question: what river flows through charleston west virginia’s capital

answers: Kanawha River

answers: the Elk and Kanawha Rivers

answers: Kanawha

answers: Elk

title: 2014 Elk River chemical spill

text: water was unsafe following the spill, Charleston area businesses closed and hospitals took emergency measures to conserve water. School systems within the affected eight counties were also closed. Charleston area residents hurried to nearby stores to stock up on available bottled and packaged water. The West Virginia Legislature, which had reconvened following its winter break, cancelled its business on January 9. On January 9, the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia in Charleston and the courts in Boone and Lincoln counties closed. West Virginia State University in Institute also cancelled its classes for the duration of the tap water

title: New River (Kanawha River tributary)

text: affect the gorge. Water flow and quality were major concerns. These West Virginia opponents to the dam joined those in Virginia and North Carolina and helped block the dam before shifting attention toward protection of the New River in West Virginia. The coalition ultimately chose a designation for the New River Gorge that would have a chance of success in Congress. That designation passed Congress in 1978. The New River is spanned by the New River Gorge Bridge near Fayetteville, West Virginia, which is open for BASE jumping on Bridge Day. It is also a very popular river for white

title: Cooper River (South Carolina)

text: Cooper River (South Carolina) The Cooper River is a mainly tidal river in the U.S. state of South Carolina. The South Carolina cities of Mt. Pleasant, Charleston, North Charleston, Goose Creek, Moncks Corner, and Hanahan are located along the river. Short and wide, it is joined first by the blackwater East Branch, then farther downstream, the tidal Wando River. Almost immediately thereafter, the river widens into its estuary, uniting with the Ashley River to form the Charleston Harbor. Long used as an important commercial waterway, the West Branch of the Cooper River was initially connected to the Santee River near

title: Cooper River (South Carolina)

text: deeper draft. Cooper River (South Carolina) The Cooper River is a mainly tidal river in the U.S. state of South Carolina. The South Carolina cities of Mt. Pleasant, Charleston, North Charleston, Goose Creek, Moncks Corner, and Hanahan are located along the river. Short and wide, it is joined first by the blackwater East Branch, then farther downstream, the tidal Wando River. Almost immediately thereafter, the river widens into its estuary, uniting with the Ashley River to form the Charleston Harbor. Long used as an important commercial waterway, the West Branch of the Cooper River was initially connected to the Santee

title: Congaree River

text: are Columbia on the east, and Cayce and West Columbia on the west. Despite the vast bottomland swamp below Columbia, the Congaree is navigable along much of its length at high water by barge traffic. This travels upriver from the Port of Charleston (approximately 100 miles (167 km) away through the Santee-Cooper Lakes to within 5 miles (8 km) of the fall line. The Congaree National Park, one of the main recreational attractions of the river, is located about halfway down the river's course. The 22,200-acre (90 km²) park contains some of the last remaining old growth bottomland hardwood forest

title: 2014 Elk River chemical spill

text: outage. Because of the lack of potable water, Charleston cancelled a convention of mayors and city council members from around the state of West Virginia, which had been scheduled to begin on January 13. As of January 10, the day following the chemical spill from Freedom Industries' Charleston facility, at least eight lawsuits had been filed against the chemical company. The lawsuits were filed on behalf of Charleston area businesses forced to close during the resulting state of emergency and on behalf of all West Virginia American Water customers. The plaintiffs have asked to be granted class action status and

title: Waterways of West Virginia

text: and documents back to Wheeling in 1875. After a citizens' vote in August 1887, the steamboats were again called on to move the state government and records back to Charleston. In May 1885, state government officials moved from Wheeling to Charleston on board the sternwheeler "Chesapeake." The ward barge "Nick Crewley" held the state records and library. It was pushed by the steam towboat "Belle Prince." The flood of January 9, 1762 destroyed much of Fort Pitt at the confluence of the Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio rivers. It had reached a stage of at the Point according to University of

title: Blackwater River (West Virginia)

text: the eight-mile (13 km) long North Fork Blackwater River, which flows past the town of Thomas. Finally, the Blackwater joins the Dry Fork to form the Black Fork at the town of Hendricks, at an elevation of . As with other blackwater rivers, the color of West Virginia's Blackwater River results from the leaching of tannins from the decaying leaves of vegetation adjoining the stream in its upper reaches, which are slow moving. Fallen needles from stands of eastern hemlock and red spruce contribute primarily to this, although rhododendron, mountain laurel and the sphagnum bogs of Canaan Valley also contribute.

title: Waterways of West Virginia

text: route. I have this day placed a lead plate at the entrance of the river Chiniondaista and attached the arms of the king to a tree. This river carries canoes for forty leagues without encountering rapids, and has its source near Carolina. The English of this government come by treaty to the Belle Rivière." The West Virginia pioneers along the river built a square-sided canoe using boards butted together. The construction is similar to their building these waters' more common flat-bottomed rectangular rowboat used for fishing and river crossing of local goods. The smaller and lighter canoe shape was better

title: New River (Kanawha River tributary)

text: the southwest-to-northeast-trending ridges and geological texture of the Appalachian Mountains, and flows directly across the Appalachian Plateau, contrasting with the west-to-east flow of most other major rivers to the east and northeast in Virginia and North Carolina, and on the west side of the Appalachians on the Plateau. It may have been in its present course for at least 65 million years. In the geologic past, the New River was a much longer stream. Geologists have named it the Teays. The last advance of Pleistocene continental glacial ice buried most of this river. At that time, the waters of the

title: Charleston, Tennessee

text: bank of the Hiwassee River, which flows down out of the Appalachian Mountains several miles to the east and empties into the Chickamauga Lake impoundment of the Tennessee River several miles to the west. The river forms the boundary between Bradley County and McMinn County. Calhoun, Charleston's sister city, is situated on the north bank of the Hiwassee, on the McMinn County side. Charleston is traversed by U.S. Route 11, which enters the city from Calhoun to the north and exits the city en route to Cleveland to the south. Interstate 75, which roughly parallels U.S. 11 in the area,

title: New River (Kanawha River tributary)

text: water rafting (class II-IV in season, IV-V during the spring run-off), and several commercial outfitters offer a variety of guided trips. Those willing to brave the colder water of spring will be rewarded with a more challenging big-water experience. Near the bridge, there are over 1400 single pitch sport climbs and trails suitable for hiking and mountain biking. Listed from upstream to downstream: The quality of the surface water resources of the New River has been studied in recent years by both the State of West Virginia and New River Gorge Park Resource Management staff. Data from these studies suggest

title: Charleston, West Virginia

text: has one central agency for its economic development efforts, the Charleston Area Alliance. The Alliance works with local public officials and the private sector to build the economy of the region and revitalize its downtown. Charleston also has an economic and community development organization focused on the East End and West Side urban neighborhood business districts, Charleston Main Streets. Charleston is located at (38.349497, -81.633294). It lies within the ecoregion of the Western Allegheny Plateau. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which, is land and is water. The city lies

title: 2014 Elk River chemical spill

text: the CSB's recommendations. On January 14, five days after the chemical spill, leaders in both the West Virginia House of Delegates and the West Virginia Senate began investigating the loopholes that allowed the Freedom Industries facility in Charleston not to report the incident earlier. Senator John Unger, chairman of the Joint Legislative Oversight Committee on State Water Resources, proposed amending the current State Water Resources Management Plan. At the request of Governor Tomblin, DEP Secretary Randy Huffman began examining new methods of regulating similar chemical facilities. DEP is also examining the establishment of an inventory of similar facilities across West

title: Charleston, West Virginia

text: Charleston is the state capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of West Virginia, and the county seat of Kanawha County. It is located at the confluence of the Elk and Kanawha Rivers.  As of the 2013 Census Estimate, it had a population of 50,821, while its metropolitan area had 224,743. It is a center of government, commerce, and industry.

title: New River (Kanawha River tributary)

text: animal species into West Virginia. In addition to serving as a refuge for some species, New River Gorge provides a geographical barrier that limits the east-west distribution of other species. Because the New River is so old, its habitats and wildlife have been able to achieve a form of stability. Millions of years of available passage have allowed many species of plants and animals to move in and persist in the area. Since the New River cuts from east to west across the Appalachians, we find species that are typically Atlantic coastal plain and piedmont, such as melic grass, living

title: New River (Kanawha River tributary)

text: discussions among interested parties. A grassroots coalition formed and pleaded the case for protection of the area in Congress. The initial goal, however, was not protective designation of the gorge in West Virginia, but stopping an engineering project on the Virginia-North Carolina border. Plans had been proposed in the early 1960s to dam the New River in Virginia, backing up water into North Carolina for pumped storage, the production of hydroelectric power, and the regular flushing of pollution downstream. Proponents called it the Blue Ridge Pumped Storage Project. Many citizens in West Virginia felt that such a dam would negatively

title: Blackwater River (West Virginia)

text: was also installed as backup to the drum system. The five mile (8 km) stretch of the Blackwater between the limestone station and the confluence with the North Fork has now become one of West Virginia's premiere catch and release trout streams. Two real time water gauges are available from the United States Geological Survey: Blackwater River (West Virginia) The Blackwater River is a river in the Allegheny Mountains of eastern West Virginia, USA. Via the Black Fork, it is a principal tributary of the Cheat River. Via the Cheat, the Monongahela and the Ohio rivers, it is part of

text: consumption advisory (mercury) for all species in South River, except for trout. It is recommended by the Virginia Department of Health that no fish be eaten from this river except trout. For more information go to: Virginia Department of Health at: http://www.vdh.virginia.gov/Epidemiology/dee/PublicHealthToxicology/Advisories/ South River (South Fork Shenandoah River tributary) The South River is one of the two main tributaries of the South Fork of the Shenandoah River. It begins south of Waynesboro, Virginia, and flows northward to Port Republic, where it merges with the North River to form the South Fork. The river is long. The South River flows through

title: Cranberry River (West Virginia)

text: small tributaries are regarded as some of the finest trout streams in the eastern United States. Until recently, however, trout fishing on the south fork was limited to the lower half of the river due to acid rain. The West Virginia Division of Natural Resources has worked to counter this problem by installing a liming station on the north fork of the river. Cranberry River (West Virginia) The Cranberry River is a tributary of the Gauley River located in southeastern West Virginia in the United States. It is a part of the Mississippi River watershed, by way of the Gauley,

title: Coal River (West Virginia)

text: West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection is implementing program to restore the Little Coal River. A series of river structures are being built to move accumulated silt in order to improve fish habitat. Marshall University was hired to conduct a comprehensive river water quality study. The Big Coal River rises in Raleigh County as two streams, the Clear Fork and the Marsh Fork, which join near Whitesville. The river then flows generally northwest through Boone County, past the towns of Sylvester, Seth and Racine. The Little Coal River also rises as two streams, the Spruce Fork in Logan County and

title: Coal River (West Virginia)

text: the river at the dawn of the 20th century. This finally provided a reliable source of transportation for the coal and timber industries, sparking an economic boom in the region. Environmental concerns are based on underground and surface mining operations in the Coal River watershed. Coal slurry impoundments are a byproduct of coal mining and preparation and contain toxic waste including heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury. A repeat of the nearby Buffalo Creek disaster is a concern. Local volunteer watershed groups are working to restore the river and improve fish habitat and recreational opportunities. Also, the

title: Ashley River (South Carolina)

text: Ashley River (South Carolina) The Ashley River is a blackwater / tidal river in South Carolina, rising from the Wassamassaw and Great Cypress Swamps in western Berkeley County. It consolidates its main channel about five miles west of Summerville, widening into a tidal estuary just south of Fort Dorchester. The river then flows for approximately 17 miles along the historical banks of the City of North Charleston before reaching peninsular Charleston. The much wider Ashley joins the Cooper River off the Battery in Charleston to form Charleston Harbor before discharging into the Atlantic Ocean. At the present time the land

title: South Charleston, West Virginia

text: aviation service being at Yeager Airport in Charleston. South Charleston serves as the headquarters to the West Virginia State Police. South Charleston is located at (38.352455, -81.712001). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which, is land and is water. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, South Charleston has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. The median income for a household in the city was $37,905, and the median income

title: Hurricane Jerry

text: Matewan, where the Tug Fork River crested at above its banks. Farther south in Williamson, the river overflowed its banks by about . On October 19, Governor of West Virginia Gaston Caperton toured flood-ravaged areas of the state, including Mingo and Logan counties. Heavy rainfall extended eastward into extreme western Virginia. In northern Buchanan County, flash flooding destroyed or heavily damaged numerous businesses and homes. Additionally, many private bridges were swept away and more than 100 roads were inundated. Approximately 30 families were evacuated in the Hurley area, where up to of precipitation was observed. Damage in Buchanan County totaled

title: Waterways of West Virginia

text: Waterways of West Virginia Waterways in West Virginia find their highest sources in the highland watersheds of the Allegheny Mountains. These watersheds supply drainage to the creeks often passing through deep and narrow hollows. From the hollows, rushing highland streams collect in bottom land brooks and rivers. People have lived along and boated on the waterways of what is now the Mountain State from the time of antiquity. On July 13, 1709, Louis Michel, George Ritter, and Baron Christoph de Graffenried petitioned the King of England for a land grant in the Harpers Ferry and Shepherdstown area in what is

title: South Charleston, West Virginia

text: BridgeValley Community and Technical College is located at the former Dow Chemical research facility and the Marshall University – South Charleston Campus is a branch of Marshall University. South Charleston attractions include Criel Mound (also known as the South Charleston Adena Burial Mound), and the South Charleston Museum. The South Charleston Museum is located in the historic LaBelle Theater on D Street, and features a West Virginia Film Series, Open Mic Night, exhibitions, and other events. The city is also home to a community center, an ice arena, Little Creek Park, Little Creek Country Club and Joplin Park. The Interpretive

title: Charleston, Vermont

text: miles (97.1 km) is land and 1.1 square miles (2.9 km) (2.93%) is water. The surface of the town is somewhat uneven, some portions being very low. The Clyde River is the largest stream in the town. It flows into Charleston, in a northwesterly direction nearly through its center. Falls are found on the river, especially in the western part of town, where it drops more than in , but its current is generally slow. Echo Lake, situated in the easterly part of the town, receives the waters of Lake Seymour in Morgan, and through that the waters of Holland

title: 2014 Elk River chemical spill

text: the affected areas. The West Virginia National Guard also provided potable water in tankers. On January 10, FEMA had sent 75 trucks, each carrying about of water. By the morning of January 11, the United States Department of Homeland Security had sent 16 tractor trailers of bottled water to 16 distribution centers around the Charleston metropolitan area. At a news conference on January 11, FEMA officials announced that they had already brought approximately of potable water into affected areas. The unaffected city water departments in Milton and Hurricane and the Putnam Public Service District in Scott Depot provided their water

title: Mud River (West Virginia)

text: stream's mouth, the Mud River meanders through the large, ancient valley of the Teays River. Mud River (West Virginia) The Mud River is a tributary of the Guyandotte River in southwestern West Virginia in the United States. Via the Guyandotte and Ohio Rivers, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed. The river is popular with muskellunge anglers. The Mud River was so named on account of the muddy character of its water. The Mud River rises in Boone County, west of Madison, and flows generally northwestard for 72 mi (116 km) through Lincoln and Cabell counties, past the towns

title: Charleston, West Virginia

short_answers:
Elk
Kanawha
the Elk and Kanawha Rivers


question: where did chocolate originate the americas spain asia

answers: Mesoamerica

answers: the Americas

answers: Americas

title: History of chocolate in Spain

text: maritime trade route that would supply the new demand from Spain, and later from other European countries. Although chocolate wasn't immediately adopted by European societies, it eventually made its way to becoming a high commodity. Once the Europeans realized the societal value of chocolate, they started to incorporate it more into their diet. From the early stages, the cocoa was sweetened with sugar cane, which the Spanish were the first to popularise in Europe. In pre-Columbus America chocolate was flavored with peppers and was a mixture of both bitter and spicy flavours. This made it an acquired taste and limited

title: History of chocolate in Spain

text: latitudes between 20 degrees north and 20 degrees south. The expansion and the need to seek a favorable climate for growing new food meant that cocoa trees flourished in Fernando Poo (in Spanish Guinea) and from there spread across the African continent. At that time preparation of sweets and confectionery was largely in the hands of pharmacists who used chocolate in various secret recipes and pharmaceutical applications. The nutritional use of chocolate was debated in those early times, and possible medicinal uses of cocoa were investigated from the beginning: an example can be found in the Badianus Codex, written in

title: History of chocolate in Spain

text: they introduced the cultivation of olives, grapes and sugar cane. The latter ingredient became important. From the end of the 16th century onwards, sugar cane began to be added to the cocoa paste, which led to greater acceptance of cocoa among the Spanish settlers. During this settling in period, around the 1520s, the Spaniards had to get used to new foods and flavours while they attempted to adapt old world cultivation methods to the new climate. Equally, however, the new ingredients brought by the Spanish settlers such as wheat and chickpeas struggled to find acceptance among the native populations who

title: History of chocolate in Spain

text: Many dictionaries suggest that the word chocolate comes from the Nahuatl "chocolatl", based on an evolution from "-tl" to "-te", however, there are problems with this hypothesis. Firstly Coe argued that the word "chocolatl" does not appear in the Aztec cultural writings of the time. Similarly the word is not found in the work of Alonso de Molina, a lexicographer of the time, who wrote a book about the grammar of the Aztec language in 1555. It is also absent from Bernardino de Sahagún's encyclopedia and from the "Huehuetlatolli" ("The words of the ancients") a guide to moral conduct. In

title: History of chocolate

text: Spanish conquest of the Aztecs, chocolate was imported to Europe. At the beginning Spaniards would use it as a medicine to treat illnesses such as abdominal pain because it had a bitterness to it. Once sweetened, it transformed. It quickly became a court favorite. It was still served as a beverage, but the addition of sugar or honey counteracted the natural bitterness. The Spaniards initially intended to recreate the original taste of the Mesoamerican chocolate by adding similar spices, but this habit had faded away by the end of the eighteenth century. Within about a hundred years, chocolate established a

title: History of chocolate in Spain

text: consumed by the Spanish colonisers from the chocolate consumed by the natives. The same pattern occurs in other foods enjoyed at the time by the natives and Spanish. although none of those had an acceptance and a global demand in proportion similar to that of chocolate. The navigator Christopher Columbus, with the economic backing of the Catholic Monarchs, first reached the shores of the New World on 12 October 1492, initially believing that he had reached India. This voyage was carried out to expand markets by establishing new trade routes and therefore rival the Portuguese Empire, which was already well

title: Early impact of Mesoamerican goods in Iberian society

text: of pounds of chocolate were imported to Spain annually. The components of European chocolate evolved over time as the Spanish sought to modify the formula to reflect available resources (such as adding sugar as a sweetener rather than honey). Chocolate started a lavish item in the diets of the Spanish nobility but eventually became an accessible commodity for all members of Spanish society. While the initial interest in chocolate for the Spanish was hampered by negative stigmas (i.e. that chocolate drinking was a form of idolatry), chocolate went on to become one of the most desired and influential goods from

title: History of chocolate

text: by pre-Olmec peoples as early as 1750 BC. On the Pacific coast of Chiapas, Mexico, a Mokayanan archaeological site provides evidence of cacao beverages dating even earlier, to 1900 BC. Pueblo people, who lived in an area that is now the U.S. Southwest, imported cacao from Mesoamerican cultures in southern Mexico or Central America between 900 and 1400. They used it in a common beverage consumed by everyone in their society. Nature Ecology & Evolution reported probably the earliest cacao use from approximately 5,300 years ago recovered from the Santa Ana (La Florida) site in southeast Ecuador. Another find of

title: History of chocolate

text: foothold throughout Europe. How the word "chocolate" came into Spanish is not certain. The authority on the Spanish language, the Royal Spanish Academy, derives it from the Nahuatl word "xocolatl" (pronounced ) made up from the words "xococ" meaning sour or bitter, and "atl" meaning water or drink. However, as William Bright noted the word "chocolatl" doesn't occur in central Mexican colonial sources making this an unlikely derivation. Santamaria gives a derivation from the Yucatec Maya word "chokol" meaning hot, and the Nahuatl "atl" meaning water. More recently Dakin and Wichman derive it from another Nahuatl term, "chicolatl" from Eastern

title: History of chocolate in Spain

text: took advantage of the "Chocolate wind", as the favourable North wind in the Gulf of Mexico was known. The first documentary evidence of chocolate in Spain comes from a delegation of Dominican friars led by Fray Bartolomé de las Casas, who travelled to the Iberian Peninsula in 1544 to visit Prince Philip, future Emperor Philip II. During the meeting, gifts of sweetgum, corn, and cocoa are documented. It also refers to a chocolate milkshake that was served, this being the first documented case of the presence of chocolate in Spain. The Dominican friars' familiarity with this type of food may

title: Chocolate

text: was gradually transported by humans throughout South and Central America. Early forms of another genotype have also been found in what is now Venezuela. The scientific name, "Theobroma", means "food of the gods". The fruit, called a cacao pod, is ovoid, long and wide, ripening yellow to orange, and weighing about when ripe. Cacao trees are small, understory trees that need rich, well-drained soils. They naturally grow within 20° of either side of the equator because they need about 2000 mm of rainfall a year, and temperatures in the range of . Cacao trees cannot tolerate a temperature lower than

title: History of chocolate in Spain

text: cocoa, anyone but friar, sir or brave soldier." In 1585, an embassy of Japan, visiting the Emperor Philip II in Alicante, was impressed by the offer of chocolate made by the nearby convent of the Poor Clares of Veronica. From the beginning, Spanish priests were the chocolate experts who spread their recipe among congregations. In 1601, the confessor of the court in the city of Cordoba, Serven Serrietz, inserted small amounts of chocolate in vegetables. He attempted to plant cocoa in the Iberian Peninsula but the result was a complete failure, leading to the realisation that cultivation was best in

title: History of chocolate in Spain

text: its appeal to the Spanish conquistadors, who were soon encouraged to sweeten it with sugar brought from the Iberian Peninsula in addition to heating it. Over a 100-year period since its first appearance in the ports of Andalusia, chocolate became popular as a drink in Spain, where it was served to the Spanish monarchy. However, for a time the formula was unknown in the rest of Europe. Later chocolate spread from Spain to the rest of Europe, with the first countries to adopt it being Italy and France. The great popularity of the drink in Spanish society from that time

text: brought to the Old World appealed to the lavish tastes of the upper classes. The difficulties involved in gaining this goods led them to go for higher prices and their elite status amongst the rich. Chocolate was by far one of the most influential of the New World goods on Spanish, and later European, society. By the 1590s, chocolate had a significant presence in the Iberian Peninsula. The growing chocolate habit in Spain led to a cross-cultural transmission of tastes (such as vanilla, pepper, the color red, and a foamy froth similar to that found in chocolate). The taste for

title: History of chocolate in Spain

title: History of chocolate in Spain

text: the word "chocolatl" came from "xocoatl," where "xoco" means bitter and "atl" means water. Another possible explanation comes from the colonial habit of making hot cocoa, with many Mayan dictionaries of the time explaining that "the drink called chocolate" comes from "chacau haa" (literally 'hot water') which is phonetically close to "chocolatl". In 1520 the caravels began delivering Spanish cacao to Spain and the pirates with a letter of marque from England, perhaps due to ignorance of the new ingredient, burned and discarded the contents of the Spanish ships which they seized. No one knows for certain when cocoa first

title: History of chocolate in Spain

text: Acosta in his book "Historia natural y moral de las Indias" (published in 1590). Spanish acceptance of chocolate came about due to modifications made to the drink. For example, sugar was added, mirroring the native Mexican and Mayan practice of adding honey to cacao beverages. New World spices were replaced with similar Old World spices, in part for the sake of familiarity, but also out of practicality. The Madrid physician Colmenero de Ledesma recommended substituting the rose of Alexandria for "mecaxochitl" flower blossoms and black pepper for Mexican chilies, when necessary. Cacao beverages containing maize, such as "atole", gradually phased

title: History of chocolate

text: to such as are not acquainted with it, having a scum or froth that is very unpleasant taste. Yet it is a drink very much esteemed among the Indians, where with they feast noble men who pass through their country. The Spaniards, both men and women that are accustomed to the country are very greedy of this Chocolate. They say they make diverse sorts of it, some hot, some cold, and some temperate, and put therein much of that "chili"; yea, they make paste thereof, the which they say is good for the stomach and against the catarrh. After the

title: Cocoa bean

text: by cultivation of the tree in these areas since long before the Spanish arrived. As of November 2018, evidence suggests that cacao was first domesticated in equatorial South America, before being domesticated in Central America roughly 1,500 years later. Artifacts found at Santa-Ana-La Florida, in Ecuador, indicate that the Mayo-Chinchipe people were cultivating cacao as long as 5,300 years ago. Chemical analysis of residue extracted from pottery excavated at an archaeological site at Puerto Escondido, in Honduras, indicates that cocoa products were first consumed there sometime between 1500 and 1400 BC. Evidence also indicates that, long before the flavor of

title: History of chocolate in Spain

text: established in Asia. Following the success of that first voyage to the New World, others were organised with the intention of exploring and creating new trade routes. On his fourth voyage, Columbus, in 1502, met an unexpected storm and was forced to temporarily land on 15 August on the Bay Islands. In their first explorations of the area, Columbus' group came upon a boat of Mayan origin travelling from the Yucatán Peninsula. The Spaniards were surprised by the large size of the vessel. Columbus detained the vessel and examined the cargo, which contained cocoa beans that he called "almonds" in

title: History of chocolate in Spain

text: 1552. Chocolate and confectionery was served in Madrid in the 17th century, and locals in those establishments asked for the "drink that came from the Indies.' Reference to the public availability of chocolate is made by several visitors in the 18th century. In 1680 cocoa was served in combination with melted ice to the nobles present at the auto-da-fés. The writer Marcos Antonio Orellana makes reference to its popularity at the time in a brief rhyme: The popularity of the drink among noble women was such that, not content with drinking it several times a day, they requested drinking it

title: History of chocolate

text: that the natives greatly valued the beans, which he termed almonds, "for when they were brought on board ship together with their goods, I observed that when any of these almonds fell, they all stooped to pick it up, as if an eye had fallen." But while Columbus took cacao beans with him back to Spain, it made no impact until Spanish friars introduced chocolate to the Spanish court. Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés may have been the first European to encounter chocolate when he observed it in the court of Montezuma in 1519. In 1568, Bernal Diaz, who accompanied Cortés

title: History of chocolate in Spain

text: out due to the fact that maize-less chocolate lasted longer, making it more suitable for cross-Atlantic trips. While these changes sought only to approximate the existing flavors of chocolate, in turn internalizing Mesoamerican tastes in the Spanish, they were significant enough to break down their initial aversion to cocoa. As a result, after the initial aversion to cocoa had disappeared, supplies were sent to Spain. The second major transformation of chocolate at the hands of the Spanish was in the serving method: the cocoa was heated until it became a liquid. This was in contrast to the natives of the

title: Chocolate industry in the Philippines

text: buyers. Cacao, which originated from South American forests, is the source material of chocolate products. However, modern cacao is mostly produced by African and European countries such as the Ivory Coast, Germany and Belgium. As a minor player in the global industry, the Philippines also engages in cacao cultivation nearly everywhere around the archipelago, even during the early 1900s. The Philippine cacao industry consists mostly of smallholder farmers who supply medium-scale manufacturers. However, domestic production is insufficient; local cacao demand outweighs the cacao supply both locally and globally. One major factor that affects caco production in the country is "the

title: History of chocolate in Spain

text: of taxes to the powerful. The discovery of new foods or preparation methods went through several stages of understanding. Firstly cocoa was understood as a food and later as a pleasant taste. The latter was only possible through adapting the food to flavours previously known. It is in these first encounters of the Spanish conquistadors with cocoa that we can see that the preparation stage was adapted, it was sweetened and flavoured with other spices such as cinnamon and served warm. After that they had a better understanding of the value of chocolate. Those three simple changes distinguished the chocolate

title: Theobroma cacao

text: beans, along with other agricultural products, were brought back to Spain at that time, but it seems the beverage made from cacao was introduced to the Spanish court in 1544 by Kekchi Maya nobles brought from the New World to Spain by Dominican friars to meet Prince Philip. Within a century, chocolate had spread to France, England and elsewhere in Western Europe. Demand for this beverage led the French to establish cacao plantations in the Caribbean, while Spain subsequently developed their cacao plantations in their Venezuelan and Philippine colonies (Bloom 1998, Coe 1996). A painting by Dutch Golden Age artist

title: Chocolate

text: may derive from the word for the frothing stick, "chicoli". The term "chocolatier", for a chocolate confection maker, is attested from 1888. Chocolate has been prepared as a drink for nearly all of its history. For example, one vessel found at an Olmec archaeological site on the Gulf Coast of Veracruz, Mexico, dates chocolate's preparation by pre-Olmec peoples as early as 1750 BC. On the Pacific coast of Chiapas, Mexico, a Mokaya archaeological site provides evidence of cacao beverages dating even earlier, to 1900 BC. The residues and the kind of vessel in which they were found indicate the initial

title: Chocolate

text: entered the English language from Spanish in about 1600. The word entered Spanish from the word "chocolātl" in Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs. The origin of the Nahuatl word is uncertain, as it does not appear in any early Nahuatl source, where the word for chocolate drink is "cacahuatl", "cacao water". It is possible that the Spaniards coined the word (perhaps in order to avoid "caca", a vulgar Spanish word for "faeces") by combining the Yucatec Mayan word "chocol", "hot", with the Nahuatl word "atl", "water". Another proposed etymology derives it from the word "chicolatl", meaning "beaten drink", which

title: Raw chocolate

text: explorer. The chocolate drinks were known to be very bitter, so people started to put honey in it as a sweetener. After this discovery of sweetened chocolate, it took off in Spain. The drink was considered a delicacy for the rich, but later in the 1700's it became more common. This is where the idea of raw chocolate came from. The latin term Theobroma cacao is translated to "Food of the Gods". The Aztecs and Mayans placed cacao beans at very high value, and where known to have divine properties. They were valued as money and would use them to

title: Chocolate industry in the Philippines

text: Chocolate industry in the Philippines The chocolate industry in the Philippines evidences the agricultural roots of the Philippine society. The growing of cacao or cocoa boasts a long history stretching from the colonial times. Originating from Mesoamerican forests, cacao was first introduced by the Spanish colonizers four centuries ago. Since then the Philippine cocoa industry has been the primary producer of cocoa beans in the Southeast Asia. There are many areas of production of cacao in the Philippines, owing to its agriculture. The chocolate industry is currently on a small to medium scale. The word “chocolate” as we know it

title: History of chocolate in Spain

long_answer: The history of chocolate in Spain is part of the culinary history of Spain as understood since the 16th century, when the colonization of the Americas began and the cocoa plant was discovered in regions of Mesoamerica, until the present. After the conquest of Mexico, cocoa as a commodity travelled by boat from the port of Nueva España to the Spanish coast. The first such voyage to Europe occurred at an unknown date in the 1520s. However it was only in the 17th century that regular trade began from the port of Veracruz, opening a maritime trade route that would supply the new demand from Spain, and later from other European countries.

short_answers:
Americas
Mesoamerica
the Americas


question: who sings so come and dance with me jai ho

answers: Mahalaxmi Iyer

answers: Vijay Prakash

answers: Tanvi Shah

answers: Sukhvinder Singh

title: Jai Ho (song)

text: Singh, who performed on the original song. A video was also shot for this version. Rahman refused to comment on "Jai Ho" being used for the campaigns, but stated that the song "belongs to everyone". "Jai Ho" was performed by Ravi K Tripathi, a Lucknow-based singer, at the closing ceremony of 16th Asian Games on 27 November 2010. American girl group the Pussycat Dolls recorded an English interpretation of "Jai Ho". Entitled "Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)", and credited to "A. R. Rahman and the Pussycat Dolls featuring Nicole Scherzinger", the song appeared on the re-release of the group's

title: Jai Ho (song)

text: Harindra Singh, vice-chairman and managing director of the advertising firm Percept, told BBC that: "The tune of the song and the Jai Ho phrase have been used in the campaign. The lyrics have been written by a combination of people, they will be projecting what the Congress wishes to communicate". "Popular Bollywood numbers" are often "re-jigged" by political parties in India to "convey their message to voters", but this is the first time that a party has ever bought exclusive rights to use a song for political promotion. The version used in the campaign features altered lyrics sung by Sukhwinder

title: Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)

text: verse, Scherzinger is separated from the rest of the group and sings and dances. The remainder of the video focuses on dance routines inspired by Bollywood. "DesiHits" praised the video. "The rhythmic beats of the drums, coupled with the scintillating dance moves is sure to get you on your feet. You've already heard the remix of the song, but the video adds another dimension thanks to the captivating scenes in it." Marcus Barnes from "The Sun" wrote that "With huge spectacular dance routines inspired by the glitz and grandeur of Bollywood flicks, this new track is set to be a

title: Jai Ho (song)

text: 2009 award ceremony on 31 May 2009. Rahman and Singh performed "Jai Ho" live during the 81st Academy Awards on 22 February 2009, the night it won for the award for Best Original Song. The song served as the opening of the ceremony. The song's lyricist, Gulzar, made a guest appearance during the performance. Rahman modified the song to "set it in sync with the live orchestra and make it suitable for a stage presentation". "Jai Ho" was performed as part of a medley with "Jiyo Utho Badho Jeeto" during the 2010 Delhi Commonwealth Games opening ceremony on 28 August

title: Jai Ho (song)

text: campaign song of the Indian National Congress during the 2009 election. American girl group The Pussycat Dolls recorded an English interpretation of "Jai Ho". Entitled "Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)", and credited to "A. R. Rahman and the Pussycat Dolls featuring Nicole Scherzinger", the song appeared on the re-release of the group's second studio album "Doll Domination" (2008). In 2008, while working on several films, A. R. Rahman received an email from Danny Boyle, the director of the film "Slumdog Millionaire", stating: "Hey I'm Danny Boyle, I like your work, and it would be great for us to have

title: Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)

text: Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny) "Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)" is a song performed by American girl group The Pussycat Dolls for their second studio album "Doll Domination" (2008). It was released on February 23, 2009, by Interscope Records as the fourth single from the record. After watching "Slumdog Millionaire" record executives Jimmy Iovine and Ron Fair wanted to turn "Jai Ho" into a "pop record without deviating from the original melody" and asked Scherzinger to do her own interpretation of the song. The song was credited as ""A. R. Rahman and The Pussycat Dolls featuring Nicole Scherzinger"".

title: Jai Ho (song)

text: experts are listening to the song again and again to appreciate the global texture of the song and at the same time they are admiring the beauty of the lyrics by India's foremost lyricist Gulzar who, like AR Rahman, has always experimented with his narrative". According to Sean Daly of the St. Petersburg Times: "YouTube now has vids of babies and girlfriends doing this Jai Ho dance. There are remixes and tributes, too". "Jai Ho" received an Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 81st Academy Awards on 22 February 2009. The song beat out "WALL-E"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s "Down to Earth"

title: Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)

text: at seventeen on the New Zealand Top 40 on 23 March 2010. It has peaked at number two. In the United Kingdom, the song entered at number twenty on the UK Singles Chart. On April 11, 2009, the song peaked at number three up 35.5% selling 44,128 digital downloads. On April 2010, the song returned to the top 100 at number 60 selling 4,579 copies, after it was featured on "Dancing on Ice" finale. As of October 2017, "Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)" has sold 605,000 digital downloads and is the group's second best-selling single in the United Kingdom.

title: Jai Ho (song)

text: parts of Ester Dean's version, and parts of another version, and they put them together, and then Nicole [Scherzinger] and Ron [Fair] filled in the blanks that they thought were missing". Bogart additionally stated that it was "a very unique and awkward way of writing a song". Bogart, Dean, Fair, Erika Nuri, David Quiñones, Scherzinger, Candace Thorbourne, Nailah Thorbourne and Nyanda Thorbourne are credited for writing the track, while its production was handled by Fair Scherzinger. The song was recorded in London, while Scherzinger and Rahman corresponded via webcam. Music critics responded generally favorably to "Jai Ho (You Are My

title: Masakali

text: ghazal singer Jagjit Singh dashed out against Prasoon Joshi for using the word "Masakali". He says, "Do you understand the meaning of "Jai Ho" or "Masakali"? I did not understand." (The former song is Academy Award-winning work by Rahman and noted poet Gulzar). Masakali "Masakali" is a Hindi song from the 2009 Bollywood film "Delhi-6". It was composed by A. R. Rahman, sung by Mohit Chauhan and lyrics penned by Prasoon Joshi. The song was released as part of the soundtrack album of the film on 14 January 2009 at the "Indian Idol 4" competition. The song got overwhelming positive

title: Jai Ho (song)

text: Destiny)". Newsround praised the song by saying "[Nicole Scherzinger] sounds right at home – making the most of her soulful R&B voice and hitting all the (incredibly) high notes on this Eastern-themed piece of pop!" Nick Levine from Digital Spy wrote that, "The Hindi original, which soundtracks the Bollywood dance routine at the end of the movie, is far more urgent and atmospheric, but this remake works nicely enough as a slick, shamelessly opportunistic PCD single. Well, that hollered "JAI HO!" makes for a pretty sweet pop hook, you have to admit". Jai Ho (song) "Jai Ho" is a song

title: Jai Ho (song)

text: bassline and the "trancey, arpeggiated" musical line used ES2 presets. For the "long chorus vocals" in the song, Rahman created a "robotic, stair-stepping pitch-bend effect" with Logic's Pitch Correction plugin to achieve the "exaggerated tuning effect". The lyrics to "Jai Ho" were written by Gulzar and are a combination of Hindi, Urdu and Punjabi. Lyrics in Spanish are also included in the song "to go along with his [Rahman] Latin American touch of music". According to the India-EU Film Initiative, this inclusion "really makes the song quite unique and international". Of the three singers credited, Sukhwinder Singh is the principal

title: Sukhwinder Singh

text: Sukhwinder Singh Sukhwinder Singh (born 18 July 1971) is an Indian Bollywood playback singer. Singh is famous for singing "Chaiyya Chaiyya" for which he won the Best Male Playback Award at the 1999 Filmfare Awards. The song, from Mani Ratnam's 1998 film "Dil Se..", was composed by A. R. Rahman, written by Gulzar, and sung in duet with Sapna Awasthi. It was also featured in the musical "Bombay Dreams" and, in remixed arrangements, in the titles and credits segments of Spike Lee's 2006 film, "Inside Man". Singh later gained more international fame for singing "Jai Ho" from the film "Slumdog

title: Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)

text: massive hit." Daniel from MTV Buzzworthy agreed with Banes. "The video is an elaborate dance extravaganza, the kind made famous by suddenly super-hip Bollywood movies. And you know what? It fits. Like a midriff-revealing sari, it fits." On 4 August 2009, it was announced that the video was nominated for Best Choreography at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards. The Pussycat Dolls first performed "Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)" for the first time on television on "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon" on March 10, wearing Indian-inspired outfits. The Pussycat Dolls later performed the track as part of their set

title: Jai Ho (song)

title: Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)

text: Scherzinger and Rahman corresponded via webcam. Scherzinger's version replaces the original tune's Hindi words with English lyrics, including the chorus, "You are the reason that I breathe/ You are the reason that I still believe/ You are my destiny/ Jai ho." Stephanie Nolen of "The Globe and Mail" the lyrics as "racier than the original Hindi words by Indian poet Gulzar." "Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)" premiered on DesiHits and was issued as a digital download on February 23, 2009, a day after Rahman won Best Original Song for "Jai Ho" and Best Original Score for the of "Slumdog

title: Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)

text: residency scaling pop charts around the world." Lamb from About.com also ranked the song number 56th on his Top 100 Pop Songs of 2009. Newsround praised the song by saying "[Nicole Scherzinger] sounds right at home – making the most of her soulful R&B voice and hitting all the (incredibly) high notes on this Eastern-themed piece of pop!" Nick Levine from Digital Spy wrote that, "The Hindi original, which soundtracks the Bollywood dance routine at the end of the movie, is far more urgent and atmospheric, but this remake works nicely enough as a slick, shamelessly opportunistic PCD single. Well,

title: Jai Ho (song)

text: of darkness and pain to light amid 'Jai Ho' hammering in the background." "Jai Ho" received universally favorable reviews from music critics. Bhasker Gupta of AllMusic labelled the song a highlight of the soundtrack. Tajpal Rathore of BBC Music gave the song a positive review, calling it a "quintessential Rahman track". He praised Sukhwinder Singh, saying that he "does an amazing job". Sean Daly of the St. Petersburg Times called the song and its choreography "brilliant". He described it as "two lovers consummating their long, winding courtship not with sex but a hand-waving, side-stepping, totally cathartic shimmy". Emily Heward of

title: Tum Hi Ho

text: Tum Hi Ho "Tum Hi Ho" (English: "You are the one") is a song from the Indian movie "Aashiqui 2", sung by Arijit Singh and composed by Mithoonand is recognised as one of the best songs ever produced in Bollywood. Picturised on Aditya Roy Kapoor and Shraddha Kapoor, it was released by Bhushan Kumar under T-Series, it became popular remaining in the top 10 of "Planet Bollywood" for eight weeks and capturing the first spot on the Top 20 of MTV India for seven weeks. The audio song was released on 22 February 2013 and received critical reception from critics

title: Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)

text: in Vienna, Austria at a Tramway Museum, recreating the last scene from the movie "Slumdog Millionaire". In the United Kingdom, the English-language version of the song was sung by various voice actors of British children's shows during the 2009 Children in Need Promotional dance video. It was also sung in The Official BBC Children in Need Medley, which topped the UK Singles Chart for two weeks in late 2009. The Pussycat dolls have performed "Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)" during several live performances, including the "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon", and an episode of "One Life to Live". At

title: Jai Ho (song)

text: 2010. Rahman, who wore a white bandhgala jacket, black pants and white shoes, was accompanied by hundreds of dancers wearing traditional Indian costumes. Following the performance of "Jiyo Utho Badho Jeeto", fireworks went off and "Jai Ho" began. An editor from Sify wrote that, during the performance of "Jai Ho", "the chant at Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, many would swear, was magical". In March 2009 Super Cassettes Industries (T-Series), the music company which holds the song's copyright for India, received nearly $200,000 from the governing Indian National Congress party for its use in its national campaign in 2009 Indian General Elections.

title: Jai Jai Maharashtra Maza

text: Jai Jai Maharashtra Maza Jai Jai Maharashtra Maza 'जय जय महाराष्ट्र माझा' (Marathi) is a popular Marathi language song praising the Maharashtra state of India. The original lyrics of the song were written by Raja Badhe. The music was composed by Shrinivas Khale and sung by folk singer Krishnarao Sable, popularly known as Shahir Sable. The song with alterations in music and lyrics was released in 2004 in the album "Dilse Maratha Hai" by singer – composer Avdhoot Gupte. The album was released by president of Shiv Sena, Uddhav Thackeray at the Thackeray residence "Matoshri", Bandra, Mumbai. The video featured

title: Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)

text: Upon its release, the song received generally positive reviews from music critics, applauding it as a great adaption. "Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)" was commercially successful. On the US "Billboard" Hot 100, the song debuted at number 100. The following week it peaked at number 15, experiencing one of the largest upward movements on the chart. Internationally, the song charted strongly, topping the charts in countries including in Australia, Finland, Israel and Ireland, as well as peaking within the top ten of the charts in countries such as New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The music video was shot

title: Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)

text: The song was included as one of the encore songs on the set list the Pussycat Dolls' Doll Domination Tour (2009) before ending with "When I Grow Up". Lead singer Nicole Scherzinger performed "Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)" as part of a Pussycat Dolls medley during her first solo tour, Killer Love Tour (2012). Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Doll Domination". Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny) "Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)" is a song performed by American girl group The Pussycat Dolls for their second studio album "Doll Domination" (2008). It was released on February

title: Tum Hi Ho

text: have been heard in abundance in recent times, right from Raaz 3 to Jism 2. Arijit’s voice does touch the listener’s heart and lyrics support the passion as well." IANS wrote, "The album opens with "Tum hi ho". Sung by Arijit Singh, it starts slowly but gradually picks up the pace. Melodious and rhythmic, it has meaningful lyrics. A happy romantic number, it brings the story of a lover sharing his happiness with the world " while some critics call it a self centered narration of a lover's heart along with darkness. The song became a hit with approximately 5

title: Jai Ho (song)

text: Music OMH called "Jai Ho" an "exuberant Bollywood dance number" that "encapsulates the film's feel-good-factor, and reminds us just how much this score deserves the accolades it has already won and the many it is sure still to receive – just as India's most treasured composer deserves the new-found global recognition it has earned him". In a review of the "Slumdog Millionaire" soundtrack, Joginder Tutej of Bollywood Hungama deemed "Jai Ho" the "flagship number" of the film. Tutej complimented Sukhwinder Singh's vocals as being "energetic" and concluded that the singer "can comfortably add on another big chartbuster to his name".

title: Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)

text: Across Europe, the song reached the top five in Belgium (Flanders and Wallonia), Finland, France and Italy. An accompanying music video for "Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)" was directed by Thomas Kloss, in the in Vienna, Austria, while A. R. Rahman filmed his scenes in Los Angeles days before the 81st Academy Awards. The video premiered through "VH1's Top 20 Countdown" on March 21, 2009. The clip recreates the last scene from the movie, "Slumdog Millionaire". The video starts off where Scherzinger is followed by a mystery man through the marketplace, while her bandmates record him. On the second

title: Sooraj Dooba Hain

text: with the 2014 released film "Jai Ho". Initially, Bhushan Kumar told Malllik, that he was looking for a youthful party song for the film, and offered the chance to five other music composers, in-order to select the best track. Mallik finalised a rough version of "Sooraj Dooba Hai" with a few lines written, which was originally composed by him three years ago and was rejected by many of the film producers. Bhushan Kumar, associated in producing the film, heard the version along with other tracks he had composed and wanted to hear the final version of the song, for which

title: Jai Ho (film)

text: Jai Ho (film) Jai Ho () is a 2014 Indian action drama film directed by Sohail Khan and produced by Khan alongside Sunil Lulla. The film stars Salman Khan, Tabu, Daisy Shah, Aditya Pancholi, and Danny Denzongpa. It also features cameo appearances from Sunil Shetty and Genelia D'Souza. The film is an official remake of the 2006 Telugu film "Stalin" directed by A. R. Murugadoss. Its shooting was started in mid-January 2013 and was scheduled to release on Eid 2013 but postponed to avoid clash with Chennai Express. "Jai Ho" was released on January 24, 2014, on 3900 screens in

title: Prashant Kakad

text: enriching cultural exchanges. Kakad and his team lead regular Jai Ho! dance parties, as well as performances at Portland's India Festival, World Domination Summit. Prashant’s work has been featured on TV-Asia, King5-TV, KGW-TV and in newspapers such as The Oregonian, The Asian Reporter and Helena Air. After expanding Jai Ho! Dance Party to seven cities in the US, in 2017 Prashant started working on his first narrative production - ‘A Bollywood Dream’. It featured Bollywood music and dance as well as choral pieces performed by the Eugene Concert Choir to recreate a 90s Bollywood romantic musical live on stage. Prashant

title: Jai Ho (song)

long_answer: "Jai Ho" is a song composed by A. R. Rahman for the 2008 film, Slumdog Millionaire. When Danny Boyle, the director of Slumdog Millionaire, approached Rahman to compose its soundtrack, he included the song. "Jai Ho" accompanies a choreographed dance sequence at the end credits of Slumdog Millionaire. The song features vocals from Sukhvinder Singh, Mahalaxmi Iyer and Vijay Prakash in Hindi, Urdu and Punjabi. Indian singer Tanvi Shah wrote and provided vocals for a Spanish section of the song. "Jai Ho" is a Hindi phrase which can be roughly translated as "Let [the] victory prevail", "Let there be victory", or "May there always be victory".

short_answers:
Mahalaxmi Iyer
Sukhvinder Singh
Tanvi Shah
Vijay Prakash


question: the elements in each period have the same number of

answers: electron shells

title: Period 1 element

text: Period 1 element A period 1 element is one of the chemical elements in the first row (or period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate periodic (recurring) trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements as their atomic number increases: a new row is begun when chemical behaviour begins to repeat, meaning that elements with similar behaviour fall into the same vertical columns. The first period contains fewer elements than any other row in the table, with only two: hydrogen and helium. This situation can be explained by

title: Period 4 element

text: Period 4 element A period 4 element is one of the chemical elements in the fourth row (or "period") of the periodic table of the elements. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements as their atomic number increases: a new row is begun when chemical behaviour begins to repeat, meaning that elements with similar behaviour fall into the same vertical columns. The fourth period contains 18 elements, beginning with potassium and ending with krypton. As a rule, period 4 elements fill their 4s shells first, then their

title: Period 5 element

text: Period 5 element A period 5 element is one of the chemical elements in the fifth row (or "period") of the periodic table of the elements. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements as their atomic number increases: a new row is begun when chemical behaviour begins to repeat, meaning that elements with similar behaviour fall into the same vertical columns. The fifth period contains 18 elements, beginning with rubidium and ending with xenon. As a rule, period 5 elements fill their 5s shells first, then their

title: Period 3 element

text: Period 3 element A period 3 element is one of the chemical elements in the third row (or period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements as their atomic number increases: a new row is begun when the periodic table skips a row and a chemical behaviour begins to repeat, meaning that elements with similar behavior fall into the same vertical columns. The third period contains eight elements: sodium, magnesium, aluminium, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, and argon. The first

title: Period 7 element

text: the nucleus to form an electronic cloud. Period 7 element A period 7 element is one of the chemical elements in the seventh row (or "period") of the periodic table of the chemical elements. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements as their atomic number increases: a new row is begun when chemical behaviour begins to repeat, meaning that elements with similar behaviour fall into the same vertical columns. The seventh period contains 32 elements, tied for the most with period 6, beginning with francium and ending

title: Period 7 element

text: Period 7 element A period 7 element is one of the chemical elements in the seventh row (or "period") of the periodic table of the chemical elements. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements as their atomic number increases: a new row is begun when chemical behaviour begins to repeat, meaning that elements with similar behaviour fall into the same vertical columns. The seventh period contains 32 elements, tied for the most with period 6, beginning with francium and ending with oganesson, the heaviest element currently discovered.

title: Period 1 element

text: by a low-temperature separation process called fractional distillation. Period 1 element A period 1 element is one of the chemical elements in the first row (or period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate periodic (recurring) trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements as their atomic number increases: a new row is begun when chemical behaviour begins to repeat, meaning that elements with similar behaviour fall into the same vertical columns. The first period contains fewer elements than any other row in the table, with only two: hydrogen

title: Period (periodic table)

text: across periods. Seven periods of elements occur naturally on Earth. For period 8, which includes elements which may be synthesized after 2016, see the extended periodic table. A group in chemistry means a family of objects with similarities like different families. There are 7 periods, going horizontally across the periodic table. The first period contains the least elements than any other, with only two, hydrogen and helium. They therefore do not follow the octet rule. Chemically, helium behaves like a noble gas, and thus is taken to be part of the group 18 elements. However, in terms of its nuclear

title: Period 6 element

text: Period 6 element A period 6 element is one of the chemical elements in the sixth row (or "period") of the periodic table of the elements, including the lanthanides. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements as their atomic number increases: a new row is begun when chemical behaviour begins to repeat, meaning that elements with similar behaviour fall into the same vertical columns. The sixth period contains 32 elements, tied for the most with period 7, beginning with caesium and ending with radon. Lead is currently

title: Period 1 element

text: modern theories of atomic structure. In a quantum mechanical description of atomic structure, this period corresponds to the filling of the 1s orbital. Period 1 elements obey the duet rule in that they need two electrons to complete their valence shell. The maximum number of electrons that these elements can accommodate is two, both in the 1s orbital. Therefore, period 1 can have only two elements. All other periods in the period table contain at least 8 elements, and it is often helpful to consider periodic trends across the period. However, period 1 contains only two elements, so this concept

title: Period 3 element

text: two, sodium and magnesium, are members of the s-block of the periodic table, while the others are members of the p-block. Note that there is a 3d subshell, but it is not filled until period 4, such giving the period table its characteristic shape of "two rows at a time". All of the period 3 elements occur in nature and have at least one stable isotope. As the atomic number of elements in Period 3 increases, the atomic radius decreases. As the atomic mass of elements in Period 3 increases, the electronegativity increases. As the atomic number of elements in

title: Period 2 element

text: Period 2 element A period 2 element is one of the chemical elements in the second row (or period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behavior of the elements as their atomic number increases; a new row is started when chemical behavior begins to repeat, creating columns of elements with similar properties. The second period contains the elements lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, and neon. This situation can be explained by modern theories of atomic structure. In a quantum mechanical

title: Period 6 element

text: radioactive, and therefore present radioactive hazards. Period 6 element A period 6 element is one of the chemical elements in the sixth row (or "period") of the periodic table of the elements, including the lanthanides. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements as their atomic number increases: a new row is begun when chemical behaviour begins to repeat, meaning that elements with similar behaviour fall into the same vertical columns. The sixth period contains 32 elements, tied for the most with period 7, beginning with caesium and

title: Period 4 element

text: such, krypton is often used in fluorescent lights. Krypton, like most noble gases, is also used in lighting because of its many spectral lines and the aforementioned reasons. Period 4 element A period 4 element is one of the chemical elements in the fourth row (or "period") of the periodic table of the elements. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements as their atomic number increases: a new row is begun when chemical behaviour begins to repeat, meaning that elements with similar behaviour fall into the same

title: Period (periodic table)

title: Period 2 element

text: description of atomic structure, this period corresponds to the filling of the 2s and 2p orbitals. Period 2 elements obey the octet rule in that they need eight electrons to complete their valence shell. The maximum number of electrons that these elements can accommodate is ten, two in the 1s orbital, two in the 2s orbital and six in the 2p orbital. Period 2 is the first period in the periodic table that periodic trends can be drawn from. Period 1, which only contains two elements (hydrogen and helium) is too small to draw any conclusive trends from it, especially

title: Periodic table

text: new row ("period") is started when a new electron shell has its first electron. Columns ("groups") are determined by the electron configuration of the atom; elements with the same number of electrons in a particular subshell fall into the same columns (e.g. oxygen and selenium are in the same column because they both have four electrons in the outermost p-subshell). Elements with similar chemical properties generally fall into the same group in the periodic table, although in the f-block, and to some respect in the d-block, the elements in the same period tend to have similar properties, as well. Thus,

title: Period 2 element

text: because the two elements behave nothing like other s-block elements. Period 2 has much more conclusive trends. For all elements in period 2, as the atomic number increases, the atomic radius of the elements decreases, the electronegativity increases, and the ionization energy increases. Period 2 only has two metals (lithium and beryllium), making it the least metallic period (period 1 has no metals, but as mentioned above, only has two elements, so it would be impossible to have more metals) and the most nonmetals, with four. The elements in period 2 often have the most extreme properties in their respective

title: Period 2 element

text: inert. It is one of the so-called "noble gases". Neon is a trace component of the atmosphere without any biological role. Period 2 element A period 2 element is one of the chemical elements in the second row (or period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behavior of the elements as their atomic number increases; a new row is started when chemical behavior begins to repeat, creating columns of elements with similar properties. The second period contains the elements lithium, beryllium, boron,

title: Atomic orbital

text: be divided into several rows (called 'periods'), numbered starting with 1 at the top. The presently known elements occupy seven periods. If a certain period has number "i", it consists of elements whose outermost electrons fall in the "i"th shell. Niels Bohr was the first to propose (1923) that the periodicity in the properties of the elements might be explained by the periodic filling of the electron energy levels, resulting in the electronic structure of the atom. The periodic table may also be divided into several numbered rectangular 'blocks'. The elements belonging to a given block have this common feature:

text: the seventh period, as they are calculated to have an additional so-called g-block, containing 18 elements with partially filled "g-orbitals" in each period. An eight-period table containing this block was suggested by Glenn T. Seaborg in 1969. It is not known how many elements are physically possible, if period 8 is complete, or if there is a period 9. Chemical series information for elements past hassium (except copernicium), is hypothetical and based on periodic trends. Superheavy elements may not exist, and may not follow the order of this table even if they do. Extended periodic table (detailed cells) This is

title: Periodic matrix set

text: similar "period". If a matrix contains (n+1) cells then the outermost ring contains "2n+1" cells which are all included in the same period. A ring identification number (n) identifies each period. The root cell is also the smallest ring and is identified as; n = 0. Each subsequent ring (1, 2, 3, etc.) has 2n+1 cells (3, 5, 7, etc.). Individual cells contained within a ring are identified by their deviation from the root diagonal. Each cell within a ring is assigned a deviation number (D). All cells intersected by the root diagonal have; D = 0. All cell locations

title: Period 7 element

text: As a rule, period 7 elements fill their 7s shells first, then their 5f, 6d, and 7p shells, in that order; however, there are exceptions, such as plutonium. All elements of period 7 are radioactive. This period contains the actinides, which contains the heaviest naturally occurring element, plutonium; subsequent elements must be synthesized artificially. Whilst the first five of these are now available in macroscopic quantities, most are extremely rare, having only been prepared in microgram amounts or less. The later, transactinide elements have only been identified in laboratories in batches of a few atoms at a time. Although the

title: Periodic table

text: 11, electronegativity increases farther down the group. A "period" is a horizontal row in the periodic table. Although groups generally have more significant periodic trends, there are regions where horizontal trends are more significant than vertical group trends, such as the f-block, where the lanthanides and actinides form two substantial horizontal series of elements. Elements in the same period show trends in atomic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity. Moving left to right across a period, atomic radius usually decreases. This occurs because each successive element has an added proton and electron, which causes the electron to be drawn

title: Period (periodic table)

text: on Earth, plutonium. All of the subsequent elements in the period have been synthesized artificially. Whilst five of these (from americium to einsteinium) are now available in macroscopic quantities, most are extremely rare, having only been prepared in microgram amounts or less. Some of the later elements have only ever been identified in laboratories in quantities of a few atoms at a time. Although the rarity of many of these elements means that experimental results are not very extensive, periodic and group trends in behaviour appear to be less well defined for period 7 than for other periods. Whilst francium

title: Great conjunction

text: so no more than four of them occur in the same zodiacal sign. To each triangular pattern astrologers have ascribed one from the series of four elements and thus four "triplicities" or "trigons" are formed. Particular importance has been accorded to the occurrence of a great conjunction in a new trigon, which is bound to happen after some 200 years at most. Even greater importance was attributed to the beginning of a new cycle after all fours trigons had been visited, something which happens in about 800 years. Since each 'element' (trigon) consists of 3 signs it takes 800x3=2400 for

title: Period (periodic table)

text: nonmetal. Of the three heaviest elements with biological roles, two (molybdenum and iodine) are in this period; tungsten, in period 6, is heavier, along with several of the early lanthanides. Period 5 also includes technetium, the lightest exclusively radioactive element. Period 6 is the first period to include the f-block, with the lanthanides (also known as the rare earth elements), and includes the heaviest stable elements. Many of these heavy metals are toxic and some are radioactive, but platinum and gold are largely inert. All elements of period 7 are radioactive. This period contains the heaviest element which occurs naturally

title: Period (periodic table)

text: potassium and calcium, and is the first period in the d-block with the lighter transition metals. These include iron, the heaviest element forged in main-sequence stars and a principal component of the Earth, as well as other important metals such as cobalt, nickel, and copper. Almost all have biological roles. Completing the fourth period are the post-transition metals zinc and gallium, the metalloids germanium and arsenic, and the nonmetals selenium, bromine, and krypton. Period 5 has the same number of elements as period 4 and follows the same general structure but with one more post transition metal and one fewer

title: Period (periodic table)

text: structure it belongs to the s block, and is therefore sometimes classified as a group 2 element, or simultaneously both 2 and 18. Hydrogen readily loses and gains an electron, and so behaves chemically as both a group 1 and a group 17 element. Period 2 elements involve the 2s and 2p orbitals. They include the biologically most essential elements besides hydrogen: carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. All period three elements occur in nature and have at least one stable isotope. All but the noble gas argon are essential to basic geology and biology. Period 4 includes the biologically essential elements

title: Period 4 element

text: 3d and 4p shells, in that order; however, there are exceptions, such as chromium. Every single one of these elements is stable, and many are extremely common in the Earth's crust and/or core; it is the last period with no unstable elements at all. Many of the transition metals in period 4 are incredibly strong, and therefore commonly used in industry, especially iron. Copper is one of three metals that are not silver or gray in color, along with caesium and gold. Three adjacent elements are known to be toxic, with arsenic one of the most well-known poisons, selenium being

title: Period (periodic table)

long_answer: A period in the periodic table is one of the horizontal rows, all of those elements have the same number of electron shells. Going across a period, each element has one more proton and is less metallic than its predecessor. Arranged this way, groups of elements in the same column have similar chemical and physical properties, reflecting the periodic law. For example, the alkali metals lie in the first column (group 1) and share similar properties, such as high reactivity and the tendency to lose one electron to arrive at a noble-gas electronic configuration. As of 2016 a total of 118 elements have been discovered and confirmed.


question: bible verse taking the lord's name in vain

answers: Exodus 20:7

title: Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain

text: using the name of the Lord. President Kimball, who was barely conscious, said weakly, "Please! Please! That is my Lord whose names you revile." There was a deathly silence; then the young man whispered with a subdued voice, "I am sorry." Matthew Henry described five categories of actions that constitute taking God's name in vain: 1) hypocrisy – making a profession of God's name, but not living up to that profession; 2) covenant breaking – if one makes promises to God yet does not carry out the promised actions; 3) rash swearing; 4) false swearing; and 5) using the name

text: pronouncing the name of God at all, resulting in the replacement of the Tetragrammaton by "Adonai" (literally "my lords" – see Adonai) in pronunciation. In the Hebrew Bible itself, the commandment is directed against abuse of the name of God, not against any use; there are numerous examples in the Hebrew Bible and a few in the New Testament where God's name is called upon in oaths to tell the truth or to support the truth of the statement being sworn to, and the books of Daniel and Revelation include instances where an angel sent by God invokes the name

text: referred to this as "motzi shem shamayim lavatalah", "uttering the Name of Heaven uselessly." To avoid guilt associated with accidentally breaking the commandment, Jewish scholars applied the prohibition to all seven biblical titles of God in addition to the proper name, and established the safeguard of circumlocution when referring to the Name of God. In writing names of God, a common practice includes substituting letters or syllables so that the written word is not exactly the name, or writing the name in an abbreviated manner. Orthodox Jews will not even pronounce a name of God unless it is said in

text: of God to support the truth of apocalyptic revelations. God himself is presented as swearing by his own name ("As surely as I live …") to guarantee the certainty of various events foretold through the prophets. The Hebrew is translated as "thou shalt not take in vain". The word here translated as "in vain" is "shav' " "emptiness, vanity; emptiness of speech, lying", while "take" is "nasa' " "to lift, carry, bear, take, take away" (appearing in the second person as ). The expression "to take in vain" is also translated less literally as "to misuse" or variants. Some have

text: interpreted the commandment to be against perjury, since invoking God's name in an oath was considered a guarantee of the truth of a statement or promise. Other scholars believe the original intent was to prohibit using the name in the magical practice of conjuration. Hebrew Bible passages also refer to God's name being profaned by hypocritical behavior of people and false representation of God's words or character. Many scholars also believe the commandment applies to the casual use of God's name in interjections and curses (blasphemy). The object of the command "thou shalt not take in vain" is "" "this-same

text: a prohibition against casual interjections using God's name. He pointed out that the more literal translation of Lo tissa is "you shall not carry" rather than "you shall not take", and that understanding this helps one understand why the commandment ranks with such as "You shall not murder" and "You shall not commit adultery". One of the first commandments listed by Maimonides in the Mishneh Torah is the responsibility to sanctify God's name. Maimonides thought the commandment should be taken as generally as possible, and therefore he considered it forbidden to mention God's name unnecessarily at any time. Jewish scholars

text: The Gospel of John relates an incident where a group attempts to stone Jesus after he speaks God's name. Jesus says that he is the Messiah, and makes parallels between himself and the "Son of Man" referred to by the prophet Daniel, which evokes an emphatic response that he has blasphemed (broken the commandment) and deserves death. The Apostle Paul occasionally invokes God's name in his letters, calling God as witness to the purity of his motives and honesty of his dealings with the churches to whom he ministered. The author of Hebrews reviewed God's promise to Abraham as assurance

text: him to hear and act upon curses uttered in a dispute that are then brought before his altar, to distinguish between the person in the right and the one in the wrong. The prophet Isaiah rebuked Israel as the Babylonian Captivity drew near, pointing out that they bore the name of God, and swore by him, but their swearing was hypocritical since they had forsaken the exclusive worship of Yahweh for the worship of idols. The Israelites had been told in Leviticus that sacrificing their children to idols and then coming to worship God caused God's name to be profaned,

title: Psalm 83

text: the Hebrew scriptures 6,828 times) as "LORD", this verse has one of the several occurrences in which it is translated as "JEHOVAH". It is one of the few verses where the phrases "whose name is" or "that is my name" are used (Isa 42:8, Jer 33:2, etc.) in the whole Bible. Notably, for these reasons this particular verse in the King James Bible is widely quoted, particularly by Jehovah's Witnesses, as evidence that "Jehovah" is the personal name of God. Different translations interpret the verse as follows: Psalm 83 Psalm 83 is the last of the Psalms of Asaph, which

title: Don't Take The Name Of God In Vain

text: a nearby location. A man claiming to be the Son of God. The film uses "low lighting" and "simple props" to set up its atmosphere. It seems to have been an inexpensive production, set to work as one-act theatrical play. The film was released in the film festival circuit of the United States, including the Brooklyn Film Festival and the Miami International Film Festival. Don't Take The Name Of God In Vain Don't Take The Name Of God In Vain () is a 1999 Andorran short film, directed by Josep Guirao. The film is 32 minutes long. It is reportedly

text: thus breaking the commandment. According to the Book of Jeremiah, Yahweh told him to look around Jerusalem, asserting that he would not be able to find an honest man – "Even when they say, As Yahweh lives,' they are sure to be swearing falsely." Jeremiah refers to a situation in which Israelites repented and took oaths in God's name – only to renege by reclaiming as slaves persons they had freed as part of their repentance. This hypocritical act was also considered profaning God's name. In Jeremiah 12, an opportunity is also described for Israel's neighbors to avoid destruction and

text: an angel who swears by God to the truth of the end-time events being revealed to John. The Catholic Church teaches that the Lord's name is holy and should be introduced into one's speech only to bless, praise or glorify that name. The name should be used respectfully, with an awareness of the presence of God. It must not be abused by careless speech, false oaths, or words of hatred, reproach or defiance toward God, or used in magic. Since Jesus Christ is believed to be the Messiah, and "the image of the invisible God," this commandment is applied to

text: the name of Jesus Christ as well. The sentiment behind this commandment is expressed in the Lord's Prayer, which begins, "Our Father who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name." According to Pope Benedict XVI, when God revealed his name to Moses he established a relationship with mankind; Benedict stated that the Incarnation was the culmination of a process that "had begun with the giving of the divine name." Benedict elaborated that this means the divine name could be misused and that Jesus' inclusion of "hallowed be thy name" is a plea for the sanctification of God's name, to "protect

title: Don't Take The Name Of God In Vain

text: Don't Take The Name Of God In Vain Don't Take The Name Of God In Vain () is a 1999 Andorran short film, directed by Josep Guirao. The film is 32 minutes long. It is reportedly based on the novel "The Branch" (1984) by Mike Resnick. The film is set in Andorra, during the year 2046. A crime lord has arranged for a gathering of religious leaders, intended to answer a single question: how can one identify the true messiah? While they argue over the expected qualities of this savior figure, a man is revealed to be held prisoner in

text: It is a prohibition of blasphemy, specifically, the misuse or "taking in vain" of the name of the God of Israel, or using His name to commit evil. Exodus 20:7 reads:

text: prosper if they stop swearing by their idol and swear only by the name of Yahweh. To avoid coming under guilt by accidentally misusing God's name, Jewish scholars do not write or pronounce the proper name in most circumstances, but use substitutes such as "Adonai (the Lord)," or "HaShem (the Name)." In English translations of the Bible, the name Adonai is often translated "Lord," while the proper name Yahweh represented by the tetragrammaton is often indicated by the use of capital and small capital letters, Lᴏʀᴅ. Joseph Telushkin, a Modern Orthodox rabbi, wrote that the commandment is much more than

text: prayer or religious study. The Sacred Name (Tetragrammaton), is never pronounced by these Jews but always read as "Adonai (the Lord)," "HaShem (the Name)," or sometimes "AdoShem". The Kaddish is an important prayer in a Jewish prayer service whose central theme is the magnification and sanctification of God's name. Along with the Shema and Amidah, it is one of the most important and central prayers of Jewish liturgy. In his Sermon on the Mount, Jesus taught that a person's word should be reliable and one should not swear by God or his creation. In his letter, the Apostle James reiterates

text: the instruction to just say 'yes' or 'no' and keep your word, "so that you may not fall into condemnation." According to David Cook, appeals to authorities to validate the truth of a promise had expanded in Jesus' day, which was not in line with the original commandment. Jesus is quoted as warning that they were blind and foolish who gave credibility to such arguments. According to the Gospel of John, Jesus made appeals to the power of the name of God and also claimed the name of God as his own, which constituted blasphemy if it were not true.

title: Names of God

text: use) of this name is the primary subject of the command not to take the name of the Lord in vain. Instead of pronouncing YHWH during prayer, Jews say "Adonai" ("Lord"). "Halakha" requires that secondary rules be placed around the primary law, to reduce the chance that the main law will be broken. As such, it is common religious practice to restrict the use of the word "Adonai" to prayer only. In conversation, many Jewish people, even when not speaking Hebrew, will call God "HaShem" (השם), which is Hebrew for "the Name" (this appears in ). Almost all Orthodox Jews

title: King James Version

text: by "IEHOVAH" (, , and ) and three times in a combination form. (, , ) However, if the Tetragrammaton occurs with the Hebrew word adonai (Lord) then it is rendered not as the "Lord LORD" but as the "Lord God". (, etc.) In later editions as "Lord GOD" with "GOD" in small capitals indicating to the reader that God's name appears in the original Hebrew. For their Old Testament, the translators used a text originating in the editions of the Hebrew Rabbinic Bible by Daniel Bomberg (1524/5), but adjusted this to conform to the Greek LXX or Latin Vulgate

text: name of YHWH, thy "elohim"", making explicit that the commandment is against the misuse of the proper name Yahweh specifically. In the Hebrew Bible, as well as in the Ancient Near East and throughout classical antiquity more generally, an oath is a conditional self-curse invoking deities that are asked to inflict punishment on the oath-breaker. There are numerous examples in the Book of Samuel of people strengthening their statements or promises with the phrase, "As surely as Yahweh lives …" and such statements are referred to in Jeremiah as well. The value of invoking punishment from God was based on

title: Statenvertaling

text: the New Testament and preceded with a "warning for the reader". In the Hebrew Bible, God's name is written with the four consonants JHWH (as seen on the very top of the title page in Hebrew characters), and would not be pronounced by the Jews. During the 12th session, the synod decided to translate God's name with ""HEERE"" ("LORD"). In the margin where God's name first appears, the following note is given: The translators and overseers were appointed during the 13th session on 26 November 1618. Translators were Johannes Bogerman, Willem Baudartius, and Gerson Bucerus for the Old Testament, and

title: Names and titles of God in the New Testament

text: name be sanctified!'" Feneberg further notes that "in pre-Christian manuscripts for Greek-speaking Jews, God's name was not paraphrased with kýrios [Lord], but was written in the tetragram form in Hebrew or archaic Hebrew characters. ... We find recollections of the name in the writings of the Church Fathers". Professor Christopher R. Matthews states: The Jewish custom of writing the tetragrammaton in Hebrew characters within the Greek text continued in the first centuries CE. No Jewish manuscript of the Septuagint has been found with "Κύριος" representing the tetragrammaton, and it has been argued, but not widely accepted, that the use of

title: Take My Hand, Precious Lord

text: Take My Hand, Precious Lord "Take My Hand, Precious Lord" (a.k.a. "Precious Lord, Take My Hand") is a gospel song. The lyrics were written by the Rev. Thomas A. Dorsey, who also adapted the melody. The melody is credited to Dorsey, drawn extensively from the 1844 hymn tune, "Maitland". "Maitland" is often attributed to American composer George N. Allen (1812–1877), but the earliest known source (Plymouth Collection, 1855) shows that Allen was the author/adapter of the text "Must Jesus bear the cross alone," not the composer of the tune, and the tune itself was printed without attribution for many years.

title: Names of God in Judaism

text: letters that form the names of God. The words "God" and "Lord" are written by some Jews as "G-d" and "L-rd" as a way of avoiding writing any name of God in full out of respect. Deuteronomy 12:3–4 reads, "And ye shall overthrow their altars, and break their pillars, and burn their groves with fire; and ye shall hew down the graven images of their gods, and destroy the names of them out of that place. Ye shall not do so unto the Lord your God." From this it is understood that one should not erase or blot out the

title: Lord, I Lift Your Name on High

text: Lord, I Lift Your Name on High "Lord, I Lift Your Name on High" is a Christian worship song. It was written by Rick Founds in 1989. Founds wrote the song during his morning devotion, while reading the scriptures on his computer monitor and watching television. He plucked his guitar thinking about the "cycle of redemption", comparing it with the water cycle. Founds performed the song as a worship leader in his church. It was picked up by Maranatha! Music and initially recorded by the Maranatha! Singers followed by the Praise Band. Promise Keepers performed the song in English and

title: Names of God in Christianity

text: those who bear the name of God are destined for Heaven. In Christian teachings, although the people of God bear the name of God, even they can offend the name of God by transgressing against the nature of God, and disobeying His commandments, as in : "For the name of God is blasphemed among the Gentiles because of you, even as it is written.". The first petition in the Lord's Prayer is "Hallowed be thy Name" and is addressed to "Our Father who art in Heaven". In his 4th century sermon "Hallowed be Thy Name, Thy Kingdom Come", Gregory of

title: King James Version

text: the New Testament, it was used much less frequently in the 1611 edition than would later be the case. In one verse, , an entire clause was printed in roman type (as it had also been in the Great Bible and Bishop's Bible); indicating a reading then primarily derived from the Vulgate, albeit one for which the later editions of Beza had provided a Greek text. In the Old Testament the translators render the Tetragrammaton YHWH by "the LORD" (in later editions in small capitals as ), or "the LORD God" (for "YHWH Elohim", יהוה אלהים), except in four places

title: Sacred Name Movement

text: Bible" in 1962, both based upon the King James Version, but changing some names and words in the text to Hebrew-based forms, such as "God" to "Elohim", "LORD" to "Yahweh" and "Jesus" to "Yahshua". Most groups within the Sacred Name Movement use a Sacred Name Bible, others having been produced since Traina's. The SNM rejects Easter and Christmas as pagan in origin and instead observes the holy days of Leviticus 23 such as Passover and the Feast of Weeks. The movement is also non-Trinitarian because it rejects the doctrine of the Trinity as unbiblical. However, groups within the movement have

title: Psalm 39

text: Psalm 39 Psalm 39 is the 39th psalm of the Book of Psalms, generally known in English by its first verse, in the King James Version, "I said, I will take heed to my ways, that I sin not with my tongue". The Book of Psalms is the third section of the Hebrew Bible, and a book of the Christian Old Testament. In the Greek Septuagint version of the bible, and in its Latin translation Vulgate, this psalm is Psalm 38 in a slightly different numbering system. In Latin, it is known as "Dixi custodiam vias meas". It is a