question: how many farmers are there in the usa

answers: 3.2 million

title: Organic farming by country

text: approximately a 0.6 percent share of the total agricultural area. There are 12,064 organic farms. The major part of the organic land is in the US (1.6 million hectares in 2005). Seven percent of the world’s organic agricultural land is in North America. Valued at more than 20 billion US Dollars in 2007 (Organic Monitor), the North American market accounted for 45 percent of global revenues. Growing consumer demand for healthy & nutritious foods and increasing distribution in conventional grocery channels are the major drivers of market growth. The U.S. organic industry grew 21 percent in sales in 2006, and

title: Corn production in the United States

text: more than 140 bushels per acre. A milestone in production in the US is that the farmers take out 20% more corn per acre than in any other part of the world. Farming practice is based on irrigation only in about 11% area while the balance area is under un-irrigated conditions. The farm practices have also resulted in implementing conservation measures which have reduced soil erosion to the extent of 44%. "See also US Agricultural subsidies" Corn in the United States has been subsidized since the 1930s, when a drop in demand from post-war Europe caused a food glut and

title: Agriculture in New York

text: Program (CSP), Farm and Ranch Lands Protection Program (FRPP), Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program (WHIP), and the Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP). In 2012, there were 61,000 agricultural jobs resulting in $731 million in payroll expenses, from 10,000 farms (29% of all farms). There were also an additional 56,000 farm operators, with 75% being over 45 years old and the average age being 55 years old. In 2015, the dairy industry alone hired almost 20,000 people. Farm Credit East has reported that among those farmers that use the H-2A Visa program, which is already heavily regulated and burdensome, many have reported it's

title: Dairy

text: sale markets. In Ireland and Australia, for example, farmers' co-operatives own many of the large-scale processors, while in the United States many farmers and processors do business through individual contracts. In the United States, the country's 196 farmers' cooperatives sold 86% of milk in the U.S. in 2002, with five cooperatives accounting for half that. This was down from 2,300 cooperatives in the 1940s. In developing countries, the past practice of farmers marketing milk in their own neighborhoods is changing rapidly. Notable developments include considerable foreign investment in the dairy industry and a growing role for dairy cooperatives. Output of

title: Wheat production in the United States

text: 10% was fed to livestock, with the remaining 4% set aside for seed. Wheat harvesting occurs on land area of 60–63 million acres. Genetically modified wheat, which "is not approved for cultivation anywhere in the world", was found in an Oregon farm in June 2013. The grain was modified by Monsanto to tolerate weed killer treatments. It is not known whether the unapproved wheat is present elsewhere. In the North American plains, the wheat production axis that extends over a length of in a north-south direction from central Alberta to central Texas is known as the Wheat Belt. Hard red

title: Nocton Dairies controversy

text: development of large-scale farming systems more commonly associated with the US where such units are known as CAFOs - although with the definition of a dairy CAFO being over 750 cows, DairyCo, the dairy industry's levy and advisory body, says there are already at least 12 such farms operating successfully and without issues - as proven by the lack of media interest in these farms - in England. Comments made by at the 2011 NFU conference by food critic Jay Rayner during a panel discussion entitled ‘Is modern agriculture palatable?’ pointed to the industry being at fault. Mr Rayner told

title: Dairy farming

text: between 1,200 on the West Coast and Southwest, where large farms are commonplace, to roughly 50 in the Midwest and Northeast, where land-base is a significant limiting factor to herd size. The average herd size in the U.S. is about one hundred cows per farm but the median size is 900 cows with 49% of all cows residing on farms of 1000 or more cows. Dairy farming Dairy farming is a class of agriculture for long-term production of milk, which is processed (either on the farm or at a dairy plant, either of which may be called a dairy) for

title: Intensive crop farming

text: a greenhouse effect gas. In "1997", about 8% of all soybeans cultivated for the commercial market in the United States were genetically modified. In 2006, the figure was 89%. As with other "Roundup Ready crops", concern is expressed over damage to biodiversity. However, the RR gene has been bred into so many different soybean cultivars that the genetic modification itself has not resulted in any decline of genetic diversity. The largest commercial hydroponics facility in the world is Eurofresh Farms in Willcox, Arizona, which sold more than 200 million pounds of tomatoes in 2007. Eurofresh has under glass and represents

title: Organic farming

text: farming is capital-intensive, requiring more energy and manufactured inputs. Organic farmers in California have cited marketing as their greatest obstacle. The markets for organic products are strongest in North America and Europe, which as of 2001 are estimated to have $6 and $8 billion respectively of the $20 billion global market. As of 2007 Australasia has 39% of the total organic farmland, including Australia's but 97 percent of this land is sprawling rangeland (2007:35). US sales are 20x as much. Europe farms 23 percent of global organic farmland (), followed by Latin America with 19 percent (5.8 million hectares -

title: Corn production in the United States

text: production level in American farms is a significant 20% higher per acre than in the rest of the world. As the growth of corn has spread to extensive production in 14 states (though it is grown to a lesser extent in all the other US states), the Corn Farmers Coalition was formed. This is a union of the National Corn Growers Association and 14 state corn associations. The total production of corn in the US for the year 2013-2014 is reported to be 13.016 billion bushels, of which the major use is for manufacture of ethanol and its co-product (Distillers'

title: Farmers' market

text: In New York City, there are 107 farmers' markets in operation. In the Los Angeles area, 88 farmers' markets exist, many of which support Hispanic and Asian fare. In the U.S., all levels of government have provided funding to farmers' markets, for instance, through the federal programs , , , and . The programs primarily subsidize purchases at farmers' markets by low-income residents. Examples include Austin's Double Dollar Incentive Program, Boston's Bounty Bucks, Chicago's LINK Up, Columbia Heights Festibucks in Washington, D.C., Fresh Checks in East Palo Alto, Market Match in Los Angeles, Michigan's Double Up Food Bucks, New York

title: Wheat production in the United States

text: and certificates), counter-cyclical programs, market loss assistance, and other wheat programs. In 2012, wheat was the third most-subsidized crop, after corn and soybeans. Wheat farmers received $1.1 billion in subsidies in 2012. The United States is a major wheat-producing country, with output typically exceeded only by China, the European Union, and India. Acreage brought under wheat has, over the last several decades, varied with the wheat price. During the first decade of the 2000s, wheat ranked third among U.S. field crops in both planted acreage and gross farm income; the first two positions were held by corn and soybeans. The

title: Genetically modified crops

text: by authorities responsible for food safety. In 2013, GM crops were planted in 27 countries; 19 were developing countries and 8 were developed countries. 2013 was the second year in which developing countries grew a majority (54%) of the total GM harvest. 18 million farmers grew GM crops; around 90% were small-holding farmers in developing countries. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) reports every year on the total area of GM crop varieties planted in the United States. According to National Agricultural Statistics Service, the states published in these tables represent 81–86 percent of all corn planted area, 88–90

title: LGBT and rurality

text: of queer farmers prefer to live a more conventional lifestyle with a house and agricultural land of their own. The documentary "Out Here" portrays the lives of many rural queer people across the United States, and it shows how many queer people make a living and are making a difference in their communities through agriculture. The documentary's creators also provide many biographies about queer farmers on their blog. The farmers documented have a wide variety of experiences, from being a specialty cattle farmer to an urban community gardener at a non-profit. The farmers surveyed state that they feel that farming

title: Farmer

text: against railroad and agribusiness interests early in the 20th century. The FNSEA is very politically active in France, especially pertaining to genetically modified food. Agricultural producers, both small and large, are represented globally by the International Federation of Agricultural Producers (IFAP), representing over 600 million farmers through 120 national farmers' unions in 79 countries. Farmed products might be sold either to a market, in a farmers' market, or directly from a farm. In a subsistence economy, farm products might to some extent be either consumed by the farmer's family or pooled by the community. There are several occupational hazards for

title: Genetically modified food

text: of beet acres in the US were planted with glyphosate-resistant seed in 2011. GM sugar beets are approved for cultivation in the US, Canada and Japan; the vast majority are grown in the US. GM beets are approved for import and consumption in Australia, Canada, Colombia, EU, Japan, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Philippines, the Russian Federation and Singapore. Pulp from the refining process is used as animal feed. The sugar produced from GM sugar beets contains no DNA or protein – it is just sucrose that is chemically indistinguishable from sugar produced from non-GM sugar beets. Independent analyses conducted by

title: Women in agriculture in India

text: of farmers, as well as small farm sizes. In India traditional agriculture is still dominant as many farmers depend on livestock in crop production, for manure as fertilizers, and the use animal powered ploughs. According to 2011 statistics, the average farm in India is about 1.5 acres, minuscule when compared the average of 50 hectares in France and or 178 hectares in United States and 273 hectares in Canada. The small farmer tradition of India can be drawn back to the first farm reforms of independent India. Known as the Laws of Divided Inheritance, the reforms were meant to limit

title: Impact of farmers' markets on economies within the United States

text: There are few studies that focus on the impact of farmers' markets on the United States economy and on regional economies in the U.S. The USDA has the most research surrounding regional variation and overall composition of farmers' markets. In 2012, the output generated by United States farms contributed $166.9 billion to gross domestic product, which was 1 percent of GDP. This figure includes all farms participating in economic activity, which suggests that the total contribution of farmers' markets to the U.S. economy in terms of output is very small. Nevertheless, the number of farmers' markets in the United States

title: Family farm

text: rather than to local markets. In assessing this complex economic situation, it is important to consider all sources of income available to these farms; for instance, the millions of dollars in farm subsidies which the United States government offers each year. As fuel prices rise, foods shipped to national and international markets are already rising in price. In 2012, the United States had 2,039,093 family farms (as defined by USDA), accounting for 97 percent of all farms and 89 percent of census farm area in the United States. Because of the predominance of family farms, the types of farming conducted

title: Agriculture in the United States

title: Organic farming

text: (17.2 million hectares), followed by Argentina (3.1 million hectares), and the United States (2.2 million hectares). Australia's organic land area has increased at a rate of 16.5% per annum for the past eighteen years. In 2013, the number of organic producers grew by almost 270,000, or more than 13%. By 2014, there were a reported 2.3 million organic producers in the world. Most of the total global increase took place in the Philippines, Peru, China, and Thailand. Overall, the majority of all organic producers are in India (650,000 in 2013), Uganda (190,552 in 2014), Mexico (169,703 in 2013) and the

title: Organic farming by country

text: price, which is much higher when compared to conventional products. In America the premium for organic prices are between 9%-78% the price of conventional products. In China the premium can be up to 700%, with most demand coming from the wealthier expat communities and the richer urban areas. As in the rest of the world, the organic market in Europe continues to grow and more land is farmed organically each year. "More farmers cultivate organically, more land is certified organic, and more countries report organic farming activities" as per the 2016 edition of the study "The World of Organic Agriculture"

title: Rainfed agriculture

text: (Fig. 1.2a). In Latin America (including the Caribbean) it exceeds 3 t/ha, while in South Asia it is around 2 t/ha and in subSaharan Africa it only just exceeds 1 t/ha. This can be compared with maize yields in the USA or southern Europe, which normally amount to approximately 7–10 t/ha (most maize in these regions is irrigated). The average regional yield per unit of land for wheat in Latin America (including the Caribbean) and South Asia is similar to the average yield output of 2.5–2.7 t/ha in North America (Fig. 1.2b). In comparison, wheat yield in Western Europe is

title: Dairy Farmers of America

text: Dairy Farmers of America Dairy Farmers of America Inc. (DFA) is a national milk marketing cooperative in the United States. It is owned by and serves more than 14,500 dairy farmer-members representing more than 8,500 dairy farms in 48 states. DFA markets members' raw milk and sells milk and derivative products (dairy products, food components, ingredients and shelf-stable dairy products) to wholesale buyers both domestically and abroad. Net sales in 2016 were $13.5 billion, representing about 22 percent of raw milk production in the United States. DFA's headquarters were moved to Kansas City, Kansas, in 2017. DFA is divided into

title: Farmers' suicides in India

text: number of total farmers in India, and undercounting the total number of farmer suicides every year. Tom Brass, in contrast, suggests that official census and surveys in India systematically underestimate the total number of people engaged in agriculture in India. The government appointed a number of inquiries to look into the causes of farmers suicide and farm related distress in general. Krishak Ayog (National Farmer Commission) visited all suicide prone farming regions of India, then in 2006 published three reports with its recommendations. Subsequently, former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh visited Vidarbha in 2006 and promised a package of ₹110 billion

title: Food security

text: countries is rapidly catching up with the area sown in industrial nations. According to the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA), GM crops were grown by approximately 8.5 million farmers in 21 countries in 2005; up from 8.25 million farmers in 17 countries in 2004. However, the ISAAA is funded by organisations including prominent agricultural biotechnology corporations, such as Monsanto and Bayer, and there have been several challenges made to the accuracy of ISAAA's global figures. Some scientists question the safety of biotechnology as a panacea; agroecologists Miguel Altieri and Peter Rosset have enumerated ten reasons why

title: Farm

text: farm products being traded around the world. Modern farms in developed countries are highly mechanized. In the United States, livestock may be raised on rangeland and finished in feedlots and the mechanization of crop production has brought about a great decrease in the number of agricultural workers needed. In Europe, traditional family farms are giving way to larger production units. In Australia, some farms are very large because the land is unable to support a high stocking density of livestock because of climatic conditions. In less developed countries, small farms are the norm, and the majority of rural residents are

title: Agricultural biotechnology

text: elimination of toxins and allergens in crop plants. Currently, only a small number of genetically modified crops are available for purchase and consumption in the United States. The USDA has approved soybeans, corn, canola, sugar beets, papaya, squash, alfalfa, cotton, apples, and potatoes. GMO apples (arctic apples) are non-browning apples and eliminate the need for anti-browning treatments, reduce food waste, and bring out flavor. The production of Bt cotton has skyrocketed in India, with 10 million hectares planted for the first time in 2011, resulting in a 50% insecticide application reduction. In 2014, Indian and Chinese farmers planted more than

title: Agriculture in the United States

text: Agriculture in the United States Agriculture is a major industry in the United States, which is a net exporter of food. As of the 2007 census of agriculture, there were 2.2 million farms, covering an area of , an average of per farm. Although agricultural activity occurs in every state in the union, it is particularly concentrated in the Great Plains, a vast expanse of flat, arable land in the center of the nation in the region around the Great Lakes known as the Corn Belt. The U.S. was a leader in seed improvement i.e. hybridization and in expanding uses

title: Organic farming

text: 14.3 million acres). Asia has 9.5 percent while North America has 7.2 percent. Africa has 3 percent. Besides Australia, the countries with the most organic farmland are Argentina (3.1 million hectares - 7.7 million acres), China (2.3 million hectares - 5.7 million acres), and the United States (1.6 million hectares - 4 million acres). Much of Argentina's organic farmland is pasture, like that of Australia (2007:42). Spain, Germany, Brazil (the world's largest agricultural exporter), Uruguay, and the England follow the United States in the amount of organic land (2007:26). In the European Union (EU25) 3.9% of the total utilized agricultural

title: Agriculture in the United States

long_answer: In 2012, there were 3.2 million farmers, ranchers and other agricultural managers and an estimated 757,900 agricultural workers were legally employed in the US. Animal breeders accounted for 11,500 of those workers with the rest categorized as miscellaneous agricultural workers. The median pay was $9.12 per hour or $18,970 per year. In 2009, about 519,000 people under age 20 worked on farms owned by their family. In addition to the youth who lived on family farms, an additional 230,000 youth were employed in agriculture. In 2004, women made up approximately 24% of farmers; that year, there were 580,000 women employed in agriculture, forestry, and fishing.


question: who wrote the country song i can only imagine

answers: Bart Millard

title: I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song)

text: artists. In 2002 Amy Grant released a reworked version of the song (titled "Imagine" and paired with "Sing the Wondrous Love of Jesus") on her album, "Legacy... Hymns and Faith". In 2003, Jeff Carson and Kathryn Scott each issued variants of the song; Carson's version peaked at No. 50 on the Country Songs chart. In 2005 Wynonna Judd issued her form of the song; while in 2007 Emerson Drive provided theirs. The song was covered again in 2010 by Marie Osmond and in 2013 by gospel artist Tamela Mann. The song was performed live by Garwin Dobbins, a man struggling

title: Imagine That (Patsy Cline song)

text: Imagine That (Patsy Cline song) Imagine That is a country/pop song written for Patsy Cline by Justin Tubb. "Imagine That" was one of three minor hits produced by Patsy Cline in 1962. By this time as well, Patsy Cline was already a very successful Country/Pop singer, racking up a string of major hits like "I Fall to Pieces", "Walkin' After Midnight", "Crazy" and "She's Got You". "Imagine That" however was not as successful as its counterparts that were also minor hits for Cline. The song only reached to #21 on the Country charts and to #90 on the Pop charts,

title: Old Dirt Road

text: and Ken Bielen, the lyrics don't "make much literal sense but somehow sound right on an intuitive level." Music critic Johnny Rogan finds the mood of the song to be "stoical rather than despairing" and describes the lyrics as "laissez-faire". The song is in the form of a ballad, with some country music influence. Jesse Ed Davis' guitar contributes to the country atmosphere. Musically, it reproduces some of the sound from Lennon's "Imagine" album in employing dual pianos, one played by Lennon and one played by Nicky Hopkins. Urish and Bielen describe the music as "mournful and relaxed." John Blaney

title: Erin Hay

text: being dubbed the "New Queen of the Honky Tonk Angels." Erin's song, "I Got the Blues Again," is one of the most downloaded Country songs to date on mp3.com, and it was featured in the Robert Altman/Alan Rudolph film, Trixie, in 2000. She is very grateful to the people of mp3.com and to the overseas and US disc jockeys playing her music. Erin has traveled to Denmark, Australia and Sweden to perform and is looking forward to many more performances both overseas and in the US. She is definitely having fun on her road to the Grand Ole Opry, and

title: Jeff Carson

text: 2003 with his cover of the Christian pop hit "I Can Only Imagine", a cut from a multi-artist compilation called "God Bless the USA 2003". He also co-wrote the track "Where Has My Hometown Gone" on Craig Morgan's album "I Love It", as well as Elbert West's single "Kimberly Cooper's Eyes". A duet with Lisa Brokop entitled "God Save the World", released in 2005, also failed to chart. His most recent single, "When You Said You Loved Me", was sent to radio in early 2007, as the lead-off single to an upcoming Greatest Hits package. The single failed to chart,

title: I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song)

text: is set in the key of E major and has a moderately slow tempo of 80 beats per minute with a vocal range from B–G. The song opens up with only a piano, and builds up to include guitar and drums. Millard is credited with both the lyrics and music to the song. The song was produced by Pete Kipley, who had worked with MercyMe previously as well as with artists including Rebecca St. James, Phil Wickham and Lincoln Brewster. The lyrics to the song are based around the narrator wondering what it will be like in Heaven and to

title: I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song)

text: of No. 33. On the Country Songs chart, the song debuted at No. 58 for the chart week of 27 December 2003, reaching an eventual peak of No. 52, which it held for two weeks. According to Mike Curb on the Curb Records website, "I Can Only Imagine" also peaked at No. 1 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 Singles Sales chart for 10 weeks, No. 1 on the "Radio & Records" Christian AC chart for two weeks, and No. 15 on the Christian CHR chart. In April 2010, "I Can Only Imagine" was certified platinum by the RIAA, signifying sales

title: Boys 'Round Here

text: similar Southern themes. Shelton said of the song, "That song had me from the first, 'cause I thought about all the guys I know back in Tishamingo. None of them listened to The Beatles. They listened to Hank, or these days you'll hear Jason Aldean blaring out of somebody's car coming from a mile away. It's just how they are, and that song is just written exactly how I live." In June 2013, a Celebrity mix version premiered on BlakeShelton.com. It features Jason Aldean, Luke Bryan, Ronnie Dunn, Miranda Lambert, Reba McEntire, Brad Paisley, Josh Turner, Keith Urban and Hank

title: American Honky-Tonk Bar Association

text: two writers of this song are not only great artists but have been extremely good friends to me since I moved to Nashville. Jim Rushing's style of music like 'Sometimes Silence Says It All," I think, is what country music is all about. Bryan Kennedy is one of the first guys I met at The Bluebird Cafe and he introduced me to his dad, Jerry Kennedy, who has been very, very good to me. Here's to Jim Rushing at his great country music. Here's to Bryan Kennedy... for his great friendship. And here's to great horses, firm handshakes and great

title: Gone Country (song)

text: Vegas from Long Island, New York; a folk rocker in Greenwich Village; and a "serious composer schooled in voice and composition" who lives in the San Fernando Valley), all of whom find that their respective careers are failing, and as a result, they decide to begin performing country music instead. Alan Jackson said about the song: "Bob McDill wrote this and he is one of my favorite writers of all time. When I first heard this song I fell in love with it. I wish that I'd written it cause it says a lot of things that I'd like to

title: I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song)

text: with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, a crippling disease referred to as Stone Man's syndrome, in which the body's repair mechanism replaces muscle with bone, causing many joints to become permanently frozen in place. Dobbins, who died in 2004, sang the song on a broadcast of Austin Awakening, accompanied by pastor Randy Phillips of Phillips, Craig and Dean. Footage of the performance was featured in the finale of the Trevor Glass documentary "Suffer the Children." There is also a German version "Ich kann nur davon träumen". The story behind the song was made into a feature film starring J. Michael Finley and

text: You Can't Take the Honky Tonk Out of the Girl "You Can't Take the Honky Tonk Out of the Girl" is a song written by Bob DiPiero and Bart Allmand, and recorded by American country music duo Brooks & Dunn. It was released in September 2003 as the second single from their album "Red Dirt Road". It reached number 3 in early 2004. The music video features a woman (named Connie), who doesn't like to wear shoes and is always walking without them. The music video was directed by Michael Salomon and features actress Marilu Henner. While the lyrics to

title: Marcus Hummon

text: Armadillo. In 2006, his composition "Bless the Broken Road", co-written with Jeff Hanna and Bobby Boyd in 1994, won a Grammy Award for Best Country Song. It was first recorded by Hanna’s Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, followed by Hummon, Melodie Crittenden, the Grammy-winning version by Rascal Flatts, and Selah in a duet with Melodie Crittenden. Hummon has also co-written songs for many country music artists, including Top 40 singles for Tim McGraw, Wynonna Judd, and Alabama, as well as three Number One country hits: "Cowboy Take Me Away" by the Dixie Chicks, "Born to Fly" by Sara Evans, and the

title: Dallas Davidson

text: Adkins recorded Davidson's "Honky Tonk Badonkadonk" shortly after Davidson arrived in Nashville, taking the song to number 2 on the country charts in early 2006. Davidson co-wrote the Brad Paisley-Keith Urban duet "Start a Band", which reached number 1 in January 2009. This song was nominated for a Grammy in the category Best Country Collaboration with vocals. He also co-wrote Billy Currington's "That's How Country Boys Roll", which went to number 1 in 2010. Other singles that Davidson co-wrote in the late 2000s included "Put a Girl in It" by Brooks & Dunn, "Barefoot and Crazy" by Jack Ingram and

title: A Jukebox with a Country Song

text: A Jukebox with a Country Song "A Jukebox With a Country Song'" is a song written by Gene Nelson and Ronnie Samoset, and recorded by American country music artist Doug Stone. It was released in November 1991 as the second single from his album "I Thought It Was You". This song became his second song to reach number 1 on the country music charts in both the United States and Canada. The B-side, "Remember the Ride", was later recorded by Perfect Stranger on their 1995 album "You Have the Right to Remain Silent". In this song, after having an argument

title: Brooks & Dunn

text: Maine. He was also a neighbor of country singer Johnny Horton. Brooks worked as a songwriter in the 1980s, co-writing the number-one singles "I'm Only in It for the Love" by John Conlee, "Modern Day Romance" by the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, and "Who's Lonely Now" by Highway 101, plus The Oak Ridge Boys' Top 20 hit, "You Made a Rock of a Rolling Stone", Nicolette Larson's "Let Me Be the First", and Keith Palmer's "Don't Throw Me in the Briarpatch". Brooks also released several singles through the independent Avion label, charting at No. 73 on Hot Country Songs in

title: I Can Only Imagine (film)

text: deep bond, but Arthur soon dies of his illness. After Arthur's funeral, Bart rejoins the band and writes "I Can Only Imagine", and also calls Shannon and apologizes for the first time since their breakup. Brickell sends the demo tape to several artists, including Grant, who, deeply moved by the song, asks to record it herself as her next single, and Bart, who just wants the song to be heard, accepts. Grant begins the song, but can't bring herself to sing it, and calls Bart on stage from the audience to sing it himself. Bart's performance earns an enthusiastic ovation,

title: Sings Country and Western Hits

text: forlornly from sequin-stitched window frames. The song would later be covered by Loretta Lynn, Leon Russell, and Mickey Gilley, whose 1975 rendition would hit number one on the country charts. "(the following was written on the back of the LP record cover)" The history of country and western music has seen many names emerge as top singing stars. However, only few have risen to such a height that their name will live in country music forever. The first to reach this plateau was the legendary Jimmie Rodgers, who made country music a popular boom. The next artist that would gain

title: All I Can Do Is Write About It

text: that he "can see the concrete slowly creeping," the concrete representing the industrial development of the South. The singer also seems to have a great love for the South and mentions that "you can take a boy out of old Dixieland, but you'll never take old Dixie from a boy." All I Can Do Is Write About It "All I Can Do Is Write About It" is a song performed by Lynyrd Skynyrd. The song is credited as having been written by band members Allen Collins and Ronnie Van Zant. The song was first released on the band's 1976 album

title: I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song)

text: "I Can Only Imagine" (sometimes shortened to "Imagine") is a single recorded by Christian rock band MercyMe. Written and composed by lead vocalist Bart Millard, the song, based around a main piano track, was inspired by the death of Millard's father and considers what it would be like in Heaven and to be standing before God.  The song was first issued as a track on MercyMe's 1999 album The Worship Project, which was released on an independent record label. The song was re-recorded and included on their 2001 major-label debut album Almost There as the fifth song on the album.

title: D-I-V-O-R-C-E

text: D-I-V-O-R-C-E "D-I-V-O-R-C-E" is an American country music song written by Bobby Braddock and Curly Putman, and made famous by Tammy Wynette. Wynette's version was a number one country hit in 1968. Just a year after Wynette scored her first hit with "Your Good Girl's Gonna Go Bad," she had already gained a reputation for catering to the female perspective in country music that, according to country music writer Kurt Wolff, audiences badly craved. Her repertoire already included songs that urged understanding and forgiveness, but critics noted she had also become adept at singing songs of heartbreak. In Wolff's words, "(W)hen

title: Music history of the United States in the 1960s

text: "countrypolitan." Tammy Wynette, Glen Campbell, Dottie West and Charley Pride were among the top artists adopting this style. While George Jones — by the early 1960s one of country music's most consistent hitmakers — also recorded countrypolitan-styled music, his background remained pure honky tonk, singing of heartbreak and lonlieness in many of his songs. Also, Marty Robbins proved to be one of the genre's most diverse singers, singing everything from straight-ahead country to western to pop to blues ... and even Hawaiian. Johnny Cash—who became known as "The Man in Black"—became of the most influential musicians of the 1960s (and

title: Only One You

text: Only One You "Only One You" is a song written by Michael Garvin and Bucky Jones, and recorded by American country music artist T.G. Sheppard. It was released in November 1981 as the first single from the album "Finally!". "Only One You" became his ninth No. 1 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in February 1982, spending one week atop the chart as part of a 13-week run within the country chart's top 40. In contrast to some of his earlier hits—including "I Loved 'Em Every One" -- "Only One You" pays tribute to monogamy and uniqueness of

title: Only You Can Love Me This Way

text: Rascal Flatts has also recorded the song. The song has received favorable reviews from music critics. Jonathan Keefe of "Slant Magazine" said that the song "recall[s] the drippiness of early-'90s Richard Marx and Bryan Adams". Tara Seetharam of "Country Universe" gave the song a B+ grade. Her review makes note of the "stripped-down" production and adds, "It’s a testament to Urban’s artistry that he’s able to breathe life and passion into such nondescript lyrics, turning them into what feels like a tailor-made ode to his wife". Michael Menachem of "Billboard" gave the song a favorable review, calling it "an affectionate

title: I Can Only Imagine (David Guetta song)

text: I Can Only Imagine (David Guetta song) "I Can Only Imagine" is a song performed by French DJ David Guetta, featuring vocals from American singer Chris Brown and rapper Lil Wayne, from Guetta's fifth studio album "Nothing but the Beat". It was released as the sixth single from the album on April 23, 2012. Prior to its official release, the song charted in the lower regions of the charts in Canada, France, Germany, Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Guetta, Brown and Wayne performed the song live for the first time at the 54th Grammy Awards on February

title: Bonanza

text: Valjean, Lorne Greene, Johnny Cash and Nelson Riddle. Country singer Johnny Cash was first to record a full length vocal version of the theme song. He and Johnny Western discarded the original Livingston and Evans lyrics, and wrote new ones, though the revised lyrics still make direct reference to the Cartwrights and the Ponderosa. The song first saw release by September 1962 as a single. Sometime after June 1963, it was released as a track on his sixteenth album: "." This version was later covered by Faron Young for his 1963 album "Aims at the West". Singer recorded a German-language

title: Am I the Only One

text: for fans and fun for country radio and fun for us to play every night." He co-wrote the song with Jon Randall, who produced "Up on the Ridge", and Jim Beavers, who co-wrote Bentley's "Sideways". (Beavers' brother, Brett Beavers, produced all of Bentley's other albums.) Jim Beavers suggested the lyric "Am I the only one who wants to have fun tonight?", and the other two finished the song. "Am I the Only One" is an up-tempo about a man who wants to party, but finds that his friends have other interests. In the chorus, the narrator asks, "Am I the

title: Bill Anderson (singer)

text: songs for many country music singers, since first writing for Ray Price, among others in the late 1950s. He wrote many of country singer Connie Smith's biggest hits in the 1960s, including her best-known song, "Once a Day," which topped off at No. 1 in 1964 and spent eight weeks there, the longest by any female country music singer. He also wrote Smith's "Cincinnati, Ohio" in 1967, among others. In 1995, "Billboard magazine" named four Anderson compositions—"City Lights," "Once A Day," "Still," and "Mama Sang A Song"—among the top 20 country songs of the past 35 years, more than any

title: When I See This Bar

text: we see the faces, we hear the music." Glenn Gamboa of "Newsday" said that the song was "John Mellencamp-influenced" and an example of Chesney's "country-rock wheelhouse". Gary Graff of The Oakland Press said that the song's "warm nostalgia" showed some of "the album's heart". Giving it 4.5 stars out of 5, Billy Dukes of Taste of Country also compared it favorably to Mellencamp, saying, "the lyrics feel as genuine and honest as the rocker’s best-known hits." He also called it "Smartly-written, but not pretentious. Wild, but not careless. Familiar, but not tired". Bobby Peacock of Roughstock gave the song 5

title: Forever Country

text: made it into the finished product, although a few artists including Kenny Chesney, Billy Currington, Zac Brown Band, Thomas Rhett, Chris Young, Toby Keith, and Florida Georgia Line either could not do the vocal or the video. Randy Travis was the only one who appears only in the video due to health problems which have taken him out of performing; Travis would not return to singing publicly until October of that year, and even then only on a very limited basis. Kahn said that "even though he's not singing, he's connecting." McAnally wanted Paisley, a native of West Virginia, to

title: I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song)


question: when did university stop being free in australia

answers: 1989

title: Drew Fraser

text: the Inverell political forum in March and at the Sydney Forum in August alongside speakers who included Jim Saleam of the Australia First Party. In an article for "Alternative Right" entitled "The Cult of "The Other"", Fraser warned that academic freedom was being stifled in Australian universities. He wrote: Academic freedom in Australia is dying before our eyes; another sacrifice performed in the now holy name of "The Other." In the universities, as elsewhere, public criticism of privileged minorities must walk a shaky legal tightrope... Unfortunately, in a mass-mediated wasteland of intellectual cowardice and political conformity, Australian universities are not

title: Melbourne Free University

text: turmoil thrives in Asia", The Canberra Times, 1 July 2010, Russell Marks, "Labor no longer party of progressive nationalism", 19 August 2010 Gerhard Hoffstaedter, "People must be able to feel at home here", 1 October 2010 Lectures are held at several Melbourne venues: Dexter Cafe (123 Queens Parade, Clifton Hill), North Carlton Railway Station Neighbourhood House (20 Solly Ave, North Carlton), City Square, Cnr Swanston & Collins Street, The Red Wheelbarrow Bookshop, 105 Lygon St, Brunswick East and The Alderman (upstairs gallery) 134 Lygon St, East Brunswick. Melbourne Free University The Melbourne Free University (or MFU) is an alternative university

title: Melbourne Free University

text: coordinated by Gerhard Hoffstaedter and Michael Webber. Lecturers and speakers include Jasmine-Kim Westendorf, Deb Chapman, Gerhard Hoffstaedter, Andrew Kingsford and Michael Webber. To improve accessibility to the courses, the Melbourne Free University publishes the recordings of the lectures on its website. Various articles have been published following the lectures given at the Melbourne Free University. Aurélien Mondon, "Education is not just about getting a job", The National Times, 4 June 2010, Aurélien Mondon, "Do people really want what politicians are offering?", The National Times, 8 July 2010, Aurélien Mondon, "A Free University for Melbourne", July 2010. Gerhard Hoffstaedter, "Hub of

title: Voluntary student unionism

text: a year, or in a lump sum upon enrolment. This fee was typically collected by the university, which usually took a portion in collection fees and passed the rest to campus student organisation(s). These organisations then distributed the money according to their own rules. On 9 December 2005, the "Higher Education Support Amendment (Abolition of Compulsory Up-front Student Union Fees) Bill" 2005 was passed in the Senate, and received the Royal Assent on 19 December 2005. Since 1 July 2006, Australian universities have faced fines of A$100 per student for compelling payment for any non-academic good or service. Many student

title: Free education

text: Germany, tuition is free for all European and international students. In Scotland University tuition is free for all Scottish nationals and is discounted for all European students, except from students coming from other parts of the United Kingdom. In Russia, prior to the destruction of the USSR, tuition was free for everyone obtaining sufficient grades. Since 1991, if a student obtains sufficient grades, he or she is still eligible for a free education (on a competitive basis) in state or private universities, but he/she can also pay for studying if grades are above minimal threshold, but not enough to be

title: Monash University, Parkville campus

text: early years, the College was essentially run as a private institution, with the majority of its funding coming from tuition fees and the donations of benefactors. In 1967, the College reached an agreement with the Federal and State governments for it to receive government financial assistance. In 1974, fees for tertiary education in Australia were abolished, meaning that funding for the College began to be sourced primarily from the Federal Government. After the introduction of the unified national system of higher education in 1988, known as the Dawkins reforms, it was clear that the College had to combine with a

title: Tertiary education in Australia

text: and receive the vast majority of their public funding from the Australian Government, through the Higher Education Support Act 2003. The Australian National University, the Australian Film, Television and Radio School and the Australian Maritime College are established under Commonwealth legislation. The Australian Catholic University is established under corporations law. It has establishment Acts in New South Wales and Victoria. Many private providers are also established under corporations law. As self-accrediting institutions, Australia's universities have a reasonably high level of autonomy to operate within the legislative requirements associated with their Australian Government funding. Australian universities are represented through the national

title: Tertiary education in Australia

text: single classification all levels of tertiary education (both vocational and higher education), from trade certificates to higher doctorates. However, as Australian universities largely regulate their own courses, the primary usage of AQF is for vocational education. In recent years there have been some informal moves towards standardization between higher education institutions. The first university established in Australia was the University of Sydney in 1850, followed in 1853 by the University of Melbourne. Prior to federation in 1901 two more universities were established: the University of Adelaide (1874) and the University of Tasmania (1890). At the time of federation, Australia's population

title: Education in Australia

text: governments. There are several prominent universities located in Adelaide, Brisbane, Canberra, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney. There are 43 universities in Australia: 40 public universities, two international universities, one private university. The largest university in Australia is Monash University in Melbourne: it has five campuses and 75,000 students. There are non-self-accrediting higher education providers accredited by State and Territory authorities, numbering more than 150 as listed on State and Territory registers. These include several that are registered in more than one State and Territory. All students doing nationally recognised training need to have a Unique Student Identifier (USI). In 2017, the

title: Unaccredited institutions of higher education

text: In Australia, it is a criminal offence to use the term "university" or to purport to offer university degrees (Bachelors, Masters, Doctors) without government authorization. This authorization is generally given in the form of an Act of a State or Federal Parliament, specifically referring to that institution. (Each state will recognize the institutions authorized under the law of the other states.) Separate to this, there is also the authorization under the Higher Education Funding Act to receive federal government funds for students; this is a separate process from authorization to grant degrees, so some institutions are entitled to grant degrees

title: Public university

text: universities are Bond University, the University of Notre Dame Australia, and Torrens University Australia. There are also two foreign universities, Carnegie Mellon University (USA) and Cranfield University (UK), which have campuses in Adelaide. Some part of Australia's public universities are variously grouped as below: In New Zealand, all eight universities are public. Public funding is supported by research grants. The oldest (University of Otago) was established in 1869 by Provincial Ordinance. From 1870 to 1961, there was effectively a single university structure - the University of New Zealand - with constituent colleges located in Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin. In

title: Academic term

text: offer an optional short summer semester. One recent innovation in Australian higher education has been the establishment of the fully distance–online Open Universities Australia (formerly Open Learning Australia) that offers continuous study opportunities of individual units of study (what are called courses in North America) that can lead to full degree qualifications. Open Universities Australia operates four 13-week study periods each year. Since students study only part-time and off campus these study periods mesh reasonably easily with existing university offerings based on semesters. In some cases, a "semester" is referred to as a "Study Period", for example by Centrelink. The

title: Tertiary education in Australia

text: By the mid-1980s, it became the consensus of both major parties that the concept of 'free' tertiary education in Australia was untenable due to the increasing participation rate. Ironically, a subsequent Labor Government (the Bob Hawke/Paul Keating Government) was responsible for gradually re-introducing fees for university study. In a relatively innovative move, the method by which fees were re-introduced proved to be a system accepted by both Federal political parties and consequently is still in place today. The system is known as the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS) and enables students to defer payment of fees until after they commence

title: University of Western Australia

text: he did not wish eager students to be deterred from studying because they could not afford to do so. During UWA's first decade there was controversy about whether the policy of free education was compatible with high expenditure on professorial chairs and faculties. An "old student" publicised his concern in 1921 that there were 13 faculties serving only 280 students. A remnant of the original buildings survives to this day in the form of the "Irwin Street Building", so called after its former location. In the 1930s it was transported to the new campus and served a number of uses

title: Melbourne Free University

text: Impact of Racism in Australia For its first semester, the Melbourne Free University offered four seminars. On 1 May 2010, two seminars were given on Australia's Role in the World and Race Relations in Australia. On 5 June 2010, two more seminars were given on Universal Differences? and Religious Truth Claims. These four seminars were organised to gauge the interest the project would trigger. The second semester, which started in August 2010 is divided into four 6-weeks courses. The first one was entitled Australian Identities? It was coordinated by Aurelien Mondon. Lecturers and speakers included Aurelien Mondon, Russell Marks, Pamela

title: Free University of Ireland

text: Free University of Ireland Free University of Ireland ("") is an independent university in Prussia Street, Dublin, Ireland established in 1986 by a small group of educationalists including Daragh Smyth, Paul John Cannon, Kevin O'Byrne, Padraig O'Fiannachta, and Mairéad Ní Chíosóig. The university is a free and independent institute not in receipt of state funding. It is run by a board of governors, is a charitable trust, and has research college status. Lecturers and administrators are not paid; students are charged only a fee to cover administrative expenses. The University provides tertiary education to degree standard in the humanities and

title: Diploma mill

text: and consumers: In Australia, it is a criminal offence to call an institution a university, or issue university degrees, without authorisation through an act of federal or state parliaments. Under the Higher Education Support Act 2003, corporations wishing to use the term "university" require approval from the relevant government minister, the Minister for Education (). The corporate regulator Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) places strict controls on corporations wishing to use the term "university" and if the applicant does not intend to provide education services the name must not imply a connection with an existing university. The Corporations Regulations

title: National Union of Students (Australia)

text: the National Union of Australian University Students (NUAUS), before allowing membership of colleges of higher education in 1971, which necessitated a name change. NUS was formed at the same time that the Hawke government introduced the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (a system of deferred tuition payments), abolishing the free education system previously introduced by the Whitlam government. NUS has had mixed success in its role as a lobby group and representative body. In particular, its limited finances have often meant that it has had difficulty making its presence felt on higher education issues. It was successful in the early 1990s

title: Tertiary education in Australia

text: in ten universities. There was a spate of universities established in the 1960s and 70s: Macquarie University (1964), La Trobe University (1964), the University of Newcastle (1965), Flinders University (1966), James Cook University (1970), Griffith University (1971), Deakin University (1974), Murdoch University (1975), and the University of Wollongong (1975). By 1960, the number of students enrolled in Australian Universities had reached 53,000. By 1975 there were 148,000 students in 19 universities. Until 1973 university tuition was funded either through Commonwealth scholarships which were based on merit or through fees. Tertiary education in Australia was structured into three sectors: During the

title: Tertiary education fees in Australia

title: Melbourne Model

text: the University of Melbourne in 2007 and the student union has argued the university's plans have been about rationalisation as opposed to genuine expansion and conclude the university's refusal to discontinue the student union funding is politically motivated. Sydney University Postgraduate Representative Association accuses University of Melbourne of exploiting its postgraduates through the Melbourne Model as undergraduates cannot be charged full fees, assuming the university's "prime motivation for moving to the new Model is better business and more income." University Council member Tammi Jonas resigned from the UoM Council on Monday 7 Dec 2009 "in protest against the University’s exploitation

title: University High School, Melbourne

text: 3.MLC Melbourne, 4.PLC Sydney, 5.Melbourne Girls Grammar School, 6.Mac.Robertson Girls' High School, 7.North Sydney Girls High School, 8.Sydney Girls High School, 9.MLC Sydney, 10. University High School University High School, Melbourne The University High School (UHS or Uni High) is an Australian public co-educational high school located in the Melbourne suburb of Parkville. 1,425 students attended the school in 2016. In 1910, the "University Practising School" was opened in a former primary school on the corner of Lygon and Lyton Streets, Carlton. In 1913, it changed its name to "The University High School" after the closure of the older private

title: Private university

text: performance. Tuition fees at private universities tend to be higher than at public universities, though many private universities offer financial aid as well. For example, at Princeton University, 60% of the Class of 2013 received financial aid, with an average grant amount of $36,000. The average grant now exceeds Princeton’s $35,340 annual tuition. There are currently three private universities in Australia. Bond University, Australia's first private university, dates from 1987. Situated on the Gold Coast, it runs three semesters per year (correlating exactly with the Northern and Southern Hemispheres' schedules), which allows a student to complete a six semester degree

title: Melbourne Free University

text: Melbourne Free University The Melbourne Free University (or MFU) is an alternative university created in Melbourne in 2009. The Melbourne Free University is committed to radical equality. Its principles listed on its website include: Principles are explained in more detail in an article published in The National Times. Its principles are partly inspired by the works of Jacques Rancière. Its motto is THINK. DISCUSS. ACT. This project was co-founded by three colleagues from La Trobe University: Dr. Gerhard Hoffstaedter, social anthropologist; Dr. Aurelien Mondon, researcher in politics; and Jasmine-Kim Westendorf, Ph.D candidate in politics. Courses proliferated across a range of

title: Bradley Review of Higher Education

text: significantly, perhaps, the Review recommended that Australia set a target that by 2020 40 per cent of 25- to 34-year-old Australians have a university degree. This has attracted a significant amount of media attention. In the 2009 Budget, the Australian Government announced funds to support higher education and research over four years in a response to the Bradley Review, Transforming Australia’s Higher Education System. The purpose of the funds allocation was to "support high quality teaching and learning, improve access and outcomes for students from low socio-economic backgrounds, build new links between universities and disadvantaged schools, reward institutions for meeting

title: Voluntary student unionism

text: Wales, the University of Sydney, the University of Queensland, the University of Newcastle and the University of Adelaide have provided funding to their respective student unions, subject to various conditions. Compulsory student organisation membership was initially accepted as uncontentious by all political persuasions. By the 1970s, the overtly political nature of the Australian Union of Students, which ran a number of overtly progressive campaigns (for example, in support of the Palestine Liberation Organization), led to a conservative minority within that organisation to call for voluntary student organisation membership. Following its election in 1996, the Howard Government signalled its intention to

title: University of Melbourne

text: University of Melbourne The University of Melbourne is a public research university located in Melbourne, Australia that typically ranks as the number 1 university in Australia. Founded in 1853, it is Australia's second oldest university and the oldest in Victoria. Melbourne's main campus is located in Parkville, an inner suburb north of the Melbourne central business district, with several other campuses located across Victoria. Melbourne is a sandstone university and a member of the Group of Eight, Universitas 21 and the Association of Pacific Rim Universities. Since 1872 various residential colleges have become affiliated with the university. There are 10

title: Education in Victoria

text: public education is free, 35% of students attend a private primary or secondary school. The most numerous private schools are Catholic, and the rest are independent (see Public and Private Education in Australia). Melbourne is the home of the University of Melbourne and Monash University, the largest university in Australia. It is also home to the largest metropolitan campus in Australia, with La Trobe University's Melbourne Campus in Bundoora being 267 hectares in area. Melbourne University is the oldest university in Victoria and the second-oldest university in Australia. It is ranked second among Australian universities in the 2006 THES international

title: Tertiary education in Australia

text: calibre research-oriented academics. These issues were highlighted by the Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research in 2006. The available money was spread across all universities, and even the traditional universities had a diminished capacity to maintain critical mass. The Melbourne Institute figures, based upon Government (DEST) data, revealed that many of the newer universities were scoring "zeros" (on a scale of 0 - 100) in their chosen research fields (i.e., were unable to achieve the threshold level of activity required). In 2008, Canberra lifted restrictions on university enrollments, in order to make tertiary education more accessible to students

title: South Australia

text: state government. On 14 June 2013, South Australia became the third Australian state to sign up to the Australian Federal Government's Gonski Reform Program. This will see funding for primary and secondary education to South Australia increased by $1.1 billion before 2019. There are three public and four private universities in South Australia. The three public universities are the University of Adelaide (established 1874, third oldest in Australia), Flinders University (est. 1966) and the University of South Australia (est. 1991). The four private universities are Torrens University Australia (est. 2013), Carnegie Mellon University - Australia (est. 2006), University College London's

title: Tertiary education fees in Australia

long_answer: In 1989, the Hawke Labor Government began gradually re-introducing fees for university study. It set up the Higher Education Contributions Scheme (HECS), which was first proposed by Professor Murray Wells  and subsequently developed by economist and lecturer at the Australian National University, Bruce Chapman and championed by Education Minister John Dawkins (see Dawkins Revolution). Under the original HECS, a $1,800 fee was charged to all university students, and the Commonwealth paid the balance. A student could defer payment of this HECS amount (in which case it was called a HECS debt) and repay the debt through the tax system, when the student's income exceeds a threshold level. As part of the reforms, Colleges of Advanced Education entered the University sector by various means. The HECS system was accepted by both federal political parties and has survived until today, though with a number of changes.


question: the first line of http request message is called ____

answers: A request line

answers: A status line

answers: the status line

answers: status line

title: XMLHttpRequest

text: XMLHttpRequest object throughout the various stages of the request. A synchronous request ("false") however will block execution of the current script until the request has been completed, thus not invoking the onreadystatechange event listener. The fourth and fifth parameters are the username and password, respectively. These parameters, or just the username, may be provided for authentication and authorization if required by the server for this request. Upon successful initialization of a request, the setRequestHeader method of the XMLHttpRequest object can be invoked to send HTTP headers with the request. The first parameter of this method is the text string name

title: XMLHttpRequest

text: a request. The first parameter of the method is a text string indicating the HTTP request method to use. The request methods that must be supported by a conforming user agent, defined by the W3C draft for the XMLHttpRequest object, are currently listed as the following. However, request methods are not limited to the ones listed above. The W3C draft states that a browser may support additional request methods at their own discretion. The second parameter of the method is another text string, this one indicating the URL of the HTTP request. The W3C recommends that browsers should raise an

title: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

text: linebreaks such as <CR> or <LF> alone. Below is a sample conversation between an HTTP client and an HTTP server running on www.example.com, port 80. As mentioned in the previous sections, all the data is sent in a plain-text (ASCII) encoding, using a two-byte CR LF ('\r\n') line ending at the end of each line. A client request (consisting in this case of the request line and only one header field) is followed by a blank line, so that the request ends with a double newline, each in the form of a carriage return followed by a line feed. The

title: HTTP 404

text: request, such as a web browser request for a web page, with a numeric response code and an optional, mandatory, or disallowed (based upon the status code) message. In the code 404, the first digit indicates a client error, such as a mistyped Uniform Resource Locator (URL). The following two digits indicate the specific error encountered. HTTP's use of three-digit codes is similar to the use of such codes in earlier protocols such as FTP and NNTP. At the HTTP level, a 404 response code is followed by a human-readable "reason phrase". The HTTP specification suggests the phrase "Not Found"

title: WebSocket

text: shown in the example below. Client request (just like in HTTP, each line ends with codice_4 and there must be an extra blank line at the end): Server response: The handshake starts with an HTTP request/response, allowing servers to handle HTTP connections as well as WebSocket connections on the same port. Once the connection is established, communication switches to a bidirectional binary protocol which does not conform to the HTTP protocol. In addition to codice_5 headers, the client sends a codice_6 header containing base64-encoded random bytes, and the server replies with a hash of the key in the codice_7 header.

title: SAML 1.1

text: SOAP 1.1, a codice_5 HTTP header must be included with each HTTP request (although its value may be empty). A SAML requester may give the following value to the codice_5 header: A SAML responder must not depend on this value, however. A secure connection is not required for SAML requests and responses, but in those situations where message "integrity" and "confidentiality" are required, HTTP over SSL 3.0 or TLS 1.0 with a server-side certificate is required. A SAML responder may return a "403 Forbidden" response when it refuses to respond to a SAML requester. A responder must return a "500

title: Real-Time Messaging Protocol

text: AMF data inside HTTP POST request and responses. The sequence for connection is as follows: The first request has an path and the correct reply is a 404 Not Found error. The client then sends an /open/1 request where the server must reply with a 200 ok appending a random number that will be used as the session identifier for the said communication. In this example 1728724019 is returned in the response body. From now on the is a polling request where the session id has been generated and returned from the server and the sequence is just a number

title: XMLHttpRequest

text: of the header. The second parameter is the text string value. This method must be invoked for each header that needs to be sent with the request. Any headers attached here will be removed the next time the "open" method is invoked in a W3C conforming user agent. To send an HTTP request, the send method of the XMLHttpRequest must be invoked. This method accepts a single parameter containing the content to be sent with the request. This parameter may be omitted if no content needs to be sent. The W3C draft states that this parameter may be any type

title: World Wide Web

text: computer at that address. It requests service from a specific TCP port number that is well known for the HTTP service, so that the receiving host can distinguish an HTTP request from other network protocols it may be servicing. The HTTP protocol normally uses port number 80. The content of the HTTP request can be as simple as two lines of text: GET /home.html HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.org The computer receiving the HTTP request delivers it to web server software listening for requests on port 80. If the web server can fulfil the request it sends an HTTP response back to

title: HTTP/2

text: the page and the minified resources. HTTP/2 allows the server to "push" content, that is, to respond with data for more queries than the client requested. This allows the server to supply data it knows a web browser will need to render a web page, without waiting for the browser to examine the first response, and without the overhead of an additional request cycle. Additional performance improvements in the first draft of HTTP/2 (which was a copy of SPDY) come from multiplexing of requests and responses to avoid some of the head-of-line blocking problem in HTTP 1 (even when HTTP

title: SAML 2.0

text: the SP. 1. Request the target resource at the SP The principal (via an HTTP user agent) requests a target resource at the service provider: The service provider performs a security check on behalf of the target resource. If a valid security context at the service provider already exists, skip steps 2–7. 2. Respond with an XHTML form The service provider responds with a document containing an XHTML form: The codice_50 token is an opaque reference to state information maintained at the service provider. The value of the codice_22 parameter is the base64 encoding of the following codice_17 element: Before

title: Query string

text: is RECOMMENDED that all HTTP senders and recipients support, at a minimum, request-line lengths of 8000 octets. If the URL is too long, the web server fails with the 414 Request-URI Too Long HTTP status code. The common workaround for these problems is to use POST instead of GET and store the parameters in the request body. The length limits on request bodies are typically much higher than those on URL length. For example, the limit on POST size, by default, is 2 MB on IIS 4.0 and 128 KB on IIS 5.0. The limit is configurable on Apache2 using

title: SAML 2.0

text: or encrypted SAML assertions, such as SAML Responses) are usually transmitted via other bindings such as the HTTP POST Binding. SAML requests or responses transmitted via HTTP Redirect have a codice_22 or codice_23 query string parameter, respectively. Before it's sent, the message is deflated (without header and checksum), base64-encoded, and URL-encoded, in that order. Upon receipt, the process is reversed to recover the original message. For example, encoding the codice_17 message above yields: The above message (formatted for readability) may be signed for additional security. In practice, all the data contained in a codice_17, such as codice_26 which contains the

title: SAML 2.0

text: common scenarios. The service provider sends a SAML Request to the IdP SSO Service using the HTTP-Redirect Binding. The identity provider returns the SAML Response to the SP Assertion Consumer Service using the HTTP-POST Binding. The message flow begins with a request for a secured resource at the service provider. 1. Request the target resource at the SP The principal (via an HTTP user agent) requests a target resource at the service provider: The service provider performs a security check on behalf of the target resource. If a valid security context at the service provider already exists, skip steps 2–7.

title: Zend Framework

text: endpoint of HTTP. URI is the end point of the request. URL structure follows as: <nowiki>http://domain.com/moduleName/controllerName/actionName</nowiki> The default router code example: // Assuming the following: $ctrl->setControllerDirectory( ); <poem> Module only: http://example/news Invalid module maps to controller name: http://example/foo Module + controller: http://example/blog/archive Module + controller + action: http://example/blog/archive/list Module + controller + action + params: http://example/blog/archive/list/sort/alpha/date/desc </poem> The Zend Framework also provides some utility methods. Following are some utility methods provided in the framework. Another method is the redirect utility method. This is the opposite of aforementioned -forward() method. _redirect() performs HTPP in redirection in creation of a new request.

title: HTTP response splitting

text: HTTP response splitting HTTP response splitting is a form of web application vulnerability, resulting from the failure of the application or its environment to properly sanitize input values. It can be used to perform cross-site scripting attacks, cross-user defacement, web cache poisoning, and similar exploits. The attack consists of making the server print a carriage return (CR, ASCII 0x0D) line feed (LF, ASCII 0x0A) sequence followed by content supplied by the attacker in the header section of its response, typically by including them in input fields sent to the application. Per the HTTP standard (RFC 2616), headers are separated by

title: TR-069

text: The following description assumes the value is "false". In the second stage, orders are transmitted from the device to the ACS. Even though the protocol defines multiple methods that may be invoked by the device on the ACS, only one is commonly found - "TransferComplete" - which is used to inform the ACS of the completion of a file transfer initiated by a previously issued Download or Upload request. This stage is finalized by transmission of "empty HTTP-request" to the ACS. In the third stage the roles change on the CWMP level. The HTTP-response for the "empty HTTP-request" by the

title: Proxy server

text: HTTP requests. The request from the client is the same as a regular HTTP request except the full URL is passed, instead of just the path. This request is sent to the proxy server, the proxy makes the request specified and returns the response. Some web proxies allow the HTTP CONNECT method to set up forwarding of arbitrary data through the connection; a common policy is to only forward port 443 to allow HTTPS traffic. Examples of web proxy servers include Apache (with mod_proxy or Traffic Server), HAProxy, IIS configured as proxy (e.g., with Application Request Routing), Nginx, Privoxy, Squid,

title: POST (HTTP)

text: the query. As part of a POST request, an arbitrary amount of data of any type can be sent to the server in the body of the request message. A header field in the POST request usually indicates the message body's Internet media type. The World Wide Web and HTTP are based on a number of request methods or 'verbs', including POST and GET as well as PUT, DELETE, and several others. Web browsers normally use only GET and POST, but RESTful online apps make use of many of the others. POST's place in the range of HTTP methods is

title: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

text: In HTTP/1.0 and since, the first line of the HTTP response is called the status line and includes a numeric status code (such as "404") and a textual reason phrase (such as "Not Found").  The way the user agent handles the response primarily depends on the code and secondarily on the other response header fields. Custom status codes can be used since, if the user agent encounters a code it does not recognize, it can use the first digit of the code to determine the general class of the response.

title: URL redirection

text: a status code beginning with "3" that causes a browser to display a different page. If a client encounters a redirect, it needs to make a number of decisions how to handle the redirect. Different status codes are used by clients to understand the purpose of the redirect, how to handle caching and which request method to use for the subsequent request. HTTP/1.1 defines several status codes for redirection (RFC 7231): All of these status codes require the URL of the redirect target to be given in the Location: header of the HTTP response. The 300 multiple choices will usually

title: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

text: web browser, for example, may be the "client" and an application running on a computer hosting a website may be the "server". The client submits an HTTP "request" message to the server. The server, which provides "resources" such as HTML files and other content, or performs other functions on behalf of the client, returns a "response" message to the client. The response contains completion status information about the request and may also contain requested content in its message body. A web browser is an example of a "user agent" (UA). Other types of user agent include the indexing software used

title: Request–response

text: request, ultimately returning a message in response. This is a simple, but powerful messaging pattern which allows two applications to have a two-way conversation with one another over a channel. This pattern is especially common in client–server architectures. For simplicity, this pattern is typically implemented in a purely synchronous fashion, as in web service calls over HTTP, which holds a connection open and waits until the response is delivered or the timeout period expires. However, request–response may also be implemented asynchronously, with a response being returned at some unknown later time. When a synchronous system communicates with an asynchronous system,

title: HTTP cookie

text: the XMLHttpRequest API. This API allows pages to specify a proxy server that would get the reply, and this proxy server is not subject to the same-origin policy. For example, a victim is reading an attacker's posting on codice_85, and the attacker's script is executed in the victim's browser. The script generates a request to codice_85 with the proxy server codice_90. Since the request is for codice_85, all codice_17 cookies will be sent along with the request, but routed through the attacker's proxy server. Hence, the attacker would be able to harvest the victim's cookies. This attack would not work

title: Patch verb

text: HTTP protocol in 2010 (RFC 5789). HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web. HTTP is a request-response protocol which helps users communicate with the server to perform CRUD operations. HTTP supports a number of request methods such as PUT, POST and PATCH to create or update resources. The main difference between the PUT and PATCH method is that the PUT method uses the request URI to supply a modified version of the requested resource which replaces the original version of the resource whereas the PATCH method supplies a set of instructions to modify the resource.

title: HTTP 302

text: RFC 2616 changes the definition to allow user agents to rewrite POST to GET. Client request: Server response: HTTP 302 The HTTP response status code 302 Found is a common way of performing URL redirection. The HTTP/1.0 specification (RFC 1945) initially defined this code, and gave it the description phrase "Moved Temporarily" rather than "Found". An HTTP response with this status code will additionally provide a URL in the header field Location. This is an invitation to the user agent (e.g. a web browser) to make a second, otherwise identical, request to the new URL specified in the location field.

title: HTTP cookie

text: every request. However, there are some differences. Since a query string is part of a URL, if that URL is later reused, the same attached piece of information will be sent to the server, which could lead to confusion. For example, if the preferences of a user are encoded in the query string of a URL and the user sends this URL to another user by e-mail, those preferences will be used for that other user as well. Moreover, if the same user accesses the same page multiple times from different sources, there is no guarantee that the same query

title: X Window System core protocol

text: by the server as soon as it receives them: the first request from a client is numbered 1, the second 2, etc. The least significant 16 bits of the sequential number of a request is included in the reply and error packets generated by the request, if any. They are also included in event packets to indicate the sequential number of the request that the server is currently processing or has just finished processing. What is usually called a window in most graphical user interfaces is called a "top-level window" in the X Window System. The term window is also

title: JSON-RPC

text: the id, which is not needed because no response will be returned. In this case the codice_3 property should be omitted (Version 2.0) or be codice_8 (Version 1.0). In these examples, codice_9 denotes data sent to a service ("request"), while codice_10 denotes data coming from a service. Although codice_10 is often called a "response" in client–server computing, depending on the JSON-RPC version it does not necessarily imply an "answer" to a request"." Request and response: Notification (no response): Request and response: Request and response: [[Category:JSON]] [[Category:Web services]] [[Category:Remote procedure call]] JSON-RPC JSON-RPC is a remote procedure call protocol encoded in

title: Simple Common Gateway Interface

text: SCGI server sees the end of the request it sends back a response and closes the connection. The format of the response is not specifically specified by this protocol, although CGI-equivalent HTTP responses are generally used. A SCGI request is the concatenation of netstring-encoded headers and a body. A SCGI response is a normal HTTP response. Each header consists of a name-value pair, where both the name and the value are null-terminated strings(C-strings). The value can be an empty string, in which case the terminating null still remains. Neither name nor value can contain any embedded null bytes. These considerations

title: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

short_answers:
status line
the status line


question: who is the supreme justice of the supreme court

answers: John Roberts

title: Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud

text: Swapnil Tripathi v. Supreme Court of India, the judgment which allowed live streaming of Indian court cases. Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud (born 11 November 1959) is currently a sitting judge of the Supreme Court of India, He is the former Chief Justice of the Allahabad High Court and a former judge of the Bombay High Court. Chandrachud was born on 11 November 1959. His father Y. V. Chandrachud was the longest serving Chief Justice of India. His mother Prabha was a classical musician. After attending Cathedral and John Connon School, Mumbai and St. Columba's School, Delhi, Chandrachud graduated

title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: Arun Mishra recused himself from the case. Justice Chelameswar retired on June 30, 2018, leaving Justice Ranjan Gogoi as the second senior-most judge of the Supreme Court of India followed by Justices M B Lokur and Kurian Joseph. Ranjan Gogoi Ranjan Gogoi (born 18 November 1954) is an Indian judge serving as the 46th and current Chief Justice of India since 3 October 2018. His term as Chief Justice ends on 17 November 2019. He is the first person from Northeast India and first Assamese to become Chief Justice of India. Ranjan Gogoi is son of Congress leader Kesab Chandra

title: M. Y. Eqbal

text: and elevated as Judge of Supreme Court of India on 24 December 2012. His brother is also a judge in the Ranchi Lower Court. M. Y. Eqbal M. Y. Eqbal is a former judge in India. He was the Chief Justice of the Madras High Court, and in December 2012 became a Justice of the Supreme Court of India. He retired in February 2016. He was born on 13 February 1951. Passed B.Sc. Examination from Ranchi University in 1970 and obtained LL.B. Degree in 1974 with Distinction (Gold Medalist). Enrolled as an Advocate in 1975 and initially practised exclusively in

title: Ashok Bhushan

text: the High Court of Kerala on 10 July 2014, has taken charge as Acting Chief Justice on 1 August 2014 and as Chief Justice on 26 March 2015. He was appointed as Judge of the Supreme Court of India on 13 May 2016. Ashok Bhushan Ashok Bhushan (born 5 July 1956 in Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh) is currently a judge at the Supreme Court of India. He was the 31st Chief Justice of Kerala High Court. He was born in Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh on 5 July 1956 to late Shri Chandrama Prasad Srivastava and his wife Smt. Kalavathi Srivasthava. After completion

title: Sharad Arvind Bobde

text: Jasti Chelameswar, and Chokkalingam Nagappan, ratified an earlier order of the Supreme Court and clarified that no Indian citizen without an Aadhaar card can be deprived of basic services and government subsidies. Sharad Arvind Bobde Sharad Arvind Bobde (born 24 April 1956 Nagpur) is a judge of the Supreme Court of India. He is a former Chief Justice of Madhya Pradesh High Court. He is also serving as the Chancellor of Maharashtra National Law University, Mumbai and Maharashtra National Law University, Nagpur. He is due to retire on 23 April 2021. With a tenure of 8 years in Supreme Court

title: Sharad Arvind Bobde

text: Sharad Arvind Bobde Sharad Arvind Bobde (born 24 April 1956 Nagpur) is a judge of the Supreme Court of India. He is a former Chief Justice of Madhya Pradesh High Court. He is also serving as the Chancellor of Maharashtra National Law University, Mumbai and Maharashtra National Law University, Nagpur. He is due to retire on 23 April 2021. With a tenure of 8 years in Supreme Court of India, he is in line to be Chief Justice of India (with effect from 19 Nov 2019) after superannuation of Justice Ranjan Gogoi. He completed his graduation at SFS College Nagpur

title: Chief Justice of Pakistan

text: Chief Justice of Pakistan The Chief Justice of Pakistan (initials as CJP) is the head of the court system of Pakistan (the judicature branch of government) and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. The Chief Justice is the senior most of 17 Senior Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. From 1947 until 1960, the chief justice and senior justices were known as "Federal Judge". The Chief Justice is the chief administrative officer of the country's court system and the highest judicial officer- ranking immediately above the Chief Justice of the Federal Shariat Court- and is responsible

title: Sanjay Kishan Kaul

text: Justice of Punjab and Haryana High Court in June 2013. As a chancellor The chancellor of TNNLS is the Chief Justice of Madras high court.And hence he is currently serving also as the chancellor of TNNLS.And he has also visited the college and addressed the students. In the year 2017, on 24 August, Justice Kaul along with eight brother judges ruled in favour of Privacy being a Fundamental Right, which is a watershed moment in the history of Constitutional Jurisprudence of India. 8.http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/Process-of-selecting-V-C-for-law-school-under-way-says-Chief-Justice/article15422011.ece Sanjay Kishan Kaul Sanjay Kishan Kaul is a judge of the Supreme Court of India. He assumed

title: Mohan Shantanagoudar

text: Kerala High Court on 1 August 2016. He took the oath as Chief Justice of the Kerala High Court on 22 September 2016. Mohan Shantanagoudar Mohan Mallikarjunagouda Shantanagoudar (born 5 May 1958 in Chikkerur, Haveri District, Karnataka) is an Indian Judge. He was appointed as a Judge of the Supreme court of India on 17 February 2017. He has also served as the Chief Justice of the Kerala High Court before his elevation to the Supreme Court of India. He initially practiced at the Karnataka High Court as an advocate, later appointed as the Additional Judge in 2003, and elevated

title: Chief Justice of Kenya

text: Chief Justice of Kenya The Chief Justice of Kenya is the head of the Judiciary of Kenya and President of the Supreme Court of Kenya and is an office established under Article 161 of the Kenyan Constitution. He or she is assisted by the Deputy Chief Justice who is also the Deputy President of the Supreme Court. The current Chief Justice is David Maraga. Before the enactment of the Constitution of Kenya 2010, the President appointed the Chief Justice without any interview process or parliamentary approval. The Chief Justice did not enjoy security of tenure, and could be dismissed at

title: Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud

text: Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud (born 11 November 1959) is currently a sitting judge of the Supreme Court of India, He is the former Chief Justice of the Allahabad High Court and a former judge of the Bombay High Court. Chandrachud was born on 11 November 1959. His father Y. V. Chandrachud was the longest serving Chief Justice of India. His mother Prabha was a classical musician. After attending Cathedral and John Connon School, Mumbai and St. Columba's School, Delhi, Chandrachud graduated with honours in Economics and Mathematics from St. Stephen's College, New Delhi in 1979. He aced the

title: Syed Mansoor Ali Shah

text: judge of the Lahore High Court in 2009, and was appointed Chief Justice on 27 June 2016. He was elevated as a judge of the Supreme Court on Wednesday, 7 February 2018. Since joining the court, Shah has authored decisions on constitutional law, human rights, and environmental sustainability and focused on judicial reform, including the revamping of the Punjab Judicial Academy and the creation of the LHC research centre. He is generally viewed as an independent-minded and reformist judge. Syed Mansoor Ali Shah Syed Mansoor Ali Shah (born 28 November 1962) is a Pakistani jurist who is serving as judge

title: H. S. Bedi

text: appointed as an Additional Judge of the Punjab and Haryana High Court on 15 March 1991 and permanent Judge on 8 July 1992. He was appointed as the Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court on 3 October 2006 and a Judge of Supreme Court of India on 12 January 2007. He retired in 2011. H. S. Bedi Harjit Singh Bedi (born 5 September 1946) is a justice of the Supreme Court of India. Bedi comes from a family of agriculturists from Sahiwal (formerly known as Montgomery), now in Pakistan. He is a descendant of Guru Nanak, being number 17

title: Dipak Misra

text: Dipak Misra Justice Dipak Misra (born 3 October 1953) is an Indian jurist who served as the 45th Chief Justice of India from 28 August 2017 till 2 October 2018. He is also a former Chief Justice of the Patna and Delhi High Courts. He is the nephew of Justice Ranganath Misra, who was the 21st Chief Justice from 1990 to 1991. He succeeded J. S. Khehar, the 44th Chief Justice. Misra enrolled at the Bar on 14 February 1977 and practiced at the Orissa High Court and the Service Tribunal. He was first appointed as an Additional Judge of

title: Rajendra Mal Lodha

text: 2014 and was succeeded by H L Dattu. These include: Rajendra Mal Lodha Justice R. M. Lodha (born 28 September 1949) was the 41st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India. Before being elevated to the Supreme Court, he served as the Chief Justice of Patna High Court. He has also served as a judge in Rajasthan High Court and Bombay High Court. On 14 July 2015, the Supreme Court committee headed by RM Lodha suspended the owners of Rajasthan Royals and Chennai Super Kings from the Indian Premier League cricket tournament for a period of two years for

title: Navin Sinha

text: transferred to Chhattisgarh High Court on 9 July 2014. Justice Navin Sinha was sworn-in as the new Chief Justice of the Rajasthan High Court on May 14, 2016. Justice Sinha was administered the oath as the 31st chief justice of the Rajasthan High Court by Governor Kalyan Singh. Navin Sinha Navin Sinha is a judge of the Supreme Court of India. Justice Sinha had previously served as judge of Patna High Court and Chief Justice of Rajasthan High Court. Sinha was born on 19 August 1956. After completing a bachelor's degree in arts, he obtained LL.B. degree. Sinha joined bar

title: Javaid Iqbal

text: Javaid Iqbal Javed Iqbal (; b. 1 August 1946) is a retired Senior Justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan and a philosopher who is currently serving as the Chairman of the National Accountability Bureau (NAB), appointed since 8 October 2017. A jurist and professor of law by profession, he served as the Senior Justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan from 2004 until his retirement in 2011. Prior to the appointment at the Supreme Court, Justice Iqbal shortly tenured as the Chief Justice of the Balochistan High Court which lasted only a month. During his career as jurist, he

title: Supreme Court of Pakistan

text: Inconsistently with the decision, the present Chief Justice Chaudhry has accepted the stance of the government that Justice Dogar was the Chief Justice until his retirement. Following the decision, the official website of Supreme Court was hacked by an unknown person. The hacked website made derogatory remarks about Chief Justice Chaudhry. Supreme Court of Pakistan The Supreme Court of Pakistan (; "Adālat-e-Uzma Pākistān") is the apex court in the of Pakistan. Established in accordance to the Part VII of the Constitution of Pakistan, it has ultimate and extensive appellate, original, and advisory jurisdictions on all courts (including the high courts,

title: Chief justice

text: of the President of South Africa. Chief justice The chief justice is the presiding member of a supreme court in any of many countries with a justice system based on English common law, such as the Supreme Court of Bangladesh, the Supreme Court of Canada, the Supreme Court of Singapore, the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong, the Supreme Court of Japan, the Supreme Court of India, the Supreme Court of Pakistan, the Supreme Court of Nigeria, the Supreme Court of Nepal, the Constitutional Court of South Africa, the Supreme Court of Ireland, the Supreme Court of New Zealand,

title: Chief Justice of the United States

text: Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, 17 persons have served as chief justice. The first was John Jay (1789–1795). The current chief justice is John Roberts (since 2005).  Four—Edward Douglass White, Charles Evans Hughes, Harlan Fiske Stone, and William Rehnquist—were previously confirmed for associate justice and subsequently confirmed for chief justice separately.

title: Tassaduq Hussain Jillani

text: Tassaduq Hussain Jillani Tassaduq Hussain Jillani (born 6 July 1949) is a Pakistani judge who served as the 21st Chief Justice of Pakistan from 2013 to 2014. He previously served as a Justice of the Supreme Court from 2004, after being nominated Justice of the Lahore High Court by Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto in 1994. Born in Multan, Jillani was educated at Forman Christian College and University of the Punjab. He served as Advocate General Punjab in 1993 before his elevation as judge. As Justice of the Supreme Court, Jillani refused to take oath under General Pervez Musharraf during emergency

title: Chokkalingam Nagappan

text: a Judge of The Supreme Court of India and sworn in on 19.09.2013. Nagappan who held a relatively short tenure retired as a Judge of the Supreme Court of India on 03.10.2016. A three judge bench of the Indian Supreme Court, comprising Nagappan, Jasti Chelameswar, and Sharad Arvind Bobde ratified an earlier order of the Supreme Court and clarified that no Indian citizen without an Aadhaar card can be deprived of basic services and government subsidies. Chokkalingam Nagappan Chokkalingam Nagappan (born 4 October 1951) is a former judge of the Supreme Court of India serving from September 2013 till his

title: Hemant Gupta

text: was transferred to the Patna High Court on February 2016, thereafter took over the charge of acting chief justice of the Patna High Court after the retirement of Justice Iqbal Ahmed Ansari on 29 October 2016. He was appointed as the Chief Justice of the Madhya Pradesh High Court on 18 March 2017. In November 2018 he became Justice of the Supreme Court of India. Hemant Gupta Hemant Gupta(born 17 October 1957) is a judge of Supreme Court of India and he was also former Chief Justice of Madhya Pradesh High Court. He will retire on 16 October 2022. Justice

title: Chief Justice of Lahore High Court

text: appointment of Chief Justice of Lahore High Court is made by Prime Minister of Pakistan and Chief Justice of Pakistan and final appointments are confirmed by the President of Pakistan. The first Chief Justice of Lahore High Court was Henry Plowden. The current Chief Justice is Muhammad Anwaarul Haq, incumbent since October, 23 2018. Chief Justice of Lahore High Court The Chief Justice of Lahore High Court (Urdu: منصف اعظم عدالت عالیہ لاہور) initials as CJP LHC), is the head of Lahore High court system of Province Punjab, Pakistan and the chief judge of the Lahore High Court of Pakistan.

title: K. S. Panicker Radhakrishnan

text: to transgender people, and gave them the right to self-identify their gender as male, female or third-gender. K. S. Panicker Radhakrishnan Justice K. S. Radhakrishna Panicker (born 15 May 1949) is a former judge of the Supreme Court of India. Prior to that, he served as the Chief Justice of Jammu and Kashmir High Court and Chief Justice of Gujarat High Court. Radhakrishnan obtained master's degree in Law in Administrative Law from the Cochin University of Science and Technology. He has also passed Post Graduate Diploma in Constitutional Law from ICPS, New Delhi. He was enrolled as Advocate on 8

title: Fakkir Mohamed Ibrahim Kalifulla

text: the acting Chief Justice two months later. In September 2011, he was named as the Chief Justice of High Court of Jammu and Kashmir. On 2 April 2012, he was named to the Supreme Court of India, sworn in by Chief Justice Sarosh Homi Kapadia. Justice Kalifulla retired from the Supreme Court of India on 22 July 2016. Fakkir Mohamed Ibrahim Kalifulla Fakkir Mohamed Ibrahim Kalifulla (born 23 July 1951) is a former judge of the Supreme Court of India. Fakkir Mohamed Ibrahim Kalifulla was born on 23 July 1951, in Karaikudi, Sivagangai District, Tamil Nadu, India. Kalifulla enrolled as

title: Chandramauli Kumar Prasad

text: the Supreme Court. Chandramauli Kumar Prasad Justice Chandramauli Kumar Prasad (born 15 July 1949) is the Chairman, Press Council of India. Prior to his appointment, he served as a former Judge of the Supreme Court of India, from 8 February 2010 to 14 July 2014. Justice C.K. Prasad undertook school education at Patna High School, from where he passed Secondary School Examination. After graduating in Science from Magadh University, Justice Prasad chose to study the noble stream of law and graduated in Law from Patna University in 1973. Justice Prasad is married to Mrs. Madhu Rukhaiyar and has three children,

title: Supreme Court of India

text: India. In 2010, Justice S. H. Kapadia coming from a Parsi minority community became the Chief Justice of India. In 2017, Justice Jagdish Singh Khehar became the first Sikh Chief Justice of India. Indu Malhotra is the first women justice to be selected directly from bar. The constitution seeks to ensure the independence of supreme court judges in various ways. Per of directive principles of state policy, the state shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive. Independence of the judiciary, the supremacy of the constitution and rule of law are the features of the basic structure of

title: Mohan Shantanagoudar

text: Mohan Shantanagoudar Mohan Mallikarjunagouda Shantanagoudar (born 5 May 1958 in Chikkerur, Haveri District, Karnataka) is an Indian Judge. He was appointed as a Judge of the Supreme court of India on 17 February 2017. He has also served as the Chief Justice of the Kerala High Court before his elevation to the Supreme Court of India. He initially practiced at the Karnataka High Court as an advocate, later appointed as the Additional Judge in 2003, and elevated as a permanent judge of the Karnataka High Court on 29 September 2004. He was appointed as the acting chief justice of the

title: Adarsh Kumar Goel

text: Court on 20 December 2011. Sworn in as Chief Justice of the Odisha High Court on 12 October 2013 on transfer. Elevated as Judge of Supreme Court and assumed charge on 7 July 2014. Adarsh Kumar Goel Adarsh Kumar Goel (born 7 July 1953) is a former judge of the Supreme Court of India. He is a former Chief Justice of the Odisha High Court and the Gauhati High Court, and a former justice of the Punjab and Haryana High Court. He is currently serving as the chair person of National Green Tribunal. He did his B.A. (Hons.) and LL.B.

title: Chief Justice of the United States