question: how many grams of alcohol in one beer

answers: 14

answers: about 14 grams of alcohol

answers: 14 grams

title: Recommended maximum intake of alcoholic beverages

text: in both grams and millilitres. The number of standard drinks contained in 500ml of beer of 5% ABV (a typical large drink of beer, similar to a US pint of 473ml) is stated for comparison. The amount of alcohol in any drink is calculated by the formula: For example, 0.35 litre glass of beer with ABV of 5.5% has 15.2 grams of pure alcohol. Pure alcohol has density of 789.24 g/l (at 20 °C). The standard drink size is given in brackets. Therefore, these countries recommend limits for men in the range 20–40 g per day. These countries recommend a

title: Standard drink

text: number of units in a typical serving) are indicated on the drink container. Typical servings deliver 1–3 units of alcohol. The amount of alcohol is stated in the table in both grams (g) and millilitres (mL). The number of standard drinks contained in 500 mL (16.9 fluid ounces) of beer of 4.5% ABV (a typical large drink of beer) is stated for comparison. Pure alcohol mass in a serving can be calculated if concentration, density and volume are known. For example, 0.35 litre glass of beer with ABV of 5.5% has 15.2 grams of pure alcohol. Pure alcohol has density

title: Gravity (alcoholic beverage)

text: completion of fermentation. Knowing the amount of extract in 100 grams of wort before fermentation and the number of grams of extract in 100 grams of beer at its completion, the amount alcohol (in grams) formed during the fermentation can be determined. The formula follows, attributed to Balling where formula_8 gives the number of grams of alcohol per 100 grams of beer i.e. the ABW. Note that the alcohol content depends not only on the diminution of extract formula_9 but also on the multiplicative factor formula_10 which depends on the OE. De Clerck tabulated Ballings values for formula_10 but they

title: Unit of alcohol

text:
down) about one unit of alcohol per hour, although this may vary depending on sex, age, weight, health, and many other factors. The number of UK units of alcohol in a drink can be determined by multiplying the volume of the drink (in millilitres) by its percentage ABV, and dividing by 1000. For example, one imperial pint (568 ml) of beer at 4% alcohol by volume (ABV) contains:

 The formula uses . This results in exactly one unit per percentage point per litre, of any alcoholic beverage. The formula can be simplified for everyday use by expressing the

title: Unit of alcohol

text: supplied in practice. For example, the ABV of beer typically varies from 3.5% to 5.5%. A typical "medium" glass of wine with 175 ml at 12% ABV has 2.1 units. And spirits, although typically 35–40% ABV, have single measures of 25 ml or 35 ml (so 1 or 1.4 units) depending on location. The misleading nature of "one unit per half-pint of beer, or small glass of wine, or single measure of spirits" can lead to people underestimating their alcohol intake. Most spirits sold in the United Kingdom have 40% ABV or slightly less. In England, a single pub measure

title: Driving under the influence

text: of alcohol in the blood by weight. Research shows an exponential increase of the relative risk for a crash with a linear increase of BAC as shown in the illustration. BAC does not depend on any units of measurement. In Europe it is usually expressed as milligrams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood. However, 100 milliliters of blood weighs essentially the same as 100 milliliters of water, which weighs precisely 100 grams. Thus, for all practical purposes, this is the same as the simple dimensionless BAC measured as a percent. The per mille ("promille") measurement, which is equal to

title: Beer in Canada

text: in mass per volume (g/100 ml) so it means grams of alcohol per 100 ml of solution (fluid in the bottle). It means that a 78.9% alcohol liquid would be pure, meaning only pure ethanol. In most nations, the labelled alcohol percentage is either the average or maximum percentage allowed. However, as of 1927, most Canadian provinces require the minimum alcohol percentage to be labelled rather than the average. This move was meant to eliminate inaccurate nonalcoholic labelling as well as fraudulent advertisement. In the US, light beer sales are close to 50% of the total, while in Canada such

title: Unit of alcohol

text: 1987 guidelines and the latter term has been used in all subsequent UK guidance. One unit of alcohol (UK) is defined as 10 millilitres (8 grams) of pure alcohol. Typical drinks (i.e., typical quantities or servings of common alcoholic beverages) may contain 1–3 units of alcohol. Containers of alcoholic beverages sold directly to UK consumers are normally labelled to indicate the number of units of alcohol in a typical serving of the beverage (optional) and in the full container (can or bottle), as well as information about responsible drinking. As an approximate guideline, a typical healthy adult can metabolise (break

title: Blood alcohol content

text: defines a drink as 10 g of ethanol. Standard drink sizes (Australia) The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) define the term "binge drinking" as a pattern of drinking that brings a person’s blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 grams percent or above. This typically happens when men consume 5 or more drinks, and when women consume 4 or more drinks, in about 2 hours. There are several different units in use around the world for defining blood alcohol concentration. Each is defined as either a mass of alcohol per volume of blood or a mass of alcohol

title: Beer

text: on the amount an individual has drunk, the percentage of alcohol in the beer and the timespan over which the consumption has taken place, the amount of food eaten and whether an individual has taken other prescription, over-the-counter or street drugs, among other factors. Drinking enough to cause a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.03%–0.12% typically causes an overall improvement in mood and possible euphoria, increased self-confidence and sociability, decreased anxiety, a flushed, red appearance in the face and impaired judgement and fine muscle coordination. A BAC of 0.09% to 0.25% causes lethargy, sedation, balance problems and blurred vision. A

title: Unit of alcohol

text: (25 ml) of a spirit contains one unit. However, a larger 35 ml measure is increasingly used (and in particular is standard in Northern Ireland ), which contains 1.4 units of alcohol at 40% ABV. Sellers of spirits by the glass must state the capacity of their standard measure in ml. On average, it takes about one hour for the body to metabolise (break down) one unit of alcohol. However, this will vary with body weight, sex, age, personal metabolic rate, recent food intake, the type and strength of the alcohol, and medications taken. Alcohol may be metabolised more slowly

title: Nutrition

text: 12 ounce serving of beer contains 95 to 200 calories. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, based on NHANES 2013-2014 surveys, women ages 20 and up consume on average 6.8 grams/day and men consume on average 15.5 grams/day. Ignoring the non-alcohol contribution of those beverages, the average ethanol calorie contributions are 48 and 108 cal/day. Alcoholic beverages are considered empty calorie foods because other than calories, these contribute no essential nutrients. The micronutrients are minerals, vitamins, and others. Dietary minerals are inorganic chemical elements required by living organisms, other than the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen that

title: Breathalyzer

text: BAC, then it measures weight of alcohol to volume of breath, so it will effectively measure grams of alcohol per 2100 ml of breath given. This measure is in direct proportion to the amount of grams of alcohol to every 1 ml of blood. Therefore, there is a 2100-to-1 ratio of alcohol in blood to alcohol in breath. However, this assumed partition ratio varies from 1300:1 to 3100:1 or wider among individuals and within a given individual over time. Assuming a true (and US legal) blood-alcohol concentration of .07%, for example, a person with a partition ratio of 1500:1 would

title: Alcohol laws of Pennsylvania

text: packs of beer, along with individual bottles such as 40 ounce or 24 ounce beers. Their licenses permit them to sell up to 192 fluid ounces of beer per purchase. They may also sell up to 4 bottles of wine per purchase. Some supermarkets, including Wegmans, Giant Eagle, Giant, and Weis, have begun to sell alcohol within restaurants attached to the main supermarket building, but only under very specific conditions (the restaurant must have a defined separation from the rest of the supermarket, a separate cashier, and seating for at least 30 patrons). Supermarket chain ShopRite has begun to attach

title: Standard drink

text: For example, in the United States, a standard drink contains about 14 grams of alcohol.  This corresponds to a 12-US-fluid-ounce (350 ml) glass of beer, a 5-US-fluid-ounce (150 ml) glass of 12% wine, or a 1.5-US-fluid-ounce (44 ml) glass of spirit.

title: Beer measurement

text: 1.000, absolute alcohol has a SG of 0.789. Other density scales are discussed below. The density of the wort depends on the sugar content in the wort: the more sugar the higher the density. The fermented beer will have some residual sugar which will raise the SG, the alcohol content will lower the SG. The difference between the SG of the wort before fermentation and the SG of the beer after fermentation gives an indication of how much sugar was converted to alcohol by the yeast. A basic formula to calculate beer strength based on the difference between the original

title: Alcoholic drink

text: gram of alcohol ( per ml) for calculating food energy. In addition to alcohol, many alcoholic drinks contain carbohydrates. For example, in of 5% ABV beer, along with approximately 18 ml of alcohol (), there are usually 10–15 g of carbohydrates (about ). Excessive daily calorie intake may contribute to an increase in body weight and so-called "beer belly". In addition to the direct effect of its caloric content, alcohol is also known to potentiate the insulin response of the human body to glucose, which, in essence, "instructs" the body to convert consumed carbohydrates into fat and to suppress carbohydrate

title: Alcohol laws of Utah

text: law sets a limit of 3.2 percent alcohol by weight (4 percent by volume) in beer sold at grocery and convenience stores and at establishments operating under a "beer only" type license, such as taverns, beer bars and some restaurants. Beer over 3.2 percent by weight (4 percent by volume) is available in State Liquor Stores and Package Agencies and at clubs and restaurants licensed to sell liquor. In commercial facilities, the time at which alcohol may be served is limited, and alcohol may not be sold any later than 1 am under any circumstance. The Church of Jesus Christ

text: are not meant as recommendations for how much alcohol a drink should contain, but rather to give a common reference that people can use for measuring their intake, though they may or may not correspond to a typical serving size in their country. In North America, one standard drink corresponds to a typical 12 fl. oz. bottle of 5% ABV beer, 5 fl. oz. of 12% ABV wine, or a 1.5 fl. oz. shot of 40% ABV liquor. Due to the different size of the US and Canadian ounce however, the actual amount of alcohol is slightly different. In Europe

title: Alcohol by volume

text: make a 50% v/v ethanol solution, for example, you would measure 50 mL of ethanol and separately measure 50 mL of water, then mix the two together. The resulting volume of solution will likely not measure 100 mL due to the change of volume on mixing. Details about typical amounts of alcohol contained in various beverages can be found in the articles about them. Another way of specifying the amount of alcohol is alcohol proof, which in the United States is twice the alcohol-by-volume number, while in the United Kingdom it is 1.75 times the number (expressed as a percentage).

title: Standard drink

text: the number of standard drinks in the package". The term "standard drink" was used in the United Kingdom in the first guidelines (1984) that published "safe limits" for drinking, but this was replaced by reference to units of alcohol in the 1987 guidelines and that term has been used in all subsequent UK guidance. A unit of alcohol is defined there as 10 millilitres (8 grams) of pure alcohol. This definition is independent of the strength (% ABV) and amount (volume) of any individual alcoholic beverage. The number of units of alcohol in a bottle or can (and, optionally, the

title: Blood alcohol content

text: by projecting backwards from a later chemical test. This involves estimating the absorption and elimination of alcohol in the interim between driving and testing. The rate of elimination in the average person is commonly estimated at .015 to .020 grams per deciliter per hour (g/dl/h), although again this can vary from person to person and in a given person from one moment to another. Metabolism can be affected by numerous factors, including such things as body temperature, the type of alcoholic beverage consumed, and the amount and type of food consumed. In an increasing number of states, laws have been

title: Nutrient

text: amount of ethanol in servings of and , respectively, but these beverages also contain non-ethanol calories. A 5-ounce serving of wine contains 100 to 130 calories. A 12-ounce serving of beer contains 95 to 200 calories. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, based on NHANES 2013–2014 surveys, women ages 20 and up consume on average 6.8grams of alcohol per day and men consume on average 15.5 grams per day. Ignoring the non-alcohol contribution of those beverages, the average ethanol calorie contributions are 48 and 108 cal/day, respectively. Alcoholic beverages are considered empty calorie foods because, other than calories, they

title: Unit of alcohol

text: drank over 3 units a day had nearly twice the risk of a hip fracture. Unit of alcohol Units of alcohol are used in the United Kingdom (UK) as a measure to quantify the actual alcoholic content within a given volume of an alcoholic beverage, in order to provide guidance on total alcohol consumption. A number of other countries (including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the US) use the concept of a "standard drink", the definition of which varies from country to country, for the same purpose. "Standard drinks" were referred to in the first UK guidelines (1984) that published

title: Alcoholic drink

text: Austria, but in Japan it is 25 ml (19.75 grams). Alcohol laws regulate the manufacture, packaging, labelling, distribution, sale, consumption, blood alcohol content of motor vehicle drivers, open containers, and transportation of alcoholic drinks. Such laws generally seek to reduce the adverse health and social impacts of alcohol consumption. In particular, alcohol laws set the legal drinking age, which usually varies between 16 and 25 years, sometimes depending upon the type of drink (e.g., beer vs. hard liquor). Some countries do not have a legal drinking or purchasing age, but most countries set the minimum age at 18 years. Such

title: Blood alcohol content

text: per mass of blood (never a volume per volume). 1 milliliter of blood has a mass of approximately 1.06 grams. Because of this, units by volume are similar but not identical to units by mass. In the U.S. the concentration unit 1% w/v (percent mass/volume, equivalent to 10 g/l or 1 g per 100 ml) is in use. This is not to be confused with the amount of alcohol measured on the breath, as with a breathalyzer. The amount of alcohol measured on the breath is generally accepted as proportional to the amount of alcohol present in the blood at

title: Alcoholic drink

text: Kingdom, serving size in licensed premises is regulated under the Weights and Measures Act (1985). A single serving size of spirits (gin, whisky, rum, and vodka) are sold in 25 ml or 35 ml quantities or multiples thereof. Beer is typically served in pints (568 ml), but is also served in half-pints or third-pints. In Israel, a single serving size of spirits is about twice as much, 50 or 60 mL. The shape of a glass can have a significant effect on how much one pours. A Cornell University study of students and bartenders' pouring showed both groups pour more

title: Pint

text: 16 ounce American traditional pint. Under the Canada Weights and Measures Act, if asked for a "pint of beer", businesses should serve customers 0.568 litres of beer with an accuracy of 0.5%, and if asked for a "pinte de bière" they should serve them 1.136 litres. The Imperial system of measurement is no longer taught in Canadian schools, which leads to confusion when customers ask how big a drinking establishment's pints are. Servers and even managers may not know. To avoid legal issues, many drinking establishments are moving away from using the term "pint" and are selling "glasses" or "sleeves"

text: the most common standard drink size is 10g of pure alcohol, making a typical 330ml bottle of 4.8% ABV beer correspond to 1.2 drinks or a 500ml bottle 1.9 drinks; 100ml of 11% wine is 0.9 drinks, and a 40ml shot of 33% spirits equal 1.0 drink, while in countries that use 12g, those same servings are 1.0, 1.6, 0.7, and 0.9 drinks respectively. Studies have shown that most people find it difficult to understand and define exactly what a standard drink is, and consistently underestimate how much they drink. The amount of pure alcohol is stated in the table

title: Beer

text: process. The alcohol content of beer varies by local practice or beer style. The pale lagers that most consumers are familiar with fall in the range of 4–6%, with a typical abv of 5%. The customary strength of British ales is quite low, with many session beers being around 4% abv. Some beers, such as table beer are of such low alcohol content (1%–4%) that they are served instead of soft drinks in some schools. The alcohol in beer comes primarily from the metabolism of sugars that are produced during fermentation. The quantity of fermentable sugars in the wort and

title: Standard drink

short_answers:
14
14 grams
about 14 grams of alcohol


question: who said that religion is the opiate of the masses

answers: Karl Marx.

answers: Karl Marx

title: History of atheism

text: expression of real suffering and a protest against real suffering. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people." Marx believed that people turn to religion in order to dull the pain caused by the reality of social situations; that is, Marx suggests religion is an attempt at transcending the material state of affairs in a society—the pain of class oppression—by effectively creating a dream world, rendering the religious believer amenable to social control and exploitation in this world while they hope

title: Marxist–Leninist atheism

text: preserved as regards its real content. As a revolutionary, Vladimir Lenin said that a true communist would always promote atheism and combat religion, because it is the psychological opiate that robs people of their human agency, of their volition, as men and women, to control their own reality. To refute the political legitimacy of religion, Lenin adapted the atheism of Marx and Engels to the Russian Empire. In "Socialism and Religion", about the social-control function of religion, Lenin said: Religion is one of the forms of spiritual oppression, which everywhere weighs down heavily upon the masses of the people, over-burdened

title: Marxist–Leninist atheism

text: of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right", Marx said: Religious suffering is, at one and the same time, the expression of real suffering, and a protest against real suffering. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heart-less world, and the soul of soul-less conditions. It [religion] is the opium of the people. That atheist philosophy liberated men and women from suppressing their innate potential as human beings, and allowed people to intellectually understand that they possess human agency, and thus are masters of their reality, because the earthly authority of supernatural deities is not real. Marx opposed

title: Opium of the people

text: the positive impact he can make in the lives of his parishioners. Religion in this way also serves to cure his own deep depression, through the happiness he feels from helping the people of Valverde de Lucerna. Unamuno makes direct reference to Marx when Don Manuel explains: Vladimir Lenin, speaking of religion in "Novaya Zhizn" in 1905, alluded to Marx's earlier comments (emphasis added): Those who toil and live in want all their lives are taught by religion to be submissive and patient while here on earth, and to take comfort in the hope of a heavenly reward. But those

title: Opium of the people

text: who live by the labour of others are taught by religion to practise charity while on earth, thus offering them a very cheap way of justifying their entire existence as exploiters and selling them at a moderate price tickets to well-being in heaven. "Religion is opium for the people". Religion is a sort of spiritual booze, in which the slaves of capital drown their human image, their demand for a life more or less worthy of man. Opium of the people "Religion is the opium of the people" is one of the most frequently paraphrased statements of German philosopher and

title: Sociology of religion

text: than it is for a camel to pass through the eye of a needle …") while those who suffer oppression and poverty in this life, while cultivating their spiritual wealth, will be rewarded in the Kingdom of God. Hence Marx's famous line – "religion is the opium of the people", as it soothes them and dulls their senses to the pain of oppression. Some scholars have recently noted that this is a contradictory (or dialectical) metaphor, referring to religion as both an expression of suffering and a protest against suffering. Émile Durkheim placed himself in the positivist tradition, meaning that

title: Mikhail Bakunin

text: the afterlife. Oppressors take advantage from religion, according to Bakunin, because many religious people reconcile themselves with injustice on earth by the promise of happiness in heaven. Bakunin argues that oppressors receive authority from religion. Religious people are in many cases obedient to the priests, because many religious people believe that the statements of priests are based on direct divine revelation or scripture. The obedience to divine revelation or scripture is considered as the ethical criteria by many religious people, because God is considered as the omniscient, omnipotent and omnibenevolent being. Therefore, each statement which is considered derived from an

title: Marxism and religion

text: the endless oppression and coarsening of the worker masses, religious prejudices could be dispelled by purely propaganda methods. It would be bourgeois narrow-mindedness to forget that the yoke of religion that weighs upon mankind is merely a product and reflection of the economic yoke within society. No number of pamphlets and no amount of preaching can enlighten the proletariat, if it is not enlightened by its own struggle against the dark forces of capitalism. Unity in this really revolutionary struggle of the oppressed class for the creation of a paradise on earth is more important to us than unity of

title: John Navone

text: University in Rome. Navone, who is an American, said the findings (of the Pew survey) were meaningless without a clearer definition of religion, and he strongly contested the suggestion that Italian people were not spiritual. Going to Mass every Sunday might be an indication of religious faith, but was not a proof of it, he said. "All the problems that Jesus had were with religious people," Navone added. According to the time, the Scribes and Pharisees had religion, and Jesus didn’t at all. Navone said some of the most "obnoxious" people he knew profess to be religious, and some of

title: Marxism and religion

text: slaves of the body. They must, above all, have time at their disposal for spiritual creative activity and spiritual enjoyment." Vladimir Lenin was highly critical of religion, saying in his book "Religion": Atheism is a natural and inseparable part of Marxism, of the theory and practice of scientific socialism. In "The Attitude of the Workers’ Party to Religion", he wrote: Religion is the opium of the people: this saying of Marx is the cornerstone of the entire ideology of Marxism about religion. All modern religions and churches, all and of every kind of religious organizations are always considered by Marxism

title: Spiritual opportunism

text: religious fanaticism, he was at the same time convinced that religion could be a useful tool to keep the masses under control. He said famously, "If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him." In his "Épître à l'Auteur du Livre des Trois Imposteurs", a criticism of atheism in which he makes this remark, Voltaire opined that faith in God is a "sublime system" that is "necessary to man": it is, "...the sacred tie that binds society." Similar ideas have been expressed by numerous political leaders, business leaders, and intellectuals for centuries, both right-wing and left-wing. In

title: Opium of the people

text: reduced people's immediate suffering and provided them with pleasant illusions which gave them the strength to carry on. Marx also saw religion as harmful, as it prevents people from seeing the class structure and oppression around them, thus religion can prevent the necessary revolution. Marx wrote this passage in 1843 as part of the introduction to a book that criticized philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's 1820 book, "Elements of the Philosophy of Right". The introduction was published in 1844 in a small journal. The book itself was published . As the "Deutsch–Französische Jahrbücher" journal had a print run of just

title: Marxism and religion

text: proletarian opinion on paradise in heaven. In their influential book "The ABC of Communism", Nikolai Bukharin and Evgenii Preobrazhensky spoke out strongly against religion. "Communism is incompatible with religious faith", they wrote. However, importance was placed on secularism and non-violence towards the religious: But the campaign against the backwardness of the masses in this matter of religion, must be conducted with patience and considerateness, as well as with energy and perseverance. The credulous crowd is extremely sensitive to anything which hurts its feelings. To thrust atheism upon the masses, and in conjunction therewith to interfere forcibly with religious practices and

title: Ignacio Ramírez

text: I consider religions to be a form of collective neurosis. I am not an enemy of the Catholics, as I am not an enemy of the tuberculars, the myopic or the paralytics; you cannot be an enemy of the sick, only their good friend in order to help them cure themselves." Ignacio Ramírez Juan Ignacio Paulino Ramírez Calzada, known as Ignacio Ramírez, (22 June 1818 – 15 June 1879) was a Mexican writer, poet, journalist, lawyer, atheist, and political libertarian from San Miguel de Allende, then called San Miguel el Grande. His father had been a prominent federalist politician. In

title: Opium of the people

text: "Religion is the opium of the people" is one of the most frequently paraphrased statements of German philosopher and economist Karl Marx.  It was translated from the German original, "Die Religion ... ist das Opium des Volkes" and is often rendered as "religion... is the opiate of the masses."

title: Irreligion in India

text: self-described scientific humanist. He wrote in his autobiography, "Toward Freedom" (1936), about his views on religion and superstition. Bhagat Singh (1907-1931), an Indian revolutionary and socialist nationalist who was hanged for using violence against British government officials. He laid out his view in the essay Why I Am an Atheist, written in jail shortly before his death. Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1910–1995), atheist astrophysicist known for his theoretical work on the structure and evolution of stars. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1983. Goparaju Ramachandra Rao (1902-1975), better known by his nickname "Gora", was a social reformer, anti-caste activist

title: Why I Am an Atheist

text: became an atheist. He also questioned theists about the existence of God. Why I Am an Atheist Why I am an Atheist is an essay written by Indian revolutionary Bhagat Singh in 1930 in Lahore Central Jail. The essay was a reply to his religious friends who thought Bhagat Singh became an atheist because of his vanity. Bhagat Singh was a member of Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, a revolutionary party in the Indian freedom struggle. He was an atheist who believed in communism, and he wrote several articles on anarchism and communism for "Kirti". He was arrested on 8 April

title: John Navone

text: the most religious were those who did not pretend to have the answers. "The truly religious people I know don’t boast about it," Navone said. "They have a radical humility. And that goes for Einstein as well." Navone said many American who profess to be religious had a warped sense of religion. They think religion is real estate and "they define the Kingdom of God with a geopolitical reality," he said. He assailed what he called the "crackpots" in U.S. fundamentalist Protestantism, who he said were inciting war in the Middle East "because they think it will hasten the second

title: Akbaruddin Owaisi

text: comments against Hindus, Hindu deities, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, Vishva Hindu Parishad, Bharatiya Janata Party05-20|language=en}}</ref> Punjab Kesari reported that Owaisi referred to the Hindus as "impotent" and the Indian police as the "impotent army". He said that not even one crore impotent men can together father one child. He said that these people (Hindus) cannot face the Muslims, and whenever the Muslims start dominating the Hindus, the impotent army (police) intervenes. and added that the Muslims could "teach the rest of the world a lesson". Owaisi referred to Ajmal Amir Kasab, one of the Pakistani terrorists of the 2008 Mumbai attacks,

title: Marxist–Leninist atheism

text: taught, by religion, to practise charity while on earth, thus offering them a very cheap way of justifying their entire existence as exploiters, and selling them, at a moderate price, tickets to well-being in heaven. Religion is opium for the people. Religion is a sort of spiritual booze, in which the slaves of capital drown their human image, their demand for a life more or less worthy of man. Since the social ideology of the Eastern Orthodox Church supported the Tsarist monarchy, voiding the credibility of religion would void the political legitimacy of the Tsar as the Russian head of

title: Opiate (song)

text: Opiate (song) "Opiate" is a song by Tool and the title track from their debut EP recorded by producer Sylvia Massy at Sound City Studios in 1991. While never released as an official single, it is one of the best known songs among their early work. "Opiate" serves as the final track of the "Opiate" EP and contains the hidden track, "The Gaping Lotus Experience." The song's title and lyrics apparently elaborate on the Marxist concept that "religion is the opium of the masses". Keenan's lyrics liken religion to rape and abuse by a person or group of people to

title: God-Building

text: and the like. Those who toil and live in want all their lives are taught by religion to be submissive and patient while here on earth, and to take comfort in the hope of a heavenly reward. But those who live by the labour of others are taught by religion to practise charity while on earth, thus offering them a very cheap way of justifying their entire existence as exploiters and selling them at a moderate price tickets to well-being in heaven. Religion is opium for the people. Religion is a sort of spiritual booze, in which the slaves of

title: Jewish atheism

text: his critique of capitalism and his theories of scientific socialism. Marx became a major influence among other prominent Jewish intellectuals including Moses Hess. In one of his most cited comments on religion he stated: "Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people". Many other famous Jews have wholeheartedly embraced atheism, rejecting religiosity altogether. Sigmund Freud penned "The Future of an Illusion", in which he both eschewed religious belief and outlined its origins and prospects. At the same time he urged a

title: Marxism and religion

text: mass appeal of the religious charlatans of the television screen, as well as the work of Liberation Theology in joining the soulfulness of religion to the energy of revolutionary movements in miserably poor countries". Some recent scholarship has suggested that "opium of the people" is itself a dialectical metaphor, a "protest" and an "expression" of suffering. Certainly, Marx did not object to a spiritual life. Rather, he thought it was necessary. In the "Wages of Labour" (1844), Marx wrote: "To develop in greater spiritual freedom, a people must break their bondage to their bodily needs—they must cease to be the

title: Opium of the people

text: Ludwig Börne: Welcome be a religion that pours into the bitter chalice of the suffering human species some sweet, soporific drops of spiritual opium, some drops of love, hope and faith. Charles Kingsley, a canon of the Church of England, wrote this four years after Marx: Miguel de Unamuno, the famed Spanish author of the Generation of '98, focused his Nivola San Manuel Bueno, mártir around the theme of religion's opiatic affect on the people of rural Spain. In the book, the protagonist Don Manuel, is a priest who does not believe in God, but continues preaching because he sees

title: Religion of Humanity

text: by positivists, and there are several authors who have given the epithet to the religion they support, whatever the religion. In India Baba Faqir Chand established Manavta Mandir (Temple of Humanity) to spread his religion of humanity with scientific attitude as explained by David C. Lane in a book "The Unknowing Sage". Comte influenced the thought of Victorian secularists George Holyoake (coiner of the term "secularism") and Richard Congreve. Religion of Humanity Religion of Humanity (from French "Religion de l'Humanité" or "église positiviste") is a secular religion created by Auguste Comte, the founder of positivist philosophy. Adherents of this religion

title: Slobbovia

text: church and was responsible for most of its theology is today a priest of the Anglican Church. The theology of the Holy Sativan Church was based off a literal interpretation of the statement that "Opium is the religion of the masses". Characters (and maybe some of the players) communed with the primary deity of Slobbovia, Sativa, via smoking "holy communing sticks." The sub-pantheon of Sativa was in the form of five "major" saints (Waldo the Weird, Herman the Hashite, Frieda the Friendly, Blooper and Gerald; St. Ethyl and St. Foxie were also widely revered and rivaled the five "majors" in

title: Subash Chouhan

text: Orissa. Speaking at the rally, Subash Chouhan called the government action a violation of the constitution whose purpose was to woo voters from minority groups. In February 2012, with Valentine's Day approaching, he warned couples that "They cannot kiss or hug in public places. Our activists will beat them up". He said "We are not against love, but we criticize vulgar exhibition of love at public places". In 2003, as Orissa state convenor for the Bajrang Dal, Subash Chouhan claimed that missionaries in the state were zealously converting Adivasis (tribal people) to Christianity, while "Islam fanatics" were converting Dalits (formerly

title: Khomeini's letter to Mikhail Gorbachev

text: a lack of belief in spirituality the prime affliction of the human society in the East and the west alike." Khomeini warned Gorbachev "against falling into the arms of Western capitalism." After hearing the text of the letter, Gorbachev thanked Ruhollah Khomeini for the letter and said: "I'll send an answer to this letter as soon as possible" and added "we'll deliver [Khomeini's letter] to the Soviet clergymen". Referring to Khomeini's invitation to Islam, he said: "we are approving the law of religious freedom in the Soviet Union, I have claimed before that despite having different ideologies we can have

title: Ideology of the Communist Party of China

text: forbade any Catholic to support a communist party. On questions of religion, Deng was more open than Mao, but the issue was left unresolved during his leadership. According to Ye Xiaowen, the former Director of the State Administration for Religious Affairs, "In its infancy, the socialist movement was critical of religion. In Marx's eyes, theology had become a bastion protecting the feudal ruling class in Germany. Therefore the political revolution had to start by criticizing religion. It was from this perspective that Marx said 'religion is the opium of the people'." It was because of Marx's writings that the CCP

title: Opium of the people

short_answers:
Karl Marx
Karl Marx.


question: when was the us department of homeland security created

answers: November 25, 2002

answers: November 25, 2002

text: Alaska Division of Homeland Security & Emergency Management Alaska's Division of Homeland Security & Emergency Management (Alaska DHS) was created in early 2004 from the merger of the Alaska Division of Homeland Security which was created in March 2003 under the Alaska Disaster Act and the Emergency Services within the Department of Military and Veterans Affairs which was created in 1977. The purpose of the Alaska's Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Management is to protect Alaskans and their property from terrorism and all other hazards, as well as to provide rapid recovery from all disasters. From its list of

text: United States Department of Homeland Security The United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is a cabinet department of the United States federal government with responsibilities in public security, roughly comparable to the interior or home ministries of other countries. Its stated missions involve anti-terrorism, border security, immigration and customs, cyber security, and disaster prevention and management. It was created in response to the September 11 attacks and is the youngest U.S. cabinet department. In fiscal year 2017, it was allocated a net discretionary budget of $40.6 billion. With more than 240,000 employees, DHS is the third largest Cabinet department,

text: were created by the Homeland Security Act of 2002. The Homeland Security Council, similar in nature to the National Security Council, retains a policy coordination and advisory role and is led by the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security. As of January 13, 2011, the DHS advised the American public of an 'elevated national threat' level, recommending that all Americans 'should establish an emergency preparedness kit and emergency plan for themselves and their family, and stay informed about what to do during an emergency'. In response to the September 11 attacks, President George W. Bush announced the establishment of

title: Seal of the United States Department of Homeland Security

text: itself emblazoned on a blue background. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security was formed in November 2002, succeeding the U.S. Office of Homeland Security (OHS), which was created in October 2001 in response to the September 11 attacks. Whereas the OHS was a subsidiary office of the Executive Office of the President (EOP), the DHS is an independent, cabinet-level department. From the creation of the agency in 2002 until the adoption of a dedicated departmental seal in 2003, the DHS utilized a slightly-modified version of the U.S. great seal. The seal was developed with input from senior DHS leadership, employees,

title: Known Shipper Program

text: limited. Collectively, this program is known within the industry as the Known Shipper Program. Known Shipper Program In response to the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City, the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) implemented new rules to ensure the safety of domestic and international air travel in the United States. The rules of this program are administered by the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), who is responsible for the oversight of all transportation security, including truck, rail and ocean, as well as air. While the specifics of the security program are restricted,

title: E-Verify

text: E-Verify E-Verify is a United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) website that allows businesses to determine the eligibility of their employees, both U.S. or foreign citizens, to work in the United States. E-Verify was originally established in 1996 as the Basic Pilot Program to prevent illegal immigrants and other people who have violated immigration laws from obtaining employment illegally in the United States. In August 2007, DHS started by requiring all federal contractors and vendors to use E-Verify. The Internet-based program is free and maintained by the United States government. Use of E-Verify at the state level varies; some

title: Department of Homeland Security (Spain)

text: Department of Homeland Security (Spain) The Department of Homeland Security (DSN), also known as Department of National Security, is an advisory staff department of the Spanish Prime Minister's Office on matters of National Security and it is a permanent member of the Spanish National Security Council. This body was created to reinforce the organization of the President's office, by assisting the President of the Government in his responsibility leading the national security policy of Spain. It was created on 2012 by the "Royal Decree 1119/2012, of July 20, by which the structure of the President's office of the Government is

title: Known Shipper Program

text: Known Shipper Program In response to the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City, the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) implemented new rules to ensure the safety of domestic and international air travel in the United States. The rules of this program are administered by the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), who is responsible for the oversight of all transportation security, including truck, rail and ocean, as well as air. While the specifics of the security program are restricted, the multi-layered program effectively eliminates the anonymous shipment of all documents, parcels, counter-to-counter packages

text: the Office of Homeland Security (OHS) to coordinate "homeland security" efforts. The office was headed by former Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge, who assumed the title of Assistant to the President for Homeland Security. The official announcement stated: Ridge began his duties as OHS director on October 8, 2001. According to Peter Andreas, a border theorist, the creation of DHS constituted the most significant government reorganization since the Cold War, and the most substantial reorganization of federal agencies since the National Security Act of 1947, which placed the different military departments under a secretary of defense and created the National Security

text: over the program is not new; in March 2007, the Government Accountability Office stated that "the ADVISE tool could misidentify or erroneously associate an individual with undesirable activity such as fraud, crime or terrorism." Homeland Security's Inspector General later said that ADVISE was poorly planned, time-consuming for analysts to use, and lacked adequate justifications. Fusion centers are terrorism prevention and response centers, many of which were created under a joint project between the Department of Homeland Security and the US Department of Justice's Office of Justice Programs between 2003 and 2007. The fusion centers gather information not only from government

title: Border control

text: various divisions of the Department of Homelend Security (DHS) (). US Customs and Border Protection (CBP), () a division of the DHS, is America's primary border control organisation, charged with regulating and facilitating international trade, collecting import duties, and enforcing American trade, customs and immigration regulations. It has a workforce of more than 58000 employees. It has its headquarters in Washington, D.C. The Transport Security Administration (), or TSA, is a division of the DHS responsible for conducting security checks at American airports and other transport hubs, including overseas preclearance facilities (with the notable exception of those in Canada, where

title: G4S Secure Solutions

text: an employee at G4S was inadequate." This was of particular concern to him given the company's work with DHS, that included a recent $234 million contract from DHS, involving in Customs and Border Protection operations along the southern border and aiding U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement with immigrant transfers. G4S contracted previously with the military and national security, as well as the State, Justice and Energy Departments, and the Drug Enforcement Administration. G4S Secure Solutions G4S Secure Solutions (USA) is a United States / British-based security services company, and a subsidiary of G4S plc. It was founded as The Wackenhut

text: emergencies, particularly terrorism. On March 1, 2003, DHS absorbed the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) and assumed its duties. In doing so, it divided the enforcement and services functions into two separate and new agencies: Immigration and Customs Enforcement and Citizenship and Immigration Services. The investigative divisions and intelligence gathering units of the INS and Customs Service were merged forming Homeland Security Investigations. Additionally, the border enforcement functions of the INS, including the U.S. Border Patrol, the U.S. Customs Service, and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service were consolidated into a new agency under DHS: U.S. Customs and Border

title: Immigrant surveillance

text: Enforcement (ICE) starting in 2006. In a legislative response to the September 11 attacks, Congress passed the Aviation Transportation and Security Act (ATSA) in November 2001. This required all baggage screeners be United States citizens. The ATSA also created the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) which ensures the safety of the traveling population in the United States. Passing of the ATSA ensured that many airports would have high security standards, but resulted in immigrants losing their jobs because of it. During the passing of the ATSA, approximately twenty percent of airport screeners were legal immigrants. In 2002, the Department of Justice

text: The Department of Homeland Security was established on November 25, 2002, by the Homeland Security Act of 2002.  It was intended to consolidate U.S. executive branch organizations related to "homeland security" into a single Cabinet agency. The following 22 agencies were incorporated into the new department:

title: Homeland Security Grant Program

text: Homeland Security Grant Program Homeland Security Grant Program (HSGP) is a program in the United States established in 2003 and was designated to incorporate all projects that provide funding to local, state, and Federal government agencies by the Department of Homeland Security. The purpose of the grants is to purchase surveillance equipment, weapons, and advanced training for law enforcement personnel in order to heighten security. The HSGP helps fulfill one of the core missions of the Department of Homeland Security by enhancing the country's ability to prepare for, prevent, respond to and recover from potential attacks and other hazards. The

title: Office of Personnel Management data breach

text: FBI arrested a Chinese national suspected of helping to create the malware used in the breach. The first breach, named "X1" by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), was discovered March 20, 2014 when a third party notified DHS of data exfiltration from OPM's network. With regards to the second breach, named "X2", the "New York Times" had reported that the infiltration was discovered using United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team (US-CERT)'s Einstein intrusion-detection program. However, the "Wall Street Journal", "Wired", "Ars Technica", and "Fortune" later reported that it was unclear how the breach was discovered. They reported that it

text: and consolidated into U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Consequently, ICE is the largest investigative arm of the Department of Homeland Security, and the second largest contributor to the nation's Joint Terrorism Task Force. The agencies that were either moved entirely or merged in part into ICE included the investigative and intelligence resources of the United States Customs Service, the criminal investigative, detention and deportation resources of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, and the Federal Protective Service. The Federal Protective Service was later transferred from ICE to the National Protection and Programs Directorate effective October 28, 2009. In 2003, Asa Hutchinson

title: Alabama Department of Homeland Security

text: the first state in the United States to create its own legislatively enacted Cabinet-level Department of Homeland Security. The AL DHS co-sponsored "Be Ready Camps" with the Alabama Department of Education and Governor's Office of Faith-based and community initiatives. The purpose of the Alabama Department of Homeland Security is "to work with federal, state, and local agencies, as well as the private sector, in order to develop a strategic plan to prevent, protect against, respond to, and recover from terrorist attacks within the State of Alabama." It is also responsible for administering homeland security grants and coordinating all homeland security

title: Department of Homeland Security (Spain)

text: the second level Strategies, specifically the National Maritime Safety Strategies, National Cybersecurity Strategies and National Energy Security. Department of Homeland Security (Spain) The Department of Homeland Security (DSN), also known as Department of National Security, is an advisory staff department of the Spanish Prime Minister's Office on matters of National Security and it is a permanent member of the Spanish National Security Council. This body was created to reinforce the organization of the President's office, by assisting the President of the Government in his responsibility leading the national security policy of Spain. It was created on 2012 by the "Royal

text: Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General The Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General was established along with the Department of Homeland Security itself in 2002 by the Homeland Security Act. Its website describes its mission as "supervis[ing] independent audits, investigations, and inspections of the programs and operations of DHS, and recommends ways for DHS to carry out its responsibilities in the most effective, efficient, and economical manner possible." The United States Congress enacted the Inspector General Act of 1978 to ensure integrity and efficiency in government. The Homeland Security Act of 2002, as amended, established an

text: the General Services Administration (GSA) to ICE upon the creation of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The FPS was later moved out of ICE to the National Protection Programs Directorate. Originally a part of the U.S. Customs Service's Office of Investigations, the Office of Air and Marine (then called the Air and Marine Interdiction Division) was transferred to ICE in 2003 during the creation of the Department of Homeland Security, becoming the Office of Air and Marine Operations. Due in part to a 500 million dollar budgetary dispute between CBP and ICE, in 2004 ICE Air and Marine Operations

text: Department of Homeland Security. On October 16, 2005, Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff officially approved the transfer of the Federal Air Marshal Service from the Bureau of Immigration & Customs Enforcement (ICE) to the TSA as part of a broader departmental reorganization to align functions consistent with the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) "Second Stage Review" findings for: As part of this realignment, the Director of the Federal Air Marshal Service also became the Assistant Administrator for the TSA Office of Law Enforcement (OLE), which houses nearly all TSA law enforcement services. The Federal Protective Service (FPS) was moved from

text: respond to extraordinary disasters. The DHS National Cyber Security Division (NCSD) is responsible for the response system, risk management program, and requirements for cyber-security in the U.S. The division is home to US-CERT operations and the National Cyber Alert System. The DHS Science and Technology Directorate helps government and private end-users transition to new cyber-security capabilities. This directorate also funds the Cyber Security Research and Development Center, which identifies and prioritizes research and development for NCSD. The center works on the Internet's routing infrastructure (the SPRI program) and Domain Name System (DNSSEC), identity theft and other online criminal activity (ITTC),

title: Office of Biometric Identity Management

text: Office of Biometric Identity Management United States Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology (commonly referred to as US-VISIT) is a U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) management system. The system involves the collection and analysis of biometric data (such as fingerprints), which are checked against a database to track individuals deemed by the United States to be terrorists, criminals, and illegal immigrants. US-VISIT is accessed by 30,000 users from federal, state, and local government agencies. Upon Presidential approval of the 2013 Continuing resolution the US-VISIT program officially became the "Office of Biometric Identity Management" (OBIM), save for portions of the

title: Oklahoma Office of Homeland Security

text: soil was seen, and along with the United States Department of Homeland Security, many states organized their own versions of Homeland Security agencies. After the Oklahoma State Senate passed Joint Resolution 42 in February 2002. The Oklahoma Office of Homeland Security was officially formed in July of that year, but was not its own agency and relied on other state agencies. In January 2004, Oklahoma Governor Brad Henry sent a letter to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security designating the Office as the State Administrative Agency (SAA) - the single state agency responsible for the delivery of federal homeland security

text: duties assigned in the Alaska Disaster Act, DHS&EM is the foremost agency within the executive branch of the state government of Alaska for assisting the governor of Alaska to fulfill the statutory responsibility of "meeting the dangers presented by disasters to the State and its people." Alaska Division of Homeland Security & Emergency Management Alaska's Division of Homeland Security & Emergency Management (Alaska DHS) was created in early 2004 from the merger of the Alaska Division of Homeland Security which was created in March 2003 under the Alaska Disaster Act and the Emergency Services within the Department of Military and

title: DHS National Protection and Programs Directorate

text: (US-VISIT) uses innovative biometrics-based technological solutions—digital fingerprints and photographs—to provide decision-makers with accurate information when and where they need it. According to the president's proposed Fiscal Year 2013 budget the US-VISIT program may be transferred to Customs and Border Protection and Immigration and Customs Enforcement. However, through proposed 2013 Continuing Resolutions, both the House of Representatives and Senate rejected the president's proposal for full transfer of the program. Instead, the Senate establishes the Office of Biometric Identity Management under NPPD, with US-VISIT's mission operations moving to Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Likewise, the House proposed keeping the US-VISIT Program as-is under

title: United States House Committee on Homeland Security

text: 2017, the Subcommittee on Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Communications held a hearing about the creation of a new office within the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) called the Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction (CWMD) Office. “The purpose of the CWMD is to work every day to prevent another catastrophic attack, one using weapons or materials that have the potential to kill our citizens in numbers that dwarf previous attacks,” said James McDonnell, assistant secretary for countering weapons of mass destruction and director of the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office for within DHS. In his remarks, the subcommittee chairman Rep. Dan Donovan

title: Immigration detention in the United States

text: contracts with ICE. At the end of the 2007 fiscal year the United States' immigration detention system comprised 961 sites. In 2007, the program, Secure Communities, was created within ICE to identify criminal aliens, prioritize them based on the severity of the crimes that they committed, and transform the processes necessary to remove them by increasing efficiency. Secure Communities identifies undocumented immigrants with the use of modern technology, notably biometric identification techniques. These were first employed in Houston, Texas in 2008. As of April 2011, the Secure Communities' biometric sharing capability is being used in 1,210 of 3,181 jurisdictions (state,


question: in the texas legislature the house has members and the senate has

answers: member

answers: 31-member Senate

title: Government of Texas

text: agencies and is published yearly by the Secretary of State. The "Texas Register" contains proposed rules, notices, executive orders, and other information of general use to the public and is published weekly by the Secretary of State. The Texas Legislature is bicameral. The Texas House of Representatives has 150 members, while the Texas Senate has 31. The Speaker of the House presides over the House, and the Lieutenant Governor presides over the Senate. It is a powerful arm of the Texas government not only because of its power of the purse to control and direct the activities of state government

title: Eighty-first Texas Legislature

text: On November 6, 2009, Chuck Hopson (D—Jacksonville) announced he was changing his affiliation to Republican, resulting in 77 Republicans and 73 Democrats. On February 3, 2010, Rep. Terri Hodge (D—Dallas) announced she would resign due to pending felony charges against her. This left the House with 77 Republicans, 72 Democrats and one vacancy. The composition of the State Senate has remained unchanged since the beginning of the 81st Legislature. Eighty-first Texas Legislature The 81st Texas Legislature began meeting in regular session on January 11, 2009. The regular session adjourned sine die on June 1, 2009. Rick Perry, the Governor of

title: Eighty-first Texas Legislature

text: Eighty-first Texas Legislature The 81st Texas Legislature began meeting in regular session on January 11, 2009. The regular session adjourned sine die on June 1, 2009. Rick Perry, the Governor of Texas, called a special session of the Legislature on July 1, 2009. The Legislature passed two bills, both related to the sunset process, and adjourned sine die on July 10. All members of the House of Representatives and 13 members of the Senate were elected on 4 November 2008. The numbers above reflect the partisan composition of the House at the beginning of the legislative session in January 2009.

title: Seventy-ninth Texas Legislature

text: Seventy-ninth Texas Legislature The Seventy-ninth Texas Legislature met from 11 January to 30 May 2005 in regular session, and in consecutive called sessions from 21 June to 20 July (First called session) and 21 July to 19 August 2005 (Second called session). It met again in 2006 from 17 April to 16 May. Most of the members of the House of Representatives and 15 members of the Senate were elected in the 2004 general election; the other House members were elected in special elections held in 2006. Members of the Seventy-ninth Texas Legislature at the beginning of the regular session,

title: Fiftieth Texas Legislature

text: 21 Dist. 22 Dist. 23 Dist. 24 Dist. 25 Dist. 26 Dist. 27 Dist. 28 Dist. 29 Dist. 30 Dist. 31 The House was composed of 150 Democrats. House members included future Governors Preston Smith and future Congressmen Jack Brooks, Abraham Kazen and J.T. Rutherford and future U.S. House Speaker Jim Wright. Fiftieth Texas Legislature The 50th Texas Legislature met from January 14, 1947, to June 6, 1947. All members present during this session were elected in the 1946 general elections, except for Senator Maribelle Stewart of Houston who succeeded her husband, who died in office, in a special election

text: the Texas Secretary of State's website. Following the 2016 state house elections, Republicans maintained effective control of the House with 95 members. Democrats held 55 seats following the 2016 elections. In the 2018 election, Democrats flipped 12 seats in the Texas House, leaving Republicans with a 83-67 advantage in the House. Election results: 2018 Texas House of Representatives election The 2018 Texas House of Representatives elections took place as part of the biennial United States elections. Texas voters elected state representatives in all 150 of the state house's districts. State representatives serve two-year terms in the Texas State House. A

title: Eightieth Texas Legislature

text: Eightieth Texas Legislature The 80th Texas Legislature met in regular session beginning 9 January 2007. All members of the House of Representatives and 16 members of the Senate were up for election on 7 November 2006 in the Texas Legislature election. The 80th Texas Legislature convened in Regular Session on 9 January 2007. The Legislature adjourned on 28 May 2007. At the beginning of the regular session, the Republican Party held an 80–69 advantage with one vacancy that was filled by the GOP, creating an 81–69 Republican majority (reflected above). After the Regular Session, one Representative left the GOP and

title: Texas Legislature

text: of Texas since Texas's 1845 entrance into the Union. The Legislature held its first regular session from February 16 to May 13, 1846. The Texas Legislature meets in regular session on the second Tuesday in January of each odd-numbered year. The Texas Constitution limits the regular session to 140 calendar days. The lieutenant governor, elected statewide separately from the governor, presides over the Senate, while the Speaker of the House is elected from that body by its members. Both have wide latitude in choosing committee membership in their respective houses and have a large impact on lawmaking in the state.

text: 2018 Texas House of Representatives election The 2018 Texas House of Representatives elections took place as part of the biennial United States elections. Texas voters elected state representatives in all 150 of the state house's districts. State representatives serve two-year terms in the Texas State House. A statewide map of Texas' state House districts can be obtained from the Texas Legislative Council here, and individual district maps can be obtained from the U.S. Census here. A primary election on March 6, 2018, determined which candidates appeared on the November 6 general election ballot. Primary election results can be obtained from

title: Seventy-ninth Texas Legislature

text: 11 January 2005: None Seventy-ninth Texas Legislature The Seventy-ninth Texas Legislature met from 11 January to 30 May 2005 in regular session, and in consecutive called sessions from 21 June to 20 July (First called session) and 21 July to 19 August 2005 (Second called session). It met again in 2006 from 17 April to 16 May. Most of the members of the House of Representatives and 15 members of the Senate were elected in the 2004 general election; the other House members were elected in special elections held in 2006. Members of the Seventy-ninth Texas Legislature at the beginning

title: Texas Senate

text: Huffines, and Konni Burton, all Republicans. New senators elected in 2016 were Bryan Hughes(R), Borris Miles(D), and Dawn Buckingham(R). Pete Flores(R) joined the Texas Senate through a special election in 2018. New senators elected in the 2018 regular election are Angela Paxton(R), Beverly Powell(D), Nathan Johnson(D), and Pat Fallon(R). State Rep. Carol Alvarado, D-Houston, won the Senate District 6 special election on December 11, 2018 to replace Sylvia Garcia who resigned after she won a seat in the United States House of Representatives in the regular election. There have been at least three cases of quorum-busting in Texas Senate history.

title: Forty-seventh Texas Legislature

text: 19 Dist. 20 Dist. 21 Dist. 22 Dist. 23 Dist. 24 Dist. 25 Dist. 26 Dist. 27 Dist. 28 Dist. 29 Dist. 30 Dist. 31 The House was composed of 150 Democrats. House members included future Governor Price Daniel. Forty-seventh Texas Legislature The 47th Texas Legislature met from January 14, 1941, to July 3, 1941, and in special session from September 9 to September 19, 1941. All members present during this session were elected in the 1940 general elections. Regular Session: January 14, 1941 - July 3, 1941 1st Called Session: September 9, 1941 - September 19, 1941 Henry L.

title: Fifty-fourth Texas Legislature

text: The House was composed of 150 Democrats. House members included future Governor Dolph Briscoe, future federal judge Barefoot Sanders and future Congressmen Kika de la Garza and Joe Pool, as well as future Texas Attorney General Waggoner Carr, and future Texas Agriculture Commissioner Jack Hightower along with future Land Commissioner Jerry Sadler. Fifty-fourth Texas Legislature The 54th Texas Legislature met from January 11, 1955, to June 7, 1955. All members present during this session were elected in the 1954 general elections. Regular Session: January 11, 1955 - June 7, 1955 Dist. 1 Dist. 2 Dist. 3 Dist. 4 Dist. 5

title: Forty-eighth Texas Legislature

text: The House was composed of 150 Democrats. House members included future Governors Price Daniel and Preston Smith. Forty-eighth Texas Legislature The 48th Texas Legislature met from January 12, 1943, to May 11, 1943. All members present during this session were elected in the 1942 general elections. Regular Session: January 12, 1945 – May 11, 1945 Dist. 1 Dist. 2 Dist. 3 Dist. 4 Dist. 5 Dist. 6 Dist. 7 Dist. 8 Dist. 9 Dist. 10 Dist. 11 Dist. 12 Dist. 13 Dist. 14 Dist. 15 Dist. 16 Dist. 17 Dist. 18 Dist. 19 Dist. 20 Dist. 21 Dist. 22 Dist.

title: Texas Legislature

text: The Legislature of the state of Texas is the state legislature of Texas. The legislature is a bicameral body composed of a 31-member Senate and a 150-member House of Representatives.  The state legislature meets at the Capitol in Austin. It is a powerful arm of the Texas government not only because of its power of the purse to control and direct the activities of state government and the strong constitutional connections between it and the Lieutenant Governor of Texas, but also due to Texas's plural executive.

title: Forty-ninth Texas Legislature

text: The House was composed of 150 Democrats. House members included future Governor Preston Smith. Forty-ninth Texas Legislature The 49th Texas Legislature met from January 9, 1945, to June 5, 1945. All members present during this session were elected in the 1944 general elections. Regular Session: January 9, 1945 - June 5, 1945 Dist. 1 Dist. 2 Dist. 3 Dist. 4 Dist. 5 Dist. 6 Dist. 7 Dist. 8 Dist. 9 Dist. 10 Dist. 11 Dist. 12 Dist. 13 Dist. 14 Dist. 15 Dist. 16 Dist. 17 Dist. 18 Dist. 19 Dist. 20 Dist. 21 Dist. 22 Dist. 23 Dist. 24

title: 2006 Texas general election

text: the senators will also serve in the Eighty-first Texas Legislature. Fifteen of the sixteen elections for the Texas Senate are contested to some extent. In the District 3 race, Robert Nichols won his Republican primary and will be unopposed in the fall election. There will be at least five new members of the Senate. These current senators will not return: In the Texas House of Representatives, 118 of the 150 seats will be contested in the November 2006 election. Thirty races will be uncontested after the primary elections on 7 March 2006; the remaining two will be determined in the

title: Texas Senate

text: will fill regular four-year terms. In the case of the latter, they or their successors will be up for two-year terms in the next year that ends in 0. As such, in other elections, about half of the Texas Senate is on the ballot. The Senate meets at the Texas State Capitol in Austin. The Republicans currently control the chamber, which is made up of 21 Republicans and 10 Democrats, as of September 18, 2018. It the first time the Senate has had 21 Republican senators in the history of Texas. The Lieutenant Governor of Texas serves as the President

title: 2018 Texas State Senate election

text: the Texas Secretary of State's website. Following the 2016 state senate elections, Republicans maintained effective control of the Senate with 20 members. To claim control of the chamber from Republicans, the Democrats would need to net 5 Senate seats. Source: Sources: 2018 Texas State Senate election The 2018 Texas State Senate elections are taking place as part of the biennial United States elections. Texas voters will elect state senators in 15 of the state senate's 31 districts. State senators serve four-year terms in the Texas State Senate. A statewide map of Texas' state Senate districts can be obtained from the

title: Texas

text: As of the general elections of 2014, a large majority of the members of Texas's U.S. House delegation are Republican, along with both U.S. Senators. In the 114th United States Congress, of the 36 Congressional districts in Texas, 24 are held by Republicans and 11 by Democrats. One seat is vacant. Texas's Senators are John Cornyn and Ted Cruz. Since 1994, Texans have not elected a Democrat to a statewide office. The state's Democratic voters are made up primarily by liberal and minority groups in Austin, Beaumont, Dallas, El Paso, Houston and San Antonio as well as minority voters in

title: Texas Senate

text: Governor is not present or when the legislature is not in regular session. For the 82nd Legislative Session, which began in 2011, there were only two new, or freshman, senators, Brian Birdwell, a Republican from Granbury, and José R. Rodríguez, a Democrat from El Paso. For the 83rd Legislative Session, which began in 2013, there were six new senators, including Sylvia Garcia, who succeeded the late senator Mario Gallegos Jr. through a special election. The five other new senators were Charles Schwertner, a Republican from Georgetown, Ken Paxton, a Republican from McKinney, Kelly Hancock, a Republican from Fort Worth, Larry

title: 2018 Texas State Senate election

text: 2018 Texas State Senate election The 2018 Texas State Senate elections are taking place as part of the biennial United States elections. Texas voters will elect state senators in 15 of the state senate's 31 districts. State senators serve four-year terms in the Texas State Senate. A statewide map of Texas' state Senate districts can be obtained from the Texas Legislative Council here, and individual district maps can be obtained from the U.S. Census here. A primary election on March 6, 2018 determined which candidates appear on the November 6 general election ballot. Primary election results can be obtained from

title: Texas Democratic Party

text: Texas, and the tide was clearly turning when Democrats lost the gubernatorial election of 1978. Bill Clements was the first Republican governor since Reconstruction. By the 1990s Republicans had gained a strong foothold in the state, and throughout the 21st century they have been largely victorious. Currently, both houses of the Texas Legislature feature Republican majorities. At the federal level, Republicans hold both of the state's Senate seats and 24 out of the possible 36 House of Representatives seats allotted to Texas. The Texas Democratic Party is the primary organization responsible for increasing the representation of its ideological base in

title: Fifty-second Texas Legislature

text: House was composed of 149 Democrats and 1 Republican. The lone Republican, Edward T. Dicker of Dallas was the first Republican elected to the Texas legislature in 20 years. He served one term and was defeated. House members included future Governor Dolph Briscoe, and future Congressmen Abraham Kazen and J.T. Rutherford and future Texas Attorney General Waggoner Carr. Fifty-second Texas Legislature The 52nd Texas Legislature met from January 9 to June 8, 1951. All members present during this session were elected in the 1950 general elections. Regular Session: January 9, 1951 – June 8, 1951 Dist. 1 Dist. 2 Dist.

title: Seventy-first Texas Legislature

text: Seventy-first Texas Legislature The 71st Texas Legislature met from January 10, 1989, to May 29, 1989, and in six subsequent special called sessions (see below). All members present during this session were elected in the 1988 general elections. Regular Session: January 10, 1989 – May 29, 1989 1st Called Session: June 20, 1989 – July 18, 1989 2nd Called Session: November 14, 1989 – December 12, 1989 3rd Called Session: February 27, 1990 – March 28, 1990 4th Called Session: April 2, 1990 – May 1, 1990 5th Called Session: May 2, 1990 – May 30, 1990 6th Called Session:

title: 2018 Texas elections

text: Mark Ash Every seat in the Texas House of Representatives and about half of the seats in the Texas Senate will be up for election. 2018 Texas elections The 2018 general election was held in the U.S. state of Texas on November 6, 2018. All of Texas' executive officers were up for election as well as a United States Senate seat, and all of Texas' thirty-six seats in the United States House of Representatives. The Republican and Democratic Parties nominated their candidates by primaries held March 6, 2018. Convention Parties nominated their candidates at a series of conventions. County Conventions

title: Fifty-fifth Texas Legislature

text: Dist. 9 Dist. 10 Dist. 11 Dist. 12 Dist. 13 Dist. 14 Dist. 15 Dist. 16 Dist. 17 Dist. 18 Dist. 19 Dist. 20 Dist. 21 Dist. 22 Dist. 23 Dist. 24 Dist. 25 Dist. 26 Dist. 27 Dist. 28 Dist. 29 Dist. 30 Dist. 31 The House was composed of 150 Democrats. House members included future federal judge Barefoot Sanders and future Congressmen Kika de la Garza and Joe Pool, as well as future Lieutenant Governor Bob Bullock, future Texas Attorney General Waggoner Carr, and future Land Commissioner Jerry Sadler. Fifty-fifth Texas Legislature The 55th Texas Legislature met from

title: Forty-sixth Texas Legislature

text: The House was composed of 150 Democrats. House members included future Governor Price Daniel and future U.S. Representative Homer Thornberry. Forty-sixth Texas Legislature The 46th Texas Legislature met from January 10, 1939, to June 21, 1939. All members present during this session were elected in the 1938 general elections. Regular Session: January 10, 1939 – June 21, 1939 Dist. 1 Dist. 2 Dist. 3 Dist. 4 Dist. 5 Dist. 6 Dist. 7 Dist. 8 Dist. 9 Dist. 10 Dist. 11 Dist. 12 Dist. 13 Dist. 14 Dist. 15 Dist. 16 Dist. 17 Dist. 18 Dist. 19 Dist. 20 Dist. 21

title: Forty-fifth Texas Legislature

text:
22 Dist. 23 Dist. 24 Dist. 25 Dist. 26 Dist. 27 Dist. 28 Dist. 29 Dist. 30 Dist. 31 The House was composed of 150 Democrats. House members included future Governor Coke R. Stevenson and future State Treasurer Jesse James. Forty-fifth Texas Legislature The 45th Texas Legislature met from January 12, 1937, to May 22, 1937, and in two special sessions, both in 1937, each lasting 30 days. Regular Session: January 12, 1937 – May 22, 1937
 1st Called Session: May 27, 1937 – June 25, 1937
 2nd Called Session: September 27, 1937 – October 26, 1937 Dist. 1 Dist.

text: 2004 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas The 2004 House elections in Texas occurred on November 2, 2004 to elect the members of the State of Texas's delegation to the United States House of Representatives. Texas had thirty-two seats in the House, apportioned according to the 2000 United States Census. These elections occurred simultaneously with the United States Senate elections of 2004, the United States House elections in other states, and various state and local elections. Republicans gained five of Texas's House seats due to a midterm redistricting in 2003. However some of the districts created following this

title: Texas Legislature

short_answers:
31-member Senate
member


question: green algae is an example of which type of reproduction

answers: alternation of generations

answers: alternation of generations.

title: Green algae

text: copy of their DNA) can fuse with other haploid cells to form diploid zygotes. When filamentous algae do this, they form bridges between cells, and leave empty cell walls behind that can be easily distinguished under the light microscope. This process is called "conjugation" and occurs for example in "Spirogyra". The species of "Ulva" are reproductively isomorphic, the diploid vegetative phase is the site of meiosis and releases haploid zoospores, which germinate and grow producing a haploid phase alternating with the vegetative phase. Sex pheromone production is likely a common feature of green algae, although only studied in detail in

title: Algae

text: different ways. Green algae are examples of algae that have primary chloroplasts derived from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. Diatoms and brown algae are examples of algae with secondary chloroplasts derived from an endosymbiotic red alga. Algae exhibit a wide range of reproductive strategies, from simple asexual cell division to complex forms of sexual reproduction. Algae lack the various structures that characterize land plants, such as the phyllids (leaf-like structures) of bryophytes, rhizoids in nonvascular plants, and the roots, leaves, and other organs found in tracheophytes (vascular plants). Most are phototrophic, although some are mixotrophic, deriving energy both from photosynthesis and uptake of

title: Astrephomene

text: of all cells of the daughter colony is outside after the first nuclear and cytoplasmic division; this type of asexual reproduction is unique among the colonial volvocine green algae (Pocock 1953). "Astrephomene gubernaculifera" has two mating types that reproduce to form zygotes. "Astrephomene gubernaculifera" is often found in organically rich temporary pools, often in pasture ponds. It typically persists for 1–3 weeks after ponds are formed in beginning of the wet season (Pocock 1953). It has been collected from South Africa, Australia and the United States (Pocock 1953). Astrephomene Astrephomene is a genus of green algae in the family Goniaceae.

title: Isogamy

text: and thus motile. This type occurs for example in algae such as some but not all species of "Chlamydomonas". In another type, neither of the gametes is flagellated. This is the case for example in the mating of yeast. Yeast mating types are commonly noted as "a" and "α" (alpha) instead of "+" and "-". Another, more complex form, is conjugation (similar to the exchange of genetic material through a bridge in bacterial conjugation, but involving reproduction). This occurs in some the green algae, the Zygnematophyceae, e.g., "Spirogyra". These algae grow as filaments of cells. When two filaments of opposing

title: Chlorophyceae

text: different species. Most of the members have one or more storage bodies called pyrenoids located in the chloroplast. Pyrenoids contain protein besides starch. Some algae may store food in the form of oil droplets. Green algae usually have a rigid cell wall made up of an inner layer of cellulose and outer layer of pectose. Vegetative reproduction usually takes place by fragmentation. Asexual reproduction is by flagellated zoospores. And haplospore, perrination (akinate and palmellastage). Asexual reproduction by mytospore absent in spyrogyra. Sexual reproduction shows considerable variation in the type and formation of sex cells and it may be isogamous e.g.

title: Algae

text: while the most complex freshwater forms are the Charophyta, a division of green algae which includes, for example, "Spirogyra" and the stoneworts. No definition of algae is generally accepted. One definition is that algae "have chlorophyll as their primary photosynthetic pigment and lack a sterile covering of cells around their reproductive cells". Although cyanobacteria are often referred to as "blue-green algae", most authorities exclude all prokaryotes from the definition of algae. Algae constitute a polyphyletic group since they do not include a common ancestor, and although their plastids seem to have a single origin, from cyanobacteria, they were acquired in

title: Zoid

text: the diversity of zoids found in green alga, below is a list of genera from the family "Monostromataceae" which is part of the phylum Chlorophyta. Brown algae ("Phaeophyceae") reproduce both sexually and asexually depending on the species. However, all motile reproductive cells in the Class are flagellated and there are no free-living flagellate organisms. The structure of brown algae varies depending on Family and Genus, thus zoids are produced in a variety of ways. Gametes or asexual zoospores can be produced in plurilocular zoidangia in the larger thalli of brown alga. However, in smaller thalli, unilocular zoidangia produce the sexually

title: Brown algae

text: separate sporophyte (diploid) and gametophyte (haploid) phases. The sporophyte stage is often the more visible of the two, though some species of brown algae have similar diploid and haploid phases. Free floating forms of brown algae often do not undergo sexual reproduction until they attach themselves to substrate. The haploid generation consists of male and female gametophytes. The fertilization of egg cells varies between species of brown algae, and may be isogamous, oogamous, or anisogamous. Fertilization may take place in the water with eggs and motile sperm, or within the oogonium itself. Certain species of brown algae can also perform

title: Ulothrix

text: chloroplast Reproduction in "Ulothrix" takes place by means of vegetative, asexual and sexual methods. The common vegetative methods of reproduction are fragmentation and akinete formation. Vegetative cells of "Ulothrix" break into small pieces accidentally. Each fragment develops into a new filament. Some of the vegetative cells of "Ulothrix" are converted into thick walled akinetes. Food reserves are accumulated within the akinetes. When the conditions are favourable each akinete develops into a new plant. Ulothrix Ulothrix is a genus of green algae in the family Ulotrichaceae. Ulothrix is a genus of filamentous green algae, generally found in fresh and marine water.

title: Green algae

text: from the mitotic spindle and cell division involves the use of this phragmoplast in the production of a cell plate. Photosynthetic eukaryotes originated following a primary endosymbiotic event, where a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic cyanobacterium-like prokaryote that became stably integrated and eventually evolved into a membrane-bound organelle: the plastid. This primary endosymbiosis event gave rise to three autotrophic clades with primary plastids: the green plants, the red algae and the glaucophytes. Green algae are often classified with their embryophyte descendants in the green plant clade Viridiplantae (or Chlorobionta). Viridiplantae, together with red algae and glaucophyte algae, form the

title: Brown algae

text: asexual reproduction through the production of motile diploid zoospores. These zoospores form in plurilocular sporangium, and can mature into the sporophyte phase immediately. In a representative species "Laminaria", there is a conspicuous diploid generation and smaller haploid generations. Meiosis takes place within several unilocular sporangium along the algae's blade, each one forming either haploid male or female zoospores. The spores are then released from the sporangia and grow to form male and female gametophytes. The female gametophyte produces an egg in the oogonium, and the male gametophyte releases motile sperm that fertilize the egg. The fertilized zygote then grows into

title: Oedogonium

text: egg. The egg and sperm then fuse and form a zygote which is diploid (2n). The zygote then produces the filamentous green alga which is haploid (1n). Species of "Oedogonium" are divided into two major groups on the basis of the distribution of the sex organs: Oedogonium Oedogonium is a genus of filamentous green algae, with unbranched filaments that are one cell thick. "Oedogonium" can be free-floating, though it is usually attached to aquatic plants by a holdfast. It appears greenish and inhabits calm, fresh water. "Oedogonium" can reproduce asexually by fragmentation of the filaments, through some other types of

title: Fission (biology)

text: results in sporozoites, and gametogony results in microgametes. Green algae can divide into more than two daughter cells. The exact number of daughter cells depends on the species of algae and is an effect of temperature and light. Most species of bacteria primarily undergo binary reproduction. Some species and groups of bacteria may undergo multiple fission as well, sometimes beginning or ending with the production of spores. The species "Metabacterium polyspora", a symbiont of guinea pigs, has been found to produce multiple endospores in each division. Some species of cyanobacteria have also been found to reproduce through multiple fission. Some

title: Green algae

text: Green algae The green algae (singular: green alga) are a large, informal grouping of algae consisting of the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta, which are now placed in separate divisions, as well as the potentially more basal Mesostigmatophyceae, Chlorokybophyceae and Spirotaenia. The land plants, or embryophytes, are thought to have emerged from the charophytes. Therefore, cladistically, embryophytes belong to green algae as well. However, because the embryophytes are traditionally classified as neither algae nor green algae, green algae are a paraphyletic group. Since the realization that the embryophytes emerged from within the green algae, some authors are starting to include them. The

title: Green algae

text: Green algae are eukaryotic organisms that follow a reproduction cycle called alternation of generations.

title: Red algae

text: tetrasporophyte. The gametophyte may replicate using monospores, but produces sperm in spermatangia, and "eggs"(?) in carpogonium. A rather different example is "Porphyra gardneri": In its diploid phase, a carpospore can germinate to form a filamentous "conchocelis stage", which can also self-replicate using monospores. The conchocelis stage eventually produces conchosporangia. The resulting conchospore germinates to form a tiny prothallus with rhizoids, which develops to a cm-scale leafy thallus. This too can reproduce via monospores, which are produced inside the thallus itself. They can also reproduce via spermatia, produced internally, which are released to meet a prospective carpogonium in its conceptacle. The

title: Algae

text: organic carbon either by osmotrophy, myzotrophy, or phagotrophy. Some unicellular species of green algae, many golden algae, euglenids, dinoflagellates, and other algae have become heterotrophs (also called colorless or apochlorotic algae), sometimes parasitic, relying entirely on external energy sources and have limited or no photosynthetic apparatus. Some other heterotrophic organisms, such as the apicomplexans, are also derived from cells whose ancestors possessed plastids, but are not traditionally considered as algae. Algae have photosynthetic machinery ultimately derived from cyanobacteria that produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis, unlike other photosynthetic bacteria such as purple and green sulfur bacteria. Fossilized filamentous algae

title: Marine microorganism

text: Earth's life and may play roles in both the carbon cycle and the nitrogen cycle. Algae can grow as single cells, or in long chains of cells. Green algae are a large group of photosynthetic eukaryotes that include many microscopic organisms. Green algae include unicellular and colonial flagellates as well as various colonial, coccoid, and filamentous forms. There are about 6000 species. Over 1500 species of fungi are known from marine environments. These are parasitic on marine algae or animals, or are saprobes on algae, corals, protozoan cysts, sea grasses, wood and other substrata, and can also be found in

title: Algaculture

text: larvae. An advantage of this method is low maintenance. Water, carbon dioxide, minerals and light are all important factors in cultivation, and different algae have different requirements. The basic reaction for algae growth in water is carbon dioxide + light energy + water = glucose + oxygen + water. This is called "autotrophic" growth. It is also possible to grow certain types of algae without light, these types of algae consume sugars (such as glucose). This is known as "heterotrophic" growth. The water must be in a temperature range that will support the specific algal species being grown mostly between

title: Green algae

text: clade that includes both green algae and embryophytes is monophyletic and is referred to as the clade Viridiplantae and as the kingdom Plantae. The green algae include unicellular and colonial flagellates, most with two flagella per cell, as well as various colonial, coccoid and filamentous forms, and macroscopic, multicellular seaweeds. There are about 8,000 species of green algae. Many species live most of their lives as single cells, while other species form coenobia (colonies), long filaments, or highly differentiated macroscopic seaweeds. A few other organisms rely on green algae to conduct photosynthesis for them. The chloroplasts in euglenids and chlorarachniophytes

title: Algae

text: an example of a common green alga genus worldwide that can grow on its own or be lichenised. Lichen thus share some of the habitat and often similar appearance with specialized species of algae ("aerophytes") growing on exposed surfaces such as tree trunks and rocks and sometimes discoloring them. Coral reefs are accumulated from the calcareous exoskeletons of marine invertebrates of the order Scleractinia (stony corals). These animals metabolize sugar and oxygen to obtain energy for their cell-building processes, including secretion of the exoskeleton, with water and carbon dioxide as byproducts. Dinoflagellates (algal protists) are often endosymbionts in the cells

title: Brown algae

text: the mature diploid sporophyte. In the order Fucales, sexual reproduction is oogamous, and the mature diploid is the only form for each generation. Gametes are formed in specialized conceptacles that occur scattered on both surfaces of the receptacle, the outer portion of the blades of the parent plant. Egg cells and motile sperm are released from separate sacs within the conceptacles of the parent algae, combining in the water to complete fertilization. The fertilized zygote settles onto a surface and then differentiates into a leafy thallus and a finger-like holdfast. Light regulates differentiation of the zygote into blade and holdfast.

title: Green algae

text: facilitate this process. The green algae, including the characean algae, have served as model experimental organisms to understand the mechanisms of the ionic and water permeability of membranes, osmoregulation, turgor regulation, salt tolerance, cytoplasmic streaming, and the generation of action potentials. Green algae The green algae (singular: green alga) are a large, informal grouping of algae consisting of the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta, which are now placed in separate divisions, as well as the potentially more basal Mesostigmatophyceae, Chlorokybophyceae and Spirotaenia. The land plants, or embryophytes, are thought to have emerged from the charophytes. Therefore, cladistically, embryophytes belong to green algae

title: Plant

text: omitted). The way in which the groups of green algae are combined and named varies considerably between authors. Algae comprise several different groups of organisms which produce food by photosynthesis and thus have traditionally been included in the plant kingdom. The seaweeds range from large multicellular algae to single-celled organisms and are classified into three groups, the brown, red and green algae. There is good evidence that the brown algae evolved independently from the others, from non-photosynthetic ancestors that formed endosymbiotic relationships with red algae rather than from cyanobacteria, and they are no longer classified as plants as defined here.

title: Algae

text: Algae Algae (; singular alga ) is an informal term for a large, diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms that are not necessarily closely related, and is thus polyphyletic. Included organisms range from unicellular microalgae genera, such as "Chlorella" and the diatoms, to multicellular forms, such as the giant kelp, a large brown alga which may grow up to 50 m in length. Most are aquatic and autotrophic and lack many of the distinct cell and tissue types, such as stomata, xylem, and phloem, which are found in land plants. The largest and most complex marine algae are called seaweeds,

title: Oophila

text: Oophila Oophila amblystomatis, commonly known as chlamydomonad algae or salamander algae, is a species of single-celled green algae. The Latin specific name means "loves salamander eggs". It does not occur anywhere in nature other than in the eggs of the spotted salamander, "Ambystoma maculatum". The alga can invade and grow in the amphibian's egg capsule. Once inside, it metabolizes the carbon dioxide produced by the embryo and provides it with oxygen as a result of photosynthesis. This is an example of symbiosis, and the only known example an intracellular endosymbiont microbe in vertebrates. This symbiosis between "Oophila" and the salamander

title: Zygnematales

text: (Embryophyta) emerged. Sexual reproduction in Zygnematales takes place through a process called "conjugation". Here filaments of opposite gender line up, and tubes form between corresponding cells. The male cells then become amoeboid and crawl across, or sometimes both cells crawl into the tube. The cells then meet and fuse to form a zygote, which later undergoes meiosis to produce new filaments. As in plants, only the female passes chloroplasts on to the offspring. Other conjugating algae are the Mesotaeniaceae, sister of the Zygnematales, and spirotaenia, a basal green algae. Additionally, the Desmidiales appear to have emerged deep within the Zygnematales,

title: Chloroplast

text: green and red algae—no secondary chloroplasts from glaucophytes have been observed, probably because glaucophytes are relatively rare in nature, making them less likely to have been taken up by another eukaryote. Green algae have been taken up by the euglenids, chlorarachniophytes, a lineage of dinoflagellates, and possibly the ancestor of the CASH lineage (cryptomonads, alveolates, stramenopiles and haptophytes) in three or four separate engulfments. Many green algal derived chloroplasts contain pyrenoids, but unlike chloroplasts in their green algal ancestors, storage product collects in granules outside the chloroplast. Euglenophytes are a group of common flagellated protists that contain chloroplasts derived from

title: Algaculture

text: start larger cultures. Another approach is to use a special medium which excludes other organisms, including invasive algae. For example, "Dunaliella" is a commonly grown genus of microalgae which flourishes in extremely salty water that few other organisms can tolerate. Alternatively, mixed algae cultures can work well for larval mollusks. First, the cultivator filters the sea water to remove algae which are too large for the larvae to eat. Next, the cultivator adds nutrients and possibly aerates the result. After one or two days in a greenhouse or outdoors, the resulting thin soup of mixed algae is ready for the

title: Algaculture

text: Chlorella, particularly a transgenic strain which carries an extra mercury reductase gene, has been studied as an agent for environmental remediation due to its ability to reduce to the less toxic elemental mercury. Cultivated algae serve many other purposes, including cosmetics, animal feed, bioplastic production, dyes and colorant production, chemical feedstock production, and pharmaceutical ingredients. Algaculture Algaculture is a form of aquaculture involving the farming of species of algae. The majority of algae that are intentionally cultivated fall into the category of microalgae (also referred to as phytoplankton, microphytes, or planktonic algae). Macroalgae, commonly known as seaweed, also have many

title: Green algae

short_answers:
alternation of generations
alternation of generations.