question: who was the german leader who signed the treaty of versailles

answers: Gustav Bauer

answers: President Friedrich Ebert

title: Max Montgelas

text: a German count and official spokesman for the German Weimar Republic at the Paris Peace Conference following World War I to investigate the question of responsibility for the war. He helped to draft the German answer to the charges of war guilt and was one of the four signatories to the Memorandum, presented on May 29, 1919, in reply to the Western Allies. Later, in the absence of the other members of the German Commission, he was jointly responsible, with Delbruck, for a further Memorandum replying to the Allied Note of June 16, 1919. He subsequently wrote his controversial book

title: Otto Hoetzsch

text: Berlin. He started his political career as a member of the Prussian constitutional assembly. In 1918 he joined the DNVP (German National People's Party), and was a member of the Reichstag from 1920 to 1930. In 1922 he helped negotiate the Treaty of Rapallo with the new Soviet Union, as an interpreter. He felt that this would also lead to an international rehabilitation of Germany after the Great War. He greatly admired President Hindenburg, whom he also entertained at dinner in his home. Between 1923 and 1934 he repeatedly travelled to the Soviet Union and founded the Journal "Osteuropa" (Eastern

title: Fritz Thyssen

text: life, as head of the German Iron and Steel Industry Association and the Reich Association of German Industry, and as a board member of the Reichsbank. In 1923, Thyssen met former General Erich Ludendorff, who advised him to attend a speech given by Adolf Hitler, leader of the Nazi Party. Thyssen was impressed by Hitler and his bitter opposition to the Treaty of Versailles, and began to make large donations to the party, including 100,000 gold marks ($25,000) in 1923 to Ludendorff. In this he was unusual among German business leaders, as most were traditional conservatives who regarded the Nazis

title: Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau

text: Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau Ulrich Karl Christian Graf von Brockdorff-Rantzau (29 May 1869 – 8 September 1928) was a German diplomat who became the first Foreign Minister of the Weimar Republic. In this capacity, he led the German delegation at the Paris Peace Conference but resigned over the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. He later was German Ambassador to the USSR from 1922 to 1928. Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau was born in Schleswig on 29 May 1869. He was the son of Graf Hermann zu Rantzau (1840-72), a Prussian civil servant ("Regierungsassessor") of the Rantzau family and his wife Gräfin Juliane

title: Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau

text: He remained in this post until his death on 8 September 1928 when he was on holiday at Berlin. Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau Ulrich Karl Christian Graf von Brockdorff-Rantzau (29 May 1869 – 8 September 1928) was a German diplomat who became the first Foreign Minister of the Weimar Republic. In this capacity, he led the German delegation at the Paris Peace Conference but resigned over the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. He later was German Ambassador to the USSR from 1922 to 1928. Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau was born in Schleswig on 29 May 1869. He was the son of

title: Johannes Bell

text: Johannes Bell Johannes Bell (23 September 1868 – 21 October 1949) was a German jurist and politician (Centre Party). During the Weimar Republic era, he briefly served as Minister of Colonial Affairs, Minister of Transport (1919/20), and as Minister of Justice (1926/27). He was one of the two German representatives who signed the Treaty of Versailles in June 1919. Johannes Bell was born on 23 September 1868 in Essen in what was then the Rhine Province of Prussia, as the son of Josef Bell, a land surveyor, and his wife Josefine (née Steuer). A Roman Catholic, Bell married Trude Nünning

title: Wilhelm Sollmann

text: Wilhelm Sollmann Friedrich Wilhelm Sollmann, later William Frederick Sollmann (1 April 1881 – 6 January 1951) was a German journalist, politician, and interior minister of the Weimar Republic. In 1919, he was on the staff of the German delegation that was to receive the Treaty of Versailles. In 1933, he emigrated and eventually moved to the United States where he became an advocate for the peaceful resolution of conflicts. Wilhelm Sollmann was born on 2 April 1881 in , Saxe-Meiningen (today a part of Sonneberg, Thuringia). His father was Johan Jakob Sollmann, a brewer and farmer in Oberlind and after

title: Johannes Bell

text: in Würgassen/Weser. Johannes Bell Johannes Bell (23 September 1868 – 21 October 1949) was a German jurist and politician (Centre Party). During the Weimar Republic era, he briefly served as Minister of Colonial Affairs, Minister of Transport (1919/20), and as Minister of Justice (1926/27). He was one of the two German representatives who signed the Treaty of Versailles in June 1919. Johannes Bell was born on 23 September 1868 in Essen in what was then the Rhine Province of Prussia, as the son of Josef Bell, a land surveyor, and his wife Josefine (née Steuer). A Roman Catholic, Bell married

title: Bernhard Weiß (police executive)

text: defend parliamentary democracy. He was responsible for producing evidence of the subversive activities of the Russian trade delegation in Berlin. Walter Rathenau, the Jewish industrialist and politician who served Weimar governments in several capacities including that of Foreign Minister was assassinated in 1922, two months after the signing of the Treaty of Rapallo. Weiss was closely involved in the successful hunt for Rathenau's murderers. He was always concerned with the struggles against both the communists and the brownshirts and ordered the confiscation of weapons found at their meetings. In 1927 Weiss ordered the shutting down of the Berlin branch of

title: Walther von Lüttwitz

text: insurance. Like many members of the Reichswehr, Lüttwitz was an outspoken opponent of the Treaty of Versailles that was signed in June 1919. He was concerned that the treaty's stipulations could cause the army to disintegrate during its period of re-organisation and he especially disliked the treaty articles that demanded the reduction of the army to 100,000 men, disbandment of the "Freikorps", and the extradition of about 900 men whom the Allies accused of war crimes. He planned to defy these stipulations of the treaty. As early as July 1919, Lüttwitz was involved in plots to topple the Weimar Republic

text: a founding member of the Christian Social Union in Bavaria, and he served as a member of the Parliament of Bavaria from 1946 to 1954. Friedrich Wilhelm von Prittwitz und Gaffron Friedrich Wilhelm von Prittwitz und Gaffron (1 September 1884 – 1 September 1955) was a German Ambassador to the United States under the Weimar Republic, from 1928 until April 14, 1933. He was in office at the time that Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany, and resigned from the diplomatic corps in protest the day after Hitler was appointed Chancellor. He had hosted German playwright Lion Feuchtwanger at

title: Rudolf Heinze

text: November 1918, Heinze was Minister of Justice of the Kingdom of Saxony and briefly the last "Ministerpräsident" of the King of Saxony. In the German Revolution of 1918-19 Heinze was instrumental in founding the "Deutsche Volkspartei" (DVP). He was a leading member of the DVP first in the Weimar National Assembly (1919/20) and then of the Reichstag (1920–24). In June 1919, Heinze played a key role in making possible a compromise between the opposition and the government on the Treaty of Versailles, paving the way to its acceptance by the National Assembly. In June 1920, he tried unsuccessfully to form

title: Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau

text: the unification of the Reich with Austria and participation in the League of Nations to secure world peace. Brockdorff-Rantzau led the German delegation that went to Versailles to receive the treaty agreed by the Paris Peace Conference between the Allies and the associated states. In an angry speech to the Conference on 7 May 1919, he refuted the claim that Germany and Austria were solely responsible for the war, although he accepted a partial guilt especially with regard to what has become known as the Rape of Belgium. He pointed out that both sides should be bound by Wilson's Fourteen

title: Gustav Stresemann

text: Gustav Stresemann Gustav Ernst Stresemann (; 10 May 1878 – 3 October 1929) was a German statesman who served as Chancellor in 1923 (for a brief period of 102 days) and Foreign Minister 1923–1929, during the Weimar Republic. He was co-laureate of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1926. His most notable achievement was the reconciliation between Germany and France, for which he and Aristide Briand received the Nobel Peace Prize. During a period of political instability and fragile, short-lived governments, he was generally seen as the most influential cabinet member in most of the Weimar Republic's existence. During his political

title: Treaty of Versailles

title: Walther Reinhardt

text: continued to oppose the military disarmament imposed by the Treaty of Versailles and published writings aimed at improving the ability of the German youth to put up a fight. He died in Berlin-Lichterfelde on 8 August 1930. Walther Reinhardt Walther Gustav Reinhardt (24 March 1872 in Stuttgart – 8 August 1930 in Berlin) was a German officer who served as the last Prussian Minister of War and the first head of the army command ("Chef der Heeresleitung") within the newly created Ministry of the Reichswehr of the Weimar Republic. During the Kapp Putsch of 1920, Reinhardt remained loyal to the

title: Manfred Freiherr von Killinger

text: the Munich-based antisemitic secret society known as the "Germanenorden", which proclaimed its allegiance to the Aryan race and the Germanic peoples. By 1920, Killinger became a leader in the "Marinebrigade"'s death squad known as "Organisation Consul". As such, he helped to plan the murder of Matthias Erzberger, former Minister of Finance, who had become a target as early as 1918, when he had signed his name to the Armistice of Compiègne. He personally supervised the way in which Heinrich Tillessen and Heinrich Schulz, the people charged with assassinating Erzberger (both members of the "Germanenorden"), carried out their task. He is

title: Manfred Freiherr von Killinger

text: Manfred Freiherr von Killinger Manfred Freiherr von Killinger (14 July 1886 – 2 September 1944) was a German naval officer, "Freikorps" leader, military writer and Nazi politician. A veteran of World War I and member of the "Marinebrigade Ehrhardt" during the German Revolution, he took part in the military intervention against the Bavarian Soviet Republic. After the "Freikorps" was disbanded, the antisemitic Killinger was active in the "Germanenorden" and "Organisation Consul", masterminding the murder of Matthias Erzberger. He was subsequently a National Socialist German Workers Party representative in the Reichstag and a leader of the "Sturmabteilung", before serving as Saxony's

title: Walter Simons

text: he opposed German signature of the Treaty, Simons resigned his post ("einstweiliger Ruhestand") and became managing director of the "Reichsverband der deutschen Industrie" (the industrialists' association). In 1920, he resigned from the Pan-German League where he had served on the executive board in 1903-1907. Simons, who never joined a political party, served from June 1920 to May 1921 in the Fehrenbach cabinet as Foreign Minister and was the Reich representative at the Spa Conference and the . From January to May 1922, Simons was delegate at the German-Polish negotiations on Upper Silesia. In 1922, he founded the so-called "SeSiSo-Kreis" named

title: Wolfgang Kapp

text: became an exponent of the Dolchstoß legend and a vehement critic of the Treaty of Versailles. In 1919 he was elected to the Reichstag as a monarchist. In March 1920 Hermann Ehrhardt, the leader of the Freikorps known as the Ehrhardt Brigade, was authorized by General Walther von Lüttwitz (Commander of Reichswehr Command Group I) to proceed and use the Marine Brigade to take Berlin from the Weimar Government. The Weimar government fled to Dresden and then onto Stuttgart in order to avoid arrest by rebel Reichswehr troops. Though proclaiming a new government and state administration, Kapp along with Lüttwitz

title: Manfred Freiherr von Killinger

text: in assuring German leaders that Romania was under control. This came despite repeated warnings issued by Eugen Cristescu, head of the Romanian Special Intelligence Service. Reflecting on the sequence of events, he indicated his belief that Killinger "was certainly not quite normal". Manfred Freiherr von Killinger Manfred Freiherr von Killinger (14 July 1886 – 2 September 1944) was a German naval officer, "Freikorps" leader, military writer and Nazi politician. A veteran of World War I and member of the "Marinebrigade Ehrhardt" during the German Revolution, he took part in the military intervention against the Bavarian Soviet Republic. After the "Freikorps"

title: Paul von Hintze

text: an armistice at the end of September. After the resignation of the government of Chancellor Georg von Hertling on October 3, Hintze was replaced as Foreign Minister by Wilhelm Solf. Paul von Hintze Paul von Hintze (13 February 1864 in Schwedt/Oder – 19 August 1941 in Meran) was a German naval officer, diplomat, and politician who served as Foreign Minister of Germany in the last stages of World War I, from July to October 1918. Paul Hintze was born in 1864 in the little town of Schwedt approximately eighty miles northeast of Berlin. The Hintze family was part of the

title: Renée Schwarzenbach-Wille

text: Treaty of Versailles. After World War II, she helped out those Germans who had fled to Switzerland to escape the Allies. She had a difficult relationship with her second daughter Annemarie, writer, photographer and traveller, partly due to the political differences between the two woman, Renée being pro-German throughout the Nazi period, and Annemarie holding pronouncedly anti-fascist views. Renée Schwarzenbach-Wille Renée Schwarzenbach-Wille (1883 in Thun, Switzerland – 1959 in Konstanz) was the daughter of Swiss General Ulrich Wille, and a granddaughter of German diplomat Count Friedrich Wilhelm Bismarck (1783-1860). She is known for her detailed photographic diary, and as the

title: Hugo W. Koehler

text: 1919. He does have the distinction of being the first American officer to enter Berlin following the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919, officially ending the war. The Allied Naval Armistice Commission was at Hamburg embarked on the British cruiser, HMS Coventry. The city was under martial law and none of the British officers were interested in going ashore, unlike Koehler and Chief Yeoman Walter Dring, USN (1894-1984). Despite warnings of the danger, and armed with a notebook and pencils, Koehler and Dring sauntered down the gangplank and strode to the Hamburg-American Line pier. Pushing through

title: Schirach family

text: married Emma Middleton Lynah Tillou (1872–1944), who also belonged to a prominent Philadelphia family and who was descended from two signatories of the American Declaration of Independence, a former Governor of Pennsylvania and some of the Mayflower pilgrims. Carl von Schirach was born in Germany, but was an American citizen until joining the Prussian Army. He left the army in 1908 to become leader of the Weimar Court Theatre. Carl von Schirach and Emma Tillou were the parents of the opera singer Rosalind von Schirach and of the politician Baldur Benedikt von Schirach, who was leader of the Hitler Youth

title: Walther Rathenau

text: Walther Rathenau Walther Rathenau (29 September 1867 – 24 June 1922) was a Jewish statesman who served as German Foreign Minister during the Weimar Republic. Rathenau initiated the Treaty of Rapallo, which removed major obstacles to trading with Soviet Russia. Although Russia was already aiding Germany's secret rearmament programme, right-wing nationalist groups branded Rathenau a revolutionary, when he was in fact a moderate liberal who openly condemned Soviet methods. They also resented his background as a successful Jewish businessman. Two months after signing the treaty, he was assassinated in Berlin by the right-wing terrorist group Organisation Consul. Some members of

title: Hans Adam Dorten

text: Hans Adam Dorten Hans Adam Dorten (10 February 1880 – April 1963) was a German career lawyer who in 1919 became a separatist leader in the militarily occupied Rhineland, following German defeat in the First World War. The period was a confused one during which political objectives were not always firmly fixed, nor clearly set out, but it is understood that Dorten's preference was for a Rhineland separated from "protestant" Prussia, and economically more closely aligned with France. At the end of 1923, a final attempt to establish an independent Rhenish state having failed, he escaped to Nice in France:

title: Karl Strecker

text: Treaty of Versailles. His first posting was in Münster where he married Hedwig Bonn, the daughter of the Mayor of Marienburg, having two children with her. Strecker openly held anti-democratic and anti-socialist political positions and had a contempt of the Weimar government, which fact he blamed for his lack of advancement. Strecker was transferred to Berlin in 1927 to command one of the police districts in the city. In 1931 he was transferred back to Münster, eventually being promoted to Lieutenant Colonel and taking command of his old police academy there. Strecker worked with the SA to suppress left-wing demonstrations

title: Thomas Szczeponik

text: Thomas Szczeponik Thomas Szczeponik (born 4 December 1860 in Peiskretscham, Province of Silesia (now Poland), died 30 January 1927 in Katowice (Kattowitz)) was a German-Polish Catholic politician. He was educated as a teacher at a Catholic seminary in Peiskretscham between 1874 and 1881, and worked as a teacher. He was elected to the Weimar National Assembly in 1919 as a representative of the Catholic Centre Party, and was a member of the German Reichstag until 31 August 1922. In 1920, he voted against the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles. After his hometown became Polish, and he became a Polish

title: Otto Pittinger

text: Otto Pittinger Otto Pittinger (born February 12, 1878 in Wörth an der Donau; died August, 1926 in Munich) was a Bavarian medical officer, politician and soldier. He was an influential leader in Bavarian politics during the early days of the Weimar Republic, and was leader of the "Bund Bayern und Reich". Otto Pittinger was born in Wörth an der Donau, the son of a brewer. After leaving school, he studied medicine in Munich. During his studies, he became a member of the "Corps Ratisbonia München", a fraternity of students and alumni. Following his medical education, he settled as a general

title: Treaty of Versailles

long_answer: In June 1919, the Allies declared that war would resume if the German government did not sign the treaty they had agreed to among themselves. The government headed by Philipp Scheidemann was unable to agree on a common position, and Scheidemann himself resigned rather than agree to sign the treaty. Gustav Bauer, the head of the new government, sent a telegram stating his intention to sign the treaty if certain articles were withdrawn, including Articles 227, 230 and 231. In response, the Allies issued an ultimatum stating that Germany would have to accept the treaty or face an invasion of Allied forces across the Rhine within 24 hours. On 23 June, Bauer capitulated and sent a second telegram with a confirmation that a German delegation would arrive shortly to sign the treaty. On 28 June 1919, the fifth anniversary of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (the immediate impetus for the war), the peace treaty was signed. The treaty had clauses ranging from war crimes, the prohibition on the merging of Austria with Germany without the consent of the League of Nations, freedom of navigation on major European rivers, to the returning of a Koran to the king of Hedjaz.


question: where is fight or flight in the brain

answers: the adrenal medulla

title: Goose bumps

text: situation, the body can employ the "fight or flight" response. As the body prepares itself for either fighting or running, the sympathetic nervous system floods the blood with adrenaline (epinephrine), a hormone that speeds up heart rate, metabolism, and body temperature in the presence of extreme stress. Then the sympathetic nervous system also causes the piloerection reflex, which makes the muscles attached to the base of each hair follicle contract and force the hair up. Canadian researchers have suggested that when humans are moved by music their brains behave as if reacting to delicious food, psychoactive drugs, or money. The

title: Fear

text: response regulated by the hypothalamus, part of the limbic system. Once the person is in safe mode, meaning that there are no longer any potential threats surrounding them, the amygdalae will send this information to the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) where it is stored for similar future situations, which is known as memory consolidation. Some of the hormones involved during the state of fight-or-flight include epinephrine, which regulates heart rate and metabolism as well as dilating blood vessels and air passages, norepinephrine increasing heart rate, blood flow to skeletal muscles and the release of glucose from energy stores, and cortisol

title: Stress in early childhood

text: also known as the flight or fight response hormones. When epinephrine is released it will bind to various receptors in various target organs; this will exhibit multiple roles in the fight or flight mechanism. The HPA system is responsible for producing glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex; the main glucocorticoid in humans is the steroid hormone cortisol. In contrast to epinephrine, which takes a short amount of time for production, cortisol takes up to 25 minutes to reach peak levels. Also, cortisol is able to penetrate the brain through the blood–brain barrier, unlike epinephrine. Therefore, cortisol takes more time to form,

title: Fight-or-flight response

text: that occur during the fight-or-flight response. This component of the autonomic nervous system utilises and activates the release of norepinephrine in the reaction. The parasympathetic nervous system originates in the sacral spinal cord and medulla, physically surrounding the sympathetic origin, and works in concert with the sympathetic nervous system. Its main function is to activate the "rest and digest" response and return the body to homeostasis after the fight or flight response. This system utilises and activates the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. The reaction begins in the amygdala, which triggers a neural response in the hypothalamus. The initial reaction

title: Fight-or-flight response

text: will lose interest. Other animals have alternative self-protection methods. Some species of cold-blooded animals change color swiftly, to camouflage themselves. These responses are triggered by the sympathetic nervous system, but, in order to fit the model of fight or flight, the idea of flight must be broadened to include escaping capture either in a physical or sensory way. Thus, flight can be disappearing to another location or just disappearing in place. And often both fight and flight are combined in a given situation. The fight or flight actions also have polarity – the individual can either fight or flee against

title: Fight-or-flight response

text: the reaction, the intensity of emotion that is brought on by the stimulus will also determine the nature and intensity of the behavioral response. Individuals with higher levels of emotional reactivity may be prone to anxiety and aggression, which illustrates the implications of appropriate emotional reaction in the fight or flight response. The specific components of cognitions in the fight or flight response seem to be largely negative. These negative cognitions may be characterised by: attention to negative stimuli, the perception of ambiguous situations as negative, and the recurrence of recalling negative words. There also may be specific negative thoughts

title: Amit Sood

text: states that the classic fight-or-flight reaction is mostly due to the three major stress hormones, adrenaline, cortisol and norepinephrine Sood's life work is committed to decreasing suffering and increasing happiness. As per Sood, pain is unavoidable, but a large proportion of suffering is optional. Suffering is unrelenting pain for which one cannot find meaning. Suffering can be decreased by greater self-awareness, developing intentional attention, and emotional resilience. Sood claims self-awareness is becoming aware of who we are as a species and how our brain operates. Sood notes that when we are awake, our brain seesaws between two functional modes -

title: Horse behavior

text: a prey species. The fight-or-flight response involves nervous impulses which result in hormone secretions into the bloodstream. When a horse reacts to a threat, it may initially "freeze" in preparation to take flight. The fight-or-flight reaction begins in the brain amygdala, which triggers a neural response in the hypothalamus. The initial reaction is followed by activation of the pituitary gland and secretion of the hormone ACTH. The adrenal gland is activated almost simultaneously and releases the neurotransmitters epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). The release of chemical messengers results in the production of the hormone cortisol, which increases blood pressure and

title: Depersonalization disorder

text: of the brain involved in the "fight-or-flight" response. Patients demonstrate abnormal cortisol levels and basal activity. Studies found that patients with DPD could be distinguished from patients with clinical depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. The symptoms are sometimes described by those with neurological diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's, multiple sclerosis (MS), neuroborreliosis (Lyme disease), etc., that directly affect brain tissue. It has been thought that depersonalization has been caused by a biological response to dangerous or life-threatening situations which causes heightened senses and emotional neutrality. If this response occurs in real-life, non-threatening situations, the result can be shocking

title: Fight or Flight (film)

text: Fight or Flight (film) Fight or Flight is a 2007 documentary film produced by Peter J McCarthy and directed by McCarthy and Shane Sutton. The film won "Best Foreign Documentary" at the Long Island Film Festival as well as "Best Documentary" at festivals in Hamburg, Toronto and California. The film took over five years to make and was first premiered at the DocNz International film festival in Auckland, New Zealand in October 2007. It is based on a man's journey into the heart of Thai boxing (Muay Thai boxing) in Thailand. The film was funded by the Irish Film Board.

title: Hypokinesia

text: an increase in cardiac activity and change in the tonus of the heart vessels occurs, which is an elementary indication of stress development. In patients with normal stress, an adaptive fight-or-flight response is usually triggered by sympathetic nervous system activation. Hypokinesia patients experience these typical stress symptoms on a regular basis because of damage to the basal ganglia system. Therefore, when a hypokinesia victim is under stress, he or she does not display a typical fight-or-flight response, placing the patient under greater danger from potentially harmful stimuli. Low-impact exercise, elimination of drug and alcohol use, and regular meditation can help

title: Phobia

text: are known as the fight-or-flight response. Inside the brain, however, this stress response can be observed in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA). This circuit incorporates the process of receiving stimuli, interpreting it and releasing certain hormones into the bloodstream. The parvocellular neurosecretory neurons of the hypothalamus release corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which is sent to the anterior pituitary. Here the pituitary releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which ultimately stimulates the release of cortisol. In relation to anxiety, the amygdala is responsible for activating this circuit, while the hippocampus is responsible for suppressing it. Glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus monitor the amount of cortisol

title: Eysenck Personality Questionnaire

text: is responsible for the fight-or-flight response in the face of danger. Activation can be measured by heart rate, blood pressure, cold hands, sweating and muscular tension (especially in the forehead). Neurotic people — who have low activation thresholds, and unable to inhibit or control their emotional reactions, experience negative affect (fight-or-flight) in the face of very minor stressors — are easily nervous or upset. Emotionally stable people — who have high activation thresholds and good emotional control, experience negative affect only in the face of very major stressors — are calm and collected under pressure. The two dimensions or axes,

title: Neomammalian brain

text: and 1940’s, delved into the circuit between the hippocampus, thalamus and cingulum, and how their connection is the basis for human emotion. MacLean proposed that the limbic system had developed over time in early mammals to control both fight and flight responses. MacLeans findings and proposals on the limbic system are both still questioned and debated by modern day neuroscience researchers, failing to conclude whether MacLeans’ proposal is of accuracy . The Triune Brain is divided into three sections; Reptilian, Paleomammalian and Neomammalian. MacLean proposed that the human skull doesn’t just contain one single brain, according to his Triune Brain

title: Fight-or-flight response

title: Fight-or-flight response

text: organisms react to stress. This response is recognised as the first stage of the general adaptation syndrome that regulates stress responses among vertebrates and other organisms. The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal. This system is the primary mechanism in control of the fight-or-flight response and its role is mediated by two different components: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system originates in the spinal cord and its main function is to activate the physiological changes

title: Claustrophobia

text: the disorder. The fears of enclosed spaces is an irrational fear. Most claustrophobic people who find themselves in a room without windows consciously know that they aren't in danger, yet these same people will be afraid, possibly terrified to the point of incapacitation, and many do not know why. The amygdala is one of the smallest structures in the brain, but also one of the most powerful. The amygdala is needed for the conditioning of fear, or the creation of a fight-or-flight response. A fight-or-flight response is created when a stimulus is associated with a grievous situation. Cheng believes that

title: Shelley E. Taylor

text: adaptive for women as for men because women typically have young children. Dr. Regan Gurung, a colleague of Taylor's and a developer of the theory says: "The 'fight or flight' model is based on the very simple assumption that our bodies prepare us for action to either fight with a foe or to run away from it. However, from an evolutionary standpoint, women evolved as caregivers; applying the same 'fight or flight' model, if women fight and lose, then they are leaving an infant behind. By the same token, if they flee, it's a lot harder to flee if you

title: Emotions in decision-making

text: in the body that are projected to the brain—called the "body loop". For instance, encountering a feared object like a snake may initiate the fight-or-flight response and cause fear. In the second pathway, cognitive representations of the emotions can be activated in the brain without being directly elicited by a physiological response—called the "as-if body loop". For instance, imagining an encounter with a snake would initiate a similar flight-or-fight response "as-if" you were in that particular situation (albeit perhaps a much weaker one). In other words, the brain can anticipate expected bodily changes, which allows the individual to respond faster

title: Neuroepigenetics

text: the 'fight or flight' response. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is the most studied of these receptors. During stressful circumstances, there is a signaling cascade that begins from the pituitary gland and terminates due to a negative feedback loop from the adrenal gland. In this loop, the increase in the levels of the stress response hormone results in the increase of GR. Increase in GR results in the decrease of cellular response to the hormone levels. It has been shown that methylation of the I7 exon within the GR locus leads to a lower level of basal GR expression in mice.

title: Claustrophobia

text: a phobia's roots are in this fight-or-flight response. In generating a fight-or-flight response, the amygdala acts in the following way: The amygdala's anterior nuclei associated with fear each other. Nuclei send out impulses to other nuclei, which influence respiratory rate, physical arousal, the release of adrenaline, blood pressure, heart rate, behavioral fear response, and defensive responses, which may include freezing up. These reactions constitute an 'autonomic failure' in a panic attack. A study done by Fumi Hayano found that the right amygdala was smaller in patients who suffered from panic disorders. The reduction of size occurred in a structure known

title: Stress (biology)

text: and sympathetic nervous system, two branches that are both tonically active with opposing activities. The ANS directly innervates tissue through the postganglionic nerves, which is controlled by preganglionic neurons originating in the intermediolateral cell column. The ANS receives inputs from the medulla, hypothalamus, limbic system, prefrontal cortex, midbrain and monoamine nuclei. The activity of the sympathetic nervous system drives what is called the "fight or flight" response. The fight or flight response to emergency or stress involves mydriasis, increased heart rate and force contraction, vasoconstriction, bronchodilation, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, sweating, decreased motility of the digestive system, secretion of the epinephrine

title: Fight-or-flight response

text: into available energy, which prepares muscles throughout the body for response. Catecholamine hormones, such as adrenaline (epinephrine) or noradrenaline (norepinephrine), facilitate immediate physical reactions associated with a preparation for violent muscular action and: The physiological changes that occur during the fight or flight response are activated in order to give the body increased strength and speed in anticipation of fighting or running. Some of the specific physiological changes and their functions include: In the context of the fight or flight response, emotional regulation is used proactively to avoid threats of stress or to control the level of emotional arousal. During

title: Fight or Flight (Heroes)

text: to stand against our fears, but sometimes, despite ourselves, we run. What if the nightmare gives chase? Where do we hide then? In the 18-49 demographic, "Fight or Flight" earned a 4.9/11 ratings share. This episode was watched by 10.80 million viewers. The episode received generally positive reviews from critics. Kristen Bell's debut as Elle received universal praise from critics and fans. Sean O'Neal of "The A.V. Club" gave the episode a B. Robert Canning of "IGN" scored the episode 7 out of 10 Fight or Flight (Heroes) "Fight or Flight" is the fifth episode of the second season of

title: Fight or Flight (Hoobastank album)

text: move forward on their own terms. “We’ve been on this journey for a long time now,” says singer Doug Robb. “It’s like a clean slate, but not in a bad way—quite the opposite. We’re no longer trying to satisfy others, not even on a subconscious level; we’re comfortable in our own skin.” In July 11, 2012 a tentative cover artwork was revealed in Hoobastank’s Facebook page, but in July 19, 2012 it was changed for the definitive cover artwork. "Fight or Flight" received mixed reviews from critics. Pete Crigler of "Lithium Magazine" stated that "While it’s true that Fight or

title: Acute stress reaction

text: colloquially known as the "fight or flight" response, indicated by accelerated pulse and respiration rates, pupil dilation, and a general feeling of anxiety and hyper-awareness. This is caused by the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal glands. The epinephrine and norepinephrine strike the beta receptors of the heart, which feeds the heart sympathetic nerve fibers in order to increase the strength of heart muscle contraction; as a result more blood gets circulated, increasing the heart rate and respiratory rate. The sympathetic nervous system also stimulates the skeletal system and muscular system in an effort to pump more blood

title: Brain tumor

text: through the cavities in the brain called ventricles, to nourish, support, and protect the brain tissue. Blood vessels enter the central nervous system through the perivascular space above the pia mater. The cells in the blood vessel walls are joined tightly, forming the blood–brain barrier which protects the brain from toxins that might enter through the blood. Tumors of the meninges are meningiomas and are often benign. The brains of humans and other vertebrates are composed of very soft tissue and have a gelatin-like texture. Living brain tissue has a pink tint in color on the outside (gray matter), and

title: Fight or Flight (band)

text: Fight or Flight (band) Fight or Flight is an American rock band started by Disturbed members Dan Donegan and Mike Wengren. The band's members consist of guitarists Dan Donegan and Jeremy Jayson, vocalist Dan Chandler, bassist Sean Corcoran, and Mike Wengren on drums. Fight or Flight released their debut single, "First of the Last," on May 21, 2013. Fight or Flight released its debut album, "A Life by Design?" via Warner Bros. Records on July 23, 2013. In 2011 when Dan Donegan and Mike Wengren's band Disturbed was on hiatus, Dan began to intensely miss touring and recording. He began

title: Brain–computer interface

text: the most ordered and structured part of the brain and is the most studied area. Its function is to encode experiences for storage as long-term memories elsewhere in the brain. In 2004 Thomas DeMarse at the University of Florida used a culture of 25,000 neurons taken from a rat's brain to fly a F-22 fighter jet aircraft simulator. After collection, the cortical neurons were cultured in a petri dish and rapidly began to reconnect themselves to form a living neural network. The cells were arranged over a grid of 60 electrodes and used to control the pitch and yaw functions

title: Evolution of the brain

text: change is called the cerebrum, or neocortex. In reptiles and fish, this area is called the pallium, and is smaller and simpler relative to body mass than what is found in mammals. According to research, the cerebrum first developed about 200 million years ago. It's responsible for higher cognitive functions - for example, language, thinking, and related forms of information processing. It's also responsible for processing sensory input (together with the thalamus, a part of the limbic system that acts as an information router). Most of its function is subconscious, that is, not available for inspection or intervention by the

title: Fight-or-flight response

long_answer: The fight-or-flight response (also called hyperarousal, or the acute stress response) is a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival. It was first described by Walter Bradford Cannon. His theory states that animals react to threats with a general discharge of the sympathetic nervous system, preparing the animal for fighting or fleeing. More specifically, the adrenal medulla produces a hormonal cascade that results in the secretion of catecholamines, especially norepinephrine and epinephrine. The hormones estrogen, testosterone, and cortisol, as well as the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin, also affect how organisms react to stress.


question: who played stonewall jackson in gods and generals

answers: Stephen Lang

title: Gods and Generals (film)

text: reprising his role as Lee due to contractual obligations to "The West Wing". During post-production, Maxwell, Warner Bros. executives, and Turner debated on whether to release the film as two parts over two years or as a single film. Maxwell decided to focus on Stonewall Jackson's history in one film. The director's cut was released for Blu-ray Disc on May 24, 2011. Among the footage edited includes a sub-plot which follows John Wilkes Booth, the famous actor who would eventually assassinate President Abraham Lincoln. One scene towards the end of the extended cut of the film features Chamberlain and his

title: Stephen Lang

text: the role of Colonel Nathan Jessup in "A Few Good Men," a role made famous on film (1992) by Jack Nicholson. He is the winner of over half a dozen theatre awards including the Drama Desk and Helen Hayes awards. In films, he played Maj. Gen. George E. Pickett in "Gettysburg" (1993) and the lead role of Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson in the Gettysburg prequel "Gods and Generals" (2003), both from director Ronald F. Maxwell. He considers "Gods and Generals" to be his finest performance. Arguably, his most famous film role, before "Avatar", was his portrayal of the villainous Ike Clanton

title: Gods and Generals (film)

text: and worked without pay. Among them, 2nd South Carolina String Band portrays the players of "The Bonnie Blue Flag" during a troops entertainment music show. In exchange, Ted Turner agreed to donate $500,000 to Civil War battlefield preservation. The movie was filmed in Virginia's Shenandoah Valley, western Maryland and in the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia. Actual historic locations in the film include Virginia Military Institute and Washington & Lee University, known as Washington College during the Civil War. Russell Crowe was the original choice to play Stonewall Jackson, but scheduling conflicts prevented his availability in the summer and fall

title: Maxcy Gregg

text: the independence of South Carolina." Stonewall Jackson, who had previously quarreled with Gregg, came to see him on his deathbed He was portrayed by actor Buck Taylor in the 2003 film "Gods and Generals". Maxcy Gregg Maxcy Gregg (August 1, 1814 – December 15, 1862) was a lawyer, soldier in the United States Army during the Mexican–American War, and a Confederate brigadier general during the American Civil War who was mortally wounded at the Battle of Fredericksburg and died two days later. Gregg was born in Columbia, South Carolina, the great-grandson of Esek Hopkins, commodore of the Continental Navy, and

title: James Patrick Stuart

text: Stuart played Confederate Colonel Edward Porter Alexander in the 1993 film "Gettysburg" and its 2003 prequel "Gods and Generals". Between 1989 and 1992, he was the second actor (after Lonnie Quinn) to play Will Cortlandt on the daytime soap opera "All My Children". He is known mostly for his work on television. Appearing in such shows as "", "Andy Richter Controls the Universe", "The Closer" "90210", "Still Standing", "Seinfeld", and "Supernatural". He also provides the voices of Avalanche on "Wolverine and the X-Men", Private the Penguin and Joey the Kangaroo in Nickelodeon's "The Penguins of Madagascar", Cpl. Griffen in "",

title: Gods and Generals (film)

text: Lexington at the outset of the war, leaves his family behind to do battle at Manassas Junction. Jackson is asked by a retreating General Barnard Bee for assistance against the Federal army who is pursuing them after a brief stand on Matthews Hill. In rallying his shaken troops, Bee launches the name of Stonewall into history and the Confederates rout the Federals at Henry House Hill. Jackson maintains steadfast discipline in his ranks during the battle despite suffering a wound to his left hand from a spent ball. Meanwhile, Chamberlain makes his transition from teacher to military officer and practices

title: Gods and Generals (novel)

text: Duvall and Jeff Daniels. The film shares most of its cast with "Gettysburg", the film adaptation of "The Killer Angels". Copying his father's approach of focusing on the most important officers of the two armies (General Robert E. Lee, Major General Winfield Scott Hancock, Lt. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson, and Lieutenant Colonel Joshua Chamberlain), Shaara depicted the emotional drama of soldiers fighting old friends while accurately detailing historical details including troop movements, strategies, and tactical combat situations. General Hancock, for instance, spends much of the novel dreading the day he will have to fire on his friend in the

title: Kali Rocha

text: played Stonewall Jackson's wife, Anna in Ron Maxwell's "Gods and Generals", an epic drama about the first two years of the American Civil War. Other films include "The Object of My Affection", "Autumn in New York", "White Oleander", "When Billie Beat Bobby", and "Ready? OK!". She has appeared on the "Will & Grace" episode "Strangers With Candice", as a straight woman who flirts with Will. In spring 2006, Rocha began acting in the short-lived NBC sitcom "Teachers". She guest-starred in an episode of "" as Cindy Marino, an aggressive TV reporter. Also, she appeared on an episode of "Bones" as

title: Miles Fisher

text: 2003 Civil War film "Gods and Generals" with Robert Duvall. Director Ron Maxwell picked Fisher to portray a heroic member of the First Regiment of Virginia Volunteers in the film; Duvall played Robert E. Lee. He parodied actor Tom Cruise in the 2008 film "Superhero Movie". Fisher's role in the film was popularized on the Internet on sites including "Defamer", as well as on television on "Entertainment Tonight" and the CNN program "Showbiz Tonight". The clip of Fisher was viewed on the Internet over 10 million times. A critic for "The Baltimore Sun" commented that Fisher's appearance in "Superhero Movie"

title: William N. Pendleton

text: His only son, Alexander Swift "Sandie" Pendleton, also served the Confederacy as an aide to Stonewall Jackson and was mortally wounded during the retreat that directly followed the Battle of Fishers Hill on September 20, 1864. His daughter Susan married future Confederate general Edwin G. Lee on November 16, 1856. Pendleton was portrayed in the 2003 Civil War film "Gods and Generals" by John Castle. The scene featured a conversation between Pendleton and Stonewall Jackson regarding his son, Alexander Swift "Sandie" Pendleton, who was present. During the scene, Pendleton informed Jackson of the naming the howitzers Mathew, Mark, Luke, and

title: Mary Anna Jackson

text: in Lexington. Anna Jackson appears in the novel "Gods and Generals" by Jeff Shaara. In the film adaptation, she is portrayed by Kali Rocha. Mrs. Jackson is the subject of the Harnett Kane 1957 novel, "The Gallant Mrs. Stonewall", based on the Jacksons' early years together. Mary Anna Jackson Mary Anna Morrison Jackson (July 21, 1831 – March 24, 1915) was the second wife, and subsequently widow, of Confederate Army general Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson. She was widely known as the "Widow of the Confederacy" for the next fifty years. Mary Anna Morrison - popularly known by friends and family as

title: Ironclads (film)

text: friends, and fellow Virginians. A voice over indicates that "Virginia" was scuttled later that year after Union troops took Norfolk, and that "Monitor" sank off Cape Hatteras later that year as well. Alex Hyde-White later portrayed Union Major General Ambrose Burnside in the 2003 film "Gods and Generals". Also, Philip Casnoff's character in this film is quite similar in accent and personality to his role in the 1985 miniseries "North and South" a few years prior, but with Southern chivalry and without the sociopathy. This film was nominated for four Primetime Emmy Awards including Outstanding Achievement in Special Visual Effects,

title: Michael Shaara Award for Excellence in Civil War Fiction

text: Robert Maxwell. The original novel and movie later became the inspiration for son Jeff's prequel "Gods and Generals", (1996), and sequel "The Last Full Measure", (1998), set of novels of which "Gods and Generals" was also made into a film in 2003 by Turner and Maxwell focusing on the earlier part of the war with Confederate General Thomas J. ("Stonewall") Jackson. The younger Shaara has also since written several other novels and series of historical fiction about the American Revolutionary War, Mexican–American War, World War I and World War II. He later returned to the theme of the Civil War

title: Gods and Generals (novel)

text: Confederate Army, Lewis "Lo" Armistead. The novel also deals with General Lee's disillusionment with the Confederate bureaucracy and General Jackson's religious fervor. In addition to covering events leading up to the war, the book includes the battles of First Bull Run, covered only from the perspective of Robert E. Lee, who was in Richmond at the time and thus not at the battle, Williamsburg, Second Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Chancellorsville. The film version provides only cursory coverage of immediate pre-war events, focusing primarily on Jackson and the secession of Virginia, and omits Antietam (included in the Director's Cut) along

title: Gods and Generals (film)

text: Gods and Generals is a 2003 American period war drama film written and directed by Ronald F. Maxwell. It is an adaptation of the 1996 novel of the same name by Jeffrey Shaara and prequel to Maxwell's 1993 film Gettysburg. The film stars Stephen Lang as Stonewall Jackson, Jeff Daniels as Lieutenant Colonel Joshua Chamberlain and Robert Duvall as General Robert E. Lee.

title: Gods and Generals (film)

text: wife, Fanny, attending a production of Shakespeare's "Julius Caesar" in which Booth plays Marcus Junius Brutus. Chamberlain and his wife have a conversation with Booth and his fellow actors following the end of the play. Another scene cut from the film features a performance in Washington, D.C. in which Booth plays the role of Macbeth, which is being seen by President Lincoln. When he gives the famous "dagger of the mind" soliloquy, he looks directly at Lincoln while reciting it. Later, when Booth is offered the chance to meet with Lincoln, he refuses. A sequence dealing with the Battle of

title: Lewis Armistead

text: of Fort McHenry during the Battle of Baltimore, at the Old Saint Paul's Cemetery in Baltimore, Maryland. In "Gettysburg", the film version of Michael Shaara's novel "The Killer Angels", Armistead was portrayed by actor Richard Jordan, who died shortly afterwards. In the film, the meeting between Armistead and Bingham at the High Water Mark was altered with Lt. Thomas Chamberlain (portrayed by C. Thomas Howell), brother of Col. Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, taking Bingham's place. In the movie, Armistead was shot in the chest. Actor John Prosky depicted Armistead for a special appearance in "Gods and Generals", accompanying Pickett at Fredericksburg.

title: Isaac R. Trimble

text: it was restored in 1997 to serve as the Baltimore Civil War Museum. Isaac Trimble was played by actor W. Morgan Sheppard in the movies "Gettysburg" and "Gods and Generals". Isaac R. Trimble Isaac Ridgeway Trimble (May 15, 1802 – January 2, 1888) was a United States Army officer, a civil engineer, a prominent railroad construction superintendent and executive, and a Confederate general in the American Civil War. He was born in Virginia, lived in Maryland for much of his adult life, and returned to Virginia in 1861 after Maryland did not secede. Trimble is most famous for his role

title: Gods and Generals (film)

text: drilling his soldiers, and is taught military tactics by Col. Adelbert Ames, the commander of the 20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment. He is called to battle at the Union invasion of Fredericksburg. The Southern forces lead a fighting retreat as the Union army crosses the river and storms the town, and there are scenes of the subsequent looting of Fredricksburg by the Union Army. Outside the city, Lee, James Longstreet and Jackson have prepared an elaborate defense on Marye's Heights outside the town, and the movie focuses on Confederate defenses behind a formidable stone wall. Several Union brigades, including the

title: Stonewall Jackson

text: Stonewall Jackson Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson (January 21, 1824 – May 10, 1863) served as a Confederate general (1861–1863) during the American Civil War, and became one of the best-known Confederate commanders after General Robert E. Lee. Jackson played a prominent role in nearly all military engagements in the Eastern Theater of the war until his death, and played a key role in winning many significant battles. Born in what was then part of Virginia, Jackson received an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point, served in the U.S. Army during the Mexican–American War of 1846–1848 and

title: Herb Mitchell (actor)

text: In the early 1990s, he operated the Company of CharActors Theatre, which performed stage plays, one of which he directed, in Studio City, California. In the 1993 film "Gettysburg", set during the American Civil War (1861–65), he portrayed the real-life Union Army flag bearer Sergeant Andrew Jackson Tozier. In the early to mid-2000s, he survived three cancers and then moved back to Blue Hill with his family, where he semi-retired while occasionally appearing in local stage productions. He reprised his role as Tevye in "Fiddler on the Roof" in May 1990 and August 2006, again directed by Raiten. He appeared

title: James I. Robertson Jr.

text: Virginia, as the Alumni Distinguished Professor in History from 1967 to 2011. Robertson is the founding executive director of the Virginia Center for Civil War Studies research and education center. He is considered the preeminent scholar on Confederate Lieutenant General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson. Robertson was the Chief Historical Consultant in the 2003 Warner Brothers film "Gods and Generals", which prominently features Stonewall Jackson. Robertson is also a former member of the Board of Trustees at the Museum of the Confederacy in Richmond, Virginia. Robertson has authored 18 books including award-winners "General A.P. Hill", "Soldiers Blue and Gray", and "Civil

title: Gods and Generals (film)

text: Antietam was removed from the film. The battle was seen mostly from the perspectives of Jackson (who played a major strategic role in the battle) and Chamberlain (whose corps was held in reserve). In the Director's Cut the entire sequence at Antietam is shown; the Antietam battle scenes mostly depict the fighting in Miller's Cornfield, where soldiers from the opposite sides fired at each other from just a few meters away. In 2003, the film score was composed by John Frizzell, with some minor contributions by Randy Edelman, who composed the score for the previous Gettysburg. The soundtrack is notable

title: Charles Marshall (colonel)

text: "Abraham Lincoln," directed by D.W. Griffith. Tim Ruddy portrayed Marshall in the film "Gettysburg" and John D. Bert held the role in the related film "Gods and Generals". Marshall is a supporting character in the 1992 science fiction-alternate history novel "The Guns of the South" by Harry Turtledove. Bowden, Scott, and Ward, Bill. "Last Chance for Victory: Robert E. Lee and the Gettysburg Campaign," Da Capo Books, 2001. Charles Marshall (colonel) Charles Marshall (October 3, 1830 – April 19, 1902) was a Maryland lawyer and Confederate Army officer during the American Civil War. Marshall served as an aide de camp,

title: Gods and Generals (film)

text: 2 nights on the battlefield, sleeping with the dead. Chamberlain and the defeated Union soldiers depart Fredericksburg. Jackson and Lee return to the city, and Lee is confronted by an angry citizen whose house has been destroyed by Union artillery. Jackson spends the rest of the winter at a local plantation, Moss Neck Manor, where he develops a friendship with a girl who lives there. Later, Jackson discovers the child has died from scarlet fever and he begins to cry. A soldier asks why he weeps for this child but not for the thousands of dead soldiers, and another soldier

title: Edward Porter Alexander

text: Georgia Aviation Hall of Fame. Alexander was portrayed by James Patrick Stuart in the 1993 film "Gettysburg" and its 2003 prequel "Gods and Generals". In the alternate history novel "How Few Remain", Alexander continues his career as a brigadier general long after the Confederate States of America wins the civil war and was instrumental in defending Confederate Kentucky and fending off another Union invasion while under Stonewall Jackson during a second war with the United States in the 1880's. Alexander is a character in the alternate history novels "" (2003), "Grant Comes East" (2004), and (2005) by Newt Gingrich and

title: Gods and Generals (film)

text: stalled. While scouting a path at night, Jackson is caught in no-mans-land between the 2 armies and badly wounded by his own men, who had mistaken him and his staff for Union cavalry. During his evacuation, his litter bearers are targeted by artillery and drop Jackson on the ground. He is then taken to a field hospital where his arm is amputated. Lee remarks that while Jackson has lost his left arm, he (Lee) has lost his right. Jackson dies shortly after, of pneumonia he had contracted during recovery. Jackson's body is returned to Lexington, accompanied by VMI Cadets and

title: George Junkin

text: pro-Union views and Virginia's secession from the United States. Confederate General Stonewall Jackson had been Junkin's friend and eventually son in law when Jackson was a teacher at the Virginia Military Institute, which also is located in Lexington. The movie Gods and Generals briefly portrays the poignant end to this friendship, at the start of the Civil War, when Jackson joined the Confederate army (taking one of Junkin's sons with him) and Junkin departed for Pennsylvania. During the War, Junkin wrote a polemical attack on secession, which was also critical of abolitionists. He died in Philadelphia in 1868 and he

title: Joshua Chamberlain

text: a key character in Michael Shaara's Pulitzer Prize–winning historical novel about Gettysburg, "The Killer Angels" (1974), and in a prequel novel by his son, Jeff Shaara, "Gods and Generals" (1996). Chamberlain is portrayed by actor Jeff Daniels in the film "Gettysburg" (1993) and "Gods and Generals" (2003), based on the books. His portrayal in these books and films significantly enhanced Chamberlain's reputation in the general public, making him into a more popular and well known figure. Tom Eishen's historical novel "Courage on Little Round Top" is a detailed look at Chamberlain as well as Robert Wicker, the young Confederate officer

title: Thomas Chamberlain (soldier)

text: in the "Gods and Generals" prequel, based on the novel, "Gods and Generals", written by Jeff Shaara, Michael Shaara's son. Thomas Chamberlain (soldier) Thomas Davee Chamberlain (April 29, 1841 – August 12, 1896) was the Lieutenant Colonel of the 20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment during the American Civil War, the brother of Union general Joshua L. Chamberlain, the Colonel of the 20th Maine Infantry. Thomas D. Chamberlain was born in Brewer, Maine, the youngest of five children. Young Tom grew up on the family farm in Brewer with his four older siblings: Joshua Lawrence (born in 1828), Horace Beriah (1834),

title: Gods and Generals (film)


question: where does the phrase dressed to the nines

answers: Scots in origin

title: To the nines

text: in 1800, also uses the phrase: <poem style="margin-left: 2em;">Thou paints auld nature to the nines, In thy sweet Caledonian lines. </poem> The phrase may have originally been associated with the Nine Worthies or the nine Muses. A poem from a 17th century collection of works by John Rawlet contains the following lines: <poem style="margin-left: 2em;">The learned tribe whose works the World do bless, Finish those works in some recess; Both the Philosopher and Divine, And Poets most who still make their address In private to the Nine.</poem> To the nines "To the nine" is an English idiom meaning "to perfection"

title: Nines (card game)

text: Nines (card game) Nines is a trick-taking game played with a standard deck of 52 playing cards. Nines is played by three people, and the object is to lower your score from 9 to zero. All of the cards are dealt one at a time into four hands of thirteen cards. One hand is for each player, and the remaining hand is set aside as an extra hand that the players can pick up (Four players can play, but with no option to trade hands, and only three tricks required to 'book', or keep the same score). After all the

title: To the Nines (novel)

text: accident). She's got all the normal concerns in life: the rent, her family, men; yet all of her concerns are topped by the minor fact that someone is usually trying to kill her. The title appears to come from the common phrase, 'dressed to the nines'. Stephanie's cousin and boss, Vinnie, has written the visa bond for Samuel Singh, an Indian immigrant working temporarily in New Jersey. Now he has gone missing, and his landlord, Mrs. Apusenja, insists that Vinnie track him down. She claims Singh is engaged to her daughter, Nonnie, but Nonnie appears more concerned for her dog,

title: The whole nine yards

text: interest in the phrase's etymology can be attributed to "New York Times" language columnist William Safire, who wrote extensively on this question. The "Oxford English Dictionary" places the earliest published non-idiomatic use of the phrase in the "New Albany Daily Ledger" (New Albany, Indiana, January 30, 1855) in an article called "The Judge's Big Shirt." “What a silly, stupid woman! I told her to get just enough to make three shirts; instead of making three, she has put the whole nine yards into one shirt!” The first known use of the phrase as an idiom appears in "The Mitchell Commercial",

title: What's the Meaning?

text: GTV-9 and a test pattern on ABV-2, while an earlier episode aired at 2:30PM and aired against U.S. series "The Detectives" on GTV-9 and "For Schools" on ABV-2. What's the Meaning? What's the Meaning? is an Australian television series which aired 1962 on Melbourne station HSV-7. It was a game show featuring a champion and challengers as well as a "seven locks" competition, but little else is known about the series. It was hosted by Larry K. Nixon, who had previously hosted "Lady for Day". During 1962 he also hosted "Buy Word". It was a daytime series aired in a

title: Nines (card game)

text: due to the score decrease of nine. This is quite rare. If you get three queens in a row it minuses points from your total score and adds points to other players total points. Whist Nines (card game) Nines is a trick-taking game played with a standard deck of 52 playing cards. Nines is played by three people, and the object is to lower your score from 9 to zero. All of the cards are dealt one at a time into four hands of thirteen cards. One hand is for each player, and the remaining hand is set aside as

title: The Nine Tailors

text: The Nine Tailors The Nine Tailors is a 1934 mystery novel by British writer Dorothy L. Sayers, her ninth featuring Lord Peter Wimsey. Stranded after a car accident in the fenland village of Fenchurch St. Paul on New Year's Eve, Lord Peter Wimsey helps ring a nine-hour peal on the church bells overnight after William Thoday, one of the ringers, is struck down with influenza. Lady Thorpe, wife of Sir Henry, the local squire, dies the next morning and Wimsey hears how the family has been blighted by the theft 20 years previously of a valuable emerald necklace which was

title: Year Nine

text: Year Nine Year Nine is an educational year group in schools in many countries including the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. It is the ninth or tenth year of compulsory education. In Australia, Year 9 is usually the tenth year of compulsory education. Although there are slight variations between the states, most children in Year 9 are aged between fourteen and fifteen. In New Zealand, Year 9 is the ninth year of compulsory education, and the first year of secondary education. Children entering Year Nine are generally aged between 12.5 and 14. Year Nine pupils are educated in secondary

title: The Nine Tailors

text: and a good deal higher than Haman". William Thoday is drowned in the flood trying to save another man. Wimsey speculates that "I think perhaps he guessed at last how Geoffrey Deacon died and felt himself responsible". The "Nine Tailors" of the book's title are taken from the old saying "Nine Tailors Make a Man", which Sayers quotes at the end of the novel. As explained by John Shand in his 1936 "Spectator" article "The Bellringers' Art", "'Nine Tailors' means the nine strokes which at the beginning of the toll for the dead announce to the villagers that a man

title: The whole nine yards

text: The whole nine yards "The whole nine yards" or "the full nine yards" is a colloquial American English phrase meaning "everything, the whole lot" or, when used as an adjective, "all the way", as in, "The Army came out and gave us the whole nine yards on how they use space systems." Its origin is unknown and has been described by Yale University librarian Fred R. Shapiro as "the most prominent etymological riddle of our time". The "Oxford English Dictionary" finds the earliest published non-idiomatic use in an 1855 Indiana newspaper article. The earliest known idiomatic use of the phrase

title: 9: The Last Resort

text: in the closing credits as ""9 - The Last Resort"", leading most people to refer to the game as ""9: The Last Resort"". The title is always written as '9', the numeral, not the word. The name ""9"" refers to the nine muses which inhabit the resort (from Greek mythology). The muses are represented by various characters in the game. The name ""The Last Resort"" is the title of the building in which the game is set. It is a luxury hotel which belonged to a man called Thurston Last, but is also a pun on the term "last resort".

title: Red nines

text: is). When this happens the player who was last able to discard plays again, beginning a fresh sequence at any point. Red 9s (i.e., 9 and 9) are wild cards and may be used to substitute for any card of a different rank. If a nine is the next number required in the ongoing sequence, a player with no nine other than a red one may say “no nine” and hold it in reserve. This could, however, be a risky strategy. It is not necessary to announce the use of the red 9 to substitute for any other card. The

title: The whole nine yards

text: is from 1907 in Southern Indiana. The phrase is related to the expression "the whole six yards", used around the same time in Kentucky and South Carolina. Both phrases are variations on "the whole ball of wax", first recorded in the 1880s. They are part of a family of expressions in which an odd-sounding item, such as "enchilada", "shooting match", "shebang" or "hog", is substituted for "ball of wax". The choice of the number nine may be related to the expression "To the nines" (to perfection). Use of the phrase became widespread in the 1980s and 1990s. Much of the

title: The whole nine yards

text: for the long jump that year at 27 feet, or nine yards, but no news report has been found that made any reference to the term, suggesting that journalists were unaware of it or did not regard it as common enough to use as a pun. In a short story published in 1962, the phrase is attributed to "a brush salesman". A letter published in an auto magazine later that year describes a certain new car as containing "all nine yards of goodies". In 1964, several newspapers published a syndicated story which explained that "Give 'em the whole nine yards"

title: To the nines

text: The phrase is said to be Scots in origin.  The earliest written example of the phrase is from the 1719 Epistle to Ramsay by the Scottish poet William Hamilton:

title: Rugby league nines

text: Rugby league nines Rugby league nines (or simply nines) is a version of rugby league football played with nine players on each side. The game is substantially the same as full rugby league, with some differences in rules and shorter games. Nines is usually played in festivals, as its shorter game play allows for a tournament to be completed in a day or over a single weekend. It has become more popular than the similar rugby league sevens (rugby league with seven players to a side), with many tournaments using nines to distinguish it from rugby union sevens. The laws

title: Nine West

text: Nine West Nine West (also 9 West) was an American fashion wholesale and retail company. The corporate headquarters were located in White Plains, New York. Nine West was named for its founding location in the Solow Building at 9 West 57th Street in New York City. In 1983, Nine West opened its first specialty retail store in Stamford, Connecticut. In 1986, Nine West launched its first national ad campaign. Nine West first expanded internationally with the opening of a Hong Kong location in 1994. It has since become a brand located in over 800 global locations in 57 countries. Initially

title: Nine West

text: founded as a fashion footwear brand, Nine West expanded into handbags, sunglasses, legwear, outerwear, jewelry, belts, watches, cold weather accessories, hats, scarves and wraps, and eyewear. After the launch of handbags in 1995, Nine West expanded to dresses, suits and children's footwear. Through licensing agreements, it also offers eyewear, sunglasses, legwear, outerwear, belts, hats, cold weather accessories, scarves and wraps. In March 1995, Nine West purchased the footwear division of the United States Shoe Corporation, which included the Easy Spirit brand. In 1999, Nine West was acquired by Jones Apparel Group. In 2006, Nine West began collaborating with Vivienne Westwood,

title: Middlesex 9s

text: Middlesex 9s Middlesex 9s (also known as the Mx9s) is a rugby league nines tournament that is hosted by the London Skolars rugby league club at their New River Stadium in North London, and held in August. The Middlesex 9s was a concept formulated between the Federation of Middlesex Sports and the London Skolars based along similar lines as the rugby union sevens tournament; the Middlesex 7s. The tournament brings together teams from abroad, amateur, student and the armed forces. The aims are to aid the development of rugby league. It is unusual in allowing rugby union clubs to take

title: Nine (purity)

text: the number of nines, then "five", so 999.5 fine (99.95% pure) is "three nines five", abbreviated 3N5. The nines scale is also sometimes used in describing the purity of bottled gases. The purity of gas is an indication of the amount of other gases it contains. A high purity refers to a low amount of other gases. Gases of higher purity are considered to be of better quality and are usually more expensive. The purity of a gas is generally expressed as a grade prefixed with the letter N giving the "number of nines" in the percentage or decimal fraction.

title: The Nine Tailors

text: rule of that esoteric art by allowing a relief ringer to take part in her famous nine-hour champion peal". The American critic Edmund Wilson, in his essay attacking the entire genre of detective fiction, "Who Cares Who Killed Roger Ackroyd?" , criticised "The Nine Tailors" in particular for being dull, overlong and far too detailed. He considered the bell-ringing prose to be "a lot of information of the kind that you might expect to find in an encyclopaedia article on campanology". As a child and young teenager, Sayers lived on the southern edge of the Fens at Bluntisham-cum-Earith, where her

title: Nine (rapper)

text: Nine (rapper) Nine is the stage name of Derrick Keyes (born September 19, 1969), an American rapper from The Bronx, New York City, New York. He also been known as 9MM or Nine Double M. Known for his harsh, gravelly flow and distinctive voice, Keyes got his break in late 1993 as a featured guest on Funkmaster Flex and the Ghetto Celebs' "Six Million Ways to Die". Keyes originally recorded under the moniker 9MM (or Nine Double M) before changing his name to simply Nine. He stated, "I didn't want to be just be named after the gun (9mm)." His

title: Red nines

text: Red nines Red nines is a simple card game for four or more players. It is largely a game of luck, and is suitable for players of any age. Playing with more than four requires the game to be played without hesitation. The origin of red nines is uncertain, although it is known to have been played in south-west London during the 1950s. The aim of this game is to make the "lowest" possible score by discarding as many of the cards in your hand as possible. At the end of each round of play, the value of the cards

title: At sixes and sevens

text: metal band Sirenia called At Sixes and Sevens(including a song with the same name) where this phrase is used in several songs. The phrase is also used in the 1978 movie "The Wiz", when Miss One gives Dorothy the silver slippers and comments, "Oh, don't be all sixes and sevens, honey" to Dorothy as Dorothy is in a state of confusion after killing the Wicked Witch of the East. It is also found in the 1993 film "The Remains of the Day". It is also mentioned in the 2002 film "Austin Powers in Goldmember" by Mike Myers' character Austin Powers

title: The Law of Nines

text: The Law of Nines The Law of Nines is a thriller/speculative fiction novel by American author Terry Goodkind. The book was released on August 18, 2009. It debuted at #10 on the Times bestseller list. The book, though at essence a thriller, contains numerous fantasy or science fiction elements and balances references to numerology and magic with ones to probability- and string theory. The story itself is set in a contemporary or near future setting. This reality is however linked to a parallel universe that seems to be a latter day incarnation of Goodkind's "The Sword of Truth" setting. The

title: Nines (rapper)

text: three days before release. It was released on 20 April 2018 by XL Recordings. Nines (rapper) Courtney Freckleton (born 17 January 1990), better known by his stage name Nines, is an English rapper from Harlesden, North West London. After releasing a string of mixtapes between 2011 and 2015, Nines signed to XL Recordings and released his debut album "One Foot Out" (2017), which charted in the top 4 of the UK Albums Chart. He later released a short film entitled ‘Crop Circle’ two days after this he released an album under the same name of the film on 20 April

title: The Nines (hotel)

text: The Nines (hotel) The Nines is a luxury 4-star hotel in Portland, Oregon, United States, owned by the Pebblebrook Hotel Trust. Opened in 2008, the hotel occupies the top nine floors of the Meier & Frank Building, giving the hotel its name. The 331-room hotel includes 13 suites, making it the fifth largest hotel in Portland based on the number of rooms. The 12th floor, or "Club Floor", can only be accessed via specially programmed room key. The hotel has two restaurants. One is Urban Farmer, a gourmet restaurant that relies on local farmers' produce. This restaurant is located on

title: Secret Nine Baseball

text: caps down to the mascot's water bucket." The players tried to keep their new uniforms in good condition, something that proved detrimental as they did not want to mar them by sliding in the dirt. In the same "Louisiana Weekly" article it was noted "Yeah, Louis's boys were all spruced up in their 'Sunday Go To Meetings,' but when it came to bucking up against a guy with a luck piece, they couldn't meet the issue. Wonder if they were too well dressed?" Secret Nine Baseball The Secret Nine, originally known as the Raggedy Nine and later also as the

title: Nines (rapper)

text: Streetz, Inch, Supa, Fundz and others. Nines is a supporter of Arsenal Football Club. In late 2012, Nines released his debut mixtape "From Church Road to Hollywood" for free digital download. This was followed by "Gone Till November" (2013) the following year and titled after his absence from the music scene due to his imprisonment. Nines gradually saw a rise in popularity through his freestyle videos posted on online rap platform SB.TV. Nines' online music videos for his third mixtape, "Loyal to the Soil" (2014), gained significant attention. "Money on My Mind" quickly amassed millions of views on YouTube. The

title: The Nines

text: talking to, and it is shown that the reality television cameraman does not exist. He looks around and notices that everyone has a "7" floating above their heads and also that he has a "9" floating above his own. A flashback shows Gary's P.R. handler, Margaret, telling him that he is a God-like being and that God is a 10, humans are a 7, and that he is a 9 (koalas, incidentally, are 8s because they control weather), therefore he can destroy the world with a single thought, and that he exists in many different forms and that none of

title: To the nines


question: what color is the golden gate bridge in san francisco

answers: orange vermilion called international orange

answers: red

answers: International Orange

title: Tower Bridge (California)

text: bridge's warning siren sounds, the crossing activates to block traffic until the bridge is safe to cross again. For years, the bridge was painted with a silver aluminum paint under a special work order, but people complained about glare off the bridge. The concrete pylons were initially painted a sky-blue color. In June 1976 as part of Bicentennial projects, it was painted a yellow-ochre color to match the gold leafed cupola on the nearby State Capitol. In 2001, as the old paint job could hardly be distinguished, residents who lived within of the capital voted on a new color scheme.

title: Tower Bridge (California)

text: Their choices were all-gold; green, gold and silver; or burgundy, silver and gold. The winning choice was all gold, and it was repainted in 2002. However, that did not lessen the bridge's color controversy. Some people complained that the new paint was not as gilded as advertised. Others have suggested that copper would have been a far better color choice, especially in the context of nearby buildings. The new coat is expected to last 30 years. Currently, the bridge is used for pedestrian and vehicle traffic only. In 2007, regional transportation agencies were considering the possibility of adding trolley traffic

title: Golden Gate Bridge

text: Golden Gate Bridge The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate, the strait connecting San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean. The structure links the American city of San Francisco, California – the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula – to Marin County, carrying both U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1 across the strait. The bridge is one of the most internationally recognized symbols of San Francisco, California, and the United States. It has been declared one of the Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers. The Frommer's

title: Golden Gate Bridge

text: finished Presidio Parkway on the weekend of July 9–12, 2015. , an official at Caltrans said there is no plan to permanently rename the portion known as Doyle Drive. Golden Gate Bridge The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate, the strait connecting San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean. The structure links the American city of San Francisco, California – the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula – to Marin County, carrying both U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1 across the strait. The bridge is one of the most internationally recognized symbols

title: Golden Gate

text: completed in 1937, and is an internationally recognized symbol of San Francisco and California in general. Since its completion, the span length has been surpassed by eight other bridges. It still has the second longest suspension bridge main span in the United States, after the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in New York City. In 2007, it was ranked fifth on the "List of America's Favorite Architecture" by the American Institute of Architects. The Golden Gate strait serves as the primary access channel for nautical travel to and from the San Francisco Bay, one of the largest cargo ports in the United States.

title: Architecture of San Francisco

text: might. The Golden Gate Bridge is the most instantly recognizable structure in the city of San Francisco. The bridge spans almost two miles across the Golden Gate, the narrow strait where San Francisco Bay opens to meet the Pacific Ocean, connecting the city with Marin County, California. The concept of a Golden Gate Bridge started with a journalist named James Wilking. Wilking promoted the idea that a bridge across the Golden Gate would bring many benefits. The idea for this bridge had surfaced forty years earlier, but over time people had lost interest, at least until Wilking revived the idea.

title: Golden Gate Bridge

text: wanted it to be painted with black and yellow stripes to ensure visibility by passing ships. Senior engineer Charles Alton Ellis, collaborating remotely with Moisseiff, was the principal engineer of the project. Moisseiff produced the basic structural design, introducing his "deflection theory" by which a thin, flexible roadway would flex in the wind, greatly reducing stress by transmitting forces via suspension cables to the bridge towers. Although the Golden Gate Bridge design has proved sound, a later Moisseiff design, the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge, collapsed in a strong windstorm soon after it was completed, because of an unexpected aeroelastic flutter.

title: The Bridge (2006 documentary film)

text: The Bridge (2006 documentary film) The Bridge is a 2006 British-American documentary film by Eric Steel spanning one year of filming at the famed Golden Gate Bridge which crosses the Golden Gate entrance to San Francisco Bay, connecting the city of San Francisco, California to the Marin Headlands of Marin County, in 2004. The film captured a number of suicides, and featured interviews with family and friends of some of the identified people who had thrown themselves from the bridge that year. The film was inspired by a 2003 article titled "Jumpers," written by Tad Friend for "The New Yorker"

title: Golden Gate Bridge

text: travel guide describes the Golden Gate Bridge as "possibly the most beautiful, certainly the most photographed, bridge in the world." At the time of its opening in 1937, it was both the longest and the tallest suspension bridge in the world, with a main span of and a total height of . Before the bridge was built, the only practical short route between San Francisco and what is now Marin County was by boat across a section of San Francisco Bay. A ferry service began as early as 1820, with a regularly scheduled service beginning in the 1840s for the

title: Golden Gate Bridge in popular culture

text: Angeles and Las Vegas. There it is known as the "Gant Bridge". In "", the bridge is destroyed in the "Collapse" campaign mission after Atlas detonates it. The 2011 game "", as its name implies, is set in San Fransisco. It also features many missions modelled after famous movie car chases including one from Gone in 60 Seconds which ends at the Golden Gate Bridge. In "Watch Dogs 2", the bridge appears in the game as it is set in the San Francisco Bay Area. In a side mission in the game, the character will paint graffiti on the Bridge.

title: Golden Gate

text: Gate Bridge. Lighthouses with beacons and foghorns provide alerts at Point Bonita, Point Diablo, Lime Point and Mile Rocks. Before the Golden Gate Bridge was built, a lighthouse protected the south side of the strait at Fort Point. Buoys and radar reflectors provide additional navigational aid at various locations throughout the strait. Golden Gate The Golden Gate is a strait on the west coast of North America that connects San Francisco Bay to the Pacific Ocean. It is defined by the headlands of the San Francisco Peninsula and the Marin Peninsula, and, since 1937, has been spanned by the Golden

title: Golden Gate

text: the engraving is the USS Babcock, which served in the United States Navy from 1917 to 1919, and is seen passing through the Golden Gate into San Francisco Bay, its port of call. The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate, the opening of the San Francisco Bay onto the Pacific Ocean. As part of both US Highway 101 and California Route 1, it connects the city of San Francisco on the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula to Marin County. The Golden Gate Bridge was the longest suspension bridge span in the world when

title: San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge

text: before the Golden Gate Bridge. It originally carried automobile traffic on its upper deck, and trucks and commuter trains on the lower, but after the Key System abandoned rail service, the lower deck was converted to all-road traffic as well. In 1986 the bridge was unofficially dedicated to James Rolph. The bridge has two sections of roughly equal length; the older western section, officially known as the Willie L. Brown Jr. Bridge (after former San Francisco Mayor and California State Assembly Speaker Willie L. Brown Jr.), connects downtown San Francisco to Yerba Buena Island, and the newer unnamed eastern section

title: Marina Green

text: Marina Green The Marina Green in San Francisco, California, is a expanse of grass between Fort Mason and the Presidio. It is adjacent to San Francisco Bay, and this location provides good views of the Golden Gate Bridge, Angel Island, Alcatraz Island, and parts of Marin County. Houses built mostly in the 1920s and 1930s line Marina Boulevard, the southern boundary of the Marina Green. Many of these houses have large bay windows, and Herb Caen, the late San Francisco newspaper columnist, often made references to the immaculate furnishings behind these windows. In the past, a railroad track along the

title: Golden Gate Bridge

text: The color of the bridge is officially an orange vermilion called international orange.  The color was selected by consulting architect Irving Morrow because it complements the natural surroundings and enhances the bridge's visibility in fog. Aesthetics was the foremost reason why the first design of Joseph Strauss was rejected. Upon re-submission of his bridge construction plan, he added details, such as lighting, to outline the bridge's cables and towers. In 1999, it was ranked fifth on the List of America's Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects.

title: Alfred Young (artist)

text: in San Francisco's Castro district. The initial confusion and annoyance caused by the disruption of street traffic evolved into amusement as the ridiculousness of the situation became clear to commuters and onlookers. A partial record of the event exists as a short film compiled from both aerial and ground footage of the intersection. The final collaboration planned to again employ dye to draw alongside the Golden Gate Bridge. Young, improvising the work, drew a spiral large enough to be viewed from the bridge, allowing the image to be pulled and distorted by the current. Young later stated "We can't predict

title: Marina Green

text: currently administers the Marina Green. Marina Green The Marina Green in San Francisco, California, is a expanse of grass between Fort Mason and the Presidio. It is adjacent to San Francisco Bay, and this location provides good views of the Golden Gate Bridge, Angel Island, Alcatraz Island, and parts of Marin County. Houses built mostly in the 1920s and 1930s line Marina Boulevard, the southern boundary of the Marina Green. Many of these houses have large bay windows, and Herb Caen, the late San Francisco newspaper columnist, often made references to the immaculate furnishings behind these windows. In the past,

title: Golden Horn Metro Bridge

text: that the swing bridge will be open once a week between the early hours of 1:00 and 5:00 in the summer time, and twice a week during these hours in the winter months. The gray color of the bridge was determined after extensive photographic studies of the surroundings. A metro station with platform, suitable for holding an 8-car train, is situated in the middle of the bridge. The station extends across the full length of the main span, and is capped with a canopy. The color of the metro station on the bridge is light brown. It is expected that

title: Golden Gate Bridge

text: water averages while its towers, at above the water, were the world's tallest on a suspension bridge until 1993 when it was surpassed by the Mezcala Bridge, in Mexico. The weight of the roadway is hung from 250 pairs of vertical suspender ropes, which are attached to two main cables. The main cables pass over the two main towers and are fixed in concrete at each end. Each cable is made of 27,572 strands of wire. The total length of galvanized steel wire used to fabricate both main cables is estimated to be . Each of the bridge's two towers

title: San Mateo station

text: who also created one of the longest murals in San Francisco near the 4th and King station. Just north of the station are four steel rail bridges crossing (from south to north) Tilton, Monte Diablo, E. Santa Inez, and E. Poplar avenues, the earliest grade separations on the Southern Pacific Coast Line (between San Francisco and Gilroy) and among the earliest grade separations in the entire state. The four rail bridges were built by the American Bridge Company for Southern Pacific in 1903, and sacrificial steel beams were added in 2006 to prevent damage from vehicle strikes. The bridges had

title: San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge

text: San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge The San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, known locally as the Bay Bridge, is a complex of bridges spanning San Francisco Bay in California. As part of Interstate 80 and the direct road between San Francisco and Oakland, it carries about 260,000 vehicles a day on its two decks. It has one of the longest spans in the United States. The toll bridge was conceived as early as the gold rush days, but construction did not begin until 1933. Designed by Charles H. Purcell, and built by American Bridge Company, it opened on November 12, 1936, six months

title: Dumbarton Bridge (California)

text: Dumbarton Bridge (California) The Dumbarton Bridge is the southernmost of the highway bridges across San Francisco Bay in California. Carrying over 81,000 vehicles and about 118 pedestrian and bicycle crossings daily, it is the shortest bridge across San Francisco Bay at . Its eastern end is in Fremont, near Newark in the San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge, and its western end is in Menlo Park. Bridging State Route 84 across the bay, it has three lanes each way and a separated bike/pedestrian lane along its south side. Like the San Mateo Bridge to the north, power lines parallel the

title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: federal, state, and local authorities will likewise contribute to the project. The design was finalized in December 2014; however the project has been delayed due to concerns from the National Park Service about storing construction materials at the site for the estimated 3 years it will take to complete the work. Fabrication of the stainless-steel netting and structural pieces began offsite in May 2017 after years of debate and installation of the netting on-site began in August 2018. The netting is scheduled to be complete in 2021 at a projected cost of $211 million. "The Bridge" is a 2006 British-American

title: The Emperor's Bridge Campaign

text: Francisco to Oakland, to be named for Emperor Norton, who in 1872—with three proclamations published in the African-American-owned abolitionist weekly "The Pacific Appeal"—called for a bay-spanning suspension bridge linking San Francisco and Oakland via Goat Island, the present-day Yerba Buena Island. In the six weeks from the launch of the Change.org petition until the final California State Senate vote approving the resolution naming the Bay Bridge's Western crossing for Willie Brown, the petition attracted 3,800 signatures. It also received media coverage from the San Francisco Chronicle, San Francisco Bay Guardian, KQED (Bay Area NPR affiliate), SFist, Laughing Squid, San Jose

title: Golden Gate Bridge

text: to build the Golden Gate Bridge. The highway carried about 91,000 vehicles each weekday between downtown San Francisco and the North Bay and points north. The road was deemed "vulnerable to earthquake damage", had a problematic 4-lane design, and lacked shoulders, and a San Francisco County Transportation Authority study recommended that it be replaced. Construction on the $1 billion replacement, temporarily known as the Presidio Parkway, began in December 2009. The elevated Doyle Drive was demolished on the weekend of April 27–30, 2012, and traffic used a part of the partially completed Presidio Parkway, until it was switched onto the

title: Golden Gate Ferry Company

text: between the Berkeley Pier and the Hyde Street Pier in San Francisco, a pier shared with the Sausalito ferry. At the beginning of service, before the merger with SP, four specially-built diesel ferry boats ran every 15 minutes between Berkeley and San Francisco via the pier: The "Golden Bear", the "Golden Poppy", the "Golden State", and the "Golden Dawn", all painted yellow. Over the years, other ferries owned by the company were occasionally employed. Upon merging with the SP, the boats were all re-painted in the standard Southern Pacific maritime white. Between 1926 and 1937, the Pier served as an

title: Treasure Island, San Francisco

text: the causeway are backed up by yellow above-ground emergency manifolds to which blue diameter hose can be connected from a large hose spool affixed to a San Francisco Public Utilities Commission / SF Water Dept' mobile truck dispatched from the SFWD Newcomb Avenue Yard after an earthquake, provided the Bay Bridge from SF to Treasure Island is still operational. <br> Treasure Island, San Francisco Treasure Island is an artificial island in the San Francisco Bay and a neighborhood in the city and county of San Francisco. Built 1936–37 for the 1939 Golden Gate International Exposition, the island's World’s Fair site

title: San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge

text: in 2019, US$7 in 2022, and US$8 in 2025. Official sites: Journals: Media: Other: San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge The San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, known locally as the Bay Bridge, is a complex of bridges spanning San Francisco Bay in California. As part of Interstate 80 and the direct road between San Francisco and Oakland, it carries about 260,000 vehicles a day on its two decks. It has one of the longest spans in the United States. The toll bridge was conceived as early as the gold rush days, but construction did not begin until 1933. Designed by Charles H. Purcell,

title: San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge

text: is on the Oakland side, the western span is a "de facto" non-tolled bridge; traffic between the island and the main part of San Francisco can freely cross back and forth. Those who only travel from Oakland to Yerba Buena Island, and not the entire length to the main part of San Francisco, must pay the full toll. San Francisco, at the entrance to the bay, was perfectly placed to prosper during the California Gold Rush. Almost all goods not produced locally arrived by ship. But after the first transcontinental railroad was completed in May 1869, San Francisco was on

title: Golden Gate

text: Golden Gate The Golden Gate is a strait on the west coast of North America that connects San Francisco Bay to the Pacific Ocean. It is defined by the headlands of the San Francisco Peninsula and the Marin Peninsula, and, since 1937, has been spanned by the Golden Gate Bridge. The entire shoreline and adjacent waters throughout the strait are managed by the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. During the last Ice Age, when sea level was several hundred feet lower, the waters of the glacier-fed Sacramento River and the San Joaquin River scoured a deep channel through the bedrock

title: Golden Gate Bridge