question: what language is the olympic anthem sang in

answers: Greek

title: Olympic Hymn

text: edition of the games. The anthem by Samaras and Palamas was declared the official Olympic Anthem by the International Olympic Committee in 1958 at the 54th Session of the IOC in Tokyo, Japan. Since 1960, it has been played at each Olympic Games: during the opening ceremony when the Olympic flag is hoisted, and during the closing ceremony when the Olympic flag is lowered. If the anthem is to be performed in English, then the English sung version is used, which has been usually in English-speaking countries. If it is to be performed in a language other than English or

title: Olympic Games

text: national anthems are played: the flag of the current host country; the flag of Greece, to honour the birthplace of the Olympic Games; and the flag of the country hosting the next Summer or Winter Olympic Games. The president of the organising committee and the IOC president make their closing speeches, the Games are officially closed, and the Olympic flame is extinguished. In what is known as the Antwerp Ceremony, the mayor of the city that organised the Games transfers a special Olympic flag to the president of the IOC, who then passes it on to the mayor of the

title: Concerns and controversies at the 2010 Winter Olympics

text: Brueggergosman performed the English version of the Olympic Hymn, but Dave Pierce, the music director for the games, had his associate, Donovan Seidle, compose and arrange it to have some of the stanzas performed in French. Michel Verrault, a speed-skating official, took the officials' oath in French. In his official report on the 2010 Winter Olympics opening ceremony, Graham Fraser identified two causes for the lack of french in it. The first was lack of understanding. The commissioner said that "it was apparent that, in several areas, the official language requirements in the multi-party agreement signed by the organizing committee

title: Olympic Games

text: official languages of the Olympic Movement. The other language used at each Olympic Games is the language of the host country (or languages, if a country has more than one official language apart from French or English). Every proclamation (such as the announcement of each country during the parade of nations in the opening ceremony) is spoken in these three (or more) languages, or the main two depending on whether the host country is an English or French speaking country: French is always spoken first, followed by an English translation, and then the dominant language of the host nation (when

title: 2010 Winter Olympics opening ceremony

text: dances as the athletes paraded in. The participating countries marched in, with Greece coming first, then the other nations ending with the host nation, Canada. The names of the nations were announced first in French and followed by English, the official languages of the Olympics, which also happened to be the official languages of the host nation. The nations entered in alphabetic order of their country names in English because it is the more dominant of the two languages in Vancouver and in the province of British Columbia. The team from Georgia was greeted with a standing ovation out of

title: Olympic Games ceremony

text: in English alphabetical order instead of Japanese characters. In the 2008 Summer Olympics, teams were ordered by the number of strokes in the Chinese translation of the team name. In the 2010 Winter Olympics, teams entered in English alphabetical order, although the languages of the Olympics are also the languages of the host country, Canada, because English is the more dominant of the two in Vancouver and in the host province of British Columbia. In the 1980 Summer Olympics and the 2014 Winter Olympics, the countries entered in the Cyrillic alphabetical order, which is the Russian language's official script. After

title: 117th IOC Session

text: sung with gusto just before the announcement of the 2012 Summer Olympics. The Guardian reported on their operatic rendition "Two Singaporean sopranos and a tenor dressed like a maître d' subjected the Olympic anthem, a tune whose primary virtue is to be heard only once every four years, to a fearful mauling." The Times of the UK described them as "three Orientals... one distinctly off key". 117th IOC Session The 117th International Olympic Committee Session was held for the first time in Singapore from 2 to 9 July 2005. Two important decisions were made through voting during the session –

title: 2010 Winter Olympics national flag bearers

text: languages of the Olympics, which also happened to be the official languages of the host nation. The nations entered in alphabetic order of their country names in English because it is the more dominant of the two languages in Vancouver and in the province of British Columbia. Delegations from North Korea and South Korea marched in separate delegations, unlike in the 2006 Winter Olympics when they marched together. Of the flag-bearers who led their respective delegations, all but one were athletes, the exception being Fuad Guliyev, a skating official from Azerbaijan. The sport which was most represented among the flag-bearers

title: 2018 Winter Olympics Parade of Nations

text: the names of countries in the Korean language. Following tradition, the delegation from the host nation, South Korea, was scheduled to enter last. However, following solidarity negotiations with North Korea, the host nation was instead represented by the unified Korean delegation, consisting of the South Korean and North Korean teams, marching under the Korean Unification Flag. The names of the nations were announced in French, followed by English and Korean, the official languages of the Olympic movement and the host nation, in accordance with traditional and International Olympic Committee (IOC) guidelines. Background music included such songs as K-pop hits as

title: 2006 Winter Olympics closing ceremony

text: the next Winter Olympics. Canadian opera star Ben Heppner, himself born in British Columbia, the host province of the next Winter Olympics, sang "O Canada" to begin the Canadian segment of the ceremonies and mark the beginning of the countdown to the Vancouver Olympic Games in 2010. Heppner sang a version of "O Canada" which is presented in a combination of Canada's two official languages, English and French, which are also the official languages of the IOC. Then came the "Oslo Ceremony" (so called because the original Olympic flag, which was used for transfer of the Winter Games, was first

title: 2010 Winter Olympics closing ceremony

text: heart, and a peace sign before exploding up the voms. Chief Leonard Andrew of the Lil'wat, Chief Ernie Campbell of the Musqueam, Chief Bill Williams of the Squamish, and Chief Justin George of the Tsleil-Waututh were welcomed. Stephen Harper, the Prime Minister of Canada and IOC president Jacques Rogge were then introduced. A bilingual rendition of the Canadian national anthem "O Canada" was sung by the Anthem Cast, The Vancouver Youth Symphony Orchestra, & Inward Eye. The flag bearers for the participating nations then entered the stadium at the same time, making a ring around the Olympic Cauldron. Following tradition,

title: 1896 Summer Olympics

text: people." Afterwards, nine bands and 150 choir singers performed an Olympic Hymn, composed by Spyridon Samaras, with words by poet Kostis Palamas. Thereafter, a variety of musical offerings provided the backgrounds to the Opening Ceremonies until 1960, since which time the Samaras/Palamas composition has become the official Olympic Anthem (decision taken by the IOC Session in 1958). Other elements of current Olympic opening ceremonies were initiated later: the Olympic flame was first lit in 1928, the first athletes' oath was sworn at the 1920 Summer Olympics, and the first officials' oath was taken at the 1972 Olympic Games. At the

title: 2010 Winter Olympics opening ceremony

text: Forces members raised the flag. Nikki Yanofsky performed an arrangement of the national anthem, "O Canada", singing in English and French. The First Nations in whose traditional territories the games were held - the Squamish Nation, Musqueam Indian Band, Lil'wat First Nation, and Tsleil-Waututh First Nation - were recognized as heads of state and seated directly behind the Canadian Governor General and the Prime Minister. Four Coast Salish welcome poles were raised from the centre of the stadium, and greetings were given to the crowd (and the world) by members of the Four Host First Nations in their respective languages

title: 2016 Summer Olympics opening ceremony

text: he was not introduced at the beginning of the ceremony, nor was he introduced at the end of President Bach's speech After a burst of fireworks, the Olympic flag then entered the stadium, and was raised while the Olympic Anthem was sung in English. The Olympic oath on behalf of the athletes was then recited by Brazilian sailor Robert Scheidt. The corresponding oaths on behalf of the judges and coaches were taken by Martinho Nobre and Adriana Santos respectively. There was a massed parade of the 12 samba schools of the Rio Carnival's Special Group, and singers Anitta, Caetano Veloso

title: Olympic Hymn

text: The anthem has been recorded and performed in many different languages, usually as a result of the hosting of either form of the Games in various countries. The IOC doesn’t require that the anthem be performed in either English or Greek. But in the 2008 Olympic opening and closing ceremonies in Beijing, China, Greek was sung instead of the host country's official language, Mandarin.  Also in the 2016 Olympic opening ceremonies in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, English was also sung instead of host country's official language, Portuguese.

title: International Olympic Committee

text: in areas of conflict during and beyond the period of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. During each proclamation at the Olympics, announcers speak in different languages: French is always spoken first, followed by an English translation, and then the dominant language of the host nation (when this is not English or French). The stated mission of the IOC is to promote the Olympics throughout the world and to lead the Olympic Movement: The IOC Session is the general meeting of the members of the IOC, held once a year in which each member has one vote. It is the IOC's

title: 2014 Winter Olympics opening ceremony

text: Olympic Anthem in Russian. The Olympic Oath on behalf of all athletes was taken by Ruslan Zakharov (Short-track), Vyacheslav Vedenin took the oath for all judges and Anastasia Popkova took the oath for all coaches. For the finale, tennis player Maria Sharapova brought the Olympic Torch (the torch that had gone to the International Space Station in November) into the stadium. She handed it off to pole vaulter Yelena Isinbayeva who, in turn, passed it to wrestler Aleksandr Karelin. Karelin then passed the torch to gymnast Alina Kabaeva. Figure skater Irina Rodnina took the torch and was met by former

title: Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics

text: "COR", from the abbreviation of French word "Corée". (The country code “KOR” is already used for South Korea; the IOC uses “PRK” for North Korea.) The anthem which played when the Korea team played in international ice hockey is the folk song "Arirang" instead of the national anthems of either South Korea or North Korea. The team's uniform featured the silhouette of the Korean peninsula with the text "Korea". Because of ongoing U.S. sanctions against North Korea, the uniforms were made by a Finnish company instead of official sponsor Nike. The first match of the unified Korean women's ice hockey

title: Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament

text: silent. Giggs, the Great Britain men's captain, later said: "The problem is the British anthem is the same as the English anthem and if you're a Welshman or a Scotsman it's difficult". LOCOG also apologised after an error in the official match programme for the first game mistakenly described Welsh player Joe Allen as being English. After South Korea defeated Japan in the bronze medal match at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 10 August, South Korean player Park Jong-woo walked around the field holding a banner with a political message written in Korean, "독도는 우리 땅!" ("dokdo neun uri

title: 2016 Summer Olympics closing ceremony

text: the states of Brazil, sang the Brazilian national anthem. The ceremony featured a performance of "Carry Me" by Norwegian electronic music artist Kygo and American singer-songwriter Julia Michaels, as part of a segment that launched the new Olympic Channel service launching after the Games. The games' final medal awards for the men's marathon were also presented, along with the Kenyan national anthem. Four newly elected members of the IOC Athletes' Commission were introduced: fencer Britta Heidemann (Germany), table tennis player Ryu Seung-min (South Korea), swimmer Dániel Gyurta (Hungary) and pole vaulter Yelena Isinbayeva (Russia). Lenine then performed his song ""Jack

title: Olympic Oath

text: are in alphabetical order by English name. The languages that are included are those of the Olympic host countries. The athletes, judges and coaches that have delivered the Olympic Oath are listed below. Olympic Oath The Olympic Oath (distinct from the Olympic creed) is a solemn promise made by one athlete, judge or official, and one coach at the Opening Ceremony of each Olympic Games. Each oath taker is from the host nation and takes the oath on behalf of all athletes, officials, or coaches at the currently celebrated games. While reciting the oath, the oath taker holds a corner

title: 2010 Winter Paralympics opening ceremony

text: former Paralympian. Mari Klassen signed the anthem in American Sign Language (ASL). Hundreds of children stood in the shape of a maple leaf in a formation. The participating countries marched in, with Andorra coming first, and the nations entered in alphabetical order of their country names in English, and ending with the host nation, Canada. Canada has the greatest number of athletes with 55. The flag was carried into the stadium. It was then transferred to members of the Canadian Forces' Soldier On program: Sgt. Karen McCoy, and Master Cpl. Mike Trauner, who then raised the flag. Canadian ice sledge

title: 2014 Winter Olympics closing ceremony

text: 5 August 2016 during the opening ceremony of the 2016 Summer Olympics. The 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang provided an eight-minute segment to introduce Koreans to the world. The national anthem of the Republic of Korea was sung by two South Korean children. The segment featured an elderly South Korean man playing a gayageum, a traditional Korean string instrument, with people dressed as swallows, a common bird found in Korea, and the Gangwon Province version of the traditional Korean song "Arirang", performed by Lee Seung-chul, Sumi Jo and Na Yoon-sun. Children created snowmen while images of various Winter Olympic events

title: 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony

text: already in the arena was billed as "a reminder and a promise of a once and future better life". Youth choirs began a cappella performances of the informal anthems of the four nations of the UK: "Jerusalem" (for England, sung by a live choir in the stadium and beginning with a solo from eleven-year-old Humphrey Keeper), "Danny Boy" (from the Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland), "Flower of Scotland" (from Edinburgh Castle in Scotland), and "Bread of Heaven" (from Rhossili Beach in Wales – sung in English). These were inter-cut with footage of notable Rugby Union Home Nations' tries, England's winning

title: 2006 Winter Olympics opening ceremony

text: the President of the International Olympic Committee Jacques Rogge and the President of Italy Carlo Azeglio Ciampi was announced. Sustained drumbeats set a mood as three military police officers entered and retrieved the flag from Bruni and brought it to the flag pole. The flag was raised to the solo rendition of the Italian national anthem after a short pastoral orchestra introduction (as opposed to the usual marching introduction). ""Il Canto degli Italiani"" was performed by nine-year-old Eleonora Benetti wearing the Italian tricolour. Her verse ended as the choir joined in for the much more rapid refrain. XX Olympic Winter

title: 132nd IOC Session

text: 132nd IOC Session The 132nd IOC Session is an IOC Session that was held at the Kensington Flora Hotel in PyeongChang, South Korea in February 2018. The opening ceremony of the IOC Session was held at the Gangneung Cultural Centre. The opening ceremony began with multicultural children’s choir Areumdeuri singing the Olympic Hymn and EXO’s Baekhyun singing the national anthem. Following the national anthem, opening speeches and congratulatory messages was given by figures including Lee Hee Beom, the president of the Olympic Organizing Committee, and Moon Jae In, the president of South Korea. The celebratory cultural performance also included VIXX’s

title: 2006 Winter Olympics opening ceremony

text: "Torino 2006" name and Italian tricolore to the centre of the stadium, performing 'donuts' and revving the V8 engine for a few minutes. Address by the President of the Organising Committee Address by the President of the International Olympic Committee President of the Italian Republic: Opening of the Games Olympic Anthem Entry of the Olympic Flag Olympic Oath After the Parade of Nations had concluded and the athletes were gathered in the center of the stadium, two short speeches in Italian, French and English were delivered. The first speech came from Valentino Castellani, the chief organizer of the Torino 2006

title: 1976 Summer Olympics

text: proclaim the Games open, which she did, first in French, then in English. Accompanied by the Olympic Hymn, the Olympic flag was carried into the stadium and hoisted at the west end of the stadium. The flag was carried by eight men and hoisted by four women, representing the ten provinces and two territories (at the time) of Canada. As the flag was hoisted, an all-male choir performed an a cappella version of the Olympic Hymn. Once the flag was unfurled, a troupe of Bavarian dancers, representing Munich, host of the previous 1972 Summer Olympics, entered the stadium with the

title: Olympic symbols

text: own edition of the Games until the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley. Other notable Olympic anthems and fanfares include: Several other composers have contributed Olympic music, including Henry Mancini, Francis Lai, Marvin Hamlisch, Philip Glass, David Foster, Mikis Theodorakis, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Vangelis, Basil Poledouris, Michael Kamen, and Mark Watters.it had oath too : we swear that we will take part in the Olympic Games in loyal competition, respecting the regulations which govern them and desirous of participating in them in the true spirit of sportsmanship for the honour of our country and for the glory of sports. The "kotinos"

title: 2010 Winter Olympics closing ceremony

text: in Torino, then sang the Olympic Hymn, mixing English and French, while an RCMP honour guard lowered the Olympic flag. This flag was raised again in London on July 27, 2012 during the opening ceremonies of the 2012 Summer Olympics. The Olympic flag was handed off by Gregor Robertson, the mayor of Vancouver, to Jacques Rogge, the President of the IOC. It was then handed off to the mayor of Sochi, Anatoly Pakhomov, whose city will host the 2014 Winter Olympics. The flag arrived in Sochi at the end of March and was raised at that city's municipal building until

title: Olympic Hymn


question: where did the battle of bonhomme richard take place

answers: near Flamborough Head

title: USS Bonhomme Richard (1765)

text: their fight to become independent of British authority. "Bonhomme Richard"'s final resting location was the subject of much speculation. A number of unsuccessful efforts had been conducted to locate the wreck. The location was presumed to be in approximately of water off Flamborough Head, Yorkshire, a headland near where her final battle took place. The quantity of other wrecks in the area and a century of fishing trawler operations had complicated all searches. One season's attempts to locate and retrieve the ship, or some artifacts from her, using USNS "Grasp" were filmed for the Discovery Channel's "Mighty Ships" series in

title: USS Bonhomme Richard (1765)

text: 2011. The U.S. Navy's mission was unsuccessful. In 2018, the remains of the "Bonhomme Richard" were found off the coast of Filey, North Yorkshire, England, by the Land and Sea search team Merlin Burrows. Notes Sources Bibliography USS Bonhomme Richard (1765) Bonhomme Richard, formerly Duc de Duras, was a warship in the Continental Navy. She was originally an East Indiaman, a merchant ship built in France for the French East India Company in 1765, for service between France and the Orient. She was placed at the disposal of John Paul Jones on 4 February 1779, by King Louis XVI of

title: USS Bonhomme Richard (1765)

text: until she was purchased by King Louis XVI of France in early 1779 and placed under the command of John Paul Jones on 4 February. The size and armament of "Duc de Duras" made her roughly equivalent to half of a 64-gun ship of the line. Jones renamed her "Bon Homme Richard" (usually rendered in more correct French as "Bonhomme Richard") in honor of Benjamin Franklin, the American Commissioner at Paris whose "Poor Richard's Almanac" was published in France under the title "Les Maximes du Bonhomme Richard". On 19 June 1779, "Bonhomme Richard" sailed from Lorient accompanied by , "Pallas,

title: Battle of Flamborough Head

text: begin the evacuation of "Bonhomme Richard"’s crew. One or two of these boats went missing during the night, as ex-captive British crewmen took the opportunity to go home (hence the eyewitness newspaper stories). The combatants, although they probably cared little, had been observed by thousands of onlookers, for on that clear night, with a near-full moon, the action could be seen from a long stretch of the high Yorkshire coastline, from Scarborough in the north to Flamborough Head itself in the south. There is no record of final casualty figures aboard the two main combatants. Captain Pearson, in a postscript

title: Battle of Flamborough Head

text: up to away). At 4 am the next day, 25 September, pumping was abandoned, with the water almost up to the lower deck. The wind was getting stronger, so all personnel abandoned ship at 10 am, and just before 11, as a boat approached from the commodore's new command ship, "Serapis", to try to salvage a few more items, "Bonhomme Richard" started to disappear beneath the waves. Several Royal Navy ships were on their way, but once again French obstinacy had a semi-beneficial effect. Jones wished to take his prizes to Dunkirk, but the French captains insisted on following the

title: USS Bonhomme Richard (1765)

text: about 6:00 p.m. The battle continued for the next four hours, costing the lives of nearly half of the American and British crews. British victory seemed inevitable, as the more heavily armed "Serapis" used its firepower to rake "Bonhomme Richard" with devastating effect. The commander of "Serapis" finally called on Jones to surrender. He replied, "Sir, I have not yet begun to fight!" Jones eventually managed to lash the ships together, nullifying his opponent's greater maneuverability and allowing him to take advantage of the larger size and considerably more numerous crew of "Bonhomme Richard". An attempt by the Americans to

title: USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD-6)

text: ship in the 2000s as part of Operation Southern Watch. She deployed as part of Operation Enduring Freedom from 1 December 2001 to 18 June 2002. Her next deployment was in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, beginning 17 January 2003 and lasting to 26 July 2003. "Bonhomme Richard" played two significant roles in Operation Iraqi Freedom; first, she offloaded more than 1,000 Marines and gear from the 3rd Battalion, 1st Marines into Kuwait. Second, after delivering her attack and transport helicopters, troops, and vehicles, she took up position just miles off the coast of Kuwait and became one of two

title: Château de Falaise

text: War. The castle was deserted during the 17th century. Since 1840 it has been protected as a "monument historique". On the death of Richard II, Duke of Normandy, in August 1026 his son (also called Richard) succeeded to the duchy. The inheritance however was disputed by Richard III's younger brother, Robert. Not content with his inheritance of the town of Exmes and its surrounding area, Robert rebelled and took up arms against his brother and he captured the castle of Falaise. Richard besieged the castle and forced Robert to submit to him, however the duke died from unknown causes in

title: Battle of Flamborough Head

text: of captivity, and many others seeking glory or prize money. On the evening of 22 September, Jones in "Bonhomme Richard" (an armed East India trading vessel he had reluctantly adapted for military use), accompanied by the little brigantine "Vengeance", had been off Spurn Head, hoping to catch a few prizes emerging from the Humber estuary, but he decided to head northward during the hours of darkness, and rendezvous with his frigates "Alliance" and "Pallas", which had parted company from him further up the coast. Shortly after midnight, two vessels were seen, so signal lanterns were set. The strangers did not

title: Château de Taillebourg

text: Richard the Lionheart destroyed this castle in 1179. Geoffrey de Rancon, master of the house, may have died in this action, but he is also listed as having participated in the Third Crusade in the Itinerarium Regis Ricardi and appears as a witness to Richard I's peace treaty with Tancred of Sicily in Messina on 6 Oct 1190. In 1173, Richard had fought against his father in alliance with his brothers and the King of France, Louis. This uprising had failed, and as punishment, Richard was sent to bring the rebellious lords to heel. This conflict lasted five years, ending

title: Richard Dale

text: the war to end. On September 23, 1779, "Bonhomme Richard" met HMS "Serapis" off the coast of Flamborough Head, near Yorkshire. Described as being somewhat reckless in his bravery, Dale commanded the forward guns in the close fighting of the battle. When rumors that "Bonhomme Richard" was sinking reached him from below decks, and that the crew was prepared to surrender, Dale went to ascertain the damage. Upon his assessment that the ship would not yet sink, he inspired the crew to persist in the fight. He compelled his British prisoners to man the pumps to keep the ship afloat

title: Battle of Flamborough Head

text: captured vessels, "Bonhomme Richard"’s crew had been reduced from around 400 to about the same as "Serapis," 320. While Commodore Jones and Captain Landais were fighting their unexpectedly separate battles, Captains Cottineau of the "Pallas" and Ricot of "Vengeance" were left wondering what to do. In a well-organised formation, they might have been able to make a contribution, but to intervene in a ship-to-ship duel would be very dangerous. In theory, they could have taken advantage of the confusion to sail off after the stragglers of the convoy, but night had now fallen, and until the moon rose, they would

title: USS Bonhomme Richard (1765)

text: USS Bonhomme Richard (1765) Bonhomme Richard, formerly Duc de Duras, was a warship in the Continental Navy. She was originally an East Indiaman, a merchant ship built in France for the French East India Company in 1765, for service between France and the Orient. She was placed at the disposal of John Paul Jones on 4 February 1779, by King Louis XVI of France as a result of a loan to the United States by French shipping magnate, Jacques-Donatien Le Ray. "Bonhomme Richard" was originally an East Indiaman named "Duc de Duras", a merchant ship built at Lorient according to

title: Richard Pearson (Royal Navy officer)

text: an American rebel squadron under John Paul Jones in the "Bonhomme Richard", 42 guns. This famous action ended in Pearson surrendering the "Serapis" to Jones but not before his spirited defence had covered the escape of the valuable convoy. The "Bonhomme Richard" ended up sinking following the capture, forcing Jones to lose his own ship and return to port in Pearson's captured vessel. Pearson was considered a hero in his homeland after the battle. He was knighted, received presents from the merchants and the freedoms of several towns. John Paul Jones was later asked how he felt about the captain

title: USS Bonhomme Richard (1765)

title: USS Bonhomme Richard (1765)

text: the plan drawn up by the King's Master Shipwright Antoine Groignard for the French East India Company in 1765. Her design allowed her to be quickly transformed into a man-of-war in case of necessity to support the navy. She made two voyages to China, the first in 1766 and the second in 1769. At her return the French East India Company had been dissolved, and all its installations and ships transferred to the French Navy. As a naval ship she made a voyage to Isle de France before being sold to private shipowners in 1771. She sailed in private service

title: USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD-6)

text: 2007 she joined up with two U.S. Navy aircraft carriers, and and their Carrier Strike Groups (CSG) off the coast of Iran to carry out previously unannounced air and sea exercises. In July 2008, the ship took part in RIMPAC 2008 off the coast of Hawaii. From September 2009 to April 2010, "Bonhomme Richard" deployed to the Fifth and Seventh Fleet Areas of Operations (AoR). Ports of call include East Timor, Phuket, Thailand, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Oahu, Hawaii. In July she participated in RIMPAC 2010 in the Kaulakahi Channel, between Kauai and Niihau Islands, Hawaii, near the Pacific Missile

title: USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD-6)

text: than 33,000 Australian and U.S. troops. Alongside "Bonhomme Richard", 20 other ships and over 200 aircraft took part in what was Australia's largest exercise to date. This was followed by a week long port call in Melbourne. On 8 May 2018, "Bonhomme Richard" completed her homeport change to San Diego. On 5 August 2017, after taking off from "Bonhomme Richard" a U.S. Marine Corps MV-22 Osprey of Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron 265 with the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit crashed in Shoalwater Bay on the east coast of Australia. 23 personnel were rescued, while three died, but their bodies were recovered

title: Beaupre (surname)

text: Cornwall. The name Bonhomme dis Beaupré was also in Norfolk during the 16th century. Here a hall and a school both retain Beaupre in their names. This family's first documented ancestor was Nicolas Bonhomme, born about 1562 in St-Croix de Féca, Normandie, France. He married there with Marie Guyon. They had a son, also named Nicolas, in 1603. This son became the family's pioneer ancestor. As an adult, he emigrated to New France--later named Québec, Canada--where he married on 2 Sep 1640 at St-Laurent, Ile d'Orleans with a woman named Catherine Gouget, a "Fille du Roi", from Bourg de Thury,

title: USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD-6)

text: a light aircraft carrier "Bonhomme Richard" is currently in active service and is the flagship for Expeditionary Strike Group Seven. The contract to build her was awarded to Ingalls Shipbuilding on 11 December 1992, and her keel was laid down on 18 April 1995. She was launched on 14 March 1997, delivered to the Navy on 12 May 1998, and commissioned on 15 August 1998. "Bonhomme Richard" departed her building yard, Ingalls Shipbuilding division of Litton Industries, Pascagoula, Mississippi, on 8 August 1998, sailing into Pensacola Harbor at Naval Air Station Pensacola for commissioning activities and culminating with the main

title: Battle of Flamborough Head

text: to his battle report, stated that there were "many more than" 49 dead and 68 wounded aboard "Serapis", but his figure of 300 casualties aboard "Bonhomme Richard" seems very high, unless it includes a great many of the captives stuck below decks during the battle. British press reports claimed 70 deaths on "Bonhomme Richard", which, assuming a similar ratio to the "Serapis" figures would give around 100 wounded. Overnight, pumping continued on "Bonhomme Richard", and repairs began (also, the powder was removed from the magazine, which was threatened by the continued smouldering of the ship's woodwork). With the water still

title: USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD-6)

text: Range Facility. On 23 April 2012, "Bonhomme Richard" took the place of as the command ship for Expeditionary Strike Group Seven and switched homeport from San Diego, California to Sasebo, Japan. During the summer of 2013, "Bonhomme Richard" participated in Exercise Talisman Sabre 2013. Maneuvers were performed off Queensland, Australia and in the Coral Sea. After the exercise, the ship sailed for Sydney, arriving 16 August 2013. "Bonhomme Richard" assisted in the air-sea rescue operation of the capsized South Korean ferry with helicopters on 16 April 2014. In June 2017, "Bonhomme Richard" participated in Exercise Talisman Saber 2017 involving more

title: USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD-6)

text: USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD-6) USS "Bonhomme Richard" (LHD-6) is a , and the third ship of the United States Navy to bear the name. She was named in honor of John Paul Jones' famous frigate, which he had named in French "Good Man Richard," in honor of Benjamin Franklin, the U.S. Ambassador to France at the time; "Richard" is derived from Franklin's "Poor Richard's Almanac." The primary mission of "Bonhomme Richard" is to embark, deploy and land elements of a Marine landing force in amphibious assault operations by helicopter, landing craft and amphibious vehicle, and if needed, to act as

title: Bonchurch

text: Bonchurch. In July 1545, the Battle of Bonchurch was fought. 500 French soldiers had landed at the coast near Bonchurch, one of three landings that took place on the coastline of the Isle of Wight by French soldiers. 300 Isle of Wight militiamen engaged the French forces, and the militiamen won the engagement. Some accounts state that local women participated in the battle by firing arrows at the French soldiers. The victory is considered to have decisively stopped the French invasion of the Isle of Wight. Soon after the battle, a number of men from the French fleet which had

title: Richard de Belmeis I

text: which is east of Falaise, in the Calvados region of Normandy. The attribution is now regarded as not fully proven. It is made up of two very common French toponym elements, meaning “attractive estate”: there is a village called Aubermesnil-Beaumais elsewhere in Normandy. Whatever the form of his name, Richard is easily confused with his namesake and nephew, Richard de Belmeis II, who was also a 12th-century Bishop of London. Tout refers to Richard I by the surname "Rufus", which creates further confusion. His epitaph shows that he was called Rufus, but the name, in the form Ruffus, is now

title: Battle of Flamborough Head

text: immediately led his crew in attaching the two ships together as strongly as they could. Seeing the danger, Pearson dropped anchor. Because both ships were under sail, when "Serapis" came to an abrupt halt, "Bonhomme Richard" would keep going, and with luck, tear free. Jones’ men had been very efficient, so what actually happened was that "Bonhomme Richard"’s motion was turned into a rotation, and the two ships, still firmly attached, ended up side-by-side, facing in opposite directions, their great guns touching each other’s hull planks. Better still for Jones, "Serapis"’ spare anchor caught in the woodwork of "Bonhomme Richard"’s

title: Battle of Bonchurch

text: Battle of Bonchurch The Battle of Bonchurch took place in late July 1545 at Bonchurch on the Isle of Wight. No source gives the precise date, although 21 July is possible from the sequence of events. The battle was a part of the wider Italian War of 1542–1546, and took place during the French invasion of the Isle of Wight. Several landings were made, including at Bonchurch. Most accounts suggest that England won the battle, and the French advance across the island was halted. The battle was between French regular soldiers, and local English militiamen. Although the French force that

title: Nathaniel Fanning

text: included in a prisoner exchange. He was marched to Gosport, then taken by cartel to Nantes, France. From there, he traveled to L'Orient, where, under the command of John Paul Jones, he agreed to serve as midshipman and private secretary aboard "Bonhomme Richard" On August 14, 1779, "Bonhomme Richard" set sail, and over the next month captured or destroyed at least 29 enemy vessels. On September 23, "Bonhomme Richard" famously fought the British frigate "Serapis". During this engagement, Fanning served as captain of the main top. Most of his original group of men were killed, but he took a fresh

title: USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD-6)

text: capabilities in the deployment of forces ashore. "Bonhomme Richard" has been awarded the Navy Battle "E" eight times The following is a list of awards by year awarded. "Bonhomme Richard" was used for various scenes in the 2012 movie "Battleship." Sailors from the ship were used as extras in scenes. The ship was also used for several scenes in the 2012 movie "Act of Valor." USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD-6) USS "Bonhomme Richard" (LHD-6) is a , and the third ship of the United States Navy to bear the name. She was named in honor of John Paul Jones' famous frigate,

title: Richard I of England

text: his brothers Henry and Geoffrey. The turning point came in the Charente Valley in the spring of 1179. The well-defended fortress of Taillebourg seemed impregnable. The castle was surrounded by a cliff on three sides and a town on the fourth side with a three-layer wall. Richard first destroyed and looted the farms and lands surrounding the fortress, leaving its defenders no reinforcements or lines of retreat. The garrison sallied out of the castle and attacked Richard; he was able to subdue the army and then followed the defenders inside the open gates, where he easily took over the castle

title: USS Bonhomme Richard (1765)

long_answer: On 23 September 1779, the squadron encountered the Baltic Fleet of 41 sail under convoy of the HMS Serapis and HM hired armed vessel Countess of Scarborough near Flamborough Head. The Bonhomme Richard and Serapis entered a bitter engagement at about 6:00 p.m. The battle continued for the next four hours, costing the lives of nearly half of the American and British crews. British victory seemed inevitable, as the more heavily armed Serapis used its firepower to rake Bonhomme Richard with devastating effect. The commander of the Serapis finally called on Jones to surrender. He replied, "Sir, I have not yet begun to fight!" Jones eventually managed to lash the ships together, nullifying his opponent's greater maneuverability and allowing him to take advantage of the larger size and considerably more numerous crew of Bonhomme Richard. An attempt by the Americans to board Serapis was repulsed, as was an attempt by the British to board Bonhomme Richard. Finally, after another of Jones's ships joined the fight, the British captain was forced to surrender at about 10:30 p.m. The Bonhomme Richard – shattered, on fire, leaking badly – defied all efforts to save her and sank about 36 hours later at 11:00 a.m. on Saturday, 25 September 1779. Jones sailed the captured Serapis to the Dutch United Provinces for repairs.


question: who was the actor that played ben stone on law and order

answers: Michael Moriarty

text: we cast Philip, the idea going in wasn't to make that character Ben Stone's son but as we saw it develop and we saw the actor, it made sense." Peter Stone (Chicago and Law & Order character) Peter Stone is a fictional character portrayed by Philip Winchester. Stone was initially a guest character as part of a backdoor pilot in the third season of the police procedural "Chicago P.D.". Following the success of the backdoor pilot and his character, Winchester was cast as a main character in "Chicago Justice", a spin-off of "Chicago P.D." During the character's time in the

title: Michael Moriarty

text: of Korean Air Lines flight 007 in 1983. He portrayed U.S. Air Force Major Hank Daniels, who was largely ignored if not ridiculed for showing how the ill-fated airliner had strayed off course into airspace known by the Soviets to be used by U.S. Air Force electronic surveillance planes as they approached Soviet airspace. From 1990 to 1994, Moriarty starred as Ben Stone on "Law & Order". He left the show in 1994, alleging that his departure was a result of his threatening a lawsuit against then-Attorney General Janet Reno, who had cited "Law & Order" as offensively violent. Moriarty

title: Michael Moriarty

text: Hollywood trade magazine, calling upon fellow artists to stand up with him against attempts to censor TV show content. He subsequently wrote and published "The Gift of Stern Angels", his account of this time in his life. The character of Ben Stone has yet to reappear on the franchise. The February 7, 2018, episode of "" opens with Sam Waterston's character of Jack McCoy delivering a eulogy at Ben Stone's funeral. Wolf and others working on "Law & Order" tell a different story, however. On November 18, 1993, Moriarty and Wolf, along with other television executives, met with Reno to

text: of former "Law & Order" character, Benjamin Stone, and the younger brother of Pamela Stone, who suffers from mental illness. Cook County Assistant State's Attorney Peter Stone is first introduced in the third season episode of "Chicago P.D.", entitled "Justice", which served as a backdoor pilot for "Chicago Justice". Following the success of the episode the character went on to appear as a main character in "Chicago Justice". Stone has spent most of his adult life in Chicago, primarily as a prosecutor with the State's Attorney's office in Cook County. It is implied that he previously played professional baseball as

text: a pitcher for the Chicago Cubs, which fact is later confirmed in "Law & Order: SVU", when he reveals that his baseball career ended when he tore his UCL. The character later went on to make further guest appearances in "Chicago P.D.". Stone also played a major role in a three-part crossover among "Chicago Fire", "P.D.", and "Justice". Following the cancellation of "Chicago Justice", the character went on to reprise his role as a guest star in "Chicago Med". In his first appearance on "Law & Order: SVU", Stone attends his father's funeral. He is later appointed by District Attorney

title: Benjamin Stone (Law & Order character)

text: at the funeral. Stone's son is Peter Stone, formerly a Cook County Assistant State's Attorney and lead character on "Chicago Justice". Peter first appears on the "Chicago P.D." episode "Justice", which is the backdoor pilot for "Chicago Justice". Peter also appears in season 19 of "", and eventually becomes the titular sex crimes bureau's ADA. Stone also had a daughter, Pamela, who is introduced in the "SVU" episode "Send in the Clowns". Pamela has paranoid schizophrenia, and has been hospitalized for most of her life. According to Peter, their father would visit Pamela once a week, and Peter has continued

title: Benjamin Stone (Law & Order character)

text: the Deputy Chief of the Special Prosecutions Bureau in Chicago and is now the Chief ADA of the Sex Crimes Bureau in New York, and a daughter, Pamela. Stone's prosecutorial methods are portrayed as being grounded in moral principles stemming from his Catholic faith. He is shown to be pro-life and opposed to the death penalty. He also is a strong advocate of social justice, having marched in the civil rights movement. It is implied that Stone, like actor Moriarty, is a Dartmouth College alumnus, with references to "fraternity row" and New Hampshire. Stone became Executive Assistant DA in 1985

title: Law & Order

text: for Ben Stone involved him resigning over guilt after a woman he compelled to testify against a Russian mobster was murdered by his cohorts. To replace Moriarty, Sam Waterston was Wolf's first choice for the role of Executive Assistant District Attorney John J. "Jack" McCoy Jr.; Waterston's character was markedly different from Moriarty's in that Jack McCoy was conceived as more emotionally stable and having more sex appeal. Wolf dismissed Noth when his contract expired at the end of Season 5, because he felt that Lennie Briscoe and Mike Logan had become too similar to each other and the writers

title: Chicago Justice

text: February 19, 2016, as Peter Stone, the prosecutor who put Voight in prison years ago. His father is Benjamin Stone, an assistant district attorney on the first four seasons of "Law & Order". Nazneen Contractor joined the series on March 11, 2016, and Joelle Carter on March 14, 2016. "Rocky" alum Carl Weathers joined the cast on March 19 as Cook County State's Attorney Mark Jefferies, while Ryan-James Hatanaka was added to the cast on March 24. Lorraine Toussaint reprised her role in the pilot as defense attorney Shambala Green, who appeared in seven episodes of "Law & Order". Contractor

title: Benjamin Stone (Law & Order character)

text: after convicting con artist and murderer Philip Swann, who years later enters a civil suit against Stone when the validity of the conviction is called into question. (Swann is ultimately found guilty, however, and sent back to prison.) Stone's assistants have been Paul Robinette and Claire Kincaid. A strict, unyielding boss, Stone can be very difficult to work with; in the pilot episode, Sergeant Max Greevey and Detective Mike Logan, intimate that Stone "eats ADAs for lunch." Nevertheless, Stone is usually rather soft-spoken, and is fond of using harmless words like "sir" to convey his contempt for the people he

title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 14)

text: his friend. Navarro hinted at his appearance on Twitter prior before "TV Guide" announced it, "On my way to NYC to hang out with Detective Benson for a day," he tweeted about star Mariska Hargitay. Jeffrey Tambor guest starred in "Funny Valentine" as well, in a role that's a change of pace for the actor. Tambor has been cast as Ben Cohen, an attorney hired to defend a popular hip-hop artist after his arrest by the SVU. While Tambor's TV characters are often quite bizarre, Cohen is described as being no-nonsense and perhaps a bit overconfident in the popularity of

title: Benjamin Stone (Law & Order character)

text: prosecutes. Stone makes his last appearance in the show in the episode "Old Friends," the final episode of season four. The episode portrays a racketeering case in which the main witness Ann Madsen (portrayed by Allison Janney), whose testimony Stone had secured by threatening to send her to prison, is murdered by the Russian Mafia. He feels responsible for her death and resigns from the DA's office. He is succeeded by Jack McCoy as Executive ADA. Stone is mentioned in the 1996 episode "Custody" as a possible witness against a judge. When his former assistant Paul Robinette, now a defense

title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 19)

text: sort of environment." The entire main cast from the previous season returned. In August 2017, it was announced that Philip Winchester would reprise his role as Assistant State's Attorney Peter Stone from "Chicago Justice", appearing around the midpoint of the season. New show runner/executive producer Michael Chernuchin told "Entertainment Weekly" that Stone's character would be coming in as an antagonist and that he will be a foil for A.D.A. Barba (Raúl Esparza) this season; Stone's character isn't necessarily taking his [Barba's] job. "There's more than one A.D.A. in New York [...] Philip will come in and he won't be the

title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit

text: recurring role for episodes 1–3 and then was promoted to the main cast in episode 5, with Kelli Giddish, Danny Pino, Ice-T and Raúl Esparza no longer appearing in every episode. On May 20, 2015, it was revealed that Danny Pino would be leaving the cast after the season 16 finale "Surrendering Noah". In August 2017, it was announced that Philip Winchester would recur in season 19 as ADA Peter Stone, his character from "Chicago P.D." and "Chicago Justice", who is the son of Benjamin Stone, the ADA on the original "Law & Order" show. It was later also announced

title: Michael Moriarty

text: Michael Moriarty (born April 5, 1941) is an American-Canadian stage and screen actor and jazz musician.  He received an Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award for his first acting role on American television as a Nazi SS officer in the 1978 mini-series Holocaust, and he played Executive Assistant District Attorney Benjamin Stone for the first four seasons (1990–1994) on the television show Law & Order. Moriarty is also known for his roles in films such as Bang the Drum Slowly, Who'll Stop the Rain, Q: The Winged Serpent, The Stuff, Pale Rider, Troll, Courage Under Fire, and Shiloh.

text: Stone being dropped. Philip Winchester was first announced to be starring in "Chicago Law" (later renamed "Chicago Justice") on February 19, 2016. It was later reported that Winchester would first appear in a backdoor pilot episode embedded in "Chicago P.D." Winchester continued to guest star in "P.D." and made also a appearance in "Chicago Med". Following the cancellation of "Justice", it was announced that Winchester would move to "Law & Order: SVU" in a starring capacity. Winchester replaced Raúl Esparza on "SVU" who departed the series in Winchester's debut episode. Peter Jankowski, COO and President of Wolf Films, stated "When

title: Benjamin Stone (Law & Order character)

text: attorney, wants a judge to recuse himself for past comments showing bias against drug addicts and support for forced sterilization, Robinette threatens to subpoena Stone to testify about the comments, which both he and Stone heard the judge make. Upon hearing of the threat, Schiff informs McCoy that Stone "is travelling in Europe, not available to testify at any hearing." However, the judge by this time has already declared himself "unavailable" to hear the case. The opening scene of the "" episode "The Undiscovered Country" (aired in 2018) reveals that Stone has died. His successor, Jack McCoy, gives the eulogy

title: Ben Andrews (actor)

text: Francisco", "Mannix", "The Six Million Dollar Man", "The Rockford Files" and "The Waltons". Ben Andrews (actor) Ben Andrews (May 16, 1942 – May 13, 1981) was an American actor best remembered for his television work. Making his first television appearance in the late 1960s, Andrews is perhaps best known for portraying the prominent character Benny and Jason Tate in the daytime soap opera "Return to Peyton Place" between 1972 and 1973. Afterwards, he played a detective on the soap opera "Days of Our Lives" and he was attached to "General Hospital". Besides appearing in soap operas, Andrews also guest starred

title: Rob Stone (actor)

text: the Dallas Theater Center. In 1982, he moved to Los Angeles to pursue an acting degree at the University of Southern California's drama school. In addition to his role on "Mr. Belvedere", Stone also appeared on episodes of the American television series "The Facts of Life", "Silver Spoons", "21 Jump Street" and "Matlock". Andrew Greeley, writing in "The New York Times", called Stone's acting in one episode of Mr. Belvedere "very sensitive". Discussing that episode, he wrote "The subtle interplay between the two young people (played by Rob Stone and Debbie Barker) provided some of the most touching and skillful

text: Jack McCoy as special counsel prosecuting Rafael Barba (Raúl Esparza) in the death of a terminally ill child, in the episode "". However, when Olivia Benson (Mariska Hargitay) confronts him during the trial and he admits he sympathizes with Barba but cannot ignore the prosecution because he fears it will set a bad example to others, she urges him to talk to Barba and be more reasonable with him. This later results in Barba's being found not guilty, a result Stone ultimately approves. After Barba resigns, traumatized by the case, Stone takes over as the Assistant District Attorney overseeing the

title: Harold J. Stone

text: nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Single Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role for his role in CBS's "The Nurses". Harold J. Stone Harold J. Stone (born Harold Hochstein, March 3, 1913November 18, 2005) was an American stage, radio, film, and television character actor. Stone was born to a Jewish acting family. At age 6, Stone debuted on stage with his father, Jacob Hochstein, in the play "White Slaves". A graduate of New York University, he attended the University of Buffalo to study medicine. Stone began his career on Broadway in 1939 and appeared in five plays

title: Ben Shenkman

text: the Tisch School of the Arts. Shenkman's sister, Elizabeth, is married to British publisher Jamie Byng. He began his professional acting career with a small role in the 1994 film "Quiz Show" directed by Robert Redford and a guest-starring role on "Law & Order," his first of seven appearances throughout the run of the show. He also began working in theatre, portraying Louis Ironson in Tony Kushner's play "" at San Francisco's American Conservatory Theatre. While still at New York University, Shenkman played the role of Roy Cohn in a workshop production of the play. He would reprise the role

title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 12)

text: Stephanie March (Alexandra Cabot) and guest star Sharon Stone (Jo Marlowe). Patton appeared in a single episode, but dropped out to film "". Her role was replaced by Melissa Sagemiller as . Sagemiller and Mariska Hargitay previously worked together on the "SVU" season one episode "", in which Sagemiller played a victim. "There's something in my past, a personal connection that we have, something that she did for me and a family member who she helped out ... She's not aware of it yet [but] it becomes revealed in the next several episodes", Sagemiller said. ADA Hardwicke's background was never

title: Stone (TV series)

text: but was unable to stop him. The role of Det. Buck Rogers was played by series star Dennis Weaver's son Robby Weaver. Stone (TV series) Stone is an American police drama that aired on ABC on Monday nights between January 14 and March 31, 1980. The series was a Stephen J. Cannell Productions in association with Gerry Productions, Inc. and Universal Television (it was Cannell's last series before he went independent) and was created by Cannell, Richard Levinson and William Link. The series focused on Det Sgt. Daniel Stone, a police officer who wrote best-selling novels on police work based

text: Peter Stone (Chicago and Law & Order character) Peter Stone is a fictional character portrayed by Philip Winchester. Stone was initially a guest character as part of a backdoor pilot in the third season of the police procedural "Chicago P.D.". Following the success of the backdoor pilot and his character, Winchester was cast as a main character in "Chicago Justice", a spin-off of "Chicago P.D." During the character's time in the "Chicago" franchise a guest appearance was also made in "Chicago Med". Following the cancellation of "Chicago Justice", Winchester was cast in "". Stone is the son and second child

text: New York County District Attorney's Special Victims Unit. His stint begins with a rocky start, involving initial tension with the rest of the members of the SVU team due to Barba's sudden departure. He soon begins to grow into the job and bond with the team, particularly as he reveals that he was a professional baseball player in the Chicago Cubs' minor league system, briefly called up to the major leagues, but forced to retire from the game due to a torn ligament, which has left him feeling bitter, unable to control his anger outside of work, and blaming himself

title: Payback (Law & Order: Special Victims Unit)

text: the rest of the panel assembled began voicing their assent. The first actor to be cast for the show was Dann Florek. Florek had originated the character of Captain Don Cragen in the 1988 pilot for "Law & Order" and played the character for the first three seasons of the show until he was fired on the orders of network executives, who wanted to add female characters to the all-male primary cast. He maintained a friendly relationship with Wolf, however, and went on to direct three episodes of the original series as well as to occasionally guest star on the

title: Ben Andrews (actor)

text: Ben Andrews (actor) Ben Andrews (May 16, 1942 – May 13, 1981) was an American actor best remembered for his television work. Making his first television appearance in the late 1960s, Andrews is perhaps best known for portraying the prominent character Benny and Jason Tate in the daytime soap opera "Return to Peyton Place" between 1972 and 1973. Afterwards, he played a detective on the soap opera "Days of Our Lives" and he was attached to "General Hospital". Besides appearing in soap operas, Andrews also guest starred in several TV series, including "Planet of the Apes", "The Streets of San

title: William M. Finkelstein

text: William M. Finkelstein William M. Finkelstein (also known as William Finkelstein) is an American screenwriter, television producer, actor and television director. He has worked as a writer and producer on "Law & Order", "Brooklyn South", "Murder One", "L.A. Law", "Cop Rock" and "NYPD Blue". He co-created "Brooklyn South" with frequent collaborators David Milch, Steven Bochco and Bill Clark. He won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series for "L.A. Law" in both 1989 and 1990. He was nominated for the award again in 2001 for "Law & Order". He has been nominated 4 times for the Emmy Award for Outstanding

title: Donald Cragen

text: be much more actively involved." When "Law & Order: SVU" first aired, Dave Mason, television editor for "Ventura County Star", said Cragen was "played brilliantly" by Florek, and called the relationship between Cragen and Stabler the strongest aspect of the series. Alan Sepinwall, television columnist for "The Star-Ledger", said the Cragen character "showed off more personality" in the film "Exiled" and on "Special Victims Unit" than the character exhibited in the original "Law & Order". Donald Cragen Donald Cragen is a fictional character played by Dann Florek in the American crime drama television series "Law & Order" and its spinoff

title: Michael Moriarty


question: where do the phaeacians live in the odyssey

answers: Scheria

title: Scheria

text: nautical renown dated from the days of its old inhabitants, the Phaeacians." Locals on Corfu had long claimed this, based on the rock outside Corfu harbour, which is supposedly the ship that carried Odysseus back to Ithaca, but was turned to stone by Poseidon, to punish the Phaeacians for helping his enemy, The Phaeacians did not participate in the Trojan War. The Greek name Φαίακες is derived from "phaiós" (φαιός “gray”). However, the Phaeacians in the "Odyssey" did not know Odysseus (although they knew "of" him, as evidenced by the tales of Demodocus), so they called him a "stranger". Odysseus

title: Odyssey

text: to provide Odysseus with more treasure than he would have received from the spoils of Troy. They deliver him at night, while he is fast asleep, to a hidden harbour on Ithaca. Poseidon, offended that the Phaeacians have returned Odysseus home, destroys the Phaeacian ship on its return voyage, and the city sacrifices to Poseidon and agrees to stop giving escorts to strangers to appease him. Odysseus awakens and believes that he has been dropped on a distant land before Athena appears to him and reveals that he is indeed on Ithaca. She then hides his treasure in a nearby

title: Odyssean gods

text: his 'odyssey' between the war at Troy and his reaching Scherie (also known as Phaeacia - land of the Phaecians). Hermes is Patron of Travellers, Messenger of the gods and the king of thieves and one of the 12 Olympian gods, Hermes appears three times in the Odyssey. The first time is to deliver a message to Calypso to let Odysseus return home. The second time, he appears to Odysseus to warn him about Circe and provides the necessary information that Odysseus needed to put Circe into submission. The third time he is sent to escort the spirits of the

title: Scheria

text: pomegranate trees that grow year-round. The palace is even equipped with a lighting system comprising golden statues of young men bearing torches. After Odysseus tells Alcinous and his court the story of his adventures after the Trojan War, the Phaeacians take him to Ithaca on one of their ships. The Phaeacians possessed remarkable ships. They were quite different from the penteconters, the ships used during the Trojan War, and they were steered by thought. King Alcinous says that Phaeacians carried Rhadamanthus to Euboea, "which is the furthest of any place" and came back on the same day. He also explains

title: Odyssey

text: years. Released by the intercession of his patroness Athena, through the aid of Hermes, he departs, but his raft is destroyed by his divine enemy Poseidon, who is angry because Odysseus blinded his son, Polyphemus. When Odysseus washes up on Scherie, home to the Phaeacians, he is assisted by the young Nausicaä and is treated hospitably. In return, he satisfies the Phaeacians' curiosity, telling them, and the reader, of all his adventures since departing from Troy. The shipbuilding Phaeacians then loan him a ship to return to Ithaca, where he is aided by the swineherd Eumaeus, meets Telemachus, regains his

title: The Odyssey (miniseries)

text: and to remember his place as a mere mortal. The next morning, Odysseus washes ashore and is found by some Phaeacians girls. With help from Phaeacian King Alcinous (Jeroen Krabbé), they help Odysseus back to Ithaca. They deliver him at night while he is fast asleep, to a hidden harbor on Ithaca. Upon awakening the next morning, he finds himself on Ithaca where is reunited with Telemachus. Using a peasant disguise provided by Athena, Odysseus meets up with Penelope where she decides to hold a contest to find the person who can string Odysseus' bow. After Odysseus wins the contest,

title: Xenia (Greek)

text: households observed in the epic, including those of Circe, Calypso, and the Phaeacians. The Phaeacians, and in particular Nausicaä, were famed for their immaculate application of xenia, as the princess and her maids offered to bathe Odysseus and then led him to the palace to be fed and entertained. After sharing his story with the Phaeacians they agree to take Odysseus to his home land. In a new rule, he states that you should not beat your host in a competition because it would be rude and could damage the relationship. Because Odysseus was indirectly responsible for Poseidon's sinking one

title: Odyssey

text: that Odysseus has escaped, he wrecks the raft but, helped by a veil given by the sea nymph Ino, Odysseus swims ashore on Scherie, the island of the Phaeacians. Naked and exhausted, he hides in a pile of leaves and falls asleep. The next morning, awakened by the laughter of girls, he sees the young Nausicaä, who has gone to the seashore with her maids to wash clothes after Athena told her in a dream to do so. He appeals to her for help. She encourages him to seek the hospitality of her parents, Arete and Alcinous (or Alkinous). Odysseus

title: Scheria

text: sleeping nearby, is awakened by the shouts. He covers his nakedness with thick leaves and goes to ask for help from the team. Upon seeing the unkempt Odysseus in this state, the maids run away, but, Nausicaa, encouraged by Athena, stands her ground and talks to him. To excuse the maids, she admits that the Phaeacians are "the farthermost of men, and no other mortals are conversant with them", so they run away since they have never seen a stranger before. Nausicaa, being hospitable, provides clothes, food and drink to Odysseus, and then directs him to the palace of King

title: Odyssean gods

text: other gods in the Odyssey that play minor roles in aiding Odysseus’ homeward journey. Because of their small role, there is very little that can be said about them. Below is a brief overview of the gods and how they aid Odysseus. It isn't known why Ino helps him, but she does. Ino gives Odysseus a magical veil that keeps him buoyant after Poseidon (god of the sea) sinks his ship. She leads him toward the land of the Phaecians, where Nausicaa and Arete help him to get back to Ithaca - after he has told them the story of

title: Athletics in epic poetry

text: spear-throwing competition; however, Achilles declared Agamemnon the victor before the competition could take place. In "Odyssey" 8, Odysseus lands on the island of the Phaeacians. During Odysseus' time there, the Phaeacians stage a series of athletic contests for Odysseus so that he could spread stories about the Phaeacians' athletic prowess. First, the Phaeacians competed in a foot race. Following the foot race, the Phaeacians battled each other in a fierce wrestling competition. After wrestling, the Phaeacians held jumping and boxing contests. The fifth and final event was the discus throw. After the discus competition, Odysseus is invited to show his

title: Odyssey

text: fact he cannot return home. These beings that are close to the gods include the Phaeacians who lived near Cyclopes, whose king, Alcinous, is the great-grandson of the king of the giants, Eurymedon, and the grandson of Poseidon. Some of the other characters that Odysseus encounters are Polyphemus who is the cyclops son of Poseidon, God of Oceans, Circe who is the sorceress daughter of the Sun that turns men into animals, Calypso who is a goddess, and the Laestrygonians who are cannibalistic giants. Throughout the course of the epic, Odysseus encounters several examples of "xenia" ("guest-friendship"), which provide models

title: Odyssey

text: of how hosts should and should not act. The Phaeacians demonstrate exemplary guest-friendship by feeding Odysseus, giving him a place to sleep, and granting him a safe voyage home, which are all things a good host should do. Polyphemus demonstrates poor guest-friendship. His only "gift" to Odysseus is that he will eat him last. Calypso also exemplifies poor guest-friendship because she does not allow Odysseus to leave her island. Another important factor to guest-friendship is that kingship implies generosity. It is assumed that a king has the means to be a generous host and is more generous with his own

title: Aeaea

text: near Colchis, since Circe was the sister of Aeëtes, king of Colchis, and because their paternal aunt the goddess Eos had her palace there. The somewhat inconsistent geography of Homer's "Odyssey" is often considered more mythic than literal, but the geography of the Alexandrian scholar and poet Apollonius of Rhodes is more specific. In his epic "Argonautica", he locates the island somewhere south of "Aethalia" (Elba), within view of the "Tyrrhenian" shore (western coast of Italy). In the same poem, Aeëtes remarks on the great distance between Colchis and Aeaea in these terms: Aeaea was later identified by classical Roman

title: Scheria

text: Scheria (/ˈskɛriə/; Ancient Greek: Σχερίη or Σχερία)—also known as Scherie or Phaeacia—was a region in Greek mythology, first mentioned in Homer's Odyssey as the home of the Phaeacians and the last destination of Odysseus in his 10-year journey before returning home to Ithaca.

title: Geography of the Odyssey

text: Geography of the Odyssey Events in the main sequence of the "Odyssey" (excluding the narrative of Odysseus's adventures) take place in the Peloponnese and in what are now called the Ionian Islands (Ithaca and its neighbours). Incidental mentions of Troy and its house, Phoenicia, Egypt, and Crete hint at geographical knowledge equal to, or perhaps slightly more extensive than that of the "Iliad". However, scholars both ancient and modern are divided as to whether or not any of the places visited by Odysseus (after Ismaros and before his return to Ithaca) were real. The geographer Strabo and many others came

title: Athletics in epic poetry

text: athletic skills, but he declines the offer. After declining the offer, one Phaeacian, Euryalos, joked that Odysseus did not have the skills to compete in an athletic competition. This infuriated Odysseus. The angered Odysseus then grabbed a discus much larger and heavier than the ones used by the Phaeacians, and he swung back and released the discus. The discus landed well clear of the Phaeacians' earlier marks. Odysseus then challenged the Phaeacians to other athletic competitions, which they declined. After evading the suitors' advances for many years in hopes that Odysseus might return, Penelope finally relented to the suitors' advances

title: Odyssey

text: and his journey home after the fall of Troy. It takes Odysseus ten years to reach Ithaca after the ten-year Trojan War. In his absence, it is assumed Odysseus has died, and his wife Penelope and son Telemachus must deal with a group of unruly suitors, the "Mnesteres" (Greek: ) or Proci, who compete for Penelope's hand in marriage. The "Odyssey" continues to be read in the Homeric Greek and translated into modern languages around the world. Many scholars believe the original poem was composed in an oral tradition by an "aoidos" (epic poet/singer), perhaps a rhapsode (professional performer), and

title: Odyssey

text: absent father's house on the island of Ithaca with his mother Penelope and a crowd of 108 boisterous young men, "the Suitors", whose aim is to persuade Penelope to marry one of them, all the while reveling in Odysseus' palace and eating up his wealth. Odysseus' protectress, the goddess Athena, requests to Zeus, king of the gods, to finally allow Odysseus to return home when Odysseus' enemy, the god of the sea Poseidon, is absent from Mount Olympus to accept a sacrifice in Ethiopia. Then, disguised as a Taphian chieftain named Mentes, she visits Telemachus to urge him to search

title: Xenia (Greek)

text: of their ships, the Phaeacians resolved to be less trusting of subsequent travelers. However, Polyphemus showed lack of xenia, despite Odysseus' reminders, and refused to honor the travelers' requests, instead eating some of Odysseus' men. The suitor Ctesippus mocks xenia by hurling a hoof, disguised as a "gift", at Odysseus. When Ctesippus is speared by Philoetius, the cowherd claims this avenges his disrespect. In Book One, Telemachus shows xenia to the disguised Athena by graciously welcoming her into his own home and offering her food. He even moves her chair away from the suitors who are rude. Eumaeus the Swineherd

title: Odyssean gods

text: Odyssean gods The Odyssean gods are the ancient Greek gods referenced in Homer's "Odyssey". The story's major gods include Athena, Poseidon, Calypso and Circe; minor gods include Ino, Hermes, Zeus, and Heracles. The Odyssey's major gods include Athena, Poseidon, Calypso, and Circe. Athena is the Greek goddess of wisdom and battle strategy, and was also the patron goddess of heroes. Odysseus was a great hero among the Greeks, and so had Athena’s favor and aid in many of his exploits. She was also a key goddess in the story of "The Odyssey" as a divine assistant to Odysseus on his

title: Odyssey

text: the "Odyssey". Both Odysseus and Gilgamesh are known for traveling to the ends of the earth, and on their journeys go to the land of the dead. On his voyage to the underworld, Odysseus follows instructions given to him by Circe. Her island, Aeaea, is located at the edges of the world and seems to have close associations with the sun. Like Odysseus, Gilgamesh gets directions on how to reach the land of the dead from a divine helper: in this case, the goddess Siduri, who, like Circe, dwells by the sea at the ends of the earth. Her home

title: Phlegraean Islands

text: classical epoch, some Phlegraean Islands were called Pithecussae, the Greek "" (, ‘islands of monkeys’). A Greek myth tells of two brigands, the Cercopes of Ephesus, who played pranks on Zeus, who then punished them by turning them into monkeys and exiling them to the islands of Aenaria (Ischia) and Prochyta (Procida). Legend had the monster Typhon buried under Ischia, and the Giant Mimas buried under Procida. Such stories might be significant as a clue to how the ancient Greeks attempted to account for the volcanism of the whole area. The resulting changes in the topography of the islands were

title: Geography of the Odyssey

text: is that whilst the text of the "Odyssey" contains many place names to the east and south of Greece, there are very few identifiable references to places to the west. As a result, he questions whether the western Mediterranean was known about at the time the original legends emerged (which he estimated to be some centuries before Homer composed the poem) and so consequently he doubted whether the stories had their origins there. In addition he noted that the Acheron is marked on the map, but traditionally ignored, whilst in the "Argonautica" of Apollonius of Rhodes the Argonauts' home voyage

title: Geography of the Odyssey

text: fled from Troy after being accused of murdering Aias. He first went north to the Black Sea for a while; he sacked the Ciconian town of Ismarus in Thrace on his way back. After visiting the lotus-eaters he went to Sicily, where he encountered three (or four) brothers, Antiphates, Cyclops, and Polyphemus (and possibly Laestrygon, according to Septimius), who each ruled a portion of the island. Odysseus and his men were mistreated by each of these kings in turn. Notably, they were imprisoned by Polyphemus when one of Odysseus' men fell in love with Polyphemus' daughter (Arene or Elpe) and

title: Odysseus Unbound

text: he/they are said to have lived, might have acquired such detailed knowledge of "Ithaca" / Paliki as appears in his "Odyssey". The suggestion made in the study is that folk-tales of the "Ithacans" containing detailed references to the landscape were carried by them, during their Greek Dark Ages migrations during the time-of-troubles which followed the Mycenean / Trojan war period, to the Greek mainland and from there to western Anatolia. At that final resting place for the migration of the Ionians, then, roving bards of the type described by Milman Parry picked up the "Ithacan" tales, perhaps, and wove them

title: Dorians

text: that did not survive. The customs of the Spartan state and its illustrious individuals are detailed at great length in such authors as Plutarch and Diodorus Siculus. The "Odyssey" has one reference to the Dorians:"There is a land called Crete, in the midst of the wine-dark sea, a fair, rich land, begirt with water, and therein are many men, past counting, and ninety cities. They have not all the same speech, but their tongues are mixed. There dwell Achaeans, there great-hearted native Cretans, there Cydonians, and Dorians of waving plumes, and goodly Pelasgians." The reference is not compatible with a

title: Mycenaean religion

text: Boeotia and Phocis, where it seems that was introduced before the end of the Mycenean age. This may explain why his myths and cult were centered in Thebes, and why the mountain Parnassos in Phocis was the place of his orgies. However, in the Homeric poems he is the consort of the Minoan vegetation goddess Ariadne. He is the only Greek god other than Attis who dies in order to be reborn, as it often appears in the religions of the Orient. His myth is related with the Minoan myth of the "divine child" who was abandoned by his mother

title: Phemius

text: Phemius In Homer's epic poem the Odyssey, Phemius (; Ancient Greek: Φήμιος "Phēmios") is an Ithacan poet who performs narrative songs in the house of the absent Odysseus. His audience is made up largely of the suitors (Proci), who live in the house while attempting to persuade Penelope to marry one of them. In Book 1 of the poem, Phemius performs at their request a version of the theme "The Return from Troy" (a theme that actually existed as a written poem, probably at a slightly later date). The performance is heard by Penelope. The story distresses her, since it

title: Euryalus (Phaeacian)

text: Euryalus (Phaeacian) In Greek mythology, Euryalus (; ) was a young Phaeacian nobleman and son of Naubolous. In the "Odyssey", Homer gives him the epithet "the peer of murderous Ares". Next to Laodamas, he is said to be the most handsome of the Phaeacians, and is the best wrestler. He convinces Laodamas to challenge Odysseus, then rebukes him when he refuses to participate, saying "No truly, stranger, nor do I think thee at all like one that is skilled in games, whereof there are many among men, rather art thou such an one as comes and goes in a benched

title: Scheria


question: who invented the glasses that give sight to the blind

answers: 2006

answers: Conrad Lewis

title: Samuel Genensky

text: Samuel Genensky Samuel M. Genensky (26 July 1927 in New Bedford, Massachusetts – 26 June 2009 in Santa Monica, California) was an American computer scientist, best known as an inventor for devices to assist sight-impaired persons. He was also well known for his advocacy on behalf of the blind. When Genensky was born, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts had a requirement that all newborn babies receive drops of dilute silver nitrate in both eyes, to prevent the possible passage of syphilis from mother to child. He received the required drops, but unfortunately the chemical had not been diluted, and both his

title: Optometry

text: to close-up vision. The scientists Claudius Ptolemy and Johannes Kepler also contributed to the creation of optometry. Kepler discovered how the retina in the eye creates vision. From 1773 until around 1829, Thomas Young discovered the disability of astigmatism and it was George Biddell Airy who designed glasses to correct that problem that included spherocylindrical lens. Although the term optometry appeared in the 1759 book "A Treatise on the Eye: The Manner and Phenomena of Vision" by Scottish physician William Porterfield, it was not until the early twentieth century in the United States and Australia that it began to be

title: Augustin-Jean Fresnel

text: Augustin-Jean Fresnel Augustin-Jean Fresnel ( , ; ; 10 May 178814 July 1827) was a French civil engineer and physicist whose research in optics led to the almost unanimous acceptance of the wave theory of light, excluding any remnant of Newton's corpuscular theory, from the late 1830s until the end of the 19th century. But he is perhaps better known for inventing the catadioptric (reflective/refractive) Fresnel lens and for pioneering the use of "stepped" lenses to extend the visibility of lighthouses, saving countless lives at sea. The simpler dioptric (purely refractive) stepped lens, first proposed by Count Buffon and independently

title: Edward Scarlett

text: Edward Scarlett Edward Scarlett (1688 - 1743 in London) was an English optician and instrument maker, who first invented an eyeglass frame with earhooks in 1727. This frame is held by the nose and ears, at times the glasses were called in contrast to the nasal cannula and "temples" because they had short straps that pressed on the temple. Among other things, Scarlett made polemoscopes (optical instruments that could be seen over obstacles) and tried not only to limit them to military use, but also to expel them. The lenses themselves were not, as often claimed, invented in 1285 by

title: Norman Gaylord

text: Optometry. Gaylord died in the Florida city of Boynton Beach at the age of 84. Norman Gaylord Norman Grant Gaylord (born Norman Gershon Goldstein; February 16, 1923 – September 18, 2007) was an American industrial chemist and research scientist. He was credited with playing a key role in the development of the gas-permeable rigid contact lens which allows oxygen to reach the wearer's cornea. A native of Brooklyn, he was a graduate of City College and received his doctorate in polymer chemistry from the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. He legally changed his name in the 1940s. For his contribution to

title: Gholam A. Peyman

text: Gholam A. Peyman Gholam A. Peyman is an ophthalmologist, retina surgeon, and inventor. He is best known for his invention of LASIK eye surgery, a vision correction procedure designed to allow people to see clearly without glasses. He was awarded the first US patent for the procedure in 1989 (link to image of patent, below). Peyman was born in Shiraz, Iran. At the age of 19, he moved to Germany to begin his medical studies. He received his MD at the University of Freiburg in 1962. He completed his internship at St. Johannes Hospital in Duisburg, Germany in 1964 and

title: Salvino D'Armati

text: of Santa Maria Maggiore. In the twentieth century, efforts were made to expose as a hoax the claim that Salvino degli Armati invented eyeglasses: The "Dizionario enciclopedico italiano" (1955), vol. 1, lists Salvino degli Armati together with an exposure of del Migliore's false claim. Furthermore, Vasco Ronchi (1897-1988), an Italian physicist who specialized in optics, also published an article on the subject as did the American historian of science Edward Rosen (1906-1985) and the Italian professor of ophthamology Giuseppe Albertotti (1851-1936). Salvino D'Armati Salvino D'Armato degli Armati of Florence (died 1317) is sometimes credited with the invention of eyeglasses, however

title: Louis Braille

text: Louis Braille Louis Braille (; ; 4 January 1809 – 6 January 1852) was a French educator and inventor of a system of reading and writing for use by the blind or visually impaired. His system remains virtually unchanged to this day, and is known worldwide simply as braille. Blinded in both eyes as a result of an early childhood accident, Braille mastered his disability while still a boy. He excelled in his education and received scholarship to France's Royal Institute for Blind Youth. While still a student there, he began developing a system of tactile code that could allow

title: John Marshall (eye laser scientist)

text: of RP Fighting Blindness, Ambassador for Fight For Sight and Vice-president of the National Eye Research Center. He has chaired and served on the Medical Advisory Boards of many companies in the field of ophthalmology, including Avellino, Avedro, Summitt Technology Inc, Intralase, Diomed and Ellex. John Marshall (eye laser scientist) John Marshall MBE, FMedSci, PhD, DSc, FRCPath, FRSB, FRCOphth(Hon), FRCOptom(Hon), FARVO (born 1943 in Woking, England) is a British medical scientist and inventor. Currently he is the Frost Professor of Ophthalmology at the Institute of Ophthalmology UCL and Emeritus Professor King's College London. He is a pioneer of laser eye

title: Lyle Goodhue

text: Under the legal definition he could be called blind, but Goodhue had enough field of vision to drive a car and gets along with special, powerful lenses. “I don’t drive a car anymore because they got too fast for me," he says. He said he used to feel like he needed to hide his 'blindness', but that "as you get older and successful it doesn't make much difference." Lyle Goodhue Lyle D. Goodhue (September 30, 1903 – September 18, 1981) was an internationally known inventor, research chemist and entomologist with 105 U. S. and 25 foreign patents. He invented the

title: Ferdinand Monoyer

text: Ferdinand Monoyer Ferdinand Monoyer (9 May 1836 – 11 July 1912) was a French ophthalmologist, known for introducing the dioptre in 1872. He invented the Monoyer chart, used to test visual acuity. He inserted his name in the random letters of the chart. It appears when one reads vertically from bottom to top on each side. Monoyer was of Alsatian heritage by his mother and his father was a French military doctor. He was an Associate Professor of Medical Physics at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg in 1871. Later, he was the director of the Ophthalmic Clinic of

title: Optometry

text: King Bhuvanekabahu the IV (AD 1346 – 1353) of the Gampola period the ancient tradition of optical lens making with natural stone called Diyatarippu was given royal patronage. A few of the craftsman still live and practice in the original hamlet given to the exponents of the craft by royal decree even today. But Joseph Needham stated in his "Science and Civilization" that the paper by Laufer had many inconsistencies, and that the references in the document used by Laufer were not in the original copies but added during the Ming dynasty. However, the German word "brille" (eyeglasses) is derived

title: August Müller (inventor)

text: the eye, but he did however lay the groundwork for later researchers and his ideas and recommendations on fit, tear flow and rounded edges still form the basis for contact lens fitting today. In 1932, Müller donated three lenses to the German Museum in Munich. These were the same lenses that he had discussed in his thesis. August Müller (inventor) August Müller (1864 – 1949), born in Mönchengladbach, was a medical student at the University of Kiel, Germany, and a pioneer in the manufacture of contact lenses. In 1889, he presented at the university his doctoral thesis titled "Eyeglasses and

title: Moritz von Rohr

text: Moritz von Rohr Moritz von Rohr (4 April 1868 – 20 June 1940) was an optical scientist at Carl Zeiss in Jena, Germany. A street in Jena is named after him: Moritz-von-Rohr-Straße, near Carl-Zeiss-Promenade and Otto-Schott-Straße. Moritz von Rohr was born in Lonzyn near Hohensalza, then part of the Prussian Grand Duchy of Posen, but now in Poland and known as Łążyn, near Inowrocław. He obtained a doctorate of philosophy at the University of Berlin in 1892. Von Rohr is usually credited with the design of the first aspheric lenses for eyeglasses. He invented the eyeglass lens designs that became

title: eSight

text: eSight was founded in 2006 by Conrad Lewis, a Canadian electrical engineer with two legally blind sisters.  His motivation was to build a device that would enable his sisters to see, be able to work and independently perform virtually all activities of daily living (ADLs).

title: Institut National des Jeunes Aveugles

text: working blinds). It was not until the late 18th century that society began to take an interest in the education of the blind. Until that time they were considered mostly uneducable and untrainable. One of the major figures in the movement to educate the blind was Sébastien Guillié. He established the first ophthalmological clinic in France and became director of the school in Paris. In 1816, the school moved into a former prison that was used during the French Revolution. Although it was better than its previous location, the building was cold, poorly lit, and unsanitary. Louis Braille, the inventor

title: Mathilde Blind

text: Arthur Symons and Arnold Bennett. Her widely discussed poem "The Ascent of Man" represents a distinctly feminist response to the Darwinian theory of evolution. Blind was born in Mannheim, Germany, the older child of a banker named Jacob Abraham Cohen and his second wife, born Friederike Ettlinger. She had a brother, Ferdinand, two half-brothers (Meyer Jacob "Max" Cohen, from his father's first marriage, and Rudolf, from the marriage of Friederike and Karl Blind), and a half-sister, Ottilie, also from the marriage of Friederike and Karl Blind. Cohen died in 1848, the same year her mother remarried to Karl Blind, who

title: Ophthalmology

text: developments at Moorfields and the founding of the Institute of Ophthalmology (now part of the University College London) by Sir Stewart Duke-Elder established the site as the largest eye hospital in the world and a nexus for ophthalmic research. The prominent opticians of the late 19th and early 20th centuries included Ernst Abbe (1840–1905), a co-owner of at the Zeiss Jena factories in Germany where he developed numerous optical instruments. Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) was a polymath who made contributions to many fields of science and invented the ophthalmoscope in 1851. They both made theoretical calculations on image formation in

title: Mélanie de Salignac

text: Mélanie de Salignac Mélanie de Salignac (Marennes, Charente-Maritime, 19 January 1744 –1766) was a young French woman whose achievements in the face of her disability - blindness - were mentioned in the accounts of Diderot. She was born blind long before the invention of Braille in 1829, but taught herself to read using cut out card letters and achieved much more through her sense of touch. Diderot wrote about her achievements in his "Addition to the Letter on the Blind". She was born at the , the daughter of financier Pierre Vallet de Salignac (d.1760) and Marie-Jeanne Élisabeth Volland, elder

title: Aida de Acosta

text: hardly knew the man. Aida de Acosta married: In 1922, Aida was afflicted with glaucoma. Her ophthalmologist was famed eye specialist William H. Wilmer, whom "Time" magazine called "the greatest eye surgeon the U.S. has ever had." She eventually lost sight in one eye, but Dr. Wilmer's care saved her other eye, and inspired her to organize a fund-raising campaign that resulted in $3 million to fund the establishment in 1925 of the Wilmer Eye Institute in Johns Hopkins Hospital, the first eye institute in the U.S. In 1945 she became Executive Director of the Eye-Bank for Sight Restoration in

title: Optics

text: of light, and a theology of light, basing it on the works Aristotle and Platonism. Grosseteste's most famous disciple, Roger Bacon, wrote works citing a wide range of recently translated optical and philosophical works, including those of Alhazen, Aristotle, Avicenna, Averroes, Euclid, al-Kindi, Ptolemy, Tideus, and Constantine the African. Bacon was able to use parts of glass spheres as magnifying glasses to demonstrate that light reflects from objects rather than being released from them. The first wearable eyeglasses were invented in Italy around 1286. This was the start of the optical industry of grinding and polishing lenses for these "spectacles",

title: Pablo Artal

text: the optics of the eye and has contributed substantially to the understanding of the factors that limit human visual resolution. Several of his proposed solutions and instrument are currently in use in the clinical practice in ophthalmology. He co-invented intraocular lenses correcting for the corneal spherical aberration that provides improved quality of vision to millions of patients over the world Pablo Artal Pablo Artal (born in Zaragoza, June 12, 1961) is a Spanish physicist and full professor specialized in optics at the University of Murcia, as well as in the development and application of new techniques in human vision research.

title: S. Donald Stookey

text: S. Donald Stookey Stanley Donald Stookey (May 23, 1915 – November 4, 2014) was an American inventor. He had 60 patents in his name related to glass and ceramics, some patents solely his and others shared as joint patents with other inventors. His discoveries and inventions have contributed to the development of ceramics, eyeglasses, sunglasses, cookware, defense systems, and electronics. He was a research director at Corning Glass Works for 47 years doing R & D in glass and ceramic development. His inventions include Fotoform, CorningWare, Cercor, Pyroceram and Photochromic Ophthalmic glass eyewear. Stookey was born on May 23, 1915

title: Contact lens

text: for the visual correction: the first ""a spherical capsule of glass filled with animal jelly"", and ""a mould of the cornea"" that could be impressed on "some sort of transparent medium". Though Herschel reportedly never tested these ideas, they were both later advanced by several independent inventors such as Hungarian Dallos with István Komáromy (1929), who perfected a method of making molds from living eyes. This enabled the manufacture of lenses that, for the first time, conformed to the actual shape of the eye. In 1888, German ophthalmologist Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick constructed and fitted the first successful contact lens.

title: Glasses

text: the Middle East, with one shipment as large as 24,000 glasses. The American scientist Benjamin Franklin, who suffered from both myopia and presbyopia, invented bifocals. Serious historians have from time to time produced evidence to suggest that others may have preceded him in the invention; however, a correspondence between George Whatley and John Fenno, editor of "The Gazette of the United States", suggested that Franklin had indeed invented bifocals, and perhaps 50 years earlier than had been originally thought. The first lenses for correcting astigmatism were designed by the British astronomer George Airy in 1825. Over time, the construction of

title: Louis Braille

text: the story of Louis Braille, written by Sébastien Lancrenon and translated into English by Ranjit Bolt, debuted in the Charing Cross Theatre in April 2017. Louis Braille Louis Braille (; ; 4 January 1809 – 6 January 1852) was a French educator and inventor of a system of reading and writing for use by the blind or visually impaired. His system remains virtually unchanged to this day, and is known worldwide simply as braille. Blinded in both eyes as a result of an early childhood accident, Braille mastered his disability while still a boy. He excelled in his education and

title: Geminiano T. de Ocampo

text: and was named National Scientist of the Philippines in 1982. Geminiano T. de Ocampo Geminiano T. de Ocampo was a Filipino ophthalmologist known to some as the "Father of Modern Philippine Ophthalmology". He was the founder of the Philippine Eye Bank. He graduated valedictorian of his class at the Bulacan High School in 1926. He established the first eye hospital in the Philippines, De Ocampo Eye Hospital (1952) and the first Filipino President of the Philippine Ophthalmological Society (1958). He was the first Filipino to design a corneal dissector that was manufactured in the US. He received the Jose Rizal

title: Ammar al-Mawsili

text: cause of blindness. Regarding his invention he wrote the following: He was a contemporary of the famous oculist Ali ibn Isa. Ammar al-Mawsili Abu al-Qasim Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili was an important eleventh-century Arab Muslim ophthalmologist. Despite little being known about his life or education, he has been described as the most original of all Arab oculists. As his "nisba" indicates, Ammar was born in Mosul, and later moved to Egypt, where he settled during the reign of the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, to whom he wrote his only composition, "Kitāb al-muntakhab fī ilm al-ayn" (“The book of choice

title: Blindness and education

text: the blind was set up by Henry Dannett in Liverpool as the School for the Instruction of the Indigent Blind. It taught the blind children skills in manual crafts although there was no formal education as such. Other institutions set up at that time were: the School for the Indigent Blind in London and the Asylum and School for the Indigent Blind at Norwich. In France, the Institut National des Jeunes Aveugles was established in 1784 by Valentin Haüy. Haüy's impulse to help the blind began when he witnessed the blind being mocked during a religious street festival. In May

title: Maurice de La Sizeranne

text: Maurice de La Sizeranne Maurice de La Sizeranne (1857–1924), blinded at age 9, was an important figure in the movement to support the blind. He was born in Tain, a small village in la Drôme, on the left bank of the River Rhône, on 30 July 1857. He was nine when he lost his sight in an accident whilst playing. He studied at the National Institute for the Young Blind, where he stood out for his musical talent. He was appointed music teacher there in 1878. In 1878 an important International Congress was held for the Improvement of the situation

title: eSight