question: when were birth certificates first issued in the united states

answers: 1902

answers: 1900

answers: From 1900 to 1946

title: Sealed birth records

text: illegitimate birth. After World War II, the laws in most states were changed to permanently seal adoptees' original birth certificates to all parties. Kansas and Alaska never sealed adoptees' original birth certificates and many states and provinces of the U.S. and Canada have recently begun return the right of adult adoptees to access their original birth certificates. The history of sealed birth records in Canada mirrors that of the United States. It is complicated by the forced adoptions of Native American children. Sealed birth records Sealed birth records, as opposed to open records, refers to the practice of sealing the

title: Intersex rights in the United States

text: sex marker from New York City, the first birth certificate issued using this term in the United States. Keenan had applied for a "non-binary" birth certificate but the City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene required a biological term. Press coverage in December 2016 also disclosed that Ohio issued a birth certificate with a sex marker of 'hermaphrodite' in 2012. Ohio issues birth certificates based on "an historical record of the facts as they existed at the time of birth" and the individual was able to demonstrate a diagnosis of true hermaphrodite. Birth certificates are also known to have no

title: Birth certificate

text: was no longer considered a secure document, and have not been issued in California since 2001. Most hospitals in the U.S. issue a souvenir birth certificate which may include the footprints of the newborn. However, these birth certificates are not legally accepted as proof of age or citizenship, and are frequently rejected by the Bureau of Consular Affairs during passport applications. Many Americans believe the souvenir records to be their official birth certificates when in reality they hold little legal value. In the United States, when an adoption is finalized, the government seals the original birth certificate and will issue

title: Birth certificate

text: January 1, 1996. The birth certificate used currently is the fifth edition, which was adopted since January 1, 2014. Still, China, the world's most populous country, is among those with no globally comparable data, presenting challenges to researchers who wish to assess global and regional progress towards universal birth registration. In England and Wales, the description "birth certificate" is used to describe a certified copy of an entry in the birth register. Civil registration of births, marriages and deaths in England and Wales started on 1 July 1837. Registration was not compulsory until 1875, following the Registration of Births and

title: Birth certificate

text: itself a child of full age, guardian(s) or caregiver(s). Issuance of the document is made in the offices of the registrar, "ZAGS" (). With the loss of the certificate, a new document is issued by the registry office (ZAGS) in the place of the original receipt on the basis of a written application. In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories and former territories. Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to

title: Birth certificate

text: Deaths Act 1874, which made registration of a birth the responsibility of those present at the birth. When a birth is registered, the details are entered into the register book at the local register office for the district in which the birth took place and is retained permanently in the local register office. A copy of each entry in the birth register is sent to the General Register Office (GRO). Before the government's registration system was created, evidence of births and/or baptisms (and also marriages and death or burials) was dependent on the events being recorded in the records of

title: Birth certificate

text: Birth certificate A birth certificate is a vital record that documents the birth of a child. The term "birth certificate" can refer to either the original document certifying the circumstances of the birth or to a certified copy of or representation of the ensuing registration of that birth. Depending on the jurisdiction, a record of birth might or might not contain verification of the event by such as a midwife or doctor. The documentation of births is a practice widely held throughout human civilization, especially in China, Egypt, Greece, Rome, and Persia. The original purpose of vital statistics was for

title: Birth certificate

text: place of birth of the child, father's name, place of birth and occupation, mother's name, place of birth, maiden name, and occupation. Certificates for births before 1911 do not show the mother's maiden name, before 1969 do not show the detail(s) of the parent(s), place of birth and registration, and before 1984 do not show mother's occupation. The short certificate, titled 'CERTIFICATE OF BIRTH', shows the child's full name, sex, date, and place of birth. It does not give any detail(s) of the parent(s); therefore it is not proof of parentage. A short birth certificate is issued, free of charge,

title: Sealed birth records

text: the practice of opening original birth records to adult adoptees, and should not be confused with open adoption, which can occur with or without sealed records, depending on the laws of the state or province in which it is carried out. Many nations have granted adult adoptees unfettered access to their original birth certificates. Mike Leigh's Oscar-nominated film "Secrets & Lies" (1996) revolves around a British woman who accesses her original birth certificate. Adoptee birth certificates were first sealed in the United States in 1917 for the purpose of protecting adopted people and their adoptive families from the stigma of

title: Identity documents in the United States

text: cannot verify identity. They verify only the match between a given name and a Social Security Number (SSN) and were intended only for use in complying with Social Security payroll tax laws. They now are used in a wider scope of activities, such as for obtaining credit and other regulated financial services in banking and investments. The birth certificate is the initial identification document issued to parents shortly after the birth of their child. The birth certificate is typically issued by local governments, usually the city or county where a child is born. It is an important record, often called

title: Birth certificate

text: According to the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General, there were more than 6,000 entities issuing birth certificates. The Inspector General report states that according to the staff at the Immigration and Naturalization Service’s Forensics Document Laboratory the number of legitimate birth certificate versions in use exceeded 14,000. In the case of applying for a U.S. passport, not all legitimate government-issued birth certificates are acceptable: A certified birth certificate has a registrar's raised, embossed, impressed or multicolored seal, registrar's signature, and the date the certificate was filed with the registrar's office, which must be within 1

title: Birth certificate

text: This number can then later be used to request the extract. Birth certificate A birth certificate is a vital record that documents the birth of a child. The term "birth certificate" can refer to either the original document certifying the circumstances of the birth or to a certified copy of or representation of the ensuing registration of that birth. Depending on the jurisdiction, a record of birth might or might not contain verification of the event by such as a midwife or doctor. The documentation of births is a practice widely held throughout human civilization, especially in China, Egypt, Greece,

title: United States presidential eligibility legislation

text: with a valid copy of their birth certificates. Proposed legislation introduced in January 2011 would have required a presidential or vice presidential candidate to provide proof of birth that includes the names of the candidate's parents, and proof that the parents were United States citizens at the time of the candidate's birth; the candidate would also have to swear of affirm, "I was born a citizen of the United States of America and was subject exclusively to the jurisdiction of the United States of America, owing allegiance to no other country at the time of my birth. On the day

title: New Zealand Birth Certificate

text: records including historical birth certificates are available online in a searchable format on the Birth, Death and Marriage Historical Records website. The available records are for births recorded at least one hundred years ago. New Zealand Birth Certificate New Zealand Birth Certificates are issued to persons who were born in New Zealand. The Department of Internal Affairs is responsible for issuing birth certificates in New Zealand. Information listed on New Zealand Birth Certificates are: The end of the certificate is ended by a legal clause and the person's birth registration number assigned at birth. Since 1 January 2006, a minor

title: Birth certificate

text: The federal and state governments have traditionally cooperated to some extent to improve vital statistics. From 1900 to 1946 the U.S. Census Bureau designed standard birth certificates, collected vital statistics on a national basis, and generally sought to improve the accuracy of vital statistics.  In 1946 that responsibility was passed to the U.S. Public Health Service. Unlike the British system of recording all births in "registers", the states file an individual document for each and every birth.

title: Transgender rights in the United States

text: Transgender rights in the United States Transgender rights in the United States vary considerably by jurisdiction. Birth certificates are typically issued by the Vital Records Office of the state (or equivalent territory, or capital district) where the birth occurred, and thus the listing of biological sex as male or female on the birth certificate (and whether or not this can be changed later) is regulated by state (or equivalent) law. However, federal law regulates sex as listed on a Consular Report of Birth Abroad, and other federal documents that list sex or name, such as the U.S. passport. Laws concerning

title: United States nationality law

text: prove citizenship in lieu of the availability of an American birth certificate. Different rules apply for persons born abroad to one U.S. citizen before November 14, 1986. United States law on this subject changed multiple times throughout the twentieth century, and the law is applicable as it existed at the time of the individual's birth. For persons born between December 24, 1952 and November 14, 1986, a person is a U.S. citizen if all of the following are true: For persons born to two people who are not married to each other, the person is a U.S. citizen if all

title: Foreign Births Register

text: the child's birth entered into the Foreign Births Register or a Foreign Births Entry Book. The citizenship of such children is effective from the date of registration, or for those registered on or before 30 June 1986, effective from the date of birth, or 17 July 1956 if the person was born before that date. Once entered, a certified copy of the entry is issued, which takes the form of an A4 certificate bearing the signature of a senior consular official and the stamp of authenticity from the authority responsible for having made the entry e.g. Irish diplomatic mission. This

title: Confidential birth

text: was also covered under the Bill of Rights. Sealed records law was installed in 1917, allowing both parties to benefit from the confidentiality, mainly the state and whoever else was involved. Birth certificates are sealed for those adopted so that the adoptive parents feel autonomy from the biological parents and receive the privacy that birth parents have. The sealed records law lets anyone adopted to create own fate without influence from biological parents and their origins. Some women choose not to give their personal information when giving birth to a child for the fact of privacy and keeping their personal

title: Birth certificate

text: the Church of England or in those of other various churches – not all of which maintained such records or all types of those records. Copies of such records are not issued by the General Register Office; but can be obtained from these churches, or from the local or national archive, which usually now keeps the records in original or copy form. There are two types of birth certificates: A full certificate, titled 'CERTIFIED COPY OF AN ENTRY' is a copy of the original entry in the birth register, giving all the recorded details. Information includes; name, sex, date, and

title: Birth certificate

text: Code of Québec unless their validity is recognized by a Quebec court. Inserting one's birth record into the Quebec register is a prerequisite for anyone born outside of Quebec to apply for a legal name change in the province. Semi-authentic birth certificates are issued in the long-form only. Depending on the province, certificates are in English, French or both languages. Birth certificates from Canadian territories are in English and French, as well as Inuktitut in Nunavut (though individual data is in the Roman alphabet only, not in Inuktitut syllabics). The People's Republic of China issued its first birth certificate on

title: Genealogical certificate

text: parents' names. There are also any changes listed in a genealogical certificate that have occurred since the birth of the child, such as adoption or name changes. Genealogical certificates were documents that reflected the actual descent of a person. For marriages a genealogical certificate was required since only it showed who the biological parents were. Since 2009, a "certified register printout of birth registration" is required upon marriage instead, which also contains information about the birth parents. This differs from the birth certificate, since the birth certificate only includes the legal parents, namely the adoptive parents. The biological fatherhood of

title: Transgender rights in the United States

text: certificates, and state courts have varied in their application of such laws to transgender people. Most states permit the name and sex to be changed on a birth certificate, either through amending the existing birth certificate or by issuing a new one, but some of these states require medical proof of sex reassignment surgery before they will change the birth certificate. Other states — such as Kansas, Ohio, and Tennessee as of April 2015 — will not change the sex on a birth certificate at all. The first case to consider legal gender change in the U.S. was "Mtr. of

title: Birth registration in ancient Rome

text: Greco-Egyptian society, and government officials relied on the information from the census far more than birth registrations. Birth registration in ancient Rome Birth certificates for Roman citizens were introduced during the reign of Augustus (27 BC–14 AD). Until the time of Alexander Severus (222–235 AD), it was required that these documents be written in Latin as a marker of "Romanness" "(Romanitas)". There are 21 extant birth registration documents of Roman citizens. A standard birth registration included the date of birth. Completing birth registrations in Roman society were not compulsory. Whereas penalties for failure to register in the census existed, no

title: Birth certificate

text: year of your birth. Please note, some short (abstract) versions of birth certificates may not be acceptable for passport purposes. Beginning April 1, 2011, all birth certificates must also include the full name of the applicant's parent(s). The U.S. State Department has paid close attention to abstract certificates from both Texas and California. There have been reports of a high incidence of midwife registration fraud along the border region between Texas and Mexico, and the Texas abstract certificate form does not list the name or occupation of the attendant. The California Abstract of Birth did not include an embossed seal,

title: Birth certificate

text: a replacement birth certificate substituting the individual's birth name with the name selected by the adoptive parent(s), and replacing the birth parent(s) name with the adoptive parent(s). In those cases, adopted individuals are not granted access to their own original birth certificate upon request. Laws vary depending on the state where the birth was originally registered and the adoption was finalized. Some states allow adopted people unrestricted access to their own original birth certificate, while in others the certificate is available only if the biological parent(s) have given their permission or a petition has been granted by the court of

title: Sealed birth records

text: Sealed birth records Sealed birth records, as opposed to open records, refers to the practice of sealing the original birth certificate of an infant upon adoption. The original sealed birth certificate is replaced with an amended birth certificate declaring the adoptee to be the child of his or her adoptive parents. Many states, provinces and countries adopted this practice in the early to mid-20th century with the aim of protecting the adopted person from the shame of his or her illegitimate birth. Sealed or closed birth records are generally associated with closed adoption. Open records is generally referred to as

title: Birth registration in ancient Rome

text: societies. A freeborn person who was illegitimate enjoyed higher social status than a freedman. Illegitimate children did have some disadvantages under the law. Their birth could not be officially registered during the first 150 years when birth certificates existed. A law passed in 178 AD, however, gave illegitimate children the same right as legitimate children to share in their mother's property if she died without leaving a will. After the Empire had come under Christian rule, this right was taken away from those born outside wedlock. For illegitimate children, the date of birth was more complex and less authoritative since

title: Identity documents in the United States

text: or one citizen parent and one non-citizen, also typically has citizenship from birth. Such births are registered with the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. If the embassy or consulate determines the child acquired citizenship at birth, it issues a Consular Report of Birth Abroad, also known as Form FS-240. A birth certificate will also be issued locally in the country where the child was born. The consular report is proof of U.S. citizenship and may be used to obtain a passport for the child and register the child for school, among other purposes. The Social Security number (SSN) and card

title: New Zealand Birth Certificate

text: New Zealand Birth Certificate New Zealand Birth Certificates are issued to persons who were born in New Zealand. The Department of Internal Affairs is responsible for issuing birth certificates in New Zealand. Information listed on New Zealand Birth Certificates are: The end of the certificate is ended by a legal clause and the person's birth registration number assigned at birth. Since 1 January 2006, a minor addition shows on all new certificates ordered: 'New Zealand Citizen by Birth' will be added and will have 'Yes', 'No' or 'Not Applicable to births that occurred prior to 1 January 2006' Certain historical

title: Birth certificate


question: when did marley die in a christmas carol

answers: December 24, 1836

title: A Christmas Carol (2000 film)

text: killing, but chooses not disclose this information to the police, or Marley's family. On Christmas Eve, Eddie awakens from a nightmare about the night of Marley's death, and is taught the true meaning of Christmas by the three ghosts of Christmas, past, present and future: his dad (Warren Mitchell), Marley himself and his future son (Ben Inigo-Jones). A Christmas Carol (2000 film) A Christmas Carol is a British television crime fantasy drama film, written by Peter Bowker, that first broadcast on ITV on 20 December, 2000. The film is a modern adaptation of Charles Dickens' "A Christmas Carol", and stars

title: A Christmas Carol (1982 film)

text: Scrooge receives a ghostly visit from his long deceased partner Jacob Marley, who had died exactly seven years before on that same day. In his life, Jacob Marley had been just as selfish and uncaring as Scrooge was now. He tells Ebenezer about how his soul has not had a moment's rest since his death and how his spirit has been doomed to wander the earth looking down at what might have been, had he been a different man. He tells Scrooge that he wants to spare him that same fate, and that on that night, he will receive the

title: A Carol for Another Christmas

text: Marley, who was killed in WWII twenty years earlier, on Christmas Eve 1944. After Fred leaves, Grudge once again hears the record playing upstairs, and sees a short vision of the deceased Marley sitting at the dining room table. Suddenly Grudge finds himself aboard a World War I-era troopship, which is carrying many coffins. A soldier on board introduces himself as the Ghost of Christmas Past (Lawrence) and explains that the ship is carrying the dead of all nations and from all past wars, with more war dead arriving even as he speaks. The Ghost suggests that the way to

title: A Christmas Carol (2004 film)

text: rebuffs all of their requests for charity; as he walks away from each, they imply that Scrooge will pay for his actions, specifically referencing his past, present, and future respectively. Meanwhile, Scrooge's faithful but long-suffering clerk Bob Cratchit returns to his own impoverished family, telling his ill son Tiny Tim that despite their circumstances, their love for one another is the greatest treasure on Earth ("You Mean More to Me"). That night, as Scrooge dines alone before going to bed, the ghost of his seven-year dead partner Jacob Marley appears; Marley is doomed to spend the afterlife bound in heavy

title: Jacob Marley

text: Jacob Marley Jacob Marley is a fictional character who appears in Charles Dickens's 1843 novella "A Christmas Carol". He is Ebenezer Scrooge’s deceased business partner, now a chained and tormented ghost, doomed to wander the earth forever as punishment for his greed and selfishness when he was alive. Marley roams restlessly, witnessing the hardships others suffer and lamenting that he has forever lost his chance to help them. Marley arranges for the three spirits to visit Scrooge and gives his friend an opportunity for redemption, which Marley tells him was "...a chance and hope of my procuring." In "A Christmas

title: A Christmas Carol (2006 film)

text: A Christmas Carol (2006 film) A Christmas Carol (a.k.a. A Christmas Carol: Scrooge's Ghostly Tale) is a 2006 computer-animated film adaptation of the Charles Dickens tale, produced by BKN Home Entertainment. It was released theatrically in select cities by Kidtoon Films on November 6, 2006, and was released on DVD on November 21, 2006 by Genius Products and was part of BKN's anthology and trilogy series "BKN Classic Series". This version casts the famous Dickens characters as anthropomorphic animals; Ebenezer Scrooge and his relatives are skunks, Bob Cratchit and his family are rabbits, the ghost of Jacob Marley is a

title: A Christmas Carol (2004 film)

text: to Me". The visit of the ghost of Jacob Marley becomes a large-scale production number ("Link By Link"), featuring a half-dozen singing, dancing spirits presented with various levels of makeup and special effects. One of these ghosts in this version is known to be an old colleague of Scrooge and Marley's, Mr. Haynes, who was said to be "mean to the "bone"", resulting in his charred skeleton. Other puns include a headless spirit who wanted to get "ahead", a man with a safe full of coins in his chest who "never had a heart" and a man carrying a box

title: A Christmas Carol (1938 film)

text: the ghost of his deceased business partner, Jacob Marley, who warns Scrooge to repent his wicked ways or he will be condemned in the afterlife as Marley was. He tells Scrooge he will be haunted by three spirits. At one o'clock, Scrooge is visited by the youthful Ghost of Christmas Past, who takes him back in time to his early life. Scrooge is shown his unhappiness when he was left to spend the holidays alone at school, and his joy when his sister, Fran, came to take him home for Christmas. The spirit reminds Scrooge that Fran, dead for some

title: Scrooge (1951 film)

text: the film; Ernest Thesiger as Marley's undertaker; and Patrick Macnee as young Jacob Marley. Michael Hordern plays Marley's ghost, as well as adult Marley. Peter Bull serves as narrator, by reading portions of Dickens' words at the beginning and end of the film; he also appears on-screen as one of the businessmen discussing Scrooge's funeral. Ebenezer Scrooge (Alastair Sim) is seen leaving the London Exchange on his way to his counting house on Christmas Eve, 1843. Scrooge tells two other men of business that he has no intention of celebrating Christmas, which he considers to be a humbug. He refuses

title: A Christmas Carol

text: Christmas Carol" opens on a bleak, cold Christmas Eve in London, seven years after the death of Ebenezer Scrooge's business partner, Jacob Marley. Scrooge, an ageing miser, dislikes Christmas and refuses a dinner invitation from his nephew Fred—the son of Fan, Scrooge's dead sister. He turns away two men who seek a donation from him to provide food and heating for the poor, and only grudgingly allows his overworked, underpaid clerk, Bob Cratchit, Christmas Day off with pay to conform to the social custom. That night Scrooge is visited at home by Marley's ghost, who wanders the Earth entwined by

title: A Christmas Carol

text: beliefs and principles on the New Testament. Dickens's statement that Marley "had no bowels" is a reference to the "bowels of compassion" mentioned in the First Epistle of John, the reason for his eternal damnation. Other writers, including Kelly, consider that Dickens put forward a "secular vision of this sacred holiday". The Dickens scholar John O. Jordan argues that "A Christmas Carol" shows what Dickens referred to in a letter to Foster as his ""Carol" philosophy, cheerful views, sharp anatomisation of humbug, jolly good temper ... and a vein of glowing, hearty, generous, mirthful, beaming reference in everything to Home

title: A Christmas Carol (1971 film)

text: performance as Marley's Ghost in the same film. Michael Redgrave narrated the story and veteran animator Chuck Jones served as executive producer. Williams' son Alexander Williams, then aged four, provided the voice for Tiny Tim. This adaptation of "A Christmas Carol" has a distinctive look, created by multiple pans and zooms and by innovative, unexpected scene transitions. The visual style, which is unusually powerful, is inspired by 19th century engraved illustrations of the original story by John Leech and the pen and ink renderings by illustrator Milo Winter that graced 1930s editions of the book. The intended audience does not

title: Jacob Marley

text: Marley as having been a good friend to him. Seven years after his death, on Christmas Eve, Marley's ghost visits Scrooge. Marley preys upon Scrooge's mind in many different ways, notably his face manifesting on the knocker on Scrooge's front door and causing the bells in his house to ring. The ghost maintains the same voice, hairstyle and sense of dress that he had in life, but is translucent. He wears a handkerchief tied about his jaws, and "captive, bound and double-ironed" with chains which are described as "long, and wound about him like a tail; it was made... of

title: Jacob Marley

text: wasted lives by attempting to help a homeless mother and baby. Jacob Marley Jacob Marley is a fictional character who appears in Charles Dickens's 1843 novella "A Christmas Carol". He is Ebenezer Scrooge’s deceased business partner, now a chained and tormented ghost, doomed to wander the earth forever as punishment for his greed and selfishness when he was alive. Marley roams restlessly, witnessing the hardships others suffer and lamenting that he has forever lost his chance to help them. Marley arranges for the three spirits to visit Scrooge and gives his friend an opportunity for redemption, which Marley tells him

title: Jacob Marley

text: In A Christmas Carol, Marley is the first character mentioned in the first line of the story. Jacob Marley is said to have died seven years earlier on Christmas Eve (as the setting is Christmas Eve 1843, this would have made the date of his passing December 24, 1836).

title: Christmas Carol: The Movie

text: yet to come shows Scrooge what will happen In the future. Tim dies with his family mourning him and the dead man that got robbed and spoken of was himself after seeing his 'grave'. The ghost of Marley returns him to the present where Scrooge at first does not change but after seeing his 'chains' via a mirror quickly repents and hires a boy to buy and deliver a goose to the Cratchits. Scrooge becomes a kinder man and is praised by the ghosts of the Past and Present. However Scrooge becomes guilt ridden when the children's hospital Belle and

title: A Christmas Carol (2004 film)

text: is stronger than his affection for her. In a final tragic moment, Marley himself suddenly falls ill in their counting house on Christmas Eve, dying in Scrooge's arms. At the stroke of Two, the Ghost of Christmas Present--who resembles the barker selling tickets--haunts Scrooge and shows him how others keep the spirit of the season ("Abundance and Charity"). He first transports him to a joyous Christmas pageant, where dancers and singers describe the pleasures found in the Yuletide; the lessons seem to be affecting Scrooge, as he joins in the pageant and gives young Grace Smythe (who is in the

title: A Carol for Another Christmas

text: appeared on his 1966 Christmas album, "A Merry Mancini Christmas". Peter Fonda's scenes as Grudge's late son Marley were cut from the film prior to release, leaving only brief glimpses of Fonda reflected in a glass door and sitting mute at a table. However, Fonda's image remains in the film in the form of a large portrait of Marley hanging prominently in Grudge's study where several scenes take place. Although advance publicity articles listed Richard Harris, Godfrey Cambridge and Christopher Plummer among the cast, none of these actors appear in the finished film. The main character was originally named Benjamin

title: A Christmas Carol

text: be corrected. The novella was adapted for the stage almost immediately. Three productions opened on 5 February 1844, one by Edward Stirling being sanctioned by Dickens and running for more than 40 nights. By the close of February 1844 eight rival "A Christmas Carol" theatrical productions were playing in London. The story has been adapted for film and television more than any of Dickens's other works. In 1901 it was produced as "Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost", a silent black-and-white British film; it was one of the first known adaptations of a Dickens work on film, but it is now largely

title: A Christmas Carol (2006 film)

text: cricket, the Ghost of Christmas Past is a stork, the Ghost of Christmas Present is a kangaroo and the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come is a walrus. This version differs from the original novel in many ways; for example, the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come actually speaks, while most other versions have him mute. Tiny Tim doesn't die in the possible future revealed to Scrooge, but instead becomes as miserly as he is and Jacob Marley is said to be dead 2 years, unlike the original novel in which he was dead for 7 years. We also see

title: A Christmas Carol (Shower of Stars)

text: have also survived. The program is introduced on kinescope by host William Lundigan. The production boasted a script and lyrics by noted American playwright Maxwell Anderson, and a score by Bernard Herrmann. Fredric March, in his only known portrayal of the role, starred as Ebenezer Scrooge, and Basil Rathbone portrayed Marley's Ghost. The production featured few songs, but those it did feature forced the adapters to severely condense the story, especially the final third. Rather than having a Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come, the adaptation featured a mynah bird, who leads Scrooge to a graveyard in which he sees

title: Scrooge (musical)

text: Jenkins, who leads the angry crowd in despise of Scrooge ("Father Christmas"/"I Hate People"). Scrooge is visited by the ghost of Jacob Marley, his business partner who has been dead for the past seven years, who tells Scrooge to ("Make The Most Of This World") or else the afterlife will be bad for him. He informs Scrooge that he is to be visited by three spirits at 1am, 2am and 3am respectively. Marley also explains the significance of a chain he is wearing - the chain has been built up of sins in life. As Marley leaves, Scrooge is angry

title: Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol

text: Cratchit to take the holiday off. Scrooge goes home and gets ready for bed, but is visited by the ghost of his business partner Jacob Marley, who has been dead for seven years. Marley is bound in heavy chains due to his misdeeds in life, and warns Scrooge that he risks the same fate unless he heeds the advice of three spirits who will visit him over the course of the night. The Ghost of Christmas Present visits Scrooge and takes him to observe Cratchit and his family, who are counting their blessings despite their poor situation ("The Lord's Bright

title: A Christmas Carol (1938 film)

text: aspects of the story went completely unmentioned or unseen, in order to make this a "family film" in the style of other MGM literary adaptations, and also to accommodate a 69-minute run time. Although Marley's Ghost did appear, the phantoms wailing outside Scrooge's window were not shown. Scrooge's fiancée, who eventually leaves him because of his miserly ways, was completely dropped from the film, as were the two starving children "Want" and "Ignorance", who hid within the folds of the Ghost of Christmas Present's robe. Also gone were the thieves who ransack Scrooge's belongings after he "dies" in the Ghost

title: A Christmas Carol (1908 film)

text: Scrooge dismisses them. On the night of Christmas Eve, his long-dead partner Jacob Marley comes as a ghost, warning him of a horrible fate if he does not change his ways. Scrooge meets three spirits that show Scrooge the real meaning of Christmas, along with his grave, the result of his parsimonious ways. The next morning, he wakes and realizes the error of his ways. Scrooge was then euphoric and generous for the rest of his life. "A Christmas Carol" was produced by the Essanay Film Manufacturing Company and released December 9, 1908. "It is impossible to praise this film

title: Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost

text: Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost is a 1901 British short silent drama film, directed by Walter R. Booth, featuring the miserly Ebenezer Scrooge confronted by Marley's ghost and given visions of Christmas past, present, and future, is the earliest known film adaptation of Charles Dickens's 1843 novel "A Christmas Carol". The film, "although somewhat flat and stage-bound to modern eyes," according to Ewan Davidson of BFI Screenonline, "was an ambitious undertaking at the time," as, "not only did it attempt to tell an 80 page story in five minutes, but it featured impressive trick effects, superimposing Marley's

title: A Christmas Carol (2000 film)

text: part of his "golden handcuffs" deal with ITV, following his departure from "EastEnders". 9.41 million viewers watched the film on its debut Wednesday night broadcast. The film is also regularly repeated on ITV3 during the build up to Christmas each year. Despite its popularity, holding a 7.1/10 rating on IMDB, the film has never been released on DVD. Eddie Scrooge (Ross Kemp) is an unscrupulous loan shark living on a poor inner-city estate, who brings misery to everyone who knows him. When his business partner Jacob Marley (Ray Fearon) is shot dead, Eddie realises he knows the reason behind the

title: Scrooge & Marley (2012 film)

text: Scrooge & Marley (2012 film) Scrooge & Marley is 2012 film adaptation of Charles Dickens' "A Christmas Carol", which is retold from a gay perspective, co-directed by Richard Knight Jr. and Peter Neville, and co-written by Knight, Timothy Imse, and Ellen Stoneking. It also features David Pevsner as Ebenezer "Ben" Scrooge, Tim Kazurinsky as the ghost of Scrooge's business partner Jacob Marley, Ronnie Kroell as the Ghost of Christmas Past, Megan Cavanagh as the Ghost of Christmas Present, and JoJo Baby as the Ghost of Christmas Future. The film adaptation received mixed reception. A gay successful piano bar owner Ebenezer

title: Glee, Actually

text: who were delighted to find out that there was still time to tell others how they felt. After failing to satisfy Becky with her Christmas gifts, Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch) draws Millie Rose's (Trisha Rae Stahl) name in a Secret Santa event held among the McKinley High faculty and staff. Unsure what to get Millie, Sue happens upon a conversation between Millie and her daughter Marley Rose (Melissa Benoist). Marley wants to have a Christmas tree and at least some gifts, but Millie explains that they need to save money to pay a counselor to treat Marley for her eating

title: Christmas Carol: The Movie

text: Marley who wears a chain as punishment for his greedy ways when he was alive. He warns Scrooge he will be haunted by three spirits and the first will call at one in the morning. Despite the warning Scrooge continues his selfish ways by refusing to donate money to two men of business and instead supports the prisons and workhouses and even claims the poor better off dead and to 'Decrease the surplus population'. When Scrooge retires to bed he encounters the Ghost of Christmas Past who takes him back to his youth. Scrooge witnesses when he was unwanted in

title: Jacob Marley


question: time of the state of the nation address

answers: after 9pm ET

text: of the Government Communications and Information Service (GCiS). State of the Nation Address (South Africa) The State of the Nation Address of the President of South Africa (abbreviated SONA) is an annual event in the Republic of South Africa, in which the President of South Africa reports on the status of the nation, normally to the resumption of a joint sitting of Parliament (the National Assembly and the National Council of Provinces). The speech marks the opening of the parliamentary year and is usually attended by important political and governmental figures of South Africa, including former Presidents, the Chief Justice

text: second State of the Nation Address. The opening date of Congress was again changed that year to the fourth Monday of every year. President Manuel L. Quezon delivered his final State of the Nation Address on January 31, 1941, prior to the onset of World War II. José P. Laurel, president of the Japanese-sponsored puppet Second Republic, was able to deliver his only message before the special session of the National Assembly, led by Speaker Benigno S. Aquino, Sr., on 18 October at the Legislative Building—four days after the Second Republic's establishment. This is, however, not considered a SONA as

title: State of the Nation (Ghana)

text: of the Nation address even though the national constitution they worked with explicitly demanded that he did so. Former president John Agyekum Kufuor, was the first president to deliver the state of the nation address in Ghana hence Sticking rigidly to the letter of the constitution, which says the president should give a State of the Nation address at the beginning and close of every parliamentary session. since then The state of the nation has been in existence. State of the Nation (Ghana) The State of the Nation is an annual address to Parliament given by the President of the

text: President to summarise the accomplishments and plans of his/her programme of government both for a particular year and until the end of their term of office. The Address is usually delivered at around 16:00 PST (UTC+8). Before the appointed time, legislators enter the Plenary Session Hall, with Congresswomen and consorts of Congressmen in recent years sporting traditionally-inspired bespoke couture that, in some cases, expresses their legislative agenda or ideological leanings. The President meanwhile arrives at the Batasang Pambansa Complex some minutes before the beginning of the joint session, and enters the main building through a back entrance. The President is

text: State of the Nation Address (South Africa) The State of the Nation Address of the President of South Africa (abbreviated SONA) is an annual event in the Republic of South Africa, in which the President of South Africa reports on the status of the nation, normally to the resumption of a joint sitting of Parliament (the National Assembly and the National Council of Provinces). The speech marks the opening of the parliamentary year and is usually attended by important political and governmental figures of South Africa, including former Presidents, the Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court and other members of

text: for women, in preparation for President Rodrigo Duterte's first address in 2016. State of the Nation Address (Philippines) The State of the Nation Address (abbreviated SONA; Filipino: "Talumpatì sa Kalagayan ng Bansâ") is an annual address by the President of the Philippines to a joint session of the Congress of the Philippines. Mandated by the 1987 Constitution, the speech is delivered every fourth Monday of July at the Plenary Session Hall of the Batasang Pambansa Complex in Batasan Hills, Quezon City, Metro Manila. The SONA, which is often broadcast, serves as a means to inform the nation about its present

title: 2016 State of the Nation Address (Philippines)

text: City on the day of the State of the Nation Address itself, particularly in schools near the Batasang Pambansa. President Duterte arrived at the Session Hall of the House of Representatives at 4:00pm (PST). After the President's arrival, Senate President Koko Pimentel and House Speaker Pantaleon Alvarez convened the joint session of the both houses. The national anthem was sung by folk singer Bayang Barrios, followed by an interfaith unity prayer led by representatives from the Catholic Church, Protestants, Muslims and the Iglesia ni Cristo. The original speech of the president was intended to last for about 38 minutes, but

text: State of the Nation Address (Philippines) The State of the Nation Address (abbreviated SONA; Filipino: "Talumpatì sa Kalagayan ng Bansâ") is an annual address by the President of the Philippines to a joint session of the Congress of the Philippines. Mandated by the 1987 Constitution, the speech is delivered every fourth Monday of July at the Plenary Session Hall of the Batasang Pambansa Complex in Batasan Hills, Quezon City, Metro Manila. The SONA, which is often broadcast, serves as a means to inform the nation about its present economic, political, and social condition. It is also a vehicle for the

text: to its consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient." The first formal State of the Nation Address was delivered by President Manuel L. Quezon on June 16, 1936 at the Legislative Building in Manila. The dates of the SONA were fixed on June 16 of every year at the start of opening sessions of Congress, by virtue of Commonwealth Act № 17. However, CA 49 changed the date of the opening of Congress to October 16. In 1937, October 16 fell on a Saturday, and the opening of Congress was moved to 18th, when Quezon gave the

title: State of the State address

text: much more rare. The analogous address given by the President of the United States is known as the State of the Union address. State of the State address The State of the State Address is a speech customarily given once each year by the governors of each of the states of the United States (although the terminology for this speech differs for some states: in Iowa, the speech is called the Condition of the State Address; in Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia it is called the State of the Commonwealth Address.). The speech is customarily delivered before both houses of

title: 2018 State of the Union Address

text: 45.6 million viewers. There were also 21 million interactions regarding the Address on social media. of the United States Constitution states that the president "shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient." On November 30, 2017, Speaker of the House Paul Ryan sent an invitation to the President to deliver a "State of the Union address before a joint session of Congress on January 30, 2018, in the House Chamber." The speech was Trump's first State of the

title: 1791 State of the Union Address

text: 1791 State of the Union Address The state of union is an address, in the United States, given by the president to a joint session of Congress, the United States House of Representatives and United States Senate. The United States constitution requires the president “from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union.” Today the state of the union address is given as a speech, though this is not a requirement of the constitution. George Washington chose to address the congress in a speech annually, on October 25, 1791 he gave his third speech.

title: State of the Union

text: report. Since Franklin Roosevelt, the State of the Union is given typically each January before a joint session of the United States Congress and is held in the House of Representatives chamber of the United States Capitol. Newly inaugurated presidents generally deliver an address to Congress in February of the first year of their term, but this speech is not officially considered to be a "State of the Union". What began as a communication between president and Congress has become in effect a communication between the president and the people of the United States. Since the advent of radio, and

text: 2018 State of the Nation Address (Philippines) The 2018 State of the Nation Address was the third State of the Nation Address delivered by President Rodrigo Duterte. On June 5, 2018, Joyce Bernal who is known for her romance comedy films, was selected to direct the 2018 State of the Nation Address. She was recommended by actor Robin Padilla to President Rodrigo Duterte with the head of state approving the suggestion. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was installed as Speaker of the House of Representatives with 161 members voting for her appointment. Pantaleon Alvarez disputes the appointment and his allies blocked the

title: State of the Union

text: What began as a communication between president and Congress has become a communication between the president and the people of the United States. Since the advent of radio, and then television, the speech has been broadcast live on most networks, preempting scheduled programming. To reach the largest audience, the speech, once given during the day, is now typically given in the evening, after 9pm ET (UTC-5).

title: 1939 State of the Union Address

text: 1939 State of the Union Address The 1939 State of the Union Address was given to the 76th United States Congress, on Wednesday, January 4, 1939, by Franklin D. Roosevelt, the 32nd United States President. Foreseeing World War II, he said, "In Reporting on the state of the nation, I have felt it necessary on previous occasions to advise the Congress of disturbance abroad and of the need of putting our own house in order in the face of storm signals from across the seas. As this Seventy-sixth Congress opens there is need for further warning. A war which threatened

title: 1901 State of the Union Address

text: the civilized world we received, at the time of the President's death, assurances of such grief and regard as to touch the hearts of our people. In the midst of our affliction we reverently thank the Almighty that we are at peace with the nations of mankind; and we firmly intend that our policy shall be such as to continue unbroken these international relations of mutual respect and good will." 1901 State of the Union Address The 1901 State of the Union Address was given on Tuesday, December 3, 1901, by the 26th President of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt.

title: State of the Union

text: Mayor of the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County in Nashville, Tennessee gives a speech similar called the State of Metro Address. Some university presidents give a State of the University address at the beginning of every academic term. Private companies usually have a "State of the Corporation" or "State of the Company" address given by the respective CEO. The State of the Union model has also been adopted by the European Union, and in France since the presidency of Emmanuel Macron. Television ratings for recent State of the Union Addresses were: State of the Union The State of

title: State of the Union

text: State of the Union The State of the Union Address is an annual message presented by the President of the United States to a joint session of the United States Congress, except in the first year of a new president's term. The message includes a budget message and an economic report of the nation, and also allows the President to propose a legislative agenda (for which the cooperation of Congress is needed) and national priorities. The address fulfills rules in of the U.S. Constitution, requiring the President to periodically "give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union,

title: 1872 State of the Union Address

text: Reconstruction Era, when African Americans were freed. 1872 State of the Union Address The 1872 State of the Union Address was given by Ulysses S. Grant, the 18th United States President, on December 2, 1872. He did not speak it to the 42nd United States Congress, because that was the custom at the time. He said, "In transmitting to you this my fourth annual message it is with thankfulness to the Giver of All Good that as a nation we have been blessed for the past year with peace at home, peace abroad, and a general prosperity vouchsafed to but

title: 2002 State of the Union Address

text: 2002 State of the Union Address George W. Bush, the 43rd President of the United States of America, delivered the 2002 State of the Union Address at the United States Capitol building on January 29, 2002. In front of members of the 107th United States Congress, along with special civilian and military guests, Bush addressed the U.S. as he delivered his first State of the Union address. The speech covered the effects of the September 11 attacks of the previous year and Bush's plans to prevent future terrorist attacks upon the United States. Bush gave a progress report on the

title: 1950 State of the Union Address

text: 1950 State of the Union Address The 1950 State of the Union Address was given by Harry S. Truman, the 33rd President of the United States, on Wednesday, January 4, 1950. He spoke to the 81st United States Congress, to the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate. It was a joint session, and the 160th address given. He said, "Our aim for a peaceful, democratic world of free peoples will be achieved in the long run, not by force of arms, but by an appeal to the minds and hearts of men." He also said, "Our

title: 2007 State of the Union Address

text: 2007 State of the Union Address The 2007 State of the Union address was a speech given by United States President George W. Bush on Tuesday, January 23, 2007, at 9:13 P.M. EST. The speech was given in front of a joint session of Congress, presided over by Speaker of the House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi and Vice President Dick Cheney in his capacity as President of the Senate. It was the first address to a Democratic-controlled Congress since 1994. Furthermore, the speech marked the second time that a Democrat sat behind President Bush during a joint session of Congress

title: 1960 State of the Union Address

text: day achieve the unity in freedom to which all men have aspired from the dawn of time. 1960 State of the Union Address The 1960 State of the Union Address was given on Thursday, January 7, 1960, by Dwight D. Eisenhower, the 34th President of the United States, to a joint session of the 86th United States Congress. He said, "We must strive to break the calamitous cycle of frustrations and crises which, if unchecked, could spiral into nuclear disaster; the ultimate insanity." It was the height of the Cold War, and both the Soviet Union and the United States

title: 1986 State of the Union Address

text: 1986 State of the Union Address The 1986 State of the Union address was given by President Ronald Reagan to a joint session of the 99th United States Congress in the House Chamber of the Capitol at 8:04 p.m. on Tuesday, February 4, 1986. The speech was the second State of the Union address of President Reagan's second term. Economic growth, increased job opportunities, and falling inflation rates were among some of the key issues discussed in this address. Reagan advocated for both an increase in national defense and a reevaluation of the federal budget, arguing the importance of national

title: 2002 State of the Union Address

text: 1790, State of the Union addresses have been given once a year. They were given originally as written reports, but are now given as verbal orations before a formal audience, with the U.S. president addressing joint sessions of the U.S. Congress at the U.S. Capitol building in Washington, D.C., with the U.S. Vice President and U.S. Speaker of the House of Representatives sitting on a podium behind the president. As the U.S. president, Bush gave the 2002 State of the Union Address on January 29, 2002. He addressed a joint session of the 107th U.S. Congress and special guests, as

text: be signed within 48 hours as per Duterte's pledge during the speech. Duterte ended the speech saying he would not bore the audience with a list of projects by the administration. 2018 State of the Nation Address (Philippines) The 2018 State of the Nation Address was the third State of the Nation Address delivered by President Rodrigo Duterte. On June 5, 2018, Joyce Bernal who is known for her romance comedy films, was selected to direct the 2018 State of the Nation Address. She was recommended by actor Robin Padilla to President Rodrigo Duterte with the head of state approving

text: 2010 State of the Nation Address (Philippines) The 2010 State of the Nation Address is the first State of the Nation Address made by President Benigno Aquino III. This marked the first time the State of the Nation Address is delivered in Filipino language. Two former president of the Philippines, Joseph Estrada and Fidel Ramos were among the attendees of the SONA. Among those who also attended were Vice President Jejomar Binay, Chief Justice Renato Corona, and Papal Nuncio and Head of the Diplomatic Corps, Edward Joseph Adams. Former President and Aquino's predecessor, current Pampanga 2nd District Representative Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

title: State of the Nation Address (Belarus)

text: State of the Nation Address (Belarus) The State of the Nation Address (Belarusian:Зварот Прэзідэнта Рэспублікі Беларусь з пасланнем да беларускага народа і Нацыянальнага сходу Рэспублікі Беларусь, "Zvarot Prezidenta Respubłiki Bjełaruś z pasłanniem da biełaruskaga naroda i Nacyjanalnaga schodu Respubłiki Bjełaruś") is an annual speech given by the Belarusian President to outline the state and condition in which Belarus is in. The Address is given in front of a joint meeting of the two houses of the Belarusian Parliament: House of Representatives and Council of the Republic. The date of the presidential State-of-the-Nation Address is not fixed, and is determined each

title: 2006 State of the Union Address

text: 2006 State of the Union Address The 2006 State of the Union Address was delivered by United States President George W. Bush at 9 p.m. EST (0200 UTC) on Tuesday, January 31, 2006 to a joint session of the U.S. Congress. The address outlined the President's legislative proposals for the upcoming year and referenced the budget deficit, health care reform, the War on Terror, the Occupation of Iraq, Iran's nuclear program, the rising price of gasoline and the transfer to independent sources of alternative energy, illegal immigration, Hurricane Katrina and the federal response to natural disasters, Avian influenza (H5N1) outbreak,

title: State of the Union


question: what are the ranks in the us navy

answers: E-8s senior chief petty officer

answers: E-9s master chief petty officer

title: Navy

text: The United Kingdom's Royal Navy has had similar restrictions. Australia, Canada, Norway, and Spain previously opened submarine service to women sailors. A navy will typically have two sets of ranks, one for enlisted personnel and one for officers. Typical ranks for commissioned officers include the following, in ascending order (Commonwealth ranks are listed first on each line; USA ranks are listed second in those instances where they differ from Commonwealth ranks): "Flag officers" include any rank that includes the word "admiral" (or commodore in services other than the US Navy), and are generally in command of a battle group, strike

title: Personnel of the United States Navy

text: the "warfare qualification", which denotes a journeyman level of capability in Surface Warfare, Aviation Warfare, Naval Aircrew, Special Warfare, Submarine Warfare or Expeditionary Warfare. Many qualifications are denoted on a sailor's uniform with U.S. Navy badges and insignia. Commissioned officers in the navy have pay grades ranging from O-1 to O-10, with O-10 being the highest; those with paygrades between O-1 through O-4 are considered junior officers and O-5 and O-6 as senior officers. Officers in the O-7 to O-10 range are called flag officers or "the admiralty". Promotion through O-8 is based on performance in an officer's current paygrade,

text: pay grade. The official term for this process is a promotion. Commissioned naval officers originate from the United States Naval Academy, the United States Merchant Marine Academy, other Service Academies (United States Military Academy or United States Air Force Academy), Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC), Officer Candidate School (OCS), the since-disestablished Aviation Officer Candidate School (AOCS), and a host of other commissioning programs such as the "Seaman to Admiral-21" program and the limited duty officer/chief warrant officer (LDO/CWO) selection program. There are also a small number of direct commissioned officers, primarily staff corps officers in the medical, dental, nurse,

title: Midshipman

text: mechanical engineering, or logistics. After passing the final fleet examination, they are promoted to the rank of sub-lieutenant. In the modern United States Navy a midshipman is classified as an officer of the line, though their exercise of authority is limited by their training status. Legally, midshipmen are a special grade of officer that ranks between the senior enlisted grade (E-9) and the lowest grade of chief warrant officer (W-2, U. S. Navy or U.S. Coast Guard) or warrant officer (W-1), U. S. Army or U. S. Marine Corps. Students at the United States Naval Academy (USNA) are appointed as

title: United States Navy

text: of the time, and have tended to follow that template. The commissioned officer ranks of the U.S. Navy are divided into three categories: junior officers, senior officers, and flag officers. Junior officers are those officers in pay grades O-1 to O-4, while senior officers are those in pay grades O-5 and O-6, and flag officers are those in pay grades of O-7 and above. Navy officers serve either as a line officer or as a staff corps officer. Line officers wear an embroidered gold star above their rank of the naval service dress uniform while staff corps officers and commissioned

title: History of United States Navy ratings

text: ranks, and enlisted ratings of the early Continental Navy were direct carryovers from the Royal Navy hierarchy of uniforms, ranks, and insignia. The first American Naval ranks consisted of simply Captain, Lieutenant, and Midshipman. Shipboard warrant officer ranks, such as Sailing Master, Boatswain, Carpenter, Gunner, and Purser, were also copied from the British system. The earliest form of U.S. Navy enlisted ratings may be traced to the Petty Officers assigned as assistants to the shipboard warrant officers. The oldest such ratings, still in use today, is that of Boatswain's Mate, Quartermaster, and Gunnersmate. The rating of Armourer was also in

text: United States Navy officer rank insignia In the United States Navy, officers have various ranks. Equivalency between services is by pay grade. United States Navy commissioned officer ranks have two distinct sets of rank insignia: On dress uniform a series of stripes similar to Commonwealth naval ranks are worn; on service khaki, working uniforms (Navy Working Uniform [NWU], and coveralls), and special uniform situations (combat utilities, flight suits, and USMC uniforms when worn by Navy officers assigned or attached to USMC units), the rank insignia are similar to the equivalent rank in the US Army or US Air Force. In

title: Comparison of United Kingdom and United States military ranks

text: career progression with the British army, both rising from the rank of private to brigadier during World War II. In the US military such advancement is not uncommon, all four services maintaining programs that select promising enlisted men and women for the commissioned ranks. Notes to table above The British Armed Forces do not use the term Enlisted Ranks. The equivalent in the Royal Navy is Ratings and in the other services is Other Ranks (divided into Warrant Officers, Non-Commissioned Officers and Soldiers or Airmen). UK and US ranks are categorised in the NATO rank code system OR-1 to OR-9.

title: Naval officer ranks

text: in the US military. While countries outside the NATO command structure (including some NATO member countries such as France) do not strictly fall into this classification structure and there may be incidences of overlap (particularly in ranks between countries) the codes still provide a useful gauge in determining what ranks are broadly equivalent. These are the highest ranks. Promotion to a rank above OF-9 is now rare and usually reserved for wartime. Fleet admiral is an example of such a rank. Note that there is doubt about rank equivalence in countries that have fleet admirals but no commodores, such as

text: the U.S. Navy, pay grades for officers are: Note 1: The Navy does not currently use pay grade WO-1, warrant officer. A warrant officer (WO-1) is an officer, but not a commissioned officer. Warrant officers (W-1) are "appointed" to their grade with a "warrant" in lieu of a commission while chief warrant officers in the Navy are "commissioned" as warrant officers. The Army and Marine Corps currently appoint warrant officers to this pay grade. In the event that officers demonstrate superior performance and prove themselves capable of performing at the next higher pay grade, they are given an increase in

title: Uniformed services pay grades of the United States

text: "inferior officers," they are recognized as having only a precedence below the most junior warrant officer, and above the enlisted grades, and almost entirely lack any authority over any other servicemembers (including other cadets and midshipmen) except for specific internal Academy functions, or very narrowly drawn training purposes while serving with their Service for leadership and skills development. Those officers appointed to attend the US Merchant Marine Academy (the fifth Federal Service Academy), by the Administrator of the Maritime Administration (within the Department of Transportation), will also be appointed by the Secretary of the Navy directly as Midshipmen, US Navy

title: Lieutenant commander (United States)

text: Cadet Corps. Lieutenant commanders rank above lieutenants and below commanders, and rank is equivalent to a major in the United States Army, United States Air Force, and United States Marine Corps. Promotion to lieutenant commander in the U.S. Navy is governed by United States Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980. DOPMA guidelines suggest 80% of lieutenants should be promoted to lieutenant commander after serving a minimum of three years at their present rank and after attaining nine to eleven years of cumulative commissioned service. While lieutenant commander is the U.S. Navy's first

title: Personnel of the United States Navy

text: be "advanced". Two notable advancements are from Seaman to Petty Officer Third Class (E-3 to E-4) and from Petty Officer First Class to Chief Petty Officer (E-6 to E-7). Advancement to Chief Petty Officer is especially significant and is marked by a special induction ceremony. Enlisted members are said to be "rated", meaning that they possess a "rating", or occupational specialty. Members of grades E-1 to E-3 can become "strikers", meaning they have rating designations like Petty Officer (example: a BM3 is a Petty Officer Third Class rated as a Boatswain's Mate; BMSN is a Seaman designated as a Boatswain's

title: Naval officer ranks

text: higher level of seniority over other equivalent rank codes in a given situation. Officer ranks go from OF-1 (applying to all subaltern officers below (army) captain) up to OF-10; OF(D) being a special category for trainee officers awaiting a commission. Other ranks (those considered enlisted men in the United States forces) are classified from OR-1 to OR-9. Warrant officers in the United States forces are a special case as single track career specialists between the enlisted and officer ranks in terms of seniority, and have no NATO rank code. The system should not be confused with the pay grades used

title: List of United States Navy enlisted rates

title: Personnel of the United States Navy

text: Officer Program. They typically become CWOs in specialties that are most related to their previous enlisted rating. Like Staff Corps officers, CWOs wear special insignia above the rank devices on their shoulder boards and sleeves to indicate their field of expertise. Enlisted members of the navy have pay grades from E-1 to E-9, with E-9 being the highest. All enlisted sailors with paygrades of E-4 and higher are considered "Petty Officers" while those at E-7 and higher are further named "Chief Petty Officers". Those who demonstrate superior performance are given an increase in paygrade; the official navy term is to

title: Ensign (rank)

text: lieutenant junior grade, and it is equivalent to a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army, the Marine Corps, and the Air Force. Where a newly-commissioned ensign is assigned in the Navy is dependent on status as either an unrestricted line, restricted line, or staff corps officer. For unrestricted line officers, Depending on assignment to which warfare community, prospective Surface Warfare Officers (SWO) will spend 22 weeks at Surface Warfare Officer School followed by assignment to a warship for qualification as a SWO. Prospective Submarine Warfare Officers will attend Naval Nuclear Power School for 26 weeks, followed by Nuclear Power Training

title: Lieutenant (navy)

text: be promoted to lieutenant after serving a minimum of two years at the lower rank. The insignia of a lieutenant in many navies, including the Royal Navy, consists of two medium gold braid stripes (top stripe with loop) on a navy blue or black background. This pattern was copied by the United States Navy and various air forces for their equivalent ranks grades, except that the executive curl is removed. (see flight lieutenant). The first lieutenant (1st Lt or 1LT) in the Royal Navy and other Commonwealth navies, is a post or appointment, rather than a rank. Historically, the lieutenants

title: Captain (United States O-6)

text: and Atmospheric Administration ship of patrol boat size or greater, while officers below O-6 commanding aviation squadrons (typically O-5 commanders) will usually use the less formal title of "skipper". ("see rank vs. title") In the United States Navy, captain (abbreviated CAPT) is a senior officer rank, with the pay grade of O-6. It ranks above commander and below rear admiral (lower half). It is equivalent to the rank of colonel in the other uniformed services. Promotion to captain is governed by Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act (DOPMA) of 1980 or its companion Reserve

title: United States Naval Academy

text: warrant officer (W-2) in the Navy and Coast Guard (the Navy and Coast Guard discontinued the rank of warrant officer, WO-1, in 1975). Additionally, midshipmen rank below warrant officer (W-1) in the Marine Corps and the Army, and below second lieutenant (O-1) in the Air Force (the Air Force ceased appointing warrant officers in 1959 and the last USAF WO died in 2008). Midshipmen are classified not as freshmen, sophomores, juniors, and seniors, but as fourth class, third class, second class, and first class, respectively. A member of the entering class—the fourth class, the lowest rank of midshipmen—is also known

title: Republic of Korea Navy

text: and enlisted (seaman), in decreasing order of authority. Commissioned officer ranks are subdivided into flag officers, senior officers (Lieutenant Commander through Captain), and junior officers (Ensign through Lieutenant). ROK Navy commissioned officer ranks have two distinct sets of rank insignia: on dress uniform a series of stripes similar to Commonwealth naval ranks are worn, while on service uniforms, working uniforms, and special uniform situations (combat utilities and flight suits), the rank insignia are the same as the equivalent rank in the Army or the Air Force. All three branches – the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force of the

title: First lieutenant

text: by a lieutenant or, in the case of extremely large warships such as cruisers or aircraft carriers, the position of "first lieutenant" may be held by a lieutenant commander or even commander. However, on submarines and in aircraft squadrons, where the deck department may only have a few junior sailors, the "first lieutenant" billet may be filled by a first-class petty officer or chief petty officer. What is known in the U.S. Navy as the "first lieutenant division" is usually composed of junior sailors (E-3 and below) who are completing their ninety days of temporary assigned duty, or TAD, that

title: Familias Regnant universe

text: Force rank of major after the rank of lieutenant. She then continues the naval ranks so that an O-5 would be a lieutenant commander, and an O-6 would be a commander. The last rank before "flag rank" is commander. This is the equivalent of a captain in the US Navy, or a colonel in the other services. It appears, in this series, that "captain" is used only to refer to the captain of a vessel, of any rank, which is the tradition in the Navy. The flag ranks, in the novels, appear to be admiral minor, admiral major, and grand

title: Lieutenant commander

text: United States Navy, and a "lieutenant in command," "lieutenant and commander," or "senior lieutenant" in the Royal Navy. The USN settled on "lieutenant commander" in 1862 and made it a distinct rank. The RN followed suit in March 1914. The insignia worn by a Royal Navy lieutenant commander is two medium gold braid stripes with one thin gold stripe running in between, placed upon a navy blue/black background. The top stripe has the ubiquitous loop used in all RN officer rank insignia, except for the rank of Midshipman. The RAF follows this pattern with its equivalent rank of squadron leader.

title: Military rank

text: petty officer and petty officer (navy and coast guard). In many navies the term "rate" is used to designate specialty, while "rank" denotes paygrade. In some countries warrant officers come under the non-commissioned officer branch (senior non-commissioned officiers). Personnel with no command authority usually bear titles such as private, airman/aircraftman, or seaman (starting with seaman recruit in the United States Navy and Coast Guard). In the United States Marine Corps individuals of all ranks regardless of command status may be referred to as "Marine". In the United States Air Force individuals of all ranks regardless of command status may be

title: Warrant officer (United States)

text: warrant officers. In accordance with the law, the USMS rank structure must be the same as that of the U.S. Coast Guard, while uniforms worn are those of the U.S. Navy, with distinctive USMS insignia and devices. Warrant officer (United States) In the United States Armed Forces, the ranks of warrant officer (grades W‑1 to W‑5; see "NATO: WO1–WO5") are rated as officers above the senior-most enlisted ranks, including all candidates, and cadets and midshipmen, but subordinate to the officer grade of O‑1 (NATO: OF‑1). This application differs from the Commonwealth of Nations and other militaries, where warrant officers are

title: Other ranks (UK)

text: men" or the "officers, warrant officers and other ranks". In British India, a distinction was made between British other ranks (BORs) and Indian other ranks (IORs). Other ranks (UK) Other ranks (ORs) in the Royal Marines, British Army, Royal Air Force and in the armies and air forces of many other Commonwealth countries are those personnel who are not commissioned officers, usually including non-commissioned officers (NCOs). (In the Royal Navy, these personnel are called "ratings" rather than "other ranks". Non-commissioned member is the equivalent term for the Canadian Armed Forces.) Colloquially, members of the other ranks are known as "rankers".

title: Lieutenant

text: In the US Navy the rank was called master until 1883, when it was renamed lieutenant, junior grade. In many navies, a sub-lieutenant is a naval commissioned or subordinate officer, ranking below a lieutenant, but in Brazil it is the highest non-commissioned rank, and in Spain it is the second highest non-commissioned rank. In Portugal, sub-lieutenant is the rank of a junior naval officer graduated from a civil university or promoted from a NCO rank, while the equivalent rank of an officer graduated in the naval academy is designated midshipman. The United States Marine Corps and British Royal Marines both

title: Captain (United States O-3)

text: Captain (United States O-3) In the United States Army (), U.S. Marine Corps (USMC), and U.S. Air Force (USAF), captain (abbreviated "CPT" in the and "Capt" in the USMC and USAF) is a company grade officer rank, with the pay grade of O-3. It ranks above first lieutenant and below major. It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant in the Navy/Coast Guard officer rank system. The insignia for the rank consists of two silver bars, with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version. Promotion to captain is governed by Department of Defense policies

title: United States Maritime Service

text: which denote rank are almost identical to the U.S. Navy ranks. The exception comes from the rank denoted by a silver star. In the Navy, a single silver star represents the rank of Rear Admiral (Lower Half), and progressive numbers of stars represent other admiral or "flag" ranks up to Fleet Admiral which contains five stars. In the U.S Maritime Service, one silver star denotes the rank of Commodore. Despite the many differences, the uniforms of the two services are very similar. Both services wear a khaki uniform. However, the U.S. Maritime Service wears their rank devices on the right

long_answer: A United States Navy enlisted rate indicates where an enlisted sailor stands within the chain of command, and also defines one's pay grade. An enlisted sailor's rate is similar conceptually to a naval officer's rank. Only naval officers carry the term "rank". The word rate refers to an enlisted sailor's pay grade, while the word rating refers to one's area of occupational specialization within the enlisted Navy. Associated with the enlisted pay grades is a numbering system from the most junior enlisted sailor ("E-1") to the most senior enlisted sailor ("E-9"). This enlisted numbering system is the same across all five branches of the U.S. military. All E-1 through E-3 are known as Seamen. E-4 through E-6 are called petty officers. All E-7s are called chief petty officer, E-8s senior chief petty officer, and E-9s master chief petty officer. Rates are displayed on a rating badge, which is a combination of rate and rating. E-2s and E-3s have color-coded group rate marks based on their career field. Personnel in pay grade E-1, since 1996, do not have an insignia to wear.

short_answers:
E-8s senior chief petty officer
E-9s master chief petty officer


question: who owns the majority of the us debt

answers: China

answers: Japan and China

answers: Japan

answers: the public

title: National debt of the United States

text: public portion is moved and combined with the total government portion, because this amount is owned by the Federal Reserve as part of United States monetary policy. (See Federal Reserve System.) As is apparent from the chart, a little less than half of the total national debt is owed to the "Federal Reserve and intragovernmental holdings". The foreign and international holders of the debt are also put together from the notes, bills, and bonds sections. To the right is a chart for the data as of June 2008: As of September 2014, foreigners owned $6.06 trillion of U.S. debt, or

title: Presidency of Barack Obama

text: did not like the deal, the bill passed the Republican House in large part due to the fact that the failure to pass any bill would have resulted in the total expiration of the Bush tax cuts. US government debt grew substantially during the Great Recession, as government revenues fell and Obama largely eschewed the austerity policies followed by many European countries. US government debt grew from 52% of GDP when Obama took office in 2009 to 74% in 2014, with most of the growth in debt coming between 2009 and 2012. In 2010, Obama ordered the creation of the

title: Financial position of the United States

text: as Americans hold in foreign debt. 15.2% of all US debt is owed to foreigners. Of the $7.9 trillion Americans owe to foreigners, $3.9 trillion is owed by the federal government. 48% of US treasury securities are held by foreigners. Foreigners hold $1.28 trillion in agency- and government sponsored enterprise-backed securities, and another $2.33 trillion in US corporate bonds. Foreigners hold 24% of domestic corporate debt and 17% of domestic corporate equity. Economist Martin Wolf explained in July 2012 that government fiscal balance is one of three major financial sectoral balances in the U.S. economy, the others being the foreign

title: National debt of the United States

text: even if the expenditures have already been approved (in the budget) and have been appropriated. If this situation were to occur, it is unclear whether Treasury would be able to prioritize payments on debt to avoid a default on its debt obligations, but it would have to default on some of its non-debt obligations. Because a large variety of people own the notes, bills, and bonds in the "public" portion of the debt, Treasury also publishes information that groups the types of holders by general categories to portray who owns United States debt. In this data set, some of the

title: Bob Turner (American politician)

text: said the national debt was $4 trillion when the correct number was $14 trillion. Turner, according to the "New York Times", "aggressively courted observant Jewish voters", and painted Weprin as a puppet of President Obama, who would not stand up for Israel. Turner won strong support from Orthodox Jewish leaders, and won crossover endorsements, two key ones being New York Assemblyman Dov Hikind, and former New York Mayor Ed Koch, both Democrats and Jews. Turner began the campaign with a disadvantage in fundraising because the national and state Republican parties had spent heavily in previous special elections in New York

title: Criticism of United States foreign policy

text: States to manipulation. As a result, the U.S. trading partners gained an ability to influence the U.S. foreign policy decision-making process by manipulating, for example, the currency exchange rate, or restricting the flow of goods and raw materials. In addition, more than 40% of the U.S. foreign debt is currently owned by the big institutional investors from overseas, who continue to accumulate the Treasury bonds. A reporter for "The Washington Post" wrote that "several less-than-democratic African leaders have skillfully played the anti-terrorism card to earn a relationship with the United States that has helped keep them in power", and suggested,

title: Addison Wiggin

text: Dollar Era. We're in an unsustainable trend right now," Wiggin told me, ticking off the miscalculations that have brought us to the brink of an economic apocalypse. To begin with, the U.S. has become the world's biggest debtor, with three outstanding obligations at alarming highs: consumer debt, or our mortgages and credit cards; the federal deficit; and our current account deficit with foreign countries. Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan, Wiggin continued, has simply shifted one bubble -- the 90's bubble in stocks and bonds -- into another, in real estate and "overconsumption," or the American propensity to pay for an

title: Economic policy of Donald Trump

text: the debt. Trump said that he would not seek to renegotiate the bonds, but rather would seek to buy the bonds back at a discount. Economists and other experts variously described Trump's debt proposal as incoherent, fanciful, and reckless, stating that the proposal, if carried into effect, "would send interest rates soaring, derail economic growth and undermine confidence in the world's most trusted financial asset." Tony Fratto, a former U.S. Treasury Department who served under George W. Bush, termed Trump's suggestion to refinance the U.S. debt "an insane idea" that "would cause creditors to rightly question the 'full faith' commitment

title: Economic policy of Donald Trump

text: we make." The "New York Times" reported that: "Repurchasing debt is a fairly common tactic in the corporate world, but it only works if the debt is trading at a discount. If creditors think they are going to get 80 cents for every dollar they are owed, they may be overjoyed to get 90 cents. Mr. Trump's companies had sometimes been able to retire debt at a discount because creditors feared they might default ... However, the United States simply cannot pursue a similar strategy. The government runs an annual deficit, so it must borrow to retire existing debt. Any

title: United States debt-ceiling crisis of 2013

text: debt ceiling would cause delays in payments including benefits and government employees' salaries and lead to default on government debt. President Obama urged Congress to raise the debt ceiling without conditions to avoid a default by the United States on government debt. Raising the debt ceiling was also supported by Ben Bernanke, chairman of the Federal Reserve. Republican Speaker of the House, John Boehner and the Senate Republican minority leader, Mitch McConnell as well as other Republicans argued that the debt ceiling should not be raised unless spending is cut by an amount equal to or greater than the debt

title: United States debt-ceiling crisis of 2011

text: conditions. The May 31 vote was 318 to 97, with all 236 Republicans and 82 Democrats voting to defeat the bill. The Republicans largely believed a deficit reduction deal should be based solely on spending cuts, including cuts to entitlements, without any tax increases, to reduce or solve the long-term issue of debt. Obama and the Democrats in the US Congress wanted an increase in the debt ceiling to solve the short-term borrowing problem, and in exchange supported a decrease in the budget deficit, to be funded by a combination of spending cuts and revenue increases. Some prominent liberal economists,

text: is debated. The debt-ceiling crisis of 2011 has shown how a party in control of only one chamber of Congress (in this case, Republicans in control of the House of Representatives but not the Senate or the Presidency) can have significant influence if it chooses to block the routine raising of the debt limit. Underlying the contentious debate over raising the debt ceiling has been an anxiety, growing since 2008, about the large United States federal budget deficits and the increasing federal debt. According to the Congressional Budget Office (CBO): "At the end of 2008, that debt equaled 40 percent

title: Michael Hudson (economist)

text: debts) were aimed at restraining the economic development of Third World countries in those sectors of the economy where the United States was afraid of the emergence of competition. At the same time, the United States actively imposed free trade policies on developing countries, a policy that was the reverse of the one that led their country to prosperity. After the cancellation of the conversion of dollars into gold, the United States forced foreign central banks to buy United States treasuries that are used to finance the federal deficit and large military. In exchange for providing a net surplus of

title: History of the United States public debt

text: debt as a percentage of GDP reached its highest level during Harry Truman's first presidential term, during and after World War II. Public debt as a percentage of GDP fell rapidly in the post-World War II period, and reached a low in 1973 under President Richard Nixon. Debt as a share of GDP has consistently increased since then, except during the terms of presidents Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton. Public debt rose during the 1980s, as President Reagan cut tax rates and increased military spending. It fell during the 1990s, due to decreased military spending, increased taxes and the 1990s

title: National debt of the United States

text: On November 7, 2016, debt held by the public was $14.3 trillion or about 76% of the previous 12 months of GDP. Intragovernmental holdings stood at $5.4 trillion, giving a combined total gross national debt of $19.8 trillion or about 106% of the previous 12 months of GDP; $6.2 trillion or approximately 45% of the debt held by the public was owned by foreign investors, the largest of which were Japan and China at about $1.09 trillion for Japan and $1.06 trillion for China as of December 2016.

text: over the issue of US dollar. The downgrade started a sell-off in every major stock market index around the world, threatening a stock market crash in the international markets. The G7 finance ministers scheduled a meeting to discuss the "global financial crisis that concerns all countries." Politically, the crisis caused support for the Republican Party to drop, whose support for the debt-ceiling deal was needed as it controlled the House. The party saw its approval ratings drop from 41 percent in July to 33 percent in August. Nevertheless, President Obama saw his approval ratings drop to a record low of

title: Balance of payments

text: the US which currently has by far the biggest deficit. The conventional view is that current account factors are the primary cause – these include the exchange rate, the government's fiscal deficit, business competitiveness, and private behaviour such as the willingness of consumers to go into debt to finance extra consumption. An alternative view, argued at length in a 2005 paper by Ben Bernanke, is that the primary driver is the capital account, where a global savings glut caused by savers in surplus countries, runs ahead of the available investment opportunities, and is pushed into the US resulting in excess

title: Joe Biden

text: reduction plan. The U.S. debt ceiling crisis developed over the next couple of months, but it was again Biden's relationship with McConnell that proved to be a key factor in breaking a deadlock and finally bringing about a bipartisan deal to resolve it, in the form of the Budget Control Act of 2011, signed on August 2, 2011, the same day that an unprecedented U.S. default had loomed. Biden had spent the most time bargaining with Congress on the debt question of anyone in the administration, and one Republican staffer said, "Biden's the only guy with real negotiating authority, and

text: Government Accountability Office reported in February 2011 that managing debt when delays in raising the debt limit occur diverts Treasury's resources away from other cash and debt management responsibilities and that Treasury's borrowing costs modestly increased during debt limit debates in 2002, 2003, 2010 and 2011. If the interest payments on the national debt are not made, the US would be in default, potentially causing catastrophic economic consequences for the US and the wider world as well. (Effects outside the US would be likely because the United States is a major trading partner with many countries. Other major world powers

title: Financial position of the United States

text: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2010 Accounts The Federal Reserve issues routine reports on the flows and levels of debt in the United States. As of the first quarter of 2010, the Federal Reserve estimated that total public and private debt owed by American households, businesses, and government totaled $50 trillion, or roughly $175,000 per American and 3.5 times GDP. Interest payments on debt by US households, businesses, governments, and nonprofits totaled $3.29 trillion in 2008. The financial sector paid an additional $178.6 billion in interest on deposits. In 1946, the total US debt-to-GDP ratio was 150%, with two-thirds of

title: Financial position of the United States

text: sector owed $3 billion of debt, or 1.35% of GDP. By 2009 this had increased to $15.6 trillion, or 109.5% of GDP. Most debt owed by the US financial sector is in the form of federal government sponsored enterprise (GSE) issues and agency-backed securities. This refers to securities guaranteed and mediated by federal agencies and GSEs such as Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae, and Freddie Mac, among others. This group also includes the mortgage pools that are used as collateral in collateralized mortgage obligations. The proportion of financial sector debt owed in the form of GSE and federally related mortgage pools

title: National debt of the United States

text: defaulted on $122 million in Treasury bills, which was less than 1% of U.S. debt. The Treasury Department characterized it as a delay rather than as a default, but it did have consequences for short-term interest rates, which jumped 0.6%. Others view it as a temporary, partial default. The following is a list of the top foreign holders of US Treasury securities as listed by the US Treasury (revised by October 2018 survey): A 1998 Brookings Institution study published by the Nuclear Weapons Cost Study Committee (formed in 1993 by the W. Alton Jones Foundation), calculated that total expenditures for

title: Abdul Hassan (lawyer)

text: "because the national debt and deficit are so large it is impossible to solve the deficit and debt problem with spending cuts and/or tax increases without destroying our way of life. The significant tax increases or spending cuts needed to solve the debt problem would have such a huge negative impact on our standard of living that any politician voting for such measures would be voted out of office." Under his plan, all budget deficits will be funded by bonds purchased by the Federal Reserve Bank. He said "We will no longer sell bonds to other countries or to Wall

title: 2016: Obama's America

text: the debt issue "terrifying", and believes that the movie illuminates how Obama's experiences before the presidency impact his political ideology. Molen is also "concerned about the plans for the disarmament of the U.S." and feels that "Israel has been thrown underneath the bus by this administration". The registered Republican considers himself a fiscally conservative independent, indicating that he has previously voted for Democrats in addition to Republicans, and priding himself on his evaluation of all the candidates. D'Souza formed Obama's America Foundation (OAF) with Christopher Williams and Douglas Sain to raise funds for the film and oversee all business, marketing

title: Political debates about the United States federal budget

text: over the next decade," a claim which Politifact rated as "Mostly True." President Obama had pledged not to raise taxes except on high income taxpayers, so his debt figure included the extension of the Bush tax cuts for most taxpayers. These facts did not stop Republicans from blaming the President for the ensuing debts during his administration. One study summarized in the "New York Times" estimated that President Bush's policies added $5.07 trillion to the debt between 2002–2009, while President Obama's policies would add an estimated $1.44 trillion to the debt between 2009–2017. The CBO forecasts the annual budget surplus

title: Money market fund

text: large "private" banks, and controls the overall supply of money in the United States. The OCC is housed within the Treasury Department, which in turn manages the issuance and maintenance of the multi-trillion dollar debt of the U.S. government. The overall debt is of course connected to ongoing federal government spending vs. actual ongoing tax receipts. Unquestionably, the private banking industry, bank regulation, the national debt, and ongoing governmental spending politics are substantially interconnected. Interest rates incurred on the national debt is subject to rate setting by the Fed, and inflation (all else being equal) allows today's fixed debt obligation

title: Financial position of the United States

text: owed $251 billion of debt or 102.7% of GDP. By 2009 this figure had risen to $7.8 trillion, but the federal government's debt-to-GDP ratio had fallen to 54.75%. The federal government held $1.4 trillion in assets at the end of 2009. This is more than double the assets held by the federal government in 2007 ($686 billion), mainly due to the acquisition of corporate equities, credit market debt, and cash. The federal government held $223 billion in corporate equity at the beginning of 2009; this had fallen to $67.4 billion at the end of that year. These figures do not

title: National debt of the United States

text: corporate tax rate and the expanded ability to immediately deduct the full value of equipment purchases". According to the Treasury report in early October, summarized by "Business Insider"'s Bob Bryan, the US federal budget deficit rose as a result of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 signed into law by President Donald Trump on December 22, 2017 and the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 signed into law on March 23, 2018. In a October 16, 2018 interview with Bloomberg News, Mitch McConnell said that the debt was driven by "the three big entitlement programs that are very popular, Medicare,

text: such as Paul Krugman, Larry Summers, and Brad DeLong, and prominent investors such as Bill Gross, went even further, and argued that not only should the debt ceiling be raised, but federal spending (and, therefore, the deficit) should be increased in the short term (as long as the economy remains in the liquidity trap), which they believed would stimulate the economy, reduce unemployment, and ultimately reduce the deficit in the medium to long term. Some Tea Party Caucus and other Republicans, however, (including, but not limited to, Senators Jim DeMint, Rand Paul, and Mike Lee, and Representatives Michele Bachmann, Ron

title: National debt of the United States

text: too volatile. According to Paul Krugman, "America actually earns more from its assets abroad than it pays to foreign investors." Nonetheless, the country's net international investment position represents a debt of more than $7 trillion. The CBO estimated the impact of Trump's tax cuts and separate spending legislation over the 2018-2028 period in their annual "Budget & Economic Outlook", released in April 2018: The CBO reports its "Long-Term Budget Outlook" annually, providing at least two scenarios for spending, revenue, deficits, and debt. The 2014 Outlook mainly covers the 25-year period through 2039. The "extended baseline scenario" assumes that the laws

title: National debt of the United States

short_answers:
Japan
Japan and China
the public