question: what is final season of game of thrones

answers: The eighth

answers: eighth

answers: the eighth season

title: Game of Thrones (season 7)

text: The penultimate season focuses primarily on the convergence of the show's main plotlines in preparation for the final season. Daenerys Targaryen arrives in Westeros with her army and three dragons and wages war against the Lannisters. Jon Snow forges an alliance with Daenerys in an attempt to unite their forces against the White Walker army, the two falling in love in the process. Arya and Bran return to Winterfell and reunite with their sister Sansa. At the end of the season, the Army of the Dead breaches the Wall (with the help of a reanimated wight dragon) and finally enters

title: Game of Thrones (season 4)

text: Game of Thrones (season 4) The fourth season of the fantasy drama television series "Game of Thrones" premiered in the United States on HBO on April 6, 2014, and concluded on June 15, 2014. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes. The season is adapted primarily from the second half of "A Storm of Swords", along with elements of "A Feast for Crows" and "A Dance with Dragons", all novels from the "A Song of Ice and Fire" series by George R. R. Martin. The series

title: Game of Thrones (season 7)

text: Game of Thrones (season 7) The seventh and penultimate season of the fantasy drama television series "Game of Thrones" premiered on HBO on July 16, 2017, and concluded on August 27, 2017. Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each, the seventh season consisted of only seven. Like the previous season, it largely consisted of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's "A Song of Ice and Fire" series, while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series. The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss.

title: Game of Thrones (season 5)

text: Game of Thrones (season 5) The fifth season of the fantasy drama television series "Game of Thrones" premiered on HBO on April 12, and concluded on June 14, 2015. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes. The season primarily adapts material from "A Feast for Crows" and "A Dance with Dragons", the fourth and fifth novels in George R. R. Martin's "A Song of Ice and Fire" series, though it also uses elements from the third novel, "A Storm of Swords", as well as the upcoming

title: Game of Thrones (season 6)

text: "Game of Thrones" was the most-pirated TV series in 2016. Game of Thrones (season 6) The sixth season of the fantasy drama television series "Game of Thrones" premiered on HBO on April 24, 2016, and concluded on June 26, 2016. It consists of ten episodes, each of approximately 50–60 minutes long, largely of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's "A Song of Ice and Fire" series. Some story elements were derived from the novels and from information Martin revealed to the show-runners. The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO ordered

title: Game of Thrones (season 6)

text: Game of Thrones (season 6) The sixth season of the fantasy drama television series "Game of Thrones" premiered on HBO on April 24, 2016, and concluded on June 26, 2016. It consists of ten episodes, each of approximately 50–60 minutes long, largely of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's "A Song of Ice and Fire" series. Some story elements were derived from the novels and from information Martin revealed to the show-runners. The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO ordered the season on April 8, 2014, together with the fifth

title: Game of Thrones (season 3)

text: Game of Thrones (season 3) The third season of the fantasy drama television series "Game of Thrones" premiered in the United States on HBO on March 31, 2013, and concluded on June 9, 2013. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes. The season is based roughly on the first half of "A Storm of Swords" (the third of the "A Song of Ice and Fire" novels by George R. R. Martin, of which the series is an adaptation). The series is adapted for television by David

title: Game of Thrones (season 4)

text: Great Sept of Baelor. In the source novel, Cersei verbally consents to the sexual encounter, but does not in the television portrayal. The final episode was also criticised for the omission of the events of the epilogue of "A Storm of Swords" which was expected by fans to be the final scene. The review aggregator website Metacritic gave season 4 a score of 94 out of 100 based on 29 reviews, signifying "universal acclaim". On Rotten Tomatoes, the fourth season has a 97% approval rating from 43 critics with an average rating of 9.07 out of 10; the season also

title: Game of Thrones (season 7)

text: fifth season. New York Mets baseball pitcher Noah Syndergaard made a background cameo as a javelin-throwing Lannister soldier in "The Spoils of War." On April 21, 2016, HBO officially ordered the seventh season of "Game of Thrones", just three days prior to the premiere of the show's sixth season. In a June 2016 interview with "Variety", co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss revealed the seventh season would likely consist of fewer episodes, stating at the time of the interview that they were "down to our final 13 episodes after this season. We're heading into the final lap." Director Jack

title: Game of Thrones (season 3)

text: Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO renewed the series for a third season on April 10, 2012, nine days after the second season's premiere. Production began in July 2012. The show was filmed primarily in Ireland, Northern Ireland, Croatia, Iceland and Morocco. The story takes place in a fictional world, primarily upon a continent called Westeros, with one storyline occurring on another continent to the east known as Essos. Like the novel, the season follows the climactic battle at Kings Landing. Season three like the previous season mainly centers around the war of the five kings; after the death of

title: Game of Thrones (season 6)

text: back into the midst of a world touched by grief, dread, and precarious sexuality." The season finale had 8.89 million viewers on its initial airing on HBO, up ten percent from the previous season's finale, which was the most-watched episode prior to this episode. The average gross viewing figure per episode for the show, which include streaming, DVR recordings and repeat showings, reached over 25 million this season, and it was described as the last consensus show on television. The figure went up by 25% compared to previous year, and viewing figures of the show this season on its on

title: Game of Thrones (season 4)

text: is adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO ordered the fourth season on April 2, 2013, which began filming in July 2013. The season was filmed primarily in Ireland, Northern Ireland and Croatia. The story takes place in a fictional world, primarily upon a continent called Westeros, with one storyline occurring on another continent to the east known as Essos. Like the novel, the season like the previous seasons mainly centres around the war of the five kings; after the death of Robb Stark at The Red Wedding, all three remaining kings in Westeros believe to

title: Game of Thrones (season 2)

text: the mythology of Westeros and Essos. The second season of "Game of Thrones" was the most-pirated TV series in 2012. Game of Thrones (season 2) The second season of the fantasy drama television series "Game of Thrones" premiered in the United States on HBO on April 1, 2012, and concluded on June 3, 2012. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes. The season mostly covers the events of "A Clash of Kings", the second novel of the "A Song of Ice and Fire" series by George

title: Game of Thrones (season 5)

text: 18 million different IP addresses downloaded the leaked episodes, totaling 32 million downloads during the first week. The fifth season of "Game of Thrones" was the most-pirated TV series in 2015. Game of Thrones (season 5) The fifth season of the fantasy drama television series "Game of Thrones" premiered on HBO on April 12, and concluded on June 14, 2015. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes. The season primarily adapts material from "A Feast for Crows" and "A Dance with Dragons", the fourth and fifth

title: Game of Thrones (season 8)

text: The eighth and final season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones was announced by HBO in July 2016. Unlike the first six seasons that each had ten episodes and the seventh that had seven episodes, the eighth season will have only six episodes.  Like the previous season, it will largely consist of original content not found currently in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, and will instead adapt material Martin has revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series, The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring.

title: Game of Thrones (season 6)

text: season, which began filming in July 2015 primarily in Northern Ireland, Spain, Croatia, Iceland and Canada. Each episode cost over $10 million. The season follows the continuing struggle between the Starks and other noble families of Westeros for the Iron Throne. The Starks defeat the Bolton forces in battle, and Jon Snow is proclaimed the King in the North. Tyrion attempts to rule Meereen while Daenerys is held captive by a Dothraki tribe. At King's Landing, the Tyrell army attempts to liberate Margaery and Loras, but Margaery capitulates to the High Sparrow, who becomes more powerful by influencing King Tommen.

title: Game of Thrones (season 8)

text: of six episodes, and is expected to premiere later than usual for the same reason. Benioff and Weiss spoke about the end of the show, saying, "From the beginning we've wanted to tell a 70-hour movie. It will turn out to be a 73-hour movie, but it's stayed relatively the same of having the beginning, middle and now we're coming to the end. It would have been really tough if we lost any core cast members along the way, I'm very happy we've kept everyone and we get to finish it the way we want to." The season is scheduled

title: Game of Thrones (season 2)

text: 19, 2011, which began filming in July 2011, primarily in Ireland, Northern Ireland, Croatia and Iceland. The story takes place in a fictional world, primarily upon a continent called Westeros, with one storyline occurring on another continent to the east known as Essos. Like the novel, the season follows the dramatic death of Lord Eddard "Ned" Stark, with all of the Starks being separated across Westeros. Season two mainly centres around the War of the Five Kings, fought between the leaders of Westerosi factions who are either staking a claim on the Iron Throne, or seeking independence from it. "Game

title: Game of Thrones (season 7)

text: in February 2017. In an interview with the showrunners, it was announced that the filming of the seventh season would be delayed until later in the year due to necessary weather conditions for filming. The showrunners stated "We're starting a bit later because, you know, at the end of this season, winter is here, and that means that sunny weather doesn't really serve our purposes any more. We kind of pushed everything down the line so we could get some grim, gray weather even in the sunnier places that we shoot." Girona, Spain did not return as one of the

title: After the Thrones

text: that "We love Game of Thrones and we love the way Twitter is thinking about content right now, so we jumped at the chance to blow out our Thrones show into an interactive multimedia experience — something that reacts immediately to what just happened, almost like a postgame show in sports - Nobody is equipped to do that better than Twitter. It's the natural evolution of what we had already established with Chris, Andy, Mallory and Jason." These episodes discuss season six of "Game of Thrones". Starting from the first episode, "The Red Woman". After the Thrones After the Thrones

title: Game of Thrones (season 2)

text: Game of Thrones (season 2) The second season of the fantasy drama television series "Game of Thrones" premiered in the United States on HBO on April 1, 2012, and concluded on June 3, 2012. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes. The season mostly covers the events of "A Clash of Kings", the second novel of the "A Song of Ice and Fire" series by George R. R. Martin, adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO ordered the second season on April

title: Game of Thrones (season 1)

text: Game of Thrones (season 1) The first season of the fantasy drama television series "Game of Thrones" premiered on HBO on April 17, 2011 in the U.S., and concluded on June 19, 2011. It consists of ten episodes, each of approximately 55 minutes. The series is based on "A Game of Thrones", the first novel in the "A Song of Ice and Fire" series by George R. R. Martin, adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO had ordered a television pilot in November 2008; filming began the following year. However, it was deemed unsatisfactory and later

title: Game of Thrones (season 6)

text: 50 chart. The season received highly positive reviews, with special praise directed at the episodes "The Door", "Battle of the Bastards" and "The Winds of Winter". On Metacritic, the season (based on the first episode) has a score of 73 out of 100 based on 9 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". On Rotten Tomatoes, the sixth season has a 95% approval rating from 30 critics with an average rating of 8.33 out of 10. The season also received a 94% episode average score on Rotten Tomatoes. The site's critical consensus reads, "Bloody and captivating as always, "Game of Thrones" plunges

title: Game of Thrones (season 7)

text: on-demand viewing for one hour before being removed. Data from piracy monitoring firm MUSO indicates that season seven was pirated more than one billion times mostly by unauthorized streaming, with torrent and direct downloads accounting for about 15 percent of this piracy. On average, each episode is estimated to have been pirated 140 million times, making "Game of Thrones" the most-pirated television series in 2017. Game of Thrones (season 7) The seventh and penultimate season of the fantasy drama television series "Game of Thrones" premiered on HBO on July 16, 2017, and concluded on August 27, 2017. Unlike previous seasons

title: Game of Thrones (season 7)

text: On March 9, 2017, HBO hosted a live stream on the "Game of Thrones" Facebook page that revealed the premiere date for the seventh season as being July 16, 2017. It was accompanied by a teaser trailer. On March 30, 2017, the first official promo for the show was released, highlighting the thrones of Daenerys Targaryen, Jon Snow, and Cersei Lannister. On April 20, 2017, HBO released 15 official photos shot during the season. On May 22, 2017, HBO released several new photos from the new season. On May 23, 2017, HBO released the official posters featuring the Night King.

title: Game of Thrones (season 7)

text: season of the series includes its longest episode, with the finale running for 81 minutes. The penultimate episode also runs for 71 minutes – around 16 minutes longer than an average "Game of Thrones" episode. The first five episodes mostly run longer than average (55 minutes), at 59, 59, 63, 50, and 59 minutes respectively. The previous longest episode in the series was the sixth-season finale, "The Winds of Winter", which ran for 69 minutes. Ramin Djawadi returned as the composer of the show for the seventh season. On Metacritic, the season (based on the first episode) has a score

title: A Song of Ice and Fire

text: season premiered in April 2014, HBO renewed "Game of Thrones" for a fifth and sixth season. Season 5 premiered on April 12, 2015 and set a Guinness World Records for winning the highest number of Emmy Awards for a series in a single season and year, winning 12 out of 24 nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series. These episodes were watched by 8 million viewers, setting a record number for the series. The sixth season premiered on April 24, 2016. These episodes received the most nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards with 23, winning 12, including the award for Outstanding

title: Game of Thrones (season 7)

text: having directed multiple episodes in previous seasons. Michele Clapton returned to the show as costume designer, after spending some time away from the show in the sixth season. She previously worked on the show for the first five seasons, as well as the end of the sixth season. The seventh season contains original material not found in the "A Song of Ice and Fire" series. Some of the show's sixth season also consists of material revealed to the writers of the television series during discussions with Martin. Filming began on August 31, 2016, at Titanic Studios in Belfast, and ended

title: Game of Thrones (season 7)

text: highlighting its new and returning original shows for the coming year on November 28, 2016, showcasing Jon Snow, Sansa Stark and Arya Stark. On March 1, 2017, HBO and "Game of Thrones" teamed up with Major League Baseball (MLB) for a cross-promotional partnership. At least 19 individual teams participated in this promotion. On March 8, 2017, HBO released the first promotional poster for the season ahead of the SXSW Festival in Austin, Texas, which teases the battle of "ice vs. fire". Showrunners Benioff and Weiss also spoke at the event, along with fellow cast members Sophie Turner and Maisie Williams.

title: Game of Thrones (season 1)

text: reshot with some roles being recast. In March 2010, HBO ordered the first season, which began filming in July 2010, primarily in Belfast, Northern Ireland, with additional filming in Malta. The story takes place in a fictional world, primarily upon a continent called Westeros, with one storyline occurring on another continent to the east known as Essos. Like the novel, the season initially focuses on the family of nobleman Eddard Stark, who is asked to become chief advisor to his king and longtime friend, Robert Baratheon. Ned must find out who killed the previous Hand of the King, Jon Arryn,

title: Game of Thrones (season 8)

short_answers:
The eighth
eighth
the eighth season


question: an edge that is between a vertex and itself is a

answers: loop

title: Edge (geometry)

text: Edge (geometry) In geometry, an edge is a particular type of line segment joining two vertices in a polygon, polyhedron, or higher-dimensional polytope. In a polygon, an edge is a line segment on the boundary, and is often called a side. In a polyhedron or more generally a polytope, an edge is a line segment where two faces meet. A segment joining two vertices while passing through the interior or exterior is not an edge but instead is called a diagonal. In graph theory, an edge is an abstract object connecting two graph vertices, unlike polygon and polyhedron edges which

title: Vertex (graph theory)

text: a set of vertices no two of which are adjacent, and a vertex cover is a set of vertices that includes at least one endpoint of each edge in the graph. The vertex space of a graph is a vector space having a set of basis vectors corresponding with the graph's vertices. A graph is vertex-transitive if it has symmetries that map any vertex to any other vertex. In the context of graph enumeration and graph isomorphism it is important to distinguish between labeled vertices and unlabeled vertices. A labeled vertex is a vertex that is associated with extra information

title: Edge (geometry)

text: edges is 2 less than the sum of the numbers of vertices and faces. For example, a cube has 8 vertices and 6 faces, and hence 12 edges. In a polygon, two edges meet at each vertex; more generally, by Balinski's theorem, at least "d" edges meet at every vertex of a "d"-dimensional convex polytope. Similarly, in a polyhedron, exactly two two-dimensional faces meet at every edge, while in higher dimensional polytopes three or more two-dimensional faces meet at every edge. In the theory of high-dimensional convex polytopes, a facet or "side" of a "d"-dimensional polytope is one of its

title: Vertex (graph theory)

text: zero, while a sink vertex is a vertex with outdegree zero. A simplicial vertex is one whose neighbors form a clique: every two neighbors are adjacent. A universal vertex is a vertex that is adjacent to every other vertex in the graph. A cut vertex is a vertex the removal of which would disconnect the remaining graph; a vertex separator is a collection of vertices the removal of which would disconnect the remaining graph into small pieces. A k-vertex-connected graph is a graph in which removing fewer than "k" vertices always leaves the remaining graph connected. An independent set is

title: Vertex (graph theory)

text: not assumed to be present in graph theory. The vertex figure of a vertex in a polyhedron is analogous to the neighborhood of a vertex in a graph. Vertex (graph theory) In mathematics, and more specifically in graph theory, a vertex (plural vertices) or node is the fundamental unit of which graphs are formed: an undirected graph consists of a set of vertices and a set of edges (unordered pairs of vertices), while a directed graph consists of a set of vertices and a set of arcs (ordered pairs of vertices). In a diagram of a graph, a vertex is

title: Vertex (geometry)

text: Vertex (geometry) In geometry, a vertex (plural: vertices or vertexes) is a point where two or more curves, lines, or edges meet. As a consequence of this definition, the point where two lines meet to form an angle and the corners of polygons and polyhedra are vertices. The "vertex" of an angle is the point where two rays begin or meet, where two line segments join or meet, where two lines intersect (cross), or any appropriate combination of rays, segments and lines that result in two straight "sides" meeting at one place. A vertex is a corner point of a

title: Vertex (graph theory)

text: Vertex (graph theory) In mathematics, and more specifically in graph theory, a vertex (plural vertices) or node is the fundamental unit of which graphs are formed: an undirected graph consists of a set of vertices and a set of edges (unordered pairs of vertices), while a directed graph consists of a set of vertices and a set of arcs (ordered pairs of vertices). In a diagram of a graph, a vertex is usually represented by a circle with a label, and an edge is represented by a line or arrow extending from one vertex to another. From the point of

title: Pseudoforest

text: edge has two vertices (which may coincide) as endpoints. That is, we allow multiple edges (edges with the same pair of endpoints) and loops (edges whose two endpoints are the same vertex). A subgraph of a graph is the graph formed by any subsets of its vertices and edges such that each edge in the edge subset has both endpoints in the vertex subset. A connected component of an undirected graph is the subgraph consisting of the vertices and edges that can be reached by following edges from a single given starting vertex. A graph is connected if every vertex

title: Graph theory

text: or "end vertices" of the edge. A vertex may exist in a graph and not belong to an edge. "V" and "E" are usually taken to be finite, and many of the well-known results are not true (or are rather different) for infinite graphs because many of the arguments fail in the infinite case. The "order" of a graph is |"V" |, its number of vertices. The "size" of a graph is |"E"|, its number of edges. The "degree" or "valency" of a vertex is the number of edges that connect to it, where an edge that connects a vertex

title: Vertex (geometry)

text: complex, as can the faces of a polyhedron or polytope; the vertices of other kinds of complexes such as simplicial complexes are its zero-dimensional faces. A polygon vertex of a simple polygon is a principal polygon vertex if the diagonal intersects the boundary of only at and . There are two types of principal vertices: "ears" and "mouths". A principal vertex of a simple polygon is called an ear if the diagonal that bridges lies entirely in . (see also convex polygon) According to the two ears theorem, every simple polygon has at least two ears. A principal vertex of

title: Graph (discrete mathematics)

text: "W" share a common edge and no two vertices in "X" share a common edge. Alternatively, it is a graph with a chromatic number of 2. In a complete bipartite graph, the vertex set is the union of two disjoint sets, "W" and "X", so that every vertex in "W" is adjacent to every vertex in "X" but there are no edges within "W" or "X". A "path graph" or "linear graph" of order is a graph in which the vertices can be listed in an order "v", "v", …, "v" such that the edges are the } where "i"

title: Vertex (graph theory)

text: view of graph theory, vertices are treated as featureless and indivisible objects, although they may have additional structure depending on the application from which the graph arises; for instance, a semantic network is a graph in which the vertices represent concepts or classes of objects. The two vertices forming an edge are said to be the endpoints of this edge, and the edge is said to be incident to the vertices. A vertex "w" is said to be adjacent to another vertex "v" if the graph contains an edge ("v","w"). The neighborhood of a vertex "v" is an induced subgraph

title: Vertex (graph theory)

text: of the graph, formed by all vertices adjacent to "v". The degree of a vertex, denoted 𝛿(v) in a graph is the number of edges incident to it. An isolated vertex is a vertex with degree zero; that is, a vertex that is not an endpoint of any edge (the example image illustrates one isolated vertex). A leaf vertex (also pendant vertex) is a vertex with degree one. In a directed graph, one can distinguish the outdegree (number of outgoing edges), denoted 𝛿(v), from the indegree (number of incoming edges), denoted 𝛿(v); a source vertex is a vertex with indegree

title: Steinitz's theorem

text: convex polytopes remains open. An undirected graph is a system of vertices and edges, each edge connecting two of the vertices. From any polyhedron one can form a graph, by letting the vertices of the graph correspond to the vertices of the polyhedron and by connecting any two graph vertices by an edge whenever the corresponding two polyhedron vertices are the endpoints of an edge of the polyhedron. This graph is known as the skeleton of the polyhedron. A graph is planar if it can be drawn with its vertices as points in the Euclidean plane, and its edges as

title: Loop (graph theory)

text: In graph theory, a loop (also called a self-loop or a "buckle") is an edge that connects a vertex to itself. A simple graph contains no loops.

title: Wagner's theorem

text: and curves for its edges, in such a way that the only intersections between pairs of edges are at a common endpoint of the two edges. A minor of a given graph is another graph formed by deleting vertices, deleting edges, and contracting edges. When an edge is contracted, its two endpoints are merged to form a single vertex. In some versions of graph minor theory the graph resulting from a contraction is simplified by removing self-loops and multiple adjacencies, while in other version multigraphs are allowed, but this variation makes no difference to Wagner's theorem. Wagner's theorem states that

title: Edge (geometry)

text: ("d" − 1)-dimensional features, a ridge is a ("d" − 2)-dimensional feature, and a peak is a ("d" − 3)-dimensional feature. Thus, the edges of a polygon are its facets, the edges of a 3-dimensional convex polyhedron are its ridges, and the edges of a 4-dimensional polytope are its peaks. Edge (geometry) In geometry, an edge is a particular type of line segment joining two vertices in a polygon, polyhedron, or higher-dimensional polytope. In a polygon, an edge is a line segment on the boundary, and is often called a side. In a polyhedron or more generally a polytope, an

title: Vertex (geometry)

text: not only with three spatial coordinates but also with other graphical information necessary to render the object correctly, such as colors, reflectance properties, textures, and surface normals; these properties are used in rendering by a vertex shader, part of the vertex pipeline. Vertex (geometry) In geometry, a vertex (plural: vertices or vertexes) is a point where two or more curves, lines, or edges meet. As a consequence of this definition, the point where two lines meet to form an angle and the corners of polygons and polyhedra are vertices. The "vertex" of an angle is the point where two rays

title: Quotient graph

text: Quotient graph In graph theory, a quotient graph "Q" of a graph "G" is a graph whose vertices are blocks of a partition of the vertices of "G" and where block "B" is adjacent to block "C" if some vertex in "B" is adjacent to some vertex in "C" with respect to the edge set of "G". In other words, if "G" has edge set "E" and vertex set "V" and "R" is the equivalence relation induced by the partition, then the quotient graph has vertex set "V"/"R" and edge set {(["u"], ["v"]) | ("u", "v") ∈ "E"("G")}. More formally,

title: Well-covered graph

text: If is either a polygon or a set of points, is the set of open line segments that have vertices of as endpoints and are otherwise disjoint from , and is the intersection graph of (a graph that has a vertex for each line segment in and an edge for each two line segments that cross each other), then is well-covered. For in this case, every maximal independent set in corresponds to the set of edges in a triangulation of , and a calculation involving the Euler characteristic shows that every two triangulations have the same number of edges as

title: Cycle space

text: from any subset "S" of the edges of "G". The subgraph has the same set of vertices as "G" itself (this is the meaning of the word "spanning") but has the elements of "S" as its edges. Thus, a graph "G" with "m" edges has 2 spanning subgraphs, including "G" itself as well as the empty graph on the same set of vertices as "G". The collection of all spanning subgraphs of a graph "G" forms the edge space of "G". A graph "G", or one of its subgraphs, is said to be Eulerian if each of its vertices has

title: Vertex (graph theory)

text: that enables it to be distinguished from other labeled vertices; two graphs can be considered isomorphic only if the correspondence between their vertices pairs up vertices with equal labels. An unlabeled vertex is one that can be substituted for any other vertex based only on its adjacencies in the graph and not based on any additional information. Vertices in graphs are analogous to, but not the same as, vertices of polyhedra: the skeleton of a polyhedron forms a graph, the vertices of which are the vertices of the polyhedron, but polyhedron vertices have additional structure (their geometric location) that is

title: Covering graph

text: from "r", that is, a sequence "w" = ("r", "v", "v", ..., "v") of vertices of "G" such that Then, two vertices of "T" are adjacent if one is a simple extension of another: the vertex ("r", "v", "v", ..., "v") is adjacent to the vertex ("r", "v", "v", ..., "v"). Up to isomorphism, the same tree "T" is constructed regardless of the choice of the starting point "r". The covering map "f" maps the vertex ("r") in "T" to the vertex "r" in "G", and a vertex ("r", "v", "v", ..., "v") in "T" to the vertex "v" in

title: Edge space

text: Edge space In the mathematical discipline of graph theory, the edge space and vertex space of an undirected graph are vector spaces defined in terms of the edge and vertex sets, respectively. These vector spaces make it possible to use techniques of linear algebra in studying the graph. Let formula_1 be a finite undirected graph. The vertex space formula_2 of "G" is the vector space over the finite field of two elements formula_3 of all functions formula_4. Every element of formula_2 naturally corresponds the subset of "V" which assigns a 1 to its vertices. Also every subset of "V" is

title: Multiple edges

text: is added between two vertices already joined by an edge; thus, adding multiple edges preserves planarity. A dipole graph is a graph with two vertices, in which all edges are parallel to each other. Multiple edges In graph theory, multiple edges (also called parallel edges or a multi-edge), are two or more edges that are incident to the same two vertices. A simple graph has no multiple edges. Depending on the context, a graph may be defined so as to either allow or disallow the presence of multiple edges (often in concert with allowing or disallowing loops): Multiple edges are,

title: Vertex (geometry)

text: a simple polygon is called a mouth if the diagonal lies outside the boundary of . Any convex polyhedron's surface has Euler characteristic where is the number of vertices, is the number of edges, and is the number of faces. This equation is known as Euler's polyhedron formula. Thus the number of vertices is 2 more than the excess of the number of edges over the number of faces. For example, a cube has 12 edges and 6 faces, and hence 8 vertices. In computer graphics, objects are often represented as triangulated polyhedra in which the object vertices are associated

title: Well-covered graph

text: two minimal covers have the same number of vertices as each other. An independent set in a graph is a set of vertices no two of which are adjacent to each other. If is a vertex cover in a graph , the complement of must be an independent set, and vice versa. is a minimal vertex cover if and only if its complement is a maximal independent set, and is a minimum vertex cover if and only if its complement is a maximum independent set. Therefore, a well-covered graph is, equivalently, a graph in which every maximal independent set has

title: Adjacency matrix

text: graph, a different matrix representation whose elements indicate whether vertex–edge pairs are incident or not, and degree matrix which contains information about the degree of each vertex. For a simple graph with vertex set "V", the adjacency matrix is a square × matrix "A" such that its element "A" is one when there is an edge from vertex "i" to vertex "j", and zero when there is no edge. The diagonal elements of the matrix are all zero, since edges from a vertex to itself (loops) are not allowed in simple graphs. It is also sometimes useful in algebraic graph

title: Mycielskian

text: to each vertex "v" of "G", and an extra vertex "w". Each vertex "u" is connected by an edge to "w", so that these vertices form a subgraph in the form of a star "K". In addition, for each edge "v""v" of "G", the Mycielski graph includes two edges, "u""v" and "v""u". Thus, if "G" has "n" vertices and "m" edges, μ("G") has 2"n"+1 vertices and 3"m"+"n" edges. The only new triangles in μ("G") are of the form "v""v""u", where "v""v""v" is a triangle in "G". Thus, if "G" is triangle-free, so is μ("G"). To see that the construction increases

title: Independent set (graph theory)

text: Independent set (graph theory) In graph theory, an independent set, stable set or anticlique is a set of vertices in a graph, no two of which are adjacent. That is, it is a set "S" of vertices such that for every two vertices in "S", there is no edge connecting the two. Equivalently, each edge in the graph has at most one endpoint in "S". The size of an independent set is the number of vertices it contains. Independent sets have also been called internally stable sets. A maximal independent set is either an independent set such that adding any

title: Loop (graph theory)


question: when does the little couples new season start

answers: September 19, 2017

title: The Little Couple

text: child. Arnold is a neonatologist who works at the Texas Children's Hospital, and Klein is a medical supplies and telemarketing businessman. They were originally introduced in a one-hour TLC special, "Little People: Just Married". Season 1 of the show premiered on May 26, 2009. Season 2 premiered on October 27, 2009. On February 22, 2010, TLC renewed "The Little Couple" for a third season consisting of 20 episodes. The mid-season finale aired after 9 episodes on July 27, 2010, and season 3 returned on October 12, 2010. It was announced on Facebook that the show would be returning for its

title: 6 Little McGhees

text: are the first couple in Columbus, Ohio to have sextuplets in 2010. Sextuplets born June 9, 2010 (age 8) The first season of "6 Little McGhees" aired weekly on the Oprah Winfrey Network from December 15, 2012, to January 5, 2013. The second season of "6 Little McGhees" premiered on September 7, 2013, and concluded on October 26, 2013. Three previously unaired episodes were broadcast back-to-back on December 28, 2013. Season 3 premiered on the Oprah Winfrey Network on Saturday September 6, 2014. 6 Little McGhees 6 Little McGhees (sometimes rendered in listings as Six Little McGhees) is an American

title: The Little Couple

text: The Little Couple The Little Couple is an American reality television series on TLC that debuted May 26, 2009. The series features Bill Klein, a businessman, and Dr. Jennifer Arnold, a neonatologist, who both have skeletal dysplasia. Arnold is 96.5 cm (3'2") and Klein 122 cm (4 feet) tall. They moved from New York City, after Jen completed her pediatric residency and masters of medical education at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. The show begins with the couple having just moved to Houston, Texas, where the series has documented the customized building of their home and attempts to have a

title: Little People, Big World

text: TLC announced a spin-off series – "". It chronicles Matt and Amy as they jump-start their wedding business on the farm. The series premiered on November 13, 2012, and ran for six episodes. It was announced in October 2013 that "Little People, Big World" would return for a seventh season. Season seven consists of eight episodes, and premiered on October 29, 2013. An eighth season began on September 2, 2014, and a ninth season began on July 6, 2015. The show was renewed for a tenth season which premiered in fall 2016. As of 2018, the show has aired for

title: Season for Love

text: the weekly cable ratings (in the "Scripted Original Programs" section) from August 21-26, 2018. Season for Love Season for Love is a 2018 American-Canadian romantic comedy. It was directed by Jill Carter and starred Autumn Reeser and Marc Blucas. It premiered on Hallmark Channel on August 25, 2018. Two chefs and former high school sweethearts return to their small Texas hometown. Tyler is a single mother who just lost her job in San Francisco. Corey is the author of bestselling cookbooks. While they compete in the Annual BBQ cook-off, their feelings are rekindled... The film was shot during three weeks

title: Mireasă pentru fiul meu

text: first runners-up then left the house and was interviewed, followed by the winners, who were usually treated and greeted to a cheering crowd and a firework display before their interview. In Live Final some couples can marriages. The debut season started airing on August 29, 2011 and ended on August 25, 2012.In the grand final Ionuț and Monica was married. Edina and Adrian with Mrs. Mărioara was declared the winners of the competition. The debut season started airing on September 1, 2012 and ended on August 24, 2013. In the grand final Alin & Andreea and George & Lorena were

title: El Gran Show (season 2 of 2015)

text: the live show. For this reason, the rest of the couples did not danced. It was decided that the elimination between the sentenced couples will be determined next week and that all couples would perform new dances. The couples (except those sentenced) performed a double dance. In the versus, only two couples faced dancing jazz, the winner would take two extra points plus the couples who gave their support votes. The couples (except those sentenced) danced a trio cha-cha-cha involving another celebrity. The couples (except those sentenced) danced latin pop. In the little train, the participants faced dancing jazz. Due

title: Pretty Little Liars (season 7)

text: seventh season, but would not necessarily mean that the show would end after the seventh season. Hale said on "The Late Late Show with James Corden" that the show was ending after the seventh season. Bellisario's fiancé Patrick J. Adams said in June 2016, that the show was ending in 2017, as the couple has decided to get married after the show ends. Freeform gave out a statement not long after saying that "There has been no official decision made for PLL beyond a season 7." It was announced on August 29, 2016, the day before the mid-season finale would

title: Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 16)

text: the show, thus bringing the total number of couples down to the traditional three. The couples danced one of these routines for each corresponding week (this season also features two new dances: contemporary and jazz. This is the first time since season eight that new dances have been added to the show for more than one week): Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 16) Season sixteen of "Dancing with the Stars" premiered on March 18, 2013. Tom Bergeron and Brooke Burke Charvet returned as hosts, while Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman and Bruno Tonioli returned as judges. The Harold Wheeler

title: Mireasă pentru fiul meu

text: married. The winners of the second season were Lorena and George with Mrs. Cristina. The debut season started airing on August 29, 2013 and ended on August 30, 2014. The winner of the third season were Costantina and Raymond. The debut season started airing on September 6, 2014 and ended on August 29, 2015. The winners of Season 4 were Elly and Cristian. The debut season started airing on September 5, 2015. The winners of Season 5 were Adriana si Valentin The original series started in February 2007 and it was broadcast by Kanal D channel in Romania. The series

title: The Odd Couple (2015 TV series)

text: new love interest for Oscar. The series debuted simultaneously in Canada on CTV. In Australia, Network Ten acquired the rights to air the series and premiered it at 7:30pm on March 23, 2015. "The Odd Couple" has received mixed reviews from critics. On Metacritic, season one has a score of 42 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". On Rotten Tomatoes, the season 1 received 24% "rotten" ratings with consensus, "Stars Matthew Perry and Thomas Lennon make a fine Oscar and Felix, but "The Odd Couple"'s flat jokes and canned laughter are pretty old hat."

title: 90 Day Fiancé

text: After?" was renewed for a second season in November 2016. The second season debuted on June 25, 2017, and features "90 Day Fiancé" Season 1's Russ & Paola, Season 2's Danielle & Mohamed, Season 3's Loren & Alexei, and Season 4's Jorge & Anfisa and Chantel & Pedro. "90 Day Fiancé: Happily Ever After?" was renewed for a third season in January 2018. The third season debuted on May 20, 2018, and features "90 Day Fiancé" Season 1's Russ & Paola, Season 4's Jorge & Anfisa, Chantel & Pedro and Nicole & Azan, and Season 5's Molly & Luis and

title: The Little Couple

text: 4th season on May 31, 2011. Again, the season was split, with the second half of season 4 premiering on September 27, 2011. In February 2012, Klein opened "Rocky&Maggie" in Rice Village Houston. named after their pets Chihuahua Rocky and rescue mutt terrier Maggie. Arnold's mother Judy manages the store. Season 5 began on March 20, 2012, and follows Klein and Arnold as they move into their custom-built dream home and launch a brand-new business. In March 2013, they adopted their son, Will, from Hohhot, China. The adoption of their son, who also has dwarfism, is featured in Season 5.

title: Little People, Big World

text: in to watch Jeremy Roloff marry his long-time girlfriend, Audrey Botti. The finale was the highest-rated episode in six years among women 25-54 and was number one on cable in the 10:00 pm timeslot among women 18-49 and women 18-34. The wedding finale capped the series' highest-rated season, in which it averaged 1.9 million viewers per episode. Little People, Big World Little People, Big World is an American reality television series that premiered on March 4, 2006, and airs on TLC. The series chronicles the lives of the six-member Roloff family farm near Portland, Oregon. Many of the episodes focus

title: The Little Couple

text: The new season of The Little Couple premiered on September 19, 2017.

title: Gary Unmarried

text: for the first time. The three couples move forward uncertainly. Vanessa, however, breaks up with Gary after a short-lived relationship because of his inability to quit worrying about Allison. In Season 2, Gary lands an on-air job at a local sports talk radio station, and eventually starts dating the station's new, young manager, Sasha. The first season ran from September 24, 2008 to May 20, 2009. The series aired Wednesdays at 8:30 PM ET, following fellow CBS sitcom "The New Adventures of Old Christine". They replaced the reality show "Kid Nation". After an initial order of 13 episodes, CBS announced

title: Married at First Sight (Australian TV series)

text: live together for a month, whereafter they choose whether they will continue their relationship. The first season premiered on 18 May 2015 on the Nine Network. A second season began on 4 April 2016 with the third season premiering later in the same year on 29 August 2016. A fourth season premiered on Monday 30 January 2017. The fifth season premiered on Monday 29 January 2018. During the first season, four female contestants were matched with their ‘perfect’ male partner by a panel of experts. In the first episode, two couples (Michael & Roni, Clare & Lachlan) met and wed.

title: Ples sa zvijezdama

text: season: A Christmas special was aired in 2010 showcasing six couples from previous seasons. The couples danced to a Christmas song of their choice and winners were decided by jury. Couples: ★ - winners The sixth season of "Ples sa zvijezdama" ("Dancing with the Stars") started airing on October 29, 2011 on HRT1. The contestants were: Highest score of the season: Lowest score of the season: The seventh season of "Ples sa zvijezdama" ("Dancing with the Stars") aired in late 2012 on HRT1. The eighth season of "Ples sa zvijezdama" ended in December 2013. Ples sa zvijezdama Ples sa zvijezdama

title: Newlyweds: The First Year

text: Newlyweds: The First Year Newlyweds: The First Year is an American reality television series that premiered on May 6, 2013, on Bravo. The series chronicles the lives of four newly married couples from across the country. It follows the duos from their actual wedding day until their one-year anniversary, highlighting everything that occurs in between. None of the couples ever meet but viewers see the commonalities between their married lives. On October 7, 2013, the series was renewed for a second season. In April 2014, Bravo announced the third season renewal with both seasons airing in late 2014 and 2015.

title: We Got Married

text: Season three officially begins on 9 April, with two additional couples upon the departure of Yonghwa & Seohyun, as well as a new format. Park Hwi-sun and K.Will are added for Season 3 to the cast as MCs. Couple List Couple List In late March 2010, MBC stopped broadcast of new episodes due to labour strikes, with repeats airing instead. This event, compounded with the ROKS Cheonan sinking incident, which caused cancellation of most variety shows at the time, resulted in a backlog of footage for the couples Jo Kwon & Gain and Yonghwa & Seohyun. This resulted in the

title: The Little Couple

text: On October 15, 2013, they adopted a daughter, Zoey, also a little person, from Delhi, India. The series went into an hiatus on June 4, 2013, and returned on August 13, 2013. In December 2013, Arnold revealed that she was diagnosed with a rare form of cancer, stage 4 choriocarcinoma, due to a non-viable pregnancy she had suffered in September 2013. She allowed the cameras to document her struggle. Season 6 premiered on March 4, 2014. It features Zoey's adoption, Arnold's cancer treatment, Will's fourth birthday, baptisms, the holiday season, and Arnold's 40th birthday. The new season of The Little

title: The Newlywed Game

text: was theirs to keep. This scoring format was dropped, and the old one reinstated, when Paul Rodriguez took over as host in December 1988, although the number of couples competing was then reduced to three. When Gary Kroeger took over in Fall 1996 the show was overhauled with a new format. Like with the 1988–89 season of "The New Newlywed Game," three couples competed in a series of rounds. Each spouse was shown a videotape of their mates who gave a statement mostly about their spouse. The tape was paused near the end which gave the spouse in control a

title: El Gran Show (season 1 of 2013)

text: couples danced quebradita (except those sentenced) and trio salsa involving another celebrity. In the little train, the participants faced dancing strip dance. This week, none couples were sentenced. On the first part, the couples danced cumbia and a freestyle performed in a rotating room. On the second part, the final two couples danced quickstep. The celebrities and professional partners will dance one of these routines for each corresponding week: El Gran Show (season 1 of 2013) Season one of the 2013 edition of "El Gran Show" premiered on May 18, 2013. Since Week 4, like last season, the procedure in

title: Little Crackers

text: of Little Crackers saw Catherine Tate, Julia Davis and Bill Bailey, marking their directorial debuts. The show began airing on Sky1 and in high definition on Sky1 HD on 19 December 2010. Two episodes were broadcast each evening until 23 December, while the final two episodes were broadcast on Christmas Eve and Christmas Day. The Meera Syal short was the UK's first ever scripted TV comedy broadcast in 3D. A second series of 11 episodes was broadcast on Sky1 from 18 December to 23 December 2011. A special behind-the-scenes look at the show was also broadcast and made available on

text: when Cheryl confronted Andrew about it he got snarky and condescending, even going so far as to start mimicking Cheryl. Andrew and Cheryl chose to leave the experiment at the Final Commitment Ceremony after the video of the boys night was shown to the girls. In February 2017, the season was renewed for a fifth season which began airing on 29 January 2018. On 11 October 2017, the fifth season was officially confirmed at Nine’s upfronts and again includes 11 couples like the previous season. During the fifth season, 11 female contestants are matched with their 'perfect' male partner by

title: Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 7)

text: Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 7) Season seven of "Dancing with the Stars" premiered on September 22, 2008 as a part of ABC's fall 2008 line-up. Instead of 12 couples like previous seasons, this was the first season to showcase a lineup of 13 couples. This season also introduced four new dances: the hustle, the salsa, the jitterbug, and the west coast swing, as well as Team Dancing. Tom Bergeron and Samantha Harris return as the show's hosts. Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli, and Carrie Ann Inaba continue as the judges this season, with Michael Flatley having appeared temporarily as

title: Seasons of Love

text: are normally performed by two cast members who play several minor roles each (namely Mr. and Mrs. Jefferson). "Seasons of Love" is performed in two parts, the first at the beginning of Act II with the reprise following a few numbers later, following "Take Me or Leave Me". The song has been translated into multiple languages for the international productions of the musical ("Tiempos de amor" in Spanish, "Nur Liebe Bleibt" in German, "Sígræn ást" in Icelandic and "A szerelem évszakai" in Hungarian). In the 2005 film version of Rent, "Seasons of Love" is performed in the opening scene. Only

title: Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta (season 1)

text: Its finale garnered 5.5 million people overall, cementing its status as the highest rated show in primetime on cable among adults 18-49. The season was released on DVD in region 1 on October 19, 2012. On December 16, 2012, VH1 aired "Dirty Little Secrets", a special featuring unseen footage, deleted scenes and interviews with the show's cast and producers. The special garnered 1.22 million viewers. Mimi suspects her long time boyfriend, Grammy Award-winning singer and songwriter Stevie J, of cheating after he spends too many late nights at the studio with his new artist, Joseline. Erica is struggling to find

title: The New Season

text: The New Season The New Season is a collaboration album by American rappers Brotha Lynch Hung and MC Eiht. It was released January 24, 2006 on Real Talk Entertainment. The album was produced by Big Hollis, Brotha Lynch Hung, MC Eiht and Vince V. It peaked at number 27 on the "Billboard" Independent Albums and at number 81 on the "Billboard" Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. To promote the album, a music video was released for the song, "You Don't Know, Who I Know". Allmusic - "..."The New Season" is a cross-California collaboration between the Sacramento-based rapper and Compton's MC Eiht that's

title: Somali calendar

text: in words. The beginning of the first season does not exactly fall on ‘Dabshid’, the 1st day of the New Year. Instead, it follows the Gregorian calendar closely in that. The beginnings of the seasons usually fall in the first weeks of July, October, January and April respectively, while the New Year is around July 20. Despite the fact that the beginnings of the four seasons do not correspond to the beginnings of the New Year and the other months, the two parts are perceived as having a standardized correlation. The disparity is only about two weeks. Additionally, the New

title: The Little Couple


question: how tall is the actor who plays hagrid in harry potter

answers: 6ft 1in

title: Rubeus Hagrid

text: mentioned as being twice as tall as the average man and nearly five times as wide but in the film, he is portrayed as being and in later books he is said to be three times as wide. Hagrid is known for his thick West Country accent. Being a half-giant, he is less vulnerable to jinxes and spells than full-humans. In "Order of the Phoenix", when Umbridge and some other wizards come to remove him from Hogwarts he fights back. They try to jinx and stun him, but the spells just bounce off him because of giant-inherited resistance to magic.

title: Rubeus Hagrid

text: in my head of the huge gigantic Hagrid walking through the forest crying with Harry in his arms". Nineteen years after Voldemort’s defeat, Hagrid is still at Hogwarts and invites Harry and Ginny Weasley's second son Albus Severus Potter to his hut for tea, just as he had once done for Harry himself, implying that he and Harry are still close. During an interview in 2007, when asked if Hagrid did marry, Rowling answered that Hagrid developed a relationship with a giantess but it did not work out. Scottish actor Robbie Coltrane has portrayed Hagrid in all of the film

title: Rubeus Hagrid

text: a story released by Comic Relief in 2003, and he was played by Ronnie Corbett. In the "Potter Puppet Pals" parodies by Neil Cicierega, Hagrid appeared in the episode "Ron's Disease", in which Harry uses Hagrid’s strength to cure Ron from an illness, as well as to beat Hermione and Snape, and to discover Dumbledore’s identity as a "gay android". Hagrid also appears in the parody stage production "Harry Potter and the Obnoxious Voice", interacting with Draco Malfoy and a dementor. In one episode of the second series of "Tracey Ullman's State of the Union", Tracey Ullman parodies Rowling as

title: Rubeus Hagrid

text: Coltrane, assisting him in preparing for the role. She also stated that "Robbie is just perfect for Hagrid because Hagrid is a very loveable character, quite likeable, quite comic [...] but he had to have – you really do have to sense – a certain toughness underneath [...] and I think Robbie does that perfectly." Former English rugby union player Martin Bayfield portrayed Hagrid as a stunt performer in longer shots due to his large size to emphasise Hagrid’s height. Bayfield also appeared as a young Hagrid in "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets". In "Philosopher’s Stone", Hagrid is

title: Warwick Davis

text: actors under five feet (1.52 m) tall. Many of Davis's co-stars and fellow dwarf actors from "Star Wars", "Willow", "Labyrinth" and the "Harry Potter" series are represented by the agency. In 2004, the agency also began representing actors over seven feet (2.13 m) tall who had suffered from being confined to "niche" roles. Over forty members of Willow Management were cast as goblins in "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2". In April 2010, Davis published his autobiography, "Size Matters Not: The Extraordinary Life and Career of Warwick Davis", with a foreword by George Lucas. In January 2013,

title: Rubeus Hagrid

text: bossy and very keen on keeping her creations copyrighted, believing a hobo is impersonating Hagrid. Rubeus Hagrid Rubeus Hagrid is a fictional character in the "Harry Potter" book series written by J. K. Rowling. He is introduced in "Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone" as a half-giant and half-human who is the gamekeeper and Keeper of Keys and Grounds of Hogwarts, the primary setting for the first six novels. In the third novel "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban", Hagrid is promoted to Care of Magical Creatures teacher, and is later revealed to be a member of the Order

title: Rubeus Hagrid

text: Rubeus Hagrid Rubeus Hagrid is a fictional character in the "Harry Potter" book series written by J. K. Rowling. He is introduced in "Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone" as a half-giant and half-human who is the gamekeeper and Keeper of Keys and Grounds of Hogwarts, the primary setting for the first six novels. In the third novel "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban", Hagrid is promoted to Care of Magical Creatures teacher, and is later revealed to be a member of the Order of the Phoenix. Hagrid was among the characters that Rowling says she created on "the

title: Harry Potter (character)

text: Harry grows taller, and by the seventh book is said to be 'almost' the height of his father, and 'tall' by other characters. Rowling explained that Harry's image came to her when she first thought up Harry Potter, seeing him as a "scrawny, black-haired, bespectacled boy". She also mentioned that she thinks Harry's glasses are the clue to his vulnerability. According to Rowling, Harry is strongly guided by his own conscience, and has a keen feeling of what is right and wrong. Having "very limited access to truly caring adults", Rowling said, Harry "is forced to make his own decisions

title: Rubeus Hagrid

text: moments with Harry, Hermione and Ron gave them a "cherished memory". IGN’s Joe Utichi also listed Hagrid as his 7th favourite "Harry Potter" character. Hagrid has appeared in various animated and non-animated parodies of Harry Potter. He was featured in US skit comedy "Saturday Night Live", portrayed by Horatio Sanz, in the same episode in which Lindsay Lohan played Hermione. In Alistair McGowan's "Big Impression" show, Hagrid appeared in a sketch called "Louis Potter and the Philosopher’s Scone", in which he was portrayed by Robbie Coltrane himself. Hagrid is also parodied in "Harry Potter and the Secret Chamberpot of Azerbaijan",

title: Magical creatures in Harry Potter

text: in an isolated region east of Belarus. Giants range in height from twenty to twenty-five feet (6 to 7.5 metres), and have skin similar to rhinoceros hide, which grants them limited immunity to magical attacks. Their society is loosely governed by a chief called a Gurg, who spends most of his time demanding food from his underlings. Voldemort has employed giants in his attacks, after convincing them that he can offer them a better life; whereas Hagrid reveals in "Order of the Phoenix" that he and Madame Maxime went to try and persuade the Giants to take part in the

title: Rubeus Hagrid

text: Dumbledore also gives him the task of locating Harry, helping him to find his bearings in the wizarding world and to buy his school things. Hagrid is the first member of the Hogwarts staff to be introduced to Harry before he began attending the school. Hagrid later becomes friends with Ron and Hermione as well. Later in the book, a hooded person (Quirinus Quirrell in disguise) gives him a dragon egg to elicit details about Fluffy. Hagrid lets slip to Harry, Ron, and Hermione that the way to get past Fluffy is to play music, for which they use the

title: Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)

text: to avoid any more letters, Hagrid re-appears and informs Harry that he is actually a wizard, and has been accepted into Hogwarts against the Dursleys' wishes. After taking Harry to Diagon Alley to buy his supplies for Hogwarts including a wizard uniform, a wand and a pet owl named Hedwig as a birthday present, Hagrid informs him of his past; Harry is the son of two wizards who met their demise via a Killing Curse at the hands of Lord Voldemort, a malevolent, all-powerful wizard. Harry, the only survivor in the chaos, thus becomes well-known in the wizarding world as

title: Rubeus Hagrid

text: the Forest of Dean". According to Goring, Hagrid’s "dropped word-endings are a Chepstow speciality." She also claims that Hagrid is physically "modeled on the Welsh chapter of Hells Angels who’d swoop down on the town and hog the bar, 'huge mountains of leather and hair". The character of Hagrid and conversations between him, Harry Potter, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger in his hut are expository through the series, due to the fact that the trio frequently discover things about Albus Dumbledore and Hogwarts by talking with Hagrid, as he has a habit of letting slip bits of information that were

title: Forced perspective

text: The same techniques were used in the Harry Potter movies to make the character Hagrid look like a giant. Props around Harry and his friends are of normal size, while seemingly identical props placed around Hagrid are in fact smaller. As with many film genres and effects, forced perspective can be used to visual-comedy effect. Typically, when an object or character is portrayed in a scene, its size is defined by its surroundings. A character then interacts with the object or character, in the process showing that the viewer has been fooled and there is forced perspective in use. The

title: Robbie Coltrane

title: Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (video game)

text: Hagrid, a mysterious giant, leaves an orphaned Harry Potter, whose parents were murdered by the evil Lord Voldemort, on the front door step of his bullying relatives, The Dursleys. For ten years, Harry has lived with the Dursleys, not knowing that he is a wizard, and famous in the wizarding world for being the only one to survive the attacks of Voldemort, whose name no one dares to say. Harry receives a letter inviting him to attend Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry and is told who he really is. After buying his school supplies, at Diagon Alley, he boards

title: Rubeus Hagrid

text: to the Forbidden Forest. Big and dim, he only knows a few words in English and his manners are wild and unpredictable, but he is also a child in giant years. In the film, this is elaborated on more as he is visibly portrayed as a big, excitable child who simply doesn't know his own strength or developed proper social cues yet. He responds to Hermione, who approaches him like a strict but caring mother figure, scolding him when doing something wrong, but giving him praise and playing with him when he does something good. At first, Grawp seems indifferent

title: Forced perspective

text: calculating angular size is as follows: in which "θ" is the subtended angle, "h" is the actual size of the object and "D" is the distance from the lens to the object. Forced perspective has been employed to create dwarfs and giants in film, such as Hagrid, the half-giant in the "Harry Potter" series, and hobbits in the "Lord of the Rings" series. In reality, there is only a 5-inch height difference between Elijah Wood, 5′6″, and Ian McKellen, 5′11″, the actors playing Frodo and Gandalf in "The Lord of the Rings" films; however, the use of camera angles and

title: Rubeus Hagrid

text: Harry on his eleventh birthday, tell him of his wizarding identity and take him to Diagon Alley to purchase his supplies and equipment. Hagrid has been protective of Dumbledore and defended his honour against those who would speak badly about Dumbledore such as Vernon Dursley. Hagrid refers to Dumbledore as a "great man" and Dumbledore continued to help Hagrid and comfort him when he was in distress. Hagrid was stricken by grief when Dumbledore died and wept openly at the funeral services after having carried Dumbledore's body to where his tomb was to be. Hagrid keeps and has kept a

title: Harry Porter

text: indoor running high jump title, making a new record, 6ft 1½ inches, and in the latter year he won the outdoor National and Metropolitan Amateur Athletic Union championship." <br> Harry Porter "For the fictional character with similar name, see Harry Potter." Harry Franklin Porter (August 31, 1882 in Bridgeport, Connecticut – June 27, 1965) was a high jumper from the United States of America. He was a member of the Irish American Athletic Club, and won gold in the High Jump in the 1908 Summer Olympics at a mark of 6'3". He graduated from Cornell University. According to his 1910

title: Magical creatures in Harry Potter

text: described by Hagrid as "dead clever an' useful". They have acquired an undeserved reputation as omens of evil. The High Inquisitor from the ministry of magic, Dolores Umbridge, asserted that Thestrals are considered "dangerous creatures" by the Ministry of Magic, although this might be due to her prejudice against 'half-breeds', as Hagrid is half-giant and is showing thestrals in class. Thestrals have fangs and possess a well-developed sense of smell, which will lead them to carrion and fresh blood. According to Hagrid, they will not attack a human-sized target without provocation. They are capable of very fast flight for several

title: Rubeus Hagrid

text: Hagrid is attacked by giants during the mission, and saved by Maxime. Hagrid and Maxime eventually part on the journey home because of Maxime’s exasperation with Grawp, Hagrid’s half-brother whom he had found and was attempting to bring home with them. Grawp, who wanted to stay with the giants, seriously injured Hagrid. Hagrid introduces his half-brother to Harry and Hermione, and asks them to take care of him after he leaves Hogwarts. High Inquisitor of Hogwarts Dolores Umbridge supervises the classes of all the members of the Hogwarts staff, including Hagrid's, and she looks for an excuse to fire him,

title: Magical creatures in Harry Potter

text: spirit of chaos" according to Rowling. Giants in the "Harry Potter" universe are capable of interbreeding with humans – Rubeus Hagrid is half-giant, as is his love interest Olympe Maxime – but wizards as a population have engaged in an active campaign to hunt giants out of civilisation. The last giants in Britain were killed apparently by Ministry decree, but most deaths have been due to territorial aggression among themselves, as wizards force them to live in ever more confined spaces. The last few giants remaining in the world (the total number is between 70 and 80) are collected together

title: Rubeus Hagrid

text: the Phoenix", many of the stunning spells thrown at him by Ministry officials simply bounce off him. Also, being half-giant gives Hagrid some level of superhuman strength, which allowed him to bend the barrel of a shotgun with one hand. Grawp is the giant half-brother of Hagrid. Grawp and Hagrid were born of the same mother, the giantess Fridwulfa. Grawp is about tall, which Hagrid claims is small for a giant. His knuckles are the size of cricket balls (~225 mm in circumference). The other giants were bullying Grawp, and this is a factor in Hagrid’s decision to bring him

title: Dilip Sinha (actor)

text: as Rubeus Hagrid, throughout the Hindi dubs of the entire "Harry Potter film series". Dilip Sinha (actor) Dilip Sinha (Hindi: "Dilīpa Sinhā") (born 1951) is an Indian actor and a voice-dubbing artist who principally speaks Hindi and Bhojpuri. Dilip Sinha was staying in Marina Guest House Bandra at West Mumbai for 20 years and at the present time, he is currently staying in Goregaon West, Mumbai, India. He is married and has 2 children. He began acting in 1975, and was a lead actor in the first Bhojpuri color film, "Dangal". Subsequently, he dubbed foreign films, including some made in

title: Special effects of The Lord of the Rings film series

text: at about 4 ft 6 in (137 cm), and Men and Elves are average human height, about 5 to 6 ft (150 to 180 cm). However, the films used two scale sets instead of three by casting taller than average actors to play Dwarves, then combining Dwarves and Hobbits into one size scale. For example, John Rhys-Davies, who played Gimli, is taller than Elijah Wood, who played Frodo. Thus in the ending shot of the Council of Elrond scene when all nine members of the Fellowship of the Ring are standing together, Rhys-Davies and the four Hobbit actors were filmed

title: Rubeus Hagrid

text: his father’s care after his birth; according to Hagrid, she was not very maternal. Later she gave birth to Grawp. She died long before Hagrid returned to the giants in "the Order of the Phoenix". Hagrid describes his father as "a tiny little man" whom he could pick up with one hand and place on the dresser at the age of six. Hagrid clearly felt great affection for him; in "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban", he says that his father’s death when Hagrid was in third year at Hogwarts was one of his saddest memories. Hagrid had a

title: Rubeus Hagrid

text: time Harry attends Hogwarts, Hagrid is also the Keeper of Keys and Grounds: the former, according to Rowling, means "that he will let you in and out of Hogwarts." Part of his job includes leading the first years across the lake in boats, upon their initial arrival at Hogwarts. When discussing the killing off of characters in her books, Rowling said that she always knew she was "working towards the point where Hagrid carried Harry out alive – but supposedly dead – out of the forest". She said she had planned from very early on that Harry would walk to

title: Ron Weasley

text: tallest schoolmates, even outgrowing some of his older brothers. Rowling states in the novels that Ron has freckles, though Rupert Grint, the actor who plays Ron, has none. Rowling has also stated that Ron has blue eyes. Rowling in an interview described Ron as very funny but insensitive and immature, saying "There's a lot of immaturity about Ron, and that's where a lot of the humor comes from." As his first exercise with the actors who portray the central trio, Alfonso Cuarón, who directed the third film in the series, "Prisoner of Azkaban", assigned them to write an autobiographical essay

title: Rubeus Hagrid

text: Thestrals against Voldemort’s giants. Fang is a large boarhound (portrayed in the films by a Neapolitan Mastiff) that, aside from his enormous size, appears to be an entirely ordinary dog. While Fang's appearance is intimidating, he is, in Hagrid's words, "a bloody coward." Boisterous and loving with people he knows, he seems to enjoy licking Harry, Ron, or Hermione around the face or ears. In "the Philosopher’s Stone" he accompanies Harry, Hagrid, Draco, and Hermione into the Forbidden Forest to look for an injured unicorn. In the following book, "the Chamber of Secrets", Harry and Ron take Fang into the

title: Robbie Coltrane

long_answer: His roles continued in the 1990s with the TV series Cracker (1993–1996, returning in 2006 for a one-off special), in which he starred as forensic psychologist Dr. Edward "Fitz" Fitzgerald. The role won him three BAFTA awards. Roles in bigger films followed; the James Bond films GoldenEye (1995) and The World Is Not Enough (1999), a supporting role in From Hell (2001), as well as half-giant Rubeus Hagrid in the Harry Potter films (2001–2011). J. K. Rowling, author of the Harry Potter series, had Coltrane at the top of her list to play Hagrid and, when asked whom she would like to see in the role, responded "Robbie Coltrane for Hagrid" in one quick breath. There is also an unnamed 8ft actor who stands in for the 6ft 1in Coltrane in some scenes.


question: what is the job of justice of the peace

answers: dispense summary justice

title: Justice of the peace

text: presiding justice of the peace. Administrative justice of the peace are court officers appointed by the Minister of Justice, and perform duties such as receiving criminal informations and issuing warrants. Presiding justice of the peace are appointed by commission under the Great Seal, and can try some criminal matters and issue warrants. They are appointed from advocates of at least ten years' standing and serve full-time until the age of 70. In Yukon, justices of the peace are lay officers of the court. They sit in the Justice of the Peace Court, which is part of the Territorial Court of

title: Justice of the peace

text: to become a JP. Any club/organisation/citizen can recommend someone to become JP for a community. JPs are chosen under the Governor-General's discretion. In Malaysia, justices of the peace have largely been replaced in magistrates' courts by legally qualified (first-class) stipendiary magistrates. However, state governments continue to appoint justices of the peace as honours. In 2004, some associations of justices of the peace pressed the federal government to allow justices of the peace to sit as second-class magistrates in order to reduce the backlog of cases in the courts. A Justice of the Peace in New Zealand is someone of good

title: Justice of the peace

text: Yukon. In Hong Kong, the historical functions of justices of the peace have been replaced by full-time, legally qualified magistrates. Nowadays, justices of the peace are essentially titles of honour given by the Government to community leaders, and to certain officials while they are in their terms of offices. They have no judicial functions, and their main duties include visiting prisons, institutions for young offenders and drug addicts, psychiatric hospitals, remand homes, places of refuge, reception and detention centres, administering statutory declarations, and serving as members of advisory panels. In India, justices of the peace do exist, but they no

title: Justice of the peace

text: preside over cases within the prison system. In Belgium, the justice of the peace (, ) is a law-trained judge who sits the lowest Court of record with original jurisdiction over small claims (less than €2500) matters of civil, commercial, and family law, including: tenancy and lease disputes, neighborhood disputes (party structures, trespassing, noise pollution), apartment buildings, small deceased estates, alimony, guardianships & adoption, and the commitment of mental patients and oversight of their care. Litigants may opt either for conciliation or trial. Lawyers may act as "locum tenens" JPs. In Canada, justices of the peace play a role in

title: Justice of the peace

text: required to be lawyers. In Arkansas, a justice of the peace is an elected official equivalent to a county commissioner or county supervisor in some other states. Arkansas JPs sit on a county quorum court, composed of 9, 11, 13 or 15 JPs. The quorum court is a part-time body, elected from single-member districts, that has overall responsibility for county affairs. Among their responsibilities are passing the budget, creating new ordinances (at the misdemeanor level), setting property tax millage levels, and working with other elected officials. The full-time elected county administrator, who presides over the quorum court, is the county

title: Justice of the peace

text: JPs were transferred to lay magistrates. It is expected that there will be no further appointments of justices of the peace in Northern Ireland, although those already appointed retain the title and any functions not transferred to lay magistrate under the 2002 Act. In some US states, the justice of the peace is a judge of a court of limited jurisdiction, a magistrate, or a quasi-judicial official with certain statutory or common law magisterial powers. Some states have special qualifications or unique features for the office. The justice of the peace typically presides over a court that hears misdemeanor cases,

title: Justice of the peace

text: Commissioner cannot sign an Affidavit, in Ireland that function is performed by a Commissioner for Oaths. A justice of the peace (JP), according to the Ministry of Justice, is a person of unquestionable integrity who seeks to promote and protect the rights of the individual and helps to provide justice to persons in a particular community. Additionally, the JP serves as a justice in petty court sessions, attends juvenile court sessions, issues summonses, considers applications for bail, explains and signs legal documents, sits on licensing panels, and gives counsel/advice. Any Jamaican citizen that can speak and write English is eligible

title: Justice of the peace court

text: in the same way as any other criminal court. Justices acting personally can have a role in signing duties, for example in granting search warrants and emergency child protection orders. The individuals who sit in a justice of the peace court are known as justices of the peace, justices or JPs. Generally they are not legally qualified. A legally qualified person can become a justice of the peace, but cannot act in any proceedings in a justice of the peace court within their own sheriffdom. Justices are appointed for a five-year renewable term by the justices of the peace advisory

title: Justice of the peace

text: the administration of justice at the provincial level. Justices are generally appointed by the lieutenant governors of Canada's provinces, and by the commissioners of Canada's territories, on the advice of their relevant premier or Attorney General. Canada made the first appointment in the then British Empire of a woman as a magistrate, namely Emily Murphy, who was sworn in as a police magistrate in the Women's Court of the City of Edmonton (Alberta) on 19 June 1916. In British Columbia, pursuant to the "Provincial Court Act", all judges are justices of the peace, and hence all of them are peace

title: Justice of the peace

text: traffic violations, and other petty criminal infractions. The justice of the peace may also have authority over cases involving small debts, landlord and tenant disputes, or other small claims court proceedings. Proceedings before justices of the peace are often faster and less formal than the proceedings in other courts. In some jurisdictions a party convicted or found liable before a justice of the peace may have the right to a trial de novo before the judge of a higher court rather than an appeal strictly considered. A justice of the peace also performs civil marriages. A justice of the peace

title: Magistrate (England and Wales)

text: describe a justice of the peace. The office of justice of the peace has its origins in the 12th century when Richard I appointed 'keepers of the peace' in 1195. The title justice of the peace derives from 1361, in the reign of Edward III. An Act of 1327 had referred to "good and lawful men" to be appointed in every county in the land to "guard the Peace". Justices of the peace still retain (and occasionally use) the power confirmed to them by the Justices of the Peace Act 1361 to bind over unruly persons "to be of good

title: Justice of the peace

text: abatement. They can perform civil marriages, administer oaths and have all the powers of a notary public. In many states, the office of justice of the peace has been abolished or transferred to another court, such as the magistrate court. In larger cities, cases may be heard in a municipal court which has jurisdiction only within that city. Most efforts to abolish the office of justice of the peace have been led by the American Bar Association, which views non-lawyer judges as no longer necessary, as there are now far more persons with formal legal education than in the past

title: Justice of the peace

text: officers. In the Northwest Territories, justices may hear summary conviction matters, municipal by-laws, and certain criminal matters. However, in more populated provinces justices usually preside over bail hearings and provincial offences courts. When not in a court session, a justice can perform other judicial functions, such as issuing search warrants. In Ontario, justices perform a wide variety of duties related to criminal and regulatory law, at the federal, provincial and municipal levels. Ontario JP wear a green sash versus red worn by judges. In Quebec, there are two type of justices of the peace, administrative justice of the peace and

title: Justice of the peace

text: has the same jurisdiction as a municipal magistrate with respect to traffic and misdemeanor cases and restraining orders, though over cases whose affairs are not contained within the confines of a single municipality. Additionally, the Justice Court hears cases involving county ordinances (ordinances enacted by the board of supervisors that apply only to unincorporated areas), civil lawsuits up to a limit of $10,000, small claims cases up to $2,500, and issues evictions, called writs of restitution (after a forcible detainer or special detainer action (eviction) being successfully completed by a landlord). Justices of the peace, also called JPs, or Judges

title: Justice of the peace

title: Justice of the peace

text: appointed by the Governor General. Appointment is for life and a JP must take the Oath of Allegiance and the Judicial Oath. Sections 22, 22-A and 22-B of the Code of Criminal Procedure Code, 1898 provide for the appointment of justices of the peace by the provincial governments, their powers and duties respectively. However, seldom are justices of the peace appointed in Pakistan outside the judiciary. Session and additional session judges act as ex-officio justices of the peace as per Section 25 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898. An Ex-officio Justice of the Peace may issue appropriate directions to

title: Justice of the peace

text: Victoria was Mary Catherine Rogers who, in 1920, became the first woman councillor in Australia when she was elected in the City of Richmond. Justices of the peace (JPs) provide a service to the community as independent witnesses of statutory declarations, powers of attorney and affidavits. JPs, who are also volunteers, are selected through an extensive interview, written exam and practical testing. They are recommended by the state attorney-general and appointed by the governor-in-council, and it is their job to authorise and witness statutory declarations and affidavits within the state of Victoria. There are currently around 4,800 JPs serving in

title: Justices of the Peace Act 1361

text: them not reintegration back into their communities as peaceful citizens. The Act defined who was eligible to become a Justice of the Peace, their duties and their powers. It detailed that each County assigned a Lord and three of four worthy people to become Justices of the Peace. The role of a Justice of the Peace was to deal with 'offenders, rioters, and all other barators'. It empowered them to apprehend, arrest, and punish them, in accordance with the ' law and customs of the realm'. The Act empowered a Justice of the Peace to imprison offenders, bind them over

title: Justice of the peace

text: of the Justice Court, are elected in partisan elections for four-year terms from specific districts called precincts. They have the same authority and responsibility as all other judges in the state with respect to performing marriages, administrating oaths, adhering to the code of judicial conduct, and all aspects of justice administration. However, Arizona law does not require justices of the peace to be lawyers. Many justices of the peace are not legally trained, although all are required by the Arizona Supreme Court to complete a course at the Arizona Judicial College. As with JPs, municipal judges in Arizona are not

title: Justice of the peace

text: "justice of the peace (qualified)" has the additional powers to issue search warrants and arrest warrants and, in conjunction with another justice of the peace (qualified) constitute a magistrates' court for exercising powers to remand defendants in custody, grant bail, and adjourn court hearings. Some justices are appointed as justice of the peace (magistrates' court), usually in remote aboriginal communities, to perform many of the functions that might otherwise fall to a stipendiary magistrate. In Queensland, a lawyer may be appointed as a Justice of the Peace without further education or qualification and has the full powers of a JP

title: Justice of the peace

text: by publishing a list in the Gazette and appointee taking oaths before a high court, district court judge or magistrate with registrar of the supreme court recording it. There are four types of appointments of Justice of the Peace; Senior Attorney at laws are appointed as Justice of the Peace and Unofficial magistrates to preside in the absence of a sitting Magistrate.. Any citizen of Sri Lanka can apply to the Ministry of Justice giving his or her credentials to be appointed as a justice of the peace. However, the applicant should be one who has served the public and

title: Justice of the peace

text: role, JPs serve as visiting justices of Singapore prisons, mediators or referees in the subordinate courts. They may also solemnise marriages in the Registry of Marriages or perform the duties of the magistrate conferred on them by any written law. In Sri Lanka, Justice of the Peace (JP) is an honorary post, with authorization to witness and sign statutory declarations and affidavits as well as certify documents. Persons appointed as a Justice of the Peace may use the post-nominal JP. Current appointments are made under the "Judicature Act No 02 of 1978", by the Minister of Justice at his/her discretion

title: Ontario Court of Justice

text: to the Chief Justice and have specific delegated responsibilities as well as those set out in statute. The Associate Chief Justice-Coordinator of Justices of the Peace administers the Ontario Native Justice of the Peace Program. Within the Court, the principal responsibility for this program falls to the Senior Justice of the Peace/Administrator of the Ontario Native Justice of the Peace Program. The stated goal of the program is to encourage and enable Aboriginal Canadians to play a greater role in decision-making in the administration of justice, by serving as justices of the peace, particularly in areas of the province with

title: Justice of the peace

text: stature in the community who is authorized to witness and sign statutory declarations and affidavits as well as certify documents. They may also perform citizenship ceremonies and act as a Visiting Justice in prisons the function of which is to record a prisoner's grievance and decide on its validity. They have certain powers to issue search warrants, and (in conjunction with another justice of the peace) may try minor criminal trials in the district court and exercise powers to remand defendants in custody, grant bail, and adjourn court hearings. They are nominated for office by local Members of Parliament and

title: Justice of the peace

text: the Chairman of the Village Council an "ex officio" justices of the peace for that village area. In 2014, for the first time, Justices of the Peace were authorized in Tonga. JPs are appointed by the Crown, but the Lord Chief Justice regulates their duties and defines their powers. The first JPs were warranted with duties including granting bail; issuing search warrants and subpoenas; taking affidavits, declarations and oaths; and having the power to witness documents. Term of office is one year and officials can be reappointed. The initial 19 JPs appointed were: ‘Aisea Ta’ofi and Sione Hinakau of Niuatoputapu;

title: Justice of the peace

text: judge. Neither JPs nor the county judge have any judicial authority, though they do have the power to preside over civil marriages. Justices of the peace are elected every two years to these partisan offices. Justices of the peace in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts are often called on to perform marriages and, especially same-sex marriages, which certain religious officials are not willing to oversee. Justices of the peace in Connecticut can preside over same-sex marriages. Unlike Massachusetts, Connecticut JPs are not penalized for refusing to perform such ceremonies. Justices of the peace in Connecticut and Massachusetts have the same general

title: Justice of the peace

text: independence in 1948, appointments were made by the Governor General and the Minister of Justice. Justice of the Peace had the power to administer oaths and affirmations per the "Courts Ordinance No. 1 on 1889 section 84" and they could formally appoint members of the public to act as special police officers in times of turmoil and riots. Since certain government officers were ex-officio justices of the peace, this allowed British colonial officers to appoint special police officers from the European planters in times of crisies such as the 1915 riots. The Village Councils Law (No. 6 of 1964) made

title: Justices of the Peace Act 1361

text: and bridges, and regulating weights and measures used by traders. Many of the duties of Justice of the Peace, due to the development of local administration, were transferred to local government authorities. In 2018, about 21,500 volunteers service as a Justice of the Peace in Magistrates Courts. Typically, they deal with low level offences and crimes, and deal with 95% of criminal case taken to court. The maximum sentence a Magistrates Court can impose is 6 months imprisonment, and an unlimited fine. A Magistrates court is the starting point for the majority of the most serious types of crime that

title: Justice of the peace

text: the peace, or wardens of the peace. The title "justice of the peace" derives from 1361, in the reign of Edward III. The "peace" to be guarded is the sovereign's, the maintenance of which is the duty of the Crown under the royal prerogative. Justices of the peace still use the power conferred or re-conferred on them since 1361 to bind over unruly persons "to be of good behaviour". The bind over is not a punishment, but a preventive measure, intended to ensure that people thought likely to offend will not do so. The justices' alternative title of "magistrate" dates

title: Court of Quebec

text: the Peace preside over proceedings involving matters as varied and important as occupational health and safety, environmental protection, illegal practice of a profession, and securities. The Courts of Justice Act was amended in 2012 to create a position of Justice responsible for Presiding Justices of the Peace. Since 2002, the Court has managed expenditures relating to the salaries and compensation of Court judges who act as Per Diem Judges under an administrative agreement with Ministry of Justice of Québec, which is renewed each year. Under the terms of the agreement, amounts that are not paid out in compensation when judges

title: Justice of the peace

long_answer: A justice of the peace (JP) is a judicial officer, of a lower or puisne court, elected or appointed by means of a commission (letters patent) to keep the peace. In past centuries the term commissioner of the peace was often used with the same meaning. Depending on the jurisdiction, such justices dispense summary justice or merely deal with local administrative applications in common law jurisdictions. Justices of the peace are appointed or elected from the citizens of the jurisdiction in which they serve, and are (or were) usually not required to have any formal legal education in order to qualify for the office. Some jurisdictions have varying forms of training for JPs.