question: who was the aztec ruler when the spanish arrived

answers: Moctezuma II

answers: emperor Cuauhtemoc

title: Iztapalapa

text: Coyoacán. Its ruler was Cuitláhuac, born in 1476 as younger brother of Moctezuma Ilhuicamina and son of Axayacatl. Cuitláhuac received the Spanish in Iztapalapa before they went onto Tenochtitlan. They met in a garden which most Aztec lords had as a refuge and to demonstrate culture. In the center of the garden was a large palace made of sandstone and fine woods such as cedar. In 1519, the Spanish took Moctezuma, Cacamatzin (ruler of Texcoco), Cuitlahuac and other nobles as prisoners. Cortés was then forced to return to Veracruz to face Spanish authorities, leaving Pedro de Alvarado in charge. Alvarado

title: Juan de Guzmán

text: who was burnt at the stake in 1539 for continuing to practise the pre-Hispanic religion. Upon his death, he was succeeded by his son Juan de Guzmán the younger. Juan de Guzmán Don Juan de Guzmán Itztolinqui (reigned 1526–1569) was a post-Conquest "tlatoani" (ruler) of the "altepetl" (ethnic state) of Coyoacán in the Valley of Mexico. Juan de Guzmán's father was Quauhpopocatzin, a previous ruler of Coyoacán, and his mother was a daughter of Huitzilatzin, a ruler of Huitzilopochco. He was thus a great-great-grandson of Huitzilihuitl, the second Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan. He was installed as "tlatoani" by Hernán Cortés

title: History of Mexico City

text: Aztec domination. Spanish objective, however, was that they themselves would benefit from the destruction of Tenochtitlan, making the native peoples not free, but rather more subservient to the Spaniards than they were to the Aztecs. Moctezuma, then-chief of the Aztecs, had been receiving accounts of the Europeans' arrival since their ships (reported as towers or small mountains on the eastern sea) arrived in the Yucatán then Veracruz. First-hand accounts indicate that the Aztec were under some impression that Cortés was the god Quetzalcoatl. According to these reports, the direction of the ships’ arrival and because of the Spaniards light skin,

title: Qualpopoca

text: Veracruz) in 1519, one of his first acts was to overthrow Aztec dominion by seizing Aztec tribute collectors in the town of Quiahuiztlan and only returning them after a personal request from the Aztec Emperor. He then routed the Aztec garrison at the town of Tizapancingo and returned the state to the native Totonacs under their leader Tlacochcalcatl of Cempoala. To restore the province to Aztec control, Moctezuma despatched Qualpopoca with instructions to defeat the Totonacs and their Spanish allies. Arriving in October 1519, Qualpopoca demanded that the Totonac towns pay their regular tribute to the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan. The

title: Jalostotitlán

text: Caxcan tribes) resisted Aztec advances, who had just settled in nearby Teocaltiche for a period of 40 years before moving on to Tenochtitlán. The Spaniards first arrived in the area during the conquest of Tonalá under Captain Pedro Almíndez Chirino with the 350 Spaniards and 500 Purépecha and Tlaxcaltecs under his control. After a series of rebellions, the area was placed under the Spanish crown in 1541. The town of Jalostotitlán was founded by Fray Miguel de Bologna in 1544. After the Mexican War of Independence, Jalostotitlán gained the status of a town in 1838. The municipality of Jalostotitlán was

title: Aporo, Michoacán

text: it was then conquered by the Purépecha Empire. Soon after the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, the Spanish soon took over Purépecha lands. Aporo then became part of an encomienda headed by González de Salazar called Taximaroa. The Spanish settlement was officially founded in 1540 by decree of the Spanish king with the name of San Lucas Aporo. This recognition was for the help of the local Otomi in the Conquest. The Spanish founders are named as two friars, Francisco Motolina and Lino Montes y Zuiza. Evangelization efforts in the area were headed by Martín de la Coruña. The

title: Acamapichtli

text: Acamapichtli Acamapichtli (, meaning "Handful of reeds") was the first "tlatoani", or ruler, of the Aztecs (or Mexica) of Tenochtitlan, and founder of the Aztec imperial dynasty. He became ruler in 1375 and reigned for 19 years. Acamapichtli was not a native of Tenochtitlan. Blood relationships between rulers were an important aspect of politics in 14th century Mexico, and as relative newcomers, the Mexicans were at a disadvantage. On the death of Tenoch in 1375, the elders of the Mexica "calpultin" decided to elect a "tlatoani" who could secure the fledgling city's position through ties to powerful groups in the

title: Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire

text: it was his "desire to serve." A fragment of the greetings of Moctezuma says: ""My lord, you have become fatigued, you have become tired: to the land you have arrived. You have come to your city: Mexico, here you have come to sit on your place, on your throne. Oh, it has been reserved to you for a small time, it was conserved by those who have gone, your substitutes... This is what has been told by our rulers, those of whom governed this city, ruled this city. That you would come to ask for your throne, your place, that

title: Veracruz (city)

text: Bernal Díaz del Castillo, first arrived in 1518 at the island later known as San Juan de Ulúa. The Spanish gave it that name because they landed on the Christian feast of John the Baptist (June 24), and in honor of the captain. "De Ulúa" is derived from the local name for the Aztecs, "coluha" or "acolhua." According to tradition, when the Spanish arrived, they found two young men who had been sacrificed. When they asked the locals what had happened, they said the Aztecs had ordered the sacrifice. The word for Aztec evolved into Ulúa. Because the first expedition

title: Temoaya

text: Otomi here were conquered in 1486 by Ahuizotl, but chafed under Aztec rule, occasionally scheming with the Purépecha to try and wrest more autonomy. During the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, the Otomi here sided with the Spanish. The first contact with the Spanish came in 1521, when Gonzalo de Sandoval was fighting against the Matlatzincas. Shortly the conquest, Frair Alonso Antonio Rangel began evangelization efforts in the area. The church established in Temoaya was dedicated to the Saint James. The area became part of the encomienda of Pedro Núñez, who divided much of the land into haciendas for

title: Juan Velázquez Tlacotzin

text: ordered Tlacotzin be dressed as a Spaniard, given a sword and a white horse as symbols of his new position as Tlatoani. Tlacotzin was also baptized by the Spanish as don Juan Velásquez. He accompanied Cortés on his three year expedition, but died in 1526 (8 Tochtli) while on it, of an unknown sickness in Nochixtlan. Cortés immediately chose Andrés de Tapia Motelchiuh as his successor. Juan Velázquez Tlacotzin Juan Velázquez Tlacotzin was an Aztec leader in Tenochtitlan, during the final decades of the Aztec Empire. He then was the first post-Spanish conquest "Tlatoani" (Aztec ruler) from 1525 to 1526.

title: Cuauhtémoc

text: spirit of Cuauhtémoc alive and untamed". Cuauhtémoc, in the name Guatemoc, is portrayed sympathetically in the adventure novel "Montezuma's Daughter", by H. Rider Haggard. First appearing in Chapter XIV, he becomes friends with the protagonist after they save each other's lives. His coronation, torture, and death are described in the novel. Cuauhtémoc Cuauhtémoc (, also known as Cuauhtemotzín, Guatimozín or Guatémoc; c. 1495) was the Aztec ruler ("tlatoani") of Tenochtitlan from 1520 to 1521, making him the last Aztec Emperor. The name Cuauhtemōc means "one who has descended like an eagle", and is commonly rendered in English as "Descending Eagle",

title: Coyoacán

text: Texcoco. Its people were Tecpanecas, who were farmers and stoneworkers specializing in the volcanic stone from the old lava flow of Xitle. It had been a Tepaneca dominion for 300 years until the Aztecs took over in the 15th century. Famous rulers were Maxtla and his son Tecollotzin. The Aztecs gave the area its current name; however their rule was hated by the native Tepanecas, who welcomed Hernán Cortés and the Spanish, allowing them to use this southern port on Lake Texcoco as a headquarters during the conquest of Tenochtitlan. After the Aztec capital was destroyed, Cortés remained in Coyoacan

title: Iztapalapa

text: had hundreds of Aztec nobles killed. After Cortés returned, he liberated Cuitláhuac in exchange for supplies, allowing the lord to organize an army against the Spanish. Cuitlahuac succeeded Moctezuma as Aztec emperor and forced the Spanish to flee during the Noche Triste. However, Cuitlahuac was ruler only somewhere between 40 and 80 days according to various records. He spent that time repairing the city of Tenochtitlan as the Spanish regrouped in Tlaxcala. Cuitlahuac died of smallpox in December 1520, with Cuauhtémoc succeeding him. After the Spanish and their allies regrouped in Tlaxcala, Cortés decided to attack Iztapalapa before besieging the

title: Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire

title: Cuitláhuac

text: the younger Cuitláhuac also ruled there initially. Cuitláhuac was an experienced warrior and an adviser to Moctezuma, warning him not to allow the Spaniards to enter Tenochtitlan. Hernán Cortés imprisoned both Moctezuma and Cuitláhuac. Following the massacre of Aztec elites when Cortés was away from Tenochtitlan, the Mexica besieged the Spanish and their indigenous allies. Cuitláhuac was released on the pretense to reopen the market to get food to the invaders. Moctezuma was killed under disputed circumstances, and Cuitláhuac was elected "tlatoani" following the flight of the Spaniards and their allies form Tenochtitlan on June 30, 1520. Some sources claim

title: Tlatoani

text: Tlatoani Tlatoani ( , "one who speaks, ruler"; plural ' or tlatoque) is the Classical Nahuatl term for the ruler of an , a pre-Hispanic state. It may be translated into English as "king". A ' () is a female ruler, or queen regnant. The term refers to "vice-leader". The leaders of the Mexica prior to their settlement are sometimes referred to as , as are those colonial rulers who were not descended from the ruling dynasty. The ruler's lands were called and the ruler's house was called The city-states of the Aztec Empire each had their own Tlatoani or

title: Aztecs

text: against the Spanish invaders and their indigenous allies. He ruled only 80 days, perhaps dying in the smallpox epidemic, although early sources do not give the cause. He was succeeded by Cuauhtémoc, the last independent Mexica "tlatoani", who continued the fierce defense of Tenochtitlan. After the siege and complete destruction of the Aztec capital, he was captured on 13 August 1521, and marked the start of Spanish hegemony in central Mexico. Spaniards held Cuauhtémoc captive until he was tortured and executed on the orders of Cortés, supposedly for treason, during an ill-fated expedition to Honduras in 1525. His death marked

title: Zultepec

text: who was prophesied to return in 1519 on the Aztec calendar. The Spaniards were led by Hernan Cortes who took advantage of the Aztecs, by taking Montezuma hostage, where he could control the empire through him. When Cortes found out what was being done to his people in Zultepec he renamed the town Tecuaque which means "where people were eaten" in the indigenous Nahuatl language. He then sent an army to destroy the town. Zultepec Zultepec was an Aztec town which had many white-stucco temples and was the home to approximately 5,000 people, mostly priests and farmers. Today Zultepec is

title: Diego Tlilpotonqui

text: Luis de Tejada became "tlatoani". Diego Tlilpotonqui Don Diego Tlilpotonqui was the "tlatoani" ("ruler" or "king") of the pre-Columbian Acolhua "altepetl" (ethnic state) of Tepetlaoztoc in the Valley of Mexico. He was ruling Tepetlaoztoc when the Spanish arrived in 1519. Tlilpotonqui was the grandson of Cocopin, who had previously been ruler of Tepetlaoztoc. Upon Cocopin's death, his wife Azcasuch, a daughter of Nezahualcoyotl, the ruler of Texcoco, succeeded him as "cihuatlatoani" (queen regnant). After Azcasuch's death, the position became Tlilpotonqui's. With his conversion to Christianity, Tlilpotonqui was baptized and given the Spanish name Diego. Tlilpotonqui left no legitimate children. Upon

title: Guerrero

text: last Aztec emperor, Cuauhtémoc (who was the son of a Chontal princess and Ahuizotl), came from Ixcateopan. After the fall of Tenochtitlan, there was little resistance by the peoples of the Guerrero area to the Spanish and a number of them, such as the Amuzgos, actively sided with the Europeans. In 1521, Rodrigo de Castañeda entered the Taxco area, while Gonzalo de Sandoval marched on the Chontal region, the Sierra del Norte, the Iguala valley and later the Costa Chica. Juan Rodriguz de Villafuerte took the Costa Grande area. After the Spanish Conquest, the territory was part of the “audencia”

title: Puebla

text: Initially, the center and south areas were under the control of Tenochtitlan with Texcoco dominant in the north. Aztec domination continued until the Spanish Conquest. Hernán Cortés entered Puebla state in 1519, along with his indigenous allies from Veracruz, on his way to Tlaxcala. The Spanish takeover of the Puebla area was relatively easy. Many of the peoples here were under Aztec domination and saw the foreigners as a way to escape. One notable exception was the city of Cholula. While negotiating with the city's leaders, Cortés was told of a plot to attack him and his men. Cortés ordered

title: Diego Tlilpotonqui

text: Diego Tlilpotonqui Don Diego Tlilpotonqui was the "tlatoani" ("ruler" or "king") of the pre-Columbian Acolhua "altepetl" (ethnic state) of Tepetlaoztoc in the Valley of Mexico. He was ruling Tepetlaoztoc when the Spanish arrived in 1519. Tlilpotonqui was the grandson of Cocopin, who had previously been ruler of Tepetlaoztoc. Upon Cocopin's death, his wife Azcasuch, a daughter of Nezahualcoyotl, the ruler of Texcoco, succeeded him as "cihuatlatoani" (queen regnant). After Azcasuch's death, the position became Tlilpotonqui's. With his conversion to Christianity, Tlilpotonqui was baptized and given the Spanish name Diego. Tlilpotonqui left no legitimate children. Upon his death, his nephew Don

title: Calimaya

text: the same ethnicity when the Aztecs under Axayacatl conquered it in 1472 with long established villages. Gonzalo de Sandoval conquered the area in 1521 for the Spanish. The area initially became an encomienda of Hernán Cortés, who later handed it over to Juan Gutiérrez Altamirano. Gutiérrez would temporarily lost control of the property in 1530 but Cortés intervened and the family would control it for generations, becoming the Counts of Santiago Calimaya. The Franciscans were in charge of evangelization, establishing themselves in 1524. Calimaya was one of three main sub-dominions in the area along with Tepemaxalco and Mexicaltzingo, which probably

title: Qualpopoca

text: arrest, return him to the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan and subsequently burn him alive in front of the Templo Mayor. Qualpopoca first appears in the historical record when he was ordered by the Aztec Emperor Moctezuma Xocoyotzin to take control of the region surrounding the Aztec city of Nauhtla. Nauhtla was a border city of the Aztec Empire, the garrison there exerting Aztec dominion over the local population, who were largely Totonac in ethnic origin. The province had only recently been added to the Aztec Empire through conquest, and when Hernán Cortés arrived in the region (now the Mexican state of

title: Temascalcingo

text: Mazahua. It was originally called "Ñiñi Mbate" which probably means 'place of the small plain' but possibly 'place of the first man'. This area was conquered by the Aztecs before the 16th century, and its last Aztec governor was named Ocoyotzen. When the Spanish invaded, the Mazahuas and the Otomis of this area united with the Aztecs to fight them. However, after the Spanish victory, Hernán Cortés distributed this area, along with Metepec to Francisco de Villegas in 1540. In 1535, the Franciscans began evangelization here, establishing churches and renaming the area, San Miguel Temascalcingo. Through the 18th century, haciendas

title: Aztecs

text: arrivals. In 1519, he was informed of the arrival of the Spanish fleet of Hernán Cortés, who soon marched towards Tlaxcala where he formed an alliance with the traditional enemies of the Aztecs. On November 8, 1519, Motecuzoma II received Cortés and his troops and Tlaxcalan allies on the causeway south of Tenochtitlan, and he invited the Spaniards to stay as his guests in Tenochtitlan. When Aztec troops destroyed a Spanish camp on the gulf coast, Cortés ordered Motecuzoma to execute the commanders responsible for the attack, and Motecuzoma complied. At this point, the power balance had shifted towards the

title: Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire

text: you would come here. Come to the land, come and rest: take possession of your royal houses, give food to your body."" Moctezuma had the royal palace of Axayácatl, Moctezuma's father, prepared for Cortés. On the same day that the Spanish expedition and their allies entered Tenochtitlan, Moctezuma came to visit Cortés and his men. What happened in this second meeting remains controversial. According to several Spanish versions, some written years or decades later, Moctezuma first repeated his earlier, flowery welcome to Cortés on the Great Causeway, but then went on to explain his view of what the Spanish expedition

title: Isabel Moctezuma

text: city by the Spanish. Aztec leaders quickly married her to Cuitláhuac, the new emperor, and, after he died of smallpox, to Cuauhtémoc. Cortés returned in 1521 with a large group of Spaniards and Indian allies, mostly from Tlaxcala, to attack Tenochtitlan. The Aztecs, their numbers and morale depleted by a smallpox epidemic, were defeated. Cuauhtémoc and his court attempted to flee Tenochtitlan by boat, but they were captured by the Spanish. On surrendering, Cuauhtémoc asked the Spanish to respect the ladies of his court, including his young wife Tecuichpotzin. In 1525, Cortés executed Cuauhtemoc and Tecuichpotzin was widowed for the

title: Stone of Motecuhzoma I

text: position of King into an imperial one. He is credited with the expansion and consolidation of the Aztec Empire (though he is often mistaken for his popular descendent Motecuhzoma II, who ruled during the Spanish conquest nearly a century later). In Nahuatl, Motecuhzoma means "He Becomes Angry Like a Lord," and Ilhuicamina means "He Shoots Arrows at the Sky." Under Motecuhzoma I's rule, Tenochtitlan began to solidify its place as the capitol city of the Aztec (Mexica) Empire. His conquests extended Aztec rule far beyond the Valley of Mexico, bringing in a large amount of tribute offerings. These conquests are

title: Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire

long_answer: During the campaign, Cortés was given support from a number of tributaries and rivals of the Aztecs, including the Totonacs, and the Tlaxcaltecas, Texcocans, and other city-states particularly bordering Lake Texcoco. In their advance, the allies were tricked and ambushed several times by the people they encountered. After eight months of battles and negotiations, which overcame the diplomatic resistance of the Aztec Emperor Moctezuma II to his visit, Cortés arrived in Tenochtitlan on November 8, 1519, where he took up residence, welcomed by Moctezuma. When news reached Cortés of the death of several of his men during the Aztec attack on the Totonacs in Veracruz, he took the opportunity to take Moctezuma captive, Moctezuma allowed himself to be captured as a diplomatic gesture. Capturing the cacique or indigenous ruler was standard operating procedure for Spaniards in their expansion in the Caribbean, so capturing Moctezuma had considerable precedent, which might well have included those in Spain during the Christian reconquest of territory held by Muslims.


question: who plays nikko in the wizard of oz

answers: Patrick Walshe

title: Pat Walshe

text: feature film debut in "The Wizard of Oz". Due to Walshe's recognition for novelty performances dressed as animals and his expressive movement, Walshe was awarded the role of Nikko, the head king of the Winged Monkeys. Unlike the other monkeys, Nikko was a credited role, serving as the Wicked Witch's (played by Margaret Hamilton) second in command and minion. Though Walshe had no spoken lines, performing his character through physical performance, he did receive an on-screen credit (which was rare for bit players at the time). Instead of the simple stage makeup that Walshe used in his shows, he had

title: Yūka Tano

text: that she was transferred to team K. On October 21, 2014, she and Ayaka Umeda were both chosen as Dorothy, the main character of the musical "Wiz: The Wizard of Oz" directed by Amon Miyamoto. In the elections for the 41st single of AKB48, she placed 47th overall with 18,048 votes and became Next Girls. She played the supporting role in the musical "DNA-SHARAKU" which performed in Tokyo, Osaka, and Fukuoka from January to February, 2016. On September 15, 2016, it was revealed that Tano placed 99th overall with 8,636 votes in the 45th single election. On March 15, 2018,

title: Suzie Toase

text: Suzie Toase Suzie Toase or Suzanne Toase is a British actress who is possibly best known for her role as Alecto Carrow in the film adaptations of J. K. Rowling's "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince" and "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1" and "Part 2". She also appeared in Season 3, Episode 5 of "The IT Crowd", , as Alison, a crying, Joker-esque ex-girlfriend of Roy. She has also appeared in an episode of "Hotel Babylon". Toase has had numerous lead roles in stage productions including "Little Red Riding Hood" and "The Wizard of Oz". She

title: Jacquelyn Piro Donovan

text: tour of "The Wizard of Oz". Jacquelyn Piro Donovan Jacquelyn Piro Donovan is an American actress and singer known for her work in broadway musicals and on the concert stage. She is perhaps best known for the distinction of being the only actress to portray both the young innocent Cosette and the tragic heroine Fantine in the original Broadway production of "Les Misérables". Donovan was born in Boston and raised in Wellesley, Massachusetts. She is the youngest daughter of Anthony J. Piro, an accomplished Medical and Radiation Oncologist and Marian Piro, a special needs teacher. She graduated from Lynnfield High

title: Danielle Hope

text: Hope also features on the cast album for the 2011 "The Wizard of Oz" West End show, released 9 May 2011. Danielle Hope Danielle Hope (born 26 April 1992) is an English actress and singer. She was the winner of the BBC talent contest "Over The Rainbow" and as a result played the part of Dorothy in the Andrew Lloyd Webber production of "The Wizard of Oz", which began performances in the West End at the London Palladium in February 2011. Following this role, she went on to play the role of Éponine in "Les Misérables" in the West End,

title: Lexi Ainsworth

text: 2017, Ainsworth won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series for her role as Kristina Davis on "General Hospital". Lexi Ainsworth Alexandra Danielle Ainsworth (born October 28, 1992) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Kristina Davis on "General Hospital" (2009–2011, 2015–2017, 2018-present), and Jessica Burns in the 2015 film "A Girl Like Her". Ainsworth was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. She began dancing on stage at the local ballet company at age six. This led her to appear in several theater productions, such as "The Wizard of Oz" (as

title: A. J. Bridel

text: Toronto Critics Award and was nominated for a Dora Award for her performance as Lauren in Mirvish Productions' staging of "Kinky Boots". In 2012, she placed third out of ten finalists selected by Andrew Lloyd Webber as a possible Dorothy for the Toronto production of "The Wizard of Oz" decided on the CBC Television reality show, "Over the Rainbow". A. J. Bridel A. J. Bridel (born 1992 or 1993) is a Canadian actress and singer. Born in Calgary, Alberta and raised in Kitchener, Ontario, her credits include playing Peter Pan in "Peter Pan: The Panto" and Dorothy in "The Wizard

title: The Wizard of Oz (2011 musical)

text: Michael Crawford as the Wizard and Hannah Waddingham as the Wicked Witch of the West. Sophie Evans played Dorothy on Tuesday evenings and took over the role full-time in February 2012. The role of Dorothy was cast through the 2010 reality television show "Over the Rainbow", in which Hope won and Evans was the runner-up. After a similar Canadian reality TV search show, a Toronto production began in December 2012 and closed in August 2013, and was followed by a North American tour. In April 2017 an Australian tour was announced including season at the Lyric Theatre, Queensland Performing Arts

title: Sophie Evans (performer)

text: Sophie Evans (performer) Sophie Evans (born 13 February 1993) is a Welsh singer and actress known for her role of Glinda in the West End production of Wicked, and Dorothy in the West End production of "The Wizard of Oz". As a child, Evans performed with the Mid-Rhondda Operatic Society. After several television appearances in her teens, she achieved wider notice as the runner-up on the 2010 BBC talent show "Over the Rainbow". Evans made her West End debut in March 2011 as the alternate Dorothy in Andrew Lloyd Webber's production of "The Wizard of Oz", From February to September

title: Danielle Hope

text: the role of Dorothy in the new London production of "The Wizard of Oz". Previews commenced 7 February 2011, with the opening night on 1 March. She starred alongside Michael Crawford in the title role, with "Over the Rainbow" runner-up Sophie Evans as the alternate Dorothy; performing the role on Tuesday evenings and during Hope's holidays and other unforeseen absences. She won the 2011 BroadwayWorld UK Award for Best Leading Actress In a Musical and was also nominated for the whatsonstage.com Theatergoers Choice Award for Best London Newcomer. Hope played her final performance in the production on 5 February 2012,

title: Olivia Tennet

text: for the Auckland Fringe Festival in February 2011. She also helped choreograph the show. Later on, Tennet made a television appearance in an episode of "The Almighty Johnsons" as Delphine in March 2011. She also took the stage as Emilia in Peach Theatre Company's production of "Othello" in July 2011. She then took on the role of Dorothy in a major theatrical production of "The Wizard of Oz" based on the 1987 musical produced by the Royal Shakespeare Company at the Civic Theatre in September 2011, earning positive reviews for her portrayal of the character. Before leaving for the United

title: Nancy Sullivan (English actress)

text: Dorothy in the RSC version of "The Wizard Of Oz" for the West Yorkshire Playhouse (2006). Nancy then went on to create the role of Chloe for the new Take That musical, "Never Forget", which completed a No.1 UK Tour in 2007. Nancy's performance can be seen on the "Never Forget" DVD filmed by Universal Pictures and heard on the cast recording. In 2008 Nancy applied for the BBC's "I'd Do Anything" to play the role of Nancy in "Oliver!" Nancy was taken through to the final stages and down the last 20 girls before leaving the competition. Having been

title: Jennifer Gillis

text: Jennifer Gillis Jennifer Kristine Gillis (born 26 April 1996) is a Canadian singer, dancer and actress with an extensive resume in musical theatre, television, singing, radio, recording, and animated voice-over work. Gillis is most noted for performing in Sir Andrew Lloyd Webber's CBC TV reality show "Over the Rainbow"-a competition to be cast as the leading role of Dorothy Gale in Lloyd Webber's forthcoming production of "The Wizard of Oz" in Toronto, Ontario. Being the youngest aspiring singer in the competition, she singularly represented her province of British Columbia and as a result was named the Top 6th musical theatre

title: Andrew Lloyd Webber

text: the West End. Following the opening of "Love Never Dies", Lloyd Webber again began a search for a new musical theatre performer in the BBC One series "Over the Rainbow". He cast the winner, Danielle Hope, in the role of Dorothy, and a dog to play Toto in his forthcoming stage production of "The Wizard of Oz". He and lyricist and composer Tim Rice wrote a number of new songs for the production to supplement the songs from the film. On 1 March 2011, "The Wizard of Oz" opened at The Palladium Theatre, starring Danielle Hope as Dorothy and Michael

title: Pat Walshe

text: Patrick Walshe (July 26, 1900 – December 11, 1991) was an American dwarf character actor and circus performer who specialized portraying animals (animal impersonating).  He is best known for playing Nikko, the head of the Winged Monkeys in The Wizard of Oz. He appeared in only a few films, as most of his work was in theater, vaudeville and circus.

title: Danielle Hope

text: Danielle Hope Danielle Hope (born 26 April 1992) is an English actress and singer. She was the winner of the BBC talent contest "Over The Rainbow" and as a result played the part of Dorothy in the Andrew Lloyd Webber production of "The Wizard of Oz", which began performances in the West End at the London Palladium in February 2011. Following this role, she went on to play the role of Éponine in "Les Misérables" in the West End, starting in June 2012. Hope lived in Urmston, Greater Manchester, and attended Knutsford High School in Cheshire, concentrating in drama and

title: Jos Vantyler

text: the perfect Villain, the children around me (and possibly even myself…) were shivering in their seats whenever he came on. A performance I shall remember for a long time!"" During the Christmas 2018-19 season, Vantyler will play the part of Ms Gulch/The Wicked Witch of the West in "The Wizard of Oz" at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre. Jos Vantyler Jos Vantyler (born 20 February 1988) is an award-winning Irish actor. Vantyler was born in County Mayo, Ireland, where he lived until the age of six. In 2005, Vantyler won The NYC Star Best Newcomer Award for his portrayal of Rodolfo

title: Tina Arena

text: Maanen. Jemma Rix (WICKED, The Wizard of Oz) has been cast as the alternate Eva Perón and is currently scheduled to be appearing in the role at least once a week (the Wednesday 7:30pm show) throughout the Sydney season, according to the Evita-Australia website. On July 21, 2018, Opera Australia Artistic Director Lyndon Terracini, along with producers John Frost and David Ian, announced the 18 young performers who have been cast in the upcoming production of "Evita", in season at the Sydney Opera House from September 2018. Three sets of six children will alternate in ensemble roles. In taking on

title: Olga C. Nardone

text: Olga C. Nardone Olga Nida Carmena Nardone (June 8, 1921 – September 24, 2010) was an actress and one of the last surviving Munchkins from the 1939 film "The Wizard of Oz", in which she played a member of the Lullaby League. She was known as "Little Olga" and "Princess Olga" and was one of the smallest of the Wizard of Oz Munchkins, standing at just 3 foot 4 inches (101.6 cm) tall. The fact that she had done ballet solos in vaudeville helped get her the part. She was born on June 8, 1921 in Newton, Massachusetts to Louise

title: Sophie Evans (performer)

text: and a centenary documentary about the Tonypandy Riots (BBC Wales). Evans auditioned for "Over the Rainbow", a reality show in which young actress/singers competed to play the role of Dorothy Gale in Andrew Lloyd Webber's 2011 production of "The Wizard of Oz". She advanced to the final along with Danielle Hope and Lauren Samuels. The final aired in two parts on 22 May 2010. Hope was the declared the winner and Evans the runner-up. Lloyd Webber elected to assist Evans, with the aid of casting director Bill Kenwright, to start her professional career, funding her continued training as a performer

title: Margaret Raia

text: 2003. Margaret Raia Margaret Raia (1929 – August 17, 2003), also known as Margie Raia, was an American actress with dwarfism, best known for her role as one of the Munchkin villagers in the 1939 film "The Wizard of Oz". During production, MGM officials discovered that Raia was underage and as a result she was expelled from the set half way through filming. Her brother, Matthew, also appeared as a munchkin in the film. Raia was born in Long Island, New York in 1929. She died at the age of 74 from a brain seizure in Port Richey, Florida in

title: Kaniehtiio Horn

text: "Defiance", and played Dorothy from "The Wizard of Oz" in "Slumber Party", an episode of the CW series "Supernatural". She also appeared in "Embrace of the Vampire" starring Sharon Hinnendael, a remake of the 1995 horror film of the same name, in the television special "Gavin Crawford's Wild West" and in the Amazon series "The Man in the High Castle". Horn has a recurring role as Tanis in the CraveTV series "Letterkenny". Kaniehtiio Horn Kaniehtiio Horn (born November 8, 1986) is a Canadian actress. She is often credited as Tiio Horn. She was nominated for a Gemini Award for her

title: Lucy Durack

text: opened in Melbourne at the Princess Theatre in May 2013. Lucy won the Helpmann Award for Best Female Actor in a Musical for her work in "Legally Blonde". Durack completed filming the role of Katie Morgan in the film "Now Add Honey" in September 2013 playing the fiancee of Hamish Blake and sister of Portia De Rossi. Durack's debut self-titled album was released on 28 September 2012. Beginning 2017, Durack portrays Glinda the Good Witch in the Australian tour of "The Wizard of Oz". Lucy Durack Lucy Durack (born 17 November 1982) is an Australian musical theatre performer who played

title: The Wizard of Oz (2011 musical)

text: was produced by Lloyd Webber and Bill Kenwright, with direction by Jeremy Sams, choreography by Arlene Phillips and sets and costumes by Robert Jones. It took in pre-opening sales of £10 million. The production celebrated its 500th performance on 9 May 2012 and closed on 2 September 2012. An autumn 2012 reality TV show, "Over the Rainbow", hosted by Daryn Jones, searched for a Canadian girl to play the role of Dorothy in a Toronto staging by Mirvish Productions. On 5 November 2012, viewers of the show chose Danielle Wade, a 20-year-old University of Windsor acting major, to play the

title: Margaret Raia

text: Margaret Raia Margaret Raia (1929 – August 17, 2003), also known as Margie Raia, was an American actress with dwarfism, best known for her role as one of the Munchkin villagers in the 1939 film "The Wizard of Oz". During production, MGM officials discovered that Raia was underage and as a result she was expelled from the set half way through filming. Her brother, Matthew, also appeared as a munchkin in the film. Raia was born in Long Island, New York in 1929. She died at the age of 74 from a brain seizure in Port Richey, Florida in August

title: Ozzie Smith

text: wife Denise; sons Nikko and Dustin, and daughter Taryn. Smith remains a visible figure around the St. Louis area, making varied appearances like playing the role of the Wizard in the St. Louis Municipal Opera's summer 2001 production of "The Wizard of Oz". Smith cheered on his son Nikko as he cracked the top ten finalists of the 2005 edition of "American Idol". In 2012, Smith made news headlines again, when he sold all of his Gold Gloves at auction together for more than $500,000. Ozzie Smith Osborne Earl Smith (born December 26, 1954) is an American former baseball shortstop

title: Legally Blonde: The Musical – The Search for Elle Woods

text: the Broadway revival of Hair. Cassie Okenka performed as Dorothy Gale in the national tour of "The Wizard of Oz", was the understudy to Bonnie in "Bonnie and Clyde" on Broadway and recently performed in the 1st National Tour of "Wicked" in the ensemble and as an understudy for Glinda. Okenka currently appears in "School of Rock" on Broadway where she understudies Patty. Rachel Potter performed in the ensemble of the 2nd National Tour of "Wicked" and as an understudy for Glinda from August 2010 to February 2011, as Wednesday in "The Addams Family" on Broadway from March 2011 to

title: Katie Stevens

text: long been active in her local theater community. She played Dorothy in both BSS Children's Theater and Main Street Theater's production of "The Wizard of Oz". At Main Street Theater Stevens also played the role of Sharpay in "High School Musical" and "The Cat" in "Honk". She played Nellie Forbush in Pomperaug High School's "South Pacific" alongside Gary Dwyer as Emile DeBeque. She performed at Carnegie Hall at the age of 13. On August 13, 2009, she auditioned for "American Idol" in Boston, Massachusetts and sang "At Last", where all four judges (including guest judge Victoria Beckham) advanced her to

title: The Wizard of Oz (2011 musical)

text: 10 September 2013 at the Smith Center for the Performing Arts in Las Vegas, Nevada, with the original Canadian cast, except that Jacquelyn Piro Donovan played Miss Gulch/The Wicked Witch of the West. It concluded on 29 June 2014 at the Detroit Opera House. The musical began touring Australia beginning 4 November 2017 at the Lyric Theatre, Queensland Performing Arts Centre in Brisbane, Queensland, followed by a season at the Capitol Theatre, Sydney in Sydney from 30 December 2017. The cast includes Anthony Warlow as the Wizard with Lucy Durack as Glinda the Good and Jemma Rix as Wicked Witch

title: Barbara Mamabolo

text: Barbara Mamabolo Barbara Mamabolo (born November 30, 1986) is a Canadian actress and singer. Since 1998, she has amassed an extensive list of theatre and television credits. She was born in Toronto, Ontario. Mamabolo has made guest-star appearances on the critically acclaimed series "The Eleventh Hour", "", and "Relic Hunter". Her stage credits include the role of Becky at the Tarragon Theatre's production of "The Little Princess", a principal role in Ross Petty's "Peter Pan" at the Elgin Theatre, Dorothy in the Leah Polsun Theatre's production of "The Wizard of Oz", and a member of the ensemble cast of "Judy

title: Pat Walshe


question: who founded mission nuestra senora de la soledad

answers: the Franciscan order

answers: Fermín Francisco de Lasuén

title: Our Lady of Solitude

text: and of Cavite Province, Philippines, under the name Nuestra Señora de la Soledad de Porta Vaga. The Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad in Soledad, California was devoted to María de la Soledad. The given name María de la Soledad, often shortened to Marisol or Soledad, is used in Spanish-speaking countries. Our Lady of Solitude Our Lady of Solitude () is a title of Mary (mother of Jesus) and a special form of Marian devotion practised in Spanish-speaking countries to commemorate the solitude of Mary on Holy Saturday. Variant names include Nuestra Señora de la Soledad, Maria Santisima, Nuestra Señora

title: Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad

text: Pico sold the mission for a reported $800), the remaining buildings were looted for supplies. In 1954, when the Mission Soledad restoration was begun, only piles of adobe dirt and a few wall sections from the "cuadrángulo" (quadrangle) remained. The chapel was reconstructed and dedicated under the auspices of the Native Daughters of the Golden West on October 9, 1955. The ruins of the quadrangle, cemetery, and some of the outer rooms, while not restored, can still be seen. Governor Arrillaga's grave was identified and given a new marker. The Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad is now a functioning

title: Soledad, California

text: 1898 Fort Romie was founded a few miles north of the mission and west of the city. San Vicente School was built in 1913 forming the Soledad School District. The City, a general law city, incorporated in March 1921 with a City Council/City Manager form of government. The city's name comes from the mission Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad. Soledad is used as a backdrop in John Steinbeck's 1937 novel "Of Mice and Men", a novella about two friends who work on a California farm. Soledad was chosen as the setting, because "soledad" is Spanish for 'solitude', a recurring

title: Vicente Francisco de Sarría

text: resident priest to man Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad, he decided to take the post himself. Alone at the mission, Father Sarría carried on his work among the natives until May 1835 when his worn and emaciated body was found at the foot of the altar. Several days later the last of his loyal Indian followers built a litter and carried his body some 25 miles over the hills to Mission San Antonio de Padua, where he is interred. The missions of the Californias were eventually secularized in 1834 and converted into "pueblos", towns. Vicente Francisco de Sarría Father

title: Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad

text: made to work and live there, followed by Esselen and Yokut people. By 1803, there were 627 Mission Indians at Mission Soledad. At the Mission many Chalon married local Esselen speakers, while others married Yokuts were brought into the mission between 1806 and 1834. The mission's herds numbered 1,150 cattle, about 5,000 sheep, 30 swine, 670 horses and 40 mules. Spanish Governor José Joaquín de Arrillaga was buried in the chapel after he died on July 24, 1814 during a visit to the Mission. The mission was inundated by floods in 1824, 1828, and 1832, and following secularization (when Pio

title: Rancho Ex-Mission Soledad

text: petitioned to have the mother declared incompetent. Rancho Ex-Mission Soledad Rancho Ex-Mission Soledad was a Mexican land grant in the Salinas Valley, in present-day Monterey County, California. It was given in 1845 by Governor Pío Pico to Feliciano Soberanes. The grant derives its name from the secularized Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad, but was called ex-Mission because of a division made of the lands held in the name of the Mission — the church retaining the grounds immediately around, and all of the lands outside of this are called ex-Mission lands. The grant was adjacent Mission Soledad, west of

title: Rancho Ex-Mission Soledad

text: Rancho Ex-Mission Soledad Rancho Ex-Mission Soledad was a Mexican land grant in the Salinas Valley, in present-day Monterey County, California. It was given in 1845 by Governor Pío Pico to Feliciano Soberanes. The grant derives its name from the secularized Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad, but was called ex-Mission because of a division made of the lands held in the name of the Mission — the church retaining the grounds immediately around, and all of the lands outside of this are called ex-Mission lands. The grant was adjacent Mission Soledad, west of the Salinas River and Soledad. The Soberanes

title: Rancho Ex-Mission Soledad

text: son, Francisco Maria Soberanes (1818–1887), was granted Rancho Sanjon de Santa Rita in 1841. Feliciano became administrator of Mission Soledad lands and received the two square league Rancho Ex-Mission Soledad in 1845. With the cession of California to the United States following the Mexican-American War, the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored. As required by the Land Act of 1851, a claim for Rancho Ex-Mission Soledad was filed with the Public Land Commission in 1853, and the grant was patented to Feliciano Soberanes in 1874. When Feliciano died in 1868, his son, Francisco

title: Soledad, California

text: Vineyard, and Graff Family Vineyards. The original community of Soledad was founded as a Spanish mission October 9, 1791 by Fermín Lasuén, and founded under the rule of the Viceroyalty of New Spain ("Virreinato de Nueva España") 1535 to 1821. The Soledad post office opened in 1869. The current community of Soledad in 1874 had a few buildings and shops. The two main streets were named Front and Main. In 1886, land was subdivided into lots and sold by its owners, the Munras family. In the late 1880s the Southern Pacific Railroad laid rails and began serving the area. In

title: Spanish missions in California

text: strayed from the coast when establishing their settlements; Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad was located farthest inland, being only some thirty miles (48 kilometers) from the shore. Each frontier station was forced to be self-supporting, as existing means of supply were inadequate to maintain a colony of any size. California was months away from the nearest base in colonized Mexico, and the cargo ships of the day were too small to carry more than a few months’ rations in their holds. To sustain a mission, the "padres" required converted Native Americans, called "neophytes", to cultivate crops and tend livestock

title: Salinas River (California)

text: banks of the Salinas river were the Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad established in 1791, and the Mission San Miguel Arcángel, established in 1797. The Mission San Antonio de Padua was also established during this same time period in the Salinas valley, but not on the river itself. These three missions were a part of the chain of 21 missions, then commissioned by the Spanish government in what is now the American State of California. All three of these missions remain to this day, the Soledad mission having evolved into the city of Soledad, and the San Miguel mission

title: Gerónimo Boscana

text: Soledad (Soledad Mission), Mission La Purísima Concepción (La Purísima Mission), Mission San Luis Rey de Francia (San Luis Rey Mission & "Luiseño" 'Mission Indians'), and Mission San Gabriel Arcángel (San Gabriel Mission & "Gabrieliño"—Tongva 'Mission Indians'). For more than a decade, from 1812–1826, he was stationed at Mission San Juan Capistrano. He died at Mission San Gabriel in 1831, and is the only missionary to be interred in its cemetery among over 2,000 other mission inhabitants, mainly Tongva-Gabrielino Indians, buried there. Boscana's first ethnographic contribution resulted from an 1812 questionnaire sent by the Spanish government to the missionaries of Alta

title: Spanish missions in California

text: with a few government officials) sought refuge at Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad, the mission chain's most isolated outpost. Ironically, Mission Santa Cruz (though ultimately ignored by the marauders) was ignominiously sacked and vandalized by local residents who were entrusted with securing the church's valuables. By 1819, Spain decided to limit its "reach" in the New World to Northern California due to the costs involved in sustaining these remote outposts; the northernmost settlement therefore is Mission San Francisco Solano, founded in Sonoma in 1823. An attempt to found a twenty-second mission in Santa Rosa in 1827 was aborted. In

title: Misión de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe del Norte

text: Misión de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe del Norte Mission Guadalupe was founded by the Dominican missionary Félix Caballero in June 1834, at the site of the modern community of Guadalupe, Baja California. This was the last of the new Dominican missions in Baja California and the only one begun after Mexico had gained its independence in 1821. The mission's inland site, about 25 kilometers east of Misión San Miguel was presumably chosen for the agricultural potential of its wide valley. Wheat, olives, pears, and grapes were among the crops that were produced. Guadalupe may have had about 400 Kumeyaay Indians

title: Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad

text: Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad, known colloquially as the Soledad Mission or Mission Soledad, is a Spanish mission located near the present-day town of Soledad, California. The mission was founded by the Franciscan order on October 9, 1791 to convert the Native Americans living in the area to Catholicism.  It was the thirteenth of California's Spanish missions, and is named for Mary, Our Lady of Solitude. The town of Soledad is named for the mission.

title: Mission Nuestra Señora del Rosario

text: Rosario are lost, but archaeologists believe the building consisted of a chapel, sacristy, bell tower and residence. Soldiers from nearby Presidio La Bahía most likely guarded the mission to protect it from threats. Mission Nuestra Señora del Rosario Mission Nuestra Señora del Rosario was established in November 1754 by Spanish Franciscan missionary Father Juan de Dios Camberos to bring Christianity to the indigenous Karankawa people. At its peak, the mission owned a herd of 5,000 cattle, but mismanagement, lack of administrative support and resistance from the Karankawa led to the gradual decline of the mission. At the mission, the Karankawa

title: Mission Nuestra Señora del Rosario

text: Mission Nuestra Señora del Rosario Mission Nuestra Señora del Rosario was established in November 1754 by Spanish Franciscan missionary Father Juan de Dios Camberos to bring Christianity to the indigenous Karankawa people. At its peak, the mission owned a herd of 5,000 cattle, but mismanagement, lack of administrative support and resistance from the Karankawa led to the gradual decline of the mission. At the mission, the Karankawa were expected to adhere to a schedule of religious instruction, technical education and manual labor, however, few Karankawa would abandon their religion and culture and left the mission. The architectural details of Mission

title: Victor Pantaleon Linares

text: were christened the next day at Mission Nuestra Senora de la Soledad. Salvador's widow with a daughter from her first marriage and the three young sons from the second, remarried for a third time on December 17, 1809 at Mission San Gabriel, to Jose Pedro Villalobos, a corporal of the garrison of San Diego Presidio. It was he or perhaps his father an old soldier and resident of San Diego, Juan Jose Miguel Villalobos, who raised the sons of Salvador Linares until his death March 7, 1825. That year the eldest Linares son, Jose Ynes de la Luz joined the

title: Félix Caballero

text: Arizpe. He returned to Mission Santa Catalina from Tucson with a military expedition under Captain José Romero who was to establish a route for a mail service through the region. In 1834 he founded Misión de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe del Norte, the last Dominican mission to be established in California. The mission survived only until 1840, when a local chief, Jatñil, who had previously provided support to the missions, led a rebellion in response to forced conversions of his people. Félix Caballero Félix Caballero was a Dominican priest. He played an important part in the history of the missions

title: Palo Colorado Canyon, California

text: Carmelo, Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad, and Mission San Antonio de Padua) near them from 1770 to 1791. The native population was decimated by disease, including measles, smallpox, and syphilis, which wiped out 90 percent of the native population, and by conscript labor, poor food, and forced assimilation. Virtually all of the Esselen people's villages within the current Los Padres National Forest were left largely uninhabited. Rancho San Jose y Sur Chiquito was first granted in 1835 to Teodoro Gonzalez and re-granted by Governor Juan Alvarado the same year to Marcelino Escobar. It bordered the first mile of Palo

title: Nuestra Señora Reina de los Ángeles Asistencia

text: Nuestra Señora Reina de los Ángeles Asistencia Nuestra Señora Reina de los Ángeles Asistencia was founded in early 1784 in the burgeoning "Pueblo de Los Ángeles" as an "asistencia" (or "sub-mission") to the nearby Mission San Gabriel Arcángel. The assistant mission fell into disuse over time and a Catholic chapel, "La Iglesia de Nuestra Señora Reina de los Ángeles", was constructed in its place a mere thirty years later. In the first months of 1784, priests from San Gabriel established an assistant mission in the neighboring "Pueblo de Los Angeles" along the banks of "El Rio de Nuestra Señora La

title: Mission Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles de Porciúncula de los Pecos

text: Mission Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles de Porciúncula de los Pecos The Mission Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles de Porciúncula ("Mission of Our Lady of the Angels of Porciúncula") was a mission that served the people of the Pecos Pueblo, near modern Pecos, New Mexico, from sometime around 1619. The first church at the Pecos Pueblo was probably built by the Franciscan Fray Pedro Zambrano Ortiz by 1619, an isolated building on a narrow ridge about northeast of the pueblo's main quadrangle. The people of the pueblo would not allow construction of a church closer to their dwellings. In 1625,

title: Rancho El Alisal

text: in Monterey where he spent his whole life. He was regidor in 1829-1830, and then alcade at Monterey in 1838-1839. He married Maria Antonia Rodriguez (1795-1883) in 1810. Feliciano was the grantee of Rancho San Lorenzo in 1841. Soberanes became the administrator of Mission Soledad lands and received the Rancho Ex-Mission Soledad grant in 1845. Maria Josefa Soberanes, daughter of Feliciano, was granted Rancho Los Coches in 1841. Francisco Maria Soberanes (1818-1887), son of Feliciano, was granted Rancho Sanjon de Santa Rita in 1841. Mariano de Jesus Soberanes (1794-1859) was a soldier and also held the office of alcade in

title: Rancho Nuestra Señora del Refugio

text: Rancho Nuestra Señora del Refugio The Rancho Nuestra Señora del Refugio was a Spanish land grant to José Francisco Ortega in 1794 and is the only land grant made under Spanish rule in what is today Santa Barbara County, California. A Mexican title was granted to Antonio Maria Ortega in 1834 by Mexican Governor José Figueroa. The grant extended along the Pacific coast from Cojo Canyon east of Point Conception, past Arroyo Hondo and Tajiguas Canyon, to Refugio Canyon, and encompassed much of the Gaviota Coast. The first European visitors to California were Spanish maritime explorers led by Juan Rodríguez

title: Mission Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe

text: Americans were forced into Christianity. They rebelled against the Spanish a few years later. Mission Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe By 1659 Piro Indians had begun settling in the area of Paso del Norte. The Mission Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe was established by Fray García for them. This mission became the southernmost of the New Mexico chain of missions along El Camino Real from Mexico City to Santa Fe. The original structure remains as a side chapel of the Cathedral of Juarez. The Piro settlement formed the core of the original Ciudad del El Paso del Norte, which later became La

title: Maria Soledad Torres y Acosta

text: assumed the religious name of "María Soledad". Martínez in 1856 took with him six of the twelve religious to the missions at Fernando Pó which left Torres as the superior of the order and the sole remaining member of the original group. The remaining religious soon removed her from this office which left the group disorganized and such was the chaos that the local bishop even threatened to dissolve it. The bishop examined Torres and the circumstances of her removal before deciding to re-appoint her as the superior. Torres managed to continue her work with the help of her spiritual

title: La Iglesia de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles

text: was founded on August 18, 1814, by Franciscan Fray Luis Gil y Taboada. He placed the cornerstone for the new church in the adobe ruins of the original "sub-station mission" here, the "Nuestra Señora Reina de los Ángeles Asistencia" (founded 1784), thirty years after it was established to serve the settlement founding "Los Angeles Pobladores" (original settlers). The completed new structure was dedicated on December 8, 1822. A replacement chapel, named "La Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles" – for Mary, mother of Jesus or "The Church of Our Lady of the Angels" – was rebuilt using materials of

title: Chalon people

text: also known as Mission Indians. At Mission Soledad many Chalon married local Esselen speakers, while others married Yokuts who were brought into the mission between 1806 and 1834. The Soledad mission was discontinued by the Mexican Government in 1835 during the period of secularization, at which time the survivors scattered. Most went to work on the farms and ranches of west-central California, while many with Yokuts ancestry moved east into the San Joaquin Valley. The term "Chalon" was documented by the Franciscan priests in their Mission Soledad ecclesiastical records. The term definitely applied to a region, since individuals were baptized

title: Mexican secularization act of 1833

text: 32 building looted, church in ruin. President Buchanan, in 1859, returned Mission Santa Cruz and 17 acres the Church. Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad land sold, over time the all buildings turned to ruins. In 1859 the buildings ruins and 42 acres of land returned to the Church. Restoring did not start till 1954. Mission San José was sold to private interests in 1845 for $12,000. All buildings decay and the land not put to use. Native people, who were to get the land, fled and found themselves unable to readjust to their former way of life. In 1858

title: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles

text: later by Fermín de Francisco Lasuén established twenty-one missions between present-day San Diego and Sonoma, six of which were located in the present-day territory of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles. In response to the 1781 establishment of the Pueblo de Los Angeles, in 1784 priests from Mission San Gabriel Arcángel set out for the pueblo and established the Nuestra Señora Reina de los Angeles Asistencia as a sub-mission. The "asistencia" fell into disrepair after being abandoned several years later, and La Iglesia de Nuestra Señora Reina de los Angeles was built on the site in 1814; the church remained the

title: Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad


question: the lowest temperature at which a lubricant will flow is called the

answers: pour point

title: Space tribology

text: oils for lubricating grease. Since the rate of evaporation increases with temperature, the use of liquid lubricants is often limited to temperatures below 100 °C. On the other side of the spectrum, the viscosity of liquid lubricants increases with decreasing temperature; i.e., the lower the temperature, the more viscous the lubricant (see also viscosity index). Thus, the use of liquid lubricants is limited to temperatures of around -40 °C. Solid lubricants are used for applications with extreme temperature or where evaporation of lubricants would cause damage to sensitive instruments. Solid lubricants are applied in the form of coatings, or through

title: Viscosity index

text: apart to achieve "fluid bearing" conditions is desired. If the lubricant is too viscous, it will require a large amount of energy to move (as in honey); if it is too thin, the surfaces will come in contact and friction will increase. Many lubricant applications require the lubricant to perform across a wide range of conditions, for example, automotive lubricants are required to reduce friction between engine components when the engine is started from cold (relative to the engine's operating temperatures) up to when it is running. The best oils with the highest VI will remain stable and not vary

title: Dry lubricant

text: °F). The low-friction characteristics of most dry lubricants are attributed to a layered structure on the molecular level with weak bonding between layers. Such layers are able to slide relative to each other with minimal applied force, thus giving them their low friction properties. However, a layered crystal structure alone is not necessarily sufficient for lubrication. In fact, there are some solids with non-lamellar structures that function well as dry lubricants in some applications. These include certain soft metals (indium, lead, silver, tin), polytetrafluroethylene, some solid oxides, rare-earth fluorides, and even diamond. Limited interest has been shown in low friction

title: Dry lubricant

text: Dry lubricant Dry lubricants or solid lubricants are materials that, despite being in the solid phase, are able to reduce friction between two surfaces sliding against each other without the need for a liquid oil medium. The two main dry lubricants are graphite and molybdenum disulfide. They offer lubrication at temperatures higher than liquid and oil-based lubricants operate. Dry lubricants are often used in applications such as locks or dry lubricated bearings. Such materials can operate up to 350 °C (662 °F) in oxidizing environments and even higher in reducing / non-oxidizing environments (molybdenum disulfide up to 1100 °C, 2012

title: Lubricant

text: in special greases. Under extreme pressures, PTFE powder or solids is of little value as it is soft and flows away from the area of contact. Ceramic or metal or alloy lubricants must be used then. Inorganic solids: Graphite, hexagonal boron nitride, molybdenum disulfide and tungsten disulfide are examples of solid lubricants. Some retain their lubricity to very high temperatures. The use of some such materials is sometimes restricted by their poor resistance to oxidation (e.g., molybdenum disulfide degrades above 350 °C in air, but 1100 °C in reducing environments. Metal/alloy: Metal alloys, composites and pure metals can be used

title: Lubricant

text: Lubricant A lubricant is a substance, usually organic, introduced to reduce friction between surfaces in mutual contact, which ultimately reduces the heat generated when the surfaces move. It may also have the function of transmitting forces, transporting foreign particles, or heating or cooling the surfaces. The property of reducing friction is known as lubricity. In addition to industrial applications, lubricants are used for many other purposes. Other uses include cooking (oils and fats in use in frying pans, in baking to prevent food sticking), bioapplications on humans (e.g. lubricants for artificial joints), ultrasound examination, medical examination. Lubicants have been in

title: Lubrication

text: Lubrication Lubrication is the process or technique of using a lubricant to reduce friction and/or wear in a contact between two surfaces. The study of lubrication is a discipline in the field of tribology. Lubricants can be solids (such as Molybdenum disulfide MoS), solid/liquid dispersions (such as grease), liquids (such as oil or water), liquid-liquid dispersions or gases. Fluid-lubricated systems are designed so that the applied load is partially or completely carried by hydrodynamic or hydrostatic pressure, which reduces solid body interactions (and consequently friction and wear). Depending on the degree of surface separation, different lubrication regimes can be distinguished.

title: Ball bearing

text: lubricant is based on elastohydrodynamic effect (by oil or grease) but working at extreme temperatures dry lubricated bearings are also available. For a bearing to have its nominal lifespan at its nominal maximum load, it must be lubricated with a lubricant (oil or grease) that has at least the minimum dynamic viscosity (usually denoted with the Greek letter formula_1) recommended for that bearing. The recommended dynamic viscosity is inversely proportional to diameter of bearing. The recommended dynamic viscosity decreases with rotating frequency. As a rough indication: for less than , recommended viscosity increases with factor 6 for a factor 10

title: Lubricity

text: Lubricity Lubricity is the measure of the reduction in friction and or wear by a lubricant. The study of lubrication and wear mechanisms is called tribology. The lubricity of a substance is not a material property, and cannot be measured directly. Tests are performed to quantify a lubricant's performance for a specific system. This is often done by determining how much wear is caused to a surface by a given wear-inducing object in a given amount of time. Other factors such as surface size, temperature, and pressure are also specified. For two fluids with the same viscosity, the one that

title: Internal combustion engine

text: helps to move heat from the hot engine parts to the cooling liquid (in water-cooled engines) or fins (in air-cooled engines) which then transfer it to the environment. The lubricant must be designed to be chemically stable and maintain suitable viscosities within the temperature range it encounters in the engine. Common cylinder configurations include the straight or inline configuration, the more compact V configuration, and the wider but smoother flat or boxer configuration. Aircraft engines can also adopt a radial configuration, which allows more effective cooling. More unusual configurations such as the H, U, X, and W have also been

title: Personal lubricant

text: Personal lubricant Personal lubricants (colloquially termed lube) are specialized lubricants used during human sexual acts such as intercourse and masturbation to reduce friction to or between the penis and vagina, anus or other body parts or applied to sex toys to reduce friction or to ease penetration. Surgical or medical lubricants or gels, which are similar to personal lubricants but not usually referred to or labelled as "personal" lubricants, may be used for medical purposes such as speculum insertion or introduction of a catheter. The primary difference between personal and surgical lubricants is that surgical lubricants are thicker, sterile gels,

title: Lubricant

text: as well as to cool when a regulated temperature is required. This circulating flow also determines the amount of heat that is carried away in any given unit of time. High flow systems can carry away a lot of heat and have the additional benefit of reducing the thermal stress on the lubricant. Thus lower cost liquid lubricants may be used. The primary drawback is that high flows typically require larger sumps and bigger cooling units. A secondary drawback is that a high flow system that relies on the flow rate to protect the lubricant from thermal stress is susceptible

title: Friction

text: or an ideal fluid which offers no resistance to shearing and so is not viscous. Lubricated friction is a case of fluid friction where a fluid separates two solid surfaces. Lubrication is a technique employed to reduce wear of one or both surfaces in close proximity moving relative to each another by interposing a substance called a lubricant between the surfaces. In most cases the applied load is carried by pressure generated within the fluid due to the frictional viscous resistance to motion of the lubricating fluid between the surfaces. Adequate lubrication allows smooth continuous operation of equipment, with only

title: Lubricant

text: term "mineral oil" is used to refer to lubricating base oils derived from crude oil. The American Petroleum Institute (API) designates several types of lubricant base oil: The lubricant industry commonly extends this group terminology to include: Can also be classified into three categories depending on the prevailing compositions: Petroleum-derived lubricant can also be produced using synthetic hydrocarbons (derived ultimately from petroleum). These include: PTFE: polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is typically used as a coating layer on, for example, cooking utensils to provide a non-stick surface. Its usable temperature range up to 350 °C and chemical inertness make it a useful additive

title: Pour point

text: The pour point of a liquid is the temperature at which it becomes semi solid and loses its flow characteristics. In crude oil a high pour point is generally associated with a high paraffin content, typically found in crude deriving from a larger proportion of plant material.  That type of crude oil is mainly derived from a kerogen Type III.

title: Components of jet engines

text: to keep the oil and oil wetted components clean. The lubricant is isolated from the external parts of the engine through various sealing mechanisms, which also prevent dirt and other foreign objects from contaminating the oil and from reaching the bearings, gears, and other moving parts, and typically flows in a loop (is not intentionally consumed through engine usage). The lubricant must be able to flow easily at relatively low temperatures and not disintegrate or break down at very high temperatures. Usually the lubrication system has subsystems that deal individually with the lubrication supply system of an engine, scavenging (oil

title: Warming lubricant

text: Warming lubricant Warming lubricant is a personal lubricant with the warming effect created due to added ingredients. The warming thermoception is achieved on the contact with skin or by natural body moisture. The main ingredient of the majority of warming lubricants is glycerol, a viscous sugar alcohol. Some of them include capsaicin, the active component of chili peppers. Other ingredients are: propylene glycol, alcohol, herbal extracts, and even some vitamins. Natural and artificial flavors are used for manufacturing flavored and edible warming lubricants. Warming lubricants can be water-based or honey-based. Water-based lubricants are applied for vaginal or anal intercourse or

title: Friction

text: friction is by using a lubricant, such as oil, water, or grease, which is placed between the two surfaces, often dramatically lessening the coefficient of friction. The science of friction and lubrication is called tribology. Lubricant technology is when lubricants are mixed with the application of science, especially to industrial or commercial objectives. Superlubricity, a recently discovered effect, has been observed in graphite: it is the substantial decrease of friction between two sliding objects, approaching zero levels. A very small amount of frictional energy would still be dissipated. Lubricants to overcome friction need not always be thin, turbulent fluids or

title: Lubricant

text: plumbing, air cushion and others. Dry lubricants such as graphite, molybdenum disulphide and tungsten disulphide also offer lubrication at temperatures (up to 350 °C) higher than liquid and oil-based lubricants are able to operate. Limited interest has been shown in low friction properties of compacted oxide glaze layers formed at several hundred degrees Celsius in metallic sliding systems, however, practical use is still many years away due to their physically unstable nature. A large number of additives are used to impart performance characteristics to the lubricants. Modern automotive lubricants contain as many as ten additives, comprising up to 20% of

title: Motor oil

text: can be thought of as its "thickness" or a measure of its resistance to flow. The viscosity must be high enough to maintain a lubricating film, but low enough that the oil can flow around the engine parts under all conditions. The viscosity index is a measure of how much the oil's viscosity changes as temperature changes. A higher viscosity index indicates the viscosity changes less with temperature than a lower viscosity index. Motor oil must be able to flow adequately at the lowest temperature it is expected to experience in order to minimize metal to metal contact between moving

title: Motor oil

text: the oil passes at, that oil is graded as SAE viscosity grade 0W, 5W, 10W, 15W, 20W, or 25W. The lower the viscosity grade, the lower the temperature the oil can pass. For example, if an oil passes at the specifications for 10W and 5W, but fails for 0W, then that oil must be labeled as an SAE 5W. That oil cannot be labeled as either 0W or 10W. For single non-winter grade oils, the kinematic viscosity is measured at a temperature of 100 °C (212 °F) in units of mm/s (millimeter squared per second) or the equivalent older non-SI

title: Viscosity index

text: "L" and "H" are values based on the oil's kinematic viscosity at . "L" and "H" are the values of viscosity at 40°C for oils of VI 0 and 100 respectively, having the same viscosity at 100°C as the oil whose VI we are trying to determine. These "L" and "H" values can be found in ASTM D2270. Viscosity index The viscosity index (VI) is an arbitrary, unitless measure of the change of viscosity with temperature, mostly used to characterize the viscosity-temperature behavior of lubricating oils. The lower the VI, the more the viscosity is affected by changes in temperature.

title: Viscosity index

text: Viscosity index The viscosity index (VI) is an arbitrary, unitless measure of the change of viscosity with temperature, mostly used to characterize the viscosity-temperature behavior of lubricating oils. The lower the VI, the more the viscosity is affected by changes in temperature. The VI was originally measured on a scale from 0 to 100; however, advancements in lubrication science have led to the development of oils with much higher VIs. The viscosity of a lubricant is closely related to its ability to reduce friction in solid body contacts. Generally, the least viscous lubricant which still forces the two moving surfaces

title: Dry lubricant

text: room temperature to form a solid lubricant. Pastes are grease-like lubricants containing a high percentage of solid lubricants used for assembly and lubrication of highly loaded, slow-moving parts. Black pastes generally contain MoS. For high temperatures above 500 °C, pastes are composed on the basis of metal powders to protect metal parts from oxidation necessary to facilitate disassembly of threaded connections and other assemblies. Dry-powder tumbling is an effective application method. The bonding can be improved by prior phosphating of the substrate. Use of free powders has its limitations, since adhesion of the solid particles to the substrate is usually

title: Dry lubricant

text: properties of compacted oxide glaze layers formed at several hundred degrees Celsius in metallic sliding systems. However, practical use is still many years away due to their physically unstable nature. The four most commonly used solid lubricants are: Graphite and molybdenum disulfide are the predominant materials used as dry lubricants. The lubricity of many solids is attributable to a lamellar structure. The lamellae orient parallel to the surface in the direction of motion and slide easily over each other resulting in low friction and preventing contact between sliding components even under high loads. Large particles perform best on rough surfaces

title: Lubrication

text: Adequate lubrication allows smooth, continuous operation of machine elements, reduces the rate of wear, and prevents excessive stresses or seizures at bearings. When lubrication breaks down, components can rub destructively against each other, causing heat, local welding, destructive damage and failure. As the load increases on the contacting surfaces, three distinct situations can be observed with respect to the mode of lubrication, which are called lubrication regimes: Besides supporting the load the lubricant may have to perform other functions as well, for instance it may cool the contact areas and remove wear products. While carrying out these functions the lubricant

title: Tribology

text: that is characterized by viscosity, such as air and water. Of course, some lubricants are more suitable than others, depending on the type of use they are intended for: air and water, for example, are readily available, but the former can only be used under limited load and speed conditions, while the second it can contribute to the wear of materials. What we try to achieve by means of these materials is a perfect fluid lubrication, or a lubrication such that it is possible to avoid direct contact between the surfaces in question, inserting a lubricant film between them. To

title: Motor oil

text: (TAN) is the measure of a lubricant's acidity. Other tests include zinc, phosphorus, or sulfur content, and testing for excessive foaming. The Noack volatility test (ASTM D-5800) determines the physical evaporation loss of lubricants in high temperature service. A maximum of 14% evaporation loss is allowable to meet API SL and ILSAC GF-3 specifications. Some automotive OEM oil specifications require lower than 10%. The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) has established a numerical code system for grading motor oils according to their viscosity characteristics. The original viscosity grades were all mono-grades, e.g. a typical engine oil was a SAE 30.

title: Lubricity

text: does not have biodiesel added has a lower lubricity and requires "lubricity improving additives" to prevent excessive engine wear. Lubricity Lubricity is the measure of the reduction in friction and or wear by a lubricant. The study of lubrication and wear mechanisms is called tribology. The lubricity of a substance is not a material property, and cannot be measured directly. Tests are performed to quantify a lubricant's performance for a specific system. This is often done by determining how much wear is caused to a surface by a given wear-inducing object in a given amount of time. Other factors such

title: Oil pressure

text: shutdown. The oil pressure, combined with the rotation of the shaft, also hydrodynamically centers the journal in its shell and cools the bearings. Such a bearing is known as a fluid bearing. Oil pressure is higher when the engine is cold due to the increased viscosity of the oil, and also increases with engine speed until the relief valve in the oil pump opens to divert excess flow. Oil pressure is lowest under hot idling conditions, and the minimum pressure allowed by the manufacturer's tolerances is usually given at this point. Excessive oil pressure may indicate a blocked filter, blocked

title: Pour point


question: when did martial law in the philippines end

answers: 1981

answers: 81

title: Martial law in the Philippines

text: told Enrile on the phone, "Make it look good. "Kailangan siguro ay may masaktan o kung mayroon mapatay ay mas mabuti." [Maybe it would be better if someone got hurt or killed.] "O, hala, sige," Johnny, and be sure the story catches the "Big News" or "Newswatch" and call me as soon as it is over." The government captured NPA leaders Bernabe Buscayno in 1976 and Jose Maria Sison in 1977. The Washington Post in an interview with former Philippine Communist Party Officials, revealed that, "they (local communist party officials) wound up languishing in China for 10 years as unwilling

title: Bamboo in the Wind

text: and a Jesuit academic – to prevent the fall of the Philippines under martial rule. But the political plague accompanied by demonstrations, demolitions, murders, burnings, arrests and tortures continued unhindered until Martial Law was officially declared in the month of September. Larry Esteva, coming home from studies in Boston, witnesses at the airport a riotous demonstration that is forcibly dispersed by the military. The end of his journey turns out to be the beginning of an odyssey in his beloved city where he finds "an insidious lawlessness creeping upon the land." Set in Manila in the last beleaguered months before

title: Martial law

text: money laundering issue was brought back recently, particularly in the "PiliPinas Debates 2016" for the recently held Philippine Presidential Elections on May 9, 2016. Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos, Jr., Marcos' son, ran for the Vice Presidency and lost. There were rumours that President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo was planning to impose martial law to end military "coup d'etat" plots, general civilian dissatisfaction, and criticism of her legitimacy arising from the dubious results of the 2004 presidential elections. Instead, a State of National Emergency was imposed in 2006 from 24 February to 3 March, in order to quash a coup attempt and quell protesters.

title: Martial law in the Philippines

text: the Marcos government. After martial law was declared, critics of the government were arrested, led by then Senators Benigno Aquino Jr. and Ramon Diokno, and Manila journalists—Manila Times publisher Chino Roces and columnist, Max Soliven; Manila Chronicle publisher Eugenio Lopez Jr. and his editor Amando Doronila; Philippines Free publisher-editor Teddy Boy Locsin and his staff writer, Napoleon Rama; and Press Foundation of Asia joint executive Juan L. Mercado. Many of those who were arrested were later freed without charges, but Benigno Aquino Jr. was charged and convicted guilty along with his two co-accused, NPA leaders Bernabe Buscayno (Commander Dante) and

title: Martial law in the Philippines

text: and a coup d’etat, then declare martial law or suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus – and arrest all including the legal cadres. Right now I am inclined towards the latter." At the height of armed communist insurgency in the Philippines, Philippine Military Academy instructor Lt. Victor Corpuz led New People's Army rebels in a raid on the PMA armory, capturing rifles, machine guns, grenade launchers, a bazooka and thousands of rounds of ammunition in 1970. In 1972, China, which was then actively supporting and arming communist insurgencies in Asia as part of Mao Zedong's People's War

title: Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos

text: For most of the Philippines, therefore, martial law was thus properly implemented when it was announced on the evening of September 23, 1972. The implementation of martial law began sometime before midnight on September 22, with the arrest of Benigno Aquino Jr.. By dawn of the following day, 1973, many of the 400 individuals listed on the Military's priority arrest list - journalists, members of the political opposition, constitutional convention delegates, outspoken lawyers, teachers, and students - had been detained. Media outlets were shuttered, although those linked with Marcos crony Roberto Benedicto were allowed to reopen within the day. Soon

title: Martial law in the Philippines

text: Northern Philippines in infiltrating the demonstration in Manila and inflicting harm on the protesters, and how he showed to the UP professors that the Collegian was carrying the communist party articles and that he was disappointed in the faculty of his alma mater for becoming a spawning ground of communism. He also added that he asked Ernesto Rufino, Vicente Rufino and Carlos Palanca to withdraw advertisements from the Manila Times which was openly supporting revolution and the communist cause, and they agreed to do so. Rumors of coup d’etat were also brewing. A report of the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations

title: Martial law in the Philippines

text: from Muslim Maranao vaults during the war. Numerous reports of Maranao peoples being harassed, electrocuted, punched, and pointed on with guns also surfaced. Many of the victims have climbed to the mountains in fear of military or police retaliation after the expose. Martial law in the Philippines Martial law in the Philippines () refers to several intermittent periods in Philippine history wherein the Philippine head of state (such as the President) places an area under the control of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and its predecessor bodies. Martial law is declared either when there is near-violent civil unrest or

title: Martial law in the Philippines

text: coup d’etat which the opposition liberal party was spreading. While the report obtained by the NY Times speculated saying that story could be used by Marcos to justify Martial Law, as early as December 1969 in a message from the U.S. Ambassador to the U.S. Assistant Secretary of State, the U.S. Ambassador said that most of the talk about revolution and even assassination has been coming from the defeated opposition, of which Adevoso (of the Liberal Party) is a leading activist. He also said that the information he has on the assassination plans are 'hard' or well-sourced and he has

title: History of the Philippines (1965–86)

text: the immediate reaction of some sectors of the nation was of astonishment and dismay, for even if everyone knew that the gravity of the disorder, lawlessness, social injustice, youth and student activism and other disturbing movements had reached a point of peril, they felt that martial law over the whole country was not yet warranted. Worse, political motivations were ascribed to be behind the proclamation, since the then constitutionally non-extendable term of President Marcos was about to expire. This suspicion became more credible when opposition leaders and outspoken anti-administration media people were immediately placed under indefinite detention in military camps

title: Martial law

text: of martial law was initially well received, but it eventually proved unpopular as the military's human rights abuses (e.g. use of torture in intelligence gathering, forced disappearances), along with the decadence and excess of the Marcos family and their allies, had emerged. Coupled with economic downturns, these factors fermented dissent in various sectors (e.g. the urban middle class) that crystallised with the assassination of jailed oppositionist senator Benigno Aquino, Jr. in 1983, and widespread fraud in the 1986 snap elections. These eventually led to the 1986 People Power Revolution that ousted Marcos and forced him into exile in Hawaii where

title: Jovito Salonga

text: He topped the senatorial race for the second time. He returned to the political arena and embarked on a successful law career. He protested martial law and was unjustly arrested. After his release from military custody, he was offered a visiting scholarship at Yale, where he engaged in the revision of his book on international law. He completed his book on the Marcos years, which included a program for a new democratic Philippines. The imposition of martial law in September 1972 was the catalyst that radicalized hundreds of oppositionists and the pretext to arrest and imprison many of them, including

title: History of the Philippines (1965–86)

text: dictatorship with Marcos as its Supreme Leader. Initially, the declaration of martial law was well received, given the social turmoil of the period. Crime rates decreased significantly after a curfew was implemented. Political opponents were given the opportunity to go into exile. As martial law went on for the next nine years, the excesses committed by the military increased. In total, there were 3,257 extrajudicial killings, 35,000 individual tortures, and 70,000 were incarcerated. It is also reported that 737 Filipinos disappeared between 1975 and 1985. Though it was made clear that Martial law was no military take-over of the government,

title: Martial law in the Philippines

text: Martial law in the Philippines Martial law in the Philippines () refers to several intermittent periods in Philippine history wherein the Philippine head of state (such as the President) places an area under the control of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and its predecessor bodies. Martial law is declared either when there is near-violent civil unrest or in cases of major natural disasters, however most countries use a different legal construct like "state of emergency". Typically, the imposition of martial law accompanies curfews, the suspension of civil law, civil rights, habeas corpus, and the application or extension of military

title: History of the Philippines (1965–86)

text: The history of the Philippines, from 1965–1986, covers the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, also known as Ferdinand Marcos Administration. The Marcos era includes the final years of the Third Republic (1965–72), the Philippines under martial law (1972–81), and the majority of the Fourth Republic (1981–86).

title: Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos

text: liberty. The President indicated that... we would not support anyone who was trying to set himself up as military dictator, but we would do everything we can to back a man who was trying to make the system work and to preserve order. Of course, we understood that Marcos would not be entirely motivated by national interests, but this was something which we had come to expect from Asian leaders."" Marcos informed the US Ambassador to the Philippines about his intent to declare Martial Law plan as early as 17 September 1972, just a few days before Martial Law was

title: Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos

text: basically ended by 1954. Throughout the 60s, the remnants of the PKP pursued ""a course of peaceful action"" while working to rebuild their organisation, but, this was later challenged by a youth-based Maoist group within the organization created by University Professor Jose Maria Sison, who joined the PKP in 1962. Clashing with the PKP party leaders' view that armed struggle was an exercise in futility, Sison and his group were expelled from the PKP in 1967, and on December 26, 1968 founded the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) along Maoist lines. While the PKP sought to marginalize this new

title: Economy of the Philippines

text: culminating in the First Quarter Storm, where activists stormed Malacañang Palace only to be turned back by the Philippine Constabulary. This event in particular left four people dead and many injured after heavy exchanges of gunfire. There was further unrest, and in the middle of the disorder on 21 September 1972, Marcos issued Proclamation No. 1081, effectively installing martial law in the Philippines, a declaration that suspended civil rights and imposed military rule in the country. The GDP of the Philippines rose during the martial law, rising from P55 million to P193 million in about 8 years. This growth was

title: Martial law in the Philippines

text: and the US and Great Britain. This took effect on September 23, 1944. Around 1970, student activism had intensified and many student activists joined communist movements. Kabataang Makabayan (Patriotic Youth, or 'KM') a political organization founded by José María Sison intended to be a nationwide extension of the Student Cultural Association of the University of the Philippines, carried out study sessions on Marxism–Leninism and intensified the deployment of urban activists in rural areas to prepare for People's war. The line between leftist activists and communists became increasingly blurred, as a significant number of KM advanced activists joined the party of

title: Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos

text: after, congress was abolished, mass activities were prohibited, political parties were outlawed, a curfew was put in place, and civil and political rights were suspended. The first wave of arrests under Marcos' declaration of martial law began with the arrest of Senator Benigno Aquino Jr. late in the evening of September 22, during a late meeting of the joint congressional committee on tariff reforms at the Manila Hilton hotel. Aquino was one of Marcos' most prominent critics, and who had exposed the plan to proclaim martial law in a speech in the Philippine Senate the week before. Juan Ponce Enrile

title: Student Movement in the Philippines (1965–1972)

text: the bases of these demands. In rally after rally attended by as many as 50,000 people, the MCCCL warned of the imminence of martial law even as "the writ of habeas corpus" was eventually restored. It held the biggest demonstration on September 21, 1972...” On September 27, 1972, Marcos declared Martial Law. Gregg Jones, an American author, writes, "Martial law left the once-formidable legal protest movement in disarray, its leaders in hiding or in prison, its activists driven into the underground or cowering in fear." This is not to say that political protest vanished entirely, however; as he elaborates, "In

title: Martial law in the Philippines

text: to be pursuant to the 1987 Constitution, which provides for a maximum 60 day-state of martial law without Congress approval for extension, the continuation of government functions, and the safeguard of individual freedoms. However, President Duterte insisted that it will not be any different from martial law under President Marcos. While the declaration does not currently affect citizens and government units in Luzon or the Visayas, President Duterte suggested that he might extend martial law to the entire country if needed to "protect the people." The imposition of martial rule has been generally peaceful in Davao City and other major

title: Martial law in the Philippines

text: Doctrine, transported 1,200 M-14 and AK-47 rifles for the NPA to speed up NPA's campaign to defeat the government. Prior to the 1975, the Philippine government maintained a close relationship with the Kuomintang-ruled Chinese government which fled to Taiwan (Republic of China), despite the Chinese Communist Victory in 1949, and saw Communist China (People's Republic of China) as a security threat due to China's financial and military support of Communist rebels in the country. In a speech in February 2017 at the Methodist Protestants’ Cosmopolitan Church in Manila, Enrile said: “The most significant event that made President Marcos decide to

title: Fred Ruiz Castro

text: of Marcos critic Benigno Aquino, Jr., he said, in a concurring opinion, that the declaration of Martial Law automatically suspends the application of the said writ, thus effectively depriving the former senator of such privilege. In a speech to the 8th World Peace Through Law Conference held in Manila, Castro proclaimed: "“Martial law is known to the west as the drastic solution to a violent situation... In the Philippines, this primary purpose remains, but it has been enlarged to embrace also the extirpation of the ills and conditions which spawned the riot, the anarchy and the rebellion!”" Fred Ruiz Castro

title: Habeas corpus in the Philippines

text: of August 21. Many considered this to be a prelude to Martial Law. After widespread protests, however, the Marcos administration decided to reintroduce the writ. In December 2009 under Arroyo Administration, "habeas corpus" was suspended in Maguindanao as the province was placed under martial law. This occurred in response to the Maguindanao massacre. According to the Section 13 of the 1987 Constitution "All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, or be released on recognizance as may be provided by law. The right

title: Martial law in the Philippines

text: to make sure that it reached President Marcos. In light of the crisis, Marcos wrote an entry in his diary in January 1970: "I have several options. One of them is to abort the subversive plan now by the sudden arrest of the plotters. But this would not be accepted by the people. Nor could we get the Huks (Communists), their legal cadres and support. Nor the MIM (Maoist International Movement) and other subversive [or front] organizations, nor those underground. We could allow the situation to develop naturally then after massive terrorism, wanton killings and an attempt at my assassination

title: Martial law in the Philippines

text: cities in Mindanao, except Lanao del Sur and Lumad communities in the eastern and southern provinces. Lumads, or the non-Muslim indigenous peoples of Mindanao, have been vocally against the imposition of martial rule due to the past experience of martial law during the Marcos dictatorship. After 3 months since the imposition of martial rule, numerous human rights violations were recorded by independent human rights organizations. Among these violations caused by the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Philippine National Police were the bombing of Lumad schools, the food blockade against Lumad communities which forced Lumads to go hungry and

title: Martial law in the Philippines

text: Fidel Ramos. In total, there were 3,257 extrajudicial killings, 35,000 individual tortures, and 70,000 were incarcerated. Of the 3,257 killed, some 2,520, or 77 percent of all victims, were salvaged—that is, tortured, mutilated, and dumped on a roadside for public display. It is also reported that 737 Filipinos disappeared between 1975 and 1985. The Civilian Home Defense Force, a precursor of Civilian Armed Forces Geographical Unit (CAFGU), was organized by President Marcos to battle with the communist and Islamic insurgency problem, has particularly been accused of notoriously inflicting human right violations on leftists, the NPA, Muslim insurgents, and rebels against

title: Eugenio Lopez Sr.

text: the Harvard Business School, but several months later was compelled by President Ferdinand Marcos to sign over his shares in MERALCO, was stripped of his holdings and forced into exile. In September 1972, President Marcos declared martial law in the Philippines, which began a period of dictatorship that lasted in the 1986 People Power Revolution and that was characterized by crony capitalism. His eldest child and heir apparent, Eugenio Lopez Jr., or Geny, was jailed on charges of conspiring to assassinate Ferdinand Marcos. This was carried out by Marcos in order for Don Ening, who was at that time was

title: Abdullah Makapaar

text: many other Filipinos who experienced life under Martial Law, engage in the ILAGA war against Moro. Abdullah Makapaar never completed his education. At that time the Philippines was under Martial Law and engaged in the ILAGA war against Moro. As a teenager, he enjoyed riding motorbikes. Once, his family had a motorbike and his mother named it "Bai Iba," which was very upsetting to her other sons, Hon, Abdulrahman and Lieutenant Tagoranao, because they believed their brother "Orak" (now Commander Bravo) was too young to ride on the motorbike. Hence, Hon. Abdulrahman immediately sold the motorbike. During Martial Law the

title: History of the Philippines (1965–86)