question: what type of reproduction do whiptail lizards use

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: Parthenogenesis

answers: parthenogenic

title: Parthenogenesis

text: can lead to parthenogenetic reproduction is unknown. Recently, a hybrid parthenogenetic whiptail lizard was bred in the laboratory from a cross between an asexual and a sexual whiptail. Because multiple hybridization events can occur, individual parthenogenetic whiptail species can consist of multiple independent asexual lineages. Within lineages, there is very little genetic diversity, but different lineages may have quite different genotypes. An interesting aspect to reproduction in these asexual lizards is that mating behaviors are still seen, although the populations are all female. One female plays the role played by the male in closely related species, and mounts the female

title: Desert grassland whiptail lizard

text: of closely related species that reproduce sexually. The desert grassland whiptail lizard is a relatively small reptile, whose size ranges from 2¾ inches (69 mm) to 5¼ inches (137 mm). Desert grassland whiptails are very long and slim, with a thin tail that is longer than their body length. Their distinct identifying feature are the six yellowish lines that run the length of their body. The majority of the whiptail's body tends to be an olive or brown colour that fades to a faint blue or gray on their tail. Comparatively, an adolescent's tail is a very bright and vibrant

title: Parthenogenesis in squamata

text: in reptiles occurs within the Teiid genus of whiptail lizards known as "Cnemidophorus". This genus contains at least 13 truly parthenogenetic species, which originate from hybridization events between sexual "Cnemidophorus" species. Parthenogenetic whiptails are unusual in that they engage in female-female courtship to induce ovulation, with one non-ovulating female engaging in courting behavior normally seen in males while the ovulating female assumes the typical female role. While sex hormone levels in parthenogenetic "Cnemidophorus uniparens" mimic the cycles seen in their sexual relatives, their nervous systems appear to have evolved unique responses to female sex hormones. Male-like behavior in "C. uniparens"

title: Gray checkered whiptail

text: whiptail grows to between in total length (including tail). It is typically gray in color, with 10–12 white or yellow stripes that go the length of the body, often with spotting or checkering on the stripes. It is thin-bodied, with a long tail. Like most whiptail lizards, the gray checkered whiptail is diurnal and insectivorous. It is wary, energetic, and fast moving, darting for cover if approached. The preferred habitat of "A. dixoni" is rocky, semi-arid areas with sparse vegetation. "A. dixoni" is parthogenic, females lay unfertilized eggs in the mid-summer, which hatch in approximately six weeks. Gray checkered whiptail

title: Desert grassland whiptail lizard

text: sister chromatids instead of pairing homologous chromosomes, thus allowing a recombination and genetic diversity. Current studies suggest that the lizards may be able to distinguish between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids. The lizard is a triploid unisexual species that reproduce asexually. The lizards were a result from a cross breed of two bisexual species, "A. inornata" and "A. burti". This then produced a diploid unisexual, which backcrossed to "inornata" and produced triploid "uniparens". For the most part, the lizards eat spiders, termites, antlions, beetles, and short-horned grasshoppers. Their dominant foods vary little over time. Research suggests that this may be

title: Western whiptail

text: year instead of just one. The western whiptail mostly eats insects, spiders, scorpions, lepidopterans (butterflies and moths), crickets, grasshoppers, and beetles. They use their jaws instead of their tongue to capture their prey. When being attacked by a predator, the western whiptail will drop its tail. The muscles in the tail will continue contracting causing the tail to flop around. This is used to distract the predator from the lizard. However, this is a last ditch effort. It is very stressful for the lizard. It takes a lot of energy to regrow the tail, and the lizard loses a lot

title: Teiidae

text: the skull bones, and the teiid teeth are solid at the base and "glued" to the jaw bones. Additionally, all teiids have a forked, snake-like tongue. They all possess well-developed limbs. Teiids are all terrestrial (few are semi-aquatic) and diurnal, and are primarily carnivorous or insectivorous. Most teiids forage quite actively within their ideal temperature range, quickly skirting between cover objects. Some will include a small amount of plant matter in their diet. They are oviparous, and some species laying very large clutches. Several species of whiptail lizards are entirely female and no males are known. These all-female species reproduce

title: Marbled whiptail

text: Marbled whiptail The marbled whiptail ("Aspidoscelis marmoratus") is a species of lizard found in the United States, in southern New Mexico and Texas, and in northern Mexico, in Coahuila, Chihuahua and Durango. The marbled whiptail grows from 8 to 12 inches in length. It is grey or black overall in color with 4 to 8 yellow or white stripes, often with dark mottling, giving it a marbled appearance. Their underside is white or pale yellow, with a peach coloration on the throat. They are slender bodied, with long tails. Like most other species of whiptail lizards, the marbled whiptail is

title: Western whiptail

text: of stored food. This is a tactic often used when the lizard is threatened by a domestic or feral cat. Including the nominotypical subspecies, 16 subspecies of "Aspidoscelis tigris" are recognized as being valid. "Nota bene": A trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than "Aspidoscelis". The subspecific names, "dickersonae, stejnegeri", and "vandenburghi", are in honor of American herpetologists Mary Cynthia Dickerson, Leonhard Stejneger, and John Van Denburgh, respectively. Western whiptail The western whiptail ("Aspidoscelis tigris") is a species of lizard in the family Teiidae. The species ranges throughout most of the

title: Desert grassland whiptail lizard

text: Using Two Related Species of Whiptail Lizards: Cnemidophorus uniparens and Cnemidophorus inornatus ilarjournal.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/1/46.full Tue 21 Oct 2014. Maryanne E. Tocidlowski, Christine L. Merrill, Michael R. Loomis, and James F. Wright 2001 TERATOMA IN DESERT GRASSLAND WHIPTAIL LIZARDS (CNEMIDOPHORUS UNIPARENS). www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1638/1042-7260(2001)032%5B0257:TIDGWL%5D2.0.CO%3B2 Tue 21 Oct 2014 Desert grassland whiptail lizard The desert grassland whiptail lizard ("Aspidoscelis uniparens") is an all-female species of reptiles. It was formerly placed in the genus "Cnemidophorus". "A. uniparens" have limited social stimuli, having only two basic needs: finding food and avoiding predators. A common predator of the whiptail lizard is the leopard lizard, that prey on "A.

title: Six-lined racerunner

text: The underside is usually white in color on females, and a pale blue in males. Males also sometimes have a pale green-colored throat. They are slender-bodied, with a tail nearly twice the body length. Like other species of whiptail lizards, the six-lined racerunner is diurnal and insectivorous. They are wary, energetic, and fast moving, with speeds of up to 18 mph (29 kmh), darting for cover if approached. Due to its extensive range, "A. sexlineata" is found in a wide variety of habitats including grasslands, woodlands, open floodplains, or rocky outcroppings. It prefers lower elevations, with dry loamy soils. Breeding

title: Western whiptail

text: Western whiptail The western whiptail ("Aspidoscelis tigris") is a species of lizard in the family Teiidae. The species ranges throughout most of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Most of its populations appear stable, and it is not listed as endangered in any of the states comprising its range. It lives in a wide variety of habitats, including deserts and semiarid shrubland, usually in areas with sparse vegetation; it also may be found in woodland, open dry forest, and riparian growth. It lives in burrows. Major differences between this species and the checkered whiptail ("Aspidoscelis tesselatus") include the lack

title: Homosexual behavior in animals

text: their behavior following their hormonal cycles; during low levels of estrogen, these (female) lizards engage in "masculine" sexual roles. Those animals with currently high estrogen levels assume "feminine" sexual roles. Some parthenogenetic lizards that perform the courtship ritual have greater fertility than those kept in isolation due to an increase in hormones triggered by the sexual behaviors. So, even though asexual whiptail lizards populations lack males, sexual stimuli still increase reproductive success. From an evolutionary standpoint, these females are passing their full genetic code to all of their offspring (rather than the 50% of genes that would be passed in

title: Plateau spotted whiptail

text: or pale blue, and females often have an orange throat. They have a slender body, with a tail that is nearly three times their body length. Like other species of whiptail lizard, the Plateau spotted whiptail is diurnal and insectivorous. They are wary, energetic, and fast moving, darting for cover if approached. It is found primarily in semi-arid canyonlands and rocky desert foothills. Breeding takes place in the spring, with females laying eggs in the mid summer, which hatch six to eight weeks later. Plateau spotted whiptail The Plateau spotted whiptail ("Aspidoscelis septemvittatus") is a species of lizard found in

title: New Mexico whiptail

text: The hybridization of these species prevents healthy males from forming, whereas males exist in both parent species (see Sexual differentiation). Parthenogenesis allows the resulting all-female population to reproduce and thus evolve into a unique species capable of reproduction.  This combination of interspecific hybridization and parthenogenesis exists as a reproductive strategy in several species of whiptail lizard within the Cnemidophorus genus to which the New Mexico whiptail belongs.

title: Orange-throated whiptail

text: Orange-throated whiptail The orange-throated whiptail ("Aspidoscelis hyperythrus") is a species of lizard in the family Teiidae. The species was previously placed in the genus "Cnemidophorus". "A. hyperythrus" is native to southern California in the United States, and to the states of Baja California and Baja California Sur in Mexico. "A. hyperythrus" has five or six light-colored stripes down a black, brown, or grey dorsal side. The middle stripe may be forked at both ends. The species is whitish-yellow or cream on the venter, and has an orange throat (females and juveniles may lack this character). Its head is yellow-brown to

title: Little striped whiptail

text: is the smallest of those species. The little striped whiptail grows from 6.5 to 9.5 inches in length. It is typically black in color, with yellow or white striping from head to tail, and a light blue underside. It is slender bodied, with a blue colored tail approximately three times the body length. The blue coloration is much more pronounced on males than females. They aren't always striped or blue, sometimes they are brown with darker patches to blend in with the sand or dirt. Like most species of whiptail lizard, the little striped whiptail is diurnal and insectivorous. They

title: Desert grassland whiptail lizard

text: subsume all cnemidophorine species into a single large genus, Lowe and Wright proposed a split that placed the North American "Cnemidophorus" clade in the monophyletic genus "Aspidoscelis". Under this arrangement, South American taxa remain in the genus Cnemidophorus. The desert grassland whiptail is mostly found in the deserts of southern to central Arizona and along the Rio Grande river in New Mexico. It is also found in the deserts of northern Mexico. "A. uniparens" is commonly found in low valleys, grasslands, and slight slopes. Some have argued that the species' range is expanding due to overgrazing. "A. uniparens" are scarce

title: Little striped whiptail

text: are wary, energetic, and fast moving, darting for cover if approached. They are found in a range of habitats, from grasslands to semi-arid rocky slopes. Breeding takes place in the late spring, and clutches of 2 to 4 eggs are laid from May to July and hatch approximately six weeks later. The whiptail species eat crickets and other insects that live in Arizona. They are very fast in speed and quick to dive under a cactus if necessary. There are eight recognized subspecies of "Cnemidophorus inornatus": Little striped whiptail The little striped whiptail ("Aspidoscelis inornatus") is a species of lizard

title: Stewart Springer

text: assumption that he must have a Ph.D. in biology or an allied field given his status in the world community of ichthyologists. His exceptional interest in animal behavior was apparent early in his life when, at age 22, he identified and described a new species of lizard, "Cnemidophorus velox" or the plateau striped whiptail. His interest in the plateau striped whiptail was piqued, he said, by the fact that he was chaperoning a field trip with the Cottonwood Gulch Foundation in Arizona in 1928. His young team of Boy Scouts could catch jack rabbits and other lizards in the area

title: Texas spotted whiptail

text: Texas spotted whiptail The Texas spotted whiptail ("Aspidocelis gularis") is a species of long-tailed lizard native to the southern United States, in Texas, New Mexico, and Oklahoma, and northern Mexico in Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro, and Veracruz. Texas spotted whiptails grow in total length (including tail). They are typically a tan brown or green-brown in color, with a pattern of seven distinct grey or white stripes that run the length of the body, and stop at the tail, with light colored spots along the sides. The underside is uniformly white in color. Males often have a

title: Chihuahuan spotted whiptail

text: lighter colored stripes that run the length of the body, with spotting between the stripes. The underside is white or sometimes pale blue. It is slender-bodied with a tail nearly three times its body length. Like most whiptailed lizards, the Chihuahua spotted whiptail is diurnal and insectivorous. This species can be found in many kinds of mostly arid habitat, including desert, desert grassland, dry basin forests, and oak, pine, and juniper woodland, where it lives in washes and canyons. It digs holes to lay eggs. This is not considered to be a threatened species. Chihuahuan spotted whiptail The Chihuahuan spotted

title: Western whiptail

text: and females, unlike other species of "Aspidoscelis" which are all-female. Usually in the northern end of its range, mating occurs in the first half of June, and females begin to lay eggs in late June. The eggs usually begin hatching by mid-August. Females will only lay one clutch (number of eggs laid at a single time) per year. At the southern end of its range, however, females will begin to lay eggs as early as May, and the eggs will usually hatch as early as mid-June. In the southern end of its range, females may also lay two clutches per

title: Chihuahuan spotted whiptail

text: Chihuahuan spotted whiptail The Chihuahuan spotted whiptail ("Aspidoscelis exsanguis") is a species of lizard native to the United States in southern Arizona, southern New Mexico and southwestern Texas, and northern Mexico in northern Chihuahua and northern Sonora. The species is believed to be the result of extensive hybridization between the little striped whiptail, "Aspidoscelis inornatus", the plateau spotted whiptail, "Aspidoscelis septemvittatus", and the western Mexico whiptail, "Aspidoscelis costatus". It is one of many lizard species known to be parthenogenetic. The Chihuahuan spotted whiptail grows from 9.5 to 12 inches in length. It is typically a reddish-brown in color, with six

title: Trans-Pecos striped whiptail

text: spotting between their stripes. Their undersides are white or pale blue in color, and often they have light blue on the sides of their heads and tails. They are thin-bodied, and have a tail that is typically almost three times the length of their bodies. Like most species of whiptail lizard, Trans-Pecos spotted whiptails are diurnal and insectivorous. Trans-Pecos striped whiptail The Trans-Pecos striped whiptail ("Aspidoscelis inornatus heptagrammus") is a subspecies of the little striped whiptail ("Aspidoscelis inornatus") lizard. It is found in the semiarid, sandy habitats of the Chihuahuan Desert, in the United States from West Texas across southern

title: Plateau spotted whiptail

text: Plateau spotted whiptail The Plateau spotted whiptail ("Aspidoscelis septemvittatus") is a species of lizard found in the southern United States in Texas, and in northern Mexico in Chihuahua and Coahuila. It is known to hybridize with the Eastern Spotted Whiptail, "Cnemidophorus gularis", but is considered to be a distinct species due to phenotypic characteristics. The Plateau spotted whiptail grows from 8 to 12.5 inches. It has an overall dark green, dark brown or black coloration with 6-7 cream colored stripes that run down the body from head to tail, sometimes with white spotting between stripes. Their underside is typically white

title: Gray checkered whiptail

text: Gray checkered whiptail The gray checkered whiptail ("Aspidoscelis dixoni" ) is a species of lizard in the family Teiidae. The species is native to the United States in southern New Mexico and western Texas, and northern Mexico. Some sources consider the gray checkered whiptail to be a subspecies of the common checkered whiptail, "Aspidoscelis tesselatus", whereas others grant it full species status. It is one of many lizard species known to be parthenogenetic. The epithet, "dixoni", is in homage of renowned American herpetologist James R. Dixon, which leads some sources to refer to it as Dixon's whiptail. The gray checkered

title: Little striped whiptail

text: Little striped whiptail The little striped whiptail ("Aspidoscelis inornatus") is a species of lizard found in the southwestern United States (in Arizona, New Mexico and Texas) and in northern Mexico (in Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí, and Nuevo León). A significant amount of research was done on the species during the mid-1990s, with several new subspecies being added, many of which some sources consider to be distinct enough to warrant full species status, and the research is ongoing. It is called "little" to distinguish it from many other species known as striped whiptails and to indicate that it

title: Trans-Pecos striped whiptail

text: Trans-Pecos striped whiptail The Trans-Pecos striped whiptail ("Aspidoscelis inornatus heptagrammus") is a subspecies of the little striped whiptail ("Aspidoscelis inornatus") lizard. It is found in the semiarid, sandy habitats of the Chihuahuan Desert, in the United States from West Texas across southern New Mexico to Arizona, as well as northern Mexico. It is sometimes referred to as the Arizona striped whiptail or seven-striped whiptail. The Trans-Pecos spotted whiptail is gray or black in color, with six to eight yellow or white stripes which run along the body from head to tail. Unlike other species of whiptail lizards, they have no

title: Texas spotted whiptail

text: the early summer. Some sources list six subspecies of the Texas spotted whiptail: The subspecific name, "rauni", is in honor of American zoologist Gerald George Raun (born 1932). Texas spotted whiptail The Texas spotted whiptail ("Aspidocelis gularis") is a species of long-tailed lizard native to the southern United States, in Texas, New Mexico, and Oklahoma, and northern Mexico in Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro, and Veracruz. Texas spotted whiptails grow in total length (including tail). They are typically a tan brown or green-brown in color, with a pattern of seven distinct grey or white stripes that run

title: New Mexico whiptail


question: who created the borders of africa's countries

answers: European imperial powers

title: Geography of Africa

text: border of one of the poorest countries in the world -Malawi. There are also numerous water dams throughout the continent: Kariba on the river of Zambezi, Asuan in Egypt on the river of Nile and the biggest dam of the continent lying completely in The republic of Ghana is called Akosombo on the Volta river (Fobil 2003). The high lake plateau of the African Great Lakes region contains the headwaters of both the Nile and the Congo. The break-up of Gondwana in Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic times led to a major reorganization of the river courses of various large African

title: Arthur Gakwandi

text: that would eliminate landlocked countries, as a way to mitigate border disputes, reunite African nationalities currently divided by the colonial borders, provide new states with an adequate resource base, ease existing intrastate ethnic tensions, enhance Africa's world standing, and reduce inter-ethnic tensions. With these critical objectives in mind, Gakwandi proposed a new political map of Africa consisting of seven African conglomerate states to represent the critical regions of Africa. These seven new states consisted of the Sahara Republic, Senegambia, Central Africa and Swahili Republic, Ethiopia, Swahili Republic, Mozambia, and Madagascar. The Sahara Republic state would encompass North Africa, Senegambia would

title: Vernon Berrangé

text: head of the Boundary Commission that settled the border between Swaziland and Moçambique (Maputo) in 1897 and one of the Boer signatories to the "Treaty of the Peace of Vereeniging". Berrangé married (7 March 1930) Yolande Viviane Brewer, "née" de Pierres (born 1900), who loved and supported him in all ways for 50 years until her death (1980). They had one son, Jevan Pierres Berrangé (b. 1931); a daughter Gelda Frances Berrangé (b.8 February 1927, d. 2015), and a son Eric Brewer (b. 15 June 1921, d. 30 March 2010) from their respective earlier marriages. Berrangé was born in Pretoria

title: Border barrier

text: was reported: On December 9, 2002, by the presidents of South Africa, Mozambique, and Zimbabwe signed a treaty authorizing the fence to be torn down in order to re-open the ancient elephant migration route between South Africa and Mozambique. The Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park of will connect the national parks of the three countries – South Africa's Kruger National Park, Mozambique's Limpopo National Park, and Zimbabwe's Gonarezhou National Park. In 2005 it was reported that only a relatively small portion of the high-security border fence separating South Africa's Kruger National Park with Zimbabwe's Gonarezhou Park had been removed. Security concerns,

title: Legends of Africa

text: founder Samori, and Adamawa Emirate founder Modibo Adama, who served as one of dan Fodio's provincial chiefs. Ann Nzingha "Queen of Ndongo" (1582–1663) In the 16th century, the Portuguese stake in the slave trade was threatened by England and France. This caused the Portuguese to transfer their slave-trading activities southward to the Congo and South West Africa. Their most stubborn opposition, as they entered the final phase of the conquest of Angola, came from a queen who was a great head of state, and a military leader with few peers in her time. The important facts about her life are

title: Jacqueline Roumeguere-Eberhardt

text: Jacqueline Roumeguere-Eberhardt Jacqueline Roumeguère-Eberhardt (27 November 1927 – 29 March 2006) was a French anthropologist (born South African), research director at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) and Africa specialist. She conducted pioneering research in Southern Africa (among the Venda, Tsonga, Shona, Lozi, Bushmen), Central (among the Gbaya) and Kenya (among the Maasai, Samburu, El Molo, Rendille and unidentified hominids), which led her to develop the project "Totemic Geography of Africa "(TGA). During her career, she has collected valuable fieldwork material (interviews, notes, audio and audiovisual recordings, photographs, objects) which now constitute a substantial archive. She is the

title: Military history of Africa

text: of Umkhonto we Sizwe, the military wing of South Africa's African National Congress, utilized armed conflict comparatively less in their struggles. African states have made great efforts to respect interstate borders as inviolate for a long time. For example, the Organization of African Unity (OAU), which was established in 1963 and replaced by the African Union in 2002, set the respect for the territorial integrity of each state as one of its principles in OAU Charter. Indeed, compared with the formation of European states, there have been fewer interstate conflicts in Africa for changing the borders, which has influenced the

title: European exploration of Africa

text: of the continent. Southern Morocco, the Sahara and the Sudan were traversed in many directions between 1860 and 1875 by Georg Schweinfurth and Gustav Nachtigal. These travellers not only added considerably to geographical knowledge, but obtained invaluable information concerning the people, languages and natural history of the countries in which they sojourned. Among the discoveries of Schweinfurth was one that confirmed Greek legends of the existence beyond Egypt of a "pygmy race". But the first western discoverer of the pygmies of Central Africa was Paul Du Chaillu, who found them in the Ogowe district of the west coast in 1865,

title: History of Africa

text: Other significant European explorers included Heinrich Barth, Henry Morton Stanley (coiner of the term "Dark Continent" for Africa in an 1878 book), Silva Porto, Alexandre de Serpa Pinto, Rene Caille, Friedrich Gerhard Rohlfs, Gustav Nachtigal, George Schweinfurth, and Joseph Thomson. The most famous of the explorers was David Livingstone, who explored southern Africa and traversed the continent from the Atlantic at Luanda to the Indian Ocean at Quelimane. European explorers made use of African guides and servants, and established long-distance trading routes were used. Missionaries attempting to spread Christianity also increased European knowledge of Africa. Between 1884 and 1885, European

title: Tripoli Agreement

text: the entire Africa and the African-Arab world. History and Arab and African peoples will cherish your efforts that contributed to the creation of a mechanism to transcend the differences between these two countries and will remember you as the Arab and African leader who has initiated Africa's unity through the creation of the [African Union] and the continuation of actions for the unification of the Arab and African worlds." Although it was not specified in the Tripoli Agreement, Gaddafi now wanted a temporary closure of the loosely enforced border between Sudan and Chad. Gaddafi said that "these measures are stated

title: The Scramble for Africa (book)

text: The Scramble for Africa (book) The Scramble for Africa: The White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912 is a comprehensive history of the colonisation of African territory by European powers between 1876 to 1912 known as the Scramble for Africa. The book was written by historian and arborist Thomas Pakenham and published by Random House in 1990. The book juxtaposes the motives of missionary David Livingstone, King Leopold II, and other leading figures in the southern African land-grab of the late 19th and early 20th century. Pakenham details the famous battles and short wars, such as

title: Africa

text: the Red Sea the boundary between Asia and Africa. As Europeans came to understand the real extent of the continent, the idea of "Africa" expanded with their knowledge. Other etymological hypotheses have been postulated for the ancient name "Africa": Africa is considered by most paleoanthropologists to be the oldest inhabited territory on Earth, with the human species originating from the continent. During the mid-20th century, anthropologists discovered many fossils and evidence of human occupation perhaps as early as 7 million years ago (BP=before present). Fossil remains of several species of early apelike humans thought to have evolved into modern man,

title: Boundaries between the continents of Earth

text: is usually grouped with the Western Asian countries as part of the Middle East, while Egypt's western neighbor Libya is grouped with the remaining North African countries as the Maghreb. However, they are both members of the Arab League as well as the African Union. The Seychelles, Mauritius, and Comoros are island nations in the Indian Ocean associated with Africa. The island of Socotra may be considered African as it lies on this continent's shelf, but is part of Yemen, an Asian country. The border between North America and South America is at some point on the Isthmus of Panama.

text: as the Maghreb, to the explicit exclusion of Egypt, but with the exploration of Africa the shape of the African landmass (and Egypt's "natural" inclusion in that landmass) became apparent. In 1806, William George Browne still titled his travelogue "Travels in Africa, Egypt, and Syria". Similarly, James Bruce in 1835 published "Travels through part of Africa, Syria, Egypt, and Arabia". On the other hand, as early as 1670 John Ogilby under the title "Africa" published ""an accurate Description of the Regions of Egypt, Barbary, Libya, and Billedulgerid, the Land of Negroes, Guinea, Æthiopia, and the Abyssines, with all the adjacent

title: Africa

text: In the late 19th century, the European imperial powers engaged in a major territorial scramble and occupied most of the continent, creating many colonial territories, and leaving only two fully independent states: Ethiopia (known to Europeans as "Abyssinia"), and Liberia.  Egypt and Sudan were never formally incorporated into any European colonial empire; however, after the British occupation of 1882, Egypt was effectively under British administration until 1922.

title: Uti possidetis

text: allowed African countries to avoid border wars; the notable exception, the Eritrean–Ethiopian War of 1998–2000, had its roots in a secession from an independent African country rather than a conflict between two decolonized neighbours. On the other hand, the colonial boundaries often did not follow ethnic lines, and this has helped lead to violent and bloody civil wars among differing ethnic groups in many post-colonial (and post-Communist) countries, including Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, Nigeria, Uganda, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Moldova and the former Yugoslavia. The principle was affirmed by the International Court of Justice in the 1986 case

title: Arthur Gakwandi

text: joined the Ugandan diplomatic service in 1998 and served in various capacities as an ambassador. Gakwandi theorized a re-imagined African continent, due to his belief that "political restructuring of the continent is a more important priority that needs to be addressed before economic restructuring can bring about the desired results." Moreover, Gakwandi argues that the colonially inherited borders are the source of the small size of the majority of African states, causing the levels of poverty, dependency, underdevelopment, and ethnic conflict that is currently experienced in the region. Thus, Gakwandi proposed the creation of a new political map of Africa

title: African Surface

text: African Surface The African Surface or African Erosion Surface is a land surface formed by erosion covering large swathes of Africa. The type area of the surface lies in South Africa where the surface was first identified as such by Lester Charles King in the mid-20th century. The term was coined by King for certain high surfaces in Southern Africa. Over the years he redefined it various times leaving some confusion not on its reality but on the matter of its precise meaning and extent. Burke and Gunnell redefined it as a composite surface. According to Guillocheau "et al". (2008)

title: Philip Maud

text: border in 1907 and the nationally accepted border between Sudan and Kenya in 1914. In 1904, Maud addressed the National Geographic Society with his notes on his time in British East Africa spent in the area. His paper, "Exploration of the Southern Borderland of Abyssinia", was a notable paper of the anthropology of the region, and was referenced by books, such as Sir James Frazer's "The Golden Bough". A portrait of Maud by Elliott & Fry, is held at the National Portrait Gallery. Maud came to note as a rugby player when he turned out for the Royal Engineers team.

title: Legends of Africa

text: architectural overseer who created the strong earthen walls that surround her city, which were the prototype for the fortifications used in all Hausa states. She subsequently built many of these fortifications, which became known as ganuwar Amina or Amina's walls, around various conquered cities. The objectives of her conquests were twofold: extension of her nation beyond its primary borders and reducing the conquered cities to a vassal status. Sultan Muhammad Bello of Sokoto stated that, "She made war upon these countries and overcame them entirely so that the people of Katsina paid tribute to her and the men of Kano

title: I Am an African

text: Constitutional Assembly, the advisers, the experts and the publicists, to the mass communication media, to our friends across the globe - congratulations and well done!" "I am an African." "I am born of the peoples of the continent of Africa." "The pain of the violent conflict that the peoples of Liberia, and of Somalia, of the Sudan, of Burundi and Algeria is a pain I also bear." "The dismal shame of poverty, suffering and human degradation of my continent is a blight that we share." "The blight on our happiness that derives from this and from our drift to the

title: Africa

text: 19th century, European countries colonised almost all of Africa; most present states in Africa originated from a process of decolonisation in the 20th century. African nations cooperate through the establishment of the African Union, which is headquartered in Addis Ababa. "Afri" was a Latin name used to refer to the inhabitants of then-known northern Africa to the west of the Nile river, and in its widest sense referred to all lands south of the Mediterranean (Ancient Libya). This name seems to have originally referred to a native Libyan tribe, an ancestor of modern Berbers; see Terence for discussion. The name

title: Jacqueline Roumeguere-Eberhardt

text: : Roumeguère, Isabelle & Zanger, Pierre, "Memorendum, Jacqueline Roumegère-Eberhardt", Revue d'Outres-Mer, 2006 (to be precised) More details on the French page (detailed biography, bibliography): Jacqueline Roumeguere-Eberhardt Jacqueline Roumeguère-Eberhardt (27 November 1927 – 29 March 2006) was a French anthropologist (born South African), research director at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) and Africa specialist. She conducted pioneering research in Southern Africa (among the Venda, Tsonga, Shona, Lozi, Bushmen), Central (among the Gbaya) and Kenya (among the Maasai, Samburu, El Molo, Rendille and unidentified hominids), which led her to develop the project "Totemic Geography of Africa "(TGA). During her

title: Western European colonialism and colonization

text: the borders were artificially created, they generally do not conform to “typical demographic, ethnographic, and topographic boundaries.” Instead, they were manufactured by colonialists to advance their political goals. This led to large scale issues, like the division of ethnic groups; and small scale issues, such as families’ homes being separated from their farms. William F. S. Miles of Northeastern University, argues that this perfunctory division of the entire continent created expansive ungoverned borderlands. These borderlands persist today and are havens for crimes like human trafficking and arms smuggling. Herbst notes a modern paradox regarding the colonial borders in Africa: while

title: History of the Central African Republic

text: Nile, with the intention of expanding the borders of the French Congo to link up the other French territories in Africa. In 1894, the French Congo's borders with Leopold II of Belgium's Congo Free State and German Cameroon were fixed by diplomatic agreements. In 1899, the French Congo's border with Sudan was fixed along the Congo-Nile divide. This situation left France without her much coveted outlet on the Nile. Once European negotiators had agreed upon the borders of the French Congo, France had to decide how to pay for the costly occupation, administration, and development of the territory it had

title: Arab world

text: on certain cultural and ethnic identifications. At other times, kings, emirs or sheikhs were placed as semi-autonomous rulers over the newly created nation states, usually chosen by the same imperial powers that for some drew the new borders, for services rendered to European powers like the British Empire, e.g. Sherif Hussein ibn Ali. Many African states did not attain independence until the 1960s from France after bloody insurgencies for their freedom. These struggles were settled by the imperial powers approving the form of independence given, so as a consequence almost all of these borders have remained. Some of these borders

title: Central Africa

text: interior. Slavery wreaked havoc in the interior, with states initiating wars of conquest for captives. The Imbangala formed the slave-raiding state of Kasanje, a major source of slaves during the 17th and 18th centuries. During the Conference of Berlin in 1884-85 Africa was divided up between the European colonial powers, defining boundaries that are largely intact with today's post-colonial states.On 5 August 1890 the British and French concluded an agreement to clarify the boundary between French West Africa and what would become Nigeria. A boundary was agreed along a line from Say on the Niger to Barruwa on Lake Chad,

title: Lunda people

text: contact with the Portuguese, and Arab and Swahili traders of East Africa. They played a large role in the slave and ivory trade that moved goods and people from central Africa to the coasts for export. The people of the Lunda Kingdom believed in Nzambi as a Supreme Creator of the world who created everything of existence on earth. Their religion did not address Nzambi directly, but through the spirits of their ancestors. Some of the information is based on the German Wikipedia article on the , which gives two sources: Lunda people The Lunda ("Balunda", "Luunda", "Ruund") originated in

title: No Borders (Hugh Masekela album)

text: No Borders (Hugh Masekela album) No Borders is the forty-fourth and final studio album by South African jazz trumpeter Hugh Masekela. The album was released on November 11, 2016 via Universal Music label. The album takes on a journey through the diverse culture, history, and politics of the African continent. The image on the album sleeve is that of a map of Africa from 1590, long before the modern boundaries were drawn up. The message of this is deliberate and clear: the boundaries between African people are artificial and have been drawn up by the colonial powers. The album is

title: Emeka Okereke

text: Mali. Official Website Singulart Profile Blog Interview with Jakob Kolding Emeka Okereke Emeka Okereke (born 1980) is a Nigerian Photographer, filmmaker, writer and visual artist who lives and works between Africa and Europe. Okereke is the cofounder of the Invisible Borders Trans-African Organisation In 2018, he received Chevalier des Arts et Lettres from the Government of France. Born in Aba, Abia State in 1980, to Mr. Okechukwu Allen Okereke, an Engineer and manufacturer and Mrs. Christianah Okereke, a caterer, and raised in a family of eleven. He is married, with two children. The Nigerian multimedia artist Charles Okereke is his

title: Africa


question: when was the peak to peak gondola built

answers: in 2007 and 2008

title: Peak 2 Peak Gondola

text: Peak 2 Peak Gondola The Peak 2 Peak Gondola is a tri-cable gondola lift located in Whistler, British Columbia that links Whistler Mountain's Roundhouse Lodge with Blackcomb Mountain's Rendezvous Lodge. It is the first lift to join the two side-by-side mountains. It held the world record for the longest free span between ropeway towers—3.03 kilometres (1.88 miles) until 2017 when the Eibsee Cable Car exceeded it by 189m. It is still the highest point above the ground—436 metres (1,430 feet.) (A temporary aerial tramway in Switzerland used between 1979 and 1986 had larger span.) The Peak 2 Peak Gondola was

title: Crested Butte Mountain Resort

text: to near where the bottom of the High Lift is today. The resort was the second resort to open a gondola in Colorado, after Vail Ski Resort opened theirs in 1962. Constructed by Carlevaro-Savio, the three-person Silver Queen Gondola was notorious for being cramped and the cabins were known to have frequent collisions. The gondola lasted until 1972, when a bubble double chairlift replaced it. Other opening lifts included a Doppelmayr T-Bar that serviced the training hill on Buckley. Riblet constructed a double chairlift called Twister in 1969 to supplement the Silver Queen Gondola. The lift services expert and advanced

title: Peak 2 Peak Gondola

text: delayed by one year. Whistler Blackcomb announced on April 17, 2007, that groundbreaking would occur in May 2007. Whistler-Blackcomb broke ground for the Peak 2 Peak Gondola in a ceremony on May 21, 2007. The Doppelmayr Garaventa Group would supply the gondola itself and Timberline Construction was the general contractor and Glotman Simpson were the Consulting Engineers. Fatzer AG of Switzerland would make the four track cables and one haul rope that would carry the gondolas across the valley while CWA, also of Switzerland, would build the 28 gondola cabins. 80 workers from Whistler Blackcomb, Doppelmayr Garaventa, Timberline Construction and

title: Park City Mountain Resort

text: This company was the last surviving mining corporation in Park City, and the resort was opened with funds from a federal government program meant to revive the economically depressed town. When it originally opened, it boasted the longest gondola in the United States, as well as a double chairlift, a J-bar lift, base and summit lodges, and a nine-hole golf course. The gondola was a four-passenger Polig-Heckel-Bleichert (PHB, a German aerial ropeway company). Its sister lift was built at Sugarloaf/USA in Carrabassett Valley, Maine, after top members of Sugarloaf's management visited Park City's lift. When the slopes first opened to

title: Gulmarg Gondola

text: Gulmarg resort at to Kongdoori Station in the bowl-shaped Kongdori valley. The second stage of the ropeway, which has 36 cabins and 18 towers, takes skiers to a height of on Kongdoori Mountain, a shoulder of nearby Afarwat Peak (). The second stage was completed in a record time of about two years at a cost of 180,000,000 Indian Rupees (i.e. some US$4.5 million) and opened on 28 May 2005. The French company had also built the first phase of the gondola project, connecting Gulmarg to Kongdoori, in 1998. The timing of the gondola is 10 AM (IST) to 5

title: Peak 2 Peak Gondola

text: North Construction worked throughout the summer of 2007. Work completed on the Blackcomb side by that summer included the relocation of the top terminals of the Solar Coaster Express and Catskinner chairlifts on Blackcomb, excavation of both terminal locations, foundations for both terminals, foundations for all four intermediate towers, and steel erection of towers 2 and 3. Construction stopped for the winter in November 2007. During the winter, the remaining two gondola towers and each terminal’s machinery were built at the Garaventa factory in Goldau, Switzerland and the Doppelmayr factories in Wolfurt, Austria and St. Jerome, Quebec. Fatzer AG manufactured

title: Gondola lift

text: at Panorama Ski Resort, British Columbia. The first gondola built in the United States for a ski resort was located at the Wildcat Mountain Ski Area. It was a two-person gondola built in 1957 and serviced skiers until 1999. The lift was later demolished in 2004. The lift and its cabins were manufactured by a former Italian lift company: Carlevaro-Savio. One of the longest gondola rides in the world, Gondelbahn Grindelwald-Männlichen, is in the Bernese Oberland in Switzerland and connects Grindelwald with Männlichen. A ropeway conveyor or material ropeway is essentially a subtype of gondola lift, from which containers for

title: Peak 2 Peak Gondola

text: the four track cables and haul rope that would suspend the gondola cabins. The five spools of cable left Europe by ship on April 10, 2008. By the time construction started again in the spring of 2008, ten feet of snow still covered the mountains and concrete had to be transported up the mountain by helicopter. Towers 4 and 1 were completed in early spring using mobile cranes. The five cables arrived in the Port of Vancouver, Washington, USA on June 9 and were shipped to Whistler via train, arriving on June 16. Vancouver, Washington was used because it owns

title: Whistler Blackcomb

text: ski season, but another 2.5 during the summer. Whistler Blackcomb's 2006/2007 season saw the construction and opening of the Symphony Express, a high speed quad that begins towards the bottom of the Symphony Amphitheater and carries riders to the top of Piccolo. One of the original names suggested for this lift was Piccolo Express. A more ambitious upgrade is the Peak 2 Peak Gondola, which connects Whistler and Blackcomb's mid-station restaurants, about 2/3 of the way up the mountain. Peak-to-Peak opened for the first time on December 12, 2008, but low snowfall meant it was rockbound at the time. The

title: Silver Mountain (Idaho)

text: Avista Corp.) also assisted. On April 25, 1989, ground was broken for the construction of the gondola and base village, additional chairlifts, and other resort improvements. Renamed Silver Mountain in July, it opened for summer operations in June 1990, and for skiing that November. Gondola and chairlift rides, mountain biking, hiking, and concerts at the high-mountain outdoor amphitheather (capacity: 2500) are the primary summer activities at Silver Mountain. The base village and gondola base are located less than a half-mile (800 m) from exit #49 of Interstate 90. In June 1996, Silver Mountain was acquired by Eagle Crest Partners, a

title: Christchurch Gondola

text: use the walking tracks on Mt Cavendish, the gondola is ranked as one of the top tourist attractions in Christchurch by TripAdvisor. The summit is above sea level. The gondola opened as the Mount Cavendish Gondola in October 1992 after a long planning process at a costs of $NZ11.5 million. The land around the gondola was landscaped with 16,000 native tussock after the completion of construction. The gondola includes 19 cabins and has a capacity of 812 travellers per hour. The gondola closed following the 2011 Christchurch earthquake, and was reopened in March 2013 by NZ Prime Minister John Key.

title: Breckenridge Ski Resort

text: on Peak 7. The gondola then takes a final hop to reach Peak 8 base. The BreckConnect has an hourly capacity of 3,000 pph, and runs every day of winter operations, as well as every day of fun park operations in the summer. For the gondola's first two years of operation, the Peak 7 base area had not yet been developed, and the Peak 7 station merely functioned as a turn terminal. In 2008, Breckenridge began developing Peak 8 and Peak 7, intending to make Peak 8 the mountain's central hub. This was noticeable in that beginning in 2008, the

title: Peak 2 Peak Gondola

text: that indicated 92% of winter visitors and 86% of summer visitors would use the gondola at least once. HSBC Bank Canada and Scotia Capital agreed to provide Intrawest with financing for the project, allowing it to move forward. Intrawest announced the gondola project to employees and the Municipality of Whistler’s Council on September 19, 2005, and held a community open house shortly thereafter. At the time, construction was expected to start in the summer of 2006 and continue for 2 years for an opening for the 2007-2008 ski season. On March 30, 2006, it was announced that construction would be

title: Peak 2 Peak Gondola

text: September 19, 2008 with a single Doppelmayr engineer, Mathias Zudrell, aboard. The remaining cabins were put on line and the system underwent extensive testing until its Grand Opening on December 12, 2008. The impact of such an expensive project on lift ticket prices was always a concern, especially because the gondola would not open any new ski terrain. When the project was announced in 2005, residents were promised that Peak 2 Peak access would be an optional add-on to a lift ticket or season pass. In a 2005 open house, the resort estimated the additional cost on a season pass

title: Peak 2 Peak Gondola

title: 3S Cable Car

text: cabin boasts a glass floor, making it possible to view the 400 metre drop from a different angle. In December 2008, Whistler-Blackcomb ski resort in British Columbia became the first North American resort to install a 3S cable car ("aerial tramway" in the US) when it opened the Peak 2 Peak Gondola, which connects Roundhouse Lodge on Whistler with Rendezvous Lodge on Blackcomb. In effect, it is like the Kitzbühel 3S cable car because it connects two ski areas (although in this case, more two parts of the same area together). The installation of the Peak 2 Peak Gondola eliminated

title: Bode Valley Gondola Lift

text: Bode Valley Gondola Lift The Bode Valley Gondola Lift () is a gondola lift built between 1969 and 1970 by the Czechoslovak collective combine Transporta Chrudim as a joint project with PGH Elektrotherm Quedlinburg in the vicinity of Thale in the Harz mountains in Lower Saxony, Germany. It runs from its valley station at a height of above sea level to the top station on the plateau of "Hexentanzplatz" ("Witch's Dancing Place"), which is high. The long, twin cable, gondola lift has inclines of up to 75 per cent in places. It has a total of 3 pylons, the lowest

title: Peak 2 Peak Gondola

text: Canada. It was titled "Peak 2 Peak: Building the Worlds Biggest Gondola". The gondola was also featured in the History Channel's show Modern Marvels in the episode "Winter Tech," which showed the technology behind the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic Games. On February 6, 2014, Graham Dickinson carried out an illegal BASE jump from the highest point of the Peak 2 Peak Gondola and landed safely in the valley below. In order to exit the gondola, Dickinson and a female accomplice (Kathleen Adams) had to pry open the doors causing an estimated $10,000 worth of damage. They posted a video of

title: Mount Whittier Ski Area

text: the base of the ski area, and a top terminal near the summit of Nickerson Mountain. The remains of the gondola, including the towers and cables, still cross Route 16 today. In addition to the ski operation, Mt. Whittier also offered summer activities, anchored with scenic gondola rides. Additional summer attractions were offered toward the end of the area's life, including slides and bumper boats. Poor winters in the early 1980s, along with a lack of snowmaking, led to the demise of the ski area. Though the ski area has been closed since 1985, its lifts and trails are still

title: Peak 2 Peak Gondola

text: It wasn’t until 1997 when Intrawest, the owner of Blackcomb Mountain, bought Whistler Mountain and brought both mountains together on a single lift ticket. Ever since, many skiers wanted a way to be able to ski both mountains in one day without having to ski down to the village and ride multiple lifts to get back to the alpine. In 1997, Whistler-Blackcomb's Director of Mountain Operations, Hugh Smythe, and Paul Mathews, president of Ecosign Mountain Resort Planners, took a trip to Zermatt, Switzerland. After seeing the number of lifts connecting resorts around the Matterhorn, they got the idea of connecting

title: Peak 2 Peak Gondola

text: cabins in a cabin parking area when the system is not in use. There are four intermediate towers, two on Whistler Mountain and two on Blackcomb Mountain that support the cables, which range in height from 30 to 65 metres (100 to 210 feet). Combined, they contain 400 metric tonnes of steel. The 28 CWA-manufactured gondola cabins hold 28 people each, with 22 seated and 6 standing. 26 of the cabins are painted red while 2 are painted silver and have glass floors. The Peak 2 Peak Gondola has a number of unique safety systems beyond what a normal ski

title: Tochal Complex

text: safety standards of the lines allow families and athletes to enjoy the ride and the other facilities. The gondola lift has four stations: Station 1 is at an elevation of 1900 m and located at the beginning of Velenjak Valley (end of Velenjak Street). Parking, inns and some other facilities are available. Station 2 is at 2400 m and has very limited facilities. Station 5 is at 2935 m and has restaurant and a rescue centre. The station is in the middle of one of the ski slopes and is open only in mid-winter and is rarely used. It is

title: Wurmberg Gondola Lift

text: Wurmberg Gondola Lift The Wurmberg Gondola Lift () is a monocable gondola lift with a length of , built in 1963, leading from the Braunlage tourist resort within the Harz mountain range on the top of the high Wurmberg mountain. The lift is considered as the longest in Northern Germany, with a vertical height of . It does not soar high above the trees, in contrast to the nearby Bode Valley Gondola Lift and differs from other lifts in that it has a central station, which one can ride through without disembarking. The Wurmberg is the highest mountain of Lower

title: Vail Ski Resort

text: that trained nearby and several Vail founders once belonged. For Vail's 50th anniversary in 2012, the Vista Bahn Express was replaced by a Leitner-Poma ten person gondola. Gondola One (#1) provides a fast, warm and sheltered ride between Vail Village and the Mid-Vail area. The construction of Gondola One saw the return of a gondola to the line that had contained Vail's original gondola until 1976, then contained a double chairlift until 1985, and then the Vista Bahn Express from 1985 to 2012. For the 2013-2014 season, Doppelmayr built two new chairlifts. At Golden Peak base area, the resort's last

title: Peak 2 Peak Gondola

text: the jump on YouTube as a tribute to Shane McConkey. On February 13, 2014, the RCMP announced that they had arrested the woman and recommended charges of obstruction and mischief over $5,000. One day later, BASE jumper Mike Douglas condemned the stunt saying "This guy seems to have gone about it in all the wrong ways. He caused a lot of damage in the process which I think is not cool." Peak 2 Peak Gondola The Peak 2 Peak Gondola is a tri-cable gondola lift located in Whistler, British Columbia that links Whistler Mountain's Roundhouse Lodge with Blackcomb Mountain's Rendezvous

title: Vail Ski Resort

text: well-located and with good snow, calling it "No-name Mountain", which later became Vail. Construction of the resort began in 1962 in the uninhabited valley. It opened six months later on December 15. There were three lifts: one gondola that ran from Vail Village to Mid-Vail on the line where Gondola One operates. Several double chairlifts were also built: Golden Peak, which ran from Golden Peak base area up to the Riva Bahn Express midstation; Giant Steps, which ran from Vail Village to the bottom of the Avanti Express lift; the Avanti double chairlift; and two double chairlifts out of Mid-Vail,

title: Gulmarg Gondola

text: Gulmarg Gondola Gulmarg Gondola in Gulmarg, Jammu and Kashmir is one of the world's highest operating cable cars . Higher lines include the "Dagu Glacier Gondola" in Sichuan, China which reaches 4843 m , Jade Dragon ( 4506 ) in Yunnan , and the Mi Teleferico between El Alto and La Paz , in Bolivia. The two-stage gondola lift ferries about 600 people per hour to and from Kongdoori Mountain, a shoulder of nearby Apharwat Peak (). The ropeway project is a joint venture of the Jammu and Kashmir government and French firm Pomagalski. The first stage transfers from the

title: Vail Ski Resort

text: at the base of the slopes. On 26 March 1976, disaster struck the gondola when carrying cable snagged on a support tower and two cabins derailed, killing four people and injuring eight. The gondola was closed for the remainder of the season. Soon after the original gondola in Vail Village was replaced with a double chairlift. In 1985, Vail entered the high speed lift world when Doppelmayr constructed four high speed quads on the Front Side, making Vail the second mountain in the country to use them, after Breckenridge Ski Resort, and first with multiple quads. These lifts were the

title: Peak 2 Peak Gondola

text: would be CDN $59. At the time, Whistler-Blackcomb was attempting to secure a tax exemption from the municipality of Whistler for the increased assessments caused by the new terminal buildings. When season pass prices were announced for the Peak 2 Peak’s inaugural season in August 2008, only early bird passes were allowed to decline the Peak 2 Peak option. Whistler-Blackcomb said it was "not specific" about the Spirit Pass when it had said the Peak 2 Peak access would be optional. In May 2007, Whistler-Blackcomb announced the naming rights to the gondola were for sale for an undisclosed price. Presumably

title: Big Sky Resort

text: in the state outside of the Beartooth Range. The first four lifts installed were the gondola and three chairlifts. The enclosed gondola carried four skiers per cabin and climbed to . The nearby "Lone Peak" triple chairlift provided the lift-served maximum of , unloading at the bowl beneath Lone Mountain's summit, providing a vertical drop of just under ). The "Explorer" double chair served novice terrain just above the base, and the "Andesite" double climbed the north face of adjacent Andesite Mountain to . This lift was renamed "Ram's Horn" in 1978, and replaced with the "Ramcharger" high speed quad

title: Peak 2 Peak Gondola

long_answer: The Peak 2 Peak Gondola is a tri-cable gondola lift located in Whistler, British Columbia that links Whistler Mountain's Roundhouse Lodge with Blackcomb Mountain's Rendezvous Lodge. It is the first lift to join the two side-by-side mountains. It held the world record for the longest free span between ropeway towers—3.03 kilometres (1.88 miles) until 2017 when the Eibsee Cable Car exceeded it by 189m. It is still the highest point above the ground—436 metres (1,430 feet.) (A temporary aerial tramway in Switzerland used between 1979 and 1986 had larger span.) The Peak 2 Peak Gondola was built by the Doppelmayr Garaventa Group in 2007 and 2008 at a cost of CDN$51 million. The Peak 2 Peak Gondola is the first Doppelmayr "3S" tri-cable lift in North America; there are four similar but smaller lifts in Europe which were built in 1991, 1994, 2002, 2004 and 2010 in Switzerland, Austria, France and Germany. Whistler-Blackcomb has touted the gondola as an iconic attraction and uses it to transport skiers in the winter months as well as sightseers year round.


question: who has won the most united states championships

answers: Lex Luger

answers: Ric Flair

text: has eleven medals, Carl Lewis won ten and Michael Johnson won eight. All three won eight gold medals. Johnson is the nation's most successful athlete individually (and the third most successful overall), having won six gold medals in the 200-meter dash and 400-meter dash. American Gail Devers is the second most successful woman individually, with four golds and two silver medals from the 100-meter dash and 100-meter hurdles. Felix and Amy Acuff have made the most appearances for the United States, each having represented their country at eight separate editions. The United States team was severely affected by doping during

title: Michelle Kwan

text: for the most world titles by an American. Kwan's nine world medals overall is the all-time record for an American skater in any discipline. The only ladies' singles skater with more world titles or medals is Sonia Henie of Norway. Kwan won nine U.S. Championships (1996, 1998–2005), tying the record for most wins set by Maribel Vinson-Owen (1928–1933, 1935–1937). She holds the record for the most consecutive U.S. titles (eight) and most consecutive U.S. Championship medals (twelve). She also earned the silver medal at the 1998 Nagano Olympics and the bronze medal in the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics. Kwan

text: championships medal table at every edition bar 1983 and 1987 (East Germany), 2001 (Russia) and 2015 (Kenya). It also ranks number one on points in the national placing tables. As one of the foremost nations in the sport internationally, its delegations for the championships are among the largest. The most decorated athlete of the competition's history is American: Allyson Felix has won sixteen World Championships medals, eleven of them gold, competing across the individual and relay sprint events. Among men, the United States has three of the four most decorated men (after Usain Bolt), all of them sprinters; LaShawn Merritt

title: Asian Americans in sports

text: Chin won the women's US Figure Skating Championship in 1985, Asian Americans have been prominent in that sport. Kristi Yamaguchi won three national championships, two world titles, and the 1992 Olympic Gold medal. Michelle Kwan has won nine national championships and five world titles, as well as two Olympic medals (silver in 1998, bronze in 2002). Apolo Ohno, who is of half-Japanese descent, is a short track speed skater and an eight-time Olympic medalist as well as the most decorated American Winter Olympic athlete of all time. He became the youngest U.S. national champion in 1997 and was the reigning

title: Millrose Games

text: athlete that has had any drug history in their past. We want to keep our meet free of any athlete that really has a violation." The most prolific winner in event history is Loren Murchison, a sprinter who won 13 titles between 1919 and 1926. He is followed by pole vaulter Bob Richards (11), hurdler Greg Foster and 500-600-800m runner Mark Everett (10), and hurdler Harrison Dillard and miler Eamonn Coghlan (9). Coghlan’s total includes seven Wanamaker Mile victories and two Masters Mile wins. Four women share the honor of most Millrose wins at eight apiece: 400-meter runner Diane Dixon,

title: United States at the 2012 Summer Olympics

text: by winning the gold medal in the women's tennis singles event. Gymnast Gabby Douglas became the fourth U.S. female to win a gold medal in the individual all-around event. Allyson Felix became the most successful U.S. track-and-field athlete at the event, winning three gold medals. Swimmer Michael Phelps emerged as the most decorated athlete in Olympic history, with a total of 22 medals won (including four gold and two silver medals in London) – 18 gold, 2 silver and 2 bronze medals – surpassing Larisa Latynina's overall Olympic medal count. The following U.S. competitors won medals at the games. In

title: Sports in the United States

text: sport in the past. More recently, the Williams sisters, Venus Williams (7 major singles titles) and Serena Williams (23 major singles titles), have been a dominant force in the women's game, and the twin brothers Bob and Mike Bryan have claimed almost all significant career records for men's doubles teams. USA Track & Field is the governing body for track and field in the United States. It organizes the annual USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships and USA Indoor Track and Field Championships. The IAAF Diamond League currently features one round in the United States, the Prefontaine Classic; the series

title: United States women's national gymnastics team

text: did not medal since its formation in 1982. The most decorated American gymnast at the Olympics is Shannon Miller with 7 medals (2 gold, 2 silver, 3 bronze). The United States is currently 5th in the all-time medal count for the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships. The first American gymnast to win a medal at the World Championships was Cathy Rigby who won silver on beam in 1970. The first female American gymnast to win a world title was Marcia Frederick in 1978 on the uneven bars. The most decorated American gymnast at the World Championships is Simone Biles, who won

title: 400 metres at the World Championships in Athletics

text: won four medals. The most successful women are Marie-José Pérec, Cathy Freeman and Christine Ohuruogu, all of whom have won two world titles. Jeremy Wariner is the only other person to have won two titles, and also has three medals to his name. The United States is comfortably the most successful nation in the discipline – American men have topped the podium ten times and taken 23 medals in total. American women also top the table with two golds among seven medals. Jamaica is the only other nation to have won more than one medal in the men's race, and

title: Sports in the United States

text: for the United States. U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals (1,022 of them being gold) at the Summer Olympic Games and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games. Most medals have been won in athletics (track and field) (801, 32%) and swimming (553, 22%). American swimmer Michael Phelps is the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time, with 28 Olympic medals, 23 of them gold. The United States has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games except the 1980 Summer Olympics hosted by the Soviet Union in Moscow, which it boycotted because of the

title: Betty Jo Geiger

text: the United States to three consecutive team titles in 1983, 1984 and 1985. She finished in the top ten on each occasion, being the number one American in 1983 and number two American athlete to Jan Merrill, Joan Benoit and Cathy Branta in the other years. She made one more appearance at the competition in 1986, and also represented her country at the Goodwill Games that year. She was a four-time national champion, having won the 5000-meter run at the 1986 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships (in a championship record time), the national 10K run three times (1984, 1985,

title: 100 metres at the World Championships in Athletics

text: are the most successful male athletes of the event, having each won three titles. Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce is the most successful female athlete of the event as the only woman to win three titles. Merlene Ottey and Carmelita Jeter are the only athletes to have claimed four medals in the history of the World Championships event. The United States is the most successful nation in the discipline, having won fifteen gold medals. Jamaica are a clear second with six gold medals. East Germany, with two, is the only other nation to have won multiple titles. Canada's Ben Johnson and Angella Taylor-Issajenko

title: Carol Lewis

text: brother on the Santa Monica Track Club. Lewis won the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships for the first time in 1982, the first of four National championships. Her 6.81m jump from that competition is the current United States, North American and Pan American Junior record. Further success came in 1983, with a win at the NCAA Outdoor Championships and bronze medal at the 1983 World Championships in Athletics. After winning the Olympic Trials, she represented the United States at the 1984 Summer Olympics and managed to finish in ninth place at the age of twenty. The following year she

title: USA Gymnastics National Championships

text: Joan Moore Gnat, John Roethlisberger, and Sam Mikulak each won four times. Kurt Thomas, Kim Zmeskal, Paul Hamm each won three times. The record for most titles in one event is held by Alicia Sacramone, who won six women's vault competitions from 2005 to 2012. The record for most individual titles across all events is Dominique Dawes, with fifteen. In 2012, the top three finishers in the women's all-around were Jordyn Wieber, Gabby Douglas, and Aly Raisman. It was Wieber's second consecutive all-around title. In the individual events, Douglas won on uneven bars, Raisman won on balance beam and floor,

title: List of WWE United States Champions

text: Overall, there have been 91 different champions. Ric Flair holds the record for having the most reigns at six, while John Cena holds the record for most reigns under the WWE banner at five.  Lex Luger holds the record for the longest reign, with his third reign lasting a total of 523 days, while Dean Ambrose holds the longest reign under the WWE banner, at 351 days (overall the third longest in the title's history). Only two men, Lex Luger and Rick Rude, have held the championship for a continuous reign of one year (365 days) or more.

title: Winning streak (sports)

text: World Championships — Ryan Lochte 3 consecutive titles at World Championships — United States 4 consecutive titles at World Championships — Ryan Lochte 4 consecutive titles at World Championships — United States 3 consecutive titles at World Championships 3 consecutive titles at World Championships 3 consecutive titles at World Championships — United States 3 consecutive titles at World Championships — Chen Hua 3 consecutive titles at World Championships — China 3 consecutive titles at World Championships — United States 3 consecutive titles at World Championships — United States 3 consecutive titles at World Championships — Jenny Thompson 3 consecutive titles

title: 2007 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships

text: the discrete national championship meets for those events. Selection for the relay races were made by committee. Eight Americans went on to win an individual gold medal at the 2007 World Championships. Double sprint national champion Tyson Gay (the only athlete to win two national titles that year) repeated that feat with 100 m and 200 m world title wins. The 5000 m national champion Bernard Lagat won both that event and the 1500 m at the World Championships. Gay, Lagat, Brad Walker, Reese Hoffa, and Allyson Felix were the five athletes to win both national and world titles that

text: 350 medals across events. Americans have featured in the final at some point of every discipline contested at the championships. This table shows the best place finish by an American athlete by event. Where the best position has been achieved multiple times, the first instance is shown. United States at the World Championships in Athletics The United States has competed at every edition of the IAAF World Championships in Athletics since its inception in 1983. It has been the most successful nation at the global competition for track and field. By the end of the 2017 World Championships in Athletics

title: 2003 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships

text: Marla Runyan won her third straight title in the 5000 m, while David Krummenacker achieved the same feat in the men's 800 m. Hurdler Allen Johnson extended his unbeaten streak to four titles, bringing him to a career sum of six. Breaux Greer won his fourth title to remain unbeaten in the men's javelin since 2000. There was extensive doping at the competition, with national champions Kelli White (100 m and 200 m), Regina Jacobs (1500 m), Eric Thomas (400 m hurdles), Kevin Toth (shot put), and Melissa Price (hammer) all subsequently having their national titles removed from the record.

title: United States at the 2016 Summer Olympics

text: Reese, decathlete and world record holder Ashton Eaton, and triple jumper Christian Taylor. Hammer throwers Kibwe Johnson, Conor McCullough, and Rudy Winkler were added to the team on July 14, after the IAAF extended invitations to fill out the event. The United States has qualified a total of seven badminton players for each of the following events into the Olympic tournament. Howard Shu and Iris Wang were selected among the top 34 individual shuttlers each in the men's and women's singles, while the men's, women's, and mixed doubles players picked up the continental spot each as the highest-ranked pairs coming

title: United States at the 2008 Summer Olympics

text: highest total medal count, and won more silver and bronze medals than any other participating nation. This games also saw a gold medal record for U.S. swimmer Michael Phelps, who won 8 golds surpassing Mark Spitz's record of 7 golds in a single Olympic event in 1972. Phelps also surpassed Spitz, Larisa Latynina of the USSR, Paavo Nurmi of Finland, and U.S. sprinter Carl Lewis to become the current record holder for the most Olympic gold medals (14). The United States also saw milestones in women's swimming. Natalie Coughlin won 6 medals in Beijing, the most for a female Olympic

title: United States at the 2010 Winter Olympics

text: also won silver in the team event. Short track speed skater Apolo Ohno surpassed Bonnie Blair as the most decorated American Winter Olympic athlete in history with a total of eight medals in his Olympic career. Ohno gave the US relay team the final push for the bronze in the 5000 meter relay, and earned silver and bronze medals in the 1500 and 1000 meter individual events respectively. Women's 1000 meter silver medalist Katherine Reutter broke a streak dating back to 1994 in which no American woman had medaled in an individual short track event. Long track speed skater Shani

title: Shannon Miller

text: is the only woman, in any sport, to be inducted into the United States Olympic Hall of Fame twice, as an individual and for her team. With seven Olympic and nine World Championship medals, Miller is one of the most decorated American gymnasts, male or female. She is tied with Nastia Liukin for the most World Championship medals (9) won by an American gymnast, behind Simone Biles (20) and Alicia Sacramone (10). In 2003, Miller graduated from the University of Houston with a B.B.A. in marketing and entrepreneurship. She entered Boston College Law School later that year and graduated in

title: Jesse Owens Award

text: with back-to-back wins in 1986 and 1987, while Carl Lewis won his second award in 1991. Michael Johnson was the first to receive the award three times (winning consecutively from 1994–1996) and Marion Jones became the first woman to collect three awards after wins in 1997, 1998 and 2002. In 2012, Allyson Felix won the award for the fourth time, thus distinguishing herself as the athlete with the most wins. 2014 winners are Mebrahtom Keflezighi and Jennifer Simpson. Winners receive a replica of the award while the original remains on permanent display at the USATF Headquarters in Indianapolis, Indiana. As

title: United States at the 2006 Winter Olympics

text: 8th place in the Individual Gundersen the best showing for the U.S. in Turin. Apolo Anton Ohno became the fourth US Winter Olympian to win three medals in a single games, taking gold in the 500 metres to go with two bronze medals. The only other American to make an 'A-Final' in Turin was Rusty Smith, who set an Olympic record time in the quarterfinals of the 1000 metres, but ended up fourth in the final. Zach Lund, considered the U.S.'s primary medal threat in the skeleton events, did not compete in the games after testing positive for finasteride. Lund

text: 20 medals (14 gold, 3 silver and 3 bronze) from 2013 to 2018. The United States won team gold in 2003, 2007, 2011, 2014, 2015, and 2018. Additionally, eight American women have won the individual World all-around title: Kim Zmeskal (1991), Shannon Miller (1993-1994), Chellsie Memmel (2005), Shawn Johnson (2007), Bridget Sloan (2009), Jordyn Wieber (2011), Simone Biles (2013-2015, 2018), and Morgan Hurd (2017). Biles is the only American gymnast to win both the Olympic and World all-around titles. As of October 14, 2018: As of August 19, 2018: Six national team gymnasts and one national team coach have been

title: Phil Mulkey

text: American Record was decertified as the American record after World Masters Athletics changed the implement specifications, but it remains the best mark. He coached his then girlfriend Philipa Raschker (Phil and Phil), one of the most successful Masters athletes ever. Both Phils each were named the 1993 and 1994 USATF Combined Athletes of the year. Now residing in Birmingham, Alabama, Mulkey has spent many years coaching at The Altamont School, with numerous state titles to his team's credits. Now the hurdle coach at Vestavia Hills High School. Phil Mulkey Philip Roy "Phil" Mulkey (born January 7, 1933) is an American

title: Long jump at the Olympics

text: from 1984 to 1996. Heike Drechsler is the only woman to win two Olympic long jump titles. Ralph Boston and Jackie Joyner-Kersee are the only other two athletes to win three Olympic long jump medals in their careers. The United States is by far the most successful nation in the event, with an American topping the Olympic long jump podium on 25 occasions. Great Britain, with three gold medallists, is the next most successful. A standing long jump variant of the event was contested from 1900 to 1912 and standing jumps specialist Ray Ewry won all but one of the

title: 200 metres at the World Championships in Athletics

text: Calvin Smith and Michael Johnson are the only others to have won two world titles over the distance. The United States is the most successful nation in the discipline, with twelve gold medals among a total of 31. Jamaica is the next most successful with seventeen medals and seven titles. East Germany, with two golds, is the only other nation to have provided multiple gold medallists. The first instances of doping bans affecting the 200 m at the World Championships came at the 2001 edition. The champion Marion Jones was stripped of her gold medal and bronze medalist Kelli White

title: USC Trojans

text: winning the Pac-10 crown, tied for seventh in 2000 while winning the Pac-10 title, tied for 12th in 2001, tied for 11th in 2002, third in 2003 while winning the Pac-10 title, sixth in 2005 while winning the NCAA West Regional crown and tied for ninth in 2006 while winning the Pac-10 and NCAA West Regional meets). Sixty USC tracksters have won 88 places on U.S. Olympic teams over the years, including World War II hero Louis Zamperini. Trojans have won 26 individual Olympic titles and shared in 8 relay wins. Gold medal winners include long jumper Randy Williams, pole

title: List of WWE United States Champions