initiate the development of an alternative system, called Plurix (**), using as reference UNIX Version 7, the most recent at the time, that they had running

title: Unix

text: inexpensive hardware, and by being easy to adapt and move to different machines. Unix was originally written in assembly language (which had been thought necessary for system implementations on early computers), but was soon rewritten in C, a high-level programming language. Although this followed the lead of Multics and Burroughs, it was Unix that popularized the idea. Unix had a drastically simplified file model compared to many contemporary operating systems: treating all kinds of files as simple byte arrays. The file system hierarchy contained machine services and devices (such as printers, terminals, or disk drives), providing a uniform interface, but

title: History of Linux

text: The designation "Linux" was initially used by Torvalds only for the Linux kernel. The kernel was, however, frequently used together with other software, especially that of the GNU project. This quickly became the most popular adoption of GNU software. In June 1994 in GNU's bulletin, Linux was referred to as a "free UNIX clone", and the Debian project began calling its product Debian GNU/Linux. In May 1996, Richard Stallman published the editor Emacs 19.31, in which the type of system was renamed from Linux to Lignux. This spelling was intended to refer specifically to the combination of GNU and Linux, but this was soon abandoned in favor of "GNU/Linux".

title: Venix

text: "performed adequately," but criticized its limit on background processes. Venix Venix is a discontinued version of the Unix operating system for low-end computers, developed by VenturCom, a "company that specialises in the skinniest implementations of Unix". A working version of Venix/86 for the IBM PC XT was demoed at Comdex in May 1983. It was based on Version 7 Unix with some enhancements from BSD (notably vi, more and csh) and custom inter-process communication mechanisms. It was the first licensed UNIX operating system available for the IBM PC and its compatibles, supported read/write access to a separate DOS/FAT-partition and could

title: Version 6 Unix

text: Version 6 Unix Sixth Edition Unix, also called Version 6 Unix or just V6, was the first version of the Unix operating system to see wide release outside Bell Labs. It was released in May 1975 and, like its direct predecessor, targeted the DEC PDP-11 family of minicomputers. It was superseded by Version 7 Unix in 1978/1979, although V6 systems remained in regular operation until at least 1985. AT&T Corporation licensed Version 5 Unix to educational institutions only, but licensed Version 6 also to commercial users for $20,000, and it remained the most widely used version into the 1980s. An

title: CB UNIX

text: CB UNIX Columbus UNIX, or CB UNIX, is a discontinued variant of the UNIX operating system used internally at Bell Labs for administrative databases and transaction processing. It was developed at the Columbus, Ohio branch, based on V6, V7 and PWB Unix. It was little-known outside the company. CB UNIX was developed to address deficiencies inherent in Research Unix, notably the lack of interprocess communication (IPC) and file locking, considered essential for a database management system. Several Bell System operation support system products were based on CB UNIX such as Switching Control Center System. The primary innovations were power-fail restart,

title: Version 6 Unix

text: The University of Sydney released the Australian Unix Share Accounting Method (AUSAM) in November 1979, a V6 variant with improved security and process accounting. In the Eastern Bloc, clones of V6 Unix appeared for local-built PDP-11 clones (MNOS, later augmented for partial compatibility with BSD Unix) and for the Elektronika BK personal computer (BKUNIX, based on LSX). V6 was used for teaching at MIT in 2002 through 2006, and subsequently replaced by an x86 clone called xv6. Version 6 Unix Sixth Edition Unix, also called Version 6 Unix or just V6, was the first version of the Unix operating system

title: Unix-like

text: a trademark, but lost his case, and lost again on appeal, with the court upholding the trademark and its ownership. "Unix-like" systems started to appear in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Many proprietary versions, such as Idris (1978), UNOS (1982), Coherent (1983), and UniFlex (1985), aimed to provide businesses with the functionality available to academic users of UNIX. When AT&T allowed relatively inexpensive commercial binary sub-licensing of UNIX in 1979, a variety of proprietary systems were developed based on it, including AIX, HP-UX, IRIX, SunOS, Tru64, Ultrix, and Xenix. These largely displaced the proprietary clones. Growing incompatibility among these

title: Venix

text: Venix Venix is a discontinued version of the Unix operating system for low-end computers, developed by VenturCom, a "company that specialises in the skinniest implementations of Unix". A working version of Venix/86 for the IBM PC XT was demoed at Comdex in May 1983. It was based on Version 7 Unix with some enhancements from BSD (notably vi, more and csh) and custom inter-process communication mechanisms. It was the first licensed UNIX operating system available for the IBM PC and its compatibles, supported read/write access to a separate DOS/FAT-partition and could run in as little as 128k bytes (256k -

title: SINIX

text: SINIX SINIX is a discontinued variant of the Unix operating system from Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme. SINIX supersedes SIRM OS and Pyramid Technology's DC/OSx. Following X/Open's acceptance that its requirements for the use of the UNIX trademark were met, version 5.44 and subsequent releases were published as Reliant UNIX by Fujitsu Siemens Computers. In some versions of SINIX (5.2x) the user could emulate the behaviour of a number of different versions of Unix (known as "universes"). These included System V.3, System III or BSD. Each universe had its own command set, libraries and header files. The original SINIX was a modified

title: Operating system

text: and Sparc servers, and PCs. Apple's macOS, a replacement for Apple's earlier (non-Unix) Mac OS, is a hybrid kernel-based BSD variant derived from NeXTSTEP, Mach, and FreeBSD. Unix interoperability was sought by establishing the POSIX standard. The POSIX standard can be applied to any operating system, although it was originally created for various Unix variants. A subgroup of the Unix family is the Berkeley Software Distribution family, which includes FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD. These operating systems are most commonly found on webservers, although they can also function as a personal computer OS. The Internet owes much of its existence to

title: Unix

text: language, but in 1973, Version 4 Unix was rewritten in C. Version 4 Unix, however, still had many PDP-11 dependent codes, and is not suitable for porting. The first port to other platform was made five years later (1978) for Interdata 8/32. Bell Labs produced several versions of Unix that are collectively referred to as "Research Unix". In 1975, the first source license for "UNIX" was sold to Donald B. Gillies at the University of Illinois Department of Computer Science. UIUC graduate student Greg Chesson, who had worked on the UNIX kernel at Bell Labs, was instrumental in negotiating the

title: Unix

text: main means of communication, and a shell scripting and command language (the Unix shell) to combine the tools to perform complex workflows. Unix distinguishes itself from its predecessors as the first portable operating system: almost the entire operating system is written in the C programming language, thus allowing Unix to reach numerous platforms. Unix was originally meant to be a convenient platform for programmers developing software to be run on it and on other systems, rather than for non-programmers. The system grew larger as the operating system started spreading in academic circles, as users added their own tools to the

title: Özalp Babaoğlu

text: BSD Unix, also known as BSD, from which spring many modern forms of UNIX, including FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD. The Berkeley version of UNIX became the standard in education and research, garnering development support from DARPA, and was notable for introducing virtual memory and internet- working using TCP/IP to UNIX. BSD was widely distributed in source form so that others could learn from it and improve it; this style of software distribution has now led to the open source movement, of which BSD is now recognized to be one of the earliest examples. With Bill Joy, the co-founder of Sun

title: Version 7 Unix

text: to the kernel for the PDP-11 line of computers including significantly improved hardware error recovery and many additional device drivers. UEG evolved into the group that later developed Ultrix. Due to its power yet elegant simplicity, many old-time Unix users remember V7 as the pinnacle of Unix development and have dubbed it "the last true Unix", an improvement over all preceding and following Unices. At the time of its release, though, its greatly extended feature set came at the expense of a decrease in performance compared to V6, which was to be corrected largely by the user community. The number

title: History of Unix

text: the same year. The first microcomputer versions of Unix, and Unix-like operating systems like Whitesmiths' Idris, appeared in the late 1970s. Bell developed multiple versions of Unix for internal use, such as CB UNIX (with improved support for databases) and PWB/UNIX, the "Programmer's Workbench", aimed at large groups of programmers. It advertised the latter version, as well as 32V and V7, stating that "more than 800 systems are already in use outside the Bell System" in 1980, and "more than 2000" the following year. Research Unix versions 8, 9, and 10 were developed through the 1980s but were only released

title: Version 6 Unix

text: adapted to run as a guest operating on IBM's VM/370 virtualization environment. This version became the nucleus of Amdahl's first internal UNIX offering. (see Amdahl UTS) Bell Labs developed several variants of V6, including the stripped-down MINI-UNIX for low-end PDP-11 models, LSI-UNIX or LSX for the LSI-11, and the real-time operating system UNIX/RT, which merged V6 Unix and the earlier MERT hypervisor. After AT&T decided the distribution by Bell Labs of a number of pre-V7 bug fixes would constitute support (disallowed by an antitrust settlement) a tape with the patchset was slipped to Lou Katz of USENIX, who distributed them.

title: Unix

text: to fork OpenSolaris into the illumos kernel. As of 2014, illumos remains the only active open-source System V derivative. In May 1975, RFC 681 described the development of "Network Unix" by the Center for Advanced Computation at the University of Illinois. The system was said to "present several interesting capabilities as an ARPANET mini-host". At the time Unix required a license from Bell Laboratories that at $20,000(US) was very expensive for non-university users, while an educational license cost just $150. It was noted that Bell was "open to suggestions" for an ARPANET-wide license. Specific features found beneficial were the local

title: History of Linux

short_answers: GNU/Linux Linux


question: who plays the mom on the tv show mom

answers: Allison Janney

answers: Anna Faris

title: Mom (TV series)

text: AA, while the restaurant set, the kids, and Baxter roles were reduced significantly. The series gives Faris, who had guest-starred in various television programs between her film projects and been sought after for other television projects (including a failed pilot called "Blue Skies" that was being produced for NBC), her first full-time television role, as she landed the part of the lead character, Christy, in January 2013. On January 28, 2013, Janney was next to come aboard the project, playing Christy's mother. Matt Jones and Spencer Daniels were added to the cast in February 2013, with Jones playing Christy's ex-husband,

title: The Moms

text: and got a job as a secretary at Sterling Cooper. The latter is a fictional advertising agency on the AMC program "Mad Men". In addition, actor Jon Hamm, who plays the lead role on "Mad Men", has had a recurring role on "30 Rock" as a love interest for Tina Fey's character. Later, Liz gets angry at her mother's admission of not marrying Buzz Aldrin and tells her that actress Laura Linney "could've played you in the HBO original movie "Moon Wives"." In its original American broadcast, "The Moms" was watched by 5.420 million households, according to the Nielsen Media

title: Caryl Kristensen

text: Caryl Kristensen Caryl J. Kristensen (née McKellogg; born November 23, 1960) is an American comedian who is one-half of the comedy troupe The Mommies. The duo had a half-hour sitcom, called "The Mommies", that ran from 1993–1995 and a daytime talk show called "" which ran during the 1996-1997 season. Kristensen, the ninth of eleven children, graduated from Rosary High School in Fullerton, California in 1978 and California State University, Chico with a degree in graphic design. She is married to contractor Len Kristensen; they have two sons, Eric & Bryce. From 2004 to 2011, Kristensen was a college counselor

title: Bad Moms

text: "A Bad Moms Christmas", was released on November 1, 2017. Amy Mitchell (Mila Kunis) is a married woman in the Chicago suburbs with two children, Jane (Oona Laurence) and Dylan (Emjay Anthony), who feels overworked and overcommitted. She works as a sales rep for a "hip" coffee company, prepares healthful, hand-packed lunches for her children, does most of their homework, goes to all of their extracurricular activities, and is active in her school's PTA, run by the domineering Gwendolyn James (Christina Applegate) and her cronies, Stacy (Jada Pinkett Smith) and Vicky (Annie Mumolo). When she catches her husband Mike (David

title: Caryl Kristensen

text: at Campbell Hall School. Since 2009, Kristensen has been chief operating officer of video interview service ZipIntro. Caryl Kristensen Caryl J. Kristensen (née McKellogg; born November 23, 1960) is an American comedian who is one-half of the comedy troupe The Mommies. The duo had a half-hour sitcom, called "The Mommies", that ran from 1993–1995 and a daytime talk show called "" which ran during the 1996-1997 season. Kristensen, the ninth of eleven children, graduated from Rosary High School in Fullerton, California in 1978 and California State University, Chico with a degree in graphic design. She is married to contractor Len

title: Mom (TV series)

text: Mom (TV series) Mom is an American television sitcom that premiered on CBS on September 23, 2013. The series is created by Chuck Lorre, Eddie Gorodetsky, and Gemma Baker, while the former two also serving as executive producers on the series, along with Nick Bakay. In April 2018, it was renewed for a sixth season, which premiered on September 27, 2018. Set in Napa, California, it follows dysfunctional daughter/mother duo Christy and Bonnie Plunkett, who, after having been estranged for years while both were struggling with addiction, attempt to pull their lives and their relationship together by trying to stay

title: Kristen Bell

text: a housewife (with Dax Shepard as her husband) preparing for a Christmas party in Sia's music video for "Santa's Coming For Us". In 2018, she began hosting the web series "Momsplaining with Kristen Bell", with episodes airing on the Ellen DeGeneres video platform Ellentube. In the series, Bell gives new and expecting mothers tips about motherhood. The title of the series is a pun on the commonly used term "mansplaining". Bell later starred in the Netflix comedy-drama film "Like Father". She also voiced the character of Jade Wilson in the animated comedy film "Teen Titans Go! To the Movies" and

title: Amy Hill

text: the Sun", "The Sarah Silverman Program", and "My Wife & Kids". She has had many notable recurring roles on TV shows as well, such as the lesbian daughter of D. L. Hughley's neighbor (played by Pat Morita) on "The Hughleys", the upstairs neighbor of Monica and Rachel on "Friends", Mrs. DePaulo on "That's So Raven", Mama Tohru on "Jackie Chan Adventures", Mrs. Hasagawa on "", Penny Candy on "The Puzzle Place", Maureen Nervosa, the owner of "Cafe Nervosa" on Frasier"," Mah Mah the adopted mother of Francine on "American Dad!", Dr. Lauren Brown on "General Hospital", and Suji on "The

title: Amy Hill

text: same character she played in "Lilo & Stitch"), Ah-Mah Jasmine Lee in "The Life and Times of Juniper Lee", Judy Harvey in "Enlightened", Mah Mah Ling in "American Dad!", Beverly Tarantino in "Mom" and Ms. Mannering in "Preacher". Hill is currently a series regular on the Amazon Video Web television show "Just Add Magic" as Mama P along with recurring in "UnReal" as Dr. Wagerstein on the basic cable network Lifetime and The CW romantic comedy musical "Crazy Ex-Girlfriend" as Lourdes Chan. In film, she is perhaps best known for her roles as Mrs. Kwan in "The Cat in the

title: Odd Mom Out

text: ultra-wealthy "momzillas" living in New York's Upper East Side. Other cast members include Andy Buckley who plays Jill's wealthy and noble husband, Andy, Abby Elliott as Brooke, Jill's sister-in-law and a fellow "momzilla", as Jill's extremely successful brother-in-law, Lex, as Vanessa, an ER doctor and Jill's best friend, and Joanna Cassidy who plays Jill's mother-in-law, Candace. Jill Kargman created the satirical series inspired by her real-life experiences living in New York City. The female characters are depicted as typical snooty moms of Upper East Side living a privileged life, trying to survive in highly competitive environment, and "surrounded by lacquered

title: Mr. Mom

text: Mr. Mom Mr. Mom is a 1983 American comedy film from 20th Century Fox, directed by Stan Dragoti, written by John Hughes, and produced by Lynn Loring, Lauren Shuler and Aaron Spelling. It stars Michael Keaton, Teri Garr, Jeffrey Tambor, Ann Jillian, Christopher Lloyd and Martin Mull. The film follows an unemployed Detroit engineer becoming a stay-at-home dad and taking care of three young children, after his wife lands a job and returns to the advertising business as an executive at a big advertising agency. Living with his wife, Caroline, and their three children, Alex, Kenny, and Megan, in a

title: Kimrie Lewis

text: of the Hulu comedy "The Mindy Project". Lewis was announced as a series regular in the ABC comedy pilot "Single Parents", by Deadline, in March 2018. Kimrie Lewis Kimrie Denise Lewis (born March 16, 1982) is an American actress, comedian, and writer. She is best known for her recurring role as reporter Ashley Davidson on "Scandal" and is one of the stars of the hit show Single Parents (TV series), playing single mom Poppy Banks. She also starred in the movie "Tyler Perry Presents Peeples". Kimrie Lewis was born in Los Angeles, the daughter of Carol, a news executive producer,

title: Brooke Burke

text: a blog from Burke about her children. Burke's first book, "The Naked Mom: A Modern Mom's Fearless Revelations, Savvy Advice, and Soulful Reflections", was published February 1, 2011, by New American Library. It features her reflections on motherhood, Hollywood, romance, and the challenges of creating a blended family. She was the voice and face of Rachel Teller in Electronic Arts' video game "", and asks the "People and Places" questions in the video game "Trivial Pursuit Unhinged". Burke starred as a playable character in the Burger King advergaming title "PocketBike Racer" and in "Big Bumpin'". Burke has fronted infomercials promoting

title: Mom (TV series)

text: daughter, Violet (Sadie Calvano), who was born when Christy was 17, has also become a teen mother by her boyfriend, Luke (Spencer Daniels). Christy also has a young son, Roscoe (Blake Garrett Rosenthal) by her ex-husband, Baxter (Matt L. Jones), a deadbeat but likable pothead. As the show progresses, it adds themes of real-life issues such as alcoholism, teen pregnancy, homelessness, gambling addiction, domestic violence, obesity, rape, drug addiction, relapse and drug overdose. "Mom" was one of the many projects that became a priority for CBS and Warner Bros when it was pitched in December 2012, in part due to

title: Mom (TV series)

title: Julia Duffy

text: Ballantine on the short-lived comedy series "The Mommies". Duffy played Lindsay Mercer, one of the failed buyers of Winfred-Lauder and the ex-wife of "Lord Mercer" on "The Drew Carey Show". She has a recurring role on the Nickelodeon series "Drake & Josh" as Linda Hayfer, a high school English teacher who despises Drake. She appeared on "The Suite Life of Zack & Cody" as the rich mother of Jason, a boy who goes on a date with Maddie Fitzpatrick (Ashley Tisdale). She made a brief appearance in the Nickelodeon sitcom "True Jackson, VP" as the owner of a stage that

title: Ask My Mom

text: such as playing Debrie Bardeaux in series four of 'Arrested Development', as well as starring in her own show 'The Maria Bamford Show.' The character for 'Ask My Mom' is Bamford’s mother, Marilyn, who was a previous character in 'The Maria Bamford Show', a 20 episode web series. The Maria Bamford Show used to take questions over email sent through Bamford’s website, a similar format to 'Ask My Mom.' The plot surrounds Maria acting as her mom. The character of Maria's mom is described by Bamford as "...a 70-year-old retired family therapist and a Netflix connoisseur. She has years of

title: The Moms

text: The Moms "The Moms" is the of the fourth season of the American television comedy series "30 Rock", and the 78th overall episode of the series. It was written by co-producer Kay Cannon and co-show runner and executive producer Robert Carlock. The episode was directed by co-executive producer John Riggi. It originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) network in the United States on May 6, 2010. Guest stars in "The Moms" include Buzz Aldrin, John Anderson, Elizabeth Banks, Kyoko Bruguera, Will Ferrell, Anita Gillette, Jan Hooks, Cheyenne Jackson, Patti LuPone, Novella Nelson, and Elaine Stritch. In the episode,

title: Anne Stedman

text: and tips about being a mom. In 2017 a web series "Chic Mama Carpool" was then created which has starred such celebrity mom's as Jordana Brewster, Molly Sims and Marla Sokoloff In 2018 she started a scripted series "Chic Mama Drama" about making a talk show, running a fashion website, being an actress...all while being a mom. In 2016, Stedman along with her family, wrote a book "Mary's Story: A Family's Journey With Cancer" about her sister Mary who died of cancer. Anne Stedman Anne Stedman (born January 17, 1976) is an American actress known for such roles as Dyna

title: Helen Keaney

text: relationship game shows on Game Show Network with Teresa Strasser. Helen Keaney Helen Keaney (also sometimes credited as Helen Rosenthal) is an American actress, comedian, and hostess on HSN (Home Shopping Network). She was a member of "3 Blonde Moms" Previously she did national television commercials for various products including Clorox, Tylenol, Gateway, Degree Deodorant, Dr. Scholl's, Starkist, Thermacare and Verizon. She is notable for her role as "Diane" in the 1987 cult classic film "Plutonium Baby" credited under her given name, Helen Rosenthal, and has also voiced Nikki in the video game "Pandemonium". In 2000 and 2001, Keaney hosted

title: Linda Swain

text: Ian Swain, who runs the company. As a mother of six, including two stepchildren, she created a series called "Moms on the Move", where she showcases inspiring stories about real mothers as a segment on the "10 Show" on NBC 10 starting in 2002 and getting her feet wet with Moms on the Move Specials. She received two Mid Atlantic Emmy Awards for Outstanding Program Feature and Best Show Host for her work at NBC 10. She subsequently went on to produce a series of audience shows from QVC studios that aired in syndication across the United States. When it

title: Pretty Wicked Moms

text: a healthy lifestyle, keeping her, Craig and McKinley on a strict diet. Craig Hragyil - one of the owners of KU is an ex-con who spent 3 years in prison for internet fraud and the theft of senior citizens savings. Meredith Underwood "The Newbie" is married to Brad and is a stay-at-home mother to their daughter, Addison. They named their daughter after the character Addison Montgomery from "Grey’s Anatomy" and "Private Practice". Marci Rubin Gold "The Divorcee" is recently divorced and raising her three kids, sons Dylan and Andrew, and daughter, Jordan. She appeared on LifeTime's Dance Moms Holiday Special

title: Taylor Momsen

text: Taylor Momsen Taylor Michel Momsen (born July 26, 1993) is an American musician, singer, model, and former actress. She is known for portraying the character of Jenny Humphrey on The CW's teen drama series "Gossip Girl" (2007–2012) and Cindy Lou Who in the film "How the Grinch Stole Christmas" (2000). She is also known for being the lead singer and frontwoman of the American rock band The Pretty Reckless. Momsen was born in St. Louis, Missouri. Her parents are Michael and Collette Momsen and she has a younger sister, Sloane Momsen, who is also an actress. She has Russian ancestry.

title: Jill Daum

text: a guest role in an episode of the television series "Booker". In the early 1990s, Daum joined with Linda Carson, Alison Kelly, Robin Nichol, Barbara Pollard and Deborah Williams to write and stage the collective play "Mom's the Word", a "kitchen table cabaret" about motherhood. The show premiered at Vancouver's Women in View Festival in 1994 before going into wider production in 1995. The play won two Jessie Richardson Theatre Awards in 1995, for outstanding original play or musical, and collective creation and performance. The collective subsequently toured the show across Canada, as well as staging it at the Melbourne

title: Nancy Lenehan

text: Your Mother", "Judging Amy", "Gilmore Girls", "Caroline in the City", "Dharma & Greg", "Buffy The Vampire Slayer", "3rd Rock from the Sun", "ER", "Boy Meets World", "The Nanny", "Quantum Leap", "Roseanne", "Grace Under Fire", "V", "The Facts of Life", "Hill Street Blues" and "Alice". Lenehan attended Yankton College in Yankton, South Dakota. Nancy Lenehan Nancy Lenehan (born April 26, 1953) is an American actress who has appeared in film and television since the 1980s. Lenehan was born in Long Island, New York. She co-starred on the short-lived sitcom "Worst Week". She also co-starred as Sandy Kelly, the matriarch in the

title: Courtney Henggeler

text: Several years later, she made a guest appearance in the medical drama "House". In 2008, Henggeler portrayed a guest role in the popular sitcom "The Big Bang Theory" as Missy Cooper, the twin sister of the show's main character Sheldon Cooper. After playing various guest roles in several movies and TV shows over the years and a recurring role on the CBS sitcom "Mom", Henggeler finally made her breakthrough in 2018 when she landed a starring role on "Cobra Kai" as Amanda LaRusso, the wife of the main protagonist of the show and the original "Karate Kid" Daniel LaRusso. Henggeler

title: Baby mama

text: Mama" starring Tina Fey and Amy Poehler, in which Poehler plays a woman Fey hires to be her surrogate. In many films, including some like Tyler Perry's ""Meet the Browns"", that was released in 2008, there are many stereotypical representations of black baby mamas. Brenda, who is played by Angela Bassett, is one of the main characters in the film that is portrayed as a stereotypical Black single mother who is caught in an endless cycle of poverty and struggle. She has three children from three different men, none of which have a presence in their child's life. Throughout the

title: Juliet Sorci

text: "Quantum Leap", "The Tracey Ullman Show", "Baywatch", "In The Heat of the Night", and most recently, "". She currently lives in Los Angeles with her husband Ian Duncan (whom she married in 2011) and their daughter, Cosette. Juliet Sorci Juliet Sorci (born July 4, 1979) is an American actress best known for her roles in "A Mom for Christmas", and several other television films. Born and raised in Bakersfield, California, Sorci graduated from William S. Hart High School in Newhall, California in 1997. Sorci studied with many top acting teachers which include Howard Fine, Lesly Kahn, and Stan Kirsch; she

title: Aaron Benward

text: "Hit Trip". She has starred in numerous films like "Adrenaline" and the fiancé of Michael W. Smith in The Second Chance. She played Emily Osment's mom in Disney Channel's "Dadnapped" as well as Dove Cameron's mom also in Disney's "Cloud 9". In 2015, she portrayed a jealous, murdering wife in CSI. She is also a highly sought after acting coach who has coached likes of Miley Cyrus, Olivia Holt, Kimberly Williams-Paisley, and her own Luke Benward. She worked alongside Taylor Hackford in the Oscar-winning film "Ray" as the on set acting coach for C.J Sanders who played "Young Ray Charles"

title: Debbie Reynolds

text: in film and television. She played Helen Chappel Hackett's mother, Deedee Chappel, on an episode of "Wings" titled, "If It's Not One Thing, It's Your Mother," which originally aired on November 22, 1994. From 1999 to 2006, she played Grace Adler's theatrical mother, Bobbi Adler, on the NBC sitcom "Will & Grace", which earned Reynolds her only Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series in 2000. She played a recurring role in the Disney Channel Original Movie "Halloweentown" film series as Aggie Cromwell. Reynolds made a guest appearance as a presenter at the 69th Academy Awards

title: Mom (TV series)

long_answer: Mom follows Christy Plunkett (Anna Faris), a single mother who, after dealing with her battle with alcoholism and drug abuse, decides to restart her life in Napa, California, working as a waitress and attending Alcoholics Anonymous meetings. Her mother Bonnie Plunkett (Allison Janney) is also a recovering drug and alcohol addict. Christy's daughter, Violet (Sadie Calvano), who was born when Christy was 16, has also become a teen mother by her boyfriend, Luke (Spencer Daniels). Christy also has a young son, Roscoe (Blake Garrett Rosenthal) by her ex-husband, Baxter (Matt L. Jones), a deadbeat but likable pothead. As the show progresses, it adds themes of real-life issues such as alcoholism, teen pregnancy, cancer, homelessness, gambling addiction, domestic violence, death, obesity, rape, stroke, drug addiction, relapse and overdose.

short_answers:
Allison Janney
Anna Faris


question: where are the first nations located in canada

answers: south of the Arctic

title: Lac des Mille Lacs First Nation

text: throughout Northwestern Ontario, with smaller numbers residing elsewhere in Canada or the United States. Its governance office is located on the territory of the Fort William First Nation near Thunder Bay. The First Nation, which is governed by a custom governance code rather than under the Indian Act, has established a goal of rebuilding its own community on the Seine River site, and released a site analysis feasibility study in 2006. The nation has an outstanding land claim pending negotiation with the federal and provincial governments. Leo Baskatawang, an Iraq War veteran from Dryden who is a registered member of

title: First Nations in Alberta

text: First Nations in Alberta First Nations in Alberta are Indigenous peoples who live in the Canadian province of Alberta. The First Nations are peoples (or nations) recognized as Aboriginal peoples in Canada excluding the Inuit and the Métis. According to the 2011 Census, a population of 116,670 Albertans self-identified as First Nations. Specifically there were 96,730 First Nations people with registered Indian Status and 19,945 First Nations people without registered Indian Status. Alberta has the third largest First Nations population among the provinces and territories (after Ontario and British Columbia). From this total population, 47.3% of the population lives on

title: Indigenous peoples in Quebec

text: in two communities located in the Bas-St-Laurent region of Quebec. The communities are Cacouna and Whitworth. They number approximately 570 people. The Mi'kmaq (or Micmac, in an older English spelling) live in the Canadian Maritime provinces and the Quebec region of the Gaspé Peninsula (French=Gaspésie). In Quebec, they number approximately 4,300 people and comprise three First Nations communities: The Innu (formerly referred to as the Montagnais) comprise nine First Nations in the Côte-Nord region of Quebec. These First Nations are: The Innu number 13,800 people. The Naskapi live in northern Quebec. They comprise one First Nation, the Naskapi Nation of

title: Webequie First Nation

text: Webequie First Nation Webequie First Nation is located on the northern peninsula of Eastwood Island on Winisk Lake, 540 km (336 mi) north of Thunder Bay in Ontario, Canada. Webequie is a fly-in community with no summer road access. The primary way into the community is by air to Webequie Airport or winter road, which connects to the Northern Ontario Resource Trail. The First Nation have the 34,279 ha Webequie Indian Reserve. The Webequie or Webiqui Indian Settlement also have reserve status. Webequie First Nation is a member of the Matawa First Nations, a Regional Chiefs' Council and a member

title: Indigenous peoples

text: peoples in Canada comprise the First Nations, Inuit and Métis. The descriptors "Indian" and "Eskimo" have fallen into disuse in Canada. There are currently over 600 recognized First Nations governments or bands encompassing 1,272,790 peoples spread across Canada with distinctive Aboriginal cultures, languages, art, and music. National Aboriginal Day recognises the cultures and contributions of Aboriginals to the history of Canada The Inuit have achieved a degree of administrative autonomy with the creation in 1999 of the territories of Nunavik (in Northern Québec), Nunatsiavut (in Northern Labrador) and Nunavut, which was until 1999 a part of the Northwest Territories. The

title: Northern Canada

text: mostly because of the extremely high cost of most consumer goods, and the region is heavily subsidised by the government of Canada. As of 2006, 52.8% of the population of the three territories (25.1% in Yukon, 50.3% in the NWT and 85.0% in Nunavut) is Aboriginal, Inuit, First Nations or Métis. The Inuit are the largest group of Aboriginal peoples in Northern Canada, and 61.5% of all Canada's Inuit live in Northern Canada, with Nunavut accounting for 52.8%. The region also contains several groups of First Nations, who are mainly Chipewyan peoples. The three territories each have a greater proportion

title: First Nations

text: across the country. Indian reserves, established in Canadian law by treaties such as Treaty 7, are the very limited contemporary lands of First Nations recognized by the non-indigenous governments. A few reserves exist within cities, such as the Opawikoscikan Reserve in Prince Albert, Wendake in Quebec City or Stony Plain 135 in the Edmonton Capital Region. There are more reserves in Canada than there are First Nations, as First Nations were ceded multiple reserves by treaty. First Nations can be grouped into cultural areas based on their ancestors' primary lifeway, or occupation, at the time of European contact. These culture

title: Ginoogaming First Nation

text: Ginoogaming First Nation Ginoogaming First Nation (formerly the Long Lake 77 First Nation) is a small Anishinaabe (Ojibway) First Nation reserve located in Northern Ontario, located approximately 40 km east of Geraldton, Ontario, Canada, on the northern shore of Long Lake, immediately south of Long Lake 58 First Nation and the community of Longlac, Ontario. As of September, 2006, their total registered population was 773 people, of which their on-Reserve population was 168. The leadership of the First Nation is determined through the Act Electoral System. The current Chief is Celia Echum, who is serving along with six Councillors:Blaine Martin,Gwen

title: First Nations in Alberta

text: an Indian reserve and the other 52.7% live in urban centres. According to the 2011 Census, the First Nations population in Edmonton (the provincial capital) totalled at 31,780, which is the second highest for any city in Canada (after Winnipeg). The First Nations population in Calgary, in reference to the 2011 Census, totalled at 17,040. There are 48 First Nations or "bands" in Alberta (in the sense of governments made up of a council and a chief), belonging to nine different ethnic groups or "tribes" based on their ancestral languages. There are a variety of ways of classifying the various

title: Shawanaga First Nation

text: (including the 30,000 islands) and east to the Ottawa valley. There are three areas that make up Shawanaga First Nation: Shawanaga, Shawanaga Landing and Naiscoutaing. Shawanaga First Nation has maintained rights due to being a signatory of the Robinson-Huron Treaty of 1850 of which there is a four dollar annuity because of their Ojibway-speaking ancestors having signed that treaty. Shawanaga First Nation Shawanaga First Nation is an Anishinaabe First Nation band government in central Ontario near Nobel. Its reserves include: Shawanaga First Nation is located in Ontario at Latitude: 45.517 and Longitude: -80.284. The community is approximately 30 kilometres northwest

title: Indian reserve

text: control one reserve or several, in addition some reserves are shared between multiple bands. In 2003, the Department of Indian and Northern Affairs stated there were 2,300 reserves in Canada, comprising . According to Statistics Canada in 2011, there are more than 600 First Nations/Indian bands in Canada and 3,100 Indian reserves across Canada. Examples include the Sturgeon Lake First Nation, which like many bands, has only one reserve, Sturgeon Lake Indian Reserve No. 101. Musqueam No. 2 and No. 4, and Sea Island Indian Reserve No. 3 are governed by the Musqueam Indian Band, one of many examples where

title: Indigenous peoples in Quebec

text: 8,600 people. The three Atikamek (sometimes spelled Atikamekw) bands live in four communities located in the Maurice region of Quebec. These First Nations are: The Atikamek number approximately 4,900 people. The Cree are the most populous nation in the Algonquian-language family. The majority live in Quebec and Ontario, but Cree also live in Manitoba, Alberta, and Saskatchewan. There are 10 Cree First Nations communities in northern Quebec. They are the: The Cree of Quebec number approximately 19,000 people. The Malécite (or Maliseet, in an older English spelling) comprise one First Nation, the Première Nation Malecite de Viger, whose members live

title: Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada

text: headquarters are in Terrasses de la Chaudière, in downtown Gatineau, Quebec. Pursuant to the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development Act the term "Indian" remains in the department's legal name, although the term "Indigenous" is used in its applied title under the Federal Identity Program. First Nation, has been used since the 1970s instead of the word "Indian", which some people found offensive. The term "Indian" is used for legal and historical documents such as Status Indians as defined by the "Indian Act". For example, the term "Indian" continues to be used in the historical and legal document, the

text: Four Reserves are attached to this First Nation. They are: Iskatewizaagegan 39 Independent First Nation Shoal Lake 39 First Nation is an Ojibwa or Anishinaabe First Nation, located along the northwestern shores of Shoal Lake, Ontario. It is officially known as Iskatewizaagegan #39 Independent First Nation. The total registered population of this First Nation is 585, of which 297 live on its own reserves. They are governed by a chief and council, with their current Chief Gerald Lewis having been elected in March 2016 for a two-year term. In April 2008, the chief of Shoal Lake 39 complained that the

title: First Nations

text: First Nations (French: Premières Nations) are the predominant Indigenous peoples in Canada south of the Arctic.  Those in the Arctic area are distinct and known as Inuit. The Métis, another distinct ethnicity, developed after European contact and relations primarily between First Nations people and Europeans. There are currently 634 recognized First Nations governments or bands spread across Canada, roughly half of which are in the provinces of Ontario and British Columbia.

title: Western Canada

text: Regina (Saskatchewan) and Winnipeg (Manitoba). With the exception of Winnipeg, which is the largest city in Manitoba, all other provincial capitals of the Western Provinces are located in the second-largest metropolitan areas of their respective province. Western Canada is the traditional territory of numerous First Nations predating the arrival of Europeans. As Britain colonized the west, it established treaties with various First Nations, took control of other areas without opposition and fought with other First Nations to take control of Western Canada. Not all lands were ceded by the First Nations to British control and land claims are still ongoing.

title: Keeseekoose First Nation

text: Cote Ojibways where they still live. Keeseekoose First Nation Keeseekoose First Nation is a Saulteaux First Nation reserve located in Kamsack, Saskatchewan, Canada. It is located next to the Coté First Nation reserve. The Keeseekoose were originally set aside the Swan River First Nation of Manitoba but flooding forced a relocation away from Manitoba, to where the Coté lived. They are a Saulteaux band who spoke the Saulteaux Dialect of the Ojibwe Language. It has 24 Reserves and share the Treaty Four Reserve Grounds 77 with many other Treaty Four First Nations. Total on-Reserve population is 679. Off-Reserve population is

title: North Caribou Lake First Nation

text: North Caribou Lake First Nation North Caribou Lake First Nation or Weagamow First Nation, sometimes also known as Round Lake First Nation, is an Oji-Cree First Nation band government who inhabit the Kenora District in northern Ontario, Canada. It is approximately 320 km or 202 air miles north of Sioux Lookout, Ontario. As of January 2008, the First Nation had a registered population of 928 people, of which their on-Reserve population was 677. Though the First Nation's official name registered with the Indian and Northern Affairs Canada is "North Caribou Lake First Nation," the Nation is located on Weagamow Lake,

title: Long Lake 58 First Nation

text: Nishnawbe Aski Nation. Services include: Long Lake 58 First Nation Long Lake 58 First Nation is a Anishinaabe (Ojibway) First Nation band government located in Northern Ontario, located approximately 40 km east of Geraldton, Ontario, Canada, on the northern shore of Long Lake, immediately north of Ginoogaming First Nation and west of the community of Longlac, Ontario. As of January, 2008, their total registered population was 1,248 people, of which their on-Reserve population was 427. In late August 1990, members of Long Lake 58 First Nation blocked the Canadian National Railway (CNR) tracks passing through the 537-acre (217.3 ha) Long

title: Waywayseecappo First Nation

text: Waywayseecappo First Nation The Waywayseecappo First Nation is a First Nations band government whose reserve is located twenty miles (32 km) east of Russell in Manitoba, Canada. The First Nation's reserve is 10,059 hectare (24,856 acres) and is located near the southwestern corner of the Riding Mountain National Park. It is bordered by the Rural Municipality of Rossburn and the Rural Municipality of Silver Creek. The First Nation also hold interest together with 32 other First Nations on the 37.1 hectare (91.7 acre) Treaty Four Reserve Grounds (Indian Reserve No. 77), located adjacent to Fort Qu'Appelle. Its population is 1,219

title: Indigenous peoples in Quebec

text: Indigenous peoples in Quebec Indigenous peoples in Quebec () total 11 distinct ethnic groups. The 10 First Nations and the Inuit communities number 141,915 people and account for approximately 2% of the population of Quebec, Canada. The Abenaki comprise two First Nations communities named the Odanak First Nation (in Odanak, near Trois-Rivières) and the Wolinak First Nation (in Wôlinak, near Trois-Rivières). They number approximately 1,900 people. The Algonquin, who refer to themselves as "Anishinaabeg", comprise nine First Nations who live in communities located in the Outaouais and Abitibi-Témiscamingue regions of Quebec. These First Nations communities are: The Algonquin number approximately

title: Chipewyan

text: (Chipewyan people). Chipewyan peoples live in the region spanning the western Canadian Shield to the Northwest Territories and including part of northern parts of the provinces of Manitoba, Alberta and Saskatchewan. There are also many burial and archaeological sites in Nunavut which are part of the Dënesųłı̨ne group. The following list of First Nations band governments had in August 2016 a total registered membership of 25,519, with 11,315 in Saskatchewan, 6,952 in Alberta, 3,038 in Manitoba and 4,214 in the Northwest Territories. All had Denesuline populations; however, several had a combination of Cree and Denesuline members (see the Barren Lands

title: First Nations

text: many First Nations. The Assembly of First Nations (AFN) is a body of First Nations leaders in Canada. The aims of the organization are to protect the rights, treaty obligations, ceremonies, and claims of citizens of the First Nations in Canada. After the failures of the League of Indians in Canada in the Interwar period and the North American Indian Brotherhood in two decades following the Second World War, the Aboriginal peoples of Canada organised themselves once again in the early 1960s. The National Indian Council was created in 1961 to represent Indigenous people, including Treaty/Status Indians, non-status people, the

title: First Nations

text: people, most of which are spoken only in Canada. Many are in decline. Those with the most speakers include Anishinaabe and Cree (together totalling up to 150,000 speakers); Inuktitut with about 29,000 speakers in the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Nunavik (Northern Quebec), and Nunatsiavut (Northern Labrador); and Mi'kmaq, with around 8,500 speakers, mostly in Eastern Canada. Many Aboriginal peoples have lost their native languages and often all but surviving elders speak English or French as their first language. Two of Canada's territories give official status to native languages. In Nunavut, Inuktitut and Inuinnaqtun are official languages alongside English and French, and

title: Seine River First Nation

text: Seine River First Nation Seine River First Nation, previously known as the Rivière la Seine Band, is an Ojibwe First Nation reserve located roughly west of Thunder Bay, Ontario. As of November 2011, the First Nation had a total registered population of 725, of which 327 lived on their own reserve. The First Nation have an electoral system of government, consisting of a chief and seven councillors forming their council. Chief Thomas Johnson and councillors Carrie Boshkaykin, Norman Girard, John Kabatay, Gearld Johnson, Roger Spencer and Shane Whitecrow are serving their two-year term that began on February 11, 2016. The

title: Metlakatla First Nation

text: Metlakatla First Nation Metlakatla First Nation is a band government based at Metlakatla on the North Coast of British Columbia, Canada, to the north of the city of Prince Rupert. They are a member of the Tsimshian First Nations treaty council. In the British Columbia Treaty Process, the Metlakatla First Nation in Stage 4. INAC number 673, the Metlakatla First Nation has 794 members. In 2013, anthropologists from the US and Canada conducted a mitochondrial DNA mapping study on the 5,500-year-old remains of a woman found on Lucy Island, B.C., and conclusively determined that she had genetic links with living

title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: groups of North America indigenous peoples recognized in the Canadian Constitution Act, 1982, sections 25 and 35. Under the Employment Equity Act, Aboriginal people are a designated group along with women, visible minorities, and persons with disabilities. They are not a visible minority under the Employment Equity Act and in the view of Statistics Canada. The 2016 Canadian Census enumerated 1,673,780 Aboriginal people in Canada, 4.9% of the country's total population. This total includes 977,230 First Nations people, 587,545 Métis, and 65,025 Inuit. National representative bodies of Aboriginal people in Canada include the Assembly of First Nations, the Inuit Tapiriit

title: North Caribou Lake First Nation

text: of the Windigo First Nations Council, a Regional Chiefs Council, and Nishnawbe Aski Nation, a Tribal Political Organization that represents majority of First Nation governments in northern Canada. Signatories for the Nation, July 18, 1930, were Apin Kakapeness, Jonas Wasakimik, Samuel Sawanis, John Quequeish, Patrick Kakekayash, and Senia Sakchekapow, all of whom signed in Syllabic. The First Nation have reserved for themselves the 9172.3 ha Weagamow Lake Indian Reserve 87. The community of Weagamow Lake, Ontario, is located on this Indian Reserve. North Caribou Lake First Nation North Caribou Lake First Nation or Weagamow First Nation, sometimes also known as

title: Tsinstikeptum Indian Reserve No. 9

text: 5,882, making it Canada's second-most populous Indian reserve that is designated as a census subdivision (following Six Nations 40 in Ontario). However, the majority of Tsinstikeptum 9's residents are non-aboriginal. The total registered population of the Westbank First Nation among all five of its reserves, including off-reserve members, is only 784. Tsinstikeptum Indian Reserve No. 9 Tsinstikeptum 9, usually referred to as Tsinstikeptum Indian Reserve No. 9, is one of two Indian Reserves of the Westbank First Nation located adjacent to West Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada. It and Tsinstikeptum Indian Reserve No. 10 are jointly normally referred to as the

title: Beausoleil First Nation

text: Beausoleil First Nation Beausoleil First Nation is an Ojibwe First Nation band government located in Simcoe County, Ontario, Canada. The main settlement of the Beausoleil First Nation is on Christian Island, Ontario, Canada in southern Georgian Bay. As of 2018, the total number of status Indians registered with the First Nation is 2,587. The on-reserve population is 614. The Beausoleil First Nations occupies three Indian reserves. Their main Indian Reserve is the Christian Island 30 Indian Reserve, consisting of Christian Island, a large island in Georgian Bay close to the communities of Penetanguishene and Midland, Ontario, along with two other

title: First Nations