question: what engine is in a holden v8 supercar

answers: V8-engine

title: Nissan VK engine

text: by Kelly Racing in Melbourne. The engine has been reduced in capacity to to fit the V8 Supercars regulations. It has a bore and stroke of . It will be fitted to a Nissan Altima version of the V8 Supercars "Car of the Future" specification that will compete from 2013 onwards. Notes: The VK56VD is a 32-valve, DOHC, Direct Injection Gasoline (DIG) aluminum-alloy V8 and features Nissan's advanced VVEL (Variable Valve Event & Lift System). The direct injection system provides better wide-open throttle performance and improved fuel economy and emissions performance by reducing engine knock, improving combustion stability and controlling

title: Holden Commodore (VF)

text: 2013; this was followed by an official unveiling by the Holden Racing Team at Holden's headquarters later in the day. The VF was the first Holden model built to New Generation V8 Supercar regulations, a formula designed to decrease the cost of building and repairing cars. The V8 Supercar version features a 5-litre V8 engine, 18-inch control wheels, a specially designed aerodynamics kit, a polycarbonate windscreen as well as many category control parts. It was the first Holden V8 Supercar to feature an end-mounted rear wing since the VP Commodore in the 1990s. Only certain body panels are common between

title: Supercars Championship

text: four- or six-cylinder engines. However, no teams elected to build cars for the new regulations until 2018. Cars are still required to be based on front-engined, rear-wheel drive, four-seater production cars that are sold in Australia. The chassis and control components will be carried over from the New Generation V8 Supercar regulations, while engine and aerodynamic parity will be reviewed. The current New Generation V8 Supercar regulations are an evolution of the previous Project Blueprint regulations. The regulations control many aspects of the car to ensure parity between the manufacturers, allowing for minor differences in the engines and body shapes

title: Holden Commodore (ZB)

text: various motorsport disciplines, however, the race cars generally have no physical or mechanical relationship with the production model, other than similar looks, as an exterior shell is built to resemble the road going cars, with a rear wheel drive tube frame chassis underneath. The ZB Commodore is used by teams running Holdens in the Supercars Championship. Powered by the same V8 engine as used in the VF, a turbo-charged V6 engine was under development for use in 2019, however the project was cancelled in April 2018 amid engineering concerns that the V6 would not be competitive. Sales of the new

title: 2017 Supercars Championship

text: engines. However, cars are still be required to be based on front-engined, rear wheel drive, four-seater production cars that are sold in Australia. The chassis and control components carried over from the New Generation V8 Supercar regulations used since 2013. However all teams are continuing to use New Generation specification cars until the beginning of 2018 when the Holden Commodore ZB built to the new specifications will debut. Two new control Dunlop tyres were introduced, marking the first change in tyre construction since 2003. Whereas in previous seasons, the two compounds were designated hard and soft, in 2017 these are

title: Supercars Championship

text: To ensure parity between each make of car, many control components are utilised. All cars must use a 5.0-litre, naturally aspirated V8 engine. Originally only for Ford Falcon (FG X)s and Holden Commodore (ZB)s, the New Generation V8 Supercar regulations, introduced in 2013, opened up the series to more manufacturers. Nissan were the first new manufacturer to commit to the series with four Nissan Altima L33s followed briefly by Erebus Motorsport with three Mercedes-Benz E63 AMGs. Volvo entered the series in 2014 with Garry Rogers Motorsport racing the Volvo S60. The concept of a formula centred around V8-engined Fords and

title: Holden Commodore (VF)

text: previously known as V8 Supercars. The program for the V8 Supercar version of the VF was headed up by Holden Motorsport technical manager Peter Harker, with the aero package designed by Triple Eight Race Engineering's Ludo Lacroix in conjunction with Doug Skinner from the Holden Racing Team. The VF Commodore race car prototype, fitted with VE Commodore body panels, ran for the first time on 13 October 2012 at Holden's Lang Lang Proving Ground as part of the series' aerodynamic validation. The homologated version of the VF Commodore V8 Supercar was first shown by Garry Rogers Motorsport on 11 February

title: Touring car racing

text: (AUD) which includes state of the art $250,000 (AUD) 680 hp+ engines. The current formula was devised in 1993 (based on Group A regulations) and branded as 'V8 Supercars' in 1997 and 'Supercars' in 2016. The series features grids of twenty-six cars (although in endurance races e.g. the Bathurst 1000 there can be wildcard entries, which add to the grid) with 680+ hp (500 kW). The cars are currently Ford Falcons, Holden Commodores and Nissan Altimas. The weight limit for a Supercar is . The race cars themselves are derived from production body panels and space frame chassis. Both Holden

title: General Motors

text: with Oldsmobile, 2 with Buick, and 1 with Pontiac. GM leads all other automobile manufacturers in races won in NASCAR's premier series at 1,011. Chevrolet leads individual makes with 677 wins. In Australia, there is the V8 Supercar Championship which is battled out by the two main rivals of (GM) Holden and Ford. The current Holden Racing Team cars are based on the Holden Commodore and run a 5.0-litre V8-cylinder engine producing . These cars have a top speed of and run 0–100 km/h in 3.8 seconds. The Holden Racing Team is Australia's most successful team in Australian touring car

title: V8 engine

text: variety of Holden vehicles including the Kingswood, Monaro, Torana and Commodore, and proved to be a popular and successful powerplant in Australian motorsport (especially Touring cars). Repco also developed and built the Repco-Holden Formula 5000 engine for Formula 5000 racing. Repco used the block and head castings of the Holden 308 V8 engine as its basis,[9] but it featured many modifications including Lucas fuel injection and dual coil Bosch ignition and more than 150 special components designed by Repco. The British Leyland small block V8 was also a pushrod OHV engine, however it was an all alloy block like the

title: Supercar scare

text: Easter weekend in 1972, Holden Dealer Team (HDT) boss Harry Firth calculated that the car, driven by regular HDT driver Colin Bond, reached on the 2km long Conrod Straight. He also noted that the V8 was a regular road car engine (with minimal modifications) and not a blueprinted race engine. Firth ran the car in Sports Sedans (fitted with front and rear spoilers) in a successful attempt to disguise that the V8 Torana was intended to be raced in the Bathurst 500 later in the year. Firth also had team mechanic/driver Larry Perkins drive the Torana from Melbourne to Bathurst

title: Motorsport in Australia

text: David Parsons driving a Holden Commodore. The other round was a on-off 500 km race held on a combined road/oval course at the Calder Park Raceway in Melbourne. The Supercars Championship (known as the Virgin Australia Supercars Championship for sponsorship purposes and often shortened to just Supercars or its long-standing name V8 Supercars) is a touring car racing category based in Australia and run as an International Series under Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) regulations. Supercars events take place in all Australian states and the Northern Territory, with the Australian Capital Territory formerly holding the Canberra 400. An international round

title: Holden Commodore (VF)

text: the road car and the V8 Supercar, as well as the headlights and tail lamps, with the rest of the components being custom made by each team. The VF had a successful debut at the 2013 Clipsal 500, with Craig Lowndes and Shane van Gisbergen taking their cars to victory in the two races. Van Gisbergen also claimed both pole positions. The VF Commodore won twenty-eight of the thirty-six races in 2013, with Triple Eight Race Engineering, Tekno Autosports, Brad Jones Racing, Garry Rogers Motorsport and the Holden Racing Team all taking wins in the new Commodore. Holden secured the

title: V8 Supercar Championships

text: permanent road courses (such as the Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit). The largest single event is the Bathurst 1000. The racing is very close and aggressive between all the V8 Championship Series teams, with usually less than a second separating the top 25 cars. Teams design and construct their own cars and engines (Some teams opt to buy engines from stronger teams, e.g. SBR, 888, BJR and PCR use SBR developed Ford V8's, while HRT, HSVDT and Perkins Engineering use HMS developed Holden V8's while the rest of the Holden teams use their own developed Holden V8's) leading to minor/major

title: Supercars Championship

title: 2018 Supercars Championship

text: 2018 championship: The Holden ZB Commodore was homologated, making it eligible to compete in the championship. All existing Holden teams commenced the season with the new car, either new chassis or reskinned VF Commodores. Triple Eight Race Engineering, who oversaw the development and homologation of the ZB chassis were also developing a V6 twin-turbocharged engine for Holden cars ahead of a full introduction in 2019. However, the programme was put on indefinite hold in April 2018. Triple Eight team were proposing to debut the V6 powerplant with a number of wildcard entries, however the discontinuation of the project resulted in

title: Holden Monaro 427C

text: Jim Richards labelled the Monaro "A better V8 Supercar". After Tander used the torque of the 7.0 litre V8 to take the lead from the John Bowe driven Ferrari 360 at the start, the car suffered an early flat tyre which dropped it to second behind the Cirtek Motorsport Porsche 996 GT3 RS of David Brabham, while the high revving, 3.6 litre V8 Ferrari had already suffered the first of two engine failures early on and was out of contention. Then, just a few hours into the race after re-taking the lead from the Porsche, the entire fuel cell of

title: Holden Efijy

text: Corvette floor pan and features a 6.0 litre LS2 V8 engine with a Roots supercharger producing at 6,400 rpm and 560 lb-ft of torque at 4,200 rpm. Power goes to the rear wheels through a rear mounted 4-speed automatic transmission with a limited slip differential. The exhaust is a fully custom, stainless steel unit and features billet aluminum exhaust tips. It rides on an air suspension system that lowers the car when it is stopped, and also has electronic instrumentation, including a multi-use display screen that disappears into the dash. Since its debut showing at The Australian International Motor Show

title: Holden Commodore (VF)

text: GTS features a supercharged LSA V8 engine which provides of power and of torque. To assist with its cooling requirements, the GTS is fitted with a stacked plate engine oil cooler and a stand-alone water-to-air charge-air cooling system. Unique tail shafts cater for the higher torque loads and the rear differential helps transfer all of the power to ground. At the time of its release and still to date, the GTS was the most powerful car ever produced in Australia. Like the ClubSport, the GTS is available in both a six-speed manual and a six-speed automatic transmission and it also

title: Holden V8 engine

text: Holden V8 engine The Holden V8 engine is an overhead valve (OHV) V8 engine that was produced by the Australian General Motors subsidiary, Holden between 1969 and 2000. The engine was used initially in the Holden HT series; it was later utilised in the Torana and Commodore ranges. The final iteration, the HEC 5000i, was phased out in Holden passenger vehicles upon the release of the VT II Commodore in mid 1999, which featured the "Gen III" V8 imported from the United States. The engine continued in the VS III Commodore utility which continued to be sold alongside the VT

title: Holden Commodore (VE)

text: range. 350 VXR8s per year were scheduled for official importation into the UK, at a price of £35,105. The LS3 V8 is particularly popular among tuners in the USA, so performance parts are widely available. The most dramatic warranted upgrade is the £7,000 supercharger kit, which ups power to . Imports to the US were previously sold as Pontiac G8, with V6, L76 V8, or an LS3 V8 engine in the GXP trim. The supercharged edition Bathurst VXR8 was reviewed on "Top Gear", and its power-lap time was 1 min 26.3 seconds, a similar time to the old BMW M5

title: Holden Monaro

text: aluminium double A-arm setup with adjustable dampers and a weight reduction program – including a carbon fibre bonnet and magnesium wheels – brought the car's weight down to just 1575 kg (3472 lb). The name was derived from the engine used, a (7.0-litre) V8 engine from the Corvette C5-R (based on the GM LS7 design), producing at 6,000 rpm. This powerplant was built by Melbourne-based John Sidney Racing, renowned for its success in the Australian Sprintcar and NASCAR series. The transmission used was a custom Tremec T-56 M12 six-speed manual gearbox with a heavy-duty 900 N·m clutch, giving the car

title: Holden Special Vehicles

text: Racing Team) 427 was based on a modified Holden Monaro bodyshell and, among other things, it featured a (7.0-Litre) V8 engine (adapted from the Corvette C5-R) – hence the name. Due to the high cost specifications, the business case for full production failed since Holden could not built the 427 in such limited quantities for the original asking price of A$215,000. In all, only two road and four racing versions were ever built. This concept was unveiled at the 2004 Sydney Motor Show also based on the Monaro bodyshell. Similarities could be drawn with the HRT 427, however, this model

title: V8SuperTourer

text: a current Australian V8 Supercar but at less than half the cost. The V8SuperTourer was designed to have performance similar to that of a current Australian V8 Supercar and was designed for both sprint and long distance racing, including a 120-litre capacity fuel cell. The V8SuperTourers Championship was the name of the motor racing series in New Zealand which started in 2012 to coincide with the release of the Supertourer but changed direction in 2015. The series later became known as the NZV8 Touring Car Championship and is now the leading tier one V8 Championship in the country. Designed and

title: V8 engine

text: F1 stock cars, tend to use Rover V8 engines of approximately 3.5 litre capacity, which in turn originally were based on the American 215 Buick V8 engine. V8 engine A V8 engine is an eight-cylinder V configuration engine with the cylinders mounted on the crankcase in two sets (or banks) of four, with all eight pistons driving a common crankshaft. Most banks are set at a right angle (90°) to each other, some at a narrower angle, with 45°, 60°, and 72° most common. In its simplest form, the V8 is basically two parallel inline-four engines sharing a common crankshaft.

title: Formula Holden

text: Formula Holden Formula Holden was an Australian open wheel racing category introduced in 1989. Known during its development as Formula Australia, it was initially for chassis constructed from aluminium only, running a 3.8 litre Buick V6 engine as it was then utilised in the new versions of the Holden VN Commodore. Many of the engines used in the category were built by Perkins Engineering, who normally built Group A Holden Commodores and V8 race engines for privateer touring car teams, as well as company owner, multiple Bathurst 1000 winner and ex-Formula One driver Larry Perkins. Early in 1990, Perkins was

title: GM High Feature engine

text: the High Feature engine in Australia. Branded with the "Alloytec" name like the 3.6 litre version, this version produces at 6600 rpm and at 3200 rpm. Its fuel economy is 4–6 km/liter in city, and 7–9 km/liter on highway.. Holden also produced the 3.2 L engines that were used by Alfa Romeo as the basis of its JTS V6 engine. Applications: The 3.6 L () "LY7" engine was introduced in the 2004 Cadillac CTS sedan. It has a 10.2:1 compression ratio, a bore of and a stroke of . Lower powered versions only have variable cam phasing on the inlet

title: Aussie Racing Cars

text: off front section. Powered by a 1.3 litre twin cam 16 valve engine sourced second-hand from used Yamaha FJ1300 motorcycles that revs to 11500 rpm. The 515 kg all up weight provides a high power-to-weight ratio that allows the car to reach speeds in excess of 200 km/h. Lap times achieved at Oran Park Raceway are within six seconds of a V8 Supercar. They feature fully adjustable suspension geometry, huge brakes and controlled competition tyres that produce high grip levels. All cars are hand built in the Aussie Racing Car facility and supplied ready to race. The cockpit layout is

title: Holden Commodore (VK)

text: the single slot front grille) was also a popular choice in Bob Jane's AUSCAR racing category which began in 1987. As per AUSCAR rules, the Commodore's used the 5.0-litre Holden V8 engine, though they were also permitted to use the Group A developed 4.9-litre V8 if they so desired. However, unlike in Group A racing the reduction in engine size would not see a reduction to the cars minimum weight in AUSCAR. Shocking the male establishment, 18-year-old female driver Terri Sawyer won the first ever AUSCAR race, the AUSCAR 200, at the $54 million Calder Park Thunderdome in Melbourne driving

title: Holden Commodore (VZ)

text: V6 engine in different tune guises. The powerplants included , 3.6-litre "Alloytec" V6 engines in place of the older 3.8-litre "Ecotec" V6. Other changes to the V6 was the loss of the supercharger that was included in the S models from the VT to VY, this was also dropped with the 3.8-litre and would not be used with the new 3.6. These new "Alloytec" DOHC engines have carried on through to the Holden Commodore (VE) which was released in August 2006. A new 5L40-E 5-speed automatic transmission was introduced on the sports and luxury V6 variants. The advanced 3.6-litre Alloytec

title: Supercars Championship

long_answer: All cars must be front-engined and rear-wheel drive. All cars use a 5.0-litre, naturally aspirated V8-engine with electronic fuel injection, capable of producing between 460 and 485 kW (620–650 bhp). Manufacturers are free to choose between using an engine based on one from their own line up or a generic engine provided by V8 Supercars. Both Ford and Holden use US-based racing engines with pushrod actuated valves and two valves per cylinder. Mercedes, Nissan and Volvo use modified versions of their own engines, with hydraulic-lift valves and four valves per cylinder. All engines are electronically limited to 7,500 rpm and have a compression ratio of 10:1.


question: when did the international space station go into space

answers: 1998

title: International Space Station program

text: the International Space Station has a role to play as NASA moves forward with a new focus for the manned space programme, which is to go out beyond Earth orbit for purposes of human exploration and scientific discovery. "The International Space Station is now a stepping stone on the way, rather than being the end of the line," Griffin said. Griffin has said that station crews will not only continue to learn how to live and work in space, but also will learn how to build hardware that can survive and function for the years required to make the round-trip

text: Much like NASA and JAXA, ESA also conducted numerous experiments on the International Space Station. In May 2011, Space Shuttle Endeavour mission STS-134 carried 13 Lego kits to the ISS, where astronauts built models and saw how they reacted in microgravity, as part of the Lego Bricks in Space program. The results were shared with schools as part of an educational project. Scientific research on the International Space Station Scientific research on the International Space Station is a collection of experiments that require one or more of the unusual conditions present in low Earth orbit. The primary fields of research

title: Marshall Space Flight Center

text: development got underway in 2001, with an early version expected to enter service by 2010. With the initiation of the Constellation program in 2004, the knowledge gained on the OSP was transferred to Johnson Space Center (JSC) for use in the development of the Crew Exploration Vehicle. No operational OSP was ever built. The International Space Station is a partnership of the United States, Russian, European, Japanese, and Canadian Space Agencies. The station has continuously had human occupants since November 2, 2000. Orbiting 16 times daily at an average altitude of about , it passes over some 90 percent of

title: Benefits of space exploration

text: philosophical, political, and scientific questions and debates. The International Space Station (ISS), is a space station assembled in low Earth orbit largely by the United States and Russia, with assistance and components from a multinational consortium. In 1993, the United States and Russia agreed to merge their separate space station plans into a single facility integrating their respective modules and incorporating contributions from the European Space Agency and Japan. Collaborations among the larger international community have provided the ability to test things in space and see how objects and people react to space for extended periods of time. Work on

title: Space manufacturing

text: Facility was carried into orbit by the Space Shuttle. This demonstration platform used the vacuum created in the orbital wake to manufacture thin films of gallium arsenide and aluminum gallium arsenide. On May 31, 2005, the recoverable, unmanned Foton-M2 laboratory was launched into orbit. Among the experiments were crystal growth and the behavior of molten-metal in weightlessness. The completion of the International Space Station has provided expanded and improved facilities for performing industrial research. These have and will continue to lead to improvements in our knowledge of materials sciences, new manufacturing techniques on Earth, and potentially some important discoveries in

title: Space research

text: experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology and spacecraft systems with a goal of developing technologies required for permanent occupation of outer space. The International Space Station has played a key role in advances in space research. Since the arrival of Expedition 1 in November 2000, the station has been continuously occupied for , having exceeded the previous record of almost ten years set by the Russian station Mir. The ISS serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which crew members conduct tests in biology, physics, astronomy and many other fields. Space research Space research is

title: International Space Station program

text: out of 28 flights have not been to the ISS, and only the planned Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission in 2009 will not be ISS-related out of 13 planned missions until the end of the Space Shuttle program in 2010). The Space Shuttle was retired from service upon the conclusion of Atlantis' final flight on July 21, 2011. NASA was reliant even at the time on some of the resupply contracts being fielded out to Soyuz and Progress and the other unmanned tugs, but it had launched a few years earlier into a program of aggressive development of commercial US

title: Global commons

text: this multinational programme. The ownership and use of the space station is established by intergovernmental treaties and agreements. The ISS is arguably the most expensive single item ever constructed, and may be one of the most significant instances of international cooperation in modern history. According to the original Memorandum of Understanding between NASA and the RSA, the International Space Station was intended to be a laboratory, observatory and factory in space. It was also planned to provide transportation, maintenance, and act as a staging base for possible future missions to the Moon, Mars and asteroids. In the 2010 United States

title: Frank L. Culbertson Jr.

text: 158 Earth orbits in 236 hours and 11 minutes. The Expedition 3 crew launched on August 10, 2001 aboard STS-105 "Discovery" and docked with the International Space Station on August 12, 2001. Culbertson lived and worked aboard the station for a total of 129 days, and was in command of the station for 117 days. He was the only American not to be on Earth during the September 11 attacks. As the ISS passed over the New York City area after the attacks, Culbertson took photographs of the smoke emanating from Ground Zero in lower Manhattan. He later learned that

title: Space architecture

text: should something happen to compromise a mission. The International Space Station is a colossal cooperative project between many nations. The prevailing atmosphere on board is one of diversity and tolerance. This does not mean that it is perfectly harmonious. Astronauts experience the same frustrations and interpersonal quarrels as their Earth-based counterparts. A typical day on the station might start with wakeup at 6:00am inside a private soundproof booth in the crew quarters. Astronauts would probably find their sleeping bags in an upright position tied to the wall, because orientation does not matter in space. The astronaut's thighs would be lifted

title: Space Shuttle

text: the International Space Station is , roughly equivalent to Mach 23 at sea level. As the International Space Station orbits at an inclination of 51.6 degrees, missions going there must set orbital inclination to the same value in order to rendezvous with the station. Around 30 seconds into ascent, the SSMEs were throttled down—usually to 72%, though this varied—to reduce the maximum aerodynamic forces acting on the Shuttle at a point called Max Q. Additionally, the propellant grain design of the SRBs caused their thrust to drop by about 30% by 50 seconds into ascent. Once the Orbiter's guidance verified

title: International Space Station

text: assurance of the success and safety of space exploration. The ISS is helping further advance near-Earth space exploration and realisation of prospective programmes of research and exploration of the Solar system, including the Moon and Mars." A manned mission to Mars may be a multinational effort involving space agencies and countries outside the current ISS partnership. In 2010, ESA Director-General Jean-Jacques Dordain stated his agency was ready to propose to the other four partners that China, India and South Korea be invited to join the ISS partnership. NASA chief Charlie Bolden stated in February 2011, "Any mission to Mars is

title: Michael A. Baker

text: was assigned as the International Space Station Program Manager for International Operations responsible for the coordination of program operations, integration and flight crew training and support activities with the International Partners. A veteran of four space flights, Baker has logged 965 hours in space. He served as pilot on STS-43 (August 2–11, 1991) and STS-52 (October 22 to November 1, 1992), and was the mission commander on STS-68 (September 30 to October 11, 1994) and STS-81 (January 12–22, 1997). STS-43 Space Shuttle "Atlantis" launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on August 2, 1991. During the flight, crew members deployed

title: International Space Station

text: interest in future co-operation in space exploration but fell short of confirming the Russian involvement. According to the original Memorandum of Understanding between NASA and Rosaviakosmos, the International Space Station was intended to be a laboratory, observatory and factory in low Earth orbit. It was also planned to provide transportation, maintenance, and act as a staging base for possible future missions to the Moon, Mars and asteroids. In the 2010 United States National Space Policy, the ISS was given additional roles of serving commercial, diplomatic and educational purposes. The ISS provides a platform to conduct scientific research. Small unmanned spacecraft

title: International Space Station

text: The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station, or a habitable artificial satellite, in low Earth orbit. Its first component launched into orbit in 1998, and the ISS is now the largest human-made body in low Earth orbit and can often be seen with the naked eye from Earth.  The ISS consists of pressurised modules, external trusses, solar arrays, and other components. ISS components have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets, and American Space Shuttles.

title: Benefits of space exploration

text: shuttle Endeavor launched from the Kennedy Space Center. Collectively, 18 nations took some part in the development and construction of space station and the five notable agencies that encompassed these 18 nations were NASA, Roscosmos, the European Space Agency, the Canadian Space agency and the National Space Development Agency of Japan. The international space station serves as a depot of collaboration across the world for innovative research, human health research, global education and earth observation. The international space station itself contains complex sensors including Light Detection and Ranging systems are influential in the understanding of sea surface winds and of

title: International Space Station

text: the curiosity of children, cultivating their spirits, and encouraging their passion to pursue craftsmanship", and to "Heighten the child's awareness of the importance of life and their responsibilities in society." Through a series of education guides, a deeper understanding of the past and near-term future of manned space flight, as well as that of Earth and life, will be learned. In the JAXA Seeds in Space experiments, the mutation effects of spaceflight on plant seeds aboard the ISS is explored. Students grow sunflower seeds which flew on the ISS for about nine months as a start to 'touch the Universe'.

title: International Space Station

text: in space than anyone else, a total of 878 days, 11 hours, and 29 minutes. Peggy Whitson has spent the most time in space of any American, totaling 665 days, 22 hours, and 22 minutes during her time on Expeditions 5, 16, and 50/51/52. Travellers who pay for their own passage into space are termed spaceflight participants by Roscosmos and NASA, and are sometimes referred to as space tourists, a term they generally dislike. All seven were transported to the ISS on Russian Soyuz spacecraft. When professional crews change over in numbers not divisible by the three seats in a

title: Frank L. Culbertson Jr.

text: the success of the joint program, a precursor to the building of the joint International Space Station. Just prior to his current flight assignment, Culbertson spent one year as Deputy Program Manager for Operations of the International Space Station Program. A veteran of three space flights, Culbertson has logged over 146 days in space . STS-38 "Atlantis" (November 15–20, 1990) was a five-day mission during which the crew conducted Department of Defense operations. The mission concluded after 80 orbits of the Earth in 117 hours, 54 minutes, 28 seconds, the first Shuttle to land in Florida since 1985. STS-51 "Discovery"

title: Marshall Space Flight Center

text: is planned that the International Space Station will be operated at least through the end of 2020. With the retirement of the Space Shuttle fleet in 2011, future manned missions to the ISS will depend upon the Russian "Soyuz" spacecraft for the immediate future. MSFC is involved in some of the most advanced space research of our time. Scientist/Astronaut researchers aboard the International Space Station are engaged in hundreds of advanced experiments, most of which could not be conducted except for the zero-gravity environment. The deep-space images from the Hubble Space Telescope and the Chandra X-ray Observatory are made possible

title: Expedition 3

text: Expedition 3 Expedition 3 was the third expedition to the International Space Station. Commander Frank Culbertson was the only American crew member, and as such the only American not on Earth during the 9/11 attacks, which the crew photographed and videoed from the ISS. Research in space begun by two previous crews aboard the International Space Station (ISS) expanded during the Expedition Three mission. The third resident crew launched on 10 August 2001 on Space Shuttle Discovery during mission STS-105 and took control of the complex on 13 August 2001. The crew conducted a science-intensive increment and completed four spacewalks.

title: Expedition 4

text: station for total of 208 hours and 5 minutes. Expedition 4 Expedition 4 was the fourth expedition to the International Space Station (7 December 2001 - 15 June 2002). The International Space Station expanded its science investigations, almost doubling the previous amount of experiments performed during the Expedition Four mission. The fourth resident crew launched on 5 December 2001 on board Space Shuttle Endeavour during mission STS-108. They became official station residents at 20:03 UTC on 7 December 2001, and remained on board until June 2002, when they landed on STS-111. An international crew of three were the fourth crew

title: International Space Station

text: and Progress spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome may be safely launched to reach the station. Spent rocket stages must be dropped into uninhabited areas and this limits the directions rockets can be launched from the spaceport. It travels at an average speed of , and completes orbits per day (93 minutes per orbit). The station's altitude was allowed to fall around the time of each NASA shuttle mission. Orbital boost burns would generally be delayed until after the shuttle's departure. This allowed shuttle payloads to be lifted with the station's engines during the routine firings, rather than have the

title: International Space Station program

text: misses the point to expect a hard financial return from the ISS; rather, it is intended as part of a general expansion of spaceflight capabilities. In 2009, NASA had stated plans to end the ISS programme and deorbit the ISS in early 2016. This was in accordance with the then-President Bush's policy. President Obama announced new policy in 2010, extending the program through 2020. All five ISS-participating space agencies had indicated in 2010 their desire to see the platform continue flying beyond 2015, but Europe struggled to agree on funding arrangements within its member states, until agreement was reached in

title: International Space Station United States National Laboratory

text: ISS has been an operational science platform since the installation of the Destiny module in February 2001.The 2005 NASA Authorization Act designated the US segment of ISS as a National Lab in order to “…help improve life on Earth, foster relationships among NASA, other Federal agencies, and the private sector, and advance STEM education through utilization of unique ISS Capabilities in microgravity.”In the NASA Authorization Act of 2010, Congress directed NASA to choose a not-for-profit entity to manage the US National Lab. In August 2011, NASA entered into a 10-year agreement with the Center for the Advancement of Science in

title: International Space Station

text: when the ISS will be visible (weather permitting), where the station will appear to rise, the altitude above the horizon it will reach and the duration of the pass before the station disappears either by setting below the horizon or entering into Earth's shadow. In November 2012 NASA launched its "Spot the Station" service, which sends people text and email alerts when the station is due to fly above their town. The station is visible from 95% of the inhabited land on Earth, but is not visible from extreme northern or southern latitudes. Using a telescope-mounted camera to photograph the

title: History of spaceflight

text: Officially, the Buran orbital vehicle was designed for the delivery to orbit and return to Earth of spacecraft, cosmonauts, and supplies. Recent space exploration has proceeded, to some extent in worldwide cooperation, the high point of which was the construction and operation of the International Space Station (ISS). At the same time, the international space race between smaller space powers since the end of the 20th century can be considered the foundation and expansion of markets of commercial rocket launches and space tourism. The United States continued other space exploration, including major participation with the ISS with its own modules.

title: Assembly of the International Space Station

text: cosmonauts to be on the ISS permanently. The ISS has a planned pressurized volume of approximately 1,000 cubic meters, a mass of approximately 400,000 kilograms, approximately 100 kilowatts of power output, a truss 108.4 meters long, modules 74 meters long, and a crew of six. Building the complete station required more than 40 assembly flights. As of March 2011, 26 Space Shuttle flights have docked with ISS to add elements, and 9 other Shuttle flights have flown logistics-servicing missions to ISS without adding major external elements. These 35 Shuttle missions include 9 SpaceHab and 10 MPLM logistics-servicing missions in various

title: International Space Station program

text: faces in simply completing the ISS. As a result, the research done on the ISS is generally limited to experiments which do not require any specialized apparatus. For example, in the first half of 2007, ISS research dealt primarily with human biological responses to being in space, covering topics like kidney stones, circadian rhythm, and the effects of cosmic rays on the nervous system. Other critics have attacked the ISS on some technical design grounds: In response to some of these criticisms, advocates of manned space exploration say that criticism of the ISS project is short-sighted, and that manned space

title: International Space Station

text: Similar images were captured by NASA from a location in Washington. Parisian engineer and astrophotographer Thierry Legault, known for his photos of spaceships transiting the Sun, travelled to Oman in 2011 to photograph the Sun, Moon and space station all lined up. Legault, who received the Marius Jacquemetton award from the Société astronomique de France in 1999, and other hobbyists, use websites that predict when the ISS will transit the Sun or Moon and from what location those passes will be visible. International Space Station The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station, or a habitable artificial satellite, in

title: International Space Station


question: what type of dog was laika the spacedog

answers: mongrel female

title: Cosmo the Spacedog

text: Cosmo the Spacedog Cosmo the Spacedog is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Cosmo, a telepathic Soviet dog, is the security chief of the space station Knowhere and a member of the Guardians of the Galaxy. The character was created by Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning as a reference to Laika and first appeared in "Nova" vol. 4 #8. Cosmo was a former test animal of the Soviet space program. He was launched into Earth's orbit as part of an experiment but he drifted off into space at some point during the 1960s, arriving

title: English Touring Opera

text: Award. "Laika the Spacedog", a new opera for children aged 7 to 11, was awarded the "David Bedford Music Education Award" in 2012. It honours outstanding music education projects, and was given by The PRS For Music Foundation. "Laika the Spacedog" also won two awards for Best Production at the Armel International Opera Festival in Szeged, Hungary in 2013. The Best Production award as voted for by the members of the International Competition Jury, and Best Production from the Jury of the University of Szeged. In the Spring of 2014, ETO was the winner of an Olivier Award in the

title: Laika (comics)

text: Laika (comics) Laika is a graphic novel by Nick Abadzis that gives a fictionalized account of the life and death of the eponymous dog, the first living creature launched in orbital spaceflight. Based on a true story, the graphic novel tells the story of Laika from multiple points of view: from that of the ambitious Sergey Korolyov, Chief Engineer responsible for the launching and construction of Sputnik 2; to that of Yelena Dubrovsky, official trainer of the space-bound dogs; to that of Oleg Gazenko, scientist; and finally from the viewpoint of Laika herself, who had lived as a stray on

title: Laika

text: and Limonchik ("Little Lemon"). Laika, the Russian name for several breeds of dogs similar to the husky, was the name popularised around the world. The American press dubbed her Muttnik ("mutt" + suffix "-nik") as a pun on Sputnik, or referred to her as "Curly". Her true pedigree is unknown, although it is generally accepted that she was part husky or other Nordic breed, and possibly part terrier. NASA refers to Laika as a "part-Samoyed terrier." A Russian magazine described her temperament as phlegmatic, saying that she did not quarrel with other dogs. Vladimir Yazdovsky, who led the program of

title: Laika

text: Laika Laika (; c. 1954 – 3 November 1957) was a Soviet space dog who became one of the first animals in space, and the first animal to orbit the Earth. Laika, a stray dog from the streets of Moscow, was selected to be the occupant of the Soviet spacecraft Sputnik 2 that was launched into outer space on 3 November 1957. Little was known about the impact of spaceflight on living creatures at the time of Laika's mission, and the technology to de-orbit had not yet been developed, so Laika's survival was never expected. Some scientists believed humans would

title: Laika

text: story of Soviet space medicine, Dr. Vladimir Yazdovsky wrote, "Laika was quiet and charming...I wanted to do something nice for her: She had so little time left to live." Vladimir Yazdovsky made the final selection of dogs and their designated roles. Laika was to be the "flight dog"—a sacrifice to science on a one-way mission to space. Albina, who had already flown twice on a high-altitude test rocket, was to act as Laika's backup. The third dog Mushka was a "control dog"—she was to stay on the ground and be used to test instrumentation and life support. Before leaving for

title: Laika

text: designed to be retrievable, and Laika had always been intended to die. The mission sparked a debate across the globe on the mistreatment of animals and animal testing in general to advance science. In the United Kingdom, the National Canine Defence League called on all dog owners to observe a minute's silence, while the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) received protests even before Radio Moscow had finished announcing the launch. Animal rights groups at the time called on members of the public to protest at Soviet embassies. Others demonstrated outside the United Nations in New

title: Laika

text: charge to prevent foreign powers from inspecting the capsule after a wayward atmospheric reentry trajectory on 1 December 1960. Although never shown, Laika is prominently mentioned in the 1985 film "My Life as a Dog", in which the main character (a young Swedish boy in the late 1950s) identifies strongly with the dog. "Laika", a 2007 graphic novel by Nick Abadzis giving a fictionalized account of Laika's life, won the Eisner Award as "Best Publication for Teens". Laika Laika (; c. 1954 – 3 November 1957) was a Soviet space dog who became one of the first animals in space,

title: Laika (dog breed)

text: Finnish Spitz, as both breeds were bred from similar native dog populations. The Russian word "laika" () is a noun derived from the verb "layat"' (, to bark), and literally means "barker". As the name of a dog variety, it is used in Russian cynological literature (not only in Russian, but sometimes in English as well) to refer to all varieties of hunting dogs traditionally kept by the peoples of the northern Russia and adjacent areas. This includes not only the three or four breeds known as Laikas in English, but also other standard breeds that FCI classifies together with

title: Laika (comics)

text: was well-received, with the "New York Press" writing that Abadzis "has fashioned a poignant and accurate portrait of the lives Laika touched in the three years leading up to Sputnik II’s launch. His characters — including the dog — are as real as the story he’s telling: animated with complex personalities, flaws, humor and emotion." "The Space Review" called it "an entertaining but also educational overview of the life of an unwitting space pioneer", while another review states that "reading "Laika" is the sort of experience that you won’t forget any time soon". Laika (comics) Laika is a graphic novel

title: Dog Star (short story)

text: of the road years ago, and how his fondness for her grew after she alerted him of an earthquake, saving his life. When it was time for him to leave Earth and continue his studies on the Moon, he gave up Laika to a fellow employee Dr. Anderson. He comes out of the flashback just in time to sound the alert for a lunar tremor that, thanks to his prompt action, kills only two of his fellow crew members. He remembers his dead dog, realizing that Laika could not actually have saved him, for she was separated by 5 years

title: Laika (dog breed)

text: Laika (dog breed) Laika () refers to a type of hunting dog of Northern Russia and Russian Siberia, and is a generic name for several breeds. Fédération Cynologique Internationale uses the word "Laika" in the names of three standard breeds: Russian European Laika (FCI standard No. 304), West Siberian Laika (FCI 306), and East Siberian Laika (FCI 305), which had been bred from the aboriginal dogs of northern Russia and Siberia. The Karelo-Finnish Laika, not listed in the FCI nomenclature, is also a Russian breed, with the first standard published in Leningrad in 1936. It is a close relative of

title: Dog Star (short story)

text: time and a barrier that no man or dog could ever bridge (her death). It was his never sleeping subconscious mind, sensing the tremors, that knew how to wake him, by making him dream of Laika's barking as she did in the earlier earthquake. Thus ending on the idea of the supernatural bond between the narrator and Laika. Dog Star (short story) "Dog Star" is a 1962 science fiction short story by British writer Arthur C. Clarke about an astronomer and his dog, Laika. The story was also published under the title "Moondog". An Astronomer on a moon base awakes

title: Laika

text: test dogs used on rockets, in a later publication wrote that “Laika was quiet and charming”. The Soviet Union and United States had previously sent animals only on sub-orbital flights. Three dogs were trained for the Sputnik 2 flight: Albina, Mushka, and Laika. Soviet space-life scientists Vladimir Yazdovsky and Oleg Gazenko trained the dogs. To adapt the dogs to the confines of the tiny cabin of Sputnik 2, they were kept in progressively smaller cages for periods of up to 20 days. The extensive close confinement caused them to stop urinating or defecating, made them restless, and caused their general

title: Laika

title: Laika & the Cosmonauts

text: Laika & the Cosmonauts Laika & the Cosmonauts were a Finnish rock band. They had the same lineup from the time they formed in 1987 until they stopped recording in 2008. The band was named after Laika, a Soviet space dog that died on board Sputnik 2 in 1957. Their sound is usually described as surf rock, but a "Boston Globe" review noted that the band's sound is "far beyond the limitations of any specific genre." They relied heavily on the Finnish rautalanka (electric guitar) tradition. The band toured the United States and Europe several times and although relatively unknown

title: Sputnik 2

text: but ground controllers were able to intercept theodolite data from an American tracking station in Perth, Australia. Data showed that Laika's heart rate and breathing spiked rapidly during ascent, but she otherwise reached orbit largely unscathed. Official Soviet press releases stated that Laika survived a week in orbit, but information released in the post-Soviet era indicated that she died only a few hours into the mission. Other sources suggested it had been four days before the dog succumbed to overheating and carbon dioxide buildup. Telemetry data indicated that Laika's vital signs were normal for the first three orbits, but during

title: Laika

text: also contained instrumentation for measuring solar irradiance and cosmic rays. The craft was equipped with a life-support system consisting of an oxygen generator and devices to avoid oxygen poisoning and to absorb carbon dioxide. A fan, designed to activate whenever the cabin temperature exceeded , was added to keep the dog cool. Enough food (in a gelatinous form) was provided for a seven-day flight, and the dog was fitted with a bag to collect waste. A harness was designed to be fitted to the dog, and there were chains to restrict her movements to standing, sitting, or lying down; there

title: Laika

text: 1964, also includes Laika. On 11 April 2008 at the military research facility where staff had been responsible for readying Laika for the flight, officials unveiled a monument of her poised on top of a space rocket. Stamps and envelopes picturing Laika were produced, as well as branded cigarettes and matches. Future space missions carrying dogs would be designed to be recovered. Four other dogs died in Soviet space missions: Bars and Lisichka were killed when their R-7 rocket exploded shortly after launch on 28 July 1960; Pchyolka and Mushka died when Korabl-Sputnik 3 was purposely destroyed with an explosive

title: Laika (comics)

text: the streets of Moscow. Abadzis notes that his intention was to avoid anthropomorphism in portraying the central canine character. Thus Laika's traits of trust and eagerness to please are portrayed through her non-verbalised behaviour, and the reactions of the more sympathetic humans with whom she comes in contact. Mistreated as a young dog, Laika shows a need to gain human affection and approval that leads her through a harsh training regime to death in space. Even the empathetic Yelena accepts that animals will die in the space programme, though bitterly regretting that her "special dog" is the one to be

title: Cosmo the Spacedog

text: of superhumans. In addition to these abilities, Cosmo seems to have a considerably extended lifespan as well - especially for a dog since he has been around since the time of the Soviet Union. Cosmo the Spacedog appears as an exhibit of Taneleer Tivan the Collector's museum in the Disney California Adventure attraction "" in the queue line. He also appears during the ride, shown escaping his cell with the rest of the Guardians of the Galaxy. Cosmo the Spacedog Cosmo the Spacedog is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Cosmo, a telepathic Soviet

title: Dog Star (short story)

text: Dog Star (short story) "Dog Star" is a 1962 science fiction short story by British writer Arthur C. Clarke about an astronomer and his dog, Laika. The story was also published under the title "Moondog". An Astronomer on a moon base awakes from a dream in which his dog, Laika, is barking. All we know at this point is that the narrator is feeling a sense of dread enough to keep him awake. And then mentions that if he had gone back to sleep he would've been dead. He quickly flashes back to when he found Laika on the side

title: My Life as a Dog

text: field during a track meet and was killed by a javelin and the story of the dog Laika several times, the first creature sent into orbit by the Russians (without any way to get her back down). The film ends with the radio broadcast of a famous heavyweight championship boxing match, between Swede Ingemar Johansson and American Floyd Patterson. When Johansson wins, the whole town erupts with joy, but the now-reconciled Ingemar and Saga are fast asleep together on a couch. The movie received mostly positive reviews, with Rotten Tomatoes giving it an average of 7.9/10. 100% of the critics

title: Nick Abadzis

text: well-received, with the "New York Press" remarking that "the British comics creator has fashioned a poignant and accurate portrait of the lives Laika touched in the three years leading up to Sputnik 2's launch. His characters —including the dog— are as real as the story he's telling: animated with complex personalities, flaws, humor and emotion." "Laika" won an Eisner award in 2008 for Best Teen graphic novel and a further nomination for Best Reality-based Work. In the same year it was nominated for a Harvey Award for Best Original Graphic Album. In 2009, the book won 'Meilleur Scénario (best story)

title: Laika (dog breed)

text: (Самоедская лайка). "Laika" is also the given name for the mongrel who was the first dog in space. As the Spitz are a very ancient dog type, many smaller types of Spitz resemble each other. Medium to small sized breeds similar in appearance from various places in the world include the Wolfsspitz (Keeshond), Großspitz, Mittelspitz, Kleinspitz, Zwergspitz (Pomeranian), Samoyed (dog), Schipperke, Norwegian Elkhound, Volpino Italiano (Italian Spitz), Laika (Russian Spitz), Finnish Spitz, Indian Spitz and Japanese Spitz. Types of German Spitz Related breeds Note: The following dog breeds are very similar to each other but are not the same. Laika

title: Yakutian Laika

text: first geographic studies of the north were conducted. Prince Shirinsky-Shikhmatov wrote in his monograph about Laikas: “Researchers of the north, of course, could not overlook northern dog; they could not disagree with hard fact that presence of this dog makes life of northern people possible. It is even more strange that so little attention was paid to description of dogs of the north; their ancestral aboriginal type and numerous varieties remain obscure. There are as many types of Laikas as ethnic minorities of the north; varieties of Laikas differ clearly from each other, each has its own peculiarities and their

title: Lajka

text: Lajka Lajka (in English: "Laika") is a 2017 Czech animated science fiction comedy film. It is inspired by Soviet space dog Laika. The film starts in Baikonur. Female dog is caught while trying to find something to feed her puppies. She is named Laika and brought to local spaceport. Professor Voroljov and his assistant Kokotov start to prepare Laika for travael to space. Day before the launch, Laika manages to get out of her cage and visits the Spacerocket. Then she returns for her Puppies and smuggles them to the rocket. Next day she is launched to the Space along

title: Laika (cigarette)

text: Laika (cigarette) Laika ("") was a Soviet brand of cigarettes, which was manufactured by various Soviet tobacco companies, but most notably the ""Tabachnaya Fabrika Dukat Moscow"" and the ""Tabachnaya Fabrika No.1 Leningrad"". The brand was named after the dog Laika who was the first animal launched in space by the USSR on 3 November 1957. Laika cigarettes were created in 1957 as an honour to Laika the dog. The cigarettes were produced under supervision of the Ministry of Food Industry, in honor of the flight. When the American Lockheed U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers was shot down over Sverdlovsk, USSR

title: West Siberian Laika

text: in the appearance and behavior. They are dogs with pointed muzzle, slightly rangy or nearly square body and often gray or gray mixed with red like in the wolf coat color predominate. They are small to medium size pariah- type dogs that originally accompanied humans since prehistory worldwide, until they became replaced with lop-eared, specialized for certain style of hunting, cultured breeds. In large sparser populated parts of Russia, this process came at a later time and aboriginal Laika types still remain with hunters in remote northern and northeastern provinces of the country. Deforestation of land for agriculture and industrialization

title: West Siberian Laika

text: the Karelo-Finnish Laika, the Russ-European Laika, the West Siberian Laika and the East Siberian Laika. They all are bark-pointing dogs and their hunting behavior is generally similar. All of them are descendants of aboriginal types of Laikas selectively sampled from large territories and lumped into the four breeds for breeding in kennels. Among all of them, the West Siberian Laika became most popular and by present time it is most numerous Laika far beyond its original range in Russia. The West Siberian Laika is a medium to large size dog. Males are 22-24 inches and females are 20-23 inches at

title: Laika

long_answer: Laika was found as a stray wandering the streets of Moscow. Soviet scientists chose to use Moscow strays since they assumed that such animals had already learned to endure conditions of extreme cold and hunger. This specimen was an eleven-pound mongrel female, approximately three years old. Another account reported that she weighed about 6 kg (13 lb). Soviet personnel gave her several names and nicknames, among them Kudryavka (Russian for Little Curly), Zhuchka (Little Bug), and Limonchik (Little Lemon). Laika, the Russian name for several breeds of dogs similar to the husky, was the name popularised around the world. The American press dubbed her Muttnik (mutt + suffix -nik) as a pun on Sputnik, or referred to her as Curly. Her true pedigree is unknown, although it is generally accepted that she was part husky or other Nordic breed, and possibly part terrier. NASA refers to Laika as a "part-Samoyed terrier." A Russian magazine described her temperament as phlegmatic, saying that she did not quarrel with other dogs. Vladimir Yazdovsky, who led the program of test dogs used on rockets, in a later publication wrote that “Laika was quiet and charming”.


question: who sang it's a mean old world

answers: T-Bone Walker

title: Mean Old World

text: the ones in L.A. later. They were big band numbers, more like what I recorded with Hite". However, the opening verses remained the same: This anticipated future versions, in which new lyrics would be added to the familiar opening lines. On December 14, 1956, Walker recorded another version for Atlantic Records that was released on the acclaimed 1959 album "T-Bone Blues". He is backed by a small combo with Lloyd Glenn on piano, Billy Hadnot on bass, and Oscar Bradley on drums. In October 1952, Little Walter recorded his version of "Mean Old World" for Checker Records, a subsidiary of

title: Mean Old World

text: he recorded "Mean Old World" for Capitol Records. The song was performed in the West Coast blues style, with a small combo of pianist Freddie Slack, bassist Jud DeNaut, and drummer Dave Coleman accompanying Walker on vocal and guitar. "Mean Old World" "showcased T-Bones's new, and already developed, style, in which he answered his smoky, soulful vocal phrases with deft, stinging, jazz-inflected lead lines on his electric guitar". Capitol released the song in November 1945, with "I Got a Break, Baby", as the third disc in a five 10-inch record collection "The History of Jazz, Volume 3: Then Came Swing"

title: It's a Big Wide Wonderful World

text: his 1954 film, "3 Ring Circus". It was sung by Charlene Dallas in the 1975 comedy "Rancho Deluxe." It's a Big Wide Wonderful World "It's A Big, Wide, Wonderful World" is a popular song written by John Rox and published in 1939. The song first appeared in the 1940 Broadway musical play "All In Fun". Sung by Deanna Durbin in her last film, "For the Love of Mary," in 1948. Cut from the film for its original release, subsequent video versions have restored it. The version by Buddy Clark reached a peak on the "Billboard" charts at #25 in 1949.

title: It's a Lovely, Lovely World

text: It's a Lovely, Lovely World "It's a Lovely, Lovely World" is a song written by Boudleaux Bryant that was originally recorded by American country artist Carl Smith. It has since been recorded by numerous musical artists, including Gail Davies, who revived the song as a single in 1981. "It's a Lovely, Lovely World" was originally composed by Boudleaux Bryant who wrote numerous country recordings during the 1950s and 1960s, including "Bye Bye Love" and "Rocky Top". The song was recorded by Carl Smith on February 5, 1952 in Nashville, Tennessee, United States at the Castle Recording Studio. Also included on

title: It's a Big Wide Wonderful World

text: It's a Big Wide Wonderful World "It's A Big, Wide, Wonderful World" is a popular song written by John Rox and published in 1939. The song first appeared in the 1940 Broadway musical play "All In Fun". Sung by Deanna Durbin in her last film, "For the Love of Mary," in 1948. Cut from the film for its original release, subsequent video versions have restored it. The version by Buddy Clark reached a peak on the "Billboard" charts at #25 in 1949. It was also featured in the film Sweet Bird of Youth. It was sung by Dean Martin in

title: Pearly Brown

text: by earlier musicians such as Blind Willie Johnson, whose recording of the song "If I Had My Way" he plays and listens to in "It's a Mean Old World". He played at the Newport Folk Festival, accompanied on backing vocals by his wife, Christine; and at the Monterey Jazz Festival. In 1966, he played at Carnegie Hall, where he won a twelve-string guitar for his performance in a competition. In the early 1970s, he presented a regular weekly 15-minute program on the Macon, GA radio station WIBB. There are unsubstantiated stories that he tutored Duane Allman and Dickey Betts (both

title: Pearly Brown

text: and videos show him playing both six-string guitar (both conventional acoustic and resonator, often using a bottleneck) and twelve-string guitar. The 1977 documentary "It's a Mean Old World" captures the style of his street performance: walking slowly along the sidewalk, singing and playing, with a handwritten sign around his neck reading "I am a blind preacher. Please help me, thank you. Rev. Pearly Brown, Americus, GA". There is a collection cup attached to the neck of his guitar. Most passers-by ignore him; but one stops to put something in the cup, and to talk briefly with him. He was influenced

title: Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just as Bad)

text: of the city's jazz and blues music scene. He started as a singer and dancer with jazz and early jump-blues bands, such as Les Hite and his orchestra, but by 1940 was playing electric guitar and singing in his own small combos. His particular style of jazz-influenced blues guitar and showmanship, which included playing the guitar behind his neck and while doing the splits, brought him to the attention of Capitol Records. In July 1942, Walker recorded "Mean Old World" and "I Got a Break, Baby" as one of the first artists for the Los Angeles-based record company. Music writer

title: I'm Old Fashioned

text: was." The first recording was made in 1942 by Astaire with John Scott Trotter and his orchestra (Decca 18490). It was then sung by Judy Garland, Dinah Shore, Julie Andrews, Andy Williams, Blossom Dearie, The King Sisters, and since the 1980s by artists like Cassandra Wilson, Maria João (both as up-tempo tunes), Stacey Kent and Victoria Williams. It was also part of the early crossover attempt by classical soprano Eileen Farrell in 1960 with her album "I've Got a Right to Sing the Blues". Jessye Norman followed her example in 1984 ("With a Song in My Heart"). Beside the vocalists

title: The World Ain't Round It's Square

text: The World Ain't Round It's Square "The World Ain't Round It's Square" is a song recorded in 1966 by The Savages, a garage rock band from Bermuda and was written by Howie Rego and Bobby Zuill. It was recorded live at the Hub, a nightclub at the Princess Hotel in Bermuda and appeared on their live album taped from the event, "Live 'n Wild." The song has been mentioned as a landmark anthem of 1960s youthful defiance and is ranked #4 in the list of the 1000 greatest garage rock records in Mike Markesich's "Teenbeat Mayhem". It has been featured

title: The World Ain't Round It's Square

text: on the "Teenage Shutdown! The World Ain't Round, It's Square!" compilation as well as included the reissue of "Live 'n Wild." "The World Ain't Round It's Square" was written by Howie Rego and Bobby Zuill and performed by the Savages from Bermuda. The Savages were formed in 1965. Their membership consisted of Paul Muggleton and Jimmy O'Connor on guitar, Zuill, on bass, and Rego, on drums. Muggleton usually handled lead vocals, but Zuill sang lead on "The World Ain't Round, It's Square." The band were able to gain a residence at the Hub, a nightclub at the Princess Hotel, sometimes

title: The Whole World is a Stage

text: The Whole World is a Stage "The Whole World Is a Stage" is a 1966 song recorded by American R&B music group the Fantastic Four for the Ric-Tic label. It was written by Albert "Al" Hamilton, Eugene Hamilton (under the pseudonym of Ronnie Savoy), and Ed Wingate and produced by Al Kent (a pseudonym for Al Hamilton) and Wingate. Group member "Sweet" James Epps led the recording and was backed by Ralph Pruitt, Joseph Pruitt, and Wallace "Toby" Childs. The groups third single, "The Whole World Is a Stage," was their only big hit single, peaking at number 6 on

title: Sweet Old World

text: was just as good as her 1988 self-titled album, calling it "a gorgeous, elegiac record that not only consolidates but expands Williams' ample talents." Like her self-titled album, Bill Friskics-Warren wrote in "The Washington Post", "Sweet Old World" showcased Williams' "sharply drawn odes to desire and loss", sung with a "grainy drawl" and backed against a "lean, bluesy roots-rock" sound. On April 28, 2017, Williams performed the album in its entirety at Minneapolis' First Avenue nightclub; the live recording will be released to commemorate "Sweet Old World"s 25th year anniversary in August. Emmylou Harris covered the title song on her

title: It's a Lovely, Lovely World

text: 1950s, along with this song, Smith had thirty top-ten hits amidst the "Billboard" country singles chart. The song was recorded in Smith's signature Honky Tonk musical style. In 1981, American country artist Gail Davies released a version of "It's a Lovely, Lovely World" as a single. The song was recorded in Hollywood, California, United States at the "Producer's Workshop" studio. The entire recording session for her third studio album "I'll Be There" took place during this date. The session was produced entirely by Davies. Released as a single in February 1981 via Warner Bros. Records, "It's a Lovely, Lovely World"

title: Mean Old World

text: "Mean Old World" is a blues song recorded by American blues electric guitar musician T-Bone Walker in 1942.  It has been described (along with the single's B-side) as "the first important blues recordings on the electric guitar". Over the years it has been interpreted and recorded by numerous blues, jazz and rock and roll artists.

title: It's Such a Pretty World Today

text: appears on her 1973 album "Paper Roses". Sinatra's version of the song can be heard near the end of a second season episode of the AMC drama "Breaking Bad". Singer Mark Dinning reached #117 in the Record World Magazine charts. The Jimmy Bowen Singers released a version of the song as a single in 1967, but it did not chart. It's Such a Pretty World Today "It's Such a Pretty World Today" is the title of a popular song released in 1967. The song was written by songwriter Dale Noe. The song was originally a country music single by singer

title: The Whole World is a Stage

text: the US "Billboard" R&B chart in 1967. It also charted on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100, peaking at number 63. The Whole World is a Stage "The Whole World Is a Stage" is a 1966 song recorded by American R&B music group the Fantastic Four for the Ric-Tic label. It was written by Albert "Al" Hamilton, Eugene Hamilton (under the pseudonym of Ronnie Savoy), and Ed Wingate and produced by Al Kent (a pseudonym for Al Hamilton) and Wingate. Group member "Sweet" James Epps led the recording and was backed by Ralph Pruitt, Joseph Pruitt, and Wallace "Toby" Childs. The

title: Jerry Lee Lewis

text: 50 years after his ill-fated first tour. He appeared at two London shows: a special private show at the 100 Club on October 25 and at the London Forum on October 28 with Wanda Jackson and his sister, Linda Gail Lewis. 2009 marked the sixtieth year since Lewis's first public performance when he performed "Drinking Wine Spo-Dee-O-Dee" at a car dealership on November 19, 1949, in Ferriday, Louisiana.. In August 2009, in advance of his new album, a single entitled "Mean Old Man" was released for download. It was written by Kris Kristofferson. An EP featuring this song and four

title: Donnie Brooks

text: the office of promoter Red "The Old Red Cat" Gilson. A late morning, mid-week meeting was held by Gilson and a woman, Linda Stewart, who identified herself as representing a remarkable singer and showman named Donnie Brooks. Gilson was persuaded to "give the kid a shot" at the next El Monte Legion Stadium show. That Saturday, Brooks was introduced and sang two numbers including Ray Charles hit "What'd I Say." His performance was ultra-high energy rarely seen by the Legion audience that stood filling the arena from the back wall to the edge of the five foot high stage. It

text: their album "The Brass are Comin"' (1969). On television, Lucille Ball and Vivian Vance sang it in the season 3 "I Love Lucy" episode "Home Movies" (1954). I'm an Old Cowhand (From the Rio Grande) "I'm an Old Cowhand (From the Rio Grande)" is a comic song written by Johnny Mercer for the film "Rhythm on the Range" and sung by its star, Bing Crosby. The Crosby commercial recording was made on July 17, 1936 with Jimmy Dorsey & his Orchestra for Decca Records. It was a huge hit in 1936 reaching the No. 2 spot in the charts of

title: Arthur Smith (comedian)

text: the latter two series used "What a Wonderful World" as their theme song. For "Grumpy Old Men", Smith was one of the cast members who contributed to a montage rendition of the song. One of Smith's routines has been set to music by Mark Beazley, aka Rothko, for a CD curated by comedian and writer Stewart Lee. The CD, "The Topography of Chance" was guest-curated by Stewart for the Sonic Arts Network and Arthur's track is called "I've seen your arse" and contains extra vocals by Caroline Quentin taken from a live recording of Smith's show, "Arthur Smith's Last Hangover".

text: I'm an Old Cowhand (From the Rio Grande) "I'm an Old Cowhand (From the Rio Grande)" is a comic song written by Johnny Mercer for the film "Rhythm on the Range" and sung by its star, Bing Crosby. The Crosby commercial recording was made on July 17, 1936 with Jimmy Dorsey & his Orchestra for Decca Records. It was a huge hit in 1936 reaching the No. 2 spot in the charts of the day, and it greatly furthered Mercer's career. Crosby recorded the song again in 1954 for his album "". Members of the Western Writers of America chose

title: The Little Old Lady (from Pasadena)

text: The Little Old Lady (from Pasadena) "The Little Old Lady (from Pasadena)" is a song written by Don Altfeld, Jan Berry and Roger Christian, and recorded by 1960s American pop singers, Jan and Dean. The song reached number three on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart in 1964 and number one on Canada's RPM chart. The session musicians who played on this record (who were collectively known as The Wrecking Crew) included Leon Russell on piano; Tommy Tedesco, Bill Pitman and Billy Strange on guitar; Ray Pohlman and Jimmy Bond on bass; and Hal Blaine and Earl Palmer on drums. Jan

title: The World Ain't Round It's Square

text: appeared on the "Teenage Shutdown! The World Ain't Round, It's Square!" compilation named for the song, as well as on the reissue of "Live 'n Wild." The World Ain't Round It's Square "The World Ain't Round It's Square" is a song recorded in 1966 by The Savages, a garage rock band from Bermuda and was written by Howie Rego and Bobby Zuill. It was recorded live at the Hub, a nightclub at the Princess Hotel in Bermuda and appeared on their live album taped from the event, "Live 'n Wild." The song has been mentioned as a landmark anthem of

title: A New World (EP)

text: Music". "There's Life In The Old Dog Yet" taken from the upcoming Ronnie Drew Album All tracks published by Four Seasons Music and written by Phil Coulter (except “Molly Malone” trad—arranged Phil Coulter)Arranged and produced by Phil Coulter A New World (EP) A New World is an EP by Ronnie Drew, produced by Phil Coulter. It was released through the "Sunday World" newspaper prior to the release of Drew's album "There's Life In The Old Dog Yet" in October 2006. As well as the title track from the forthcoming album, the EP also featured Drew's interpretations of several of Coulter's

title: It's a Small World

text: of international unity, and singing the attraction's title song, which has a theme of global peace. According to Time.com, the Sherman Brothers' song "It's A Small World" is the most publicly performed song of all time. Fabricated at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank as "Children of the World", it was created by WED Enterprises, then shipped to the 1964 New York World's Fair's UNICEF pavilion, sponsored by Pepsi, where it featured at its entrance a kinetic sculpture, "The Tower of the Four Winds", a 120-foot perpetually spinning mobile created by WED designer Rolly Crump. It was added to four

title: Pub session

text: Hearted Knight", "The Dark-Eyed Sailor", "The Princess Royal", "The Foggy Dew", "Underneath Her Apron", "Pleasant and Delightful", "The Blackbird." Surprisingly, one of the songs was "Poor Man's Heaven" an American IWW song (Industrial Workers of the World), dating from about 1920. The oldest singer there was William "Velvet" Brightwell (1865–1960). In 1947 the BBC made more recordings there and broadcast them as "Anglia Sings" on 19 November 1947. Almost all of the participants were in their 50s and 60s. Six years later the first folk club opened in Newcastle upon Tyne, and the average age was in the 20s. The

title: Leroy Shield

text: and Charley Chase. "Good Old Days", Shield's composition for the 1930 "Our Gang" short "Teacher's Pet," became the series's theme song, and his 1930 song "Beautiful Lady" was used as the theme song for the Pitts and Todd films. On September 25, 1930, Shield recorded his only commercial recordings, "Sing Song Girl" (vocal by James Blackstone) and "Song Of The Big Trail" (vocal by Bud Jamison), issued as Victor 22548. Due to a series of miscommunications, Shield's requests for scoring assignments from the Roach organization were repeatedly declined after 1936; the work went instead to Marvin Hatley. Shield continued to

title: Guy Fletcher (songwriter)

text: lyricist Doug Flett in 1966 and their long partnership resulted in writing songs for several international artists. They were the first British writers to have a song recorded by Elvis Presley, when "The Fair's Movin' On" appeared on the B-side of his 1969 single "Clean Up Your Own Back Yard". Other Presley recordings followed, including "Wonderful World", the opening song in the film, "Live a Little, Love a Little" and "Just Pretend", featured in "That's The Way It Is". Fletcher and Flett's first UK Top 10 success was with The Hollies' "I Can't Tell the Bottom from the Top" (1970),

title: His Best (Little Walter album)

text: song, "Mean Old World" became a #6 R&B chart success for Walter. Walter's rendition reached #2 on the R&B Single chart and made the song a harmonica-blues standard. "Blues with a Feeling" was originally recorded by Rabon Tarrant with Jack McVea and His All Stars in 1947. Written by Willie Dixon, "My Babe" was Walter's second #1 on the R&B Charts. It is perhaps Walter's best-known vocal performance. The song "Roller Coaster" is an instrumental version of the 1955 Bo Diddley song "You Don't Love Me (You Don't Care)". The song reached #6 on the R&B charts. Although "It Ain't

title: Mean Old World


question: what are the 4 types of nitrogenous bases

answers: cytosine (C)

answers: adenine (A)

answers: uracil (U)

answers: thymine (T)

answers: guanine (G)

title: Nitrogenous base

text: present in RNA, replacing thymine. Pyrimidines include thymine, cytosine, and uracil. They have a single ring structure. Purines include adenine and guanine. They have a double ring structure. Nitrogenous base A nitrogenous base, or nitrogen-containing base, is an organic molecule with a nitrogen atom that has the chemical properties of a base. The main biological function of a nitrogenous base is to bond nucleic acids together. A nitrogenous base owes its basic properties to the lone pair of electrons of a nitrogen atom. Nitrogenous bases are typically classified as the derivatives of two parent compounds, pyrimidine and purine. They are

title: Nitrogenous base

text: Nitrogenous base A nitrogenous base, or nitrogen-containing base, is an organic molecule with a nitrogen atom that has the chemical properties of a base. The main biological function of a nitrogenous base is to bond nucleic acids together. A nitrogenous base owes its basic properties to the lone pair of electrons of a nitrogen atom. Nitrogenous bases are typically classified as the derivatives of two parent compounds, pyrimidine and purine. They are non-polar and due to their aromaticity, planar. Both pyrimidines and purines resemble pyridine and are thus weak bases and relatively unreactive towards electrophilic aromatic substitution. In the biological

title: DNA

text: of one of four nitrogen-containing nucleobases (cytosine [C], guanine [G], adenine [A] or thymine [T]), a sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group. The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next, resulting in an alternating sugar-phosphate backbone. The nitrogenous bases of the two separate polynucleotide strands are bound together, according to base pairing rules (A with T and C with G), with hydrogen bonds to make double-stranded DNA. The complementary nitrogenous bases are divided into two groups, pyrimidines and purines. In DNA, the

title: Biochemistry

text: the nucleic acid, while the sequence of nitrogenous bases stores the information. The most common nitrogenous bases are adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil. The nitrogenous bases of each strand of a nucleic acid will form hydrogen bonds with certain other nitrogenous bases in a complementary strand of nucleic acid (similar to a zipper). Adenine binds with thymine and uracil; thymine binds only with adenine; and cytosine and guanine can bind only with one another. Aside from the genetic material of the cell, nucleic acids often play a role as second messengers, as well as forming the base molecule for

title: Aminoallyl nucleotide

text: the bases. Common names of aminoallyl nucleosides are initially abbreviated with aa- or AA- to indicate aminoallyl. The 5-carbon sugar is indicated with or without the lowercase "d" indicating deoxyribose if included or ribose if not. Finally the nitrogenous base and number of phosphates are indicated (i.e. aa-UTP = aminoallyl uridine triphosphate). The goal of combining fluorescence and nucleic acids has been to provide a non-isotopic tag that is detectable to study DNA or RNA. This type of labeling allows scientists to study DNA or RNA in their structure, function, or formation with other nucleic acids. The first base modification

title: Organic base

text: three resonance structures, giving it increased stability and making guanidines stronger bases. Phosphazene bases also contain phosphorus and are, in general, more alkaline than standard amines and nitrogen-based heterocyclics. Protonation takes place at the nitrogen atom, not the phosphorus atom to which the nitrogen is double-bonded. Some organic bases, such as tetramethylammonium hydroxide, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, or choline hydroxide are hydroxide donors rather than proton acceptors like the above compounds. However, they are not always stable. Choline hydroxide, for example, is metastable and slowly breaks down to release trimethylamine. Organic base An organic base is an organic compound which acts as

title: Non-nucleophilic base

text: Non-nucleophilic base As the name suggests, a non-nucleophilic base is a sterically hindered organic base that is a poor nucleophile. Normal bases are also nucleophiles, but often chemists seek the proton-removing ability of a base without any other functions. Typical non-nucleophilic bases are bulky, such that protons can attach to the basic center but alkylation and complexation is inhibited. A variety of amines and nitrogen heterocycles are useful bases of moderate strength (pK of conjugate acid around 10-13) Non-nucleophilic bases of high strength are usually anions. For these species, the pKs of the conjugate acids are around 35-40. Other strong

title: Cyclic nucleotide

text: three components. It contains a nitrogenous base (meaning it contains nitrogen): for example, adenine in cAMP and guanine in cGMP. It also contains a sugar, specifically the five-carbon ribose. And finally, a cyclic nucleotide contains a phosphate. A double-ring purine is the nitrogenous base for cAMP and cGMP, while cytosine, thymine, and uracil each have a single-ring nitrogenous base (pyrimidine). These three components are connected so that the nitrogenous base is attached to the first carbon of ribose (1’ carbon), and the phosphate group is attached to the 5’ carbon of ribose. While all nucleotides have this structure, the phosphate

title: Legume

text: within root nodules of their root systems. (Plants belonging to the genus Styphnolobium are one exception to this rule.) These bacteria have the special ability of fixing nitrogen from atmospheric, molecular nitrogen (N) into ammonia (NH). The chemical reaction is: Ammonia is then converted to another form, ammonium (NH), usable by (some) plants by the following reaction: This arrangement means that the root nodules are sources of nitrogen for legumes, making them relatively rich in plant proteins. All proteins contain nitrogenous amino acids. Nitrogen is therefore a necessary ingredient in the production of proteins. Hence, legumes are among the best

title: Nucleic acid structure

text: Nucleic acid structure Nucleic acid structure refers to the structure of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. Chemically speaking, DNA and RNA are very similar. Nucleic acid structure is often divided into four different levels: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary. Primary structure consists of a linear sequence of nucleotides that are linked together by phosphodiester bonds. It is this linear sequence of nucleotides that make up the Primary structure of DNA or RNA. Nucleotides consist of 3 components: The nitrogen bases adenine and guanine are purine in structure and form a glycosidic bond between their 9 nitrogen and the

title: Nucleic acid analogue

text: to normal bases and are not placed by a polymerase. Canonical bases may have either a carbonyl or an amine group on the carbons surrounding the nitrogen atom furthest away from the glycosidic bond, which allows them to base pair (Watson-Crick base pairing) via hydrogen bonds (amine with ketone, purine with pyrimidine). Adenine and 2-aminoadenine have one/two amine group(s), whereas thymine has two carbonyl groups, and cytosine and guanine are mixed amine and carbonyl (inverted in respect to each other). The precise reason why there are only four nucleotides is debated, but there are several unused possibilities. Furthermore, adenine is

title: Nucleoside triphosphate

text: starting from the original carbonyl of the sugar. Conventionally, the carbon numbers in a sugar are followed by the prime symbol (‘) to distinguish them from the carbons of the nitrogenous base. The nitrogenous base is linked to the 1’ carbon through a glycosidic bond, and the phosphate groups are covalently linked to the 5’ carbon. The first phosphate group linked to the sugar is termed the α-phosphate, the second is the β-phosphate, and the third is the γ-phosphate. The cellular processes of DNA replication and transcription involve DNA and RNA synthesis, respectively. DNA synthesis uses dNTPs as substrates, while

title: Biomolecule

text: (such as with methyl groups on the base ring), as found in ribosomal RNA or transfer RNAs or for discriminating the new from old strands of DNA after replication. Each nucleotide is made of an acyclic nitrogenous base, a pentose and one to three phosphate groups. They contain carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and phosphorus. They serve as sources of chemical energy (adenosine triphosphate and guanosine triphosphate), participate in cellular signaling (cyclic guanosine monophosphate and cyclic adenosine monophosphate), and are incorporated into important cofactors of enzymatic reactions (coenzyme A, flavin adenine dinucleotide, flavin mononucleotide, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). DNA structure

title: Nitrogenous base

text: form hydrogen bonds between opposing DNA strands to form the rungs of the "twisted ladder" or double helix of DNA or a biological catalyst that is found in the nucleotides. Adenine is always paired with thymine, and guanine is always paired with cytosine. These are known as base pairs. Adenine forms two hydrogen bonds with thymine in DNA and two hydrogen bonds with uracil in RNA, while three hydrogen bonds are formed between guanine and cytosine. There are a variety of other non-canonical base pairs that occur in nature due to the versatility of these molecular structures. Uracil is only

title: Nitrogenous base

title: Nucleic acid

text: purine or pyrimidine nucleobase (sometimes termed "nitrogenous base" or simply "base"), a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. The substructure consisting of a nucleobase plus sugar is termed a nucleoside. Nucleic acid types differ in the structure of the sugar in their nucleotides–DNA contains 2'-deoxyribose while RNA contains ribose (where the only difference is the presence of a hydroxyl group). Also, the nucleobases found in the two nucleic acid types are different: adenine, cytosine, and guanine are found in both RNA and DNA, while thymine occurs in DNA and uracil occurs in RNA. The sugars and phosphates in nucleic acids

title: Organic base

text: Organic base An organic base is an organic compound which acts as a base. Organic bases are usually, but not always, proton acceptors. They usually contain nitrogen atoms, which can easily be protonated. Amines and nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds are organic bases. Examples include: While all organic bases are considered to be weak,(except for some like R-) many factors can affect the strength of the compounds. One such factor is the inductive effect. A simple explanation of the term would state that electropositive atoms (such as carbon groups) attached in close proximity to the potential proton acceptor have an "electron-releasing" effect,

title: Base (chemistry)

text: and water to produce ammonium and hydroxide. In this reaction ammonia is the base because it accepts a proton from the water molecule. Ammonia and other bases similar to it usually have the ability to form a bond with a proton due to the unshared pair of electrons that they possess. In the more general Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, a base is a substance that can accept hydrogen cations (H)—otherwise known as protons. In the Lewis model, a base is an electron pair donor. In water, by altering the autoionization equilibrium, bases yield solutions in which the hydrogen ion activity is

title: Nucleic acid

text: groups joined by ester bonds. These two strands run in opposite directions to each other and are, therefore, anti-parallel. Attached to each sugar is one of four types of molecules called nucleobases (informally, bases). It is the sequence of these four nucleobases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA in a process called transcription. Within cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these

title: Nitrogen

text: component of nucleic acids, amino acids and thus proteins, and the energy-carrying molecule adenosine triphosphate and is thus vital to all life on Earth. Nitrogen is the most common pure element in the earth, making up 78.1% of the entire volume of the atmosphere. Despite this, it is not very abundant in Earth's crust, making up only 19 parts per million of this, on par with niobium, gallium, and lithium. The only important nitrogen minerals are nitre (potassium nitrate, saltpetre) and sodanitre (sodium nitrate, Chilean saltpetre). However, these have not been an important source of nitrates since the 1920s, when

title: Nitrogen

text: be tetravalent in quaternary ammonium salts, RN), with a lone pair that can confer basicity on the compound by being coordinated to a proton. This may be offset by other factors: for example, amides are not basic because the lone pair is delocalised into a double bond (though they may act as acids at very low pH, being protonated at the oxygen), and pyrrole is not acidic because the lone pair is delocalised as part of an aromatic ring. The amount of nitrogen in a chemical substance can be determined by the Kjeldahl method. In particular, nitrogen is an essential

title: 4-Aminobiphenyl

text: is weakly basic. It is prepared by reduction of 4-nitrobiphenyl, which, together with the 2-nitro derivatives, is obtained by nitration of biphenyl. Another reaction to synthesize 4-aminobiphenyl can be obtained by using 4-azidobiphenyl. This can be done by reacting 4-azidobiphenyl with diphosphorus tetraiodide (PI), which can cleave the nitrogen-nitrogen bond. This reaction is done in benzene and later on, water is added to promote the formation of amine. 4-Aminobiphenyl causes DNA damage, which is thought to be mediated by formation of DNA adducts. In this process, 4-aminobiphenyl is oxidized in the liver giving the "N"-hydroxy derivative (4-aminobiphenyl-(NHOH)) by a cytochrome

title: Denaturation (biochemistry)

text: and their residues. The ionizable groups in amino acids are able to become ionized when changes in pH occur. A pH change to more acidic or more basic conditions can induce unfolding. Acid-induced unfolding often occurs between pH 2 and 5, base-induced unfolding usually requires pH 10 or higher. Nucleic acids (including RNA and DNA) are nucleotide polymers synthesized by polymerase enzymes during either transcription or DNA replication. Following 5'-3' synthesis of the backbone, individual nitrogenous bases are capable of interacting with one another via hydrogen bonding, thus allowing for the formation of higher-order structures. Nucleic acid denaturation occurs when

title: Nucleobase

text: used as anticancer and antiviral agents. The viral polymerase incorporates these compounds with non-canonical bases. These compounds are activated in the cells by being converted into nucleotides; they are administered as nucleosides as charged nucleotides cannot easily cross cell membranes. At least one set of new base pairs has been announced as of May 2014. Nucleobase Nucleobases, also known as "nitrogenous bases" or often simply "bases", are nitrogen-containing biological compounds that form nucleosides, which in turn are components of nucleotides, with all of these monomers constituting the basic building blocks of nucleic acids. The ability of nucleobases to form base

title: Nitrogen

text: The linear azide anion (), being isoelectronic with nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, and cyanate, forms many coordination complexes. Further catenation is rare, although (isoelectronic with carbonate and nitrate) is known. Industrially, ammonia (NH) is the most important compound of nitrogen and is prepared in larger amounts than any other compound, because it contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to food and fertilisers. It is a colourless alkaline gas with a characteristic pungent smell. The presence of hydrogen bonding has very significant effects on ammonia, conferring on it its high melting (−78 °C)

title: Lewis acids and bases

text: highly localized. Typical Lewis bases are conventional amines such as ammonia and alkyl amines. Other common Lewis bases include pyridine and its derivatives. Some of the main classes of Lewis bases are The most common Lewis bases are anions. The strength of Lewis basicity correlates with the of the parent acid: acids with high 's give good Lewis bases. As usual, a weaker acid has a stronger conjugate base. The strength of Lewis bases have been evaluated for various Lewis acids, such as I, SbCl, and BF. Nearly all electron pair donors that form compounds by binding transition elements can

title: Lewis acids and bases

text: are more polarizable. For example, an amine will displace phosphine from the adduct with the acid BF. In the same way, bases could be classified. For example, bases donating a lone pair from an oxygen atom are harder than bases donating through a nitrogen atom. Although the classification was never quantified it proved to be very useful in predicting the strength of adduct formation, using the key concepts that hard acid — hard base and soft acid — soft base interactions are stronger than hard acid — soft base or soft acid — hard base interactions. Later investigation of the

title: P4-t-Bu

text: base (8) can be obtained almost quantitatively with potassium methoxide/sodium amide or with potassium amide in liquid ammonia. The transfer of the hygroscopic and readily water-soluble hydrochlorides and the liquid free bases into the tetrafluoroborates, which are difficult to solubilize in water, facilitate the handling of the substances considerably. The relatively uncomplicated convergent synthesis with easily accessible reactants and very good yields of the intermediates make P-"t"-Bu an interesting phosphazene superbase. P-"t"-Bu is one of the strongest neutral nitrogenous bases with an extrapolated pKa value of 42.1 in acetonitrile and is compared to the strong base DBU with a pKa

title: Carbon–nitrogen bond

text: D, diazomethane 1.5 D, methyl azide 2.17, pyridine 2.19. For this reason many compounds containing CN bonds are water-soluble. Carbon–nitrogen bond A carbon–nitrogen bond is a covalent bond between carbon and nitrogen and is one of the most abundant bonds in organic chemistry and biochemistry. Nitrogen has five valence electrons and in simple amines it is trivalent, with the two remaining electrons forming a lone pair. Through that pair, nitrogen can form an additional bond to hydrogen making it tetravalent and with a positive charge in ammonium salts. Many nitrogen compounds can thus be potentially basic but its degree depends

title: Amine

text: attached to the nitrogen: It is also possible to have four organic substituents on the nitrogen. These species are not amines but are quaternary ammonium cations and have a charged nitrogen center. Quaternary ammonium salts exist with many kinds of anions. Amines are named in several ways. Typically, the compound is given the prefix "amino-" or the suffix: "-amine". The prefix ""N"-" shows substitution on the nitrogen atom. An organic compound with multiple amino groups is called a diamine, triamine, tetraamine and so forth. Systematic names for some common amines: Hydrogen bonding significantly influences the properties of primary and secondary

title: Nitrogenous base

long_answer: In the biological sciences, nitrogenous bases are increasingly termed nucleobases because of their role in nucleic acids - their flat shape is particularly important when considering their roles as the building blocks of DNA and RNA. A set of five nitrogenous bases is used in the construction of nucleotides, which in turn build up the nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. These nitrogenous bases are adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C). These nitrogenous bases hydrogen bond between opposing DNA strands to form the rungs of the "twisted ladder" or double helix of DNA or a biological catalyst that is found in the nucleotides. Adenine is always paired with thymine, and guanine is always paired with cytosine. These are known as base pairs. Uracil is only present in RNA, replacing thymine. Pyrimidines include thymine, cytosine, and uracil. They have a single ring structure. Purines include adenine and guanine. They have a double ring structure.

short_answers:
adenine (A)
cytosine (C)
guanine (G)
thymine (T)
uracil (U)