question: how many states have a cracker barrel restaurant

answers: 43

title: Cracker Barrel

text: store that he remembered from his childhood, with a name chosen to give it a Southern country theme, Cracker Barrel was intended to attract the interest of highway travelers. The first restaurant was built close to Interstate 40, in Lebanon, Tennessee. It opened in September 1969, serving Southern cuisine including biscuits, grits, country ham, and turnip greens. Evins incorporated Cracker Barrel in February 1970, and soon opened more locations. In the early 1970s, the firm leased land on gasoline station sites near interstate highways to build restaurants. These early locations all featured gas pumps on-site; during gasoline shortages in the

title: Cracker Barrel

text: and catfish; seasonal and regional menu items were added during the 1980s and 1990s. In 2007, Cracker Barrel announced plans to remove artificial trans fats from its menu items. For much of its early history, Cracker Barrel decided to locate its restaurants along the Interstate Highway System, and the majority of its restaurants remain close to interstate and other highways. Cracker Barrel is known for the loyalty of its customers, particularly travelers who are likely to spend more at restaurants than locals. The locations are themed around the idea of a traditional Southern U.S. general store. Items used to decorate

title: Cracker Barrel

text: including eggs and salsa in Texas and Reuben sandwiches in New York, but continued to offer its original menu items in all restaurants. By September 1997, Cracker Barrel had 314 restaurants, and aimed to increase the number of stores by approximately 50 per year over the following five years. The firm closed its Corner Market operations in 1997 and refocused on its restaurant and gift store locations. Its then president, Ron Magruder, stated that the chain was concentrating on strengthening its core theme, offering traditional foods and retail in a country store setting, with good service and country music. The

title: Cracker Barrel

text: chain opened its first restaurant and gift store not located near a highway in 1998, in Dothan, Alabama. In the 2000s, in the wake of incidents including charges of racial discrimination and controversy over its policy of firing gay employees, the firm launched a series of promotional activities including a nationwide book drive and a sweepstakes with trips to the Country Music Association Awards and rocking chairs among the prizes. The number of combined restaurants and stores owned by Cracker Barrel increased between 1997 and 2000, to more than 420 locations. In 2000 and 2001, the company addressed staffing and

title: Cracker Barrel

text: named the "Best Family Dining" restaurant by a nationwide "Choice in Chains" consumer poll in "Restaurants & Institutions" magazine for 19 consecutive years. Cracker Barrel restaurants are aimed at the family and casual dining market as well as retail sales. The chain also advertises to people traveling on the interstate highways, as the majority of its locations are close to highway exits. The company has promoted its cost controls to investors. The company has stated its goal to keep employee turnover low, to provide better trained staff. Since the 1980s, the firm has offered a formal training program with benefits

title: Cracker Barrel

text: each store are authentic artifacts, including everyday objects from the early 1900s and after. Each restaurant features a front porch lined with wooden rocking chairs, a wooden peg solitaire game on every table, and a stone fireplace with a deer head displayed above the mantel. In fact, each location has five common items: a shotgun, a cookstove, a deer head, a telephone, and a traffic light. The peg games have been present in Cracker Barrel since the opening of the first store, and continue to be produced by the same family in Lebanon, Tennessee. The decor at each location typically

title: Cracker Barrel

text: Cracker Barrel Cracker Barrel Old Country Store, Inc. is an American chain of combined restaurant and gift stores with a Southern country theme. The company was founded by Dan Evins in 1969; its first store was in Lebanon, Tennessee. The corporate offices are located at a different facility in the same city. The chain's stores were at first positioned near Interstate highway exits in the Southeastern and Midwestern United States, but has expanded across the country during the 1990s and 2000s. , the chain operates 645 stores in 44 states. Cracker Barrel's menu is based on traditional Southern cuisine, with

title: Cracker Barrel

text: appearance and decor designed to resemble an old-fashioned general store. Each restaurant features a front porch lined with wooden rocking chairs, a stone fireplace, and decorative artifacts from the local area. Cracker Barrel partners with country music performers. It engages in charitable activities, such as its assistance of victims of Hurricane Katrina and injured war veterans. Employees there wear a choice of either white, yellow, blue or pink shirts. During the 1990s, the company was the subject of controversy for its official stance against gay and lesbian employees and for discriminatory practices against African-American customers and female employees. In 2004,

title: Cracker Barrel

text: menu, and asked that the Smithfield Foods deal be nullified by the U.S. District Court in the Northern District of Illinois. Cracker Barrel Cracker Barrel Old Country Store, Inc. is an American chain of combined restaurant and gift stores with a Southern country theme. The company was founded by Dan Evins in 1969; its first store was in Lebanon, Tennessee. The corporate offices are located at a different facility in the same city. The chain's stores were at first positioned near Interstate highway exits in the Southeastern and Midwestern United States, but has expanded across the country during the 1990s

title: Cracker Barrel

text: with annual net sales of almost $81 million. The company grew consistently through the 1980s and 1990s, attaining a $1 billion market value by 1992. In 1993, the chain's revenue was nearly twice that of any other family restaurant. In 1994, the chain tested a carry-out-only store, Cracker Barrel Old Country Store Corner Market, in suburban residential neighborhoods. In addition, it expanded into new markets through the establishment of more traditional Cracker Barrel locations, the majority of them outside the South, and tested alterations to its menus to adapt to new regions. The chain added regional dishes to its menus,

title: Alimentation Couche-Tard

text: brand on all of its stores in English Canada, the United States, and Scandinavia. The Couche-Tard brand will be retained in Quebec. On August 29, 2016, it was announced that they were buying 53 Cracker Barrel convenience stores in Louisiana for an undisclosed price. As in the case with most of its other acquisitions, the Cracker Barrel chain would also be converted to Circle Ks. The acquired chain stores all have gas stations, with the exception of one location, and 12 have quick-serve restaurants. (The Cracker Barrel chain is unrelated to the restaurant chain of the same name.) In July

title: Cracker Barrel

text: includes artifacts related to the local history of the area, including antique household tools, old wall calendars and advertising posters, and antique photographs; these are centrally stored in a warehouse in Tennessee, where they are cataloged and stockpiled for future use by individual store locations. "Destinations" magazine has presented the chain with awards for best chain restaurant, and in 2010 and 2011, the Zagat survey named it the "Best Breakfast". The chain was selected by the Outdoor Advertising Association of America as the 2011 OBIE Hall of Fame Award recipient for its long-standing use of outdoor advertising. It was also

title: Cracker Barrel

text: Evins died of bladder cancer. As a Southern-themed chain, Cracker Barrel serves traditional Southern comfort food often described as "down-home" country cooking and sells gift items including simple toys representative of the 1950s and 1960s, toy vehicles, puzzles, and woodcrafts. Also sold are country music CDs, DVDs of early classic television, cookbooks, baking mixes, kitchen novelty decor, and early classic brands of candy and snack foods. Breakfast is served all day, and there are two menus: one for breakfast, the other for lunch and dinner. Since the first restaurant opened, the menu has featured Southern specialties, including biscuits, fried chicken,

title: Cracker Barrel

text: infrastructure issues related to this rapid growth by implementing a more rigorous recruitment strategy and introducing new technology, including an order-placement system. From the late 1990s to the mid-2000s, the company focused on opening new locations in residential areas to attract local residents and workers as customers. It updated its marketing in 2006 to encourage new customers, changing the design of its highway billboard advertisements to include images of menu items. Previously the signs had featured only the company's logo. By 2011, Cracker Barrel had opened more than 600 restaurants in 42 states. On January 17, 2012, company founder Dan

title: Cracker Barrel

text: mid to late 1970s, the firm began to build restaurants without pumps. Into the early 1980s, the company reduced the number of gas stations on-site, eventually phasing them out altogether as the company focused on its restaurant and gift sales revenues. Cracker Barrel became a publicly traded company in 1981 to raise funds for further expansion. It floated more than half a million shares, raising $4.6 million. Following the initial public offering, Cracker Barrel grew at a rate of around 20 percent per year; by 1987, the company had become a chain of more than 50 units in eight states,

title: Cracker Barrel

text: a U.S. Department of Justice (USDOJ) investigation found that Cracker Barrel discriminated against minority customers; patrons complained of racially segregated seating and service quality. In an agreement with the USDOJ, Cracker Barrel implemented non-discrimination policies and pledged to focus on improving minority representation and civic involvement, particularly in the black community. Company shareholders added sexual orientation to the company's non-discrimination policy in 2002. Cracker Barrel was founded in 1969 by Dan Evins, a sales representative for Shell Oil, who developed the restaurant and gift store concept initially as a plan to improve gasoline sales. Designed to resemble the traditional country

title: Cracker Barrel

text: 14 percent in support, along with 9 percent abstaining. It was not until 2002 that the proposals were successful; 58 percent of company shareholders voted in favor of the addition. Cracker Barrel achieved the lowest score (15 out of 100) of all rated food and beverage companies in the Human Rights Campaign's 2008 Corporate Equality Index, a measure of LGBT workplace equality. Their score for 2011 had increased to a 55. The 2011 survey noted that the firm had established a non-discrimination policy and had introduced diversity training that included training related to sexual orientation. However, the company's score for

title: Cracker Barrel

text: range of charities through one-off donations, promotional events, and partnerships with charitable organizations. The chain has supported charities and causes in communities where its restaurants are located, including the Gulf Coast after Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and Nashville after severe flooding in 2010. In the same year, Cracker Barrel established Cracker Barrel Cares Inc., an employee-funded non-profit organization that provides support to Cracker Barrel employees. Cracker Barrel has also formed a partnership with the Wounded Warrior Project, a charity for injured veterans. In attempts to rebuild its image after several race-related controversies, the firm has provided a scholarship through the

title: Cracker Barrel

text: publicizing of its non-discrimination policies. They were required to hire an outside auditor to ensure compliance with the terms of the settlement. In 2006, Cracker Barrel paid a $2 million settlement to end a lawsuit alleging race and sexual harassment at three Illinois restaurants. Cracker Barrel stores subsequently began displaying a sign in the front foyer explaining the company's non-discrimination policy, and added to its website and menu the policy and details on how to make a complaint. Since the early 2000s, Cracker Barrel has provided training and resources to minority employees, to improve its image on diversity. These efforts

title: Cracker Barrel

text: Cracker Barrel Old Country Store, Inc. is an American chain of combined restaurant and gift stores with a Southern country theme. The company was founded by Dan Evins in 1969; its first store was in Lebanon, Tennessee, which remains the company headquarters. The chain's stores were at first positioned near Interstate highway exits in the Southeastern and Midwestern United States, but has expanded across the country during the 1990s and 2000s. As of  September 18, 2012, the chain operates 639 stores in 43 states.

title: Cracker Barrel

text: pulling the products from its shelves, Cracker Barrel reversed its position after protests from customers. In July 1999, a discrimination lawsuit was filed against Cracker Barrel by a group of former employees, who claimed that the company had discriminated against them on the grounds of race. In December 2001, twenty-one of the restaurant's customers, represented by the same attorneys, filed a separate lawsuit, alleging racial discrimination in its treatment of guests. Regarding both accusations, Cracker Barrel officials disputed the claims and stated that the company was committed to fair treatment of its employees and customers. In 2004, an investigation by

title: Cracker Barrel

text: the U.S. Justice Department found evidence that Cracker Barrel had been segregating customer seating by race; seating or serving white customers before seating or serving black customers; providing inferior service to black customers, and allowing white servers to refuse to serve black customers. The Justice Department determined that the firm had violated Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The company was required to sign a five-year agreement to introduce "effective nondiscrimination policies and procedures." The terms included new equal opportunity training; the creation of a new system to log, investigate, and resolve complaints of discrimination; and the

title: American cuisine

text: snapper soup, Smith Island cake, grape pie, milkshakes, and the egg cream, a vanilla or chocolate fountain drink with a frothy top and fizzy taste. As in Hopper's painting from 1942, many of these businesses are open 24 hours a day. Midwestern cuisine today covers everything from Kansas City-style barbecue to the Chicago-style hot dog, though many of its classics are very simple, hearty fare. Mostly this region was completely untouched by European and American settlers until after the American Civil War, and excepting Missouri and the heavily forested states near the Great Lakes was mainly populated by nomadic tribes

title: 2016 Kalamazoo shootings

text: outside a Cracker Barrel restaurant in Texas Township, located about from the Kia dealership. Four people seated inside two vehicles were killed and one other person was wounded. The shooter reportedly approached one victim inside a white van, asked her a question, and then shot her before shooting into an adjacent vehicle, which contained the other victims. This shooting took about one minute before the gunman fled. He was alleged to have returned home and reloaded his gun there. After officers responding to the scene of the Kia dealership shooting heard reports of the gunfire at Cracker Barrel, they realized

title: Dan Evins

text: he was working for Shell Oil. He opened the first restaurant in Lebanon, Tennessee, on Tennessee State Route 109. He borrowed $40,000 to construct the first Cracker Barrel, which turned a profit just one month after opening. Evins was the chief executive officer (CEO) of Cracker Barrel from its founding in 1969 to 2001, and as chairman of the board from 2001 until his retirement in 2004. During this time he was also served as chairman of the board of directors for Castle Heights Military Academy while his son was enrolled in the school. In 1991, he believed gay and

title: Cuisine of the Southern United States

text: of the country, most of the rural South has locally owned, non-franchise pit-barbecue restaurants, many serving the regional style of barbecue instead of the nationally predominant Kansas City style. Family-style restaurants serving Southern cuisine are common throughout the South, and range from the humble and down-home to the decidedly upscale. Southern cuisine varies widely by region: Oklahoma has a reputation for many grain- and bean-based dishes, such as "cornbread and beans" or the breakfast dish biscuits and gravy. Mississippi specializes in farm-raised catfish, found in traditional "fish houses" throughout the state. Arkansas is the top rice-producing state in the nation,

title: Cracker Barrel

text: Its chief executive officer (CEO), Sandra Cochran, is the second woman in Tennessee to hold that office in a publicly traded company. In November 2012, Cracker Barrel licensed its name to Smithfield Foods' John Morrell Division in a deal to create a line of meat products to be sold in supermarkets and through other retail channels. In response, Kraft Foods filed a trademark-infringement lawsuit in February 2013. Kraft has sold cheese in retail stores under their "Cracker Barrel" brand since 1954. The corporation said that Cracker Barrel stores have not made significant sales of retail food products beyond their restaurant

title: Fast food restaurant

text: with Hardee's (owned by CKE Restaurants, which also owns Carl's Jr., whose locations are primarily on the United States West Coast); Krystal, Bojangles' Famous Chicken 'n Biscuits, Cook Out, and Zaxby's restaurants in the American Southeast; Raising Cane's in Louisiana and other mostly Southern states; Hot 'n Now in Michigan and Wisconsin; In-N-Out Burger (in California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and Texas) and Original Tommy's chains in Southern California; Dick's Drive-In in Seattle, Washington and Arctic Circle in Utah and other western states; Halo Burger around Flint, Michigan and Burgerville in the Portland, Oregon area. Also, Whataburger is a popular burger

title: Logan's Roadhouse

text: Logan's Roadhouse Logan's Roadhouse is a chain of restaurants based in Nashville, Tennessee, U.S. It was founded in 1991 in Lexington, Kentucky, United States. There are 194 company operated and 25 franchised Logan's Roadhouse locations throughout 23 states and growing. Many locations closed, having to do with servers giving out too many delicious rolls, causing the company to hemorrhage money. In 1999 it became a wholly owned subsidiary of the publicly held CBRL Group, Inc (which also owns Cracker Barrel). On December 6, 2006, CBRL Group sold Logan's Roadhouse to affiliates of Bruckmann, Rosser, Sherrill & Co., Canyon Capital Advisors

title: Dan Evins

text: lesbian employees should be fired if customers or other staff members found them disruptive. In 1998, Evans led the drive by Cracker Barrel to purchase and restore the Mitchell House in Lebanon, Tennessee. The home had been a dormitory for elementary age students while Castle Heights Military Academy had been operating. The company spent two million dollars to restore the home and make it the company's corporate office. By January 2012, Cracker Barrel had more than 67,000 employees working in more than 600 restaurants in 42 U.S. states. Dan Evins died on January 14, 2012, at his daughter's home in

title: Cracker Barrel


question: who wrote papa got a brand new bag

answers: James Brown

title: Papa's Got a Brand New Bag

text: number 71.) The song is currently ranked as the 80th greatest song of all time, as well as the sixth best song of 1965, by Acclaimed Music. An instrumental version of "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag" was released as the B-side of Brown's 1965 Smash single "Try Me". He also recorded a big band jazz arrangement of the song with the Louie Bellson Orchestra for his 1970 album "Soul on Top". Live performances of "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag" appear on the albums "Hot on the One", "Live in New York", "Soul Session Live", "Live at the Apollo

title: Papa's Got a Brand New Bag

text: sped up for its single release, increasing the tempo and raising the pitch by a half step. In 1991 the recording was released in unedited form at its original speed on the box set "Star Time". The track includes lead-in studio chatter, with Brown throatily (and presciently) shouting "This is a hit!" just before the drum and horn intro. In 2004, "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag" was ranked number 72 on "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of the 500 greatest songs of all time. (In 2010 the magazine updated its list, and the song was moved up a rank to

title: Papa's Got a Brand New Pigbag

text: Papa's Got a Brand New Pigbag "Papa's Got a Brand New Pigbag" is a 1981 instrumental performed by the British dance-punk band Pigbag. The instrumental was written by Pigbag, who produced it, along with, Dave Hunt and Dick O'Dell. Initially, "Papa's Got a Brand new Pigbag" hit number 2 on the UK underground charts. In the US, the instrumental was released as an import on the Rough Trade label, where it made to number 56 on the dance chart. A 1982 re-release of "Papa's Got a Brand New Pigbag" went to number 3 in the UK. Whilst the track is

title: Papa's Got a Brand New Bag

text: of funk music as a distinct style. As Brown sings the praises of an old man brave enough to get out on the dance floor of a nightclub ("brand new bag" meaning new interest, taste, or way of doing something), his band provides a horn-heavy backdrop with a prominent rhythm and an electric guitar riff for a hook. Both singer and musicians place overwhelming emphasis on the first beat of each measure ("on the One"). The song is Brown's first recording to feature Jimmy Nolen on guitar. The taped recording of "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag" was edited and

title: Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine

text: as "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag", the band's inexperienced horn section plays a relatively minor part. Instead, the song centers on the insistent riff played by brothers Bootsy and Catfish Collins on bass and guitar and Jabo Starks on drums, along with the call and response interplay between Brown and Byrd's vocals, which consist mostly of exhortations to "get up / stay on the scene / like a sex machine". During the song's final vocal passages Brown and Byrd started to sing the main hook of Elmore James' blues classic "Shake Your Moneymaker." The original single version of "Sex

title: James Brown

text: gospel-tinged vocals, polished choreography and timing as well as Brown's energetic dance moves and high-octane singing upstaged the proposed closing act, the Rolling Stones. Having signed a new deal with King, Brown released his song "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag", which became his first top ten pop hit and won him his first Grammy Award. Later in 1965, he issued "I Got You", which became his second single in a row to reach number-one on the R&B chart and top ten on the pop chart. Brown followed that up with the ballad "It's a Man's Man's Man's World" which

title: Oh Baby Don't You Weep

text: preventing Brown from issuing his vocal recordings on other labels. In mid-1965 Brown returned to King to release the hit "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag". He continued to record instrumentals and produce records for other performers on Smash through 1967. Despite its hit status, "Oh Baby Don't You Weep" has rarely been heard on radio or reissued since its original 1964 release. It appears on the "Roots of a Revolution" compilation album and CD in its originally recorded version without the dubbed-in crowd noise, and on the 2007 Hip-O Select release "". It inspired a cover version by Eddie

title: Papa Loved Mama

text: moved to The Chase, and 'Papa Loved Mama' was placed on Ropin' the Wind. Kim Williams might be one of the most talented writers I have ever worked with simply because he can sneak so many things in on you as a listener and he does it with this big smile on his face. Be it as a co-writer or just a friend, I hope I see that smile the rest of my life... good guy."" Papa Loved Mama "Papa Loved Mama" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Garth Brooks. It was released in February

title: O mein Papa

text: Papa"), Björk (on "Gling-Gló", as "Pabbi minn") and many others. The opening stanza was momentarily quoted in Frank Zappa's song "Billy the Mountain" (1972) in place of the word "fissure", a reference to Eddie Fisher. The song was also in the episode "Like Father, Like Clown" of "The Simpsons" sung by Krusty the Clown. <poem> Oh, my Papa, to me he was so wonderful, Oh, my Papa, to me he was so good. No one could be so gentle and so lovable, Oh, my Papa, he always understood. </poem><poem> Oh, my Papa, so funny, so adorable, Always the clown so

title: Papa Was a Rollin' Stone

text: Papa Was a Rollin' Stone "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" is a psychedelic soul song, written by Motown songwriters Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong as a single for Motown act The Undisputed Truth in 1971. This version of "Papa" was released as a single in May 1972 and peaked at #63 on the Pop Charts and #24 on the R&B Charts, and was included on The Undisputed Truth's 1973 album "Law of the Land". Later that year, Whitfield, who also produced the song, took "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" and remade it as a 12-minute record for The Temptations, which

title: Papa Has a Rollin' Son

text: Papa Has a Rollin' Son "Papa Has a Rollin' Son" is the second episode of the fourteenth season of the animated sitcom "Family Guy", and the 251st episode overall. It aired on Fox in the United States on October 4, 2015, and is written by Danny Smith and directed by Steve Robertson. At The Drunken Clam, Peter Griffin, Glenn Quagmire, Cleveland Brown, and Joe Swanson talk about the upcoming Father's Day. While Peter has already met Quagmire's dad Dan/Ida Quagmire and Cleveland's father LeVar "Freight Train" Brown, Peter mentions that they haven't met Joe's father Bud who Joe is estranged

title: Pigbag

text: Romeo and Juliet's in Bristol on 21 October 1980. They played a twenty-minute version of what was to become "Papa's Got a Brand New Pigbag" to a very positive reception, and the next day O'Dell invited them to record the track for Y Records. At this point they adopted the name Pigbag, in reference to Chris Hamlin's scruffy cloth bag bearing a screen-printed warthog. The band made their first recordings in 1981 at Berry Street Studios in London. Later that year they released their first single, the instrumental classic "Papa's Got A Brand New Pigbag", on Y Records, distributed by

title: Brian's Got a Brand New Bag

text: Alex's Almost Live Comedy Show". The episode was written by series regular Tom Devanney and directed by Pete Michels. It received very mixed reviews from critics for its storyline and many cultural references. According to Nielsen ratings, it was viewed in 7.38 million homes in its original airing. The episode featured guest performances by Hart Bochner, James Burkholder, Aimee Garcia, Jack Samson, Stacey Scowley, Debra Skelton, Reginald VelJohnson, Nana Visitor, Tico Wells, Mae Whitman, and Bruce Willis, along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series. "Brian's Got a Brand New Bag" was released on DVD along with seven

text: a collection of cover songs which include songs like "I Can See Clearly Now" (originally by Johnny Nash), "Brother Love's Traveling Salvation Show" (Neil Diamond), and "Listen to the Music" (The Doobie Brothers). The only song written by Bono is the title track; it clocks in at over nine minutes on the album version, and was edited down to under four minutes for the single. Mama Was a Rock and Roll Singer, Papa Used to Write All Her Songs Mama Was a Rock and Roll Singer, Papa Used to Write All Her Songs is the fifth and final studio album

title: Papa Has a Rollin' Son

text: I did laughing during "Family Guy" Season 14 Episode 2. And the only times I did laugh was when Stewie was on the screen." Papa Has a Rollin' Son "Papa Has a Rollin' Son" is the second episode of the fourteenth season of the animated sitcom "Family Guy", and the 251st episode overall. It aired on Fox in the United States on October 4, 2015, and is written by Danny Smith and directed by Steve Robertson. At The Drunken Clam, Peter Griffin, Glenn Quagmire, Cleveland Brown, and Joe Swanson talk about the upcoming Father's Day. While Peter has already met

text: (Everybody's Waitin' for) The Man with the Bag "(Everybody's Waitin' for) The Man with the Bag" is a Christmas song written in 1950 by Irving Taylor, Dudley Brooks, and Hal Stanley. The "man with the bag" is a reference to Santa Claus, who drops off presents from his sleigh to people who have been "extra special good". The song was originally made popular by Kay Starr and regularly appeared on "Billboard"'s list of most popular Christmas songs in the early 1950s. It has been covered by many artists, including The Brian Setzer Orchestra. The TV show "Ally McBeal" borrowed the

title: Brian's Got a Brand New Bag

text: Brian's Got a Brand New Bag "Brian's Got a Brand New Bag" is the fourth episode of the eighth season of the animated comedy series "Family Guy". It premiered on Fox in the United States on November 8, 2009. The episode follows anthropomorphic dog Brian as he dates a middle-aged woman named Rita, after he is stood up by her daughter. He eventually becomes reluctant to continue their relationship, however, after he discovers several health concerns that she endures and is continually harassed by his family. The episode premiered during an "all-Seth MacFarlane" schedule, preceding the live-action episode "Seth and

title: Stirling Smith Art Gallery and Museum

text: signet ring. After my birthday tea, I went out to the orchard. I was so thrilled at getting a gold ring, that I flung out my arms and birled round. Suddenly, as I was spinning round, my ring flew off my finger. I hunted and hunted until papa came to see if I was okay. Tears streaming down my face, I told him what had happened. I was heartbroken, but papa said that that would teach me to think before I did anything every again." "When papa died in 1957, three years later, I walked around his treasured gardens and

title: Joe Frazier

text: said, "Any 'scamboogah' (a disrespectful, low-down and foul person) who got in my face would soon regret it; Billie Boy could kick anybody's ass." The day after his Uncle's comment, Frazier filled old burlap sack with rags, corncobs, a brick, and Spanish moss. He hung the makeshift heavybag from an oak tree in the backyard. "For the next 6, 7 years, damn near every day I'd hit that heavybag for an hour at a time. I'd wrap my hands with a necktie of my Daddy's, or a stocking of my Momma's or sister's, and get to it" Joe remarked. Not

title: Papa's Got a Brand New Bag

text: "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag" is a song written and recorded by James Brown.  Released as a two-part single in 1965, it was Brown's first song to reach the Billboard Hot 100 Top Ten, peaking at number eight, and was a number-one R&B hit, topping the charts for eight weeks. It won Brown his first Grammy Award, for Best Rhythm & Blues Recording.

text: Mama Was a Rock and Roll Singer, Papa Used to Write All Her Songs Mama Was a Rock and Roll Singer, Papa Used to Write All Her Songs is the fifth and final studio album by American pop duo Sonny & Cher, released in 1974 by MCA Records. In 2018 it was released on CD. The album was released in 1973 and reached #132 on the "Billboard" album chart. The title track was the only single from the album to enter the US charts, reaching #77 (in a much shorter form) on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The album is largely

title: Papa (song)

text: I never did complain I always was your daughter I never did complain Papa (song) "Papa" is a 2006 song written by Stephen Poliakoff and Adrian Johnston for the BBC drama Gideon's Daughter. The song is originally sung by Emily Blunt's character Natasha (and is occasionally referred to as Natasha's song) to her father (played by Bill Nighy) during a performance at her school. The performance features vocals with flamenco style acoustic/classical guitar accompaniment by renowned classical guitarist Georgina Whitehead. The song, which forms a pivotal part of the story in Gideon's Daughter, was inspired by the tragic life and

title: Ralph "Papa" Thorson

text: cocky, but convinced. It's almost as if some secret force jacks up my perceptions. It's a twilight zone. I enter it just moments before the confrontation. It might be the reason I'm still alive." Dotty had assisted Papa in bringing in cases from the beginning of their relationship. Their daughter Brandi was born in 1973. Mother and daughter took over the business after Papa died (allegedly due to a car bomb). Ralph "Papa" Thorson Ralph Edgar "Papa" Thorson Jr. (July 11, 1926 – November 17, 1991) was an American bounty hunter. In 1976, he was the subject of a biography

title: Papa (song)

text: Papa (song) "Papa" is a 2006 song written by Stephen Poliakoff and Adrian Johnston for the BBC drama Gideon's Daughter. The song is originally sung by Emily Blunt's character Natasha (and is occasionally referred to as Natasha's song) to her father (played by Bill Nighy) during a performance at her school. The performance features vocals with flamenco style acoustic/classical guitar accompaniment by renowned classical guitarist Georgina Whitehead. The song, which forms a pivotal part of the story in Gideon's Daughter, was inspired by the tragic life and writings of Marie-Georges Simenon (Marie-Jo), daughter of the novelist Georges Simenon, who committed

title: Baby Doe Tabor

text: and refused to accept charity. Baby Doe lived like this for 35 years. During these years she wrote incessantly. In diaries, letters, and scraps she called "Dreams and Visions", consisting of about 2000 fragments later found bundled in piles of paper in her cabin, she wrote entries such as: "Nov. 26—1918 Papa Tabor's Birthday I owe my room rent & am in need of food and only enough bread for tonight & breakfast ... my shoes and stockings only 1 pair are in rags." An eyewitness described her in 1927 as dressed "in corduroy trousers, mining boots, and a torn

title: Brian's Got a Brand New Bag

text: and James Purdum served as supervising directors, with series creator and executive producer Seth MacFarlane and David Zuckerman serving as staff writers for the episode. "Brian's Got a Brand New Bag", along with the seven other episodes from "Family Guy"s eighth season, were released on a three-disc DVD set in the United States on June 15, 2010. The sets included brief audio commentaries by Seth MacFarlane and various crew and cast members for several episodes, a collection of deleted scenes, a special mini-feature which discussed the process behind animating "Road to the Multiverse", and mini-feature entitled "Family Guy" Karaoke. In

title: I Got You (I Feel Good)

text: weeks, after his previous single, "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag", held the number-one spot for eight weeks. Brown's screams at the beginning and end of the song have been sampled a number of times for hip hop and dance songs. The song has also been covered many times by other performers, and is frequently played at sporting events. In 2000, "I Got You (I Feel Good)" reached number 21 on VH1's "100 Greatest Songs in Rock and Roll" and number 75 on VH1's "100 Greatest Rock and Roll Dance Songs", one of only seven songs to make both lists.

text: song's title for a December 11, 2000 episode that featured Vonda Shepard singing the song. Her version was included in the holiday album "Ally McBeal: A Very Ally Christmas." The album received positive reviews and several critics cited Shephard's version of the song as the album's highlight. Diana Krall, 2001 The song has been covered by Jessie J for an advert for Boots during Christmas 2015, which later featured on her 2018 album, This Christmas Day. This song was covered by Seth MacFarlane on his album Holiday for Swing (Everybody's Waitin' for) The Man with the Bag "(Everybody's Waitin' for)

title: Jack Jersey

text: In October 1996, he was severely ill due to the consequences. In February 1997 he agreed with Ton van Beusekom of EMI to release a double-cd, entitled Thanks For All The Years, for he knew that this album would probably be his last. He preferred songs about countries he had visited, the song "My Father's House" which he wrote especially about his parental home in which he was born, some songs as a tribute/an ode to Elvis Presley and further hits such as "I'm Calling" (1973), "In The Still Of The Night" (1974), "Gone Girl" (1975), "Papa Was A Poor

title: Pigbag

text: St James's Square and St George's Place in Cheltenham. After a couple of months they decided to expand the line-up, adding a rhythm section and rehearsing more seriously. They recruited Andrew "Chip" Carpenter on drums and Mark "Miff" Smith on bass, both old school friends of Johnstone's, and former members of their previous band Hardware. It was at these jam sessions that "Papa's Got a Brand New Pigbag" was developed from an idea Chris Hamlin had had before the band was formed. The song would become their signature tune. When Hamlin heard that Simon Underwood had left The Pop Group

title: Papa's Got a Brand New Bag


question: when was national service abolished in the uk

answers: 1960

answers: November 1960

answers: 31 December 1960

text: National Service (Armed Forces) Act 1939 The National Service (Armed Forces) Act 1939 was enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom on 3 September 1939, the day the United Kingdom declared war on Germany at the start of the Second World War. It superseded the Military Training Act 1939 (passed in May of that year) and enforced full conscription on all males between 18 and 41 who were residents in the UK. It was continued in a modified form in peacetime by the National Service Act 1948. 3. Broad, Roger, "Conscription in Britain 1939-64: The Militarisation of a Generation"

text: (Abingdon Routledge, 20060" National Service (Armed Forces) Act 1939 The National Service (Armed Forces) Act 1939 was enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom on 3 September 1939, the day the United Kingdom declared war on Germany at the start of the Second World War. It superseded the Military Training Act 1939 (passed in May of that year) and enforced full conscription on all males between 18 and 41 who were residents in the UK. It was continued in a modified form in peacetime by the National Service Act 1948. 3. Broad, Roger, "Conscription in Britain 1939-64: The Militarisation

title: National Service Act 1948

text: National Service Act 1948 The National Service Act 1948 was an Act of Parliament which extended the British conscription of the Second World War long after the war-time need for it had expired, in the form of "National Service". After a bill with the same purpose had been approved in 1947, expected to be implemented 1 January 1949, the Cold War and the Malayan Emergency caused a revised and extended version of the new legislation to be approved in December 1948, only days before the new arrangements came into force. The act had much in common with the National Service

title: National Citizen Service

text: National Citizen Service The National Citizen Service (NCS) is a voluntary personal and social development programme for 15–17 year olds in England and Northern Ireland, funded largely by money from the UK Government. It was formally announced in 2010 by Prime Minister David Cameron as part of the Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition government's Big Society initiative, and it was launched in 2011. After the 2015 general election, the programme was continued under the Conservative government. In October 2016 Cameron, who had resigned as Prime Minister, became chairman of the NCS Trust's patrons' board. The scheme was made permanent through the National

title: Recruitment in the British Army

text: remains to this day. The decision to abolish National Service was taken in 1957 with the 1957 Defence White Paper, which led to an enormous reduction in the number of soldiers between 1958–63, from about 330,000 to 165,000 by the end of National Service. In the decades that followed, cuts in the Army were the constant theme, although they were never on a large scale until the end of the cold war. Between 1963 and 1992, strength was reduced to 153,000. In 1990, the Government started another defence review, which concluded with the Defence White Paper of 1992. In a

title: National service

text: National service National service is a system of either compulsory or voluntary government service, usually military service. Conscription is mandatory national service. The term "national service" comes from the United Kingdom's National Service (Armed Forces) Act 1939. Many young people spent one or more years in such programmes. Compulsory military service typically requires all male citizens to enroll for one or two years, usually at age 18 (later for university-level students), while voluntary national service requires only three months of basic military training. The US equivalent is Selective Service. In the United States, voluntary enrollments at the Peace Corps and

title: National Careers Service

text: National Careers Service The National Careers Service is the publicly funded careers service for adults and young people (aged 13 or over) in England. Launched in April 2012, it brings together elements of previous publicly funded careers services for adults and young people. The launch was reported by the BBC and commented on by organisations such as NIACE, the Association of Graduate Careers Advisory Services, and NAEGA. The National Careers Service provides information, advice and guidance on learning, training, career choice, career development, job search, and the labour market. It can be accessed online, by telephone, and face to face

title: National Support Teams

text: have been one of the most useful services which the Department of Health had made available. All Teams closed in March 2011 as a result of the funding cuts affecting several areas of the public sector in the UK, following a perceived need to reduce public expenditure in the context of the international financial crisis of 2007-2010 and related recession. Internal communications to NST staff explained the closure as the result of a decision to abolish all posts not covered by a traditional civil service employment contract; as this included almost all NST employees, the service was to close as

title: British Army

text: explosive ordance removal) or in general support of the civil authorities when their capacity is exceeded. In recent years this has been seen as Army personnel supporting the civil authorities in the face of the 2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak, the 2002 Firefighters strike, widespread flooding in 2005, 2007, 2009, 2013 and 2014 and most recently supporting the security services on Operation Temperer following the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing. The British Army has been a volunteer force since national service ended during the 1960s. Since the creation of the part-time, reserve Territorial Force in 1908 (renamed the Army Reserve in

title: National Service Act 1948

text: provide. Discussions were soon started in parliament on a new National Service Act with a first such act being approved in July 1947. This first version was to come into force on 1 January 1949 and established the period of National Service to 12 months. However, financial crises, the advent of the Cold War and the Malayan Emergency caused the act to be amended before coming into force. The amendment was approved in December 1948, with the date in which it would come into force still being 1 January 1949. The act changed the age range from 18–41 to 17–21,

title: National Education Service

text: National Education Service A National Education Service is a proposed government body in the United Kingdom, which the Labour Party had in their manifesto for the 2017 UK general election. The National Education Service is being to ensure opportunities for life-long learning are available to meet both of the core aims of education: personal education and education for employment. While early Labour Party statements have suggested that the NES would be "free at the point of use", as the details of the service are developed it is likely to that this statement will be taken to apply to what is

title: Royal Naval Auxiliary Service

text: has taken over and expanded many RNXS roles. The Maritime Volunteer Service has recently been officially recognised by the Royal Navy. Royal Naval Auxiliary Service The Royal Naval Auxiliary Service (RNXS) was a uniformed, unarmed, civilian volunteer service, administered and trained by the Royal Navy to operate in the ports and anchorages of the UK in an Emergency. Although the abbreviated title would logically have been RNAS this abbreviation had long been taken by the various Royal Naval Air Stations, so RNXS it was. It maintained training units, and vessels at most major ports in the UK. and was formed

title: National Careers Service

text: confidential, helpful and impartial advice, supported by qualified careers advisers.” This includes support with: The service also participates in national learning campaigns such as Adult Learners' Week. The National Careers Service offer is available throughout England, with devolved responsibility for careers advice in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Publicly funded careers services for Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales are provided by Careers Service Northern Ireland, Skills Development Scotland and Careers Wales respectively, while there is also a dedicated careers service for the Isle of Man. The National Careers Service can be accessed online, by telephone, or face-to-face for those who

title: National Employer Service

text: channeling public investment to areas where it delivered the greatest value for money. In a speech on the subject, the then Conservative party leader David Cameron incorrectly identified the National Employer Service as a Quango in its own right. The National Employer Service was based at the Skills Funding Agency's national office in Cheylesmore House, Cheylesmore, Coventry and was one of a number of specialist services housed within the wider agency. In October 2010, the National Employer Service was incorporated into the National Apprenticeship Service. National Employer Service The National Employer Service (NES) was a service of the Learning and

title: National service

text: AmeriCorps are also known as national service. Around 100 AD, Plutarch quoted an early case for national service made by a Roman general sometime around the 5th century BC: With the politic design of preventing intestine broils by employment abroad, and in the hope that when rich as well as poor, plebeians and patricians, should be mingled again in the same army and in the same camp, and engage in one common service for the public, it would mutually dispose them to reconciliation and friendship. National service National service is a system of either compulsory or voluntary government service, usually

text: the Act were repealed by the National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1972 and the remaining provisions were repealed by the National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1978. National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1947 The National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1947 came into effect on 5 July 1948 and created the National Health Service in Scotland. Though the title 'National Health Service' implies one health service for the United Kingdom, in reality one NHS was created for England and Wales, accountable to the Secretary of State for Health and a separate NHS was created for Scotland, accountable to the Secretary of State

title: Royal Naval Auxiliary Service

text: Royal Naval Auxiliary Service The Royal Naval Auxiliary Service (RNXS) was a uniformed, unarmed, civilian volunteer service, administered and trained by the Royal Navy to operate in the ports and anchorages of the UK in an Emergency. Although the abbreviated title would logically have been RNAS this abbreviation had long been taken by the various Royal Naval Air Stations, so RNXS it was. It maintained training units, and vessels at most major ports in the UK. and was formed in 1963 from the amalgamation of the Royal Naval Mine-watching Service (RNMWS) and Admiralty Ferry Crew Association in response to the

title: Youth Employment Service

text: the National Advisory Council for Juvenile Employment. The Employment and Training Act 1948 was passed by the Labour government of 1945-51, and section 10 of this act established and employment advisory service for all young people under 18 who attended school. By January 1949, 43 county councils and 73 county boroughs in England and Wales, and 3 town councils and 10 county councils in Scotland had submitted plans for their youth employment services. In the 1950s and 1960s, the service had great popular support. It would be replaced from the late 1970s onwards by the Careers Service. The organisation (also

title: Volunteer Long Service Medal

text: honour was extended in respect of the medal's successors and subsequent incarnations to the present day. More than 45,000 Volunteer Long Service Medals were awarded in the United Kingdom. The Volunteer Force was the precursor of the Territorial Force, which was established in the United Kingdom in 1908. At the same time, the award of the Volunteer Long Service Medal was discontinued and superseded by the new Territorial Force Efficiency Medal. Volunteer Long Service Medal The Volunteer Long Service Medal was instituted in 1894 as an award for long service by other ranks and some officers of the United Kingdom's

title: Conscription in the United Kingdom

text: National Service ended gradually from 1957. It was decided that those born on or after 1 October 1939 would not be required, but conscription continued for those born earlier whose call-up had been delayed for any reason. In November 1960 the last men entered service, as call-ups formally ended on 31 December 1960, and the last National Servicemen left the armed forces in May 1963.

title: National Service Act 1948

text: Act of September 1939, which it superseded, but its aim was to continue National Service even at times when the country was not at war. The National Service Act of September 1939 had not addressed this issue. The National Service Act 1948 applied to all healthy young men (women did not have to do National Service) who were not registered as conscientious objectors. It did not affect the exemption from service of registered conscientious objectors, nor the procedure for registration. In 1948, the British post-war government realised the need for an armed forces larger than that which voluntary recruitment could

title: National Service League

text: National Service League The National Service League was a British pressure group founded in February 1902 to alert the country to the inadequacy of the British Army to fight a major war and to propose the solution of national service. The League argued for four years of compulsory military training for home defence for men aged between eighteen and thirty. Compulsory military service, conscription, was not popular and "aroused the long-standing antipathy toward standing armies and smacked of continental-style militarism". By October 1904, it had only 1,725 members and 2,000 in 1905 but membership grew to 21,500 in December 1908

title: National Citizen Service

text: Each RDP is responsible for its team of LDPs and their delivery. A pilot scheme took place in Wales in 2014 and a report examining whether it duplicates or complements existing schemes has been commissioned. Cameron urged the Welsh Government to consider taking up the scheme and offering it across Wales. These plans were put on hold, however, following the trial provider Engage4Life going into liquidation due to severe financial troubles, which included the organisation owing the NCS Trust in the region of £780,000. National Citizen Service The National Citizen Service (NCS) is a voluntary personal and social development programme

title: History of the National Health Service

text: the NHS' workforce. The Thatcher Government encouraged (and eventually forced) health authorities to put most ancillary services out for competitive tender, effectively outsourcing the jobs of those workers. This led to a substantial reduction in numbers, with 1/3 of ancillary posts disappearing between 1980 and 1987. Those that remained were largely employed by private agencies and no longer subject to national agreements or trade union collective bargaining. For nurses, the introduction of Project 2000 meant that their profession now centred around degree courses run by universities rather than nurse training courses run by teaching hospitals. This effectively removed student nurses

title: National Citizen Service

text: launched critics expected it to be an unpopular and unsuccessful non-military version of national service. Subsequently, however, it achieved cross-party support in Parliament. After the 2015 general election, the programme was continued under the Conservative government. In October 2016 Cameron, who had resigned as Prime Minister, became chairman of the NCS Trust's patrons' board. In the 2016 Queen's Speech, it was announced that the scheme would be made permanent through a National Citizen Service Bill which, once enacted, will see statutory framework for the programme put in place, as part of a £1.26 billion investment in NCS. The bill was

title: Conscription in the United Kingdom

text: the service period was extended to two years; in compensation, the reserve period was reduced by six months. National Servicemen who showed promise could be commissioned as officers. National Service personnel were used in combat operations, including the Malayan Emergency, the Cyprus Emergency, in Kenya against the Mau Mau Uprising, and the Korean War, where conscripts to the Gloucestershire Regiment took part in the last stand during the Battle of the Imjin River. In addition, National Servicemen served in the Suez Crisis in 1956. During the 1950s there was a prohibition on serving members of the armed forces standing for

title: Home Service Battalions

text: On 1 January 1917, the remaining Provisional battalions were renamed Home Service Territorial Battalions of the Infantry Regiments. In addition, regular army infantry soldiers who were too old or unfit to serve overseas were formed into (Home Service) Garrison Battalions, which became part of the Royal Defence Corps. During British re-armament in the mid-1930s, the Royal Defence Corps was disbanded and replaced by the National Defence Companies, a part-time force which was part of the Territorial Army (TA) and open to ex-servicemen between the ages of 45 and 60 years. The Defence Companies were mobilised during the week before war

title: Royal Voluntary Service

text: Royal Voluntary Service The Royal Voluntary Service (known as the Women's Voluntary Services (WVS) from 1938 to 1966; Women's Royal Voluntary Service (WRVS) from 1966 to 2004 and WRVS from 2004 to 2013) is a voluntary organisation concerned with helping people in need throughout England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. It was founded in 1938 by Stella Isaacs, Marchioness of Reading, as a British women's organisation to recruit women into the Air Raid Precautions (ARP) services to help in the event of War. On 16 May 1938, the British government set out the objectives of the Women's Voluntary Service for

title: Youth Employment Service

text: in 1947 for Youths when Training away from Home. Those working in the service were known as Youth Employment Officers; in later years, their function was largely taken over by careers advisory officers. The service was run by the Central Youth Employment Executive, composed of people from the Ministry of Labour, the Ministry of Education and the Scottish Education Department. In 1963 there were around 1,000 youth employment officers. Youth Employment Officers were trained at the Youth Employment Service Training Board. The service had eight activities Youth Employment Service The Youth Employment Service was a British government agency from the

title: Military service

text: Panama officially abolished the entire military in 1992, and transformed it into National Police. Peru abolished conscription in 1999. Poland suspended compulsory military service on 5 December 2008 by the order of the Minister of Defence. Compulsory military service was formally abolished when the Polish parliament amended the conscription law on 9 January 2009; the law came into effect on 11 February 2009. Portugal abolished compulsory military service on 19 November 2004. Before that, military service was mandatory for all men. Romania suspended compulsory military service on 23 October 2006. This came about due to a 2003 constitutional amendment which

title: Conscription in the United Kingdom

short_answers:
31 December 1960
November 1960


question: who was the main character in their eyes were watching god

answers: Janie Crawford

title: Their Eyes Were Watching God (film)

text: Their Eyes Were Watching God (film) Their Eyes Were Watching God is an American Broadcasting Company television film that aired on March 6, 2005 at 9 p.m. EDT. It is based upon Zora Neale Hurston's 1937 novel of the same name. The film was directed by Darnell Martin and produced by Oprah Winfrey's Harpo Productions (Winfrey served as the host for the broadcast). Its teleplay was by Suzan-Lori Parks, Misan Sagay, and Bobby Smith, Jr. Sharon L. Jones, an English professor at Wright State University writes that the film bears no comparison to the novel. The novel emphasizes Janie's life

title: Their Eyes Were Watching God (film)

text: journey of living with others who try to help to establish identity for her; therefore, she struggles to find such an identity. However, Jones says the film leaves out many important concepts that help convey the central theme. She says that it is believed that Harpo's production focused the movie on the general idea of love more to reach a broad range of audience since most of her viewers are white females. Their Eyes Were Watching God (film) Their Eyes Were Watching God is an American Broadcasting Company television film that aired on March 6, 2005 at 9 p.m. EDT.

title: Their Eyes Were Watching God

text: from slave times, its social difficulties, childish excitements, and endless exuberances... compared to this sort of story, the ordinary narratives of Negroes in Harlem or Birmingham seem ordinary indeed." For the "New York Herald Tribune", Sheila Hibben described Hurston as writing "with her head as with her heart" creating a "warm, vibrant touch". She praised "Their Eyes Were Watching God" as filled with "a flashing, gleaming riot of black people, with a limitless sense of humor, and a wild, strange sadness". "New York Times" critic Lucille Tompkins described "Their Eyes Were Watching God": "It is about Negroes... but really it

title: Their Eyes Were Watching God

text: Eyes Were Watching God" using her personal experience and research as a template. In 1927, a decade before writing "Their Eyes Were Watching God", Hurston traveled south to collect folk songs and folk tales through an anthropological research fellowship arranged by her Barnard College mentor Franz Boas. The all-black Eatonville of "Their Eyes Were Watching God" is based on the all-black town of the same name in which Hurston grew up. The town's weekly announced in 1889, "Colored People of the United States: Solve the great race problem by securing a home in Eatonville, Florida, a Negro city governed by

title: Their Eyes Were Watching God

text: Journal of Negro History" wrote, ""Their Eyes Were Watching God" is a gripping story... the author deserves great praise for the skill and effectiveness shown in the writing of this book." The critic noted Hurston's anthropological approach to writing, "She studied them until she thoroughly understood the working of their minds, learned to speak their language". Meanwhile, reviews of Hurston's book in the mainstream white press were largely positive, although they did not translate into significant retail sales. Writing for "The New York Times", Ralph Thompson states: "the normal life of Negroes in the South today—the life with its holdovers

title: Their Eyes Were Watching God

text: Hurston. In 1981 professor Ruth Sheffey of Baltimore's Morgan State University founded the Zora Neale Hurston Society. Hurston had attended the school, then known as Morgan Academy, in 1917. In 1978, Harper and Row leased its rights to "Their Eyes Were Watching God" to the University of Illinois Press. However, the printing was so profitable that Harper and Row refused to renew the leasing contract and instead reprinted its own new edition. This new edition sold its total print of 75,000 in less than a month. The "New York Times"s Virginia Heffernan explains that the book's "narrative technique, which is

title: Their Eyes Were Watching God

text: heavy on free-indirect discourse, lent itself to poststructuralist analysis". With so many new disciplines especially open to the themes and content of Hurston's work, "Their Eyes Were Watching God" achieved growing prominence in the last several decades. It is now firmly established in the literary canon. In a conversation with Jody, Janie defends 'womenfolk,' disagreeing with the sexist claim that God made men "different" because they turn "out so smart" (70). When she states that men "don't know half as much as you think you do," Jody interrupts her saying, 'you getting too moufy Janie... Go fetch me de checker-board

title: Their Eyes Were Watching God

text: Renaissance authors. Novelist and essayist Richard Wright condemned "Their Eyes Were Watching God", writing in a review for "New Masses" (1935): Miss Hurston seems to have no desire whatsoever to move in the direction of serious fiction… [She] can write; but her prose is cloaked in that facile sensuality that has dogged Negro expression since the days of Phyllis Wheatley... Her characters eat and laugh and cry and work and kill; they swing like a pendulum eternally in that safe and narrow orbit in which America likes to see the Negro live: between laughter and tears. Ralph Ellison said the

title: Their Eyes Were Watching God

text: autobiography that the romance between Janie and Tea Cake was inspired by a tumultuous love affair. She described falling in love with the man as "a parachute jump". Like Janie in the novel, Hurston was significantly older than her lover. Like Tea Cake, Punter was sexually dominant and sometimes violent. Hurston wrote "Their Eyes Were Watching God" three weeks after the tumultuous conclusion of her relationship with Punter. She wrote in her autobiography that she had "tried to embalm all the tenderness of [her] passion for him." With this emotional inspiration, Hurston went on to paint the picture of "Their

title: Their Eyes Were Watching God

text: negroes." The hurricane that symbolizes the climax of Hurston's story also has an historical inspiration; in 1928, "a hurricane ravaged both coastal and inland areas of Florida, bringing torrential rains that broke the dikes of Lake Okeechobee". Scholars of the African diaspora note the cultural practices common to the Caribbean, Africa, and the United States in "Their Eyes Were Watching God". Hurston wrote "Their Eyes Were Watching God" while on a Guggenheim Fellowship in Haiti to research Obeah practices in the West Indies. Hurston's political views in "Their Eyes Were Watching God" were met with resistance from several leading Harlem

title: Their Eyes Were Watching God

text: create their own magazine, "FIRE!!", that would publish the African-American experience without any filters or censors. Hurston's contributions, like "Their Eyes Were Watching God", used vernacular southern African-American English. Hurston viewed her work as distinct from the work of fellow Harlem Renaissance writers she described as the "sobbing school of Negrohood" that portrayed the lives of black people as constantly miserable, downtrodden and deprived. Instead, Hurston celebrated the rural, southern African-American communities as she found them. In addition, Hurston refused to censor women's sexuality, writing in beautiful innuendo to embrace the physical dimension of her main character's romances. Completely rejecting

title: Misan Sagay

text: movie "Their Eyes Were Watching God", based on the book by the same name. Sagay wrote the 2013 British drama "Belle" after visiting Scone Palace, where she saw a unique portraiture of two women, Dido Elizabeth Belle Lindsay and her cousin Lady Elizabeth Murray. This painting, and the women within, acted as the inspiration for her screenplay. The film tells the Story of Belle, the daughter of an enslaved African and a British admiral. The film discusses the prominence of African decedents and women in British society in the late 1700s. In 2013, the authorship of the film was in

title: Oprah Winfrey

text: razor blade." In 2005, Harpo Productions released a film adaptation of Zora Neale Hurston's 1937 novel "Their Eyes Were Watching God". Their Eyes Were Watching God The made-for- television film was based upon a teleplay by Suzan-Lori Parks and starred Halle Berry in the lead female role. In late 2008, Winfrey's company Harpo Films signed an exclusive output pact to develop and produce scripted series, documentaries, and movies for HBO. Oprah voiced Gussie the goose in "Charlotte's Web" (2006) and voiced Judge Bumbleton in "Bee Movie" (2007), co-starring the voices of Jerry Seinfeld and Renée Zellweger. In 2009, Winfrey provided

title: Dianne McIntyre

text: Dianne McIntyre Dianne McIntyre (born July 18, 1946) is an African-American dancer, choreographer, and teacher. Her notable works include "Their Eyes Were Watching God: A Dance Adventure in Southern Blues (A Choreodrama)", an adaptation of Zora Neal Hurston's novel "Their Eyes Were Watching God", as well as productions of "why i had to dance," "spell #7", and "for colored girls who have considered suicide when the rainbow is enuf", with text by Ntozake Shange. She has won numerous honors for her work including an Emmy nomination, three Bessie Awards, and a Helen Hayes Award. She is a member of the

title: Valerie Boyd

text: Hurston's novel, "Their Eyes Were Watching God," during her freshman year at Northwestern University. She describes her experience as feeling called to the challenge of writing "Wrapped in Rainbows" when she heard Hurston's first biographer, Robert Hemenway, a white male, speak at the 1994 Zora Neale Hurston Festival of the Arts and Humanities in Eatonville, Florida. Hemenway suggested it was time for a new biography and this time it needed to be written by a black woman. Written in the style of literary journalism, the book weaves together scene, dialogue, and powerful prose, bringing the remarkable spirit of Hurston to

title: Their Eyes Were Watching God

text: create the space for the rediscovery of Hurston. Hurston first achieved a level of mainstream institutional support in the 1970s. Walker published an essay, "Looking for Zora," in "Ms." magazine in 1975. In that work, she described how the Black community's general rejection of Hurston was like "throwing away a genius". The National Endowment for the Humanities went on to award Robert Hemenway two grants for his work to write Hurston's biography. The 1977 biography was followed in 1978 by the re-issue of "Their Eyes Were Watching God". In 1975, the Modern Language Association held a special seminar focusing on

title: Misan Sagay

text: for African descendants to take charge of their own narratives. Sagan said in an interview with The Guardian, "Black women need to be in control of their own stories and that means hiring more black talent across all aspects of film and television". Misan Sagay was nominated for a 2005 Black Reel Awards for Best Screenplay, Original or Adapted – Television for "Their Eyes Were Watching God" Sagay was nominated for a 2015 Black Reel Awards for Best Screenplay for "Belle". Sagay received the 2015 NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Writing in a Motion Picture for "Belle". Misan Sagay Misan

title: Heaven Eyes

text: Heaven Eyes focuses on the balance between fantasy and reality, all within a quaint and eccentric but mysterious and somewhat unsettling world. Other major themes include spiritual healing and family (particularly mothers, as many of the main characters long for a mother they have never known or have known but tragically lost). When Almond began writing the novel, he felt that Erin should be the main character because she was the strongest and because he wanted to write from the point of view of a girl this time. Almond referred to the novel's opening line, "My name is Erin Law",

title: Watching

text: Watching Watching is a British television sitcom, produced by Granada Television for the ITV network and broadcast for seven series and four Christmas specials between 1987 and 1993. The series was written by Jim Hitchmough and starred Paul Bown and Emma Wray as mismatched couple Malcolm Stoneway and Brenda Wilson. "Watching" was set in Merseyside, with Brenda from Liverpool and Malcolm from Meols on the Wirral, the "posh" part of Merseyside on the other side of the River Mersey. The title refers to Brenda and her sister Pamela's hobby of "people watching", and to Malcolm's hobby of birdwatching, which initially

title: Their Eyes Were Watching God

title: I Am God

text: received 1.76 million viewers in its original US airing, and it received mixed reviews from television critics, with reviewers divided on the use of dream sequences as well as the episode's emotional impact overall. Veronica has a dream of the students who died in the bus crash, which takes place in "Normal Is the Watchword", before she visits the guidance counselor, Rebecca (Paula Marshall), who talks to her about her problems, and Veronica tells her about her nightmares. Veronica lists the bus crash victims and asks Rebecca about a janitor named Lucky (James Jordan), whom Meg used to talk about

title: Elaine Welteroth

text: in the history of the publication. She also kicked off the ""Teen Vogue" Book Club" with Blanchard and Shahidi selecting their favorite book, "Their Eyes Were Watching God" by Zora Neale Hurston. Blanchard, Shahidi, and Welteroth used "Teen Vogue"'s Facebook account to live stream a discussion about the book in November 2016, allowing the magazine's target audience to engage with political texts by black women that have shaped the continued work of scholar-activists. The December 2016 issue also featured a conversation between American actress Zendaya Coleman and former First Lady of the United States Michelle Obama on the worldwide education

title: Give Me Your Eyes

text: see the world as God would, and having a desire to view people with more compassion. "Give Me Your Eyes" was written by Heath and songwriter Jason Ingram, and was generally well received by critics. The song received two GMA Dove Awards in April 2009, including the Song of the Year title. It was also Grammy Award-nominated in the Best Gospel Song category for 2009. The song's meaning originated with a discussion between Brandon Heath and friend and songwriter Jason Ingram. "We had a conversation over Chinese food that we wished we could have God’s perspective on things", Heath said.

title: Their Eyes Were Watching God

text: When Janie marries Tea Cake and moves to the Everglades she becomes friendly with a woman named Mrs. Turner. Mrs. Turner compliments Janie on her light skin and her Caucasian features. She disagrees with Janie's marriage to Tea Cake, since he is darker skinned with more African features. Mrs. Turner tries to get Janie to leave Tea Cake and marry her brother, Mr. Turner. This results in Tea Cake's jealousy and distrust of Mrs. and Mr. Turner. Perhaps the strongest inspiration for Hurston's writing of "Their Eyes Were Watching God" was her former lover Percival Punter. Hurston writes in her

title: Jack Coe

text: he was in the same town I was. I tried to get in the healing line but failed. He was discerning people and declaring them healed. One man that he prayed for had no eyeballs at all and he told him that eyeballs will be formed in three days. I thought anybody could say that! So as William Branham finished praying for the people, they led him out using the door to where I was sitting nearby. As he reached close to me, he stopped instantly and laid his hands on me as he prayed silently. After that, he told

title: Zora Neale Hurston

text: Zora Neale Hurston Zora Neale Hurston (January 7, 1891 – January 28, 1960) was an influential author of African-American literature and anthropologist, who portrayed racial struggles in the early 20th century American South, and published research on Haitian voodoo. Of Hurston's four novels and more than 50 published short stories, plays, and essays, her most popular is the 1937 novel "Their Eyes Were Watching God". Hurston was born in Notasulga, Alabama, and moved to Eatonville, Florida, with her family in 1894. Eatonville would become the setting for many of her stories and is now the site of the Zora! Festival,

title: David Mainse

text: Ontario and Quebec. Mainse determined to go into ministry while still a teenager. He studied theology at Eastern Pentecostal Bible College (now Master's College and Seminary) in Peterborough, Ontario and was ordained. He pastored Pentecostal Assemblies of Canada churches in Brighton, Deep River and Hamilton. He met and married Norma-Jean Rutledge in 1958. He began his communications ministry in 1962 with a 15-minute program following the late night news on affiliate CHOV in Pembroke, Ontario, while he pastored in Deep River. He later began a television program called "Crossroads". The program gradually expanded to stations across Canada, but with minimal

title: Act of God (film)

text: community in Rwanda (the lightning capital of the world) who worship the lightning god Shango. The reactions in each of Baichwal's subjects varies considerably, from an "act of God" to the "mechanics of reality". Auster, the "philosophical anchor of the film", relates how he saw his friend being struck by lightning a short distance from him at a summer camp. Auster, 14 years old at the time, survived the incident while his friend died. Auster said "It opened up a whole realm of speculation that I've continued to live with ever since." Yet in spite of the deep effect this

title: Halle Berry

text: my mother told me that if you could not be a good loser, then there's no way you could be a good winner." Her next film appearance was in the Oprah Winfrey-produced ABC television movie "Their Eyes Were Watching God" (2005), an adaptation of Zora Neale Hurston's novel, with Berry portraying a free-spirited woman whose unconventional sexual mores upset her 1920s contemporaries in a small community. She received her second Primetime Emmy Award for her role. Also in 2005, she served as an executive producer in "Lackawanna Blues", and landed her voice for the character of Cappy, one of the

title: In the Eyes of God

text: In the Eyes of God In the Eyes of God is the fifth studio album by the American noisegrind band Today Is the Day, released on July 20, 1999 by Relapse Records. It is the only album by the group to feature Brann Dailor and Bill Kelliher, who would both move on to form Mastodon. First issued in 1999 on compact disc and vinyl formats, the LP was a limited edition of 1000 total: 900 black copies sold to the public, and 100 clear copies that were given away as gifts to the staff of Relapse. In 2010, a deluxe

title: Their Eyes Were Watching God

long_answer: Their Eyes Were Watching God is a 1937 novel and the best known work by African-American writer Zora Neale Hurston. The novel narrates main character Janie Crawford's "ripening from a vibrant, but voiceless, teenage girl into a woman with her finger on the trigger of her own destiny." As a young woman, who is fair-skinned with long hair, she expects more out of life, but comes to realize that people must learn about life 'fuh theyselves' (for themselves), just as people can only go to God for themselves. Set in central and southern Florida in the early 20th century, the novel was initially poorly received, but today, it has come to be regarded as a seminal work in both African-American literature and women's literature. TIME included the novel in its 2005 list of the 100 best English-language novels published since 1923.


question: describe the various uses of forests to human beings

answers: a source of lumber

answers: acting as a carbon sink

answers: aiding in regulating climate,

answers: recreational areas

answers: purifying water

answers: serving as a genetic reserve

title: Forest

text: Some researchers state that forests do not only provide benefits, but can in certain cases also incur costs to humans. Forests may impose an economic burden, diminish the enjoyment of natural areas, reduce the food producing capacity of grazing land and cultivated land, reduce biodiversity reduce available water for humans and wildlife, harbour dangerous or destructive wildlife, and act as reservoirs of human and livestock disease. The management of forests is often referred to as forestry. Forest management has changed considerably over the last few centuries, with rapid changes from the 1980s onwards culminating in a practice now referred to

title: Harmony with nature

text: of its ecosystems and the broader system of which we are a part. Thus we cannot consider them as simple providers of goods and services for human beings. The protection, preservation and recuperation of forests is required to reestablish the balance of the Earth system. Forests are not plantations that can be reduced to their capacity to capture carbon and provide environmental services. The maintenance of native forests and woodlands is essential for the water cycle, the atmosphere, biodiversity, the prevention of flooding, and the preservation of ecosystems. Forests are also home to indigenous peoples and communities. The preservation of

title: Land-use in Wales

text: species. Forestry is defined as "1. the science and art of planting, tending and managing forests; 2. Forest country". This implies that forests have been planted by mankind for a variety of purposes, but mostly for exploitation for timber and pulp for the paper industry. The majority of Forests in Wales were planted by the British Forestry Commission, a UK government agency. Since 2016 the Forestry Commission in Wales has been taken over by Natural Resources Wales (NRW). NRW publishes an annual report called ""Woodlands for Wales indicators"", which currently (February 2018) states that the area of woodland in Wales

title: Forest school (learning style)

text: attempts to commercialize the term via trademark or copyright have been unsuccessful. Forest school uses the woods and forests as a means to build independence and self-esteem in children and young adults.Topics are cross-curriculum (broad in subject) including the natural environment, for example the role of trees in society, the complex ecosystem supported by a wilderness, and recognition of specific plants and animals. However, the personal skills are considered highly valuable, such as teamwork and problem solving. The woodland environment may be used to learn about more abstract concepts such as mathematics and communication. Forest school provision is also called

title: Old-Growth Forest Network

text: act as liaisons to the managers of the dedicated forests in the network. Joan Maloof began her journey into the American forest as a scientist. She enjoyed studying the natural workings of the planet – the systems that enable the trees and flowers and animals to subsist on their own with no help from humans. But when she looked around for natural places to study she found that almost everything had been affected by humans. She also became aware that the oldest forests - some of the most natural and biologically diverse places on earth — were being logged and

title: Forestry

text: Forestry Forestry is the science and craft of creating, managing, using, conserving, and repairing forests, woodlands, and associated resources for human and environmental benefits. Forestry is practiced in plantations and natural stands. The science of forestry has elements that belong to the biological, physical, social, political and managerial sciences. Modern forestry generally embraces a broad range of concerns, in what is known as multiple-use management, including the provision of timber, fuel wood, wildlife habitat, natural water quality management, recreation, landscape and community protection, employment, aesthetically appealing landscapes, biodiversity management, watershed management, erosion control, and preserving forests as "sinks" for atmospheric

title: Flora of the Indian epic period

text: importance of forests in Indian epics can be understood from the fact that each epic devotes one book to the forests. In Mahabharata it is the Aranyaka Parva (also Vana Parva, Aranya Parva) (The Book of the Forest) which mentions the period of twelve years spent by Pandavas in exile in the forest (aranya). The divisions of Ramayana into Kandas (Books) also includes one Kanda known as Aranya Kanda – Book of the Forest. In Ramayana Kishkindha Kanda – Book of Kishkindha also discusses the geography and forestry of the region. The evolution of life on earth in geological ages

title: Forest

text: including harvesting forest resources, can negatively affect forest ecosystems. Although "forest" is a term of common parlance, there is no universally recognised precise definition, with more than 800 definitions of forest used around the world. Although a forest is usually defined by the presence of trees, under many definitions an area completely lacking trees may still be considered a forest if it grew trees in the past, will grow trees in the future, or was legally designated as a forest regardless of vegetation type. There are three broad categories of forest definitions in use: administrative, land use, and land cover.

title: Deforestation

text: preserve rainforest land before the lumber companies can buy it. The Arbor Day Foundation then protects the land from deforestation. This also locks in the way of life of the primitive tribes living on the forest land. Organizations such as Community Forestry International, Cool Earth, The Nature Conservancy, World Wide Fund for Nature, Conservation International, African Conservation Foundation and Greenpeace also focus on preserving forest habitats. Greenpeace in particular has also mapped out the forests that are still intact and published this information on the internet. World Resources Institute in turn has made a simpler thematic map showing the amount

title: Forest ecology

text: 3.08 and "Juglans regia" 2.92; and are examples of the three categories. Forest ecology Forest ecology is the scientific study of the interrelated patterns, processes, flora, fauna and ecosystems in forests. The management of forests is known as forestry, silviculture, and forest management. A forest ecosystem is a natural woodland unit consisting of all plants, animals and micro-organisms (Biotic components) in that area functioning together with all of the non-living physical (abiotic) factors of the environment. The forest ecosystem is very important. Forest ecology is one branch of a biotically-oriented classification of types of ecological study (as opposed to a

title: Forest

text: Forest A forest is a large area dominated by trees. Hundreds of more precise definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing and ecological function. According to the widely used Food and Agriculture Organization definition, forests covered (15 million square miles) or approximately 30 percent of the world's land area in 2006. Forests are the dominant terrestrial ecosystem of Earth, and are distributed around the globe. Forests account for 75% of the gross primary production of the Earth's biosphere, and contain 80% of the Earth's plant biomass. Net

title: Forestry

text: carbon dioxide. A practitioner of forestry is known as a forester. Other common terms are: a verderer, or a silviculturalist. Silviculture is narrower than forestry, being concerned only with forest plants, but is often used synonymously with forestry. Forest ecosystems have come to be seen as the most important component of the biosphere, and forestry has emerged as a vital applied science, craft, and technology. Forestry is an important economic segment in various industrial countries. For example, in Germany, forests cover nearly a third of the land area, wood is the most important renewable resource, and forestry supports more than

text: forests and their wildlife. Governments should devise schemes to avert this harm and save the dwindling forest areas, their flora and fauna. Tribal people have extraordinary understanding of forest flora and fauna which can be productively utilized. All the tribal people should be employed by the government in the expansion and protection of the forests and its wildlife until their descendants become better educated and diversify into industrial and service sectors. Reserved forests and protected forests of India A reserved forest (also called reserve forest) or a protected forest in India are terms denoting forests accorded a certain degree of

title: Arbor Day Foundation

text: vitality and life to the forest land after devastation to the forests caused by insects, disease, and wildfires. Forests provide more than beauty to the nation, they provide drinking water to 180 million people, stop erosion around streams and lakes, and assist rain and snowmelt to soak into the soil. Trees also help mitigate climate change by absorbing carbon dioxide and replacing it with oxygen. The replanted forests provide a home to wolves, bald eagles, grizzly bears, and other endangered species. An example of a forest replanting is the Shasta-Trinity National Forest, the largest national forest in California with two

title: Global Environment Facility

text: in mitigating the effects of drought in affected areas in order to support poverty reduction and environmental sustainability. Sustainable forest management / REDD+: Forests cover almost one-third of the world’s land area. They have a unique potential to produce multiple global environmental benefits such as biodiversity conservation, carbon sequestration, and protection against desertification. Sustainably managed forests can enhance the provision of wood and non-timber forest products for about 1.6 billion people depending on forests for their livelihoods. Forest ecosystems are also expected to play a key role in helping people in developing countries to adapt to the effects of climate

title: Forestry in Bangladesh

text: the Chittagong Hills cover more than and are the source of teak for heavy construction and boat building, as well as other forest products. Domesticated elephants are still used to haul logs. The Sundarbans, a tidal mangrove forest covering nearly along the Bay of Bengal, is the source of timber used for a variety of purposes, including pulp for the domestic paper industry, poles for electric power distribution, and leaves for thatching for dwellings.the total percantage of forests are 17.49% There are three universities in Bangladesh where a student can enroll for an undergraduate degree in forestry. Among them the

title: Tree

text: dioxide from the atmosphere and store large quantities of carbon in their tissues. Trees and forests provide a habitat for many species of animals and plants. Tropical rainforests are among the most biodiverse habitats in the world. Trees provide shade and shelter, timber for construction, fuel for cooking and heating, and fruit for food as well as having many other uses. In parts of the world, forests are shrinking as trees are cleared to increase the amount of land available for agriculture. Because of their longevity and usefulness, trees have always been revered, with sacred groves in various cultures, and

title: Forestry in India

text: forestry, timber management, extension forestry, reforestation of degraded forests, and use of forests for recreational purposes. In the 1980s, such socially responsible forestry was encouraged by state community forestry agencies. They emphasized such projects as planting wood lots on denuded communal cattle-grazing grounds to make villages self-sufficient in fuelwood, to supply timber needed for the construction of village houses, and to provide the wood needed for the repair of farm implements. Both individual farmers and tribal communities were also encouraged to grow trees for profit. For example, in Gujarat, one of the more aggressive states in developing programmes of socioeconomic

title: Deforestation

text: the world's poor and reduce global GDP by about 7% by 2050, a report concluded at the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) meeting in Bonn in 2008. Historically, utilization of forest products, including timber and fuel wood, has played a key role in human societies, comparable to the roles of water and cultivable land. Today, developed countries continue to utilize timber for building houses, and wood pulp for paper. In developing countries almost three billion people rely on wood for heating and cooking. The forest products industry is a large part of the economy in both developed and developing countries.

title: Forest

text: Forests provide a diversity of ecosystem services including converting carbon dioxide into oxygen and biomass, acting as a carbon sink, aiding in regulating climate, purifying water, mitigating natural hazards such as floods, and serving as a genetic reserve. Forests also serve as a source of lumber and as recreational areas.

title: Social forestry in India

text: Social forestry in India Social forestry means the management and protection of forest and afforestation of barren and deforested lands with the purpose of helping environmental, social and rural development. The term, social forestry, was first used in 1976 by The National Commission on Agriculture, Government of India. It was then that India embarked upon the social forestry project with the aim of taking the pressure off currently existing forests by planting trees on all "unused and fallow land. Social forestry is basically for the people by the people and of the people approach . The Indian government is trying

title: Social forestry in India

text: forestry includes maximum utilization of land for several purposes. Social forestry also aims at raising plantations by the common man so as to meet the growing demand for timber, fuel wood, fodder, etc., thereby reducing pressure on traditional forest areas. This concept of village forests to meet the needs of the rural people is not new. It has existed through the centuries all over the country, but it is now being given a new character. With the introduction of this scheme, the government formally recognised the local communities’ rights to forest resources, and is now encouraging rural participation in the

title: Social forestry in India

text: main objectives of such schemes include: Mission Social forestry in India Social forestry means the management and protection of forest and afforestation of barren and deforested lands with the purpose of helping environmental, social and rural development. The term, social forestry, was first used in 1976 by The National Commission on Agriculture, Government of India. It was then that India embarked upon the social forestry project with the aim of taking the pressure off currently existing forests by planting trees on all "unused and fallow land. Social forestry is basically for the people by the people and of the people

title: Reforestation

text: Reforestation Reforestation is the natural or intentional restocking of existing forests and woodlands (forestation) that have been depleted, usually through deforestation. Reforestation can be used to rectify or improve the quality of human life by soaking up pollution and dust from the air, rebuild natural habitats and ecosystems, mitigate global warming since forests facilitate biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, and harvest for resources, particularly timber, but also non-timber forest products. A similar concept, afforestation, another type of forestation, refers to the process of restoring and recreating areas of woodlands or forests that may have existed long ago but were deforested

title: Tree

text: growth, composition, health, and quality of forests, which are areas that have a high density of trees. Cultivated trees are planted and tended by humans, usually because they provide food (fruits or nuts), ornamental beauty, or some type of wood product that benefits people. An area of land planted with fruit or nut trees is an orchard. A small wooded area, usually with no undergrowth, is called a grove and a small wood or thicket of trees and bushes is called a coppice or copse. A large area of land covered with trees and undergrowth is called woodland or forest.

title: Forest ecology

text: Forest ecology Forest ecology is the scientific study of the interrelated patterns, processes, flora, fauna and ecosystems in forests. The management of forests is known as forestry, silviculture, and forest management. A forest ecosystem is a natural woodland unit consisting of all plants, animals and micro-organisms (Biotic components) in that area functioning together with all of the non-living physical (abiotic) factors of the environment. The forest ecosystem is very important. Forest ecology is one branch of a biotically-oriented classification of types of ecological study (as opposed to a classification based on organizational level or complexity, for example population or community

title: Social forestry in India

text: to increase forest areas that are close to human settlement and have been degraded over the years due to human activities needed to be afforested. Trees were to be planted in and around agricultural fields. Plantation of trees along railway lines and roadsides, and river and canal banks were carried out. They were planted in village common land, government wasteland, and Panchayat land. Social forestry scheme was initiated in India to increase fuel availability in rural areas and to prevent soil erosion. This programme was a failure because of the lack of governance. It is important to know that social

title: Deforestation in Ethiopia

text: in the water to the neighboring countries of Sudan and Egypt. Historically, forests have been very important for the livelihoods of the people of Ethiopia. The Ethiopian people used trees for lumber for construction, and to fuel their cooking fires. They also made traditional medicines from trees and other forest plants. Forests were also important in Ethiopian religious beliefs; the people believed in holy spirits in the forest that they treat in the same way as human beings. Mitchell Page states that over 6603 plant species live in Ethiopia, of which approximately one fifth are not native to other countries.

title: Riau

text: (PKS) which operates with the production of coconut palm oil (CPO) 3.3868 million tons per year. Deforestation (in Indragiri Hulu); Forestry development essentially includes all efforts to utilize and strengthen the natural resource functions of forests and other natural resources and the ecosystem, both as a patron and life support and preservation of biodiversity as well as resource development. But in reality had lost its three primary functions, namely the function of long-term economic, protection function, and aesthetics as the impact of government policies ago. The loss of the three functions above led to an increased extent of critical lands

title: Deforestation

text: of forests present just before the age of man (8000 years ago) and the current (reduced) levels of forest. These maps mark the amount of afforestation required to repair the damage caused by people. In order to acquire the world’s demand for wood, it is suggested that high yielding forest plantations are suitable according to forest writers Botkins and Sedjo. Plantations that yield 10 cubic meters per hectare a year would supply enough wood for trading of 5% of the world’s existing forestland. By contrast, natural forests produce about 1–2 cubic meters per hectare; therefore, 5–10 times more forestland would

title: Forest

short_answers:
a source of lumber
acting as a carbon sink
aiding in regulating climate,
purifying water
recreational areas
serving as a genetic reserve