question: where did the tea come from in the boston tea party

answers: England

answers: East India Company

answers: the East India Company

title: Boston Tea Party

text: than 2,000 chests containing nearly 600,000 pounds of tea. Americans learned the details of the Tea Act while the ships were en route, and opposition began to mount. Whigs, sometimes calling themselves Sons of Liberty, began a campaign to raise awareness and to convince or compel the consignees to resign, in the same way that stamp distributors had been forced to resign in the 1765 Stamp Act crisis. The protest movement that culminated with the Boston Tea Party was not a dispute about high taxes. The price of legally imported tea was actually reduced by the Tea Act of 1773.

title: Boston Tea Party

text: the Mohawk warrior disguises, boarded the three vessels and, over the course of three hours, dumped all 342 chests of tea into the water. The precise location of the Griffin's Wharf site of the Tea Party has been subject to prolonged uncertainty; a comprehensive study places it near the foot of Hutchinson Street (today's Pearl Street). Whether or not Samuel Adams helped plan the Boston Tea Party is disputed, but he immediately worked to publicize and defend it. He argued that the Tea Party was not the act of a lawless mob, but was instead a principled protest and the

title: Tea Party movement

text: of what the Tea Party is, and if there is an attempt to put structure and formality around it, or to co-opt it by Washington, D.C., it's going to take away from the free-flowing nature of the true Tea Party movement. The name "Tea Party" is a reference to the Boston Tea Party, a protest in 1773 by colonists who objected to British taxation without representation, and demonstrated by dumping British tea taken from docked ships into the harbor. The event was one of the first in a series that led to the United States Declaration of Independence and the

title: Tea Party movement

text: American Revolution that gave birth to American independence. Some commentators have referred to the "Tea" in "Tea Party" as the backronym "Taxed Enough Already", though this did not appear until months after the first nationwide protests. References to the Boston Tea Party were part of Tax Day protests held in the 1990s and before. In 1984, David H. Koch and Charles G. Koch of Koch Industries founded Citizens for a Sound Economy (CSE), a conservative political group whose self-described mission was "to fight for less government, lower taxes, and less regulation." Congressman Ron Paul was appointed as the first chairman

title: Boston Tea Party

text: which dominated politics for the next two years, culminating in a voter victory for the Republicans in 2010 who were widely elected to seats in the United States House of Representatives. The Boston Tea Party Museum is located on the Congress Street Bridge in Boston. It features reenactments, a documentary, and a number of interactive exhibits. The museum features two replica ships of the period, "Eleanor" and "Beaver". Additionally, the museum possesses one of two known tea chests from the original event, part of its permanent collection. Boston Tea Party The Boston Tea Party was a political and mercantile protest

title: Boston Tea Party

text: crisis. Afterwards, protesters boarded a replica ship in Boston Harbor, hanged Nixon in effigy, and dumped several empty oil drums into the harbor. In 1998, two conservative US Congressmen put the federal tax code into a chest marked "tea" and dumped it into the harbor. In 2006, a libertarian political party called the "Boston Tea Party" was founded. In 2007, the Ron Paul "Tea Party" money bomb, held on the 234th anniversary of the Boston Tea Party, broke the one-day fund-raising record by raising $6.04 million in 24 hours. Subsequently, these fund-raising "Tea parties" grew into the Tea Party movement,

title: Boston Tea Party

text: of Colonies Act 1778, part of another Parliamentary attempt at conciliation that failed. John Adams and many other Americans considered tea drinking to be unpatriotic following the Boston Tea Party. Tea drinking declined during and after the Revolution, resulting in a shift to coffee as the preferred hot drink. According to historian Alfred Young, the term "Boston Tea Party" did not appear in print until 1834. Before that time, the event was usually referred to as the "destruction of the tea". According to Young, American writers were for many years apparently reluctant to celebrate the destruction of property, and so

title: Boston Tea Party

text: the event was usually ignored in histories of the American Revolution. This began to change in the 1830s, however, especially with the publication of biographies of George Robert Twelves Hewes, one of the few still-living participants of the "tea party", as it then became known. The issue was never the tax but how the tax was passed without American input; United States Congress taxed tea from 1789 to 1872. The Boston Tea Party has often been referenced in other political protests. When Mohandas K. Gandhi led a mass burning of Indian registration cards in South Africa in 1908, a British

title: Tea (meal)

text: Boston Tea Party, a mid-December 1773 incident at the beginning of the American Revolution, or the 21st century political movement named after it. This snack is associated with the West Country, i.e. Cornwall, Devon, Dorset and Somerset. It usually consists of scones, clotted cream, strawberry jam, plus, of course, tea to drink. Some venues will provide butter instead of clotted cream. In Australia, this is commonly referred to as Devonshire Tea. Tea is a name for the evening meal, usually associated with the working class and is typically eaten between 5 pm and 7 pm. In most of the United

title: The Boston Tea Party (1908 film)

text: The Boston Tea Party (1908 film) The Boston Tea Party is a 1908 silent film directed by Edwin S. Porter, and produced and distributed by Edison Studios. The film is a fictionalized depiction of the events of the Boston Tea Party. It was the film debut of actor Charles Stanton Ogle. Described by Edison Films as an "unrivalled historical production of colonial times", the synopsis of scenes was: The film was one of the first two films at Edison Studios made using a two production-unit system, by J. Searle Dawley and Frederick S. Armitage under the supervision of Edwin S.

title: Boston Tea Party (political party)

text: Boston Tea Party (political party) The Boston Tea Party (BTP) was a United States political party named after the event known as the Boston Tea Party of 1773. The political party's ideology was libertarian. A group of former Libertarian Party (LP) members founded the party in 2006. They criticized the LP for its "abdication of political responsibilities", saying that "Americans deserve and desperately need a pro-freedom party that forcefully advocates libertarian solutions to the issues of today". The party effectively disbanded in July 2012. The Boston Tea Party supported reducing the size, scope and power of government at all levels

title: Thomas Young (American revolutionary)

text: Boston Tea Party although he himself did not actually participate in the destruction of the tea chests. At the time he was addressing a crowd at the Old South Meeting House on the negative health effects of tea drinking. According to the Boston Tea Party Museuam, this was probably a diversion intended to help the Tea Party organizers by keeping the crowd in the Meeting House while the tea was being destroyed. In 1774 Young, having received death threats (although for his political or religious views is unclear) left Boston for Newport. In 1775, he moved to Philadelphia and helped

title: Boston Tea Party

text: threw the chests of tea into the Boston Harbor. The British government responded harshly and the episode escalated into the American Revolution. The Tea Party became an iconic event of American history, and since then other political protests such as the Tea Party movement have referred to themselves as historical successors to the Boston protest of 1773. The Tea Party was the culmination of a resistance movement throughout British America against the Tea Act, which had been passed by the British Parliament in 1773. Colonists objected to the Tea Act because they believed that it violated their rights as Englishmen

title: Samuel Adams

text: the meeting, people poured out of the Old South Meeting House and headed to Boston Harbor. That evening, a group of 30 to 130 men boarded the three vessels, some of them thinly disguised as Mohawk Indians, and dumped all 342 chests of tea into the water over the course of three hours. Adams never revealed whether he went to the wharf to witness the destruction of the tea. Whether or not he helped plan the event is unknown, but Adams immediately worked to publicize and defend it. He argued that the Tea Party was not the act of a

title: Boston Tea Party

text: The Boston Tea Party was a political protest and mercantile protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, Massachusetts, on December 16, 1773. In defiance of the Tea Act of May 10, 1773, which allowed the British East India company to sell tea from China in American colonies without paying any taxes, thus undercutting local tea merchants, the demonstrators, some disguised as Native Americans, destroyed an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India Company.

title: Boston Tea Party (concert venue)

text: Boston Tea Party (concert venue) The Boston Tea Party was a concert venue located first at 53 Berkeley Street in the South End neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, and later relocated to 15 Lansdowne Street in the former site of competitor, the Ark, in Boston's Kenmore Square neighborhood, across the street from Fenway Park. It operated from 1967 to the end of 1970. Its closing was due in part to the increasing cost of hiring bands who were playing more and more at large outdoor festivals and arena rock concerts. The building that the club occupied at 15 Lansdowne Street later

title: Philadelphia Tea Party

text: Philadelphia Tea Party The Philadelphia Tea Party was an incident in late December 1773, shortly after the more famous Boston Tea Party, in which a British tea ship was intercepted by American colonists and forced to return its cargo to Great Britain. Both the Boston Tea Party and the Philadelphia incident were the result of Americans being upset about Great Britain's decision to tax the American colonies despite a lack of representation in Parliament. The tax on tea particularly angered the colonists, so they boycotted English tea for several years, during which time merchants in several colonial cities resorted to

title: George III of the United Kingdom

text: George's words was "one tax to keep up the right [to levy taxes]". In 1773, the tea ships moored in Boston Harbor were boarded by colonists and the tea thrown overboard, an event that became known as the Boston Tea Party. In Britain, opinion hardened against the colonists, with Chatham now agreeing with North that the destruction of the tea was "certainly criminal". With the clear support of Parliament, Lord North introduced measures, which were called the Intolerable Acts by the colonists: the Port of Boston was shut down and the charter of Massachusetts was altered so that the upper

title: Boston Tea Party (concert venue)

text: Fred Goodman. Boston Tea Party (concert venue) The Boston Tea Party was a concert venue located first at 53 Berkeley Street in the South End neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, and later relocated to 15 Lansdowne Street in the former site of competitor, the Ark, in Boston's Kenmore Square neighborhood, across the street from Fenway Park. It operated from 1967 to the end of 1970. Its closing was due in part to the increasing cost of hiring bands who were playing more and more at large outdoor festivals and arena rock concerts. The building that the club occupied at 15 Lansdowne

title: Yankee Doodle Bugs

text: Clyde about the Boston Tea Party. The King is seen approaching a worker in the Royal Tea Warehouse in Boston. With a box of hardware tacks in hand, he orders the worker to "Spread these tacks on the Colonist's tea". When the worker explains: "But Your Majesty, these are carpet tacks", the King dumps the tacks all over the place in a fit of insanity and exclaims: "Well, they're tea tacks now!" and exits, laughing all the way. Bugs explains to Clyde that the Colonists refused to drink their tea with tacks and that's how the Army was formed. In

title: Snapple

text: starting in January 2004. Snapple paid the City $106 million for the rights and agreed to spend $60 million more to marketing and promotion over the length of the five-year contract. In the early 1990s the original label graphic on the Iced Tea flavor, a depiction of the United States historical event the Boston Tea Party was replaced due to misinformation espoused by protest groups claiming the ships on the packaging were slave trading vessels in New York Harbor. Snapple also fell victim to a rumor that the small "K" was either a representation of the Klan, or of an

title: Tea Act

text: landed. Matters reached a crisis when the time period for landing the tea and paying the Townshend taxes was set to expire, and on December 16, 1773, colonists disguised as Indians swarmed aboard three tea-laden ships and dumped their cargo into the harbour in what is now known as the Boston Tea Party. Similar "Destruction of the Tea" (as it was called at the time) occurred in New York and other ports shortly thereafter, though Boston took the brunt of Imperial retaliation, because it was the first "culprit". The Boston Tea Party appalled British political opinion makers of all stripes.

title: Boston Tea Party (political party)

text: and on all issues and opposed increasing the size, scope and power of government at any level for any purpose. The party's 2008–2010 program – the four points of Ron Paul's Campaign for Liberty – advocated, among other things, the withdrawal of all American troops from around the world, including Korea, Japan, Europe and the entire Middle East; an immediate and complete end to warrantless searches and seizures, warrantless surveillance, and other practices that encroach on personal freedom; and an audit of the Federal Reserve. The program was deliberately adopted from Ron Paul's Campaign for Liberty. On December 2, 2009,

title: History of Boston

text: of Liberty, disguised as Native Americans, dumped 342 chests of tea in the harbor in the Boston Tea Party. The Sons of Liberty decided to take action in order to defy Britain's new tax on tea, but the British government retaliated with a series of harsh laws, closing down the Port of Boston and stripping Massachusetts of its self-government. The other colonies rallied in solidarity behind Massachusetts, setting up the First Continental Congress, while arming and training militia units. The British sent more troops to Boston, and made its commander General Thomas Gage the governor. Gage believed the Patriots were

title: Boston Tea Party

text: for a commission. In July 1773, tea consignees were selected in New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and Charleston. The Tea Act in 1773 authorized the shipment of 5,000 chests of tea (250 tons) to the American colonies. There would be a tax of £1,750 to be paid by the importers when the cargo landed. The act granted the EIC a monopoly on the sale of tea that was cheaper than smuggled tea; its hidden purpose was to force the colonists to pay a tax of 3 pennies on every pound of tea. The Tea Act thus retained the three pence Townshend

title: Boston Tea Party

text: however, especially by Richard Clarke and the sons of Massachusetts Governor Thomas Hutchinson, until pressure from Massachusetts Whigs compelled them to abide by the non-importation agreement. Parliament finally responded to the protests by repealing the Townshend taxes in 1770, except for the tea duty, which Prime Minister Lord North kept to assert "the right of taxing the Americans". This partial repeal of the taxes was enough to bring an end to the non-importation movement by October 1770. From 1771 to 1773, British tea was once again imported into the colonies in significant amounts, with merchants paying the Townshend duty of

title: Chestertown Tea Party

text: dump 92,000 pounds of tea into the ocean. King George III reacted to the "tea party" by ordering the closing of the port of Boston. While Boston's was by far the most famous tea party that occurred in the colonies, it was only the first of many protests against the Tea Act that took place along the Atlantic Coast. When news of the closing of the port of Boston reached the Chesapeake Bay port of Chester Town, (now Chestertown) on the Eastern Shore of Maryland in the spring of 1774, town leaders called a meeting to discuss what actions should

title: Tea Act

text: The action united all parties in Britain against the American radicals. Parliament enacted the Boston Port Act, which closed Boston Harbor until the dumped tea was paid for. This was the first of the so-called Coercive Acts, or Intolerable Acts as they were called by the colonists, passed by Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party. These harsh measures united many colonists even more in their frustrations against Britain, and were one of the many causes of the American Revolutionary War. The Taxation of Colonies Act 1778 repealed the tea tax and others that had been imposed on the

title: Boston Tea Party (political party)

text: a Time Act, Write the Laws Act, and Enumerated Powers Act. 4. End the Wars Abroad: immediately cease all foreign intervention and bring home troops stationed abroad. 5. End the Wars at home: war on drugs, war on poverty, war on civil liberties." The party was founded in objection to new policy changes by the Libertarian Party announced at its Oregon convention in 2006. In September 2008, the libertarian website LewRockwell.com posted an article by libertarian economist Walter Block. In it, Block proclaimed his preference for the Boston Tea Party's candidates over those of the LP. Block and other libertarians

title: Ron Paul 2008 presidential campaign

text: slogans that would later be used in many marches and events throughout the campaign. On October 25, work began among his supporters to commemorate the anniversary of the Boston Tea Party, starting with the website TeaParty07.com. In support of the rally, Paul supporters purchased a blimp to display campaign messages to observers. On December 16, 2007, Paul supporters re-enacted the dumping of tea into Boston Harbor by tossing banners that read "Tyranny" and "no taxation without representation" into boxes that were in the harbor. His supporters also gathered in several other cities as part of the Tea Party re-enactment, including

title: Boston Tea Party

short_answers:
East India Company
the East India Company


question: what country shares borders with both belarus and romania

answers: Ukraine

title: Belarus–Lithuania border

text: border is based on the border between Lithuanian SSR and Belarusian SSR within Soviet Union, which had remained largely stable since 1940. Since 2004 the border has served as the outer border of the European Union and, since 2007, the Schengen area. These developments brought increased border controls and stricter visa requirements for crossing between the two countries, although an agreement signed in 2010 aims to implement simplified traveling for people living within 50 kilometers of the border. As an outer border of EU, the border with Belarus has seen the most illegal attempts to cross the border in Lithuania,

title: Belarus–Russia border

text: treated as international by Russia and full border check is done on third-countries nationals by Russia, but no formal border check aside from a simple identity check is applied on Russian and Belorussian citizens. Belarus–Russia border The Russian-Belarusian border is the state border between Russia and Belarus. Prior to 1991, it was the border between the RSFSR and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. The border formally exists, but is not subject to customs checks or duty due to the Union State treaty and the Eurasian Union. The length of the border is 1239 kilometers, including 857.7 km of land, 362.3

title: Belarus–Lithuania border

text: Belarus–Lithuania border The Belarus–Lithuania border is an international border almost 679 km in length between Republic of Belarus (CIS member) and Republic of Lithuania (EU member) and also serves as an outer border of the European Union and the eastern border of the Commonwealth of Independent States. The border is defined by the treaty of February 6, 1995 between the two countries. Ground demarcation of the border was complete in 2007. 380 km of the border is on land, while 299 are on water, crossing lakes, e.g. Lake Drūkšiai and following some rivers, e.g. Dysna River and Neman River. The

title: Belarus

text: a much relaxed official attitude to dissident voices are all part of a weakening of the longtime warm relationship with Russia. Belarus lies between latitudes 51° and 57° N, and longitudes 23° and 33° E. Its extension from north to south is , from west to east is . It is landlocked, relatively flat, and contains large tracts of marshy land. About 40% of Belarus is covered by forests. Many streams and 11,000 lakes are found in Belarus. Three major rivers run through the country: the Neman, the Pripyat, and the Dnieper. The Neman flows westward towards the Baltic sea

title: Geography of Lithuania

text: borders Latvia on the north, Belarus on the east and south, and Poland and the Kaliningrad region of Russia on the southwest. It is a country of gently rolling hills, many forests, rivers and streams, and lakes. Its principal natural resource is agricultural land. Lithuania's northern neighbor is Latvia. The two countries share a border that extends 453 kilometres. Lithuania's eastern border with Belarus is longer, stretching 502 kilometers. The border with Poland on the south is relatively short, only ninety-one kilometres, but is very busy because of international traffic. Lithuania also has a 227-kilometre border with Russia. Russian territory

title: Belarus

text: rated as by far the worst country for press freedom in Europe in the 2013–14 Press Freedom Index published by Reporters Without Borders, which ranks Belarus 157th out of 180 nations. In 2000, Belarus and Russia signed a treaty for greater cooperation, forming the Union State. Over 70% of Belarus's population of 9.49 million resides in urban areas. More than 80% of the population is ethnic Belarusian, with sizable minorities of Russians, Poles and Ukrainians. Since a referendum in 1995, the country has had two official languages: Belarusian and Russian. The Constitution of Belarus does not declare any official religion,

title: Belarus–Russia border

text: Belarus–Russia border The Russian-Belarusian border is the state border between Russia and Belarus. Prior to 1991, it was the border between the RSFSR and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. The border formally exists, but is not subject to customs checks or duty due to the Union State treaty and the Eurasian Union. The length of the border is 1239 kilometers, including 857.7 km of land, 362.3 km of river and 19.0 km of lake. The border between the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation was formally formed after the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 1991. In May

title: Elena Korosteleva

text: In fact, few Western specialists paid much attention to its affairs during the Soviet era. Nevertheless, Belarus constitutes an important and sensitive border region between Russia and the western part of the continent. In Postcommunist Belarus, a stellar group of contributors examines the issues and the search for identity that Belarus has confronted in the period leading up to and following independence. The country is run in an authoritarian fashion by President Alexander Lukashenko and many observers, both inside and outside Belarus, would use the term "dictatorship" to describe his rule. Belarusian authorities prefer to emphasise the strong support of

title: Belarus–Russia border

text: third-country nationals have been instituted by Russia when travelling from Belarus to Russia by road, as it is prohibited by Russian law for third-country national to enter Russia outside border control, and there is no border controls on the open border. Visitors are advised by the Polish Embassy in Belarus to enter mainland Russia via –Burachki and Senkivka–Novye Yurkovichi. Air travel between Belarus and Russia was treated as domestic and did not incur border controls before May 2017 (but there are identity checks as exist for normal domestic air travel in Russia and Belarus), since then, the flights have been

title: Belarus–Lithuania border

text: and further follows Šalčia river. It further continues to the south of Lithuanian city Eišiškės, follows Načia river, goes to the south of Lithuanian settlement Dubičiai, reaches the source of Kotra River and further follows this river, then across lakes Grūda ir Dubas. It further crosses the railroad Vilnius-Grodno next to the stop Senovė, and the railroad to Druskininkai to the north of the stop Pariečė, continuing west towards Neman river and up against the current, and further following Mara river to the border tripoint of Belarus, Lithuania and Poland (). Belarus–Lithuania border The Belarus–Lithuania border is an international border

title: Belarus–Latvia border

text: 2006 decree of the President of Belarus no. 313 established the following border crossings. Belarus–Latvia border The Belarus–Latvia border is of length 172.912 km. In spans from the tripoint with Lithuania to the tripoint with Russia. The current border between the republics of Belarus (CIS member) and Latvia (EU member) was established after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and confirmed by an agreement of February 21, 1994 about the establishment of the border, finalized on April 10, 2013 in the agreement about the functioning of the border. For about 16.6 km the border runs along the Daugava River. It

title: Belarus–Latvia border

text: Belarus–Latvia border The Belarus–Latvia border is of length 172.912 km. In spans from the tripoint with Lithuania to the tripoint with Russia. The current border between the republics of Belarus (CIS member) and Latvia (EU member) was established after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and confirmed by an agreement of February 21, 1994 about the establishment of the border, finalized on April 10, 2013 in the agreement about the functioning of the border. For about 16.6 km the border runs along the Daugava River. It also crosses the Lake Rychy and an island in the lake. The May 10,

title: Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park

text: Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park (Russian, official:<ref name="list/33">"Białowieża Forest, Belarus, Poland" at the UNESCO official webpage. Retrieved May 27, 2015.</ref> , ) is a national park within parts of the Brest Region (Kamyanyets District and Pruzhany District) and Grodno Region (Svislach District) in Belarus adjacent to the Polish border. It is a preserved part of the UNESCO WHS Białowieża Forest, the last primaeval forest fragment of the European woodlands that once stretched across the European Plain. It is home to a large population of European bison, the continent's heaviest land animals. The border between the two countries

title: Belarus–Lithuania border

text: with 246 attempts in 2010. The treaty defines the border as starting at the border tripoint of Lithuania, Latvia and Belarus, where there is a monument (). It goes southeast across Lake Drūkšiai, following river Apyvardė, across lakes Apvardai and Prūtas, further following Dysna River to the east, and further to Adutiškis railway station. It further goes north of Belarusian settlement Lyntupy, east of the Lithuanian settlement Šumskas, across the road Vilnius - Maladzyechna, goes around the area of Lithuanian settlement Dieveniškės from the east, south and west, goes to the North of Belarusian settlement Bieniakoni, crosses the road Vilnius-Lida

title: State Border of Ukraine

text: Ukraine borders with seven countries: Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Moldova, Russia, and Belarus. The total length of the Ukrainian border is 6,992.98 km (4,345.24 mi). In reality Ukraine does not have real established and ratified borders with Russia, Belarus, and Moldova (republics of the former Soviet Union).  The borders with other countries were inherited from the Soviet border patrol service which was recreated into the Ukrainian after the fall of the Soviet Union.

title: Belarus–Ukraine border

text: along Prypiat River (just to the south of it). It is part of bigger East European Plain and known for its Pripet Marshes (or Pinsk Marshes). The west end of the border starts at Western Bug around the area of lakes of Shatsk and runs eastward across the Pinsk Marshes. Further it stretches parallel to Pripyat River some distance south from it passing densely wooded areas that were contaminated after the Chernobyl disaster. The border passes Pripyat just to the north of Pripyat city and then also turns southeast as the river and continues to run parallel to it. As

title: Lithuania–Poland border

text: Lithuania–Poland border The current Lithuania–Poland border exists since the re-establishment of the independence of Lithuania on March 11, 1990. Until then the identical border was between Poland and Lithuanian SSR of the Soviet Union. The length of the border is . It runs from the Lithuania–Poland–Russia tripoint southeast to the Belarus–Lithuania–Poland tripoint. It is the only land border that the EU- and NATO-member Baltic states share with a country that is not a member of the Russian-aligned Commonwealth of Independent States. To the military planners of NATO, the border area is known as the Suwalki gap (named after the nearby

title: Pan-European Corridor II

text: visa to enter one country or the other, or both. On the Belarus–Russia border, however, there are no immigration checks, because Russia and Belarus part of the same Union State. Rail traffic along this route is hindered by a break-of-gauge at the border between Poland and Belarus. Poland (along with the rest of Western and Central Europe) uses standard gauge, while Belarus, Russia, and the former Soviet Union use Russian gauge. Pan-European Corridor II The Corridor II is one of the Pan-European corridors. It runs between Berlin in Germany, and Nizhny Novgorod in Russia, passing through Poland and Belarus. The

title: Molvanîa

text: video segment produced in association with the book on its international flights. The Republic of Molvanîa is a composite of many of the worst stereotypes and clichés about Soviet states. The exact location of Molvanîa is never specified; it is said to border Germany, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary, and Romania. The shape of the country with its divisions strongly suggests Moldova, and the name has similarities (as has the location description by the authors as "somewhere between Romania and downwind from Chernobyl"); it can also represent a composite country consisting of parts of Hungary, Czech Republic, Croatia, Serbia, Slovakia, Austria, and

title: Belarus

text: ethnic groups are: Russians (8.3%), Poles (3.1%), and Ukrainians (1.7%). Belarus has a population density of about 50 people per square kilometer (127 per sq mi); 70% of its total population is concentrated in urban areas. Minsk, the nation's capital and largest city, was home to 1,937,900 residents . Gomel, with a population of 481,000, is the second-largest city and serves as the capital of the Homiel Voblast. Other large cities are Mogilev (365,100), Vitebsk (342,400), Hrodna (314,800) and Brest (298,300). Like many other eastern European countries, Belarus has a negative population growth rate and a negative natural growth rate.

title: Belarus–Ukraine border

text: the border reaches Dnieper, it turns north towards Homiel and runs along the river. At the midpoint between Homiel and a town of Ripky, the border turns and again runs eastward towards Central Russian Upland for about where it terminates at triple junction point with Russian border. The modern state of the border is dated to World War I when in 1918 on the map of the world appeared the Ukrainian People's Republic. However, the border has historical roots. The border was similar between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland according to the Union of Lublin.

title: Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact

text: Lithuania, and the city of Vilnius is its capital. Only the region around Białystok and a small part of Galicia east of the San river around Przemyśl were returned to the Polish state. Of all other territories annexed by the USSR in 1939–40, the ones detached from Finland (Western Karelia, Petsamo), Estonia (Estonian Ingria and Petseri County) and Latvia (Abrene) remain part of the Russian Federation, the successor state of the USSR upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The territories annexed from Romania had also been integrated into the Soviet Union (as the Moldavian SSR, or oblasts

title: Lithuania–Russia border

text: have no fence, but some places near roads or villages have fences (e.g. at with Street View coverage). Crossing the border into Lithuania requires a Schengen visa, and into Russia requires a Russian visa. In early 2017, with increasing military activity and political tensions in the area, the government announced plans to reinforce the Kaliningrad/Ramoniškiai area border crossing with a six-foot-high fence, funded by NATO, characterized by some officials as a token effort and waste of money. Historical borders between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Tsardom of Russia varied significantly throughout history, and at times bore little resemblance to

title: Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic

text: the territory between the Dniester and Bug rivers, as a way to prop up the propaganda effort and help a potential Communist revolution in Romania. On August 24, 1939, the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed a 10-year non-aggression treaty, called the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact. The pact contained a secret protocol, revealed only after Germany's defeat in 1945, according to which the states of Northern and Eastern Europe were divided into German and Soviet "spheres of influence". The secret protocol placed the Romanian province of Bessarabia in the Soviet "sphere of influence." Thereafter, both the Soviet Union and Germany invaded their

title: Belarus–Poland border

text: In accordance with the Border Agreement between Poland and the USSR of 16 August 1945 17 districts of Belastok Voblast of the BSSR including the city of Białystok and 3 districts of Brest Voblast, where a significant number of Poles lived, were transferred to Poland. In 1946, during the refinement of the state border between the USSR and Poland, the villages of Klimówka, Minkowce, Nomiki, Taki, Tołcze, Szymaki of the Hrodna District and the villages of Todorkowce and Chworosciany of the Sapotskin district were transferred to the Polish People's Republic. Thereafter, and until now the border between Poland and Belarus

title: Belarus–Russia border

text: the notice with the Russian conformation. In April 2012 The Border Committee of Belarus and Russia held a meeting in Hrodna. At the meeting, Grigory Rapota, state secretary of the Belarusian-Russian Union State, said that 2,857 million Russian roubles had been provided for the project out of the Union State budget. The money was spent, among other things, on the purchase of two helicopters for Belarusian border control units and the further training of Belarusian border guards in Russia. There is virtually no border control when travelling between Russia and Belarus, but since October 2016, document checks and prohibitions against

title: Teddybear Airdrop Minsk 2012

text: the airdrop operation directly with President Lukashenko if he visits Sweden. Belarus also sent an official request to the government of Lithuania for help "to investigate a possible breach of the state border when a Swedish-piloted light aircraft crossed the Lithuanian-Belarus border." President Lukashenko was quoted by Interfax saying that "Lithuania should not be sitting like mice under a broom. They must answer to us why they provided their territory for national border violation. If there is anyone who won't find it funny, it is Lithuania". On August 3 Swedish Foreign Minister Carl Bildt announced that Belarus had "expelled" the

title: Belarus–Poland relations

text: ambassador in Poland; Tadeusz Pawlak is the Polish ambassador in Belarus. Belarus and Poland share a common border (~418 km long) which is the European Union external border, which also splits the primeval Białowieża Forest between Belarusian and Polish national parks. Poles make up 3.9% of the population of Belarus according to the 1999 Belarus Census. There were 48,700 Belarusians in Poland according to the Polish census of 2002. Both minorities represent autochthonous populations of the region and are officially recognised by their host governments. In 2009, a Belarusian Su-27 crashed at a Polish air show in Radom, killing both

title: Eastern Bloc media and propaganda

text: two different SSRs), Latvia (became Latvia SSR), Estonia (became Estonian SSR), Lithuania (became Lithuania SSR), part of eastern Finland (became Karelo-Finnish SSR) and northeastern Romania (became the Moldavian SSR). By 1945, these additional annexed countries totaled approximately 180,000 further square miles (465,000 km), or slightly more than the area of West Germany, East Germany and Austria combined. Other nations were converted into Soviet Satellite states, such as the People's Republic of Poland, the People's Republic of Hungary, the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, the People's Republic of Romania, the People's Republic of Albania, and later East Germany from the Soviet zone of

title: Poland–Russia border

text: the following Polish administrative districts (powiaty) were granted the same status: The border traffic is very high, and additional border crossings are being considered as of 2013. Poland–Russia border The modern Poland–Russia border is a nearly straight-line division between the Republic of Poland (European Union (EU) member) and the Russian Federation (CIS member) exclave of Kaliningrad Oblast, a region not connected to the Russian mainland. It is currently long. Its current location and size were decided as part of the aftermath of World War II. In 2004 it became part of the boundary of the European Union and Commonwealth of

title: State Border of Ukraine


question: who was one of the first to chart the course of forgetting over time

answers: Hermann Ebbinghaus

title: Ed Cooke (author)

text: (a microwave in the kitchen). He also features prominently in Joshua Foer's "Moonwalking with Einstein", having acted as memory coach to Foer, who went on to become U.S. Memory Champion. He is co-founder of Memrise, an online educational platform that uses memory techniques to optimise learning. Cooke's latest writings on memory, education and philosophy can be found on his blog and on Twitter. In May 2015, Cooke appeared in a BBC iWonder guide, Never forget: Can anyone improve a poor memory? presented by Alex Jones. He demonstrates the 'memory palace' technique in order to remember 18 random numbers in one

title: Forgetting curve

text: published his hypothesis in 1885 as "" (later translated into English as "Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology"). Ebbinghaus studied the memorisation of nonsense syllables, such as "WID" and "ZOF" (CVCs or Consonant-Vowel-Consonant) by repeatedly testing himself after various time periods and recording the results. He plotted these results on a graph creating what is now known as the "forgetting curve". From his discovery regarding the "forgetting curve", Ebbinghaus came up with the effects of "overlearning". Essentially, if you practiced something more than what is usually necessary to memorize it, you would have effectively achieved overlearning. Overlearning ensures that information

title: John Alexander McGeoch

text: and long-term. In his publication titled "Forgetting and the law of disuse," McGeoch criticizes Thorndike's theory of the Law of Disuse, which posits that information is forgotten over time if it is not activated. McGeoch argues that the passage of time has no bearing on forgetting; rather, forgetting can be better understood in terms of interference that takes place during the interval between initial learning and test. Following the introduction of the concept of Retroactive inhibition, McGeoch developed the transfer theory of retroactive inhibition. This theory identifies two major contributors to forgetting: retroactive inhibition and change in context between learning

title: Ed Cooke (author)

text: Ed Cooke (author) Edward "Ed" Cooke (born 1982) is a British Entrepreneur and author of "Remember, Remember: Learn the Stuff You Thought You Never Could". He is also a Grand Master of Memory and the co-founder of Memrise, a free online educational platform that uses memory techniques to optimise learning. Following this tweet in July 2011, he is also reputed to be the originator of the idea of Vine, a mobile social networking service based on short looping videos. He grew up in Oxfordshire. After graduating with a first class degree in psychology and philosophy from Oxford University in 2004

title: Forgetting curve

text: Forgetting curve The forgetting curve hypothesizes the decline of memory retention in time. This curve shows how information is lost over time when there is no attempt to retain it. A related concept is the strength of memory that refers to the durability that memory traces in the brain. The stronger the memory, the longer period of time that a person is able to recall it. A typical graph of the forgetting curve purports to show that humans tend to halve their memory of newly learned knowledge in a matter of days or weeks unless they consciously review the learned

title: Ed Cooke (author)

text: minute. Ed Cooke (author) Edward "Ed" Cooke (born 1982) is a British Entrepreneur and author of "Remember, Remember: Learn the Stuff You Thought You Never Could". He is also a Grand Master of Memory and the co-founder of Memrise, a free online educational platform that uses memory techniques to optimise learning. Following this tweet in July 2011, he is also reputed to be the originator of the idea of Vine, a mobile social networking service based on short looping videos. He grew up in Oxfordshire. After graduating with a first class degree in psychology and philosophy from Oxford University in

title: Cognition

text: "forgetting curve." His work heavily influenced the study of serial position and its effect on memory, discussed in subsequent sections. Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930) was an influential American pioneer in the realm of psychology. Her work also focused on the human memory capacity. A common theory, called the recency effect, can be attributed to the studies that she conducted. The recency effect, also discussed in the subsequent experiment section, is the tendency for individuals to be able to accurately recollect the final items presented in a sequence of stimuli. Calkin's theory is closely related to the aforementioned study and conclusion

title: John Alexander McGeoch

text: and recall, and influenced how forgetting is understood today. More specifically, McGeoch's work set the stage for the Two-factor Theory of Interference. McGeoch also wrote an introductory textbook on human learning, which was published posthumously. McGeoch is recognized as a pioneer in the field of human learning and memory. He changed the way researchers understand human forgetting by disproving Thorndike's law of disuse, encouraging Longitudinal study, and distinguishing incidental learning from intentional learning. He also identified retroactive inhibition as a mechanism for forgetting. Notable publications: John Alexander McGeoch John Alexander McGeoch (1897–1942) was an American psychologist and educator. Considered a

title: Forgetting curve

text: is more impervious to being lost or forgotten, and the forgetting curve for this overlearned material is shallower. In 2015, an attempt to replicate the forgetting curve with one study subject has shown the experimental results similar to Ebbinghaus' original data. Ebbinghaus hypothesized that the speed of forgetting depends on a number of factors such as the difficulty of the learned material (e.g. how meaningful it is), its representation and physiological factors such as stress and sleep. He further hypothesized that the basal forgetting rate differs little between individuals. He concluded that the difference in performance (e.g. at school) can

title: Interference theory

text: there was "unlimited recall time" to produce multiple item responses, the fact that A-C responses still trumped A-B responses represented an account of unlearning. Since German psychologist H. Ebbinghaus (1885, 1913) made the first scientific studies on forgetting in the late nineteenth century, further research on the rate of forgetting presented information was found to be steep. While a variety of factors play a role in affecting the rate of forgetting, the general conclusion made is that 70% of originally recalled information is initially forgotten in 24 hours after a session of practice, followed by 80% of information forgotten within

title: Zuowang

text: (1983:67) clarifies that for Zhuangzi, "forgetting" means to empty the "xin" "heart; mind", "just as one empties one's stomach by fasting. This idea of "forgetting" is essential, frequently cited as the most important hurdle in the quest for sagehood. It does not refer, however, to the simple displacing of facts from the mind." The Xuanxue (lit. "Arcane Learning") "Neo-Daoist" philosopher Guo Xiang (d. 312 CE) redacted the "Zhuangzi" text, and wrote a commentary, which explains "zuowang". In a state of sitting in oblivion, what could there be unforgotten? First one forgets all outer manifestations ("ji" 迹), then one also forgets

title: Theories of Forgetting

text: Theories of Forgetting Theories of Forgetting is a postmodern novel by Lance Olsen, published by Fiction Collective Two in 2014. "Theories of Forgetting" is a novel made up of three intersecting narratives. The first involves the story of a middle-aged video artist, Alana, working on a short experimental video about Robert Smithson's land art Spiral Jetty. The second involves the story of Alana’s husband, Hugh, and his slow disappearance throughout Europe and across Jordan on a trip there both to remember and to forget in the aftermath of Alana’s unexpected death. His vanishing is linked to the Sleeping Beauties, a

title: Alex Mullen (memory athlete)

text: of medical school. Mullen has held world records in 12 different disciplines, most involving the memorization of numbers or playing cards. As of Dec. 19, 2018, he held 5. He is the first person to memorize the order of a deck of playing cards in under 20 seconds at an official competition. He is also the first to memorize more than 3,000 decimal digits in one hour. Mullen was a two-time contestant on the final season of the Chinese television program The Brain in 2017, defeating his opponent Wang Feng, the 2010 and 2011 World Memory Champion, by accurately recalling

title: Jill Price

text: documentary "The Boy Who Can't Forget" and provided an insight into just how difficult life can be for people who have this condition. Research scientist Dr. Julia Simner, at the Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, has speculated that her abilities are intimately tied to her visualizations of time in space, a form of synesthesia. Price, J. and Davis, B. 2008, "The Woman Who Can't Forget: The Extraordinary Story of Living with the Most Remarkable Memory Known to Science—A Memoir", Free Press, Jill Price Jill Price (née Rosenberg, born December 30, 1965) is an American woman, from Southern California, who

title: Forgetting curve

text: In 1885, Hermann Ebbinghaus collected data to plot a forgetting curve.  Today, we approximate forgetting with an exponential curve:

title: Wendy Suzuki

text: started with studying underlying memory. Her lab focused on the role of the hippocampus, which is the part of the brain that is responsible for memory of facts and events, otherwise known as declarative or explicit memory. Her research group was the first to identify major changes to patterns of neural activity in the hippocampus as subjects worked to form memories that associated unrelated objects with one another, known as "associative memories." They identified neural patterns associated with how the brain forms memories in a temporal order, showing the critical role of the hippocampus in how timing is incorporated into

title: Forgetting

text: and made 2 conclusions. The first being that much of what we forget is lost soon after it is originally learned. The second being that the amount of forgetting eventually levels off. Around the same time, psychologist Sigmund Freud theorized that people intentionally forgot things in order to push bad thoughts and feelings deep into their unconscious, a process he called "repression". There is debate as to whether (or how often) memory repression really occurs and mainstream psychology holds that true memory repression occurs only very rarely. Modern terminology divides motivated forgetting into unconscious repression (which is disputed) and conscious

title: Second-language attrition

text: learned knowledge depends on the amount of time invested. Further, the more time that is passing by, the more repetitions that are necessary. Resulting from the findings of Ebbinghaus, the first theory of forgetting was established, the decay theory. It says that if something new is learned, a "memory trace" is formed. This trace will decay, if not used in the course of time, and by decaying of this trace, forgetting occurs (Weltens 1987). The interference theory can be seen as one of the most important theories of forgetting. It indicates that prior, posterior or new learning information compete with

title: Hyperthymesia

text: Channel 4 screened the documentary "The Boy Who Can't Forget", which examined the memory of 20-year-old Aurelien Hayman from Cardiff, a student at Durham University, who remembers practically every day of his life from the age of 10. Hayman is the first British person to be identified as possessing this ability, and he views it positively. When Hayman's brain was scanned by a team led by Professor Giuliana Mazzoni at the University of Hull, whilst he was prompted to remember a series of dates, a series of "visual areas" of the brain were activated, with much greater speed than would

title: Brenda Milner

text: of my life, that was one." She has made major contributions to the understanding of the role of the frontal lobes in memory processing, in the area of organizing information. "Dr. Milner's seminal research has provided many landmark discoveries in the study of human memory and the brain's temporal lobes, which play a key role in emotional responses, hearing, memory and speech." She demonstrated the critical role of the dorsolateral frontal cortex for the temporal organization of memory and her work showed that there is partial separability of the neural circuits subserving recognition memory from those mediating memory for temporal

title: Art of memory

text: indicate that "an ancient technique of memorization called Method of Loci, by which memories are referenced directly onto spatial maps" originated with the story of Simonides. Referring to mnemonic methods, Verlee Williams mentions, "One such strategy is the 'loci' method, which was developed by Simonides, a Greek poet of the fifth and sixth centuries BC" Loftus cites the foundation story of Simonides (more or less taken from Frances Yates) and describes some of the most basic aspects of the use of space in the art of memory. She states, "This particular mnemonic technique has come to be called the "method

title: Spontaneous recovery

text: forgetting, such that the amount of reminiscence must exceed the amount of forgetting resulting in a net improvement overall. Ballard was the first to observe hypermnesia using a multiple recall task in 1913, the same task with which he discovered reminiscence. After asking young school children to memorize poetry, he initially retested their recall abilities 2 days later only to discover that the class improved by 10 percent over the initial recall level. Hypermnesia was not considered a phenomenon until the mid-1970s when Erdelyi and his associates completed further testing. Two suggestions have been offered to explain the increases in

title: Cathryn Jakobson Ramin

text: "The Noonday Demon"), "an enlightening and rather reassuring book on fading memory in midlife" (Jane Brody, writer for "The New York Times"), and, as author David Shenk of "The Forgetting" puts it, "a book for our time - a book about decline, how to face it, respect it, and fight back. On our behalf, Ramin courageously navigates the baffling limbo between 'normal' and 'disease.'" The book first appeared on "The New York Times" bestseller list in April 2007, and was ranked number 5 on Amazon within a week of its publication. Ramin appeared for two consecutive episodes on "Good Morning

title: Forgetting curve

text: be explained by mnemonic representation skills. He went on to hypothesize that basic training in mnemonic techniques can help overcome those differences in part. He asserted that the best methods for increasing the strength of memory are: His premise was that each repetition in learning increases the optimum interval before the next repetition is needed (for near-perfect retention, initial repetitions may need to be made within days, but later they can be made after years). Later research suggested that, other than the two factors Ebbinghaus proposed, higher original learning would also produce slower forgetting. Spending time each day to remember

title: Helena Waldmann

text: social stigma associated with the loss of memory. Waldmann describes the ability to forget as an essential, basic function of the human memory; it is one that brings freedom like the "Delete" key on the computer. Helena Waldmann Helena Waldmann is a German theater director, set designer, and choreographer who was born in Burghausen, Germany in 1962. Since her beginnings studying Applied Theatre Studies in Gießen, her first works at the German State Theatres in the early 90s with teachers such as Heiner Müller, George Tabori and Gerhard Bohner, several years at the Mousonturm in Frankfurt, and with her free-lance

title: Moonwalking with Einstein

text: attitudes towards memory, including its negative reputation in the Western educational system, a perception which Foer is largely opposed to. He explores common mnemonic tools for improving memory: the techniques of Roman rhetoricians and the tannaim ("reciters") of Judea, the Major System and the PAO System for memorizing numbers and cards, and Mind Mapping, a note-taking technique developed by Tony Buzan. These methods are all a form of the method of loci, in which data is stored in a sequence of memorable images that can be translated back into their original form. He espouses deliberate practice as the path to

title: Ribot's law

text: Ribot's law Ribot's law of retrograde amnesia was hypothesized in 1881 by Théodule Ribot. It states that there is a time gradient in retrograde amnesia, so that recent memories are more likely to be lost than the more remote memories. Not all patients suffering from retrograde amnesia report the symptoms of Ribot's law. Ribot's law was first postulated by the French psychologist Théodule Ribot (1839–1916), who is recognized as one of the pioneer 19th century advocates for psychology as an objective and biologically based empirical field. Ribot's split from the mainstream "Eclectic" psychology of the era was associated with a

title: Explicit memory

text: theorized that all humans are born free of any knowledge and are the sum of their experiences. It wasn't until the late 1800s, however, that a young German philosopher by the name of Herman Ebbinghaus developed the first scientific approach to studying memory. While some of his findings have endured and remain relevant to this day (Learning Curve), his greatest contribution to the field of memory research was demonstrating that memory can be studied scientifically. In 1972, Endel Tulving proposed the distinction between episodic and semantic memory. This was quickly adopted and is now widely accepted. Following this, in 1985,

title: Recall (memory)

text: information. Ebbinghaus' research influenced much of the research conducted on memory and recall throughout the twentieth century. Frederic Bartlett was a prominent researcher in the field of memory during the mid-twentieth century. He was a British experimental psychologist who focused on the mistakes people made when recalling new information. One of his well-known works was "Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology", which he published in 1932. He is well known for his use of North American Native folk tales, including "The War of the Ghosts". He would provide participants in his study with an excerpt from a story

title: Forgetting

text: Older adults who were more active were found to have had less episodes of forgetting compared to those older adults who were less active. A healthy diet can also contribute to a healthier brain and aging process which in turn results in less frequent forgetting. Reviewing information in ways that involve active retrieval seems to slow the rate of forgetting. Paul Connerton stated that there are seven types of forgetting, which are repressive erasure, prescriptive forgetting, formation of new identity, structural amnesia, annulment, planned obsolescence, and humiliated silence. One of the first to study the mechanisms of forgetting was the

title: Forgetting curve


question: the most stable mineral at the earth's surface

answers: quartz

answers: feldspar

title: Calcite

text: Calcite Calcite is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO). The Mohs scale of mineral hardness, based on scratch hardness comparison, defines value 3 as "calcite". Other polymorphs of calcium carbonate are the minerals aragonite and vaterite. Aragonite will change to calcite over timescales of days or less at temperatures exceeding 300°C, and vaterite is even less stable. Calcite is derived from the German "Calcit", a term coined in the 19th century from the Latin word for lime, "calx" (genitive calcis) with the suffix -ite used to name minerals. It is thus etymologically related to

title: Bowen's reaction series

text: the Goldich dissolution series. This is because minerals are most stable in the conditions closest to those under which they had formed. Simply put, the high temperature minerals, the first ones to crystallize in a mass of magma, are most unstable at the Earth's surface and quickest to weather because the surface is most different from the conditions under which they were created. On the other hand, the low temperature minerals are much more stable because the conditions at the surface are much more similar to the conditions under which they formed. Bowen's reaction series Within the field of geology,

title: Mineral

text: been habitable. The search for evidence of habitability, taphonomy (related to fossils), and organic carbon on the planet Mars is now a primary NASA objective. Mineral A mineral is a naturally occurring chemical compound, usually of crystalline form and not produced by life processes. A mineral has one specific chemical composition, whereas a rock can be an aggregate of different minerals or mineraloids. The study of minerals is called mineralogy. Minerals are classified by variety, species, series and group, in order of increasing generality. As of November 2018, there are more than 5,500 known mineral "species"; 5,389 of these have

title: Spinel

text: petrogenesis in mafic magmatic rocks is strongly debated, but certainly results from mafic magma interaction with more evolved magma or rock (e.g. gabbro, troctolite). Spinel, (Mg,Fe)(Al,Cr)O, is common in peridotite in the uppermost Earth's mantle, between approximately 20 km to approximately 120 km, possibly to lower depths depending on the chromium content. At significantly shallower depths, above the Moho, calcic plagioclase is the more stable aluminous mineral in peridotite while garnet is the stable phase deeper in the mantle below the spinel stability region. Spinel, (Mg,Fe)AlO, is a common mineral in the Ca-Al-rich inclusions (CAIs) in some chondritic meteorites. Synthetic

title: Perovskite (structure)

text: silicate which adopts the perovskite structure at high pressure. As pressure increases, the SiO tetrahedral units in the dominant silica-bearing minerals become unstable compared with SiO octahedral units. At the pressure and temperature conditions of the lower mantle, the most abundant material is a perovskite-structured mineral with the formula (Mg,Fe)SiO, with the second most abundant material likely the rocksalt-structured (Mg,Fe)O oxide, periclase. At the high pressure conditions of the Earth's lower mantle, the pyroxene enstatite, MgSiO, transforms into a denser perovskite-structured polymorph; this phase may be the most common mineral in the Earth. This phase has the orthorhombically distorted perovskite

title: Alkaline earth metal

text: earth's crust at a concentration of two to six parts per million (ppm), much of which is in soils, where it has a concentration of six ppm. Beryllium is one of the rarest elements in seawater, even rarer than elements such as scandium, with a concentration of 0.2 parts per trillion. However, in freshwater, beryllium is somewhat more common, with a concentration of 0.1 parts per billion. Magnesium and calcium are very common in the earth's crust, being respectively the fifth- eighth-most-abundant elements. None of the alkaline earth metals are found in their elemental state. Common magnesium--containing minerals are carnallite,

title: Selenite (mineral)

text: Mine's Cave of the Crystals being 12 metres long and weighing 55 tons. The etymology of selenite is through Middle English "selenite", from Latin "selenites", from Greek "selēnitēs (lithos)," literally, moonstone or stone of the moon, from selēnē (Moon). The ancients had a belief that certain transparent crystals waxed and waned with the moon. From the 15th century, "selenite" has referred specifically to the variety of gypsum that occurs in transparent crystals or crystalline masses. All varieties of gypsum are very soft minerals (hardness: 2 on Mohs Scale). This is the most important identifying characteristic of gypsum, as any variety

title: Yttrium

text: point of nitrogen. Yttrium is found in most rare-earth minerals, it is found in some uranium ores, but is never found in the Earth's crust as a free element. About 31 ppm of the Earth's crust is yttrium, making it the 28th most abundant element, 400 times more common than silver. Yttrium is found in soil in concentrations between 10 and 150 ppm (dry weight average of 23 ppm) and in sea water at 9 ppt. Lunar rock samples collected during the American Apollo Project have a relatively high content of yttrium. Yttrium has no known biological role, though it

title: Iodine

text: by mass action due to the precipitation of the insoluble salt. Iodine is the least abundant of the stable halogens, comprising only 0.46 parts per million of Earth's crustal rocks (compare: fluorine 544 ppm, chlorine 126 ppm, bromine 2.5 ppm). Among the eighty-four elements which occur in significant quantities (elements 1–42, 44–60, 62–83, and 90–92), it ranks sixty-first in abundance. Iodide minerals are rare, and most deposits that are concentrated enough for economical extraction are iodate minerals instead. Examples include lautarite, Ca(IO), and dietzeite, 7Ca(IO)·8CaCrO. These are the minerals that occur as trace impurities in the caliche, found in Chile,

title: Alkali metal

text: up approximately 2.6% of the Earth's crust measured by weight, making it the sixth most abundant element overall and the most abundant alkali metal. Potassium makes up approximately 1.5% of the Earth's crust and is the seventh most abundant element. Sodium is found in many different minerals, of which the most common is ordinary salt (sodium chloride), which occurs in vast quantities dissolved in seawater. Other solid deposits include halite, amphibole, cryolite, nitratine, and zeolite. Many of these solid deposits occur as a result of ancient seas evaporating, which still occurs now in places such as Utah's Great Salt Lake

title: Calcium

text: Calcium Calcium is a chemical element with symbol Ca and atomic number 20. As an alkaline earth metal, calcium is a reactive metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air. Its physical and chemical properties are most similar to its heavier homologues strontium and barium. It is the fifth most abundant element in Earth's crust and the third most abundant metal, after iron and aluminium. The most common calcium compound on Earth is calcium carbonate, found in limestone and the fossilised remnants of early sea life; gypsum, anhydrite, fluorite, and apatite are also sources of calcium. The

title: Silicate perovskite

text: or a pressure of ~24 GPa. The depth of this transition depends on the mantle temperature; it occurs slightly deeper in colder regions of the mantle and shallower in warmer regions. The transition from ringwoodite to bridgmanite and ferropericlase marks the bottom of the mantle transition zone and the top of the lower mantle. Bridgmanite becomes unstable at a depth of approximately 2700 km, transforming isochemically to post-perovskite. Calcium silicate perovskite is stable at slightly shallower depths than bridgmanite, becoming stable at approximately 500 km, and remains stable throughout the lower mantle. Bridgmanite is the most abundant mineral in the

title: Iron

text: most abundant element on Earth, but only the fourth most abundant element in the Earth's crust, after oxygen, silicon, and aluminium. Most of the iron in the crust is found combined with oxygen as iron oxide minerals such as hematite (FeO), magnetite (FeO), and siderite (FeCO). Many igneous rocks also contain the sulfide minerals pyrrhotite and pentlandite. Ferropericlase (Mg,Fe)O, a solid solution of periclase (MgO) and wüstite (FeO), makes up about 20% of the volume of the lower mantle of the Earth, which makes it the second most abundant mineral phase in that region after silicate perovskite (Mg,Fe)SiO; it also

title: Primary minerals

text: Primary minerals A primary mineral is any mineral formed during the original crystallization of the host igneous primary rock and includes the essential mineral(s) used to classify the rock along with any accessory minerals. In ore deposit geology, hypogene processes occur deep below the earth's surface, and tend to form deposits of primary minerals, as opposed to supergene processes that occur at or near the surface, and tend to form secondary minerals. The elemental and mineralogical composition of primary rocks is determined by the chemical composition of the volcanic or magmatic flow from which it is formed. Extrusive rocks (such

title: Sandstone

text: Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar because they are the most resistant minerals to weathering processes at the Earth's surface, as seen in Bowen's reaction series.  Like uncemented sand, sandstone may be any color due to impurities within the minerals, but the most common colors are tan, brown, yellow, red, grey, pink, white, and black. Since sandstone beds often form highly visible cliffs and other topographic features, certain colors of sandstone have been strongly identified with certain regions.

title: Selenite (mineral)

text: Selenite (mineral) Selenite, also known as satin spar, desert rose, or gypsum flower are four crystal structure varieties of the mineral gypsum. These four varieties of gypsum may be grouped together and called selenite. All varieties of gypsum, including selenite and alabaster, are composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate (meaning that it has two molecules of water), with the chemical formula CaSO·2HO. Selenite contains no significant selenium, the similarity of the names of the substances coming from the Ancient Greek word for the Moon. Some of the largest crystals ever found are of selenite, the largest specimen found in the Naica

title: Mineral

text: Mineral A mineral is a naturally occurring chemical compound, usually of crystalline form and not produced by life processes. A mineral has one specific chemical composition, whereas a rock can be an aggregate of different minerals or mineraloids. The study of minerals is called mineralogy. Minerals are classified by variety, species, series and group, in order of increasing generality. As of November 2018, there are more than 5,500 known mineral "species"; 5,389 of these have been approved by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA). Minerals are distinguished by various chemical and physical properties. Differences in chemical composition and crystal structure distinguish

title: Lithium

text: 20 mg lithium per kg of Earth's crust, lithium is the 25th most abundant element. According to the "Handbook of Lithium and Natural Calcium", "Lithium is a comparatively rare element, although it is found in many rocks and some brines, but always in very low concentrations. There are a fairly large number of both lithium mineral and brine deposits but only comparatively few of them are of actual or potential commercial value. Many are very small, others are too low in grade." The US Geological Survey estimates that in 2010, Chile had the largest reserves by far (7.5 million tonnes)

title: Olivine

text: Olivine The mineral olivine () is a magnesium iron silicate with the formula (Mg, Fe)SiO. Thus it is a type of nesosilicate or orthosilicate. It is a common mineral in Earth's subsurface but weathers quickly on the surface. The ratio of magnesium to iron varies between the two endmembers of the solid solution series: forsterite (Mg-endmember: MgSiO) and fayalite (Fe-endmember: FeSiO). Compositions of olivine are commonly expressed as molar percentages of forsterite (Fo) and fayalite (Fa) (e.g., FoFa). Forsterite's melting temperature is unusually high at atmospheric pressure, almost , while fayalite's is much lower (about ). Melting temperature varies smoothly

title: Digenite

text: an important constituent of the transitional Cu-Au ore. However, it is difficult to treat metallurgically and remains a refractory ore type. In this locality digenite is found with covellite, chalcocite and bornite. It was first described in 1844 from the type locality of Sangerhausen, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. The name is from the Greek "digenus" meaning of two origins in reference to its close resemblance with chalcocite and covellite. There are three polymorphs of digenite, high, metastable and low. There is a complete solid solution series between high digenite and berzelianite CuSe (x~0.12). High digenite is stable above 73 °C, with space

title: Primary minerals

text: in the acidic igneous rocks and a second group of accessory minerals which were formed by deposition from the residual mother liquors. Modern soil science offers the following definition: "Primary Minerals: The thickness of the earth's crust varies from 10 km under the ocean to 30 km under the continents. Of the 88 naturally occurring elements on earth, only 8 make [up] most of the crust. The earth's crust and soils are dominated by the silicic acid in combination with Na, Al, K, Ca, Fe and O ions. ...Those elements are components of primary minerals, whereas primary minerals are components

title: Selenite (mineral)

text: was filled with mineral-rich water that drove the crystals' growth. The largest of those crystals weighs 55 tons, is long, and is over 500,000 years old. Gypsum occurs on every continent and is the most common of all the sulfate minerals. Gypsum is formed as an evaporative mineral, frequently found in alkaline lake muds, clay beds, evaporated seas, salt flats, salt springs, and caves. It is frequently found in conjunction with other minerals such as, copper ores, sulfur and sulfides, silver, iron ores, coal, calcite, dolomite, limestone, and opal. Gypsum has been dated to almost every geologic age since the

title: Primary minerals

text: of parent rocks. There are almost 3000 known minerals, but only 20 are common and just 10 minerals make up 90 % of the earth's crust. Primary minerals are defined as minerals found in soil but not formed in soil. This definition is different from that of secondary minerals, which are defined as minerals formed in soils." This is further defined by Dr. Broome of North Carolina State: Two types of minerals are found in natural systems: primary and secondary. Primary rocks are the source of primary minerals and primary water. Primary minerals A primary mineral is any mineral formed

title: Period 3 element

text: fresh mineral waters. "Aluminium" (symbol Al) or "aluminum" (American English) is a silvery white member of the boron group of chemical elements and a post-transition metal. It is not soluble in water under normal circumstances. Aluminium is the third most abundant element (after oxygen and silicon), and the most abundant metal, in the Earth's crust. It makes up about 8% by weight of the Earth's solid surface. Aluminium metal is too reactive chemically to occur natively. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different minerals. The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite. Aluminium is remarkable for the metal's low

title: Mineral

text: stacking groups of three layers ("abcabcabc"). Analogues to linked silica tetrahedra include SO (sulfate), PO (phosphate), AsO (arsenate), and VO (vanadate). The non-silicates have great economic importance, as they concentrate elements more than the silicate minerals do. The largest grouping of minerals by far are the silicates; most rocks are composed of greater than 95% silicate minerals, and over 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of these minerals. The two main constituents of silicates are silicon and oxygen, which are the two most abundant elements in the Earth's crust. Other common elements in silicate minerals correspond to other common

title: Alkaline earth metal

text: magnesite, and dolomite. Common calcium-containing minerals are chalk, limestone, gypsum, and anhydrite. Strontium is the fifteenth-most-abundant element in the Earth's crust. The principal minerals are celestite and strontianite. Barium is slightly less common, much of it in the mineral barite. Radium, being a decay product of uranium, is found in all uranium-bearing ores. Due to its relatively short half-life, radium from the Earth's early history has decayed, and present-day samples have all come from the much slower decay of uranium. Most beryllium is extracted from beryllium hydroxide. One production method is sintering, done by mixing beryl, sodium fluorosilicate, and soda

title: Vanadium

text: the Sun and sometimes in the light from other stars. Vanadium is the 20th most abundant element in the earth's crust; metallic vanadium is rare in nature (known as the mineral vanadium, native vanadium), but vanadium compounds occur naturally in about 65 different minerals. At the beginning of the 20th century a large deposit of vanadium ore was discovered. For several years this patrónite (VS) deposit was a economically significant source for vanadium ore. With the production of radium in the 1910s and 1920s from carnotite () vanadium became available as a side product of radium and uranium production. Vanadinite

title: Period 6 element

text: University of California, Berkeley in 1940. Three years later, it was found in nature; however, with an estimated amount of less than 28 grams (1 oz) at given time, astatine is the least abundant element in Earth's crust among non-transuranium elements. Among astatine isotopes, six (with mass numbers 214 to 219) are present in nature as the result of decay of heavier elements; however, the most stable astatine-210 and the industrially used astatine-211 are not. Radon is a chemical element with symbol Rn and atomic number 86. It is a radioactive, colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, occurring naturally as the

title: Lead

text: of them. When the neutron flux subsides, these nuclei beta decay into stable isotopes of osmium, iridium, and platinum. Lead is classified as a chalcophile under the Goldschmidt classification, meaning it is generally found combined with sulfur. It rarely occurs in its native, metallic form. Many lead minerals are relatively light and, over the course of the Earth's history, have remained in the crust instead of sinking deeper into the Earth's interior. This accounts for lead's relatively high crustal abundance of 14 ppm; it is the 38th most abundant element in the crust. The main lead-bearing mineral is galena (PbS),

title: Ringwoodite

text: a spinel structure. Spinel group minerals crystallize in the isometric system with an octahedral habit. Olivine is most abundant in the upper mantle, above about ; the olivine polymorphs wadsleyite and ringwoodite are thought to dominate the transition zone of the mantle, a zone present from about 410 to 660 km depth. Ringwoodite is thought to be the most abundant mineral phase in the lower part of Earth’s transition zone. The physical and chemical property of this mineral partly determine properties of the mantle at those depths. The pressure range for stability of ringwoodite lies in the approximate range from

title: Sandstone

short_answers: feldspar quartz


question: who did the whistling in the muppet movie

answers: Andrew Bird

answers: musician Andrew Bird

title: The Muppets (film)

text: a whistling act, which is unanimously praised by the audience. Refusing to lose, Richman disables the telephone lines and evicts the Muppets from the theater, after the latter fall short of their monetary goal. Kermit gathers the group in the lobby and delivers a speech, suggesting that they will restart their career together as a family. Exiting the theater, the Muppets are greeted by a vast gathering of supporters on Hollywood Boulevard. With Gary's encouragement, Walter greets the crowd and is accepted by the Muppets as their newest member. During the credits, Gary proposes to Mary, Richman returns the theater

title: Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem

text: who first performed her in "". Matt Vogel provided the voices for Janice and Scooter in the video game "Muppet RaceMania". Rudman took over Scooter as well the same time he took over for Janice. A running gag in some Muppet movies was that during a scene in which several characters were excitedly talking at once and someone called for silence, Janice would be the last one still talking on a topic with no apparent connection to the situation. In "The Muppets Take Manhattan": "So I told him 'Look, buddy, I don't take my clothes off for anybody, even if

title: Camille Bonora

text: performing many of the characters on that show, including Goldilocks, Clementine, Ruby Monster, and Meryl Sheep. Camille Bonora Camille Bonora (also known as Camille Kampouris; born May 13, 1956) is a former Muppet performer, voice performer and actress. She currently serves on the board of BibleMesh online theological studies, as well as a member of the "Kairos Journal" editorial board. Bonora, a native of New Jersey, graduated from Catholic University of America, was a member of Phi Beta Kappa and initially worked in musical comedy and improvisational comedy. Bonora was also one of the puppeteers who performed "The Muppets" from

title: The Blues Brothers (film)

text: Muppet performer Frank Oz plays a corrections officer, and in the scene where the brothers crash into Toys R Us, a Grover and Kermit the Frog toy can be spotted and a customer (played by stunt coordinator Gary McLarty) asks the cashier if they have a Miss Piggy doll, a Muppet character that is voiced by Oz. Singer/songwriter Stephen Bishop is a deputy sheriff who complains that Jake and Elwood broke his watch (a result of the car chase in the mall). Makeup artist Layne Britton is the old card player who asks Elwood, "Did you get me my Cheez

title: The Muppet Movie

text: and others sing the final verses of "The Rainbow Connection." Frank Oz appears in a cameo as a biker who beats up Fozzie Bear while Steve Whitmire appears as a man in the Bogen County Fair. Also, director Tim Burton is one of the puppeteers in the final shot of the film. John Landis is also in the final shot, performing Grover. Landis and Burton were both uncredited. The main obstacle the filmmakers were faced with during the development of "The Muppet Movie" was whether the Muppets would transition seamlessly from television to film. In 1978, director James Frawley, Jim

title: Beaker (Muppet)

text: the Muppets throughout the episode) so Beaker could finish: "QUIET!!...Thank you." In the 2011 film "The Muppets", Beaker sang a comedic a cappella version of Nirvana's "Smells Like Teen Spirit" as part of a barbershop quartet with Sam the Eagle, Rowlf the Dog and Link Hogthrob. Because of Disney's designation of the Muppets franchise as being for family audiences, Beaker was given a crucial role replacing the song's more questionable lines like "a mulatto" and "my libido" with "mee-mee-mee-mo." The two scientists were later incorporated into the "Muppet Babies" animated series. Howie Mandel (during early seasons) and Dave Coulier voiced

title: Muzzy Marcellino

text: Muzzy Marcellino Maurice "Muzzy" Marcellino (November 27, 1912 – June 11, 1997) was an American singer and musician, known primarily for his clear, melodious style of whistling. Marcellino's whistling was featured in many television and film soundtracks, such as "The Mickey Mouse Club" and "Lassie". His contributions can also be heard on the soundtrack to the 1954 film "The High and the Mighty" and on Hugo Montenegro's 1968 hit version of the main theme to the film "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly". He was also the musical director of the CBS daytime show, Art Linkletter's House Party. The

title: The Muppets Take Manhattan

text: completed and the sets were built, special consultant David Misch was brought in to write cameos for some guest star appearances. Originally, this list of guest stars contained the likes of Dustin Hoffman, Steve Martin, Michael Jackson, Lily Tomlin, Richard Pryor, and Laurence Olivier to name a few. According to Misch, Hoffman was going to play a Broadway producer and planned to do an imitation of legendary film producer Robert Evans ("The Godfather"), which he later did in the film "Wag the Dog". However, at the last minute, Hoffman decided that the role could be offensive to Evans and dropped

title: Whistling

text: houses during the set and strike of a show. The range of pucker whistlers varies from about one to three octaves. Agnes Woodward classifies by analogy to voice types: soprano (c"-c""), mezzo (a-g'") and alto (e or d-g") Many performers (also known as siffleurs) on the music hall and Vaudeville circuits were professional whistlers, the most famous of which were Ronnie Ronalde and Fred Lowery. The term "puccalo" or "puccolo" was coined by Ron McCroby to refer to highly skilled jazz whistling. Whistling is featured in a number of television themes, such as "Lassie", "The Andy Griffith Show" and Mark

title: Jerry Nelson

text: 2012. His other Muppet roles on that program were The Amazing Mumford, Herry Monster, Biff the Construction worker, Mr. Johnson, Simon Soundman, Mr. Chatterly, Frazzle, rock star Little Jerry, and Sherlock Hemlock. Nelson was the first puppeteer to perform Mr. Snuffleupagus, keeping the role from 1971 to 1978. Most sources (including "Sesame Street Unpaved" and "Sesame Street: A Celebration – 40 Years of Life on the Street") state that back problems caused by the physical stress of the performance forced him to bow out, but in a 2009 interview Jerry Nelson gave a different explanation for giving up the role:

title: Beaker (Muppet)

text: with her to apparently enjoy his first wish for the rest of the story... Beaker has also appeared as a musical performer, singing "Danny Boy," "Carol of the Bells," and "Habanera" with the Swedish Chef and Animal, and "Feelings" and "Dust in the wind" solo. He also sang "Ode to Joy" with his clones who were accidentally formed by Dr. Honeydew's copying machine. The "Danny Boy" performance was marked by the Chef's singing in his trademark gibberish and Animal's inability to remember anything but the first three words. For "Feelings," Animal had to shush the increasingly unruly crowd (who tormented

title: Barry Mitchell (comedian)

text: a water-harpist. In June, 2015, Kermit The Frog of The Muppets sang a memorable Polka duet with Mitchell on accordion and Kermit on banjo: "I hear they watch us in the Swamp and think that we're all right/Well, it sure beats croaking in the middle of the night." In the 1980s, Mitchell's uncanny impression of Woody Allen earned him parts in TV commercials and sketch work on "Saturday Night Live" and "Late Night with Conan O'Brien". In between, he has written monologue material for The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and Wayne Cotter of Fox's "Comic Strip Live". In 2004,

title: Dave Goelz

text: the performer's first leading role in a Muppet production. Apart from a brief stint operating the face of Earl Sinclair and performing hand-puppet guest characters on "Dinosaurs", and reprising Rugby in "The Secret Life of Toys", Goelz' most notable new television character was Stinky the Skunk in "The Animal Show". Otherwise, the puppeteer remained mostly occupied with Gonzo in movies, videos, and the 1996 series "Muppets Tonight", the latter introducing a few new characters such as Randy Pig and Bill the Bubble Guy. Goelz also performed a handful of minor "Sesame Street" characters and appeared in "The Adventures of Elmo

title: The Muppets: A Celebration of 30 Years

text: Muppet chickens playing the piano, Bobby Benson and his Baby Band performing, various Alaska Muppets singing "Lullaby of Broadway", and Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem performing "Rockin' Robin"). Afterwards, Scooter introduces clips with guest stars (Steve Martin, Ethel Merman, Zero Mostel, Diana Ross, Lily Tomlin, Elton John, and George Burns). When Robin asks Kermit what his favorite thing about the Muppets are, Kermit says that his favorite scenes are the times when the Muppets don't try to be funny, leading to a montage of some of the Muppets more serious moments (Harry Belafonte's "Turn the World Around", various Muppet

title: Walter (Muppet)

title: The Muppets

text: gallery within the "Worlds of Puppetry" exhibition at the Center in November 2015. Muppet-like and Muppet-inspired puppets star in the 2004 Tony Award-winning Broadway musical "Avenue Q". Peter Jackson's film, "Meet the Feebles" is another parody of the Muppets. A vomit-spewing Kermit the Frog was a recurring character on "Late Night with Conan O'Brien", and the Muppets were frequently preempted at the beginning of episodes for the Canadian series "You Can't Do That on Television." Seth Green's short-lived show "Greg the Bunny" was about sentient hand-puppets working in a Muppet-like children's show. Many other films and television shows such as

title: Fozzie Bear

text: Oz dubbing Fozzie's voice). Victor Yerrid performed Fozzie for a 2006 Disney Cruise Line stage show, "Muppets Ahoy!". Voice actor Greg Berg provided Fozzie's voice for the Saturday morning cartoon "Muppet Babies", as well as its short-lived spin-off, "Little Muppet Monsters". In the reboot of "Muppet Babies", Fozzie is voiced by Eric Bauza. The character regards Kermit the Frog as his best friend. Fozzie and Kermit have also frequently been paired together in many movies, books, and specials. In "The Muppet Movie", Fozzie is the first Muppet that Kermit meets on his journey. After Fozzie's unsuccessful comedy performance at the

title: Gongman

text: gongman by striking a large tam tam whilst stripped to the waist. On "The Muppets Go to the Movies", the Muppets parody the Gongman with "J. Arthur Link", showing Muppet pig Link Hogthrob in the nude, swinging at the gong, missing, spinning around losing his balance, and hitting the gong with his head. "The Muppet Show" opening, with Gonzo swinging at the "O" in "Muppet Show", and having bad things happen (i.e. breaking the "O" or the gong-beater exploding) might also be a parody. In Terry Pratchett's Discworld novel "Moving Pictures" the gong exists in a temple that is a

title: Beaker (Muppet)

text: Steve Whitmire. After Whitmire was fired in 2016, David Rudman took over the character. Beaker is a magnet for disaster; he routinely experiences mishaps such as being blown up, electrocuted, eaten by large monsters, or afflicted with awkward side effects caused by Dr. Bunsen Honeydew's experiments. Beaker communicates in a nervous, high-pitched squeak that sounds like "Mee-mee-mee mee". In books and merchandise, the sound is spelled "Meep". In "The Muppet Movie" he appeared to say something other than "mee" or "meep" (he "meeps" Honeydew's previous line "sadly temporary"). Although he can say normal words at times, such as " Bye-bye."

title: The Muppet Christmas Carol

text: were considered to portray Ebenezer Scrooge. Henson later offered the role to Michael Caine, who replied: "I'm going to play this movie like I’m working with the Royal Shakespeare Company. I will never wink, I will never do anything Muppety. I am going to play Scrooge as if it is an utterly dramatic role and there are no puppets around me." Production took place at the Shepperton Studios, England. During filming, in order to allow for the Muppets and the human actors to be in the shot, floors had to be removed and re-inserted, with Michael Caine having to walk

title: The Muppets (film)

text: not speak and instead vocalize in onomatopoeic sounds. The film's score was composed by Christophe Beck. Beck described his role has having to "help tell the story musically, providing a sort of emotional glue―I had to pay special attention to blending the many styles of music so that it felt cohesive." Beck employed instruments he considered underused, as well as ones rarely used in an orchestral setting, such as the banjo. The film's original soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records on November 22, 2011, followed by a Spanish version of the soundtrack released as "Los Muppets: Banda Sonora Original

title: Whistling in the Dark (1933 film)

text: Ann Rutherford. Skelton then played the role of "Wallace Porter" in two sequels. Notes Whistling in the Dark (1933 film) Whistling in the Dark (U.S. television title: Scared!) is a 1933 American pre-Code comedy-mystery film starring Ernest Truex and Una Merkel. The plot concerns a mystery writer whose scheme for a perfect murder comes to the attention of a gangster (Edward Arnold), who plans to use it. The film is based on the Broadway play of the same name by Laurence Gross and Edward Childs Carpenter, which played for 265 performances in 1932-33. Edward Arnold played the same role in

title: The Muppet Movie (soundtrack)

text: The Muppet Movie (soundtrack) The Muppet Movie: Original Soundtrack Recording is the soundtrack album from the 1979 film, "The Muppet Movie", featuring the songs and select score written by Paul Williams and Kenneth Ascher. Originally released on LP by Atlantic Records, the album reached No. 32 on the "Billboard "200, and was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. The soundtrack won the Grammy Award for Best Children's Album in 1980 and was also nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media, the Golden Globe for Best Original Song, and two Academy Awards; Best

title: John Cage (character)

text: whistle, a whistling sound he would make, both on purpose and involuntarily, through his nose. The nose whistle was also one of John's tactics for making opposing lawyers nervous in court since John was also capable of making it sound as if the whistle came from someone else's nose. When John is caught in situations he may find uncomfortable, his nose will sometimes whistle involuntarily. John has a remote control that operates one of the toilets in the unisex bathroom. The remote control makes it flush before he enters the room. A later update of his remote control (by Elaine)

title: Man or Muppet

text: Man or Muppet "Man or Muppet" is a song from the 2011 Disney musical film "The Muppets", written by singer-songwriter Bret McKenzie. Performed by the film's main characters, Gary (Jason Segel) and Walter (Peter Linz), the song also features Bill Barretta and Jim Parsons portraying the contrasting identities of Gary and Walter, respectively. The song was released by Walt Disney Records on November 22, 2011, as part of the film's original soundtrack. "Man or Muppet" won the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 84th Academy Awards and the Sierra Award for Best Song. It was also nominated for

title: The Muppets (film)

text: and naming rights to the Muppets after Gonzo accidentally causes him a head injury, and Kermit and Miss Piggy enjoy their private life. Archival recordings of Jim Henson, Frank Oz, Jerry Nelson and Richard Hunt can be heard in the film through "The Muppet Show" segments in the opening flashbacks. In his final Muppets performance, Nelson reprised his role from "The Muppet Show" as the announcer of the telethon. Rob Corddry, Billy Crystal, Ricky Gervais, Kathy Griffin, Sarah Hyland, Sterling Knight, Wanda Sykes, and Danny Trejo were featured in scenes that were removed from the final cut of the film.

title: Fozzie Bear

text: she was friends with Statler and Waldorf, despite the heckling they inflict on him. Fozzie also has a cousin who appeared in the first season of "The Muppet Show", also performed by Frank Oz. In the "Muppet Movie," Fozzie makes reference to his uncle, whose Studebaker he traded in while his uncle was hibernating. His cousin is an audience member. In one episode of "The Muppet Show," he begged the other audience members not to insult his cousin Fozzie. He has a friend called Jasmine the tortoise. In the first season of "The Muppet Show", the show's opening featured Fozzie

title: Gonzo (Muppet)

text: Juhl, with Goelz acknowledging he put himself into that interpretation. Later, with Jim Henson's approval, they reworked the eyes to allow the character to convey more excitement, and a "zany, bombastic appreciation for life". Gonzo has several memorable performances such as his 1979 song from "The Muppet Movie", "I'm Going to Go Back There Someday". He became known for his stunts as acts within "The Muppet Show" and beyond, with the famous quote "I shall now eat a rubber tire to the music of "The Flight of the Bumblebee"...music, maestro!" In 1992, he played the part of Charles Dickens in

title: Bruce Lanoil

text: for an additional character in the 2011 "Spyro" game, "". He worked as a puppeteer on movies such as "The Muppets", "Where the Wild Things Are", "Dr. Dolittle", "Jack Frost", "The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas", and "Cats & Dogs". Outside of the Henson company, he was an on-set animation reference puppeteer and voice actor for the movies "Monkeybone" and "" (as Pepé Le Pew). In 2017, he was an additional Muppet performer on "The Muppets Take the Bowl". Bruce Lanoil Bruce Lanoil (born July 5, 1960) is an American actor, voice actor and puppeteer for The Jim Henson Company

title: The Muppets (film)

text: the film. In a March 2009 interview on "The Late Late Show", Segel revealed that he had asked host Craig Ferguson to appear in the film, and at the time, he (Ferguson) had been the only person that had agreed. Ferguson was ultimately not given a role, for which he chastised Segel in a November 2011 interview. A cameo was written for the "Sesame Street" Muppet Elmo, but was rejected by Disney's attorneys and representatives from Sesame Workshop. During the summer of 2010, "Flight of the Conchords" co-star Bret McKenzie flew to Los Angeles to serve as the music supervisor

title: Walter (Muppet)

long_answer: Later in the film, Walter starts to question whether he is man, which he was believed to be his entire life, or actually a Muppet, which was why he always felt a strong connection towards them. This emotion eventually leads him to sing the Academy Award-winning song, "Man or Muppet", where the human version of Walter is portrayed by actor Jim Parsons. The scene is pivotal to the character's arc as it resolves Walter's internal issues with himself. The character's solo act of whistling in the telethon's finale was performed by musician Andrew Bird. At the conclusion of the film, Walter deduces that he is a Muppet, adopts whistling as his sole talent and joins the group as their newest member.

short_answers:
Andrew Bird
musician Andrew Bird