question: legislation regarding data protection and security in uk

answers: The Data Protection Act 1998

answers: Data Protection Act 1998

title: Data Protection Act 2018

text: Data Protection Act 2018 The Data Protection Act 2018 (c 12) is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament which updates data protection laws in the UK. It is a national law which complements the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The Data Protection Act 2018 achieved Royal Assent on 23 May 2018. It applies the EU's GDPR standards. Whereas the GDPR gives member states limited opportunities to make provisions for how it applies in their country, one element of the DPA 2018 is the details of these, applying as the national law. The DPA 2018 is however not limited

title: Data Protection Act 2018

text: for the processing of personal data which is outside the scope of the GDPR. This includes intelligence services processing, immigration services processing and the processing of personal data held in unstructured form by public authorities. Under section 3 of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018, the GDPR will be incorporated directly into domestic law immediately after the UK exits the European Union. Data Protection Act 2018 The Data Protection Act 2018 (c 12) is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament which updates data protection laws in the UK. It is a national law which complements the European Union's General Data

title: Privacy law

text: Thailand still lacks legislation that explicitly addresses privacy security. Thus, with the need for a more general and all-encompassing data protection law, the legislature proposed the Personal Data Protection Bill in 2013, which is heavily influenced by the OECD Guidelines and the EU Directive. The draft law is still under evaluation and its enactment date is not yet finalized. As a member of the European Convention on Human Rights, the United Kingdom adheres to Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which guarantees a "right to respect for privacy and family life" from state parties, subject to restrictions

title: General Data Protection Regulation

text: delayed for several months. The eIDAS Regulation is also part of the strategy. With the United Kingdom scheduled to leave the European Union in 2019, the UK granted royal assent to the "Data Protection Act 2018" on 23 May 2018, which contains equivalent regulations and protections. If the UK leaves the EU, it will become a "third country" for the purposes of the transfer of personal data outside the EU. This may require an "adequacy decision" by the European Commission on the suitability of the UK's data protection framework, or other appropriate safeguards that may allow such transfers to take

title: Information Commissioner's Office

text: over the Government's proposed British national identity card and database, as well as other similar databases such as the Citizen Information Project, Universal Child Database, and the NHS National Programme for IT, stating that the country is in danger of sleepwalking into a surveillance society, drawing attention to the misuse of such information by the former states of the Eastern bloc and Francisco Franco's Spain. The Data Protection Act 2018 achieved on 23 May 2018. It updates data protection laws in the UK, supplementing the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), implementing the EU law enforcement directive, and extending data protection

title: General Data Protection Regulation

text: place. (Chapter V). It is currently (August 2018) the UK Government's view that a 'legally-binding data protection agreement' between the EU and the UK would be more appropriate than an 'adequacy finding'. Such an agreement would include the UK Information Commissioner taking part in the 'one stop shop' mechanism and having a seat on the European Data Protection Board. General Data Protection Regulation The General Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/679 ("GDPR") is a regulation in EU law on data protection and privacy for all individuals within the European Union (EU) and the European Economic Area (EEA). It also addresses the

title: Elizabeth France

text: is also chair of the Security Industry Authority, a role she took up in January 2014. Elizabeth read politics at Aberystwyth (1968- 1971). Prior to her appointment (1994) as Data Protection Registrar, she worked in the Home Office. She was awarded CBE in 2002 for services to data protection. She holds honorary doctorate degrees. Elizabeth France Elizabeth Irene France CBE (born Leicester, 1 February 1950) is the former chair of the Office for Legal Complaints. She was appointed in February 2009 and was chair until 2014 when Steve Green became the Chair. From 1994 to 2002 she was the Data

title: Data Protection Act 2018

text: to the UK GDPR provisions. The Act has seven parts. These are outlined in Section 1: The Act introduces new offences that include knowingly or recklessly obtaining or disclosing personal data without the consent of the data controller, procuring such disclosure, or retaining the data obtained without consent. Selling, or offering to sell, personal data knowingly or recklessly obtained or disclosed would also be an offence. Essentially, the Act implements the EU Law Enforcement Directive, it implements those parts of the GDPR which 'are to be determined by Member State law' and it creates a framework similar to the GDPR

title: Personal Data Protection Bill 2018

text: Personal Data Protection Bill 2018 The Personal Data Protection Bill is a Pakistani law that attempts to protect personal data from misuse by corporations and governments. The implementation of GDPR by the European Union impacted the Cyber Law policymakers of Pakistan, the Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunication. They proposed a bill to protect the personal data of Pakistani citizens. According to this bill, "A Bill to protect people against the violation of their privacy by processing of personal data. Whereas it is expedient to provide for the processing, obtaining, holding, usage and disclosure of data relating to individuals while

title: Privacy law

text: must register with the Data Protection Commissioner unless they are exempt (non-profit organizations etc.) and renew their registration annually. Considering the protection of internet property and online data, the ePrivacy Regulations 2011 protects the communications and higher-advanced technical property and data such as social media and the telephone. In relation to international data privacy law that Ireland is involved in, the British-Irish Agreement Act 1999 Section 51 extensively states the relationship between data security between the United Kingdom and Ireland. In addition, Ireland is part of the Council of Europe and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. The Data

title: Data Protection (Jersey) Law

text: Data Protection (Jersey) Law The Data Protection (Jersey) Law is an information privacy law in the Crown Dependency of the Bailiwick of Jersey, one of the Channel Islands. The latest version is 2005, updating the previous law from 1987 to meet a European Directive. It was adopted on 30 June 2004. The law implements the European Data Protection Directive of 24 October 1995, which concerns the "protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data". These include restrictions on the gathering, collection, and use of personal data, as well as

title: Privacy law

text: South Africa is part of the Southern African Development Community and the African Union. The Data Act is the world's first national data protection law and was enacted in Sweden on 11 May 1973. The law was then superseded on 24 October 1998 by the Personal Data Act (Sw. "Personuppgiftslagen") that implemented the 1995 EU Data Protection Directive. The main legislation over personal data privacy for the personal and private sector in Switzerland is the Swiss Federal Protection Act, specifically the Data Protection Act, a specific section under the Swiss Federal Protection Act. The Data Protection Act has been enacted

title: Data Protection Commissioner

text: Data Protection Commissioner The Office of the Data Protection Commissioner (Irish: An Coimisinéir Cosanta Sonraí) is the independent national authority responsible for upholding the EU fundamental right of individuals to data privacy through the enforcement and monitoring of compliance with data protection legislation in Ireland. It was established in 1989. Helen Dixon was appointed as Ireland's fifth Data Protection Commissioner in September 2014. Prior to her appointment she held the role of Irish Registrar of Companies with the Companies Registration Office from December 2009. She previously held senior management positions in the Department of Jobs and Enterprise. She spent the

title: General Data Protection Regulation

text: General Data Protection Regulation The General Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/679 ("GDPR") is a regulation in EU law on data protection and privacy for all individuals within the European Union (EU) and the European Economic Area (EEA). It also addresses the export of personal data outside the EU and EEA areas. The GDPR aims primarily to give control to individuals over their personal data and to simplify the regulatory environment for international business by unifying the regulation within the EU. Superseding the Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC, the regulation contains provisions and requirements pertaining to the processing of personal data of

title: Data Protection Act 1998

title: UK Data Archive

text: UK Data Archive The UK Data Archive is a national centre of expertise in data archiving in the United Kingdom (UK). It houses the largest collection of digital data in the social sciences and humanities in the UK. It is certified under the Data Seal of Approval as a trusted digital repository. It is also certified under the international ISO 27001 standard for information security. Located in Colchester, the UK Data Archive is a specialist department of the University of Essex, co-located with the Institute for Social and Economic Research (ISER). It is primarily funded by the Economic and Social

title: Mass surveillance

text: such as Tempora. The use of these capabilities is controlled by laws made in the UK Parliament. In particular, access to the content of private messages (that is, interception of a communication) must be authorized by a warrant signed by a Secretary of State. In addition European Union data privacy law applies in UK law. The UK exhibits governance and safeguards as well as use of electronic surveillance. The Investigatory Powers Tribunal, a judicial oversight body for the intelligence agencies, ruled in December 2014 that the legislative framework in the United Kingdom does not breach the European Convention on Human

title: Data Protection (Jersey) Law

text: In 2011, Saint Brélade Deputy and Housing Minister Sean Power was forced to resign after he forwarded an email he pulled off a printer in the States Building. The email discussed Syvret. Data Protection (Jersey) Law The Data Protection (Jersey) Law is an information privacy law in the Crown Dependency of the Bailiwick of Jersey, one of the Channel Islands. The latest version is 2005, updating the previous law from 1987 to meet a European Directive. It was adopted on 30 June 2004. The law implements the European Data Protection Directive of 24 October 1995, which concerns the "protection of

title: National Data Guardian for Health and Care in England

text: Data Guardian was held in 2015 in preparation for the bill's drafting. When enacted, it will give the role formal, advice-giving powers on matters related to the processing of health and adult social care data in England In September 2015, the Secretary of State for Health Jeremy Hunt asked the National Data Guardian and the Care Quality Commission conduct a formal review into data security and use, delivering as its outcomes: recommendations for new data security standards for health and care; a method for testing compliance against the standards; and a new consent or opt-out model for data sharing in

title: General Data Protection Regulation

text: enforcement of the EU; however, industry groups concerned about facing a potential conflict of laws have questioned whether Article 48 of the GDPR could be invoked to seek to prevent a data controller subject to a third country's laws from complying with a legal order from that country's law enforcement, judicial, or national security authorities to disclose to such authorities the personal data of an EU person, regardless of whether the data resides in or out of the EU. Article 48 states that any judgement of a court or tribunal and any decision of an administrative authority of a third

title: Jennifer Baker (journalist)

text: May that same year. She was named by Onalytica as one of the world's Top 100 Influencers on Data Security 2016. She is a member of the editorial advisory board of the Journal of Data Protection and Privacy – an academic publication that aims to be the gold standard in data protection, and is correspondent for the Association of Privacy Professionals (IAPP) publications The Privacy Advisor and the Daily Dashboard. She was a presenter at the Global Privacy Summit in Washington, D.C. in April 2016 on a panel with Chair of the EU Article 29 Working Party, Isabelle Falque Pierrotin,

title: Data protection (privacy) laws in Russia

text: or third party’s equipment located in Russia prior to enactment of the said law must send the notification before they actually start processing personal data. It is important that the said notification contain information provided for by the applicable legislation. Scope of application of Russian Data Protection legislation: Russian laws apply when the operator uses his own or third-party data processing equipment located in Russia. As well as in cases where the data has been already transferred outside Russia, but there has been a violation of personal data subject’s rights prior to or during such transfer. If the data is

title: Data retention

text: Act came into force in 2014. It is the answer by the United Kingdom parliament after a declaration of invalidity was made by the Court of Justice of the European Union in relation to Directive 2006/ 24/EC in order to make provision, about the retention of certain communications data. In addition, the purpose of the act is to: The act is also to ensure that communication companies in the UK retain communications data so that it continues to be available when it is needed by law enforcement agencies and others to investigate committed crimes and protect the public. Data protection

title: PRISM (surveillance program)

text: know the content of emails about people living in the UK, then they actually have to get lawful authority. The UK's Information Commissioner's Office was more cautious, saying it would investigate PRISM alongside other European data agencies: "There are real issues about the extent to which U.S. law agencies can access personal data of UK and other European citizens. Aspects of U.S. law under which companies can be compelled to provide information to U.S. agencies potentially conflict with European data protection law, including the UK's own Data Protection Act. The ICO has raised this with its European counterparts, and the

title: Data Protection Act 1998

text: civil and criminal offences for which data controllers may be liable if a data controller has failed to gain appropriate consent from a data subject. However, 'consent' is not specifically defined in the Act and so is a common law matter. The UK Data Protection Act is a large Act that has a reputation for complexity. While the basic principles are honoured for protecting privacy, interpreting the act is not always simple. Many companies, organisations and individuals seem very unsure of the aims, content and principles of the Act. Some hide behind the Act and refuse to provide even very

title: Jerry Fishenden

text: the committee with their inquiry into government IT. From 2009–2010, he was appointed as a member of the Scottish Government's expert panel on identity management and privacy, and has been an invited speaker at the Cambridge Union Society. He was the Co-Chair of the U.K. Government's Privacy and Consumer Advisory Group from 2011 to 2017. He has held a variety of the IT industry's most senior positions, including as the UK Government's interim deputy chief technology officer, Microsoft's lead technology policy and strategy advisor; as head of business systems for the UK’s chief financial services regulator in the City of

title: Data Protection Commissioner

text: and private sectors. The Office of the Data Protection Commissioner devotes significant resources to providing guidance to organisations and individuals on their respective obligations and rights. Guidance is offered to organisations which voluntarily consult with the Office in order to ensure compliance with data protection law in the implementation of projects that involve the collection and processing of personal data. It operates a help desk where organisations and individuals can seek guidance by phone or in writing on their respective obligations and rights. More in-depth enquiries are escalated to the Office’s dedicated Consultation Team. It provides guidance on its website

title: Data Protection Act 1998

text: Act defined eight data protection principles to ensure that information was processed lawfully. It was superseded by the Data Protection Act 2018 (DPA 2018) on 23 May 2018. The DPA 2018 supplements the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which came into effect on 25 May 2018. The GDPR regulates the collection, storage, and use of personal data significantly more strictly. The 1998 Act replaced the Data Protection Act 1984 and the Access to Personal Files Act 1987, and implemented the EU Data Protection Directive 1995. The Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003 altered the consent requirement for

title: Mass surveillance in the United Kingdom

text: to improve transparency. However, notable civil liberties groups and broadsheet newspapers continue to express strong views to the contrary, while UK and US intelligence agencies and others have criticised these viewpoints in turn. Various government bodies maintain databases about citizens and residents of the United Kingdom. These include "bulk data sets" such as medical records. In January 2016 the Home Secretary stated she would neither restrict the data sets that might be accessed for such purposes, nor state whether or not communications protected from law enforcement access such as journalist's sources and legal privilege had been accessed covertly. Although the

title: General Data Protection Regulation

text: headings are: The regulation applies if the data controller (an organisation that collects data from EU residents), or processor (an organisation that processes data on behalf of a data controller like cloud service providers), or the data subject (person) is based in the EU. Under certain circumstances, the regulation also applies to organisations based outside the EU if they collect or process personal data of individuals located inside the EU. The regulation does not apply to the processing of data by a person for a "purely personal or household activity and thus with no connection to a professional or commercial

title: Data Protection Act 1998

long_answer: The Data Protection Act 1998 (c 29) is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament designed to protect personal data stored on computers or in an organised paper filing system. It follows the EU Data Protection Directive 1995 protection, processing and movement of data. Individuals have legal rights to control information about themselves. Most of the Act does not apply to domestic use, for example keeping a personal address book. Anyone holding personal data for other purposes is legally obliged to comply with this Act, subject to some exemptions. The Act defines eight data protection principles to ensure that information is processed lawfully.

short_answers:
Data Protection Act 1998
The Data Protection Act 1998


question: where does the eurostar train arrives in london

answers: St Pancras International

title: Channel Tunnel

text: to departing country and then officials of the destination country. These are only placed at the main Eurostar stations: French officials operate at London St Pancras, Ebbsfleet International and Ashford International, while British officials operate at Calais-Fréthun, Lille-Europe, Brussels-South and Paris-Gare du Nord. There are security checks before boarding as well. For the shuttle road-vehicle trains, there are juxtaposed passport controls before boarding the trains. For Eurostar trains travelling from places south of Paris, there is no passport and security check before departure, and those trains must stop in Lille at least 30 minutes to allow all passengers to be

title: Eurostar

text: not currently call at , originally intended to be the London stop for the regional Eurostars. This was to be reviewed following the 2012 Olympics. However, in 2013, Eurostar claimed that its 'business would be hit' by stopping trains there. Although the original plan for Regional Eurostar services to destinations north of London was abandoned, the significantly improved journey times available since the opening of High Speed 1 — which is physically connected to both the East Coast Main Line and the North London Line (for the West Coast Main Line) at St Pancras — and the recently increased maximum

title: Eurostar

text: Amsterdam Centraal. In addition, there are limited services from London to Disneyland Paris at Marne-la-Vallée – Chessy, direct services to southern France (Lyon, Avignon and Marseille) from May to September (launched on 1 May 2015), and seasonal direct services to the French Alps in winter (December to April). The service is operated by eighteen-car Class 373/1 trains and sixteen-car trains which run at up to on a network of high-speed lines. The LGV Nord line in France opened before Eurostar services began in 1994, and newer lines enabling faster journeys were added later—HSL 1 in Belgium and High Speed 1

title: Eurostar

text: during school holidays, and an up-to-5-times-a-week service to Marseille via Lyon and Avignon. There are also seasonal services in the winter. "Snow trains", aimed at skiers, to Bourg-Saint-Maurice, Aime-la-Plagne and Moûtiers in the Alps; these run twice-weekly, one overnight and one during the daytime. Intermediate stations are Ebbsfleet International in northwest Kent, Ashford International in southeast Kent, and Calais-Fréthun and Lille-Europe in Nord-Pas-de-Calais. In February 2018, Eurostar announced the start of its long planned service from London to Amsterdam, with an initial two trains per day from April of that year running between St Pancras and Amsterdam Centraal. This launched

title: Eurostar

text: to Amsterdam, and Cologne on the way to Frankfurt. Amsterdam and Cologne would be under four hours from London, Frankfurt around five hours. DB decided to put this on hold mainly due to advance passport check requirements. DB had hoped that immigration checks could be done on board, but British authorities required immigration and security checks to be done at Lille Europe station, taking at least 30 minutes. In August 2010, Trenitalia announced its desire to eventually run high-speed trains from Italy to the United Kingdom, using its newly ordered high-speed trains. The trains will be delivered from 2013. Eurostar

title: Eurostar

text: takes place at the UK arrival stations - this is the only route where passengers are not cleared by UK border officials before crossing the channel. On the northbound Marseille-London train, there is no facility for security or passport checks at the southern French stations, so passengers must leave the train at Lille-Europe, taking all their belongings with them, and undergo security and border checks there before rejoining the train which waits at the station for just over an hour. On several occasions, people have illegally tried to stow away on board the train, sometimes in large groups, trying to

title: Eurostar

text: December 2016. The service will use the newly bought Siemens Velaro trainsets and will also call at Brussels, and Rotterdam. The journey time will be around four hours. Trains will stop in Brussels for half an hour for a security check. Passengers for London from Amsterdam and Rotterdam will undertake all security checks before boarding and will not need to get off in Brussels. The train will also convey passengers from the Netherlands on journeys to Brussels who will not need to pass through security and they will be allocated half the train which will be kept separate from the

title: Eurostar

text: 2011 a man fell at approximately 17:40 or 17:50 from the 17:04 service from London to Brussels as it passed through Westenhanger and Cheriton in Folkestone, near the entry to the Channel Tunnel. The individual was an Albanian who had been refused entry to the United Kingdom and was voluntarily returning to Brussels. The line was handed back at 22:09 after being closed for several hours following the incident. The train itself returned north to Ashford International, where passengers were transferred to a Eurostar service operating from Marne-la-Vallée to London, where passengers arrived again at approximately 22:30. Eurostar trains do

title: Eurostar

text: with the new year-round service to Lyon and Marseille as of 1 May 2015. In 2018, at least, direct services to Lyon, Avignon and Marseille ran only from May to September, with connections during the rest of the year being offered via Eurostar but requiring a change to SNCF trains in Paris or Lille. Travel time from London to Marseille was roughly 6.5 hours in 2018. In September 2013, Eurostar announced an agreement with the Government of Netherlands and NS, the Dutch railway company to start twice daily services between London and Amsterdam Centraal; the launch was initially planned for

title: Eurostar

text: London-bound passengers by locking the intermediate door. The Brussels-bound half of the train will be security swept on arrival at Brussels before Brussels-to-London passengers can board. The journey from London to Amsterdam Centraal will take 3 hr 41 min and trains will call at Brussels Zuid/Midi and Rotterdam Centraal Station. From Amsterdam Centraal to London St Pancras, trains will take 4 hr 9 min to include the 28 minute stop at Brussels. Eurostar trains from London will also call at Antwerp Centraal and Schiphol Airport, although trains from Amsterdam will miss out Antwerp on the journey back to London. In

title: TGV

text: Continental Europe, equivalent to adding an extra runway at a London airport. Eurostar has higher security measures than other TGVs. Luggage is screened and passengers are required to check in 30 minutes before departure. Because the UK is not part of the Schengen Area, and because France and Belgium are not part of the Common Travel Area, passengers are subject to immigration checks. These take place before passengers board the train, so officials from the UK Border Force are stationed in France and Belgium, with their French counterparts stationed in the UK. In October 2010, Eurostar ordered 10 Class 374

title: Eurostar

text: Eurostar is the convenience and speed of the service: with shorter check-in times than at most airports and hence quicker boarding and less queueing and high punctuality, it takes less time to travel between central London and central Paris by high-speed rail than by air. Eurostar now has a dominant share of the combined rail–air market on its routes to Paris and Brussels. In 2004, it had a 66% share of the London–Paris market, and a 59% share of the London–Brussels market. In 2007, it achieved record market shares of 71% for London–Paris and 65% for London–Brussels routes. Eurostar's passenger

title: High Speed 1

text: London St Pancras railway station to the Channel Tunnel, with the majority terminating at either Paris Gare du Nord in France or Brussels-South railway station in Belgium. Currently the trains operated by Eurostar are the only ones to make full use of the high speeds on the line; a Eurostar train was used to set a new British rail speed record of on 30 July 2003. Prior to the formation of Eurostar International Limited, the British component of the Eurostar grouping was owned by London and Continental Railways, which had also previously owned the High Speed 1 infrastructure. The fastest

title: Ashford International railway station

text: Eurostar station is only staffed for part of the day. International services started on 8 January 1996. Before the completion of High Speed 1 in November 2007, twelve Eurostar trains a day called, heading to Paris (7 trains) or Brussels (5). However this number was reduced because of the opening of Ebbsfleet International station to 2 or 3 trains to/from Paris and a daily service to Disneyland Paris. A direct train for Brussels was reinstated in 2009. From May 2015 a service to Marseille runs up to five times a week. Seasonal Ski trains also run at weekends in the

title: Eurostar

title: Eurostar

text: the domestic signalling systems used by Nederlandse Spoorwegen. Following the December 2009 opening of HSL Zuid, a London–Amsterdam journey is estimated to take 4 hr 16 min. In an interview with Eurostar's Chief Executive Nicolas Petrovic in the "Financial Times" in May 2012, an intention for Eurostar to serve ten new destinations was expressed, including Amsterdam, Frankfurt, Cologne, Lyon, Marseille and Geneva, along with a likely second hub to be created in Brussels. In March 2016 in an interview with Bloomberg, Eurostar's Chief Executive expressed interest in operating a direct train service between London and Bordeaux, but not before 2019.

title: Eurostar

text: and Belgian high-speed lines. Non-stop journey times were reduced by a further 20 minutes to 2 hours 15 minutes for London–Paris and 1 hour 51 minutes for London–Brussels. Eurostar offers up to sixteen weekday London – Paris services (eighteen on Fridays) including ten non-stop (twelve on Fridays). Previously there were ten London–Lille and Brussels services, including five running non-stop as far as Lille, but this has now been reduced to seven each way. In addition, there is a return trip from London to Marne-la-Vallée - Chessy for Disneyland Paris, which runs at least 4 times a week with increased frequency

title: Winter of 2009–10 in Europe

text: out. Eurostar added special services on the evening of 19 December to transport "vulnerable passengers" between London, Paris and Brussels. However, a service from Paris became the sixth train to break down after becoming stuck near Ebbsfleet, Kent. The cause of the breakdowns was unclear; Eurostar initially blamed the sudden contrast between freezing temperatures above ground and the heat of the tunnel, which affected the high-speed engines. On 20 December in the Netherlands, the Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute (KNMI) issued an official weather alarm for the entire country following heavy snowfall () in the west, which eventually spread to the

title: High Speed 1

text: ruled out on cost grounds. Waterloo International closed upon opening of the section two of the CTRL in November 2007; Eurostar now serves the refurbished St Pancras as its only London terminal, so this connecting line is no longer used in regular service, but can be used in emergencies by Class 395 passenger trains. High Speed 1 was built to allow eight trains per hour through to the Channel Tunnel. As of May 2014, Eurostar runs two to three trains per hour in each direction between London and the Channel Tunnel. Southeastern runs in the high peak eight trains per

title: British Rail Class 374

text: meet the prospect of increased competition through the Channel Tunnel (primarily from DB), it intends to use them to expand its network to Amsterdam, Frankfurt and Cologne, and more destinations in France. In September 2013, Eurostar announced that its new service between London and Amsterdam, intended to begin operation in December 2016, would be operated by the trains. In April 2016 Eurostar said that the Amsterdam service was now planned to operate from late 2017. The first Class 374 set entered service in November 2015, ahead of the full launch of the new type; the receipt of the safety authorization

title: Eurostar

text: hours while a rescue train was called in. On 15 April 2010 air traffic in Western Europe closed because of the eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano. Many travellers between the UK and the European mainland instead took the Eurostar train, all tickets between Brussels and London on 15 and 16 April being sold out within 3½ hours after the closure of British airspace. On 20 December 2010, the Channel Tunnel was closed off for a day due to snowy weather. Eurostar Trains were suspended that day with thousands of passengers stranded in the run up to Christmas On 17 October

title: British Rail Class 373

text: 6 April 1996, Berlin-Grunewald station for Eurailspeed 1998, Madrid Chamartín railway station for Eurailspeed 2002 and at the York National Railway Museum for the Railfest 200 celebrations in 2004. To celebrate ten years of Eurostar service, a barge was floated down the River Thames in London on 16 November 2004, with a power car on board, specially painted by Ben Langlands and Nikki Bell. Named ""Language of Places on Eurostar"" by Langlands and Bell, it consisted of the three-letter "destination codes for all the places where Eurostar goes or connects". The barge went under Tower Bridge, past the Houses of

title: Eurostar

text: train without arrival checks in most cases, juxtaposed controls ordinarily take place at the embarkation station. In order to comply with special UK legislation, there are full security checks similar to those at airports, scanning both bags and people's pockets. Security checks at Eurostar are comparable to those at a small airport and generally much quicker than at London Heathrow. The recommended check-in time is 30 minutes except for business class where it is 10 minutes. Eurostar passengers travelling inside the Schengen Area (Brussels–Lille or Brussels–Calais; Lille–Calais trips are not allowed to be performed by Eurostar) pass through a separate

title: Eurostar

text: In 2008 the French Government announced its future investment plans for new LGVs to be built up to 2020; LGV Picardie was not included but was listed as planned in the longer term. The reduced journey times offered by the opening of High Speed 1 and the opening of the LGV Est and HSL-Zuid bring more continental destinations within a range from London where rail is competitive with air travel. By Eurostar's estimates a train would then take 3 hours 30 minutes from London to Amsterdam. At present Eurostar is concentrating on developing its connections with other services, but direct

title: Eurostar

text: 46mins) on 20 February 2018. The first regular service to Amsterdam left St Pancras at 08:31 on 4 April 2018. In 2010, international rail travel was liberalised by new European Union directives, designed to break up monopolies in order to encourage competition for services between countries. This sparked interest among other companies in providing services in competition to Eurostar and new services to destinations beyond Paris and Brussels. The only rail carrier to formally propose and secure permission for such a service up to now is Deutsche Bahn, which intends to run services between London and Germany and the Netherlands.

title: London

text: as boat trains, such as the "Admiraal de Ruijter" to Amsterdam and the "Night Ferry" to Paris and Brussels. The opening of the Channel Tunnel in 1994 connected London directly to the continental rail network, allowing Eurostar services to begin. Since 2007, high-speed trains link St. Pancras International with Lille, Paris, Brussels, Amsterdam and other European tourist destinations via the High Speed 1 rail link and the Channel Tunnel. The first high-speed domestic trains started in June 2009 linking Kent to London. There are plans for a second high speed line linking London to the Midlands, North West England, and

title: Regional Eurostar

text: Regional Eurostar Regional Eurostar was the name given to plans to operate Eurostar train services from Paris and Brussels to locations in the United Kingdom beyond London. The services would have been run using a fleet of seven "North of London", 14-coach British Rail Class 373/2 trainsets. When the Channel Tunnel was first announced in the 1980s, it was part of the proposals to operate high-speed rail services through it on both sides of the English Channel with a substantial network envisaged. This was gradually reduced to a core service, along dedicated TGV-style high-speed lines, between the three capital cities,

title: High-speed rail in Europe

text: trains serve the Paris to Brussels corridor, which is now covered in 1h20. Additional Thalys services extend to Amsterdam and Cologne in addition to Belgian cities. Both Deutsche Bahn (DB) and Eurostar have announced plans for direct services from London to new continental destinations in the Netherlands and Germany. DB have not set a date for any new service to begin, although the company did at one point hope to introduce a five-hour service to Frankfurt by 2017. A twice daily direct Eurostar service between London St Pancras and Amsterdam started running on 4 April 2018. The German manufacturer Siemens

title: Eurostar

text: tracks were quickly overcome. On 14 November 1994, Eurostar services began between Waterloo International station in London, Gare du Nord in Paris and Brussels-South railway station in Brussels. The train service started with a limited "Discovery" service; the full daily service started from 28 May 1995. In 1995, Eurostar was achieving an average end-to-end speed of between London and Paris. On 8 January 1996, Eurostar launched services from a second UK railway station when Ashford International was opened. On 23 September 2003, passenger services began running on the first completed section of High Speed 1. Following a high-profile glamorous opening

title: Transport in London

text: (apart from London Overground and TfL Rail) but are owned and operated by a number of private rail firms and use TfL's Oyster card system. The terminal (only) stations are Cannon Street, Charing Cross, Euston, Fenchurch Street, King's Cross, Liverpool Street, Marylebone, Moorgate, Paddington, St Pancras, Victoria and Waterloo. The through (only) stations are City Thameslink, Farringdon, Old Street, Vauxhall. The 'mixed' stations are Waterloo East, Blackfriars and London Bridge. London is also linked by rail to mainland Europe by High Speed 1 through the Channel Tunnel Rail Link, branded HS1 (High Speed 1). High-speed Eurostar trains serve Paris and

title: Eurostar

long_answer: The London terminus is St Pancras International, the other British calling points being Ebbsfleet International and Ashford International in Kent. Intermediate calling points in France are Calais-Fréthun and Lille-Europe, with trains to Paris terminating at Gare du Nord. Trains to Belgium terminate at Midi/Zuid station in Brussels. The only intermediate calling point in the Netherlands is Rotterdam Centraal, with trains terminating at Amsterdam Centraal. In addition, there are limited services from London to Disneyland Paris at Marne-la-Vallée – Chessy, direct services to southern France (Lyon, Avignon and Marseille) from May to September (launched on 1 May 2015), and seasonal direct services to the French Alps in winter (December to April).


question: krypton-85 decays by emission of a beta particle. the product of this decay is

answers: rubidium-85

title: Krypton-85

text: of radiotoxicity, 440 Bq of Kr-85 is equivalent to 1 Bq of radon-222, without considering the rest of the radon decay chain. Krypton-85 is produced in small quantities by the interaction of cosmic rays with stable krypton-84 in the atmosphere. Natural sources maintain an equilibrium inventory of about 0.09 PBq in the atmosphere. However, as of 2009 the total amount in the atmosphere is estimated at 5500 PBq due to anthropogenic sources. At the end of the year 2000, it was estimated to be 4800 PBq, and in 1973, an estimated 1961 PBq (53 megacuries). The most important of these

title: Krypton-85

text: human sources is nuclear fuel reprocessing. Nuclear fission produces about three atoms of krypton-85 for every 1000 fissions; i.e. it has a fission yield of 0.3%. Most or all of this krypton-85 is retained in the spent nuclear fuel rods; spent fuel on discharge from a reactor contains between 0.13-1.8 PBq/Mg of krypton-85. Some of this spent fuel is reprocessed. Current nuclear reprocessing releases the gaseous Kr-85 to the atmosphere when the spent fuel is dissolved. It would be possible in principle to capture and store this krypton gas as nuclear waste or for use. The cumulative global amount of

title: Isotopes of krypton

text: atmosphere, along with some of the other isotopes of krypton. Krypton-81 has a half-life of about 229,000 years. Krypton-81 has been used for dating old (50,000- to 800,000-year-old) groundwater. Krypton-85 is a radioisotope of krypton that has a half-life of about 10.75 years. This isotope is produced by the nuclear fission of uranium and plutonium in nuclear weapons testing and in nuclear reactors, as well as by cosmic rays. An important goal of the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963 was to eliminate the release of such radioisotopes into the atmosphere, and since 1963 much of that krypton-85 has

title: Isotopes of krypton

text: Japan, India, and Pakistan. All of the other radioisotopes of krypton have half-lives of less than one day, except for krypton-79, which has a half-life of about 35.0 hours. This isotope decays by the emission of positrons and thus becoming bromine. Isotopes of krypton There are 33 known isotopes of krypton (Kr) with atomic mass numbers from 69 through 101. Naturally occurring krypton is made of five stable isotopes and one () which is slightly radioactive with an extremely long half-life, plus traces of radioisotopes that are produced by cosmic rays in the atmosphere. Krypton-86 was formerly used to define

title: Isotopes of krypton

text: Isotopes of krypton There are 33 known isotopes of krypton (Kr) with atomic mass numbers from 69 through 101. Naturally occurring krypton is made of five stable isotopes and one () which is slightly radioactive with an extremely long half-life, plus traces of radioisotopes that are produced by cosmic rays in the atmosphere. Krypton-86 was formerly used to define the meter from 1960 until 1983, when the definition of the meter was based on the wavelength of the 605 nm (orange) spectral line of a krypton-86 atom. Radioactive krypton-81 is the product of reactions with cosmic rays that strike the

title: Isotopes of krypton

text: had time to decay. However, it is inevitable that krypton-85 is released during the reprocessing of fuel rods from nuclear reactors. The atmospheric concentration of krypton-85 around the North Pole is about 30 percent higher than that at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station because nearly all of the world's nuclear reactors and all of its major nuclear reprocessing plants are located in the northern hemisphere, and also well-north of the equator. To be more specific, those nuclear reprocessing plants with significant capacities are located in the United States, the United Kingdom, the French Republic, the Russian Federation, Mainland China (PRC),

title: Krypton-85

text: of krypton-85 in discharge tube of the lamps can make the lamps easy to ignite. Early experimental krypton-85 lighting developments included a railroad signal light designed in 1957 and an illuminated highway sign erected in Arizona in 1969. Krypton-85 is used to inspect aircraft components for small defects. Krypton-85 is allowed to penetrate small cracks, and then its presence is detected by autoradiography. The method is called "krypton gas penetrant imaging". The gas penetrates smaller openings than the liquids used in dye penetrant inspection and fluorescent penetrant inspection. Krypton-85 was used in cold-cathode voltage regulator electron tubes, such as the

title: Krypton-85

text: 1976, and has increased to approximately 1.3 Bq/m as of 2005. These are approximate global average values; concentrations are higher locally around nuclear reprocessing facilities, and are generally higher in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere. For wide-area atmospheric monitoring, krypton-85 is the best indicator for clandestine plutonium separations. Krypton-85 releases increase the electrical conductivity of atmospheric air. Meteorological effects are expected to be stronger closer to the source of the emissions. Krypton-85 is used in arc discharge lamps commonly used in the entertainment industry for large HMI film lights as well as high-intensity discharge lamps. The presence

title: Krypton-85

text: krypton-85 released from reprocessing activity has been estimated as 10,600 PBq as of 2000. The global inventory noted above is smaller than this amount due to radioactive decay; a smaller fraction is dissolved into the deep oceans. Other man-made sources are small contributors to the total. Atmospheric nuclear weapons tests released an estimated 111-185 PBq. The 1979 accident at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant released about 1.6 PBq (43 kCi). The Chernobyl accident released about 35 PBq, and the Fukushima Daiichi accident released an estimated 44-84 PBq. The average atmospheric concentration of krypton-85 was approximately 0.6 Bq/m in

title: Krypton

text: Å = 10 m. The krypton-86 definition lasted until the October 1983 conference, which redefined the meter as the distance that light travels in vacuum during 1/299,792,458 s. Krypton is characterized by several sharp emission lines (spectral signatures) the strongest being green and yellow. Krypton is one of the products of uranium fission. Solid krypton is white and has a face-centered cubic crystal structure, which is a common property of all noble gases (except helium, which has a hexagonal close-packed crystal structure). Naturally occurring krypton in Earth's atmosphere is composed of five stable isotopes, plus one isotope (Kr) with such

title: Beta decay

text: neutrinos (other leptons are the muon and tau particles). These particles have lepton number +1, while their antiparticles have lepton number −1. Since a proton or neutron has lepton number zero, β decay (a positron, or antielectron) must be accompanied with an electron neutrino, while β decay (an electron) must be accompanied by an electron antineutrino. An example of electron emission (β decay) is the decay of carbon-14 into nitrogen-14 with a half-life of about 5,730 years: Or for example the decay of hydrogen-3 (tritium) into helium-3 which is stable: In this form of decay, the original element becomes a

title: Krypton

text: radioactive noble gas with a half-life of 10.76 years. It is produced by the fission of uranium and plutonium, such as in nuclear bomb testing and nuclear reactors. Kr is released during the reprocessing of fuel rods from nuclear reactors. Concentrations at the North Pole are 30% higher than at the South Pole due to convective mixing. Like the other noble gases, krypton is highly chemically unreactive. The rather restricted chemistry of krypton in its only known nonzero oxidation state of +2 parallels that of the neighboring element bromine in the +1 oxidation state; due to the scandide contraction it

title: Krypton

text: krypton-81m is used in nuclear medicine for lung ventilation/perfusion scans, where it is inhaled and imaged with a gamma camera. Krypton-85 in the atmosphere has been used to detect clandestine nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities in North Korea and Pakistan. Those facilities were detected in the early 2000s and were believed to be producing weapons-grade plutonium. Krypton is used occasionally as an insulating gas between window panes. Krypton is considered to be a non-toxic asphyxiant. Krypton has a narcotic potency seven times greater than air, and breathing an atmosphere of 50% krypton and 50% natural air (as might happen in the

title: Krypton

text: a long half-life (9.2×10 years) that it can be considered stable. (This isotope has the second-longest known half-life among all isotopes for which decay has been observed; it undergoes double electron capture to Se). In addition, about thirty unstable isotopes and isomers are known. Traces of Kr, a cosmogenic nuclide produced by the cosmic ray irradiation of Kr, also occur in nature: this isotope is radioactive with a half-life of 230,000 years. Krypton is highly volatile and does not stay in solution in near-surface water, but Kr has been used for dating old (50,000–800,000 years) groundwater. Kr is an inert

title: Krypton-85

text: It has a half-life of 10.756 years and a maximum decay energy of 687 keV. It decays into stable, non-radioactive rubidium-85.  Its most common decay (99.57%) is by beta particle emission with maximum energy of 687 keV and an average energy of 251 keV. The second most common decay (0.43%) is by beta particle emission (maximum energy of 173 keV) followed by gamma ray emission (energy of 514 keV). Other decay modes have very small probabilities and emit less energetic gammas. There are 33 other known isotopes of krypton.

title: Krypton

text: Krypton Krypton (from "the hidden one") is a chemical element with symbol Kr and atomic number 36. It is a member of group 18 (noble gases) elements. A colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, krypton occurs in trace amounts in the atmosphere and is often used with other rare gases in fluorescent lamps. With rare exceptions, krypton is chemically inert. Krypton, like the other noble gases, is used in lighting and photography. Krypton light has many spectral lines, and krypton plasma is useful in bright, high-powered gas lasers (krypton ion and excimer lasers), each of which resonates and amplifies a single

title: Beta decay

text: in the nucleus, transforming it into a neutron, and an electron neutrino is released. The two types of beta decay are known as "beta minus" and "beta plus". In beta minus (β) decay, a neutron is converted to a proton, and the process creates an electron and an electron antineutrino; while in beta plus (β) decay, a proton is converted to a neutron and the process creates a positron and an electron neutrino. β decay is also known as positron emission. Beta decay conserves a quantum number known as the lepton number, or the number of electrons and their associated

title: Beta decay

text: Beta decay In nuclear physics, beta decay ("β"-decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta ray (fast energetic electron or positron) and a neutrino are emitted from an atomic nucleus. For example, beta decay of a neutron transforms it into a proton by the emission of an electron, or conversely a proton is converted into a neutron by the emission of a positron (positron emission), thus changing the nuclide type. Neither the beta particle nor its associated neutrino exist within the nucleus prior to beta decay, but are created in the decay process. By this process, unstable

title: Autoradiograph

text: recent study showing that CREB-binding protein is phosphorylated by HIPK2.) This autoradiographic approach contrasts to techniques such as PET and SPECT where the exact 3-dimensional localization of the radiation source is provided by careful use of coincidence counting, gamma counters and other devices. Krypton-85 is used to inspect aircraft components for small defects. Krypton-85 is allowed to penetrate small cracks, and then its presence is detected by autoradiography. The method is called "krypton gas penetrant imaging". The gas penetrates smaller openings than the liquids used in dye penetrant inspection and fluorescent penetrant inspection. The task of radioactive decontamination following the

title: Krypton difluoride

text: gases: Irradiation of a crystal of KrF at 77 K with γ-rays lead to the formation of krypton monofluoride radical, KrF•, a violet-colored species that was identified by its ESR spectrum. The radical, trapped in the crystal lattice, is stable indefinitely at 77 K but decomposes at 120 K. Krypton difluoride Krypton difluoride, KrF is a chemical compound of krypton and fluorine. It was the first compound of krypton discovered. It is a volatile, colourless solid. The structure of the KrF molecule is linear, with Kr−F distances of 188.9 pm. It reacts with strong Lewis acids to form salts of

title: X (charge)

text: "B" and the lepton number "L" (that is "B" − "L"), and the weak hypercharge "Y" via the relation: Proton decay is a hypothetical form of radioactive decay, predicted by many grand unification theories. During proton decay, the common baryonic proton decays into lighter subatomic particles. However, proton decay has never been experimentally observed and is predicted to be mediated by hypothetical X and Y bosons. Many protonic decay modes have been predicted, one of which is shown below. This form of decay violates the conservation of both baryon number and lepton number, however the X-charge is conserved. Similarly, all

title: Nuclear isomer

text: beta decay, with a half-life of only 8 hours) and direct beta decay to hafnium or tungsten to be suppressed due to spin mismatches. The origin of this isomer is mysterious, though it is believed to have been formed in supernovae (as are most other heavy elements). Were it to relax to its ground state, it would release a photon with a photon energy of 75 keV. It was first reported in 1988 by Collins that can be forced to release its energy by weaker X-rays. This way of de-excitation had never been observed; however, the de-excitation of via resonant

title: Beta decay

text: a neutron by converting an up quark into a down quark resulting in the emission of a or the absorption of a . In all cases where decay (positron emission) of a nucleus is allowed energetically, so too is electron capture allowed. This is a process during which a nucleus captures one of its atomic electrons, resulting in the emission of a neutrino: An example of electron capture is one of the decay modes of krypton-81 into bromine-81: All emitted neutrinos are of the same energy. In proton-rich nuclei where the energy difference between the initial and final states is

title: Beta particle

text: (two up quarks and one down quark). The virtual W boson then decays into an electron and an antineutrino. β− decay commonly occurs among the neutron-rich fission byproducts produced in nuclear reactors. Free neutrons also decay via this process. Both of these processes contribute to the copious quantities of beta rays and electron antineutrinos produced by fission-reactor fuel rods. Unstable atomic nuclei with an excess of protons may undergo β decay, also called positron decay, where a proton is converted into a neutron, a positron, and an electron neutrino: Beta-plus decay can only happen inside nuclei when the absolute value

title: Hans Volker Klapdor-Kleingrothaus

text: it would indicate (total) lepton number violation, and provide evidence that the neutrino is a Majorana particle. A half-life of 2.2 10 years was found for the decay of Germanium-76. The result was criticized by some authors and is not widely accepted in the scientific community, because it appears to be refuted by other dark matter experiments. The authors responded to these criticisms in several articles. The discussion was also reported in the media. Independent investigations of background events in the experiment were carried out, but neither confirmed nor excluded Klapdor's result. A recent summary of the status of the

title: Strontium-90

text: Y, which in turn undergoes β decay with half-life of 64 hours and decay energy 2.28 MeV distributed to an electron, an anti-neutrino, and Zr (zirconium), which is stable. Note that Sr/Y is almost a pure beta particle source; the gamma photon emission from the decay of Y is so infrequent that it can normally be ignored. Sr has a specific activity of 5.21 TBq/g. Sr is a product of nuclear fission. It is present in significant amount in spent nuclear fuel and in radioactive waste from nuclear reactors and in nuclear fallout from nuclear tests. For thermal neutron fission

title: Krypton difluoride

text: a good source of the extremely reactive and oxidizing atomic fluorine. It is thermally unstable, with a decomposition rate of 10% per hour at room temperature. Krypton difluoride is endothermic, with a heat of formation of 14.4 ± 0.8 kcal/mol measured at 93 °C. Krypton difluoride can be synthesized using many different methods including electrical discharge, photoionization, hot wire, and proton bombardment. The product can be stored at −78 °C without decomposition. Electric discharge was the first method used to make krypton difluoride. It was also used in the only experiment ever reported to produce krypton tetrafluoride, although the identification

title: Neutrino oscillation

text: masses, the charged leptons (electrons, muons, and tau leptons) have never been observed to oscillate. In nuclear beta decay, muon decay, pion decay, and kaon decay, when a neutrino and a charged lepton are emitted, the charged lepton, by virtue of its large mass, is emitted incoherently in mass eigenstates, such as |〉. Weak-force couplings force the corresponding neutrino to be emitted in a "charged-lepton-centric" superposition such as |〉, which is an eigenstate for a "flavor" that is pegged to the electron's mass eigenstate, and not by one of the neutrino's own mass eigenstates. Because the neutrino is in a

title: Krypton

text: amount of krypton-85 to produce consistent ionization levels and uniform operation. Krypton-83 has application in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for imaging airways. In particular, it enables the radiologist to distinguish between hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces containing an airway. Although xenon has potential for use in computed tomography (CT) to assess regional ventilation, its anesthetic properties limit its fraction in the breathing gas to 35%. A breathing mixture of 30% xenon and 30% krypton is comparable in effectiveness for CT to a 40% xenon fraction, while avoiding the unwanted effects of a high partial pressure of xenon gas. The metastable isotope

title: Beta particle

text: of the binding energy of the daughter nucleus is greater than that of the parent nucleus, i.e., the daughter nucleus is a lower-energy state. The accompanying decay scheme diagram shows the beta decay of Cs-137. CS-137 is noted for a characteristic gamma peak at 661 KeV, but this is actually emitted by the daughter radionuclide Ba-137m. The diagram shows the type and energy of the emitted radiation, its relative abundance, and the daughter nuclides after decay. Phosphorus-32 is a beta emitter widely used in medicine and has a short half-life of 14.29 days and decays into sulfur-32 by beta decay

title: Krypton-85


question: who sings every light in the house is on

answers: Trace Adkins

title: Every Light in the House

text: a slew of empty Busch cans can be seen next to the generator, ultimately this scene and lyric was scrubbed and the original was used. "Every Light in the House" debuted at number 72 on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart dated August 24, 1996. It charted for 21 weeks on that chart, and peaked at number 3 on the country chart dated December 14, 1996, giving Adkins the first Top 5 single of his career. In addition, it peaked at number 78 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, also marking his first entry on that chart. On his 1998

title: Every Light in the House

text: Adkins' voice for "communicat[ing] pain so well" despite the singer's stature, although he considered some of the similes forced (e.g. "the backyard's bright as the crack of dawn"). The music video for this song is in black-and-white, and begins with Adkins sitting on the porch of a house with his dog after his woman left home. He then gets off the porch, and he and some workers get to work on a power generator. Scenes also feature him singing inside of the same house which also featured an alternative sub chorus "Drinkin' Bush Light til the crack of dawn" whilst

title: The House of Blue Lights (song)

text: The House of Blue Lights (song) "The House of Blue Lights" is a popular song published in 1946, written by Don Raye and Freddie Slack. It was first recorded by Freddie Slack with singer Ella Mae Morse, and was covered the same year by The Andrews Sisters. Notably for the time, the song featured a "hipster"-style spoken introduction by Raye and Morse: The version by Morse and Slack reached # 8 on the "Billboard" pop chart, and the version by The Andrews Sisters reached # 15. Little Richard made reference to the "house of blue lights" in his 1958 hit

title: The House of Blue Lights (song)

text: "Good Golly, Miss Molly". The song itself was later recorded by Chuck Miller, Earl Richards, Merrill Moore, Chuck Berry, Jerry Lee Lewis, Freddy Cannon, Canned Heat, Commander Cody & His Lost Planet Airmen, The Flamin' Groovies, Mitch Woods, Meat Puppets, George Thorogood and others. A cover by Asleep at the Wheel peaked at number 17 on the "Billboard" Hot Country Singles chart in 1987. The House of Blue Lights (song) "The House of Blue Lights" is a popular song published in 1946, written by Don Raye and Freddie Slack. It was first recorded by Freddie Slack with singer Ella Mae

text: leads to a house. On the bottom left is an inset photo, which differs depending on the version, of either Belle Rutland, Bob Buchanan, or Ben Smith. The song is told from the point of view of a soldier, who is feeling lonely. What helps him pull through is envisioning his mother waiting for him and a light burning in their house's window. This image adds to the song's hopeful tone. The chorus is as follows: The sheet music can be found at Pritzker Military Museum & Library. There's a Light That's Burning in the Window of the Little House

title: Light House (album)

text: Light House (album) Light House is the tenth studio album by Kim Carnes, released in 1986 (see 1986 in music). The album spawned one hit single, "Divided Hearts", featuring Phillip Ingram on backing vocals, which peaked at #79 on Billboard Magazine's Hot 100. The follow-up "I'd Lie to You for Your Love (And That's the Truth)" failed to chart. "Light House" came to be Carnes' last album with EMI America. It was first issued on CD in Japan in 1987 for a very limited time as Toshiba EMI Ltd. CP32-5150 and now commands a very high price. It has been

title: The Light That Has Lighted the World

text: it as a song for English singer Cilla Black, whose version of his 1970 composition "When Every Song Is Sung" he produced before starting work on "Living in the Material World". An early acoustic demo of the song, a solo performance by Harrison, appeared as the closing track on the 2012 compilation "" compilation. In early August 1972, in between overseeing the UK release of Saul Swimmer's "Concert for Bangladesh" documentary and heading up to Liverpool to catch Ravi Shankar's recital at the Philharmonic Hall, George Harrison tried recording "When Every Song Is Sung", a ballad from the "All Things

title: Lights (Ellie Goulding song)

text: also explained, "It can be seen as something like a lighthouse that kind of always guides you home. I've always felt comfort sleeping with the light on, and I've always felt comfort being with my siblings." "Lights" received mostly positive reviews from critics. Horatia Harrod of "The Daily Telegraph" commented that the song is "threaded with dark thoughts, but set to an airy pop production bordering on polite. Her voice is the real star. She has the magical ability, not unlike her heroine, Björk, to sing with a sort of controlled tremulousness: her voice aches with vulnerability but never breaks."

title: Every Light in the House

text: keeps them on for her in case she wants to return to his side all the while paying absolutely no attention to the intense electrical hazard this will cause or the financial burden that will ensue. Deborah Evans Price, of "Billboard" magazine reviewed the song favorably, saying that Adkin's deep, powerful voice does justice to the yearning in this lyric about a man who has left the lights on waiting for his lover to return." Rick Cohoon of Allmusic gave the song a favorable review, calling it a "creative approach to the age-old 'goodbye, I miss you' song." He commended

title: Light House (album)

text: reissued by label Culture Factory on CD in 2014. Light House (album) Light House is the tenth studio album by Kim Carnes, released in 1986 (see 1986 in music). The album spawned one hit single, "Divided Hearts", featuring Phillip Ingram on backing vocals, which peaked at #79 on Billboard Magazine's Hot 100. The follow-up "I'd Lie to You for Your Love (And That's the Truth)" failed to chart. "Light House" came to be Carnes' last album with EMI America. It was first issued on CD in Japan in 1987 for a very limited time as Toshiba EMI Ltd. CP32-5150 and

text: (When I think of little Alvilde). A song about a man who misses his first love. When It's Lamp Lighting Time in the Valley When It's Lamp Lighting Time in the Valley is a 1933 country ballad to a waltz melody with words and music by Joe Lyons, Sam C. Hart and The Vagabonds, Curt Poulton, Harold Goodman, and Dean Upson. The song was a hit by The Vagabonds. The song lyrics are about one who longs for his mother who is far away in a valley. Marty Robbins later covered the song. Other singers who has recorded the song

text: perfect and ideal to an outsider, they hide their own secrets and perils, and that everyone’s greatest fear is that their “house of cards” will be discovered and everything will crash down around them. The music video begins by showing a family smiling happily for a family photo. Once the photo is taken, the façade falls away and the fighting, despair, and turmoil of the family is revealed. In the attic of the home, the younger child builds a large house of playing cards which in the end crashes to the ground. House of Cards (Mary Chapin Carpenter song) "House

title: Deborah Wiles

text: "Each Little Bird That Sings" and "Love, Ruby Lavender". It is about a young pitcher named House Jackson, whose hero is the Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher Sandy Koufax. House's team, the Aurora County All-Stars, is a small community team that has only one game every year at four-o-clock on July 4, without fail, against the Raleigh Redbugs. Unfortunately for House, his pitching elbow was broken before last year's game, and his team lost. This year though, he is going to give that game all he has. July 4 happens to also be the town's 200th anniversary this year, and the

title: Merry Christmas from the Family

text: wife, Kay, chain smokes and "talks all about AA." Extended family also appear. Fred and Rita—whose relationship to the narrator appears to have been forgotten—arrive from Harlingen in a motor home, which when plugged in, overloads the electrical system and knocks out the family's Christmas lights. The family then waits on the front lawn and joins together in singing "Silent Night" when cousin David flips the breaker that brings the lights back on. Keen calls the song the ""Rocky Horror Picture Show" of Christmas songs" saying that whether singing before a group of 1000 or 6000 the entire audience sings

title: Every Light in the House

text: "Every Light in the House" is a song written by Kent Robbins and recorded by American country music artist Trace Adkins.  It was released in August 1996 as the second single from his debut album Dreamin' Out Loud. It was his first Top 5 single on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart, where it peaked at #3.

title: Come On-a My House

text: "Kimono My House", a pun on the song's title. Come On-a My House "Come on-a My House" is a song performed by Rosemary Clooney and originally released in 1951. It was written by Ross Bagdasarian and his cousin, Armenian American Pulitzer Prize winning author William Saroyan, while driving across New Mexico in the summer of 1939. The melody is based on an Armenian folk song. The lyrics reference traditional Armenian customs of inviting over relatives and friends and providing them with a generously overflowing table of fruits, nuts, seeds, and other foods. It was not performed until the 1950 off-Broadway

title: In the House of Stone and Light (album)

text: by Martin Page, except tracks 6 and 9 (Martin Page/Bernie Taupin) In the House of Stone and Light (album) In the House of Stone and Light is the debut album by Martin Page, released in 1994. It features the title song, "In the House of Stone and Light", which was a substantial "Billboard" Hot 100 hit (peaking at number 14) and AC (number 1) hit. An EPK has been made for the album. It features Martin Page himself, lyricist Bernie Taupin, musician Robbie Robertson, and other friends of Page. In the EPK they talk about his past with his band,

title: Home (soundtrack)

text: one of Whitney Houston's 1987 single "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)". He also wrote that the song has a "wubby bass groove" that could feature American actress Courtney Cox dancing to it in its potential music video, a reference to her appearance in the video for Bruce Springsteen's 1984 single with the same name. Jennifer Lopez's song, "Feel the Light" is an "uplifting" and "tender" ballad with a length of four minutes and fifty-two seconds. During the last of it, Lopez sings the lines, "Feel the light shining in the dark of night / Remember what we

title: Stranger in the House (song)

text: specifically with Jones in mind, with the new wave star stating, "George Jones was my guiding light whenever I wrote in the country idiom." Stranger in the House (song) "Stranger in the House" is a song composed by Elvis Costello. Costello recorded the song as a duet with country music star George Jones in the summer of 1978 for Jones' 1979 album "My Very Special Guests". Costello also recorded a solo version recorded at a John Peel session on October 1978 which surfaced as a free 7" single with the first copies of his second album "This Year's Model" in

title: The Housemaid (2010 film)

text: by the Seoul-based company Mirovision. In the bird's-eye shots used in the film from time to time, a large ornate chandelier is an observer that looks down on the bourgeois family for which Eun-yi works. It also plays a role in the dramatic and tragic end of the movie’s heroine. That chandelier in all its detail is actually a copy of the 2008 work "Song of Dionysus" created by artist Bae Young-whan. The decision to include the chandelier in "The Housemaid" was quite a deliberate one. At first glance, the light fixture looks like an elegant Art Nouveau craft, but

title: Candle on the Water

text: a year but Nora believes will one day return. One night Lampey scolds Nora, telling her to accept that Paul is no doubt dead and will never return. Dismayed, Nora retires to the lighthouse balcony to sing toward the ocean, assuring Paul that she is still waiting for him. "Candle on the Water" was originally intended to be the only song featured in the film, but when it met with such acclaim, the decision was made to turn the film into a musical. According to Helen Reddy, she was told by Kasha and Hirschhorn that "they deliberately placed religious and

text: There's a Light That's Burning in the Window of the Little House Upon the Hill "There's a Light That's Burning in the Window of the Little House Upon the Hill" is a World War I era song released in 1915. Joe Goodwin and Harry Puck composed the music. Ballard MacDonald wrote the lyrics. Shapiro, Bernstein & Co. of New York, New York published the song. It was written for both voice and piano. Walter M. Dunk designed the sheet music cover. It features an elderly woman and her dog sitting near a white picket fence and a dirt road that

title: Deck the Halls (2006 film)

text: and the kids home and all sit down to a nice meal. Soon the whole town helps put Buddy's lights back up in time for a story about them on MTV. They do not work, and everyone sings carols and uses their cell phones as flashlights. As they sing, Carter notices that one of the plugs is not plugged in properly, which explains why the lights did not work. He tightly plugs it in, causing the lights to shine brightly through the night. SuChin Pak, who is doing the MTV report, gets confirmation from MyEarth that the house is indeed

title: Lights (Ellie Goulding song)

text: 120 beats per minute. Goulding's vocals span from F to D while the song follows a chord progression of Gm−F−E−Cm. Lyrically, the song discusses the fear of the dark that Goulding had as a child, and how she could only sleep with the lights on. In an interview with 97.1 AMP Radio in late July 2012, Goulding stated, "Sometimes if I've had a couple of drinks and I come back and just like lie on my bed and fall asleep I wake up and realize that there isn't a light on and I have to turn a light on." She

title: A Bird in the House

text: is still wealthy, ordering fancy linens and silver from catalogues "A Bird in The House" has been reprinted multiple times. A new edition was issued by McClelland & Stewart as part of the New Canadian Library in January 2010. CHAPTER 1: The Sound of the Singing In this chapter, we get to know Vanessa, a 12-year-old girl, and her family. She describes herself as a "professional listener", due to the fact that she grows up in an adult environment, so she hears all their conversations. That night, the family will have dinner in the Brick House, Nessa´s grandparent's house. They

title: Lights (musician)

text: She set up a page on Myspace, accumulating a following. She began writing for Sony/ATV Music Publishing, and composed music for the television series "Instant Star". She and Luke McMaster are credited with composing "Perfect," sung in the role of Jude Harrison on the show by Alexz Johnson. In 2007, she contracted with Jian Ghomeshi, who acted as her manager until late 2014. Starting in early 2008, Lights toured cities in the Great Lakes region, in both Canada and the United States. Around the same time, her song "Drive My Soul" rose to No.18 in the Canadian Hot 100. In

title: This Little Light of Mine

text: are in the house. Let your light shine before men, that they may see your fine works and give glory to your Father who is in the heaven." The parallel passage in Luke 11:33 gives: "No man, when he hath lighted a candle, putteth it in a secret place, neither under a bushel, but on a candlestick, that they which come in may see the light." The song has also been secularised into "This Little Girl of Mine" as recorded by Ray Charles in 1956 and later The Everly Brothers. It has often been published with a set of hand

title: Girl from the North Country (musical)

text: she scolds Nick for his constant pessimism. Also staying at the house are a family, the Burkes. Mr. Burke lost his business in the crash. His wife, Laura, and his son, Elias, share a room upstairs. Elias has a learning disability and the family struggle to come to terms with their reduced state. Late at night, during a storm, a self-styled reverend cum bible salesman, Marlowe, and a down-on-his-luck boxer, Joe Scott, arrive looking for shelter. The arrival of these characters is a catalyst, changing everything for everyone in the house. Nineteen Bob Dylan songs are performed by the cast

title: When Angels Sing (novel)

text: Molly. David has always wanted a bicycle for Christmas. One day Michael sees a luxury house with everything that is needed for his family that is sold by Nick. Because The house would be sold soon Michael buys it much to the shock of Susan. When they move into the new neighbourhood they realize they there is a Christmas decorating competition held every year but Michael refuses. Also Nick usually dresses up as Santa Claus every Christmas until he sold his house to Michael. One day around Christmas David, his grandpa (the Colonel) and grandma went to the Christmas tree

title: In the House of Stone and Light (album)

text: In the House of Stone and Light (album) In the House of Stone and Light is the debut album by Martin Page, released in 1994. It features the title song, "In the House of Stone and Light", which was a substantial "Billboard" Hot 100 hit (peaking at number 14) and AC (number 1) hit. An EPK has been made for the album. It features Martin Page himself, lyricist Bernie Taupin, musician Robbie Robertson, and other friends of Page. In the EPK they talk about his past with his band, Q-Feel, his collaborations with Taupin, and the album and Page himself.

title: Every Light in the House


question: who was the leader of the soviet union when the berlin wall was built

answers: Khrushchev

answers: Nikita Khrushchev

answers: Joseph Stalin

title: Leon C. Collins

text: Cold War", hosted by former President George H.W. Bush, and moderated by Jim Lehrer of PBS. Five world leaders: George H.W. Bush (former President of the United States 1989-1993), Mikhail Gorbachev (former President of the Soviet Union 1985-1991), Margaret Thatcher (former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1979-1990), Brian Mulroney (former Prime Minister of Canada 1984-1993) and François Mitterrand (former President of the French Republic 1981-1995) gathered at a private daylong summit in Colorado Springs,Colorado as part of a weekend fundraiser for the George H.W. Bush Presidential Library Center. They were the world leaders when the Berlin Wall came down,

title: Berlin Wall

text: was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified Germany. In September 1989, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher pleaded with Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev not to let the Berlin Wall fall and confided that she wanted the Soviet leader to do what he could to stop it. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, French President François Mitterrand warned Thatcher that a unified Germany could make more ground than Adolf Hitler ever had and that Europe would have to bear the consequences. On 21 November 1989, Crosby, Stills & Nash performed the song "Chippin' Away" from Graham Nash's 1986 solo

title: Villa Schöningen

text: the fall of the Berlin Wall. It was founded by CEO of Axel springer Mathias Döpfner and the CEO of RHJI Leonhard Fisher as a privately funded project. The museum was opened by Chancellor Angela Merkel with former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev also in attendance. The museum will tell the story of the Glienicke Bridge, which from 1949 to 1989 was famous as the "Bridge of Spies" as it was used for exchanging captured agents between the Soviet bloc and the free West. A video installation by Stefan Roloff is part of

title: Peter Abrassimov

text: leader, Walter Ulbricht, remained uncompromisingly hard-line in his attitude to the west in general and in his country's relationship with West Germany specifically. The decision suddenly to erect the Berlin Wall in August 1961 was naturally taken by the East Germans in full consultation with the Soviet ambassador. From the East German perspective The Wall represented a necessary desperate attempt to save the state which appeared to be in the process of losing its entire working age population. With Abrassimov as Soviet ambassador in Berlin, Walter Ulbricht, who had earlier enjoyed close relations with Soviet leader Josef Stalin, found he

title: Frankfurter Tor

text: the Soviet leader. In a clandestine operation in 1961 after Stalin’s personality cult had been denounced by the Soviet Union the western portion of Stalinallee, the former Große Frankfurter Straße, was given the name Karl-Marx-Allee, and the eastern portion received back its former name, Frankfurter Allee. The prominent twin towers on the western side of the square, significant examples of the Stalinist architectural style, were built between 1953 and 1956 as part of the socialist Stalinallee ensemble according to plans designed by Hermann Henselmann. Their architecture evokes the idea of a city entrance (thus the designation “Tor”, gate, gateway), because

title: Berlin Wall

text: a notable moment of the Cold War and a high point of the New Frontier. It was a great morale boost for West Berliners, who lived in an exclave deep inside East Germany and feared a possible East German occupation. In a speech at the Brandenburg Gate commemorating the 750th anniversary of Berlin on 12 June 1987, U.S. President Ronald Reagan challenged Mikhail Gorbachev, then the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, to tear down the Wall as a symbol of increasing freedom in the Eastern Bloc: In June 1989 the Hungarian government began dismantling the

title: The Fall of Berlin (film)

text: Mikheil Chiaureli, writer Piotr Pavlenko, cinematographer Leonid Kosmatov, composer Dmitry Shostakovich and actors Mikheil Gelovani, Boris Andreyev and Vladimir Kenigson were all awarded the Stalin Prize, 1st Class for their work. In Czechoslovakia, The film also won the Crystal Globe in the 5th Karlovy Vary International Film Festival. On the day of the film's release, "Literaturnaya Gazeta" published a column by in which he described the film as "wonderful... a truthful portrayal of the relations between the people and the leader... and the love of all people to Stalin." A day after, Vsevolod Pudovkin wrote in "Soviet Art": "this is

title: History of Berlin

text: for a unified Germany. Loshitzky depicts the role of the Berlin Wall as a symbol of the Cold War, détente, and the collapse of the Communist regimes in Eastern Europe. She divides the history of the Wall into six major stages: the erection of the Wall (1961); the period of the "geography of fear" from the Cold War; the period of détente; the short period of glasnost and perestroika; the fall of the Wall (1989); and after the Wall. On August 13, 1961 the Communist East German government started to build a wall, physically separating West Berlin from East Berlin

title: Ursula Kuczynski

text: the few people energetically to defend it. On 10 November 1989, directly after The Wall was breached she took to the political stage, addressing tens of thousands of people at a meeting in the Berlin Lustgarten (pleasure park) on the subject of her faith in Socialism with a human face. During the ensuing months of the run-up to German reunification she placed great faith in Egon Krenz, who briefly served as the East German leader. She lived another ten years and seems never to have regretted or seen the need to apologize for her espionage. Back in 1956, when Nikita

title: Tear down this wall!

text: land a knockout blow on the Soviet regime, nor was he engaging in mere political theater. He was instead doing something else on that damp day in Berlin 20 years [before Mann's article] – he was helping to set the terms for the end of the cold war." Tear down this wall! "Tear down this wall!" is a line from a speech made by U.S. President Ronald Reagan in West Berlin on Friday, June 12, 1987, calling for the leader of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, to open up the barrier which had divided West and East Berlin since 1961.

title: Tear down this wall!

text: Tear down this wall! "Tear down this wall!" is a line from a speech made by U.S. President Ronald Reagan in West Berlin on Friday, June 12, 1987, calling for the leader of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, to open up the barrier which had divided West and East Berlin since 1961. Peter Robinson, the White House speechwriter who drafted the address, said its most famous line was inspired by a conversation with Ingeborg Elz of West Berlin who had mentioned it in a conversation with him. The "tear down this wall" speech was not the first time Reagan had

title: Evgenij Kozlov

text: project dedicated to ten years of the Fall of the Berlin wall. ‘Chocolate Wall’ was organised by the Italian Festival Eurochocolate, Perugia and took place in Potsdamer Platz, Berlin where under Kozlov’s guidance school children painted freely on the chocolate wall. This wall had been built up by Italian pastry chefs; twelve metres long and eight tons in weight it was of course, like its inspiration, also destroyed. 2003 saw the release of his book "The Leningrad Album" – a selection of 108 erotic drawings from the remaining 256 which had been executed in his youth. A year later the

title: Mikhail Gorbachev

text: for his role in the collapse of the Soviet Union and the ensuing economic collapse. During his career, Gorbachev attracted the admiration of some colleagues, but others came to hate him. Mikhail Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (born 2 March 1931) is a Russian and formerly Soviet politician. He was the eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union, having been General Secretary of the governing Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991. He was the country's head of state from 1988 until 1991, serving as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1988 to 1989,

title: Christel Wegner

text: Nazi Regime (VVN-BdA), the labor union Ver.di and a paying/passive member of Greenpeace. Christel Wegner Christel Wegner (born November 16, 1947 in Hamburg) is a German Communist politician. In 2008, she was elected to the assembly of Lower Saxony for the party DIE LINKE., although she is a member of the German Communist Party (DKP), which until now has cooperated closely with that party. Shortly after her election, she gained widespread attention when it was claimed by a TV program that she had called for the return of the Stasi and justified the construction of the Berlin Wall, also voicing

title: Berlin Wall

title: The Left (Germany)

text: who looked to Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev's "glasnost" and "perestroika" as their model for political change. They had mostly kept their own counsel during the Honecker era. However, the upheaval in the wake of the fall of the Berlin Wall gave them an opening. Longtime SED politician Hans Modrow, attorney Gregor Gysi and dissidents like Rudolf Bahro and Stefan Heym soon began to rebuild a party that had long been known as one of the most rigidly Stalinist parties in the Soviet bloc. After protests, the party was forced to give up its monopoly of power on 1 December 1989.

title: Heinz Sokolowski

text: Heinz Sokolowski Heinz Sokolowski (17 December 1917 – 25 November 1965) was a German man who became the sixty-fourth known person to die at the Berlin Wall. Sokolowski, a former political prisoner, was shot and killed by East German border troops while attempting to cross the Berlin Wall near to the Brandenburg Gate and the Reichstag building. Heinz Sokolowski was born on 17 December, 1917, in Frankfurt an der Oder, Imperial Germany, during the First World War. Following primary school, he apprenticed as a tailor before attending a trade school where he completed his education, eventually becoming a journalist with

title: Erich Honecker

text: Erich Honecker Erich Honecker (; 25 August 1912 – 29 May 1994) was a German politician who, as the General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party, led the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) from 1971 until the weeks preceding the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. From 1976 onward he was also the country's official head of state as chairman of the State Council following Willi Stoph's relinquishment of the post. Honecker's political career began in the 1930s when he became an official of the Communist Party of Germany, a position for which he was imprisoned during the Nazi

title: Mikhail Gorbachev

text: Mikhail Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (born 2 March 1931) is a Russian and formerly Soviet politician. He was the eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union, having been General Secretary of the governing Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991. He was the country's head of state from 1988 until 1991, serving as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1988 to 1989, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 1989 to 1990, and President of the Soviet Union from 1990 to 1991. Ideologically a socialist, he initially adhered to Marxism-Leninism although following the Soviet

title: Jack Barsky

text: even writing to Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. In 1996, investigators with the German Foreign Office determined that the story he had told his mother was a lie. The project in Baikonur that he had claimed to be working on for many years had ended in 1978. His mother was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease and died without knowing the truth. In 1989, the Berlin Wall began coming down, followed by the collapse of the Soviet Union two years later. In 1992, a KGB defector to Great Britain named Vasili Mitrokhin provided information to MI6 about Soviet spy operations around the world,

title: The Fall of Berlin (film)

text: to Gerd von Rundstedt – praise him as a great leader. Author Katerina Clark discerned that Stalin, beside his function as a great captain, was made the enabler of romantic relationship: before meeting him, Alexei was incapable of expressing his love to Natasha. Slavoj Žižek commented the leader played the part of the "magician and the matchmaker who wisely leads the couple to reunion." Alexei's character was not intended to be perceived as an individual, but rather, a symbol to the entire Soviet people: he was depicted as an archetypal worker; his date of birth is given as 25 October

title: Alexander Yakovlev (Russian politician)

text: of Hungarian Jews from the Holocaust, was shot and killed in Soviet secret police headquarters in 1947. He was called "God's commie" in a 2002 article for investigating crimes of the Soviet state. Alexander Yakovlev (Russian politician) Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev (; 2 December 1923 – 18 October 2005) was a Soviet politician and historian. During the 1980s he was a member of the Politburo and Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He was called the "godfather of glasnost" as he is considered to be the intellectual force behind Mikhail Gorbachev's reform program of glasnost and perestroika. Yakovlev

title: Vyacheslav Kochemasov

text: Vyacheslav Kochemasov Vyacheslav Kochemasov (1918–1998) was a Russian diplomat and politician. He was the Soviet Ambassador to East Germany from 1983 till 1990. His term included the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 which effectively heralded the end, in 1990, of the German Democratic Republic. The Soviet government played a key role in this process. Kochemasov became a member of the Communist Party in 1942. Directly after the end of World War II he became an official in the international section of the Young Communist League (Komsomol). After that, between 1955 and 1960, he worked at the Soviet

title: Kurt Wismach

text: Berlin Wall went up. Kurt Wismach Kurt Wismach was an East German laborer at the Oberspree Cable Works. He is famous for heckling East German leader Walter Ulbricht during a speech Ulbricht gave to the firm on August 10, 1961. Speaking three days before the Berlin border closure, Ulbricht extolled the purported virtues of East German socialism and denounced the growing numbers of refugees fleeing to West Germany. Seated above Ulbricht on a roll of cables, Wismach applauded sarcastically after each of Ulbricht’s main points and yelled: "Even if I am the only one to say it: Free elections!" He

title: Erich Honecker

text: era. Following World War II, he was freed and soon relaunched his political activities, founding the youth organisation the Free German Youth in 1946 and serving as the group's chairman until 1955. As the Security Secretary of the Party’s Central Committee in the new East Germany, he was the prime organiser of the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 and, in this function, bore responsibility for the "order to fire" along the Inner German border. In 1970, he initiated a political power struggle that led, with Leonid Brezhnev's support, to his replacing Walter Ulbricht as First Secretary of the

title: West Berlin

text: 1987, U.S. President Ronald Reagan provided a challenge to the then Soviet leader: General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall! On 9 November 1989, the Wall was opened, and the two parts of the city were once again physically—though at this point not legally—united. The Two Plus Four Treaty, signed by the two German states and the four wartime allies, paved the way for German reunification and an end

title: Peter Robinson (speechwriter)

text: Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev's refusal to remove the Berlin Wall, the speech, delivered by Reagan at the Brandenburg Gate in West Berlin on 12 June 1987, contained the sentence: "Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!" On arrival in the city before writing the speech, Robinson was warned by US diplomats to avoid Cold War rhetoric and that Berliners had adjusted to the presence of the Berlin Wall. However, after consultation with local Berliners, he found them deeply wounded and concerned about the wall; in many instances it had separated families and represented an intrusion of a police state into daily life.

title: Sarah Walker (mezzo-soprano)

text: the Berlin Wall on Christmas. These four soloists were accompanied by a massive choir and orchestra made up of many nationalities: from Germany, the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, the Chorus of the Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra, and members of the Sächsische Staatskapelle Dresden; from the Soviet Union, members of the Orchestra of the Kirov Theatre, from the United Kingdom, members of the London Symphony Orchestra; from the USA, members of the New York Philharmonic, and from France, members of the Opéra de Paris. . Her professional debut in recital was reportedly at the Wigmore Hall, and she has

title: Cold War (1953–1962)

text: the Berlin Wall started, First Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party and Staatsrat chairman Walter Ulbricht stated in an international press conference, ""Niemand hat die Absicht, eine Mauer zu errichten!" (No one has the intention to erect a wall)". It was the first time the colloquial term "Mauer" (wall) had been used in this context. On Saturday August 12, 1961, the leaders of East Germany attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in Döllnsee, in a wooded area to the north of East Berlin, and Walter Ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a Wall. At

title: Vyacheslav Kochemasov

text: as Mikhail Gorbachev became Soviet Party Secretary in March 1985. Gorbachev took a substantially changed approach to relations between Moscow and East Berlin, but Vyacheslav Kochemasov nevertheless remained in his ambassadorial post for more than five of the Perestroika-Glasnost years that ensued. During the evening of 9 November 1989, as The Berlin Wall came down, there was widespread speculation as to how the Soviet Ambassador to the German Democratic Republic might react. Vyacheslav Kochemasov did nothing. In this connection it was Kochemasov who on 16 April 1990 handed over to East Germany's recently elected prime minister, Lothar de Maizière, the

title: Berlin Wall

long_answer: Khrushchev had become emboldened upon seeing US President John F. Kennedy's youth and inexperience show as weakness against Khrushchev's brutal, undiplomatic aggression. This feeling of miscalculation and failure is admitted by Kennedy in the U.S. ambassador’s residence with New York Times columnist James "Scotty" Reston. Kennedy made the regrettable error of admitting that the US would not actively oppose this action in the Soviet sector of Berlin. On Saturday, 12 August 1961, the leaders of the GDR attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in Döllnsee, in a wooded area to the north of East Berlin. There Ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall.