question: where was the 2015 rugby union world cup held

answers: England

answers: Wales

title: 2015 World Rugby Nations Cup

text: Romania won the tournament, for the first time since 2013, with three from three victories. The fixtures were announced on 1 May 2015. 2015 World Rugby Nations Cup The 2015 World Rugby Nations Cup was the tenth edition of the international rugby union tournament, a competition created by the World Rugby. For the ninth time in a row, it was held at the Stadionul Naţional de Rugby in Bucharest, Romania, and was played between 12 and 21 June, running alongside 2015 World Rugby Tbilisi Cup in Georgia. , the hosts, were joined by ENC side and Argentina A side, Argentina

title: 2015 World Rugby Nations Cup

text: 2015 World Rugby Nations Cup The 2015 World Rugby Nations Cup was the tenth edition of the international rugby union tournament, a competition created by the World Rugby. For the ninth time in a row, it was held at the Stadionul Naţional de Rugby in Bucharest, Romania, and was played between 12 and 21 June, running alongside 2015 World Rugby Tbilisi Cup in Georgia. , the hosts, were joined by ENC side and Argentina A side, Argentina Jaguars, while returned for the first time since 2011, as they and Romania prepare to participate in the 2015 Rugby World Cup. Hosts

title: 2015 Rugby World Cup warm-up matches

text: clubs faced international opposition, when Newcastle Falcons faced Georgia, Leicester Tigers faced Argentina, Yorkshire Carnegie played Romania and Wasps hosted Samoa. Samoa were the first international rugby union team to play at the Olympic Stadium in London, when they faced the Barbarians, with most of that team haven played for a World XV side against Japan a week earlier. Notes: Notes: Notes: Notes: Notes: Notes: Notes: Notes: Notes: Notes: Notes: Notes: Notes: Notes: Notes: Notes: 2015 Rugby World Cup warm-up matches The 2015 Rugby World Cup warm-up matches were a series of rugby union test matches that took place in

title: 2015 Rugby World Cup – Africa qualification

text: Cup Division 1B took place in Madagascar at Mahamasina Stadium in Antananarivo on 4 July and 8 July. The champion, Madagascar, was promoted up to Division 1A thus advancing to Round 2B. Namibia and Senegal remained in Division 1B for 2013, advancing to Round 2A. Morocco was eliminated from Rugby World Cup, by virtue of being relegated to Division 1C for 2013. The 2012 Africa Cup Division 1C took place in Botswana at UB Stadium in Gaborone from 22 July to 28 July. The champions, Botswana, were promoted up to Division 1B for 2013, thus advancing to Round 2A. Ivory

title: 2015 Rugby Championship

text: 2015 Rugby Championship The 2015 Rugby Championship was the fourth edition of the expanded annual southern hemisphere Rugby Championship consisting of Argentina, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand. The 2015 Championship was a shorter competition than normal, with each team playing each other once, rather than twice (home and away). This was so that teams had a longer preparation time ahead of the 2015 Rugby World Cup which started on 18 September. However, New Zealand hosted an additional match against Australia in Auckland on 15 August which acted as the second Bledisloe Cup test and as a World Cup warm-up.

title: 2015 Cup of Nations (rugby union)

text: Rugby World Cup. The four competing teams were hosts Hong Kong, who won the tournament in 2011, Zimbabwe who competed in 2012, while Portugal and Russia are new to the tournament having not competed in either of the 2015 World Rugby Tbilisi Cup or 2015 World Rugby Nations Cup. The tournament is being played as a single round-robin, with the winner being the leading team after the third round of fixtures. The points for the tournament were awarded for: "Pre-tournament rankings in parentheses" 2015 Cup of Nations (rugby union) The 2015 Cup of Nations was the third Cup of Nations

title: 2015 Rugby World Cup Final

text: 2015 Rugby World Cup Final The 2015 Rugby World Cup Final was a rugby union match to determine the winner of the 2015 Rugby World Cup, played between reigning champions New Zealand and their rivals Australia on 31 October 2015 at Twickenham Stadium in London. New Zealand beat Australia 34–17, winning the World Cup for a record third time, and becoming the first team to retain the Webb Ellis Cup. This match saw a new record for tries in a Rugby World Cup Final with the teams combining for five, surpassing the previous record of four scored in the 1987

title: 2015 Cup of Nations (rugby union)

text: 2015 Cup of Nations (rugby union) The 2015 Cup of Nations was the third Cup of Nations tournament, but the first held outside the United Arab Emirates. Unlike 2011 and 2012, the Cup of Nations was staged in Hong Kong at the Hong Kong Football Club Stadium from November 13 to 21. The tournament acted as a year ending tournament for tier 3 teams from different continents and provides greater preparation for teams to play in their regional competitions, especially this year participants who aim to qualify for the 2019 Rugby World Cup haven failed to qualify for the 2015

title: 2015 Rugby Championship

text: Argentina hosted a second match against South Africa on the same date. The tournament was known for sponsorship reasons as "The Castle Rugby Championship" in South Africa, "The Investec Rugby Championship" in New Zealand, "The Castrol Edge Rugby Championship" in Australia and "The Personal Rugby Championship" in Argentina. Australia won the Championship, becoming just the second team to win the tournament since 2012. However, including the previous format of the Championship, Australia claimed the title for the first time since 2011, and achieved a 100% win rate for the first time ever in either format. South Africa finished bottom of

title: Serendib International Cup

text: 2015 Rugby World Cup. The national sport in Madagascar, Test matches regularly attract 40,000 capacity crowds against others high performers of the region such as Kenya, Namibia and Zimbabwe. Madagascar is two wins away from qualifying for the 2015 Rugby World Cup placing third in the 2013 Africa Cup. Poland is a highly competitive FIRA-AER Union currently placing third in the 2012–14 European Nations Cup First Division B. Sri Lanka has one of the largest number of registered players in the world currently boasting 58,000 players, positioning the Union within the top 15 in the world. With Sri Lanka's win

title: Rugby union in Spain

text: suburb of Saint-Denis. However, the scheduling of the 2015 Rugby World Cup will cause the 2015–16 French season to be shifted by several weeks, in turn causing the Stade de France to be unavailable because it will be a major venue for UEFA Euro 2016. Holding the event in Barcelona may potentially boost the sport's popularity in that area. On 17 April 2016, in what is considered by many a milestone in the increasing popularity of rugby in Spain, a crowd of 26,500 attended to the Copa del Rey de Rugby final at Estadio Nuevo José Zorrilla in Valladolid. This

title: Sandy Park

text: Sandy Park was one of thirteen venues that hosted 2015 Rugby World Cup games. The first two were Pool C matches involving Namibia. Their first was a 35 - 21 defeat to Tonga on 29 September, 2015 with 10,103 in attendance and the other was a narrow 17 - 16 defeat to Georgia on 7 October, 2015 with 11,156 in attendance. The third match was a Pool D encounter between Italy and Romania on 11 October, 2015. Italy won 32 - 22 with 11,450 in attendance. Sandy Park Sandy Park Sandy Park is a rugby union stadium and conference and

title: 2015 Rugby World Cup warm-up matches

text: Cup match of 2015. En route to the World Cup, the Wallabies stopped off in the United States to play their national team for the first time on American soil since 1976. The United States also hosted English club side Harlequins, while they also faced Canada in Ottawa. Canada additionally hosted Pro12 champions Glasgow Warriors, before they faced Georgia and Fiji at a neutral venue in the United Kingdom, which also hosted Georgia's encounter with Japan. Glasgow's Scottish counterparts Edinburgh, faced Romania, who also took on Tonga for just their second time in their history. Aside from Harlequins, other English

title: Rugby World Cup 2015 (video game)

text: Rugby World Cup 2015 (video game) Rugby World Cup 2015 is a rugby union video game developed by HB Studios. The game is the official video game of the 2015 Rugby World Cup, and was released worldwide on PC, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Xbox 360 and Xbox One on 4 September 2015. Game modes include the official Rugby World Cup tournament and a Custom Cup mode allowing players to create their own version of the tournament. All twenty teams that have qualified for the 2015 Rugby World Cup appear, but only ten of them are fully licensed. The

title: 2015 Rugby World Cup

text: The 2015 Rugby World Cup was the eighth Rugby World Cup, the quadrennial rugby union world championship. The tournament was hosted by England from 18 September to 31 October.  Of the 20 countries competing in the World Cup in 2011, there was only one change: Uruguay replaced Russia. This was the first World Cup with no new teams to the tournament.

title: 2015 Rugby World Cup

text: RWC. Japan's experience in co-hosting the 2002 FIFA World Cup was also seen as a boost, with Japan already possessing the necessary stadiums and infrastructure. The South African Rugby Union (SARU) had confirmed its intent to bid for the 2015 tournament, and in May 2009 South Africa delivered its application to the IRB. South Africa had previously made an unsuccessful bid to host the 2011 RWC. The strengths of a South African bid would be that it is in the same time zone as Europe, the wealthiest television market from a rugby perspective, that South Africa were the current World

title: 2015 Rugby World Cup knockout stage

text: by Northern Hemisphere teams, with Ireland coming first and France in second. Notes: Notes: Notes: This was the first Rugby World Cup where no Northern Hemisphere team reached the semi-finals. The semi-final line-up consisted of the four Rugby Championship teams: New Zealand, South Africa, Argentina and Australia. Both matches were played at Twickenham which was also used for the same stage back in the 1999 Rugby World Cup. Notes: Notes: Notes: Notes: 2015 Rugby World Cup knockout stage The knockout stage of the 2015 Rugby World Cup began on 17 October with two quarter-finals and concluded on 31 October with

title: 2015 Rugby World Cup Final

text: Ellis Cup to winning captain Richie McCaw after the match, once the team's name had been engraved on the base of the trophy. 2015 Rugby World Cup Final The 2015 Rugby World Cup Final was a rugby union match to determine the winner of the 2015 Rugby World Cup, played between reigning champions New Zealand and their rivals Australia on 31 October 2015 at Twickenham Stadium in London. New Zealand beat Australia 34–17, winning the World Cup for a record third time, and becoming the first team to retain the Webb Ellis Cup. This match saw a new record for

title: 2015 Rugby World Cup

text: South Africa was named the World Cup best match moment, while Rugby World Cup sponsors Société Générale unveiled their dream team, made up of the best performing players of the Tournament. 2015 Rugby World Cup dream team The top point scorer of the entire tournament was Argentine fly-half Nicolás Sánchez with 97, from one try, 13 conversions, 20 penalties and two drop goals. New Zealand wing Julian Savea scored the most tries, eight, equalling the record for one tournament set by his compatriot Jonah Lomu and South African Bryan Habana. World Rugby named the following twelve referees, seven assistant referees,

title: 2015 June rugby union tests

text: Championship. Although the international window did not take place, some World Cup nations opted to play uncapped matches in their World Cup preparations. Uruguay hosted Fijian A-side, the Fiji Warriors in Montevideo, with the Warriors playing Argentina's A-side Argentina Jaguars, between the 2 fixtures. With Russia not competing in the 2015 Rugby World Cup, or either of World Rugby's Nations Cup or Tbilisi Cup, they toured Namibia for a two-test series. Three historic matches also took place. Samoa hosted New Zealand in Apia for the first time as an official test match, the first Pacific nation to do so. Kenya

title: 2015 Rugby World Cup

text: World Cup in 2015 or 2019 was confirmed on 20 July 2008. Italy declared that it wanted to host "For the Enlargement of the Frontiers of Our Sport". It was a slogan relevant to the then-current landscape of World Cup rugby, given that 2007 was the first time that the Rugby World Cup was hosted by a primarily non-English-speaking country. The Italian bid offered the largest cities and stadiums in the country and promised a fast domestic train system. The Italian Rugby Federation (FIR) also included the importance of the population and the growth of rugby since Italy joined the

title: Villa Park

text: 2015 Rugby World Cup. The first was a Pool B match between South Africa and Samoa on 26 September 2015 with South Africa winning 46–6 with 39,526 in attendance. The second was a Pool A match between Australia and Uruguay the next day with Australia winning 65–3 in front of 39,605 spectators. Birmingham is the host city of the 2022 Commonwealth Games. Villa Park will host the Rugby Sevens competition. Villa Park has been a venue for musicians from multiple genres as well as preachers. The stadium has hosted several rock concerts, including Bruce Springsteen who played two concerts in

title: 2015 World Rugby Pacific Nations Cup

text: ahead of the round 3 clash with Tonga. 2015 World Rugby Pacific Nations Cup The 2015 World Rugby Pacific Nations Cup was the tenth edition of the World Rugby Pacific Nations Cup (formerly known as the IRB Pacific Nations Cup), an annual international rugby union tournament. The 2015 title was contested between the Tier 2 nations of Canada, Fiji, Japan, Samoa, Tonga and the United States. Due to the 2015 Rugby World Cup, the tournament took place in July and August with all teams having access to overseas players. Like the 2014 IRB Pacific Nations Cup, the six teams were

title: 2016 June rugby union tests

text: series against France, whilst Italy continued their tour of the Americas in North America, where they played Canada and the United States. 2019 Rugby World Cup hosts Japan looked to improve on their 2015 Rugby World Cup display when they hosted Scotland for a two-test series, whilst they also played away to Canada in a first ever international rugby union Test match at BC Place. Russia toured North America, playing a test against both Canada and the United States, in what was Russia's first visit to North America since 2010. Georgia traveled to the Pacific Islands, where Fiji and Samoa

title: 2015 World Rugby Pacific Nations Cup

text: 2015 World Rugby Pacific Nations Cup The 2015 World Rugby Pacific Nations Cup was the tenth edition of the World Rugby Pacific Nations Cup (formerly known as the IRB Pacific Nations Cup), an annual international rugby union tournament. The 2015 title was contested between the Tier 2 nations of Canada, Fiji, Japan, Samoa, Tonga and the United States. Due to the 2015 Rugby World Cup, the tournament took place in July and August with all teams having access to overseas players. Like the 2014 IRB Pacific Nations Cup, the six teams were divided into two pools, but instead of playing

title: Major sports event hosting in Britain during the 2010s

text: was hosted by Ireland. Rugby union in Ireland is organised on an All-Ireland basis, with the Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU) governing the sport in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. World Rugby announced on 13 May 2015 that the IRFU had been awarded the Women's World Cup. The group stage was played in the Republic's capital of Dublin, with all knockout stage and classification matches held in Belfast. Most of the Belfast matches were held at Queen's University Belfast; both semi-finals and the final were at Ravenhill Stadium, plus two classification matches that involved the hosts. On

title: 2015 Africa Cup

text: 2015. The competing teams are: The South Group tournament will be held in Lesotho between 7–13 June 2015. The competing teams are: 2015 Africa Cup The 2015 Africa Cup will be the fifteenth edition of the Africa Cup, an annual international rugby union tournament for African nations organised by Rugby Africa. Changes from the 2014 Africa Cup: Division 1A will be played during June and July 2015. The matches will be hosted by each of the Division 1A teams, with the top two ranked teams (Namibia and Zimbabwe hosting two matches each. The format is a single round robin, home

title: 2015 Rugby World Cup Final

text: final. It was only the second final between two teams from the Southern Hemisphere, the previous one being South Africa's win over New Zealand in 1995. Having been in band 1 in the draw, New Zealand were placed as the top team participating in Pool C. They began their tournament with a steady performance against Argentina, earning a 26–16 victory (though having been 13–12 down at half time) in front of a then-record crowd of 89,019 at Wembley on 20 September. On that day, their starting XV was the most experienced ever. Their performance remained steady four days later with

title: 2015 Africa Cup Sevens

text: 2015 Africa Cup Sevens The 2015 RA Africa Cup Sevens is an Olympic qualification tournament for rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics held in Kempton Park, Gauteng, South Africa on 14–15 November 2015. It was the 3rd championship in a series that began in 2013. The tournament will have the top team qualify directly to the Olympics, and the second, third, and fourth place teams qualify for the 2016 Men's Rugby Sevens Final Olympic Qualification Tournament. Note: Cameroon was scheduled to compete, but was unable to attend. Morocco took their spot in the competition. Note: Zambia has already qualified

title: 2015 Africa Cup

text: 2015 Africa Cup The 2015 Africa Cup will be the fifteenth edition of the Africa Cup, an annual international rugby union tournament for African nations organised by Rugby Africa. Changes from the 2014 Africa Cup: Division 1A will be played during June and July 2015. The matches will be hosted by each of the Division 1A teams, with the top two ranked teams (Namibia and Zimbabwe hosting two matches each. The format is a single round robin, home or away format. The competing teams are: "Numbers in parentheses are pre-tournament World Rugby rankings" Match Schedule Division 1B will be held

title: 2015 Rugby World Cup


question: in 1945 which party came into power in england

answers: Labour Party

answers: Conservative

answers: Labour

title: The British Party System

text: The British Party System The British Party System (1944) is a "playlet" by George Bernard Shaw satirically analysing the origins of the party system in British politics in the form of a pair of conversations between scheming power-brokers at various points in history, who devise it and adapt it to suit their personal ends. The playlet appears in Chapter III of Shaw's 1944 book "Everybody's Political What's What?". It was never intended for performance, and is rather an essay in the form of a mini play. A similar previous playlet "Arthur and the Acetone" had been written in 1936 about

title: Britain's Road to Socialism

text: tenant's associations. The publication of Communist Party programmes in Britain began in the 1920s with the release of "Class against Class, the General Election Programme of the Communist Party of Great Britain". This was published in 1929 by the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB), the precursor to the Communist Party of Britain, for the general election of that year in which the party fielded 25 candidates. The subsequent programme, titled "For Soviet Britain", was published for the party's 13th Congress in 1935. An unnamed draft programme was issued in 1939 but the Second World War and its aftermath delayed

title: Käthe Lübeck

text: Communist Party during the Nazi years until 1935 when he had received a 15 year prison sentence. Käthe Popall became the women's section leader for the party. She joined the local , an organisation dominated by Communists and Social Democrats which at this stage was the only organisation with any resemblance to a political party that the British occupying forces would permit to operate. On 17 April 1946 she was appointed a member of the . In the first free election to that body, held on 13 October 1946, she was elected to membership of the Bremen Bürgerschaft (regional parliament),

title: John Creasey

text: He was adopted as prospective parliamentary candidate for Bournemouth West in 1946 and appeared on the platform at the 1947 Liberal Assembly, which was held in Bournemouth. He fought Bournemouth West in the 1950 general election, coming third. He became increasingly unhappy with the party through the 1950s though and disagreed so much with the party's policy concerning the Suez Crisis he resigned his membership. However, after the Orpington by-election success of 1962 and impressed with Jo Grimond's leadership of the party he seemed to be reviving his Liberal activity. By January 1966 however, he had founded the All Party

title: Clement Davies

text: which called for the party to withdraw from the war-time electoral pact and adopt more radical policies. Despite the fact that he had been absent from it for a decade, with lingering suspicions that his commitment to Liberalism was less than full, he became leader of the party in 1945 after Archibald Sinclair surprisingly lost his seat in the electoral debacle of that year that reduced the Liberals to just 12 seats in the House of Commons. Davies had not sought the position of leader and was not enthusiastic about it. However, with only 12 MPs, 6 of whom were

title: 1945 Neath by-election

text: the first time any Trotskyist organisation had stood a candidate in a British Parliamentary election. The party had only been established the previous year, and Trotskyism had not previously had a base in South Wales. The RCP had been leading supporters of strikes by coal miners which had occurred in the area in 1944, for which efforts some of its members had been imprisoned. Several local miners' lodges had supported their defence, and the RCP had sent a prominent member, John Lawrence, as a full-time organiser for the area, recruiting some activists in Merthyr Tydfil, Llanelli and Swansea. The party

title: Communist Party of Great Britain

text: Communist Party of Great Britain The Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) was a British communist party which was the largest communist party in Great Britain, although it never became a mass party like those in France and Italy. It existed from 1920 to 1991. Founded in 1920 by the merger of several smaller Marxist parties, the party gained the support of many socialist organisations and worker's committees during the period after World War I and the Russian October Revolution. Many miners joined the party through 1926 and 1927 after the General Strike of 1926. In 1945 two Communist Party

title: Communist Party of Great Britain

text: MPs won seats in the general election. From 1945 to 1956 the party was at the height of its influence. It experienced its greatest loss of membership after the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the party's Eurocommunist leadership decided to disband the party, establishing the Democratic Left think tank. The anti-Eurocommunist faction had launched the Communist Party of Britain in 1988. The Communist Party of Great Britain was founded in 1920 after the Third International decided that greater attempts should be made to establish communist parties across the world. The CPGB was formed

title: Bert Ramelson

text: and fought with the Italian Resistance. He was commissioned second lieutenant in the Royal Artillery in March 1945 and later became an acting staff captain (legal) in India. In 1983 he was interviewed about his war service by the Imperial War Museum. After the war he became acting full-time secretary of the Leeds branch of the Communist Party. He held this post from 1946 to 1953 and encouraged political activism within the Yorkshire mining community, working with the National Union of Mineworkers, where he mentored the young Arthur Scargill. He stood as the Communist candidate in the Leeds South by-election

title: Free England Party

text: an independent English state. The party's main policies were: The Free England Party was organised by regional officers and the national executive council (NEC). The NEC was elected on a two-year basis and was made up of members from all over England. At the end it consisted of a party leader, a party treasurer and two other NEC members. There were also four places for regional organisers, who represented North England, Central England, South England and London. There was also a policy committee with four members. Young Free England (YFE) was the youth organisation of the Free England Party and

title: Communist Party of Great Britain

text: by Palme Dutt. From 1939 until 1941 the CPGB was very active in supporting strikes and in denouncing the government for its pursuit of the war. However, when in 1941 the Soviet Union was invaded by Germany, the CPGB reversed its stance immediately and came out in support of the war on the grounds that it had now become a war between fascism and the Soviet Union. Pollitt was restored to his old position as Party Secretary. In fact, the Communists' support for the war was so vociferous that they launched a campaign for a Second Front in order to

title: Ted Bramley

text: in Hammersmith North at the 1931 general election, and again in a 1934 by-election, but did not come close to election. Bramley wished to fight in the Spanish Civil War, but the CPGB refused him permission to do so, preferring him to remain in the UK, and appointing him as London District Secretary in 1937. He again hoped to enlist during World War II, but was rejected because he had suffered from tuberculosis. Instead, he focussed on his party work, leading a movement to occupy London Underground stations during bombing raids. This work led to his election, in 1946, to

title: Clause IV

text: won a clear endorsement for their policies – the destruction of the "evil giants" of want, ignorance, squalour, disease and idleness (identified by William Beveridge in the Beveridge report) – in the post-war election victory of 1945 which brought Clement Attlee to power. However the party had no clear plan as to how public ownership would shape their reforms and much debate ensued. The nationalisation was led by Herbert Morrison who had had the experience of uniting London's buses and underground train system into a centralised system in the 1930s. He started with the Bank of England in April 1946,

title: London Co-operative Society

text: in Bethnal Green North East, Percy Holman in Bethnal Green South West and C.S.Ganley in Battersea South. Alfred Barnes, also elected for East Ham South, even became a Cabinet Minister in the Attlee administration after 1945. In the post-war world, it continued as an important campaigning force, providing key organisational backing for mass movements like Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, Anti-Apartheid, supporting the fight against the Vietnam War and campaigns during the miner's strikes, and generally at the forefront of the campaign for peace, co-operation and socialism. A political presence was also maintained in the House of Commons through the work

title: United Kingdom general election, 1945

text: The result was an unexpected landslide victory for Clement Attlee's Labour Party, over Winston Churchill's Conservatives. It was the first time the Conservatives had lost the popular vote since the 1906 election; they would not win it again until 1955. Labour won its first majority government, and a mandate to implement its postwar reforms. The 12.0% national swing from the Conservative Party to the Labour Party remains the largest ever achieved in a British general election.

title: Dominion Party (South Africa)

text: 1938 and to enter the Second World War in 1939 on the side of Britain) and particularly the Natal's distinct British culture. The Party won 8 seats in the 1938 general election and lost one in 1943. It acquired no seats in 1948 election, and disappeared from national politics. The Dominion Party leader was Colonel C.F. Stallard, who later served as Minister of Mines during the second Ministry of Jan Smuts. The withdrawal of Hertzog and his supporters from the UP government in 1939 can be said to have made the party redundant, explaining its later decline. Dominion Party (South

title: James Murray (Labour politician)

text: the 1950 general election, he was returned as MP for the new North West Durham constituency. On 22nd June, 1948 in a letter to the Prime Minister Clement Attlee James Murray was one of eleven MPs who raised concerns about West Indians who arrived on board the HMT Empire Windrush. He retired from the House of Commons at the 1955 general election. An urban myth surrounds his maiden speech. It is popularly believed that it took him years to make his maiden speech, finally rising to his feet during World War II to complain about "the shortage of dum-tits at

title: C. A. Smith

text: 1951, which aimed to combat communism in the trade unions. He soon became its general secretary, but the group dissolved itself into Industrial Research and Information Services in 1956. C. A. Smith Charles Andrew Smith (born 1895), known as C. A. Smith, was an English politician who held prominent positions in several minor parties. Born in Bishop Auckland, Smith studied at the University of Durham and the University of London, then trained as a school teacher, and later worked as a tutor for the Workers' Educational Association. During World War I, he served in The Royal medical Corps as a

title: Far-left politics in the United Kingdom

text: in the war left the CPGB in its strongest position, with two MPs elected in 1945. Following the defeat of the Axis powers and the brief period of public prominence for the CPGB, the international political system realigned into the start of the Cold War, which pitted the Western Allies (including Britain), against the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc. There was an ideological component to this struggle, as a competition between the ideas of Marxist-Leninism and capitalism. As a consequent, in Britain anti-communist polemics became prominent in the 1950s. This did not just include the Tory right, but prominent

title: Douglas Francis Jerrold

text: the party leadership, and in 1931 Jerrold's hopes of a parliamentary seat were dashed by Central Office. Sidelined in mainstream politics, Jerrold became editor of "The English Review", which he ran from 1931 to 1935, advocating "real Toryism as opposed to the plutocratic Conservatism represented by the official party" under the relatively liberal leadership of Stanley Baldwin. He was a romantic anti-capitalist and a devout Roman Catholic who was strongly attracted to the Fascism of Mussolini's Italy, to the Catholic nationalism of Franco, and to the rule of Dr Salazar in Portugal as well as to that of Chancellor Dollfuss

title: Communist Party of Czechoslovakia

text: the Soviet Union, where they prepared to broaden the party's power base once the war ended. In the early postwar period the Soviet-supported Czechoslovak communists launched a sustained drive that culminated in their seizure of power in 1948. Once in control, the KSČ developed an organizational structure and mode of rule patterned closely after those of the CPSU. The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia was in a coalition government from 1945 to 1948. After the war the Party grew rapidly, reaching one million members by the time of the 1946 elections: at these elections it became the largest party in Parliament,

title: British People's Party (1939)

text: long the BPP returned to wider activity after the war when party policy focused on monetary reform and the promotion of agriculture. With the Union Movement not appearing until 1948 the BPP initially attracted some new members, including Colin Jordan, who was invited to join in 1946 and was associated with the group for a time before concentrating his efforts on the more hardline Arnold Leese. The party contested the Combined English Universities by-election on 18 March 1946 but received only 239 votes. The BPP officially disbanded in 1954. British People's Party (1939) The British People's Party (BPP) was a

title: Communist Party of Britain

text: Communist Party of Britain The Communist Party of Britain is a communist and Marxist–Leninist political party organised in Great Britain The party emerged from a dispute between Eurocommunists and Marxist-Leninists in the Communist Party of Great Britain in 1988. Former members of the party include Bob Crow (former general secretary of the RMT union), Ken Gill (former general secretary of the MSF union, and member of the TUC General Council), and Kate Hudson (general secretary of CND). The Communist Party of Britain was established, or, as its members saw it, re-established, in April 1988 by a disaffected section of the

title: Commonwealth Labour Party

text: post from new Prime Minister Basil Brooke. He used his position to champion the Beveridge Report and the welfare state of New Zealand. The party also supported the idea of a British Commonwealth, although it avoided the question of whether British colonies should become independent states. The party stood six candidates in the 1945 Northern Ireland general election. Only Midgley was successful, although Albert McElroy came a close second in Ards. Midgley also stood in Belfast South in the 1945 UK general election, but was defeated by the Ulster Unionist. In September 1946, the party put up candidates in the

title: German Party (1947)

text: On May 23, 1946 Heinrich Hellwege, "Landrat" in Stade, was formally elected to serve as chairman of the NLP. The NLP aimed principally at the establishment of a Lower Saxon state within a federal Germany as well as representing Christian conservatism. In 1947, a year after the establishment of Lower Saxony as a state, the party reverted to its former name of the German Party. It soon expanded into neighbouring states under the chairmanship of Heinrich Hellwege and gained 27 seats (18.1 per cent of the total) in the first Lower Saxon "Landtag" election in 1947 It sent two delegates

title: Bob Mellish

text: After he left school he worked for the Transport and General Workers' Union and when the Second World War started in 1939 he was called up and ended the war as a Major in the Royal Engineers fighting the Japanese in South-East Asia. When Sir Ben Smith resigned from Parliament, the Rotherhithe constituency was vacated. Most local opinion favoured Dr John Gillison who represented the area on the London County Council but Mellish was selected after the TGWU dockers' delegates voted for him "en bloc". He easily won the constituency in a by-election in 1946. This constituency was expanded in

title: Edward Upward

text: retirement in 1961. In 1931 he began attending meetings of a branch of the Communist Party of Great Britain in Bethnal Green, and canvassed for Joe Vaughan, the CPGB candidate for Bethnal Green South West in that year's general election. In 1932 he joined the party on a probationary basis, which was partly self-imposed, and travelled to the Soviet Union as part of a delegation that also included Barbara Wootton. He also visited Isherwood and Spender in Berlin. He became a full member of the party in 1934. In 1936 he married Hilda Percival (1909–1995), a fellow teacher and CPGB

title: Communist Party of Great Britain

text: as the MP for Mile End in London's East End. Harry Pollitt failed by only 972 votes to take the Rhondda East constituency. Both Communist MPs however, lost their seats at the 1950 general election. The Party was keen to demonstrate its loyalty to Britain's industrial competitiveness as stepping point towards socialism. At the 19th Congress, Harry Pollitt asked rhetorically, "why do we need to increase production?" Answering "to pay for what we are compelled to import. To retain our independence as a nation." The party's membership peaked during 1943, reaching around 60,000. Despite boasting some leading intellectuals, especially among

title: Ernest Gellner

text: its strong hold over him: foreseeing the communist takeover, he decided to return to England. One of his recollections of the city in 1945 was a communist poster saying: "Everyone with a clean shield into the Party", ostensibly meaning that those whose records were good during the occupation were welcome. In reality, Gellner said, it meant exactly the opposite: He returned to Balliol College in 1945 to finish his degree, winning the John Locke prize and taking first class honours in 1947. The same year, he began his academic career at the University of Edinburgh as an assistant to Professor

title: Arthur Jenkins (politician)

text: in one of the party's safest seats. By July 1945 his share of the vote had risen to 77%. With the rise of totalitarian dictatorships during 1930s his interests spread from coal and unemployed miners to poverty more generally and education into foreign affairs. Rearmament and the threat of global conflict attracted the attention of Clement Attlee in 1937 for he whom he worked as PPS. During the war he worked on industrial tribunals for the Royal Ordnance Factory, Glascoed for which he needed legal dispensation from parliamentary privilege because he was an MP. Jenkins accepted chairmanship of a local

title: United Kingdom general election, 1945


question: where does porter fly out of in toronto

answers: Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport

title: Robert Deluce

text: of Toronto and Deluce then sued the City and the Canadian federal government, eventually settling out of court. Despite this, Deluce and the TPA continued to pursue the regional airline expansion plan. Regco purchased the terminal building at the airport being used by Air Canada Jazz and evicted them, freeing the space for his own airline. Porter Airlines launched in October 2006 with flights to Ottawa, Ontario and has expanded since. Porter flies to Toronto, Ottawa, Montreal, Quebec City, Moncton, Timmins, Windsor, Halifax, St. John’s, Thunder Bay, Sault Ste. Marie, Sudbury, New York City (Newark), Chicago (Midway), Boston (Logan), Washington

title: Porter Airlines

text: August 2017: Originally, Porter ordered ten 70-seat Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 turboprops, with ten more as options, at a value estimated by Porter of over $500 million. In June 2009, Porter exercised the option on the 19th and 20th Dash 8s. Porter chose the 70-seat configuration (less than the maximum of 78 seats) due to the short length of the runway at Toronto Island Airport; a fully loaded 78-seat configuration would need a longer runway than available at the airport. This means Porter aircraft have a slightly greater seat pitch than a 78-seat aircraft. The 70-seat configuration also allows Porter

title: Porter Airlines

text: In 2016, Porter ran a small number of flights from Toronto and Ottawa to Winnipeg to test this potential market. On September 17, 2012, Porter Airlines announced a new interline agreement with South African Airways in which passengers would fly from Toronto-Billy Bishop to Washington-Dulles on Porter, and then transfer to South African to Dakar, Senegal or Johannesburg. Porter also has an interline agreement with Qatar Airways in which passengers can fly to Washington-Dulles on Porter and connect to Qatar Airways to Doha. In January 2013, Porter announced an interline agreement with Singapore Airlines with connections at Newark Liberty International

title: Porter Airlines

text: Another public hearing at Council was announced for January 27, 2014. At that time, Toronto City Council announced it could not support the proposal without further studies from Ports Toronto, leading the body to initiate a series of investigation and viability analyses. In November 2015, federal Minister of Transport Marc Garneau announced he would not support the proposal and in December 2015, the TPA (rebranded as PortsToronto 11 months before) announced that it had "halted work on an environmental assessment and two studies" it had commissioned concerning the expansion. As of November 2017, Porter Airlines destinations are: Terminated destinations are:

title: Porter Airlines

text: airport. However, in November 2015, the federal government announced it would not support the proposal to expand the island airport. Porter Airlines' launch was controversial, as it pitted Toronto residents seeking to close or stop the expansion of the airport against business interests and a government agency determined to make the airport self-sufficient. In 2002, the 'Toronto City Centre Airport', or 'Island Airport', operated by the Toronto Port Authority (TPA) (renamed in 2015 as "PortsToronto") was subsidized by per year. Only Air Canada flew flights from the airport as part of its "Jazz" service, operating daily flights to Ottawa after

title: Porter Airlines

text: A planned bridge to the airport was cancelled in 2003, leading to lawsuits between Deluce and the City of Toronto. The airline lost the case in court but the idea for the airline remained. With the compensation received from the Toronto Port Authority for the lawsuit, REGCO bought the island airport terminal used by Air Canada Jazz and terminated Air Canada's access. Porter has expanded its operations since 2006, adding more destinations and planes. Porter opened a new, larger passenger terminal at the island airport in March 2010. In 2013, Porter made a proposal to expand Toronto Island airport to

title: Porter Airlines

text: — and the circumstances are rare — to operate outside these normal times." According to the TPA, they are powerless to stop Porter other than imposing fines, and that planes landing at the airport when no controllers are present is not a safety risk. TPA director Mark McQueen has requested that the NAV Canada personnel stay on-site until the last flight has landed, but NAV Canada has refused to do so. On February 9, 2012, Transport Canada advised Porter it had received an Access to Information request for what are called "Notices of Suspension issues to Porter." Such notices are

title: Porter Airlines

text: the closure of the regional airline City Express in 1991. In October 2002, the TPA announced a $35 million plan of improvements to the airport to expand its usage. The TPA planned to build a $15 million bridge and a $20 million airport terminal. A new regional airline would be launched at the airport, to be run by Robert Deluce, the former CEO of Air Ontario. Since its opening, the airport, located on Toronto Island, was accessible by passenger ferry only and the ferry-only access was seen as an obstacle to expansion. In a deal with the City of Toronto,

title: Porter Airlines

text: six Q400s, as "something we are looking at carefully". In Toronto, Porter provides a bus shuttle from the downtown Royal York Hotel to the airport ferry dock and tunnel entrance. The 4 buses (mix of Blue Bird Corporation Ultra LF and New Flyer Industries D40LF) are operated by Pacific Western Transportation. The shuttle service had moved to the Royal York from its original location at 20 York Street, next to Union Station, in March 2008, when city construction for the Simcoe Street Tunnel blocked access. Porter planned to return to the location, but in September 2009, Porter was evicted from

title: Porter Airlines

text: the 20 York Street building due to non-payment of rent. Porter used to provide complimentary snacks and beverages at their lounges at Toronto's Billy Bishop, Ottawa International and Newark Liberty Airport, but have since discontinued this, in favor of having small food shops with food and drinks for purchase at their Toronto hub, as seen at most traditional airports. They have since also closed their Newark lounge. Porter still does, however, continue to provide complimentary snacks and beverages, including alcohol, on board their aircraft. Porter Airlines offers a frequent flyer rewards program called 'VIPorter', whereby points can be redeemed for

title: Porter Airlines

text: of the REGCO terminal at the airport had been terminated. On February 27, 2006, REGCO was able to evict Air Canada Jazz from the publicly owned airport. Air Canada took the case to court, but lost an Ontario Superior Court ruling. REGCO's fully owned subsidiary 'City Centre Aviation' (now Porter FBO) then commenced renovations of the terminal building to serve Porter Airlines, which started flights in October 2006. Porter FBO operates the terminal along with fuel and other services. A new subsidiary, City Centre Terminal Corp., was set up in 2009 to manage Porter's new terminal at the Toronto island

title: Porter Airlines

text: for modifications to the operating agreement of the airport to allow jets and extensions to the runway to support the new aircraft. Changes to the operating agreement require the unanimous agreement of the Toronto Port Authority (TPA), the City of Toronto and the Government of Canada. The TPA stated that it had no position on the expansion and would await a decision from Toronto City Council. Then-Toronto Mayor Rob Ford had indicated his support for the proposal while some councillors expressed their opposition with others urging further study. Porter CEO Robert Deluce was already a supporter of Mayor Ford, having

title: Porter Airlines

text: from: In 2009, Porter's institutional investors include EdgeStone Capital Partners, Borealis Infrastructure, GE Asset Management Incorporated and Dancap Private Equity Inc. In 2013, Porter's investors are listed as EdgeStone Capital Partners, OMERS Strategic Investments, GE Asset Management Incorporated and Dancap Private Equity Inc. The then REGCO Holdings purchased the Toronto island airport assets of City Centre Aviation Ltd in 2005. This included the terminal used by Air Canada's "Jazz" airline, which at the time operated daily flights to Ottawa from the airport. On February 15, 2006, Air Canada had announced that its contract to operate its Jazz Airline service out

title: PortsToronto

text: of the Toronto Bombardier aircraft factory, which builds the Q400 planes used by Porter Airlines. The Board of Trade produced a report in 2006 appealing to the City and to the TPA to start working together, citing an estimated positive economic impact of over $135 million from the Airport. To quote Glen Stone, a Board of Trade spokesman: “There are two facts that are inescapable: Number one, there is an airport on the island. Number two, just a few hundred metres away there is a city. Neither of them are about to go away. So the two sides can continue

title: Porter Airlines

text: Porter Airlines is a regional airline headquartered at Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport on the Toronto Islands in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.  Owned by Porter Aviation Holdings, formerly known as REGCO Holdings Inc., Porter operates regularly scheduled flights between Toronto and locations in Canada and the United States using Canadian-built Bombardier Dash-8 Q 400 turboprop aircraft.

title: Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport

text: October 2016, PortsToronto approved a expansion of the terminal, including a new gate, and room for US Customs preclearance if it is approved in the future. In April 2013, Porter announced a conditional purchase of 12 Bombardier CS100 passenger jets, with an option to purchase 18 more. Porter president Robert Deluce announced that the airline would seek an extension of the main runway by , at either end, to accommodate the longer landing and takeoff requirements of the aircraft. The airline would also seek an exemption for the CS100 aircraft from the jet ban at the airport imposed in the

title: Porter Airlines

text: In an interview with "Toronto Life" magazine in May 2013, Robert Deluce stated that Porter turned a profit in 2011 and 2012, and paid out profit sharing. Porter sold the terminal at the island airport in Toronto to Nieuport Aviation Infrastructure Partners GP in January 2015. According to Deluce, this meant that the airline was debt-free, although it would now pay to lease the facility. The sale was estimated to be in the range of 750 million. Being debt-free was considered a good position to be in, if it were to buy Bombardier CS100 jets to use at the island

title: Porter Airlines

text: Toronto-Ottawa route. In a show of political support, the Porter press conference was staged at the Bombardier plant in suburban Toronto, where the airplanes are built, with support from Canadian Auto Workers leader Buzz Hargrove, who said it would create new employment opportunities in the region. On the same day the TPA announced plans to improve ferry service to serve the new airline, buying a $4.5 million, 150-passenger ferry. Immediately, political opponents of the TPA, including Miller, City Council members, local community associations and local Members of Parliament Olivia Chow and Jack Layton expressed concern that the operation of a

title: History of Toronto Island Airport

text: announced a 'temporary' suspension of flights for the month of March. This subsequently became permanent. Porter Airlines renovated the terminal and began regional airline service with flights to Ottawa in the fall of 2006 using Q400 series Dash 8 planes, 70-seat aircraft. Its entry into service was met by protesters who attempted to block passengers from the airport. Porter has since expanded to other destinations in Canada and the United States. The airport handled over 93,000 takeoffs and landings in 2008. To support Porter, the TPA launched the "David Hornell" ferry in 2006, which carries 150 passengers on its upper

title: Porter Airlines

text: the result. The No Jets TO group filed a complaint with the Advertising Standards Council of Canada, calling the ads "patently false". Toronto City Council held public consultations on the proposal during the fall of 2013, leading to a city staff report addressing the proposal. At the same time, Porter mounted a public relations campaign, based around the "porterplans.com" web site. Porter customers were telephoned and e-mailed and radio and newspaper advertisements were bought by Porter asking for the public to register their support with Toronto Council. After the consultation, and study of consultant reports, City staff recommended in a

title: Porter Airlines

text: In 2014, Montreal's Montréal/Saint-Hubert Airport settled four civil lawsuits and announced it was trying to get service to Toronto Island Airport as part of its expansion plans. According to Porter, there would need to be a brand new terminal built in order for the airline to start serving the airport, which the airport hoped to build with grants from the Government of Canada. In June 2017, it was announced that Porter Airlines had "blacklisted" the conservative Canadian media outlet "The Rebel Media", and had directly tweeted to Ezra Levant notifying him in person that they had removed their advertisements from

title: Harbourfront (Toronto)

text: confirmed on September 12, 2008, that Porter Airlines was fined for breaking noise curfews in its operations at the Island Airport. A study by the Port Authority is being conducted into reducing noise from Porter's takeoffs and landings. Harbourfront is the site of the Jack Layton Ferry Terminal which provides transportation services to the Toronto Islands from the foot of Bay Street. Captain John's Harbour Boat Restaurant was also a ship moored at the Yonge Street slip and removed in 2015. Toronto Maritime Museum was relocated from Exhibition Place in 1997, but closed in 2003. Harbourfront Centre, housing galleries and

title: Porter Airlines

text: allow jets. Toronto City Council reserved its support, requiring the controversial proposal to be the focus of Ports Toronto studies. In November 2015, the federal government announced it would not support the proposal. Porter Airlines along with Porter FBO Limited, which operates the Porter facilities at Billy Bishop, and City Centre Terminal Corp., are owned by Porter Aviation Holdings (PAHL), formerly known as REGCO Holdings Inc. The company was founded in 1999. Porter Aviation Holdings Inc. is controlled by : Source: Bloomberg Business Week Source: Bloomberg Business Week At startup, $125 million CAD was put into the airline including money

title: Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport

text: Canada Express began flying out of the airport on May 1, 2011. United Continental Holdings (the merged Continental Airlines and United Airlines), however, decided not to fly out of the airport. The 16 slots previously held by United Continental Holdings were awarded to Porter in September 2011. On June 20, 1941, two Norwegian pilots training at the Island Airport were killed. Their Northrop N-3PB seaplane was taking off from the harbour waters, when a ferry boat, Sam McBride travelling from the mainland to the Toronto Island crossed their path. The plane crashed into the upper level of the ferry, then

title: David Miller (Canadian politician)

text: not reflect the true costs of cancellation. Shortly after the settlement, Miller announced that he would seek the repayment of $27 million in back taxes from the Port Authority to the city. In early 2006, Robert Deluce announced the creation of a company called Porter Airlines that would start a commuter service at the Island Airport, with the planes built at Bombardier's Downsview plant. It would provide travelers with direct flights to Toronto's city centre, which Pearson International is currently unable to offer, as it is located 30 km away. Opponents of expansion argued that increased services would result in

title: PortsToronto

text: vocal opponent of Airport expansion. As of 2009, local community associations and the main opposition group "Community Air" remain opposed to the Island Airport. When Porter Airlines first started flights, protests and boycotts were called for, however the actual amount of active protest has died down. As recently as April 24, 2009, the vice-chair of Community Air stated "The fight to shutter the airport is far from over." In 2009, a TPA-sponsored poll showed that 58% of Toronto residents supported the TPA remaining independent. In August 2014, an Ipsos Reid Poll found that 91% of Toronto residents stated that the

title: Porter Airlines

text: but declined. In its prospectus, the company outlined a loss of $4.6 million on revenues of $151 million for 2009. To be profitable, the airline needs to be filling 49.3% of its seats with paying customers. In 2009, the airline filled 41% of its seats, and in the first quarter of 2010, it filled 47%. Overall, the airline carried 900,000 passengers in 2009, 800,000 through Toronto island airport. In 2011, the airline filled 55.9% of its seats. As part of disclosure for its public offering, Porter disclosed that from its startup in 2006 until May 2010, Porter lost $44.5 million.

title: Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport

text: has worked with new regional airline Porter Airlines since 2003 to increase scheduled carrier flights. Under the new financial model, carriers pay landing fees and departing passengers pay airport improvement fees to the TPA. Porter launched in 2006 and passenger volumes increased to the point that airport operations became self-sufficient by 2010. In 2010, Porter opened a new terminal. In 2015, the airport opened a pedestrian tunnel to the airport, after a previous plan to build a bridge was cancelled. In 2013, Porter proposed expanding the airport further and modifying the operating agreement to allow it to use Bombardier CS100

title: History of Toronto Island Airport

text: recouped from the Airport Improvement Fee charged to passengers. In February 2010, Air Canada filed suit against the TPA to get access to the airport, access it had lost when Porter had evicted Jazz in 2006. On March 29, 2010, the Federal Court ruled that Air Canada would have a hearing in July 2010 of its objections to the TPA process. On March 7, 2010, the first half of the Porter's new terminal opened. The new terminal, estimated to cost $50 million CAD, was completed in early 2011. The opening of the new terminal was met by new protests by

title: Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport

text: apron paving, equipment upgrades and a noise barrier to deflect plane maintenance noise out over the lake. The expense would be recouped from the Airport Improvement Fee charged to passengers. In February 2010, Air Canada filed suit against the TPA to get access to the airport, access it had lost when Porter had evicted Jazz in 2006. On March 29, 2010, the Federal Court ruled that Air Canada would have a hearing in July 2010 of its objections to the TPA process. On March 7, 2010, the first half of the Porter's new terminal opened. The new terminal, estimated to

title: Porter Airlines


question: how many votes to approve supreme court justice

answers: A simple majority vote

answers: A simple majority

title: Samuel Alito Supreme Court nomination

text: senators didn't vote, including Democrat Tom Harkin and Republican John Ensign, who had been injured in a car accident earlier that day. All of the members of the Gang of Fourteen voted for cloture with the majority. The Senate voted 58–42 on Tuesday, January 31, to confirm Alito as the 110th Justice of the Supreme Court. All but one of the 55 Senate Republicans voted to confirm Alito, as well as four Democrats: Senator Ben Nelson (D-NE), Senator Robert Byrd (D-WV), Senator Tim Johnson (D-SD), and Senator Kent Conrad (D-ND). Forty-two Senators voted against Alito's confirmation (40 Democrats, Lincoln Chafee

title: Sonia Sotomayor Supreme Court nomination

text: President to obtain the "advice and consent" of the United States Senate to appoint a Justice to the Supreme Court. In July 2009, the Senate had 58 Democrats, 2 independents who caucused with the Democrats, and 40 Republicans. In order to block the nomination, Republicans would need to vote unanimously against Sotomayor and persuade eleven non-Republican Senators to follow suit or prevent a vote from taking place at all through a filibuster, which would have meant that the Democrats would have needed 60 senators to vote for cloture. Before the Senate vote took place, Sotomayor was questioned by the Senate

title: Samuel Alito Supreme Court nomination

text: would backfire and were cautious to support it. Just one day after Kerry's call for a filibuster, Reid further stated that the Democrats did not have the votes needed to sustain a filibuster to block the confirmation of Alito. "We're going to have a vote Tuesday morning," Reid said. "Everyone knows there are not enough votes to support a filibuster." The Democratic Senators from Massachusetts, John Kerry and Ted Kennedy, attempted to gain support for a filibuster of the nominee; however, they gained little support, even within their own party. The Senate voted for cloture on the nomination 72–25. Three

title: Gang of 14

text: warranted. Though Democrats were a majority in the Senate after 2006, Republicans blocked several Appellate Court nominees of President Barack Obama by use of the filibuster. On November 22, 2013, at the direction of leader Harry Reid, Senate Democrats used the "nuclear option" to revise Senate rules and eliminate filibusters of Presidential nominees, leaving the possibility of filibusters of nominees for the Supreme Court intact. The vote was 52 to 48 – all Republicans and three Democrats (Carl Levin (D-MI), Joe Manchin (D-WV), and Mark Pryor (D-AR)) voting against. After Republicans regained control of the Senate, McCain voted in favor

title: Nuclear option

text: to stave off the "nuclear option" reached by 14 moderate Senators supports a strong interpretation of "Advice and Consent" from the Constitution: Some fear that removing the 60-vote rule for judicial nominations would allow the courts to be "packed" by a party that controls the other two branches of the government. As of November 2013, Republican presidents have appointed five of the nine justices on the Supreme Court and all four of the chief justices since the Truman administration. In 1937, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, a Democrat, sought to alter the court through the Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937 (a.k.a. "the

title: Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination

text: 52 to 48 vote on October 15, 1991, the narrowest margin for approval in more than a century. Vice President Quayle presided over the vote in his role as President of the Senate, partly in case his vote was needed to break a potential 50-50 tie for confirmation. The final floor vote was not strictly along party lines: 41 Republicans and 11 Democrats (Dixon (D-IL), Exon (D-NE), DeConcini (D-AZ), Robb (D-VA), Hollings (D-SC), Fowler (D-GA), Nunn (D-GA), Breaux (D-LA), Johnston (D-LA), Boren (D-OK), and Shelby (D-AL) now (R-AL)) voted to confirm while 46 Democrats and 2 Republicans (Jeffords (R-VT) later

title: Nuclear option

text: bring current practices into line with the Framers' original intent – hence supporters' preferred nomenclature of the "constitutional option". They argue that the filibuster of presidential nominees effectively establishes a 60-vote threshold for approval of judicial nominees instead of the 51-vote standard implied by the Constitution. A number of existing Judges and Justices were confirmed with fewer than 60 votes, including Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas (confirmed in a 52–48 vote in 1991). Supporters have claimed that the minority party is engaged in obstruction. In 2005, Republicans argued that Democrats obstructed the approval of the president's nominees in violation of

title: Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States

text: the process has taken much longer. According to the Congressional Research Service, the average number of days from nomination to final Senate vote since 1975 is 67 days (2.2 months), while the median is 71 days (or 2.3 months). Some believe this is because Congress sees Justices as playing a more political role than in the past. The perceived politicization of the process has drawn criticism. For example, columnist George F. Will termed the defeat of Robert Bork's nomination "unjust" and, more generally, that the nomination process does "not delve deeply into the nominee's jurisprudential thinking." Supreme Court nominations have

title: Nuclear option

text: than require the President to nominate someone who will get broad support in the Senate, the nuclear option would allow Judges to not only be "nominated to the Court by a Republican president, but also be confirmed by only Republican Senators in party-line votes." Of the 9 U.S. Supreme Court Justices seated as of May 2005, 6 were confirmed with the support of 90 or more Senators, 2 were confirmed with at least the support of 60 senators, and only 1 (Thomas) was confirmed with the support of fewer than 60 Senators, however, since John G. Roberts was confirmed, no

title: Supreme Court of the United States

text: final Senate vote since 1975 is 67 days (2.2 months), while the median is 71 days (or 2.3 months). When the Senate is in recess, a president may make temporary appointments to fill vacancies. Recess appointees hold office only until the end of the next Senate session (less than two years). The Senate must confirm the nominee for them to continue serving; of the two chief justices and eleven associate justices who have received recess appointments, only Chief Justice John Rutledge was not subsequently confirmed. No president since Dwight D. Eisenhower has made a recess appointment to the Court, and

title: Elena Kagan Supreme Court nomination

text: called witnesses that included: Republican members of the committee called the following witnesses: The Senate Judiciary Committee scheduled a recommendation vote for July 20, 2010. On that day the committee voted to endorse Kagan on a 13 to 6 vote, with only one Republican, Lindsey Graham, siding with the nominee. At the time, it was also possible for a nominee to be filibustered, which would have required 60 votes to overcome (Vice President Joe Biden had no vote in such a case), as occurred during the nomination of Abe Fortas to the Supreme Court in 1968. There were 41 Republican

title: Samuel Alito Supreme Court nomination

text: support a filibuster, though they all voted against confirmation. In addition, Senators Mark Pryor (D-AR), Kent Conrad (D-ND), and Joe Biden (D-DE) indicated that they did not support a filibuster. Later, however, Joe Biden announced on the 29th that he would vote no for cloture. On January 26, while vacationing in Switzerland at a five-star ski resort, Senator John Kerry (D-MA) called for a filibuster to block Alito's nomination. Despite the support of his fellow Massachusetts Senator, Ted Kennedy (D-MA), Senator Hillary Clinton (D-NY) and Harry Reid (D-NV), the top Democrat in the Senate, other Democrats were afraid the measure

title: Brett Kavanaugh

text: April 2017. The vote was almost entirely along party lines, with Democrat Joe Manchin voting yes, Republican Lisa Murkowski voting no, Republican Susan Collins voting yes, and Republican Jeff Flake voting yes on Kavanaugh. On October 6, the Senate confirmed Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court with a 50–48 vote. One senator, Steve Daines (R), who supported the nomination, was absent during the vote due to his attendance at the wedding of his daughter that day, and Murkowski voted "present" despite her opposition, so that their two votes would be cancelled out and the balance of the vote would be retained

title: Nuclear option

text: confirmed. On November 21, 2013, the Senate voted 52–48, with all Republicans and three Democrats voting against, to rule that "the vote on cloture under Rule XXII for all nominations other than for the Supreme Court of the United States is by majority vote," even though the text of the rule requires "three-fifths of the senators duly chosen and sworn" to end debate. This ruling's precedent eliminated the 60-vote requirement to end a filibuster against all executive branch nominees and judicial nominees other than to the Supreme Court. The text of Rule XXII was never changed. A 3/5 supermajority was

text: Once the Committee reports out the nomination, the whole Senate considers it. A simple majority vote is required to confirm or to reject a nominee.  Prior to 2017, a successful filibuster threat could add the requirement of a supermajority of 60 needed in favor of cloture, which would allow debate to end and force a final vote on confirmation. Rejections are relatively uncommon; the Senate has explicitly rejected twelve Supreme Court nominees in its history. The most recent rejection of a nominee by vote of the full Senate came in 1987, when the Senate refused to confirm Robert Bork.

title: Brett Kavanaugh

text: a rarely used traditional courtesy known as a "pair between senators". All Republicans except Daines and Murkowski voted to approve the nomination, and all Democrats voted in opposition, except Joe Manchin who voted to approve the nomination. Kavanaugh's confirmation margin of only two votes is the closest successful confirmation vote of a Supreme Court nominee since Stanley Matthews' 24–23 confirmation in 1881. Kavanaugh was sworn in as the 114th Justice of the Supreme Court on the evening of October 6, 2018. The Constitutional Oath was administered by Chief Justice Roberts and the Judicial Oath was administered by retired Associate Justice

text: President to formally appoint the candidate to the court. Senate cloture rules historically required a two-thirds affirmative vote to advance nominations to a vote; this was changed to a three-fifths supermajority in 1975. In November 2013, the then-Democratic Senate majority eliminated the filibuster for executive branch nominees and judicial nominees "except" for Supreme Court nominees by invoking the so-called nuclear option. In April 2017, the Republican Senate majority applied the nuclear option to Supreme Court nominations as well, enabling the nominations of Trump nominees Neil Gorsuch and Brett Kavanaugh to proceed to a vote. Article Two of the United States

title: Constitutional Court of Thailand

text: the members of the House or with 50,000 approval of petitioners. A vote of three fifths of the Senate is required for impeachment. Earlier drafts had required votes of only 10% of the combined House and Senate to call for a vote of impeachment, and votes of three fifths of the combined Parliament to dismiss a justice. The Constitution gave the judiciary a strong influence over the composition of the Constitutional Court. Originally, the Court was to have 9 justices comprising six legal experts and three political science experts. A panel of 17 persons would propose 18 names from which

title: Supreme Court of the United States

text: elevated Harlan Fiske Stone to Chief Justice. The U.S. Constitution states that the President "shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Judges of the Supreme Court." Most presidents nominate candidates who broadly share their ideological views, although a justice's decisions may end up being contrary to a president's expectations. Because the Constitution sets no qualifications for service as a justice, a president may nominate anyone to serve, subject to Senate confirmation. In modern times, the confirmation process has attracted considerable attention from the press and advocacy groups, which lobby senators to confirm

title: 2016 Maine Question 5

text: beyond their base of supporters to gain support as a second or third choice, if needed. On February 3, 2017, the Maine Senate voted 24-10 to ask the Maine Supreme Judicial Court for an advisory opinion as to the constitutionality of the approved proposal, after concerns about its constitutionality were expressed by Maine Attorney General Janet Mills. On May 23, 2017, the Court issued its opinion that the law would be unconstitutional if it came before them, stating it would violate the provision of the Maine Constitution requiring elections to be decided by a plurality of the vote. State legislators

title: Joe Lieberman 2004 presidential campaign

text: vote by the full Senate, which resulted in their confirmation. Lieberman refused to support a filibuster against Supreme Court Justice nominee Samuel Alito. Alito was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on January 31, 2006 by a vote of 58-42, becoming the Court's 110th Justice. Lieberman voted against the Alito confirmation in the final Senate vote. On John Roberts's nomination as Chief Justice, Lieberman believed that Roberts did not seem to be the kind of right-wing candidate the "Gang of 14" feared the president would select. Lieberman said he thought Roberts was a "decent guy," but also said that it was

title: Constitutional Court of Thailand

text: and reject nominees deemed inappropriate or unqualified. After receiving the Supreme Court's list of nominees, the Senate created a committee to review the nominees' credentials and backgrounds. On 24 November 1997, the Senate voted to remove the name of Supreme Court vice-president Amphorn Thongprayoon, on the grounds that his credentials were dubious and on allegations that he had defaulted on 3 million THB in debt. The Supreme Court was furious, arguing the Constitution did not empower the Senate to do background checks or to reject Supreme Court nominees. The Supreme Court requested a ruling from the Constitutional Tribunal chaired by

title: Politics of Ecuador

text: plummeting oil prices, proposed tax increases, and accusations of increasingly authoritarian behavior sparked protests and eroded his popularity in the final two years of his presidency. New justices of the Supreme Court are elected by the sitting members of the court. A bare majority of Congress, acting in a special session called by former President Lucio Gutiérrez in December 2004, ousted 27 of the 31 justices and replaced them with new members chosen by Congress, notwithstanding the lack of any provisions permitting impeachment of Supreme Court justices by Congress and the specific provisions giving the Court the power to select

title: 2012 United States elections

text: to reject the results because of their ambiguity. On November 8, 2012, Washington, D.C. newspaper "The Hill" published an article saying that Congress will also likely ignore the results of the referendum due to the circumstances behind the votes. Maine, Maryland and Washington approved same sex marriage by popular vote, the first time any states have done so, bringing the number of states that allow same sex marriage from 6 to 9 states. In Minnesota, a proposed constitutional amendment to ban same sex marriage was defeated, the first time such an amendment has not passed. A measure in Massachusetts resulted

title: Supreme Court of the United States

text: considers it. Rejections are relatively uncommon; the Senate has explicitly rejected twelve Supreme Court nominees, most recently Robert Bork, nominated by President Ronald Reagan in 1987. Although Senate rules do not necessarily allow a negative vote in committee to block a nomination, prior to 2017 a nomination could be blocked by filibuster once debate had begun in the full Senate. President Lyndon B. Johnson's nomination of sitting Associate Justice Abe Fortas to succeed Earl Warren as Chief Justice in 1968 was the first successful filibuster of a Supreme Court nominee. It included both Republican and Democratic senators concerned with Fortas's

title: Patricia Millett

text: the motion to invoke cloture was rejected 55-38, with 3 senators voting "present." On November 21, 2013, the motion to invoke cloture was again rejected, 57-40 with 3 senators voting "present." A motion to reconsider the motion to invoke cloture was held shortly thereafter and passed 57–43. Senator Reid then requested a ruling from the presiding officer regarding the filibuster of judicial nominees. The President pro tempore ruled that the Senate required 60 votes to cut off a filibuster and move to a final vote. Senator Reid appealed that ruling and the Senate began voting on whether the President pro

title: Samuel Tilden 1876 presidential campaign

text: electoral votes and thus the outcome of the election. This commission included five U.S. Senators (three Republicans and two Democrats), five U.S. Representatives (three Democrats and two Republicans), and five U.S. Supreme Court members (four of whom were selected by geographic diversity and who would later select the fifth one). The commission’s decisions were to be legally regarded as final unless both houses of Congress overrode these decisions. Out of the five Supreme Court members of this commission, there were two Republicans, two Democrats, and one independent--U.S. Supreme Court Justice David Davis. In an attempt to win Davis's favor, the

title: Filibuster

text: and judicial nominees, excluding Supreme Court nominees, rather than the 3/5 of votes previously required. On April 6, 2017, the Republican controlled Senate voted 52 to 48 to require only a majority vote to end a filibuster of Supreme Court nominees. A 3/5 supermajority is still required to end filibusters on legislation. In the United States House of Representatives, the filibuster (the right to unlimited debate) was used until 1842, when a permanent rule limiting the duration of debate was created. The disappearing quorum was a tactic used by the minority until Speaker Thomas Brackett Reed eliminated it in 1890.

title: Richard Nixon Supreme Court candidates

text: the time) and Jacob Javits (R-NY) jumped party lines in the vote. Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield (D-MT), after having previously voted "nay," withdrew his vote as a goodwill gesture to Senator Charles Percy, who could not attend the vote; he would have voted "yea" and counteracted Mansfield's vote. In addition to Percy, Clinton P. Anderson (D-NM), Wallace F. Bennett (R-UT), Karl E. Mundt (R-SD) and Margaret Chase Smith (R-ME) did not vote. Minority Whip Robert P. Griffin (R-MI) announced that Senator Smith would have voted to confirm Rehnquist. With both votes confirmed, Powell and Rehnquist were sworn in on

title: Ideological leanings of United States Supreme Court justices

text: location of the median justice—who, as Duncan Black’s median voter theorem posits, is often the swing vote in closely divided decisions. Michael A. Bailey used a slightly different Markov chain Monte Carlo Bayesian method to determine ideological leanings and made significantly different scaling assumptions. He analyzed cases by calendar year and supplemented the data regarding votes in each Court case with additional information from the majority, concurring, and dissenting opinions in which justices commented on previous cases, as well as with votes made by members of Congress on similar legislation, amicus filings by Solicitors General and members of Congress, and

short_answers:
A simple majority
A simple majority vote


question: how many senators are there in the us senate

answers: 100

answers: 100 members

title: Women in the United States Senate

text: of female Senators increased to 23, with 17 being Democrats and 6 being Republicans. Currently, four states (California, Minnesota, New Hampshire and Washington) are represented by 2 women to the U.S. Senate. In the 116th Congress, both U.S. Senators will be women in six states, with Nevada and Arizona joining the four aforementioned states. Seven female senators had previously served in the U.S. House of Representatives – a distinction long held by only Margaret Chase Smith – Sens. Stabenow, Cantwell, Gillibrand, Baldwin, Hirono, Capito, and Duckworth. Before 2001, numerically speaking, the most common way for a woman to ascend to

title: Australian Senate

text: same number of senators, meaning there is equal representation for each of the Australian states, regardless of population, so the Senate, like many upper Houses, does not adhere to the principle of "one vote one value". Tasmania, with a population of around 500,000, elects the same number of senators as New South Wales, which has a population of over 7 million. Because of this imbalance, governments favoured by the more populous states are occasionally frustrated by the extra power the smaller states have in the Senate, to the degree that former Prime Minister Paul Keating famously referred to the Senate's

title: Senate of Canada

text: federation and that are within a region are under-represented, while the Maritimes are the opposite. For example, British Columbia, with a population of about four million, sends six senators to Ottawa, whereas, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, with populations of fewer than one million, are each entitled to 10 senators. Only Quebec has a share of senators approximate to its share of the total population. For comparison, Canada has roughly one senator for about 300,000 citizens, while the United States Senate has one elected senator for about three million citizens. There exists a constitutional provision—Section 26 of the "Constitution Act,

title: Federal judiciary of the United States

text: the consent of the Senate to serve until they resign, are impeached and convicted, retire, or die. In April 2013, about 10 percent of federal seats were vacant, with 85 of 856 positions unfilled and 4 vacancies on the prestigious Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. The high vacancy rate has been attributed to politics, particularly Senate filibustering of potential appointees by Senators. In many cases there is no nominee for the position; however, the Senate has a tradition of senatorial courtesy in which nominees are only considered if the home senators approve. In May 2013 Congressional

title: Quorum

text: the senate, the quorum was amended down to one-quarter by the Senate (Quorum) Act 1991, so 19 senators is a quorum. The quorum includes the occupant of the Chair and is not reduced by the death or resignation of a member or senator. If at the beginning of a sitting the quorum is not met, the bells are rung for five minutes and a count is then taken; if the quorum is still not met the sitting is adjourned until the next sitting day. During the sitting, any MP or senator may draw attention to the lack of quorum in

title: Women in the United States

text: the United States Senate. Women who served before her were finishing someone else's term who died in office or had resigned. Currently (August 2014), there are 79 female representatives in the United States, making up 18% of the U.S. House of Representatives. There are also 20 female senators in the United States, making up 20% of the U.S. Senate. There are currently 3 women in the United States presidential cabinet, including: Department of Health and Human Services Secretary Sylvia Mathews Burwell, Department of the Interior Secretary Sally Jewell, and Department of Commerce Secretary Penny Pritzker. As for women in positions

title: State senator

text: State senator A state senator is a member of a state's senate, the upper house in the bicameral legislature of 49 U.S. states, or a legislator in Nebraska's one-house state legislature. There are typically fewer state senators than there are members of a state's lower house. In the past, this meant that senators represented various geographic regions within a state, regardless of the population, as a way of balancing the power of the lower house, which was apportioned according to population. This system changed in 1963, when the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that state legislatures must apportion

title: Constitution of Australia

text: senators. Currently, there are 12 senators for each State, and 2 each for the mainland territories, the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory. Part III deals with the House of Representatives. As nearly as practicable, Section 24 requires the House to be composed of twice as many members as the Senate, each elected by a single electorate. This is the so-called 'Nexus', which is designed to prevent swamping of the senate's power in the case of a joint sitting (see Section 57 below). The number of electorates in a State is to be (roughly) proportional to its share of

title: 116th United States Congress

text: Senate, the Republican Party increased its majority, giving the U.S. a split Congress. As of the beginning of the Congress in January 3, 2019, most members of this Congress are Christians. Of them, approximately half are Protestant. Other religions include Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, and Hinduism. 75 senators are men, and 25 are women, the highest number of female senators ever. For the first time in history, both senators from six states are women, including California, Washington, Nevada, Arizona, Minnesota, and New Hampshire. Additionally, thirteen states are represented by one male and one female senator, while 31 states are represented by

title: Women in the United States Senate

text: joined the Senate in April 2018. Cumulatively, 34 female U.S. Senators have been Democrats, while 18 have been Republicans. As of 2018, no female U.S. Senator has ever died in office, nor has she ever been elected from more than one state or served both seats of a state at different times in her career. In January 2017, the number of serving women Senators reached a record of 21, 16 of whom were Democrats, and the other 5 being Republicans. Democratic Senators Barbara Mikulski and Barbara Boxer did not seek reelection in 2016, while four new Democratic senators were elected:

title: United States Senate

text: are fewer of them, and because they serve for longer terms, usually represent larger constituencies (the exception being House at-large districts, which similarly cover entire states), sit on more committees, and have more staffers. Far more senators have been nominees for the presidency than representatives. Furthermore, three senators (Warren Harding, John F. Kennedy, and Barack Obama) have been elected president while serving in the Senate, while only one Representative (James Garfield) has been elected president while serving in the House, though Garfield was also a Senator-designate at the time of his election to the Presidency, having been chosen by the

title: Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee

text: Vermont, Bernie Sanders, an independent, was elected to the seat left open by Independent U.S. Senator Jim Jeffords. In the 2006 election, two new female Senators (Claire McCaskill and Amy Klobuchar) were elected to seats previously held by men. This brought the total number of female senators to an all-time high of 16. Following the elections, no party held a majority of seats for the first time since 1954. However, the party balance for the Senate stood at 51–49 in favor of the Democrats, because independents Bernie Sanders and Joe Lieberman caucused with the Democrats. The Democrats needed 51 seats

text: salary is $171,315 per year. The current parliamentarian is Elizabeth MacDonough, who has held the office since 2012, and was appointed by then Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid. Six people have served as Senate Parliamentarian: Parliamentarian of the United States Senate The Parliamentarian of the United States Senate is the official advisor to the United States Senate on the interpretation of Standing Rules of the United States Senate and parliamentary procedure. As the Presiding Officer of the Senate may not be fully aware of the parliamentary situation currently facing the Senate, a parliamentary staff sits second from the left on

title: Federalist No. 58

text: the number of Senators per state is two, no matter the population. The number of House Representatives, however, is solely based on population (30,000 per representative). The smaller states, Madison says, are complaining for they fear they will not justly be represented because they have fewer representatives in the House than larger states. Madison addresses their complaints by pointing out that they actually have the advantage when it comes to Senators. He points out the ridiculous, illogical, and passionate claims of both the complaining larger and smaller states. The smaller states wish for every state to have the same number

title: Current members of the United States Senate

text: The United States Senate consists of 100 members, two from each of the 50 states.  Below is a list of the current U.S. Senators, sitting in the 115th United States Congress.

title: Women in the United States Senate

text: have been represented by female Senators of both parties, and the first to have a female Senator succeeded by a female Senator from the other party. In 2011, New Hampshire became the second state to be represented by female Senators from both parties, and the first to have female Senators of both parties serving concurrently. Only one female member of the Senate has been pregnant during her tenure: Senator Tammy Duckworth, who gave birth on April 9, 2018. Women in the United States Senate There have been 52 total women in the United States Senate since its establishment in 1789.

title: Florida Senate

text: the legislature filed about 2000 bills. About 1000 of these are "member bills." The remainder are bills by committees responsible for certain functions, such as budget. In 2016, about 15% of the bills were passed. In 2017, 1,885 lobbyists registered to represent 3,724 entities. The Senate also has the power to propose Amendments to the Florida Constitution. Additionally, the Senate has the exclusive power to try officials impeached by the House, and to confirm some executive appointments. The Senate is headed by the Senate President. The Senate President controls the assignment of committees and leadership positions, along with control of

title: United States Senate

text: "senior senator" is Bill Cassidy of Louisiana, who was sworn in January 3, 2015, and is currently 79th in seniority, ahead of senator John Neely Kennedy who was sworn in January 3, 2017, and is currently 95th in seniority. With the 116th Congress, Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona, who will be sworn in on January 3, 2019, will become the most-junior "senior senator", ahead of Martha McSally, who was appointed to replace retiring Jon Kyl . McSally will be sworn in after Sinema on January 3, 2019 . The Senate may expel a senator by a two-thirds vote. Fifteen senators have

title: 2014 Thai Senate election

text: office for five years. Since 2007, the Senate of Thailand has been made up of 150 senators, of which just under half are appointed by a Senators Selection Committee, made up of establishment figures. According to political scientist Duncan McCargo, "most appointed senators are broadly in the pro-Democrat camp" which is opposed to the acting government of Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra. A local think tank, the Siam Intelligence Unit, estimates that 90% of the appointed senators are anti-government. Elected senators must be independent from political parties, with no immediate relatives in parliament and must not have been a member of

title: Australian Senate

text: which they sit (ayes to the right of the chair, noes to the left). The whole procedure takes around eight minutes. Senators with commitments that keep them from the chamber may make arrangements in advance to be 'paired' with a senator of the opposite political party, so that their absence does not affect the outcome of the vote. The Senate contains an even number of senators, so a tied vote is a real prospect (which regularly occurs when the party numbers in the chamber are finely balanced). Section 23 of the Constitution requires that in the event of a tied

title: Australian Senate

text: to reform the Canadian Senate so that it takes a more active legislative role. There are also small factions in the United Kingdom (both from the right and left) who wish to the see the House of Lords take on a structure similar to that of the Australian Senate. Section 15 of the Constitution provides that a casual vacancy of a State senator shall be filled by the State Parliament. If the previous senator was a member of a particular political party the replacement must come from the same party, but the State Parliament may choose not to fill the

title: Australian Senate

text: Australian Senate The Senate is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of Australia, the lower house being the House of Representatives. The composition and powers of the Senate are established in Chapter I of the Constitution of Australia. There are a total of 76 Senators: 12 are elected from each of the six states regardless of population and 2 from each of the two autonomous internal territories (the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory). Senators are popularly elected under the single transferable vote system of proportional representation. Unlike upper houses in other Westminster-style parliamentary systems, the Senate is

title: Senator for life

text: reaching the age of 75. Though senators appointed before the amendment were grandfathered in by the legislation, there are no longer any lifetime senators present in the Canadian Senate. Orville Howard Phillips, the last senator for life, resigned his seat in 1999. In France, during the Third Republic, the Senate was composed of 300 members, 75 of which were "inamovible" ("unremovable"). Introduced in 1875, the status was abolished for new senators in 1884, but maintained for those already in office. Émile Deshayes de Marcère, the last surviving "sénateur inamovible", died in 1918. Overall there had been 116 lifetime senators. In

title: Party leaders of the United States Senate

text: of the Senate, if there is no floor leader present, the whip may become acting floor leader. Before 1969, the official titles were Majority Whip and Minority Whip. The Senate is currently composed of 51 Republicans, 47 Democrats, and 2 independents, both of whom caucus with the Democrats. The current leaders are Senators Mitch McConnell (R) from Kentucky and Chuck Schumer (D) from New York. The current Assistant Leaders/Whips are Senators John Cornyn (R) from Texas and Dick Durbin (D) from Illinois. Democrats began the practice of electing floor leaders in 1920 while they were in the minority. John W.

title: Senate (Belgium)

text: of proportional representation. As a result, some standing committees are chaired by members of the opposition. There are currently seven standing committees within the Senate, one of which is charged with monitoring the Permanent Oversight Committee on the Intelligence Services. The Senate can also set up special committees, advisory committees or workgroups to examine a particular bill or a specific issue (such as the workgroup on bioethics). The meetings of the committees are generally open to the public. The Federal Parliament also includes joint committees, which include members of both the Senate and the Chamber of Representatives, such as the

title: Women in the United States Senate

text: having previously served in Congress. Since 1978, there has always been at least one woman in the Senate. The first woman to be elected to the Senate without any family connections was Paula Hawkins (R-FL), elected in 1980. There were still few women in the Senate near the end of the 20th century, long after women began to make up a significant portion of the membership of the House. The trend of few women in the Senate began to change in the wake of the Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination hearings, and the subsequent election of the 103rd United States

title: Filibuster in the United States Senate

text: of 1974 that created the budget reconciliation process. More recently, changes in 2013 and 2017 now require only a simple majority to invoke cloture on nominations, although legislation still requires 60 votes. One or more senators may still occasionally hold the floor for an extended period, sometimes without the advance knowledge of the Senate leadership. However, these "filibusters" usually result only in brief delays and are not outcome-determinative, since the Senate's ability to act ultimately depends upon whether there are sufficient votes to invoke cloture and proceed to a final vote on passage. However, such brief delays can be politically

title: United States Senate

text: member who has been appointed to a seat, but not yet seated, is called a "senator-designate". Elections to the Senate are held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in even-numbered years, Election Day, and coincide with elections for the House of Representatives. Senators are elected by their state as a whole. The Elections Clause of the United States Constitution grants each state (and Congress, if it so desires to implement a uniform law) the power to legislate a method by which senators are elected. Ballot access rules for independent and minor party candidates also vary from

title: 2022 United States Senate elections

text: below, presuming he or she is still living and in office at the time. All 34 Class 3 Senators are up for election in 2022; Class 3 currently consists of 12 Democrats and 22 Republicans. If vacancies occur in Class 1 or Class 2 Senate seats, the state might require a special election to take place during the 118th Congress, possibly concurrently with the other 2022 Senate elections. Each block represents one of the one hundred seats in the U.S. Senate. "D#" is a Democratic senator, "I#" is an Independent senator, and "R#" is a Republican senator. They are arranged

title: Women in the United States Senate

text: the popular perception of the Senate as an exclusive "boys' club." Since 1992, there has been at least one new woman elected to the Senate every two years with the exception of the 2004 cycle (Lisa Murkowski was elected for the first time in 2004, but had been appointed to the seat since 2002). Since 2004, at least two new women have been elected to the Senate every two years, with the exception of 2010, when Kelly Ayotte of New Hampshire was the only new woman elected to the Senate. Senator Olympia Snowe arrived in the Senate in 1995, having