question: whats the movie called with justin timberlake and time

answers: In Time

title: Justin Timberlake videography

text: and attained box office success. The same year, Timberlake released his second studio album "FutureSex/LoveSounds"—four music videos for singles from the album were shot. Samuel Bayer directed the music video for "What Goes Around... Comes Around" (2007) in which American actress Scarlett Johansson plays Timberlake's love interest. From 2007 until 2009, he appeared in the music videos for his collaborations with other artists including 50 Cent ("Ayo Technology"), Madonna ("4 Minutes") and T.I. ("Dead and Gone"). Timberlake starred in the 2010 drama "The Social Network", in which he portrayed Sean Parker, the first president of Facebook. The film received acclaim

title: Justin Timberlake videography

text: from critics and was a box office success. In 2011, he starred in the comedies "Bad Teacher" and "Friends with Benefits" alongside Cameron Diaz and Mila Kunis respectively. Both films were financial successes. The music videos for his songs "Mirrors" and "Suit & Tie" were released in 2013. They earned him a MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year and a Grammy Award for Best Music Video, respectively. Timberlake has also hosted "Saturday Night Live" five times, being both host and musical guest three times. In film, he released "Justin Timberlake + The Tennessee Kids" and voiced Branch

title: FutureSex/LoveSounds

text: worldly electro-soul of Zayn Malik to the moody sound of newcomers like Bryson Tiller. The album also signaled Timberlake's transition from pop hitmaker and Hollywood It Boy to a legitimate force as a musician and actor." "FutureSex/LoveSounds" was ranked as the 97th best album of all time on the "Billboard Top 200 Albums of All Time". All tracks written by Justin Timberlake, Timothy Mosley and Nate Hills; produced by Timbaland, Timberlake and Nate "Danja" Hills; except where noted. Credits are adapted from Allmusic. FutureSex/LoveSounds FutureSex/LoveSounds is the second studio album by American singer-songwriter Justin Timberlake. It was released on September

title: Justin Timberlake

text: whose name means "from the forest." The album's first single, "Filthy", was released on January 5, along with its accompanying video directed by Mark Romanek. The electro-funk song has reached number 9 in the US and number 5 in Canada. The songs "Supplies", "Say Something" featuring Chris Stapleton and "Man of the Woods" were also released along with music videos ahead of the album. His collaboration with Stapleton also reached the top 10 in the US and Canada. An accompanying tour of the same name began in March in Toronto, Canada and is scheduled to end in January 2019, in

title: Justin Timberlake videography

text: Justin Timberlake videography American entertainer Justin Timberlake has released four video albums and has been featured in thirty-seven music videos, seventeen films, fifteen television shows, and six commercials. He achieved early fame when he appeared in the Disney Channel television series "The All-New Mickey Mouse Club", alongside singers Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera and actor Ryan Gosling. Timberlake rose to fame in the late 1990s as the lead singer of the boy band NSYNC. In 2002, he launched his solo career and released his solo debut single "Like I Love You", the music video for which was directed by Bucky

title: Rehab (Rihanna song)

text: costumes—writhing around with Justin is a real treat." In his book "Post Cinematic Affect" (2010), Steven Shaviro wrote that, in the videos of "Rehab", "Love Sex Magic" and "4 Minutes", Timberlake "radiates a smothering sexual heat", and that these videos "can be contrasted with the videos from Timberlake's own "Future Sex/Love Sounds" album which Joshua Clover convincingly describes as a 'homosocial' exchange between Timberlake and his producer Timbaland". The "Rehab" video won the Best Music Video award at the 2009 Urban Music Awards. On April 28, 2008, Rihanna performed at the Pepsi Center with Kanye West, N.E.R.D, and Lupe Fiasco.

title: Say Something (Justin Timberlake song)

text: upbeat country rock ballad that blends the electronic structures of "Man of the Woods" previously released songs "Filthy" and "Supplies" with Stapleton's country blues styles. The song comprises elements of gospel, pop, acoustic soul and jazz. Timberlake and Timbaland previously incorporated country sounds such as twangy guitars on tracks like "What Goes Around... Comes Around". The song features lyrics about reflection and regret, meditating on social pressure to have something to say and being unsure if you really do. "Nashville Scene" writer Stephen Trageser interpreted the lyrics as: Directed by Arturo Perez Jr. and produced by La Blogothèque, the video

title: Say Something (Justin Timberlake song)

text: Say Something (Justin Timberlake song) "Say Something" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Justin Timberlake featuring vocals by American singer Chris Stapleton. It was released on January 25, 2018 as the third single from his fifth studio album "Man of the Woods" (2018) along with its music video. The song was written and produced by Timberlake, Larrance Dopson, Floyd Nathaniel Hills, and Timbaland, with additional songwriting by Stapleton. It debuted at number 9 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming Timberlake's 19th top 10 single as a solo artist and Stapleton's first. It also reached number one in Slovakia

title: Justin Timberlake

text: Love", the album's second single, also produced by Timbaland and featuring rapper T.I., reached number one on the Hot 100, as did third single "What Goes Around... Comes Around". The song is reported to have been inspired by the break-up of his childhood friend and business partner, Trace Ayala, with actress Elisha Cuthbert. In October 2006, Timberlake said that he would focus on his music career rather than his film roles, specifying that leaving the music industry would be a "dumb thing to do at this point". He was the special guest performer at the 2006 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show

title: Rehab (Rihanna song)

text: that Timberlake's partner Jessica Biel was "said to be 'sick to her stomach' after seeing Rihanna wearing a revealing outfit while filming with Timberlake." Timberlake told "Access Hollywood", "I’m the guy in the video, so I had to give them all insecurities about that. But yeah we had a great time, we goofed around at the shoot most of the time." The video premiered November 17, 2008, on MTV. The video begins as Rihanna, scantily dressed and wearing fishnet stockings, stands against a convertible car in a desert. Timberlake, wearing a leather jacket and black jeans, arrives on a motorcycle.

title: Carry Out

text: because the process for creating the song was similar to those of other collaborations they have done. Timberlake would come into the studio and listen to the track. Afterwards, he would then compose the lyrics in his head. Upon explaining their method of making music, Timbaland stated that: "We got a chemistry that cannot be described. People ask, 'Well, what are you and Justin like?' Can't tell you what it's like — it's a chemistry that can't be described. Something you would have to see for yourself and be, like, 'Them two got magic'." Timbaland stated that the song resembles

title: Justin Timberlake videography

text: in "Trolls" in 2016. Justin Timberlake videography American entertainer Justin Timberlake has released four video albums and has been featured in thirty-seven music videos, seventeen films, fifteen television shows, and six commercials. He achieved early fame when he appeared in the Disney Channel television series "The All-New Mickey Mouse Club", alongside singers Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera and actor Ryan Gosling. Timberlake rose to fame in the late 1990s as the lead singer of the boy band NSYNC. In 2002, he launched his solo career and released his solo debut single "Like I Love You", the music video for which

title: Justin Timberlake

text: the previous day. Also in 2007, Timberlake made an appearance on 50 Cent's third album, "Curtis". Timberlake, along with Timbaland, is featured on a track called "Ayo Technology", which was the album's fourth single. Also, another possible collaboration was to occur with Lil Wayne for his album "Tha Carter III" with Nelly Furtado and Timbaland. With the wrapping up of the FutureSex/LoveSounds tour of Australasia and the Middle East in November 2007, Timberlake resumed his film career. Projects underway early in 2008 were starring roles in Mike Myers' comedy "The Love Guru" (released June 20, 2008) and Mike Meredith's drama

title: Justin Timberlake

text: years. You have to go back to 1979 for "Off the Wall", to find a pop album with a first half that matches up." He was ranked 66th on the VH1 100 Greatest Artists of All-Time. Timberlake appeared for the first time on the "Time" 100 list of most influential people in 2007. In 2013, Timberlake made his second appearance on the 100 list, with Stevie Wonder writing "Justin has accomplished a lot at a young age, taking advantage of all the possibilities, and yet he's found time to give of himself too—he gets and gives back. He has a

title: In Time

text: In Time is a 2011 American dystopian science fiction action thriller film written, directed, and produced by Andrew Niccol.  Justin Timberlake, Amanda Seyfried and Cillian Murphy star as people in a society where people stop aging at 25. Instead, a new economic system uses time as currency, and each person has a clock on their arm that counts down how long they have to live. The film was released on October 28, 2011.

title: Say Something (Justin Timberlake song)

text: Something". He told "Billboard", "I really just went out to Los Angeles to write songs with him, it's a very fluid process with him, there's a lot going on. That was one of those things where there wasn't necessarily a plan. He was like 'All right, you hop in there and take a verse,' and I'm like, 'You want me to do what?' ... It came out great. I had a blast with him, he's a great creative force and one of those guys that if you get a chance to work with him, you should." "Say Something" is an

title: Mirrors (Justin Timberlake song)

text: the 6th most popular song of the year on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The music video was directed by Floria Sigismondi and saw its world premiere as the highlight of an hour-long special on The CW in celebration of "The 20/20 Experience"'s release. Timberlake dedicated the music video to his maternal grandparents William and Sadie Bomar, who were married for 63 years until William's death in 2012. The video is choreographed by Noemie Lafrance. It features montages of three separate time periods of a couple's life, from their initial introduction and whimsically falling in love on a funhouse date (portrayed

title: Justin Timberlake

text: also co-wrote and performed on "Carry Out", the third single from Timbaland's album "Shock Value II", released on December 1, 2009. Timberlake appeared on Jimmy Fallon's debut as host of "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon" on March 2, 2009. Timberlake was the executive producer on the MTV reality series "The Phone", which premiered on April 21, 2009. In late 2009, Barbadian singer Rihanna released the album "Rated R", with Timberlake being one of the writers and producers. They both worked together previously for her third studio album "Good Girl Gone Bad". From 2010, Timberlake increased his acting work. He played

title: Until the End of Time (Justin Timberlake and Beyoncé song)

text: Until the End of Time (Justin Timberlake and Beyoncé song) "Until the End of Time" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Justin Timberlake from his second studio album, "FutureSex/LoveSounds" (2006), written and produced by Timberlake, Timbaland, and Nate "Danja" Hills. The song was later re-recorded as a duet featuring American singer Beyoncé, which was released as a single on November 13, 2007 and included on the Deluxe Edition of the album. It reached the top 20 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, being the sixth single from the album to do so, with Timberlake becoming the only male artist

title: Justin Timberlake

text: May 18, 2007. He also appeared as a young Elton John, in the video for John's song "This Train Don't Stop There Anymore". Timberlake was considered to play the role of Roger Davis in the film version of the rock musical "Rent", but director Chris Columbus had insisted that only the original Broadway members could convey the true meaning of "Rent", so the role was reprised by Adam Pascal. He continued to record with other artists. After "Where Is the Love?", he again collaborated with the Black Eyed Peas on the 2005 track "My Style" from their album "Monkey Business".

title: Justin Timberlake

text: Year along with Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for "Where Is the Love?" with The Black Eyed Peas. After the Super Bowl incident, Timberlake put his recording career on hold to act in several films, having starred in a few feature films earlier in his career. The first role he took during this time was as a journalist in "Edison Force", filmed in 2004 and received a direct-to-video release on July 18, 2006. He also appeared in the films "Alpha Dog", "Black Snake Moan", Richard Kelly's "Southland Tales", and voiced Prince Artie Pendragon in the animated film "Shrek the Third", released on

title: Mirrors (Justin Timberlake song)

text: critics. Jenna Hally Rubenstein of MTV Buzzworthy commented in a positive review, "Unlike "Suit & Tie"'s sultry and retro vibes, the selfie-taker's new jam reminds us a bit more of Justin's "FutureSex/LoveSounds" days with layered synths and ridiculously club-ready pop production courtesy of JT's main man Timbaland." Scott Shetler of "Popcrush" gave the single four stars out of five, writing: "The song relies on Timbaland’s familiar handclap-style beats and layers of synths and vocals, which instantly embed their way into your brain ... over a bed of gentle piano twinkling and a distorted Timbaland vocal loop, JT delivers some falsetto

title: Say Something (Justin Timberlake song)

text: was filmed using a technique known as "continuous motion" and shot in one take at the Bradbury Building in Los Angeles – famous for its appearance in the 1982 cult science fiction film "Blade Runner" – with elevators, balconies, and stairs that "personified the labyrinth" the concept required. The crew included 17 musicians and a 60-person choir, in order to record the video and audio live in only one take. The video starts with Timberlake alone in a room creating beats and effects on an MPC sampler. The camera follows him as he straps on an acoustic guitar and ascends

title: Justin Timberlake

text: New York opened in 2006 and 2007, respectively. In 2005, Timberlake launched the William Rast clothing line with childhood friend Juan ("Trace") Ayala. The 2007 line contained cord jackets, cashmere sweaters, jeans, and polo shirts. The pair reports inspiration from fellow Memphis native Elvis Presley: "Elvis is the perfect mixture of Justin and I," Ayala says. "You can go back and see pictures of him in cowboy boots and a cowboy hat and a nice button-down shirt, but then again you can see him in a tux and a collared shirt with rhinestones on it and slacks. We like to

title: Justin Timberlake

text: MGM Grand Garden Arena, the space-age themed concert film titled "Justin Timberlake + The Tennessee Kids" and directed by Jonathan Demme premiered at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival on September 13. Timberlake dedicated the film to Prince for influencing his music. Ahead of its debut at the film festival, the streaming service Netflix released it on October 12. Timberlake composed the soundtrack and served as music supervisor for the 2017 film "The Book of Love" which his wife Jessica Biel produced and starred in. Timberlake voiced the lead character in DreamWorks Animation's musical comedy "Trolls" opposite Anna Kendrick. The

title: Say Something (Justin Timberlake song)

text: expressed "Say Something" is a "more refined Justin Timberlake. It feels like an organic blend of musical elements. From the hip hop-inspired drums, to the country-driven guitar riff, gospel harmonies, and triumphant introspective vocals, you're left feeling satisfied... this is JT at his best and most honest." Forrest Wickman of "Slate" said the "long-anticipated duet lives up to the hype." For Idolator, Mike Neid said it is "the first song that truly feels on brand with the more organic styling of "Man of the Woods". It feels like a bit of a risk for JT, but it is one that

title: Justin Timberlake

text: May 14, 2014, a music video was also released featuring clips of Jackson, with Timberlake accompanied by a number of Jackson's fans performing some of Jackson's signature moves. The video was directed by Timberlake and Rich Lee. During 2015, Timberlake performed along with Jimmy Fallon the "Saturday Night Live" 40th Anniversary's cold open, returned to "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" as a guest to perform a sixth edition of the sketch "History of Rap", and performed along with Chris Stapleton at the Country Music Association Awards. Showcasing the final date of The 20/20 Experience World Tour at Las Vegas'

title: Justin Timberlake discography

text: number one in countries such as Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom. It was later certified four times platinum by the RIAA and six times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA); it sold over 10 million copies worldwide. Six singles were released from "FutureSex/LoveSounds", including the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart number-one hits "SexyBack", "My Love" and "What Goes Around... Comes Around". Throughout the late 2000s, Timberlake collaborated with several artists on the Hot 100 top ten singles, including "Give It to Me" by Timbaland, "4 Minutes" by Madonna and "Dead and Gone" by T.I.. In March 2013,<ref name="20/20release"></ref>

title: The 20/20 Experience

text: number 14, commenting "Timberlake came back as a lovesick adult, bouncing old-school soul ideas off of his best bud Timbaland and writing a modern-day symphony for his beloved, Jessica Biel, that stretched for over an hour. We all grow up, but few do so as stylishly as JT." The album, as part of the compilation "The 20/20 Experience – The Complete Experience", was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category Best Pop Vocal Album. Additionally, "Mirrors" was nominated for Best Pop Solo Performance, "Suit & Tie" for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance and Best Music Video, and "Pusher Love Girl"

title: Mirrors (Justin Timberlake song)

text: crooning and a heavy dose of “oohs” and “aahs.”" Another favorable review came from Digital Spy's Robert Copsey, who wrote: "Despite musical shifts in the intervening 11 years and the absence of a cheating girlfriend, [the single] still manages to sound remarkably fresh. "It's like you're my mirror/ My mirror staring back at me," he tells his lover over head-nodding Timbaland beatboxing and grandiose strings, before spilling his guts about how he should never have left them in the first place." Emily Exton from VH1 called it "grand and ambitious... It’s an interesting character study and an even more interesting

title: In Time


question: who wrote the poem for whom the bell tolls

answers: Ernest Hemingway

answers: John Donne

title: James S. Holmes

text: in 1940, extracted the title of his famous novel "For Whom The Bell Tolls":<poem> 'No man is an island entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main; any man's death diminishes me, because I am involved in mankind. And therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee. ' </poem> Many translations in magazines such as: James S. Holmes James Stratton Holmes (Collins, May 2, 1924 - Amsterdam, November 6, 1986) was a Dutch poet and translator. He was born in the United States, in Collins, Iowa,

text: the song. An edited version appears on the A-side, with the full-length album version on the B-side. Metallica In 1999, Metallica recorded "For Whom the Bell Tolls" with the San Francisco Symphony. It is included on live album "S&M" (1999). Other live versions appear on "" (1993), "Français Pour une Nuit" (DVD, 2009), "" (2009), "" (DVD, 2010), "Quebec Magnetic" (DVD, 2012), and "" (soundtrack, 2013). Samples Mixes Covers For Whom the Bell Tolls (Metallica song) "For Whom the Bell Tolls" is a song by American thrash metal band Metallica. It was first released on the group's second album, "Ride

text: For Whom the Bell Tolls (The Vampire Diaries) "For Whom the Bell Tolls" is the fourth episode of the fifth season of the American series "The Vampire Diaries", and the series' 93rd episode overall. "For Whom the Bell Tolls" was originally aired on October 24, 2013, on The CW. The episode was written by Brett Matthews and Elisabeth R. Finch and directed by Michael Allowitz. After Stefan (Paul Wesley) lost his memory, Damon (Ian Somerhalder) tries to help him remember. He remembers the date and where he is, but he cannot remember who he is, who the people are around

text: the protagonist's imminent doom during the bloody Spanish Civil War. Specific allusions are made to the scene in which five soldiers are obliterated during an airstrike, after taking a position on a hill. Cliff Burton plays the bass guitar introduction, which is often mistaken for an electric guitar, with heavy distortion and a wah pedal. Burton wrote the intro before joining Metallica and first played it during a 12-minute jam at a battle of the bands with his second band Agents of Misfortune in 1979. "For Whom the Bell Tolls" was released as a promo single with two versions of

text: In its original American broadcast, "For Whom the Bell Tolls" was watched by 2.63 million; down 0.30 from the previous episode. "For Whom the Bell Tolls" received positive reviews. Leigh Raines of "TV Fanatic" rated the episode with 4/5 stating that "More than halfway through "For Whom the Bell Tolls" I was moderately bored by this week's The Vampire Diaries. [...] Then Jeremy revealed a secret we've known since The Vampire Diaries Season 4 finale and everything went to pieces." Nad from "Nad's Reviews" gave a B+ rate to the episode saying that he enjoyed it and that it was

text: she and her mother are moving to Texas to be with her father. “For Whom the Bell Tolls" was directed by Lesli Linka Glatter and written by I. Marlene King. The episode is the fifth writing credit for King. The episode also serves as the second directing credit for Glatter, after the pilot episode. “For Whom the Bell Tolls” premiered on ABC Family on March 21, 2011 and was viewed by 3.64 million people. It garnered a 1.3 rating in the 18-49 age demographic, translating to 1.7 million viewers and a 0.2 ratings increase compared to the previous episode. The

text: For Whom the Bell Tolls (Pretty Little Liars) "For Whom the Bell Tolls" is the season finale of the first season of the American mystery-drama series "Pretty Little Liars", based on the novels written by Sara Shepard, and the twenty-second episode of the series overall. It originally aired on ABC Family in the United States on March 21, 2011. The episode was directed by Lesli Linka Glatter and written by I. Marlene King. In the episode, the girls plan to expose Ian as Alison's murderer after finding video files of them changing in their rooms. Meanwhile, each of the girls

title: The Bells (poem)

text: The Bells (poem) "The Bells" is a heavily onomatopoeic poem by Edgar Allan Poe which was not published until after his death in 1849. It is perhaps best known for the diacopic use of the word "bells." The poem has four parts to it; each part becomes darker and darker as the poem progresses from "the jingling and the tinkling" of the bells in part 1 to the "moaning and the groaning" of the bells in part 4. This poem can be interpreted in many different ways, the most basic of which is simply a reflection of the sounds that

title: Ernest Hemingway

text: primary summer residence to Ketchum, Idaho, just outside the newly built resort of Sun Valley, and his winter residence to Cuba. Hemingway, who had been disgusted when a Parisian friend allowed his cats to eat from the table, became enamored of cats in Cuba, keeping dozens of them on the property. Gellhorn inspired him to write his most famous novel, "For Whom the Bell Tolls," which he started in March 1939 and finished in July 1940. It was published in October 1940. Consistent with his pattern of moving around while working on a manuscript, he wrote "For Whom the Bell

title: For Whom the Bell Tolls (film)

text: woman guerrilla fighter (Bergman). "For Whom the Bell Tolls" was Ingrid Bergman's first Technicolor film. Hemingway handpicked Cooper and Bergman for their roles. The film became the top box-office hit of 1943, earning $7.1 million. It was also nominated for nine Academy Awards, winning one. Victor Young's film soundtrack for the film was the first complete score from an American film to be issued on record. During the Spanish Civil War, an American language teacher, Robert Jordan (Gary Cooper), who lived in Spain during the pre-war period, fights in the International Brigades against Francisco Franco's forces. An experienced dynamiter, Jordan

text: times during "Pretty Little Liars" Season 1 finale.” Teresa Lopez of "TV Fanatic" praised Brendan Robinson’s character for bring Caleb back to Rosewood and called the episode ‘‘entertaining, although somewhat unsatisfying.” For Whom the Bell Tolls (Pretty Little Liars) "For Whom the Bell Tolls" is the season finale of the first season of the American mystery-drama series "Pretty Little Liars", based on the novels written by Sara Shepard, and the twenty-second episode of the series overall. It originally aired on ABC Family in the United States on March 21, 2011. The episode was directed by Lesli Linka Glatter and written

title: Martin Bell (poet)

text: Martin Bell (poet) Martin Bell (1918 – 1978) was an English poet who was a key member of The Group, an informal group of poets who met in London from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s. Bell was born in Hampshire, England. He attended the University of Southampton, then called University College, Southampton, where he read for an external London Honours degree in English, followed in 1939 by a diploma in Education. He served from 1939 to 1946 with the Royal Engineers in Lebanon, Syria and Italy. From the mid-1950s, Bell became a member of The Group in London, having been

text: to the episode saying that the show "excels at moving farewell scenes" and "The writing’s really, really moving sometimes." Stephanie Hall of "KSiteTV" also gave a good review to the episode saying that it didn't fail to entertain. "I hesitate to call "For Whom the Bell Tolls" a filler episode because there were monumental moments moving the greater story forward, but for all intents and purposes it was an episode devised for the sake of season one nostalgia." Crystal Bell from "Wetpaint" said that the episode was "a roller coaster of emotions" and "had a little bit of everything." "If

title: The Bells (poem)

text: Fordham's campus conversing with both the students and the Jesuits. According to Poe biographer Jeffrey Meyers, "The Bells" is often criticized for sounding mechanical and forced. Poe is believed to have written "The Bells" in May 1848 and submitted it three times to "Sartain's Union Magazine", a magazine run by John Sartain, until it was finally accepted. He was paid fifteen dollars for his work, though it was not published until after his death in the November 1849 issue. It was also published in the "New York Tribune" on the front page of its October 20, 1849 issue as "Poe's

title: For Whom the Bell Tolls

text: For Whom the Bell Tolls is a novel by Ernest Hemingway published in 1940.  It tells the story of Robert Jordan, a young American in the International Brigades attached to a republican guerrilla unit during the Spanish Civil War. As a dynamiter, he is assigned to blow up a bridge during an attack on the city of Segovia.

title: The Bells (poem)

text: Bells" for high soprano and ten instruments, using Poe's text in its entirety although in Dutch. The piece was premiered in London, and has appeared on a CD from Bridge Records, New York. MC Lars, a Nerdcore Hip hop musician sang a complete version of the poem on his 2012 "Edgar Allan Poe EP" titled "(Rock) The Bells". The song may be listened to freely on his Bandcamp page. The Bells (poem) "The Bells" is a heavily onomatopoeic poem by Edgar Allan Poe which was not published until after his death in 1849. It is perhaps best known for the

title: The Bells (poem)

text: form: first movement, slow movement, scherzo, and finale, thus honoring the poem's four sections. (The work is sometimes performed in English, using not Poe's original, but a translation of Balmont's adaptation by Fanny S. Copeland.) The Scottish composer Hugh S. Roberton (1874–1947) published "Hear the Tolling of the Bells" (1909), "The Sledge Bells" (1909), and "Hear the Sledges with the Bells" (1919) based on Poe's poem. Josef Holbrooke composed his "The Bells, Prelude, Op. 50" on Poe's poem, and American folksinger Phil Ochs composed a tune to the poem recorded on his album "All the News That's Fit to Sing".

text: there was one blip in this otherwise perfect episode it was Matt's storyline, which frankly, isn't as compelling as we'd like it to be." Despite the good reviews, Carrie Raisler from "The A.V. Club" gave the episode a mixed review saying that the episode was all over the place and finally rating it with a C+. For Whom the Bell Tolls (The Vampire Diaries) "For Whom the Bell Tolls" is the fourth episode of the fifth season of the American series "The Vampire Diaries", and the series' 93rd episode overall. "For Whom the Bell Tolls" was originally aired on October

title: Five Bells

text: Bells" (1939), which returned to me, like a remembered song, one midnight on a ferry in the centre of Circular Quay". The text of the poem is reproduced on a banister in Kenneth Slessor Park in the Sydney suburb of Chatswood. Five Bells "Five Bells" (1939) is a meditative poem by Australian poet Kenneth Slessor. It was originally published as the title poem in the author's collection "Five Bells : XX Poems", and later appeared in numerous poetry anthologies. The poem is a meditative piece based on a ship's bell ringing five bells - which occurs at either 2:30, 6:30,

title: Martin Bell (poet)

text: University of Southampton Libraries Special Collections and the Department of Special Collections and University Archives at the McFarlin Library, University of Tulsa. In 1997, Martin Bell's Reverdy Translations were published by Whiteknights Press with a foreword by Peter Porter and an introduction by John Pilling. Martin Bell (poet) Martin Bell (1918 – 1978) was an English poet who was a key member of The Group, an informal group of poets who met in London from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s. Bell was born in Hampshire, England. He attended the University of Southampton, then called University College, Southampton, where he read

title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: death, "The Bells" is a heavily onomatopoeic poem known for its repetition. "The Beloved Physician" was written around April 1847 for Mary-Louise Shew, a nurse who also inspired Poe's more famous poem, "The Bells". The poem was originally ten stanzas long, although a version with nine stanzas was supposedly prepared by Poe for publication . It was never printed during his lifetime, and it now appears to be lost. Shew was able to recall about a tenth of a poem in a letter to editor John W. Ingham in 1875; these fragments were published in 1909, and appear to be

title: For Whom the Bell Tolls (film)

text: the camera. The film was originally released in a roadshow format, at 170 minutes (not counting intermission). For re-release, it was trimmed to 134 minutes, and it was not seen at its full length until the late 1990s, when it was archivally restored to 168 minutes. This restored version is the one that has been released on DVD. The restoration was photochemical, not digital, and the titles and some of the scenes in the early reels are slightly to significantly out-of-register. Wins The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: There was a Lux Radio Theater version

title: The Bells (poem)

text: Last Poem". Inspiration for the poem is often granted to Marie Louise Shew, a woman who had helped care for Poe's wife Virginia as she lay dying. One day, as Shew was visiting Poe at his cottage in Fordham, New York, Poe needed to write a poem but had no inspiration. Shew allegedly heard ringing bells from afar and playfully suggested to start there, possibly even writing the first line of each stanza. Sergei Rachmaninoff (1873–1943) composed a choral symphony "The Bells", Op. 35, based on a Russian adaptation of the poem by Konstantin Balmont. The symphony follows classical sonata

title: Marvin Bell

text: Marvin Bell Marvin Hartley Bell (born August 3, 1937, in New York City) is an American poet and teacher who was the first Poet Laureate of the state of Iowa. Bell was raised in Center Moriches, Long Island. He served in the U. S. Army from 1964 to 1965 at the rank of First Lieutenant. He earned his bachelor's degree from Alfred University, his master's degree from the University of Chicago, and an MFA from the University of Iowa Writers' Workshop. He is the author of more than 20 books of poetry, including "The Book of the Dead Man" (Copper

title: The Bells (poem)

text: following the klip-klop of the horses, to the "dong, ding-dong" of the swinging golden and iron bells, to screeching "whee-aaah" of the brazen bells. The series are always four, followed by three, always beginning and ending on a stressed syllable. The meter changes to iambic in the lines with repeated "bells," bringing the reader into their rhythm. Most of the poem is a more hurried trochaic tetrameter. The bells of which he writes are thought to be those he heard from Fordham University's bell tower, since Poe resided in the same neighborhood as that university. He also frequently strolled about

title: Henry Thomas Mackenzie Bell

text: Henry Thomas Mackenzie Bell Henry Thomas Mackenzie Bell (2 March 1856 – 13 December 1930), commonly known by his pen name Mackenzie Bell, was an English writer, poet and literary critic. He was a writer for many Victorian era publications, most especially the "London Academy", and published several volumes of poetry between 1879 and 1893. A noted world traveller, he was acquainted with many literary figures in Victorian Britain and abroad. He was a personal friend of Christina Rossetti and authored her biography, as well as those of fellow English poets Algernon Swinburne and Charles Whitehead, and published critical studies

title: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: Heard the Bells on Christmas Day". He wrote in his journal in 1878: "I have only one desire; and that is for harmony, and a frank and honest understanding between North and South". Longfellow accepted an offer from Joshua Chamberlain to speak at his fiftieth reunion at Bowdoin College, despite his aversion to public speaking; he read the poem "Morituri Salutamus" so quietly that few could hear him. The next year, he declined an offer to be nominated for the Board of Overseers at Harvard "for reasons very conclusive to my own mind". On August 22, 1879, a female admirer

title: Song of the Bell

text: Song of the Bell The "Song of the Bell" (German: "Das Lied von der Glocke", also translated as "The Lay of the Bell") is a poem that the German poet Friedrich Schiller published in 1798. It is one of the most famous poems of German literature and with 430 lines also one of the longest. In it, Schiller combines a knowledgeable technical description of a bell founding with points of view and comments on human life, its possibilities and risks. As a small boy Schiller came in contact with the trade of bell founding because Georg Friderich Neubert, the son

title: Jean Bellette

text: at the Macquarie Galleries". Her husband served as art critic for "The Sydney Morning Herald" for a decade and a half. In 1942, Bellette won the Sir John Sulman Prize with "For Whom the Bell Tolls". She won it again in 1944 with her painting "Iphigenia in Tauris", inspired by Euripides' play. The composition is set in a dry, open landscape, with several riders on horses whose appearance suggests "the Australian present, rather than Greek antiquity". The judge awarding the prize actually preferred another of her entries, "Electra", depicting the sister of Iphigenia also prominent in Greek tragedy – but

title: Kaeru no Tame ni Kane wa Naru

text: Kaeru no Tame ni Kane wa Naru In 2011, an English fan translation was released. The game has been referred to in English as The Frog for Whom the Bell Tolls by Masahiro Sakurai during development of "Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U". The game engine was reused for "". In a land far away, the two princes—Richard (of the Custard Kingdom) and the game's main protagonist (prince of the Sablé Kingdom)—have shared a friendly rivalry since they were small children. They often compete, although it usually ends in a tie or close win. In Fencing however,

title: For Whom the Bell Tolls


question: which battle ended britain's support for the south

answers: Battle of Antietam

answers: the Battle of Antietam

title: Battle of Sandfontein

text: majority of whom spent the previous night marching. By 17.00 German troops managed to half the distance separating them from the British positions, now employing high explosive shells. At around 18.00, the British troops raised the white flag. German casualties amounted to 14 dead and 46 wounded, while the South Africans lost 16 men dead and 51 wounded. Battle of Sandfontein The Battle of Sandfontein was fought between the Union of South Africa and German Southwest Africa (modern day Namibia) on 26 September 1914 at Sandfontein, during the first stage of the South West Africa Campaign of World War I,

title: British Army during the Victorian Era

text: a famous defence at Rorke's Drift. The war ended with the defeat and subjugation of the Zulus. Shortly afterwards, the Boer republic of the Transvaal gained its independence after the First Anglo-Boer War. The main engagement of the war was the Battle of Majuba, where a British force was heavily defeated by Boer irregular marksmen. The British commander, Sir George Colley, one of Wolseley's favourites, was killed. Gladstone's government agreed to Boer independence to avoid the expense of a campaign of conquest and subsequent occupation but many British soldiers (including Wolseley and Roberts) were left eager for revenge for their

title: South African Wars (1879–1915)

text: as the British lines fractured from a lack of leadership. This defeat shocked the British in South Africa and in the home islands. While many demanded vengeance, the British quietly conducted a settlement that gave the Boers independence with only nominal lip service paid to the authority of the Crown in an effort to allow the British to withdraw "with minimum embarrassment". See the Gun War for details The invasion was predicated by the desire of Cecil Rhodes and Britain to pursue further land north through Bechunanaland into Matabeleland. Despite numerous envoys and letters from Queen Victoria to Lobengula, of

title: Second Boer War

text: of the Union of South Africa in 1910. The war had a lasting effect on the region and on British domestic politics. For Britain, the Second Boer War was the longest, the most expensive (£211 million, £202 billion at 2014 prices), and the bloodiest conflict between 1815 and 1914, lasting three months longer and resulting in more British combat casualties than the Crimean War (1853–56), although more soldiers died from disease in the Crimean War. The southern part of the African continent was dominated in the 19th century by a set of struggles to create within it a single unified

title: South Korea–United Kingdom relations

text: troops crossing the Imjin River in Korea. At the end of the battle 10,000 Chinese troops had fallen. British losses stood at just 59 and this battle is considered a turning point in the war as it halted the Chinese advance. The Gloucester Valley Battle Monument is a memorial for British soldiers killed at Solma-Ri, South Korea. 1,078 British soldiers died fighting in the Korean war. There is a British embassy in Seoul and a South Korean embassy in London. The UK and South Korea cooperate in world events with other nations such as the United States. They have recent

title: Battle of Otavi

text: ending all major German resistance in Southwest-Africa. Battle of Otavi The Battle of Otavi fought between the militaries of the Union of South Africa and German Southwest Africa on 1 July 1915 was the final battle of the South West Africa Campaign of World War I. The battle, fought between Otavi mountain and Otavifontein, was a delaying action led by the German Major Hermann Ritter. Ritter's forces intended to buy the main German force at Tsombe several days so as they could harden their positions there. In the end, Botha's forces were able to rout Ritter's troops, leading to an

title: Battle of Sandfontein

text: Battle of Sandfontein The Battle of Sandfontein was fought between the Union of South Africa and German Southwest Africa (modern day Namibia) on 26 September 1914 at Sandfontein, during the first stage of the South West Africa Campaign of World War I, and ended in a German victory. The outbreak of World War I led to the transfer of the British Imperial garrison from South Africa to France. Expecting the war to finish quickly, a large number of South Africans also departed for Europe, aiming to take part in the combat. The Union Defence Force took the responsibility of independently

title: Battle of Laing's Nek

text: the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Battle of Laing's Nek The Battle of Laing's Nek was a major battle fought at Laing's Nek during the First Boer War on 28 January 1881. Following the Boer declaration of independence for the Transvaal in 1880 the British suffered a series of disastrous defeats in attempting to regain the territory. On 20 December 1880, Lieutenant-Colonel Philip Robert Anstruther and elements of his regiment, the 94th, marched from Lydenburg to Pretoria, the regiment’s band leading the column playing the popular song "Kiss Me, Mother Darling". At

title: South African War Memorial (South Australia)

text: regarded as one of the most "eye-catching" and significant statues in the city. As such, it was added to the national heritage listing in 1990. In 1899, the Orange Free State and Transvaal declared war on Britain. South Australia, "fiercely" loyal to the British Empire and still "two years away from federation", joined the other Australian colonies in sending troops to support the Empire in the conflict. With the support of Adelaide's newspapers, nine contingents of South Australian troops were sent to the war during the three years of hostilities, totalling 1,531 men and 1,507 horses. Funding for the endeavour

title: Second Boer War

text: the British suffered defeats on each of the three fronts. On 10 December, General Gatacre tried to recapture Stormberg railway junction about south of the Orange River. Gatacre's attack was marked by administrative and tactical blunders and the Battle of Stormberg ended in a British defeat, with 135 killed and wounded and two guns and over 600 troops captured. At the Battle of Magersfontein on 11 December, Methuen's 14,000 British troops attempted to capture a Boer position in a dawn attack to relieve Kimberley. This too turned into a disaster when the Highland Brigade became pinned down by accurate Boer

title: Southern Rhodesia in World War II

text: diplomatic powers, but that did not stop the colonial government from attempting to demonstrate its loyalty and legislative independence through supportive parliamentary motions and gestures. The Southern Rhodesian parliament unanimously moved to support Britain in the event of war during a special sitting on 28 August 1939. When Britain declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939 following the invasion of Poland, Southern Rhodesia issued its own declaration of war almost immediately, before any of the dominions did. Huggins backed full military mobilisation and "a war to the finish", telling parliament that the conflict was one of national survival for

title: Battle of Bergendal

text: 1 September, Lord Roberts proclaimed the entire South African Republic British territory. However, the capture of Machadodorp and Roberts' proclamation did not end the war. Although the British had won the battle Botha's main force had managed to stay intact. The Boer commandos subsequently dispersed to Lydenburg and Barberton and the next phase of the war - guerrilla warfare - started. This second phase would last even longer than the first, conventional, phase and peace would eventually only be declared at the end of May 1902. A memorial was erected in 1935 in memory of the twelve Zarps who died

title: Union of South Africa

text: Transvaal's President Paul Kruger, the Jameson Raid of 1895, was a fiasco, and presaged full-scale conflict as diplomatic efforts all failed. War started on 11 October 1899 and ended on 31 May 1902 as the United Kingdom was aided by its Cape Colony, Colony of Natal and some native African allies. The British war effort was further supported by volunteers from across the Empire. All other nations were neutral, but public opinion in them was largely hostile to Britain. Inside Britain and its Empire there also was a significant Opposition to the Second Boer War because of the atrocities and

title: Battle of Colenso

text: Lieutenant the Honourable Frederick Roberts (son of Field Marshal Lord Roberts), who died of his wounds two days later. Battle of Colenso The Battle of Colenso was the third and final battle fought during the Black Week of the Second Boer War. It was fought between British and Boer forces from the independent South African Republic and Orange Free State in and around Colenso, Natal, South Africa on 15 December 1899. Inadequate preparation and reconnaissance and uninspired leadership led to a British defeat. Shortly before the outbreak of the war, General Sir Redvers Buller was dispatched to South Africa at

title: United Kingdom and the American Civil War

text: The decisive factor, in the fall of 1862 and increasingly thereafter was the Battle of Antietam and what grew out of it.  Lee's invasion was a failure at Antietam, and he barely escaped back to Virginia. It was now obvious that no final, conclusive Confederate triumph could be anticipated. The swift recession of the high Confederate tide was as visible in Britain as in America, and in the end, Palmerston and Russell dropped any notion of bringing a mediation-recognition program before the cabinet.

title: Battle of Otavi

text: Battle of Otavi The Battle of Otavi fought between the militaries of the Union of South Africa and German Southwest Africa on 1 July 1915 was the final battle of the South West Africa Campaign of World War I. The battle, fought between Otavi mountain and Otavifontein, was a delaying action led by the German Major Hermann Ritter. Ritter's forces intended to buy the main German force at Tsombe several days so as they could harden their positions there. In the end, Botha's forces were able to rout Ritter's troops, leading to an overall breakdown in the German lines that

title: History of South Africa

text: Orange Free State. This did not prevent the outbreak of a Second Anglo-Boer war. Renewed tensions between Britain and the Boers peaked in 1899 when the British demanded voting rights for the 60,000 foreign whites on the Witwatersrand. Until that point, President Paul Kruger's government had excluded all foreigners from the franchise. Kruger rejected the British demand and called for the withdrawal of British troops from the borders of the South African Republic. When the British refused, Kruger declared war. This Second Anglo-Boer War, also known as the South African War lasted longer than the first, with British troops being

title: Battle of Blaauwberg

text: British colony until it was incorporated into the Union of South Africa on 31 May 1910. Summary of the Articles of Capitulation signed by Lt Col Von Prophalow, Maj Gen Baird and Cdre Popham on 10 January 1806: Summary of the Articles of Capitulation signed by Lt Gen Janssens and Brig Gen Beresford on 18 January 1806 and ratified by Maj Gen Baird on 19 January: Battle of Blaauwberg The Battle of Blaauwberg, also known as the Battle of Cape Town, fought near Cape Town on 8 January 1806, was a small but significant military engagement. Peace was made under

title: Military history of South Africa

text: – 31 May 1902. The war was fought between Great Britain and the two independent Boer republics of the Orange Free State and the South African Republic (referred to as the Transvaal by the British). After a protracted hard-fought war, the two independent republics lost and were absorbed into the British Empire. In all, the war had cost around 75,000 lives – 22,000 British soldiers (7,792 battle casualties, the rest through disease), 6,000–7,000 Boer Commandos, 20,000–28,000 Boer civilians, mostly women and children due to disease in concentration camps, and an estimated 20,000 black Africans, Boer allies, who died in their

title: Battle of Blaauwberg

text: Battle of Blaauwberg The Battle of Blaauwberg, also known as the Battle of Cape Town, fought near Cape Town on 8 January 1806, was a small but significant military engagement. Peace was made under the Treaty Tree in Woodstock. It established British rule in South Africa, which was to have many ramifications for the region during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. A bi-centennial commemoration was held in January 2006. The battle was an incident in Europe's Napoleonic Wars. At that time, the Cape Colony belonged to the Batavian Republic, a French vassal. Because the sea route around the Cape was

title: Second Boer War

text: into South Africa's vast eastern interior. There they established two independent Boer republics: the South African Republic (1852; also known as the Transvaal Republic) and the Orange Free State (1854). Britain recognised the two Boer republics in 1852 and 1854, but attempted British annexation of the Transvaal in 1877 led to the First Boer War in 1880–81. After Britain suffered defeats, particularly at the Battle of Majuba Hill (1881), the independence of the two republics was restored subject to certain conditions; relations, however, remained uneasy. In 1866 diamonds were discovered at Kimberley, prompting a diamond rush and a massive influx

title: First Boer War

text: First Boer War The First Boer War (, literally "First Freedom War"), also known as the First Anglo-Boer War, the Transvaal War or the Transvaal Rebellion, was a war fought from 16 December 1880 until 23 March 1881 between the United Kingdom and the South African Republic (also known as the Transvaal Republic; not to be confused with the modern-day Republic of South Africa). The war resulted in defeat for the British and the second independence of the South African Republic. In the 19th century a series of events occurred in the southern part of the African continent, with the

title: Battle of Bergendal

text: Battle of Bergendal The Battle of Berg-en-dal (also known as the Battle of Belfast or Battle of Dalmanutha) took place in South Africa during the Second Anglo-Boer War. The battle will be remembered as the last set-piece battle of the war, although it was still to last another two years. It was also the last time that the Boers' four 155 mm Creusot Long Tom guns were used in the same battle. Hostilities commenced in October 1899. On the Cape front the British forces broke through in February 1900 and the next month they were in Bloemfontein, the capital of

title: History of South Africa

text: Great Britain with the signing of the Sand River Convention on 17 January 1852. The republic, under the premiership of Paul Kruger, defeated British forces in the First Boer War and remained independent until the end of the Second Boer War on 31 May 1902, when it was forced to surrender to the British. The territory of the South African Republic became known after this war as the Transvaal Colony. The independent Boer republic of Orange Free State evolved from colonial Britain's Orange River Sovereignty, enforced by the presence of British troops, which lasted from 1848 to 1854 in the

title: Battle of Laing's Nek

text: Battle of Laing's Nek The Battle of Laing's Nek was a major battle fought at Laing's Nek during the First Boer War on 28 January 1881. Following the Boer declaration of independence for the Transvaal in 1880 the British suffered a series of disastrous defeats in attempting to regain the territory. On 20 December 1880, Lieutenant-Colonel Philip Robert Anstruther and elements of his regiment, the 94th, marched from Lydenburg to Pretoria, the regiment’s band leading the column playing the popular song "Kiss Me, Mother Darling". At Bronkhorstspruit the force was stopped by Boers who courteously required the "Red Soldiers" to

title: Battle of Driefontein

text: division moved against its left flank. The Boers were subsequently forced to withdraw losing 124 men killed and captured, while the British lost 82 killed and 342 wounded. Battle of Driefontein The Battle of Driefontein on 10 March 1900 followed on the Battle of Poplar Grove in the Second Boer War between the British Empire and the Boer republics, in what is now South Africa. In the first half of 1900, the British made an offensive towards the two Boer republic capitals of Bloemfontein and Pretoria. The Boer forces under the command of Christiaan de Wet were holding a line

title: National Party (South Africa)

text: Trek and the Battle of Blood River. It was seen to signify the perpetuation of white South African culture, and anti-British and pro-republican feelings grew stronger. It was obvious in political circles that the Union of South Africa was headed inexorably towards republicanism. Although it remained a British dominion even after unification in 1910, the country became all the more self-regulating; indeed, it already had complete autonomy on certain issues. It was agreed in 1910 that domestic matters would be looked after by the South African government but that the country's external affairs would still remain British-controlled. Hertzog's trip to

title: Southern Rhodesia in World War I

text: Southern Rhodesia in World War I When the United Kingdom declared war on Germany at the start of World War I in August 1914, settler society in Southern Rhodesia, then administered by the British South Africa Company, received the news with great patriotic enthusiasm. The Company administrator, Sir William Milton, wired the UK government, "All Rhodesia ... ready to do its duty". Although it supported Britain, the Company was concerned about the possible financial implications for its chartered territory should it make direct commitments to the war effort, particularly at first, so most of the colony's contribution to the war

title: Second Boer War

text: Second Boer War The Second Boer War (11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902) was fought between the British Empire and two Boer states, the South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) and the Orange Free State, over the Empire's influence in South Africa. It is also known variously as the Boer War, Anglo-Boer War, or South African War. Initial Boer attacks were successful, and although British reinforcements later reversed these, the war continued for years with Boer guerrilla warfare, until harsh British counter-measures brought them to terms. The war started with the British overconfident and under-prepared. The Boers were very

title: Battle of Tamatave

text: Cape of Good Hope for the rest of the Napoleonic Wars. In August 1810, the French squadron on Isle de France (now Mauritius) achieved the most significant French naval victory of the Napoleonic Wars, when they captured or destroyed four Royal Navy frigates at the Battle of Grand Port. The battle was fought inside Grand Port, one of the harbours of Isle de France into which the French squadrons, dominant in the Indian Ocean during 1809, had been steadily pushed and blockaded by pressure from a British squadron under Commodore Josias Rowley. The British defeat had a noticeable galvanising effect

short_answers:
Battle of Antietam
the Battle of Antietam


question: the atomic number of indium which belongs to 5th period is

answers: 49

title: Isotopes of indium

text: Isotopes of indium Indium (In) consists of two primordial nuclides, with the most common (~ 95.7%) nuclide (In) being measurably though weakly radioactive. Its spin-forbidden decay has a half life of 4.41×10 years. The stable isotope In is only 4.3% of naturally occurring indium. Among elements with a known stable isotope, only tellurium and rhenium similarly occur with a stable isotope in lower abundance than the long-lived radioactive isotope. Other than In, the longest-lived radioisotope is In, with a half-life of 2.8047 days. All other radioisotopes have half-lives less than a day. This element also has 47 isomers, the longest-lived

title: Indium

text: half-life of 4.41 years, four orders of magnitude greater than the age of the universe and nearly 30,000 times greater than that of natural thorium. The half-life of In is very long because the beta decay to Sn is spin-forbidden. Indium-115 makes up 95.7% of all indium. Indium is one of three known elements (the others being tellurium and rhenium) of which the stable isotope is less abundant in nature than the long-lived primordial radioisotopes. The stablest artificial isotope is indium-111, with a half-life of approximately 2.8 days. All other isotopes have half-lives shorter than 5 hours. Indium also has

title: Indium

text: the stable one. The stable indium isotope, indium-113, is one of the p-nuclei, the origin of which is not fully understood; although indium-113 is known to be made directly in the s- and r-processes (rapid neutron capture), and also as the daughter of very long-lived cadmium-113, which has a half-life of about eight quadrillion years, this cannot account for all indium-113. Indium is the 68th most abundant element in Earth's crust at approximately 50 ppb. This is similar to the crustal abundance of silver, bismuth and mercury. It very rarely forms its own minerals, or occurs in elemental form. Fewer

title: Indium

text: oxidizing agents such as halogens to give indium(III) compounds. It does not form a boride, silicide, or carbide, and the hydride InH has at best a transitory existence in ethereal solutions at low temperatures, being unstable enough to spontaneously polymerize without coordination. Indium is rather basic in aqueous solution, showing only slight amphoteric characteristics, and unlike its lighter homologs aluminium and gallium, it is insoluble in aqueous alkaline solutions. Indium has 39 known isotopes, ranging in mass number from 97 to 135. Only two isotopes occur naturally as primordial nuclides: indium-113, the only stable isotope, and indium-115, which has a

title: Period 5 element

text: Period 5 element A period 5 element is one of the chemical elements in the fifth row (or "period") of the periodic table of the elements. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements as their atomic number increases: a new row is begun when chemical behaviour begins to repeat, meaning that elements with similar behaviour fall into the same vertical columns. The fifth period contains 18 elements, beginning with rubidium and ending with xenon. As a rule, period 5 elements fill their 5s shells first, then their

title: Indium

text: In. In some cases, the pair of 5s-electrons are not donated, resulting in indium(I), In. The stabilization of the monovalent state is attributed to the inert pair effect, in which relativistic effects stabilize the 5s-orbital, observed in heavier elements. Thallium (indium's heavier homolog) shows an even stronger effect, causing oxidation to thallium(I) to be more probable than to thallium(III), whereas gallium (indium's lighter homolog) commonly shows only the +3 oxidation state. Thus, although thallium(III) is a moderately strong oxidizing agent, indium(III) is not, and many indium(I) compounds are powerful reducing agents. While the energy required to include the s-electrons in

title: Indium gallium arsenide

text: of λ=1.68 μm at 295 K. By increasing the mole fraction of InAs further compared to GaAs, it is possible to extend the cut-off wavelength up to about λ=2.6 µm. In that case special measures have to be taken to avoid mechanical strain from differences in lattice constants. GaAs is lattice-mismatched to germanium (Ge) by 0.08%. With the addition of 1.5% InAs to the alloy, InGaAs becomes latticed-matched to the Ge substrate, reducing stress in subsequent deposition of GaAs. InGaAs has a lattice parameter that increases linearly with the concentration of InAs in the alloy. The liquid-solid phase diagram shows

title: Period 7 element

text: elements of the 7th period. Francium is a chemical element with symbol Fr and atomic number 87. It was formerly known as eka-caesium and actinium K. It is one of the two least electronegative elements, the other being caesium. Francium is a highly radioactive metal that decays into astatine, radium, and radon. As an alkali metal, it has one valence electron. Francium was discovered by Marguerite Perey in France (from which the element takes its name) in 1939. It was the last element discovered in nature, rather than by synthesis. Outside the laboratory, francium is extremely rare, with trace amounts

title: Period 5 element

text: and symbol Tc. It is the lowest atomic number element without any stable isotopes; every form of it is radioactive. Nearly all technetium is produced synthetically and only minute amounts are found in nature. Naturally occurring technetium occurs as a spontaneous fission product in uranium ore or by neutron capture in molybdenum ores. The chemical properties of this silvery gray, crystalline transition metal are intermediate between rhenium and manganese. Many of technetium's properties were predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev before the element was discovered. Mendeleev noted a gap in his periodic table and gave the undiscovered element the provisional name "ekamanganese"

title: Indium

text: lower than its heavier homologue, thallium, and lower than tin. The boiling point is 2072 °C (3762 °F), higher than that of thallium, but lower than gallium, conversely to the general trend of melting points, but similarly to the trends down the other post-transition metal groups because of the weakness of the metallic bonding with few electrons delocalized. The density of indium, 7.31 g/cm, is also greater than gallium, but lower than thallium. Below the critical temperature, 3.41 K, indium becomes a superconductor. At standard temperature and pressure, indium crystallizes in the face-centered tetragonal crystal system in the space group

title: Indium(III) oxide

text: = 0.5487 nm, b = 0.5487 nm, c = 0.57818 nm, Z = 6 and calculated density 7.31 g/cm. Thin films of chromium-doped indium oxide (InCrO) are a magnetic semiconductor displaying high-temperature ferromagnetism, single-phase crystal structure, and semiconductor behavior with high concentration of charge carriers. It has possible applications in spintronics as a material for spin injectors. Thin polycrystalline films of indium oxide doped with Zn are highly conductive (conductivity ~10 S/m) and even superconductive at helium temperatures. The superconducting transition temperature T depends on the doping and film structure and is below 3.3 K. Bulk samples can be prepared

title: Period 7 element

text: the nucleus to form an electronic cloud. Period 7 element A period 7 element is one of the chemical elements in the seventh row (or "period") of the periodic table of the chemical elements. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements as their atomic number increases: a new row is begun when chemical behaviour begins to repeat, meaning that elements with similar behaviour fall into the same vertical columns. The seventh period contains 32 elements, tied for the most with period 6, beginning with francium and ending

title: Indium-111

text: In has a half-life (t) of 2.81 days (67.32 hours) decaying by electron capture (EC) to Cd, which is stable (non-radioactive). It is commonly in Nuclear Medicine Diagnostic Imaging by radio-labeling targeted molecules or cells, During its radioactive decay, it emits low energy gamma (γ) photons which can be imaged using planar or SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography) gamma cameras (primary energies (ε) of 171.3 keV (91%) and 245.4 keV (94%) ) Example Clinical uses in Nuclear Medicine When formulated as an In Cl solution, it can be used to bind antibodies or other molecular targeted proteins or other

title: Indium(III) hydroxide

text: of indium from zincblende ore by Reich and Richter the discoverers of indium. In(OH) is amphoteric, like Ga(OH) and Al(OH) but is much less acidic than Ga(OH) having a lower solubility in alkali than in acid and is for all intents and purposes a basic hydroxide. Dissolving In(OH) in strong alkali gives solutions that probably contain either four coordinate In(OH) or In(OH)(HO) Reaction with acetic acid or carboxylic acids is likely to give the basic acetate or carboxylate salt, e.g. In(OH)(OOCCH). At 10MPa pressure and 250-400 °C In(OH) converts to indium oxide hydroxide, InO(OH) (which has a distorted rutile structure)

title: Period 5 element

title: Indium nitride

text: Indium nitride Indium nitride () is a small bandgap semiconductor material which has potential application in solar cells and high speed electronics. The bandgap of InN has now been established as ~0.7 eV depending on temperature (the obsolete value is 1.97 eV). The effective electron mass has been recently determined by high magnetic field measurements, m*=0.055 m. Alloyed with GaN, the ternary system InGaN has a direct bandgap span from the infrared (0.69 eV) to the ultraviolet (3.4 eV). Currently there is research into developing solar cells using the nitride based semiconductors. Using one or more alloys of indium gallium

title: Indium

text: was presented at the World Fair 1867. Reich and Richter later fell out when the latter claimed to be the sole discoverer. Indium is created by the long-lasting (up to thousands of years) s-process (slow neutron capture) in low-to-medium-mass stars (which range in mass between 0.6 and 10 solar masses). When a silver-109 atom (the isotope that comprises approximately half of all silver in existence) catches a neutron, it undergoes a beta decay to become cadmium-110. Capturing further neutrons, it becomes cadmium-115, which decays to indium-115 by another beta decay. This explains why the radioactive isotope is more abundant than

title: Boron group

text: and physical properties. Indium is the fourth element of the boron group but was discovered before the third, gallium, and after the fifth, thallium. In 1863 Ferdinand Reich and his assistant, Hieronymous Theodor Richter, were looking in a sample of the mineral zinc blende, also known as sphalerite (ZnS), for the spectroscopic lines of the newly discovered element thallium. Reich heated the ore in a coil of platinum metal and observed the lines that appeared in a spectroscope. Instead of the green thallium lines that he expected, he saw a new line of deep indigo-blue. Concluding that it must come

title: Period 5 element

text: and unknown element. The metal was first isolated in the following year. Zinc ores continue to be the primary source of indium, where it is found in compound form. Very rarely the element can be found as grains of native (free) metal, but these are not of commercial importance. Indium's current primary application is to form transparent electrodes from indium tin oxide in liquid crystal displays and touchscreens, and this use largely determines its global mining production. It is widely used in thin-films to form lubricated layers (during World War II it was widely used to coat bearings in high-performance

title: Indium(III) selenide

text: Indium(III) selenide Indium(III) selenide is a compound of indium and selenium. It has potential for use in photovoltaic devices and it has been the subject of extensive research. The two most common phases, α and β, have a layered structure, while γ is a "defect wurtzite structure." In all, there are five known forms (α, β, γ, δ, κ). The α- β phase transition is accompanied by a change in electrical conductivity. The band-gap of γ-InSe is approximately 1.9 eV. The crystalline form of a sample can depend on the method of production, for example thin films of pure γ-InSe

title: Transition metal

text: groups (4 to 11), with some authors including some elements in groups 3 or 12. The elements in group 3 have an "ns"("n" − 1)"d" configuration. The first transition series is present in the 4th period, and starts after Ca ("Z" = 20) of group-2 with the configuration [Ar]4"s", or scandium (Sc), the first element of group 3 with atomic number "Z" = 21 and configuration [Ar]4"s"3"d", depending on the definition used. As we move from left to right, electrons are added to the same "d"-sub-shell till it is complete. The element of group 11 in the first transition series

title: Indium(III) selenide

text: have been produced from trimethylindium, InMe, and hydrogen selenide, HSe, using MOCVD techniques. Indium(III) selenide Indium(III) selenide is a compound of indium and selenium. It has potential for use in photovoltaic devices and it has been the subject of extensive research. The two most common phases, α and β, have a layered structure, while γ is a "defect wurtzite structure." In all, there are five known forms (α, β, γ, δ, κ). The α- β phase transition is accompanied by a change in electrical conductivity. The band-gap of γ-InSe is approximately 1.9 eV. The crystalline form of a sample can

title: Albrecht Unsöld

text: sub-shell is spherically symmetric. Thus, like atoms containing a half-filled or filled s orbital ("l" = 0), atoms of the second period with 3 or 6 p ("l" = 1) electrons are spherically shaped. Likewise, so are atoms of the third period in which there are 5 or 10 d ("l" = 2) electrons. Hence, spherical atoms are those of the 1st, 2nd, 7th, 12th, 15th and 18th columns of the periodic table. At Kiel, Unsöld made an intensive study of the effects of abundances, radiation damping, Doppler shifts, electric fields, and collisions on the formation and shape of spectral

title: Indium(III) hydroxide

text: Indium(III) hydroxide Indium(III) hydroxide is the chemical compound with the formula In(OH), its prime use is as a precursor to indium(III) oxide, InO. It is sometimes found as the rare mineral dzhalindite. In(OH) has a cubic structure, space group Im3, a distorted ReO structure. Neutralising a solution of an In salt such as In(NO), indium nitrate or a solution of InCl gives a white precipitate that on ageing forms In(OH). A thermal decomposition of freshly prepared In(OH) shows the first step is the conversion of <chem>In(OH)3.\mathit{x}H2O</chem> to cubic In(OH) The precipitation of indium hydroxide was a step in the separation

title: Extended periodic table

text: should be about 170 picometers. It should be a very heavy metal with a density of around 26 g/cm. Its relative atomic mass should be around 445 u. The transition metals in period 8 are expected to be elements 157 to 165 (or perhaps with element 121 replacing 157, similarly to the dispute on whether lanthanum or lutetium is better placed as the first 5d transition metal). To these element 166 may be added to complete the 7d subshell, although like its lighter group 12 homologues it is questionable if it would show transition metal character. Although the 8s and

title: Indium(III) hydroxide

text: Rapid decompression of samples of In(OH) compressed at 34 GPa causes decomposition, yielding some indium metal Laser ablation of In(OH) gives InOH, indium(I) hydroxide, a bent molecule with an In-O-H angle of around 132 ° and an In-O bond length of 201.7 pm Indium(III) hydroxide Indium(III) hydroxide is the chemical compound with the formula In(OH), its prime use is as a precursor to indium(III) oxide, InO. It is sometimes found as the rare mineral dzhalindite. In(OH) has a cubic structure, space group Im3, a distorted ReO structure. Neutralising a solution of an In salt such as In(NO), indium nitrate or

title: Period 2 element

text: description of atomic structure, this period corresponds to the filling of the 2s and 2p orbitals. Period 2 elements obey the octet rule in that they need eight electrons to complete their valence shell. The maximum number of electrons that these elements can accommodate is ten, two in the 1s orbital, two in the 2s orbital and six in the 2p orbital. Period 2 is the first period in the periodic table that periodic trends can be drawn from. Period 1, which only contains two elements (hydrogen and helium) is too small to draw any conclusive trends from it, especially

title: Period 5 element

text: aircraft). It is also used for making particularly low melting point alloys, and is a component in some lead-free solders. Indium is not known to be used by any organism. In a similar way to aluminium salts, indium(III) ions can be toxic to the kidney when given by injection, but oral indium compounds do not have the chronic toxicity of salts of heavy metals, probably due to poor absorption in basic conditions. Radioactive indium-111 (in very small amounts on a chemical basis) is used in nuclear medicine tests, as a radiotracer to follow the movement of labeled proteins and white

title: Indium(III) sulfate

text: 10,000,000 per second, so that NMR cannot detect the difference that results from a complexed and noncomplexed indium ion. An indium sulfate water solution is quite acidic with a 0.14 mol/liter solution having a pH of 1.85. If the pH rises above 3.4 then a precipitate will form. The Raman spectrum of the solution shows lines at 650, 1000 and 1125 cm due to a sulfur–oxygen bonds in sulfate bound to indium. A line at 255 cm is due to the indium-oxygen bond to the sulfate. The water attached to the indium atom causes a band at about 400 cm.

title: Period 7 element

text: Period 7 element A period 7 element is one of the chemical elements in the seventh row (or "period") of the periodic table of the chemical elements. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements as their atomic number increases: a new row is begun when chemical behaviour begins to repeat, meaning that elements with similar behaviour fall into the same vertical columns. The seventh period contains 32 elements, tied for the most with period 6, beginning with francium and ending with oganesson, the heaviest element currently discovered.

title: Period 5 element

long_answer: Indium (/ˈɪndiəm/ IN-dee-əm) is a chemical element with the symbol In and atomic number 49. This rare, very soft, malleable and easily fusible other metal is chemically similar to gallium and thallium, and shows the intermediate properties between these two. Indium was discovered in 1863 and named for the indigo blue line in its spectrum that was the first indication of its existence in zinc ores, as a new and unknown element. The metal was first isolated in the following year. Zinc ores continue to be the primary source of indium, where it is found in compound form. Very rarely the element can be found as grains of native (free) metal, but these are not of commercial importance.


question: what percentage of sunlight is captured by plants to convert it into food energy

answers: 45%

answers: 3 to 6%

title: Sunlight

text: to the surface. Sunlight is a key factor in photosynthesis, the process used by plants and other autotrophic organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be used to synthesize carbohydrates and to fuel the organisms' activities. Researchers can measure the intensity of sunlight using a sunshine recorder, pyranometer, or pyrheliometer. To calculate the amount of sunlight reaching the ground, both the eccentricity of Earth's elliptic orbit and the attenuation by Earth's atmosphere have to be taken into account. The extraterrestrial solar illuminance (), corrected for the elliptic orbit by using the day number

title: Solar energy

text: water cycle. The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones. Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 °C. By photosynthesis, green plants convert solar energy into chemically stored energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived. The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000

title: Photosynthesis

text: is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization. Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 billion tonnes (91-104 petagrams) of carbon into biomass per year. Photosynthetic organisms are photoautotrophs, which means that they are able to synthesize food directly from carbon dioxide and water using energy from light. However, not all organisms use carbon dioxide as a source of carbon atoms to carry out photosynthesis; photoheterotrophs use organic compounds, rather than carbon dioxide, as a source of carbon. In plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, photosynthesis releases oxygen. This is called "oxygenic photosynthesis" and is by far the most common

title: Our Mr. Sun

text: exactly sire how it works. They believe chlorophyll uses sunlight to combine carbon dioxide molecules with water molecules, along with salts, to create sugars and release oxygen. These sugars form the bulk of a plant including its fruit. Most of these plants are grown in the sea as phytoplankton, which is the food source of zooplankton, which are eaten by fish. All animals survive on food created by the Sun through photosynthesis; either directly by eating plants, or indirectly by eating animals that eat plants. The Sun provided the energy for photosynthesis through its light, which was created at the

title: Photosynthesis

text: chlorophyll fluorometers. Actual plants' photosynthetic efficiency varies with the frequency of the light being converted, light intensity, temperature and proportion of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and can vary from 0.1% to 8%. By comparison, solar panels convert light into electric energy at an efficiency of approximately 6–20% for mass-produced panels, and above 40% in laboratory devices. The efficiency of both light and dark reactions can be measured but the relationship between the two can be complex. For example, the ATP and NADPH energy molecules, created by the light reaction, can be used for carbon fixation or for photorespiration in

title: Autotroph

text: can only use a fraction of this energy for photosynthesis, approximately 1% is used by autotrophs. The process of photosynthesis splits a water molecule (HO), releasing oxygen (O) into the atmosphere, and reducing carbon dioxide (CO) to release the hydrogen atoms that fuel the metabolic process of primary production. Plants convert and store the energy of the photon into the chemical bonds of simple sugars during photosynthesis. These plant sugars are polymerized for storage as long-chain carbohydrates, including other sugars, starch, and cellulose; glucose is also used to make fats and proteins. When autotrophs are eaten by heterotrophs, i.e., consumers

title: Grow light

text: lumens. Therefore, when it comes to measuring the amount of light available to plants for photosynthesis, biologists often measure the amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) received by a plant. PAR designates the spectral range of solar radiation from 400 to 700 nanometers, which generally corresponds to the spectral range that photosynthetic organisms are able to use in the process of photosynthesis. The irradiance of PAR can be expressed in units of energy flux (W/m), which is relevant in energy-balance considerations for photosynthetic organisms. However, photosynthesis is a quantum process and the chemical reactions of photosynthesis are more dependent on

title: History of Earth

text: for cells to derive energy from the Sun. Most of the life that covers the surface of the Earth depends directly or indirectly on photosynthesis. The most common form, oxygenic photosynthesis, turns carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight into food. It captures the energy of sunlight in energy-rich molecules such as ATP, which then provide the energy to make sugars. To supply the electrons in the circuit, hydrogen is stripped from water, leaving oxygen as a waste product. Some organisms, including purple bacteria and green sulfur bacteria, use an anoxygenic form of photosynthesis that uses alternatives to hydrogen stripped from water

title: Photosynthesis

text: Earth's atmosphere, and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth. Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. The hydrogen freed by the splitting

title: Trophic level

text: their food to their own organic tissue (the ten-percent law). For this reason, food chains rarely extend for more than 5 or 6 levels. At the lowest trophic level (the bottom of the food chain), plants convert about 1% of the sunlight they receive into chemical energy. It follows from this that the total energy originally present in the incident sunlight that is finally embodied in a tertiary consumer is about 0.001% Both the number of trophic levels and the complexity of relationships between them evolve as life diversifies through time, the exception being intermittent mass extinction events. Food webs

title: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

text: between 7 and 5 million years ago over plants that use the less efficient C3 metabolic pathway. At current atmospheric pressures photosynthesis shuts down when atmospheric concentrations fall below 150 ppm and 200 ppm although some microbes can extract carbon from the air at much lower concentrations. Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts, which is about six times larger than the current power consumption of human civilization. Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year. Photosynthetic organisms are photoautotrophs, which means that they are

title: Plant

text: primitive plants lacking some tissue types. Plants are photosynthetic, which means that they manufacture their own food molecules using energy obtained from light. The primary mechanism plants have for capturing light energy is the pigment chlorophyll. All green plants contain two forms of chlorophyll, chlorophyll "a" and chlorophyll "b". The latter of these pigments is not found in red or brown algae. The simple equation of photosynthesis is as follows:- 6CO + 6HO → (in the presence of light and chlorophyll) CHO + 6O By means of cells that behave like nerves, plants receive and distribute within their systems information

title: Ecosystem

text: through this process supports life on earth, while the carbon makes up much of the organic matter in living and dead biomass, soil carbon and fossil fuels. It also drives the carbon cycle, which influences global climate via the greenhouse effect. Through the process of photosynthesis, plants capture energy from light and use it to combine carbon dioxide and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen. The photosynthesis carried out by all the plants in an ecosystem is called the gross primary production (GPP). About half of the GPP is consumed in plant respiration. The remainder, that portion of GPP that

title: Biological thermodynamics

text: like plants need sunlight directly while other organisms like humans can acquire energy from the sun indirectly. There is however evidence that some bacteria can thrive in harsh environments like Antarctica as evidence by the blue-green algae beneath thick layers of ice in the lakes. No matter what the type of living species, all living organisms must capture, transduce, store, and use energy to live. The relationship between the energy of the incoming sunlight and its wavelength or frequency is given by where "h" is the Planck constant (6.63x10Js) and "c" is the speed of light (2.998x10 m/s). Plants trap

title: Photosynthetic efficiency

title: Photosynthetic efficiency

text: crop plants store ~0.25% to 0.5% of the sunlight in the product (corn kernels, potato starch, etc.), sugar cane is exceptional in several ways to yield peak storage efficiencies of ~8%. Ethanol fuel in Brazil has a calculation that results in: "Per hectare per year, the biomass produced corresponds to 0.27 TJ. This is equivalent to 0.86 W/m. Assuming an average insolation of 225 W/m, the photosynthetic efficiency of sugar cane is 0.38%." Sucrose accounts for little more than 30% of the chemical energy stored in the mature plant; 35% is in the leaves and stem tips, which are left

title: Botany

text: Earth by generating a large proportion of the oxygen and food that provide humans and other organisms with aerobic respiration with the chemical energy they need to exist. Plants, algae and cyanobacteria are the major groups of organisms that carry out photosynthesis, a process that uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars that can be used both as a source of chemical energy and of organic molecules that are used in the structural components of cells. As a by-product of photosynthesis, plants release oxygen into the atmosphere, a gas that is required by nearly

title: Ecological efficiency

text: or egested by the livestock and unable to be used by humans. Out of a total of 96.8 formula_8 10^15 BTU of energy used in the US in 1999, 10.5% was used in food production, with the percentage accounting for food from both producer and primary consumer trophic levels. In comparing the cultivation of animals versus plants, there is a clear difference in magnitude of energy efficiency. Edible kilocalories produced from kilocalories of energy required for cultivation are: 18.1% for chicken, 6.7% for grass-fed beef, 5.7% for farmed salmon, and 0.9% for shrimp. In contrast, potatoes yield 123%, corn produce

title: Biological thermodynamics

text: primarily on photosynthesis. The total energy captured by photosynthesis in green plants from the solar radiation is about 2 x 10 joules of energy per year. Annual energy captured by photosynthesis in green plants is about 4% of the total sunlight energy that reaches Earth. The energy transformations in biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents are exceptions; they oxidize sulfur, obtaining their energy via chemosynthesis rather than photosynthesis. The field of biological thermodynamics is focused on principles of chemical thermodynamics in biology and biochemistry. Principles covered include the first law of thermodynamics, the second law of thermodynamics, Gibbs free energy, statistical

title: Agrivoltaic

text: solar energy production and plant cultivation in order to improve overall production. They were addressing the ongoing discussion on the competition for the use of arable land between solar energy production and crop. The light saturation point is the maximum amount of photons absorbable by a plant species. As more photons won’t increase to the rate of photosynthesis, Akira Nagashima suggest to combine PV systems and farming to use the excess of light. He developed the first prototypes in Japan in 2004. The term “agrivoltaic“ was used for the first time in a publication in 2011. The concept is known

title: Our Mr. Sun

text: being food. The population of the earth went from 500 million in 1650 to 2.5 billion in 1950. One out of every twenty human beings that ever existed, is currently alive today. Two out of every three people don't have enough to eat which is required for good health and 100 million new humans are born each year becoming a population explosion. Food is grown by the Sun through photosynthesis, which means "putting together with light". Ninety-nine percent of all food and fuel is created by the Sun through photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is the molecule responsible for photosynthesis though science isn't

title: Grow light

text: the "number" of photons than the amount of energy contained in the photons. Therefore, plant biologists often quantify PAR using the number of photons in the 400-700 nm range received by a surface for a specified amount of time, or the Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD). This is normally measured using mol ms. According to one manufacturer of grow lights, plants require at least light levels between 100 and 800 μmol ms. For daylight-spectrum (5800 K) lamps, this would be equivalent to 5800 to 46,000 lm/m. Grow light A grow light or plant light is an artificial light source, generally

title: Photosynthetic efficiency

text: curves that the class produces do allow comparisons in photosynthetic efficiency between plants. From a 2010 study by the University of Maryland, photosynthesizing Cyanobacteria have been shown to be a significant species in the global carbon cycle, accounting for 20–30% of Earth's photosynthetic productivity and convert solar energy into biomass-stored chemical energy at the rate of ~450 TW. According to the electron yield of 0.05% to 0.3% mentioned in the cyanobacteria study above, this means that a gross upper-bound estimate for the total photosynthetic productivity of earth is between ~90–530 TW (see also Earth's energy budget), if all of earth's

title: Ecology

text: is the primary input of energy into the planet's ecosystems. Light is composed of electromagnetic energy of different wavelengths. Radiant energy from the sun generates heat, provides photons of light measured as active energy in the chemical reactions of life, and also acts as a catalyst for genetic mutation. Plants, algae, and some bacteria absorb light and assimilate the energy through photosynthesis. Organisms capable of assimilating energy by photosynthesis or through inorganic fixation of HS are autotrophs. Autotrophs — responsible for primary production — assimilate light energy which becomes metabolically stored as potential energy in the form of biochemical enthalpic

title: Our Mr. Sun

text: Sun's core. It takes this light 2000 years to make it from the core to the Sun's surface and another eight minutes from the Sun's surface to the earth. The food problem is being studied by Dr. Hiroshi Tamiya of the Tokugawa Biological Institute in his research on chlorella, an algae consisting of carbohydrates, fats and 50% protein. Chlorella can produce about 10 times the edible material, per unit area, as a typical crop. The second biggest problem man faces is that of fuel. In 1850, the average American used 400 horsepower-hours of fuel. By 1950, the average American used

title: Photosynthesis

text: Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name "photosynthesis", from the Greek φῶς, "phōs", "light", and σύνθεσις, "synthesis", "putting together". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis is largely responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen content of the

title: Artificial photosynthesis

text: particular how much of the incident light can be used in a system in practice. This is comparable with photosynthetic efficiency, where light-to-chemical-energy conversion is measured. Photosynthetic organisms are able to collect about 50% of incident solar radiation, however the theoretical limit of photosynthetic efficiency is 4.6 and 6.0% for C3 and C4 plants respectively. In reality, the efficiency of photosynthesis is much lower and is usually below 1%, with some exceptions such as sugarcane in tropical climate. In contrast, the highest reported efficiency for artificial photosynthesis lab prototypes is 22.4%. However, plants are efficient in using CO at atmospheric

title: Photosynthetic efficiency

text: net leaf efficiency. Many plants lose much of the remaining energy on growing roots. Most crop plants store ~0.25% to 0.5% of the sunlight in the product (corn kernels, potato starch, etc.). Photosynthesis increases linearly with light intensity at low intensity, but at higher intensity this is no longer the case (see Photosynthesis-irradiance curve). Above about 10,000 lux or ~100 watts/square meter the rate no longer increases. Thus, most plants can only utilize ~10% of full mid-day sunlight intensity. This dramatically reduces average achieved photosynthetic efficiency in fields compared to peak laboratory results. However, real plants (as opposed to laboratory

title: Photosynthesis

text: cytosol they turn back into CO very slowly without the help of carbonic anhydrase. This causes the HCO ions to accumulate within the cell from where they diffuse into the carboxysomes. Pyrenoids in algae and hornworts also act to concentrate around rubisco. The overall process of photosynthesis takes place in four stages: Plants usually convert light into chemical energy with a photosynthetic efficiency of 3–6%. Absorbed light that is unconverted is dissipated primarily as heat, with a small fraction (1–2%) re-emitted as chlorophyll fluorescence at longer (redder) wavelengths. This fact allows measurement of the light reaction of photosynthesis by using

title: Photosynthetic efficiency

text: Photosynthetic efficiency The photosynthetic efficiency is the fraction of light energy converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis in plants and algae. Photosynthesis can be described by the simplified chemical reaction where CHO is glucose (which is subsequently transformed into other sugars, cellulose, lignin, and so forth). The value of the photosynthetic efficiency is dependent on how light energy is defined – it depends on whether we count only the light that is absorbed, and on what kind of light is used (see Photosynthetically active radiation). It takes eight (or perhaps 10 or more) photons to utilize one molecule of CO.

title: Photosynthetic efficiency

long_answer: where C6H12O6 is glucose (which is subsequently transformed into other sugars, cellulose, lignin, and so forth). The value of the photosynthetic efficiency is dependent on how light energy is defined – it depends on whether we count only the light that is absorbed, and on what kind of light is used (see Photosynthetically active radiation). It takes eight (or perhaps 10 or more) photons to utilize one molecule of CO2. The Gibbs free energy for converting a mole of CO2 to glucose is 114 kcal, whereas eight moles of photons of wavelength 600 nm contains 381 kcal, giving a nominal efficiency of 30%. However, photosynthesis can occur with light up to wavelength 720 nm so long as there is also light at wavelengths below 680 nm to keep Photosystem II operating (see Chlorophyll). Using longer wavelengths means less light energy is needed for the same number of photons and therefore for the same amount of photosynthesis. For actual sunlight, where only 45% of the light is in the photosynthetically active wavelength range, the theoretical maximum efficiency of solar energy conversion is approximately 11%. In actuality, however, plants do not absorb all incoming sunlight (due to reflection, respiration requirements of photosynthesis and the need for optimal solar radiation levels) and do not convert all harvested energy into biomass, which results in an overall photosynthetic efficiency of 3 to 6% of total solar radiation. If photosynthesis is inefficient, excess light energy must be dissipated to avoid damaging the photosynthetic apparatus. Energy can be dissipated as heat (non-photochemical quenching), or emitted as chlorophyll fluorescence.