question: when do love and hip hop new york come back on

answers: November 13, 2017

answers: October 30, 2017

title: Love & Hip Hop: New York

text: Love & Hip Hop: New York Love & Hip Hop: New York (originally titled Love & Hip Hop) is the original installment of the "Love & Hip Hop" reality television franchise on VH1. The series premiered on March 6, 2011, and chronicles the lives of several people in New York City (and nearby areas, including New Jersey, and Yonkers), involved with hip hop music. The show features appearances from notable figures associated with East Coast hip hop. Its success has produced the spin-offs "", "Chrissy & Mr. Jones", "", "", "", "Leave It To Stevie", "" and "". On September

title: Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 9)

text: "Love & Hip Hop: New York" began filming in June 2018. On September 27, 2018, VH1 announced the show's return for a ninth season, which will premiere on November 26, 2018. After a four year hiatus, it was announced that Cyn Santana and Joe Budden would return to the show in season nine, along with Kimbella and Juelz Santana, with rapper Maino joining the cast. On November 5, 2018, VH1 released a teaser with the season's tagline "the comeback season begins", confirming that Rich Dollaz, after appearing as a supporting cast member in every season prior, had finally been promoted

title: Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 4)

text: Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 4) The fourth season of the reality television series "" aired on VH1 from October 28, 2013 until February 10, 2014. The show was primarily filmed in New York City, New York. It was executively produced by Mona Scott-Young for Monami Entertainment, Toby Barraud and Stefan Springman for Eastern TV, and Shelly Tatro, Brad Abramson and Danielle Gelfand for VH1. The series chronicles the lives of several women and men in the New York area, involved in hip hop music. It consists of 14 episodes, including a two-part reunion special hosted by Mo'Nique.

title: Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 2)

text: Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 2) The second season of the reality television series "" aired on VH1 from November 14, 2011 until February 6, 2012. The show was primarily filmed in New York City, New York. It was executively produced by Mona Scott-Young for Monami Entertainment, Toby Barraud and Stefan Springman for NFGTV, and Jim Ackerman and Jeff Olde for VH1. The series chronicles the lives of several women and men in the New York area, involved in hip hop music. It consists of 11 episodes, including "Reality Check", a reunion special hosted by Mona Scott-Young. On

title: Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 9)

text: Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 9) The ninth season of the reality television series "" premiered on VH1 on November 26, 2018. The show was primarily filmed in New York City, New York. It is executively produced by Mona Scott-Young, Stephanie Gayle and Treiva Williams for Monami Entertainment, Toby Barraud, Stefan Springman, David DiGangi, Dave Patry, Richard Allen and Meredith Kisgen for Eastern TV, and Nina L. Diaz, Liz Fine and Vivian Gomez for VH1. The series chronicles the lives of several women and men in the New York area, involved in hip hop music. Season nine of

title: Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 8)

text: The show also features minor appearances from notable figures within the hip hop industry and New York's social scene, including Dr. Jeff, Dr. Miami and ""s Trina. Tara Wallace returns in an uncredited cameo appearance. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> "Love & Hip Hop New York: Check Yourself", which features the cast's reactions to each episode, was released weekly with every episode on digital platforms. Deleted scenes from the season's episodes were released weekly as bonus content on VH1's official website. Several cast members had their music featured on the show and released singles to coincide with the airing of the episodes. Remy &

title: Love & Hip Hop: New York

text: series was renewed for a , which premiered on November 14, 2011. The third season of "Love & Hip Hop", now titled "Love & Hip Hop: New York" in promotional material, premiered on January 7, 2013, with nearly a whole new cast. On October 10, 2013, VH1 announced "Love & Hip Hop: New York" would be returning for a fourth season on October 28, 2013. The season premiered back-to-back with the second season of "Chrissy & Mr. Jones". On December 2, 2014, VH1 announced that "Love & Hip Hop: New York" would be returning for a fifth season, which premiered

title: Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 3)

text: Hip Hop New York: Check Yourself", which features the cast's reactions to each episode, was released weekly with every episode on digital platforms. Deleted scenes from the season's episodes were released weekly as bonus content on VH1's official website. Several cast members had their music featured on the show and released singles to coincide with the airing of the episodes. Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 3) The third season of the reality television series "" aired on VH1 from January 7, 2013 until April 15, 2013. The show was primarily filmed in New York City, New York. It

title: Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 1)

text: Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 1) The first season of the reality television series "" aired on VH1 from March 6, 2011 until May 2, 2011. The show was primarily filmed in New York City, New York. It was executively produced by Mona Scott-Young for Monami Entertainment, Toby Barraud and Stefan Springman for NFGTV, Kenny Hull for Interloc Films, and Jim Ackerman and Jeff Olde for VH1. The series chronicles the lives of several women and men in the New York area, involved in hip hop music. It consists of 9 episodes, including a reunion special hosted by

title: Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 3)

text: Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 3) The third season of the reality television series "" aired on VH1 from January 7, 2013 until April 15, 2013. The show was primarily filmed in New York City, New York. It was executively produced by Mona Scott-Young for Monami Entertainment, Toby Barraud and Stefan Springman for NFGTV, and Shelly Tatro, Brad Abramson, Danielle Gelfand and Jeff Olde for VH1. The series chronicles the lives of several women and men in the New York area, involved in hip hop music. It consists of 14 episodes, including a two-part reunion special hosted by

title: Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 2)

text: May 25, 2011, VH1 announced that "Love & Hip Hop" would be returning for a second season. The series premiered on November 14, 2011. All main cast members from the previous season returned, along with new cast members Kimbella Vanderhee, the girlfriend of Juelz Santana, and Yandy Smith, Jim Jones' manager. Teairra Marí and Erica Mena appeared as supporting cast members. The season garnered big ratings for the network, averaging 2.8 million total viewers per episode, making it VH1's highest rated series in over three and a half years. Overall, the series was the #8 highest rating series on cable

title: Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 7)

text: Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 7) The seventh season of the reality television series "" aired on VH1 from November 21, 2016 until February 27, 2017. The show was primarily filmed in New York City, New York. It was executively produced by Mona Scott-Young and Stephanie R. Gayle for Monami Entertainment, Toby Barraud, Stefan Springman, Mala Chapple, David DiGangi, and Josh Richards for Eastern TV, and Nina L. Diaz and Vivian Gomez for VH1. The series chronicles the lives of several women and men in the New York area, involved in hip hop music. It consists of 16

title: Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 4)

text: The season was released on DVD on region 1 on January 25, 2015. K. Michelle's purpose on the show was mainly served to set up her own spin-off series, as such, she appeared in infrequently and barely interacted with the rest of the cast. Her future co-stars on the show, Paris Phillips and Tracie Renee, appeared as guest stars. On October 15, 2014, VH1 officially announced "", which premiered on November 3, 2014. Rapper Peter Gunz finds himself in a twisted love triangle as he juggles his relationships with long-time girlfriend Tara and artist Amina. Tahiry struggles to trust Joe,

title: Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 4)

text: On October 10, 2013, VH1 announced "" would be returning for a fourth season on October 28, 2013. The season would premiere back to back with the second season of the spin-off series "Chrissy & Mr. Jones". The season was preceded by "40 Greatest Love & Hip Hop Moments", a 2 hour clip show hosted by Mona Scott-Young. The special aired on October 24, 2013, and showcased the franchise's most "shocking, scandalous and dramatic "Love & Hip Hop" moments", featuring clips from the show's first three seasons, as well as the first two seasons of its spin-off "". The cast

title: Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 5)

text: episodes, including a two-part reunion special hosted by Nina Parker. On January 30, 2014, VH1 announced the renewal of "Love & Hip Hop" for a fifth season. The series premiered on December 15, 2014. With the exception of Tahiry Jose, Erica Jean and K. Michelle, all of whom left or were fired from the show, the rest of the main cast members from last season returned, along with Cyn Santana, who was promoted to the main cast, and Chink Santana's girlfriend Chrissy Monroe. Producer Cisco Rosado joined the supporting cast, along with Darryl Strawberry's daughter Diamond Strawberry, Chink Santana and

title: Love & Hip Hop: New York

text: return to the show as supporting cast members, along with Maino, his girlfriend Maggie Carrie, ""s Alexis Skyy and transgender rapper Sidney Starr. Note: "Love & Hip Hop: New York" explores the role of women in the male-dominated industry of hip hop, their relationship struggles, as well as the intense and violent rivalries between the women in New York's hip hop scene. Over the seasons, the show has explored addiction, substance abuse, race relations, colorism, religion and the impact of incarceration on black families. Several female cast members identify as bisexual, lesbian or sexually fluid, and the show is one

title: Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 5)

text: Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 5) The fifth season of the reality television series "" aired on VH1 from December 15, 2014 until April 13, 2015. The show was primarily filmed in New York City, New York. It was executively produced by Mona Scott-Young and Stephanie R. Gayle for Monami Entertainment, Toby Barraud, Stefan Springman, David DiGangi and Ian Gelfand for Eastern TV, and Susan Levison, Nina L. Diaz and Vivian Gomez for VH1. The series chronicles the lives of several women and men in the New York area, involved in hip hop music. It consists of 17

title: Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 9)

text: and Safaree, looking back on their time on the show. On November 19, 2018, VH1 released a five-minute supertrailer. On November 21, 2018, VH1 released a five-minute sneak peak from the season's premiere episode. The season would be accompanied by an official podcast, "Love & Hip Hop: The Tea", hosted by Jesse Janedy, TK Trinidad and Lem Gonsalves. Navarro Gray, Fetty Wap and Ruben Brito appear as guest stars in several episodes. Mendeecees Harris appears via phone call conversations with Yandy, as he was incarcerated during filming. The show also features minor appearances from notable figures within the hip hop

title: Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 7)

text: Hop New York: Check Yourself", which features the cast's reactions to each episode, was released weekly with every episode on digital platforms. Deleted scenes from the season's episodes were released weekly as bonus content on VH1's official website. Several cast members had their music featured on the show and released singles to coincide with the airing of the episodes. Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 7) The seventh season of the reality television series "" aired on VH1 from November 21, 2016 until February 27, 2017. The show was primarily filmed in New York City, New York. It was

title: Love & Hip Hop: New York

title: Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 6)

text: Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 6) The sixth season of the reality television series "" aired on VH1 from December 14, 2015 until March 28, 2016. The show was primarily filmed in New York City, New York. It was executively produced by Mona Scott-Young and Stephanie R. Gayle for Monami Entertainment, Toby Barraud, Stefan Springman, Mala Chapple, David DiGangi, and Ian Gelfand for Eastern TV, and Susan Levison, Nina L. Diaz, Ken Martinez and Vivian Gomez for VH1. The series chronicles the lives of several women and men in the New York area, involved in hip hop music.

title: Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 9)

text: New York: Check Yourself", which features the cast's reactions to each episode, was released weekly with every episode on digital platforms. Deleted scenes from the season's episodes were released weekly as bonus content on VH1's official website. Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 9) The ninth season of the reality television series "" premiered on VH1 on November 26, 2018. The show was primarily filmed in New York City, New York. It is executively produced by Mona Scott-Young, Stephanie Gayle and Treiva Williams for Monami Entertainment, Toby Barraud, Stefan Springman, David DiGangi, Dave Patry, Richard Allen and Meredith Kisgen

title: Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 2)

text: Deleted scenes from the season's episodes were released weekly as bonus content on VH1's official website. Several cast members had their music featured on the show and released singles to coincide with the airing of the episodes. Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 2) The second season of the reality television series "" aired on VH1 from November 14, 2011 until February 6, 2012. The show was primarily filmed in New York City, New York. It was executively produced by Mona Scott-Young for Monami Entertainment, Toby Barraud and Stefan Springman for NFGTV, and Jim Ackerman and Jeff Olde for

title: Love & Hip Hop: New York

text: the title "Diary of a Hip Hop Girlfriend". On January 4, 2011, VH1 announced that "Love & Hip Hop" would debut on March 6, 2011. "Love & Hip Hop: New York" revolves around the everyday lives of women working in the male-dominated world of hip hop. The first two seasons focus on the personal and professional struggles of four women, two of which are girlfriends of famous rappers, and two are aspiring recording artists. Subsequent seasons expanded to include talent managers and producers, DJs and radio personalities, stylists, video vixens, glamour models and groupies. The show has a sprawling supporting

title: Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 4)

text: Check Yourself", which features the cast's reactions to each episode, was released weekly with every episode on digital platforms. Deleted scenes from the season's episodes were released weekly as bonus content on VH1's official website. Several cast members had their music featured on the show and released singles to coincide with the airing of the episodes. Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 4) The fourth season of the reality television series "" aired on VH1 from October 28, 2013 until February 10, 2014. The show was primarily filmed in New York City, New York. It was executively produced by

title: Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 2)

text: for Miami, after making it clear to Jim that she is not willing to wait much longer for his commitment. Jim follows and surprises Chrissy with a touching proposal. However, her happiness is short-lived when she comes face to face with Yandy at a night club and all hell breaks loose. The season ends with Emily taking a stand with Fab, Kimbella coming to a crossroads with Juelz, Somaya leaving New York for Los Angeles, Olivia refusing to compromise her career for a record deal and Jim and Chrissy severing their relationship with Yandy for good. Juelz Santana appears in

title: Love & Hip Hop: New York

text: the greatest VH1 reality stars of all time. "Love & Hip Hop" is often criticized for appearing to fabricate much of its storyline. Scott-Young has denied those claims: “I can’t stress enough that the stuff they deal with on ("Love & Hip Hop") is real. We may frame it within a production construct that allows us to shoot on a schedule, but we’re not making up the stuff that they’re going through.” She has admitted however that the show stages reactions of past events. In October 2013, Peter Gunz admitted in an interview with Sway in the Morning to exploiting

title: Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 3)

text: Mona Scott-Young. The show underwent major cast changes after last season's reunion special, in which all four original cast members accused their producers of manipulating storylines for drama. On September 7, 2012, VH1 announced that Chrissy Lampkin and Jim Jones would leave the show to star in their own spin-off show "Chrissy & Mr. Jones", along with Emily Bustamante and Jim's mother Nancy Jones. Somaya Reece quit the show all together, while Olivia Longott's role would be diminished significantly, appearing only as a supporting cast member. On December 4, 2012, VH1 announced that "Love & Hip Hop" would be returning

title: Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 6)

text: <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Several cast members had their music featured on the show and released singles to coincide with the airing of the episodes. Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 6) The sixth season of the reality television series "" aired on VH1 from December 14, 2015 until March 28, 2016. The show was primarily filmed in New York City, New York. It was executively produced by Mona Scott-Young and Stephanie R. Gayle for Monami Entertainment, Toby Barraud, Stefan Springman, Mala Chapple, David DiGangi, and Ian Gelfand for Eastern TV, and Susan Levison, Nina L. Diaz, Ken Martinez and Vivian Gomez

title: Love & Hip Hop: New York

text: episode for the next few seasons, until the poorly received eighth season, where ratings dipped below 2 million viewers for the first time in four years. During a speech at a campaign rally in North Carolina on November 4, 2016, President Barack Obama referenced the show, comparing the 2016 presidential race to reality television, saying "I mean, its like some "Love & Hip Hop" stuff." On a 2013 episode of the BET television series "The Game", Wendy Raquel Robinson's character Tasha makes reference to the franchise, saying "Back in the day we weren't carrying ourselves like them damn crazies you

title: Love & Hip Hop: New York

long_answer: Love & Hip Hop: New York (also known as Love & Hip Hop) is the original installment of the Love & Hip Hop reality television franchise on VH1. The series premiered on March 6, 2011, and chronicles the lives of several people in New York City (and nearby areas, including New Jersey, and Yonkers), involved with hip hop music. Its success has produced the spin-offs Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta, Chrissy & Mr. Jones, Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood, K. Michelle: My Life, Stevie J & Joseline: Go Hollywood, Leave It To Stevie and Love & Hip Hop: Miami. On October 2, 2017, VH1 announced the show's return for an eighth season, which will premiere on October 30, 2017.


question: how many gallons of water in the gulf of mexico

answers: 660 quadrillion US gallons

title: GuLF Study

text: gallons, or 643 million litres) spilled from a depth of 5,000 ft (1,500 m) into the Gulf of Mexico, 48 miles off the coast of Louisiana. According to the GuLF Study, the duration of the spill, the area affected, the proximity to local communities, and the number of people involved in the clean-up, were all greater than in any other spill that has been studied. Around 180 miles of shoreline were "heavily to moderately oiled," according to a US government report. Additional safety concerns were raised by the use of roughly nine million litres of oil dispersants, Corexit 9527 and

title: Volume and extent of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: for the amount of crude flowing into the Gulf each day. On 20 May 2010, United States Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar indicated that the U.S. government would verify how much oil had leaked into the Gulf of Mexico. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Administrator Lisa Jackson and United States Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano asked for the results of tests looking for traces of oil and dispersant chemicals in the waters of the gulf. Journalists attempting to document the impact of the spill were repeatedly refused access to public areas, and photojournalists were prevented from flying

text: water in a "dissolved or dispersed form". On 16 August 2010, UGA scientists said their analysis of federal estimates show that 80% of the oil the government said was gone from the Gulf of Mexico is still there. The Georgia team said "it is a misinterpretation of data to claim that oil that is dissolved is actually gone". Oil began washing up on the beaches of Gulf Islands National Seashore on 1 June 2010. By 4 June 2010, the spill had landed on of Louisiana's coast, had washed up along Mississippi and Alabama barrier islands, and was found for the

title: Grand Gulf Nuclear Generating Station

text: in 83,333, according to an NRC study published in August 2010. After heavy rains in late April, 2011, workers were pumping standing water that had collected in the abandoned, never-completed Unit 2 turbine building into the Mississippi River. Detectors sounded alarms at the presence of tritium in the water, and the pumping was stopped, and the accidental release was reported to the Mississippi Health Department and to the NRC. As of the dates of the news reports, it was unknown both how much tritium had entered the river, and how the tritium had collected in the standing water, given that

title: Oil well control

text: dissolved solids like in Gulf Coast waters, or 10.516 kPa/m. The density of formation water in saline or marine environments, such as along the Gulf Coast, is about 9.0 ppg or 1078.43 kg/m³. Since this is the highest for both Gulf Coast water and fresh water, a normally pressured formation can be controlled with a 9.0 ppg mud. Sometimes the weight of the overburden, which refers to the rocks and fluids above the formation, will tend to compact the formation, resulting in pressure built-up within the formation if the fluids are trapped in place. The formation in this case will

title: Gulf Coast of the United States

text: can bring 4 to 10 or more inches of rain in a single day. In August 2017, Hurricane Harvey made landfall along the central Texas coast, then migrated to and stalled over the greater Houston area for several days, producing extreme, unprecedented rainfall totals of over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in many areas, unleashing widespread flooding. Earthquakes are extremely rare to the area, but a surprising 6.0 earthquake in the Gulf of Mexico on September 10, 2006, could be felt from the cities of New Orleans to Tampa. The Gulf Coast is a major center of economic activity. The marshlands

title: Mississippi River Watershed Conservation Programs

text: the aquatic life in the Gulf of Mexico, and it can make fish and other aquatic life sick.The depleted oxygen levels kill the aquatic life in the Gulf of Mexico, and it can make fish and other aquatic life sick. Humans can be affected if they drink water or consume fish and other aquatic life that have been contaminated with bacteria or other toxic substances from the algae blooms. Shellfish contamination from the algae occurs easily, and it can be very dangerous for human consumption and cause stomach issues and rashes. Millions of people throughout the United States have a

title: Gulf of Mexico

text: avoid environmental problems. Although initial reports indicated that relatively little oil had leaked, by April 24, it was claimed by BP that approximately of oil per day were issuing from the wellhead, about below the surface on the ocean floor. On April 29, the U.S. government revealed that approximately per day, five times the original estimate, were pouring into the Gulf from the wellhead. The resulting oil slick quickly expanded to cover hundreds of square miles of ocean surface, posing a serious threat to marine life and adjacent coastal wetlands, and to the livelihoods of Gulf Coast shrimpers and fishermen.

title: Taylor oil spill

text: Energy site. The resulting oil sheen was estimated in 2015 to cover . As of 2014, the sheen was approximately wide and long, with an average of wide and long. Estimates by the environmental non-profit group Skytruth, indicated that the spill may have emptied up to of oil as of 2015, making it the 8th largest spill in the Gulf of Mexico since 1970. Taylor Energy originally estimated the volume of the spill was in decline, and was set to dwindle to around 12 gallons per day, but following an examination of 2,300 pollution reports by the Associated Press, the

title: Desalination by country

text: United States to use the RO process on a large scale with an initial operating capacity of 3 million gallons per day. By 1985, due to the rapid growth in population of Cape Coral, the city had the largest low pressure reverse osmosis plant in the world, capable of producing 15 MGD. As of 2012, South Florida has 33 brackish and two seawater desalination plants operating with seven brackish water plants under construction. The brackish and seawater desalination plants have the capacity to produce 245 million gallons of potable water per day. Desalination by country Estimates vary widely between 15,000–20,000

title: Taylor oil spill

text: be around 20 times greater than initially reported. Upper estimates of the spill have been calculated to be as much as of oil lost over the life of the disaster, affecting an area as large as . As of 2018 it was estimated that 300 to 700 barrels of oil per day are being spilled, making it one of the worst modern oil spills in the Gulf of Mexico by volume. The reserves are likely sufficient for the spill to continue for up to 100 years if not contained. Taylor Energy has spent as much as $435 million or more

title: Gulf of Mexico

text: An October 2007 study of the Atlantic croaker found a disproportioned sex ratio of 61% males to 39% females in hypoxic Gulf sites. This was compared with a 52% to 48% male-female ratio found in reference sites, showing an impairment of reproductive output for fish populations inhabiting hypoxic coastal zones. Microplastics within semi-enclosed seas like the Gulf have been reported in high concentrations and the Gulf's first such study estimated concentrations that rival the highest globally reported. There are 27,000 abandoned oil and gas wells beneath the Gulf. These have generally not been checked for potential environmental problems. In June

title: Gulf of Mexico

text: BP reached an $18.7bn settlement with the US government, the states of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas, as well as 400 local authorities. To date BP's cost for the clean-up, environmental and economic damages and penalties has reached $54bn. According to the National Response Center, the oil industry has thousands of minor accidents in the Gulf of Mexico every year. On May 12, 2016, a release of oil from subsea infrastructure on Shell's "Brutus" oil rig released 2,100 barrels of oil. This leak created a visible 2 mile by 13 mile oil slick in the sea about 97 miles

title: Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies

text: spill that released more than 4.9 million barrels of oil into the Gulf of Mexico between April 20, and July 15, 2010, created a unique opportunity to address many of the long-term issues fundamental to the Gulf’s future sustainability. HRI scientists have and continue to provide leadership in assessing the long-term impacts of the largest accidental marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry and are fostering the Gulf’s recovery by helping guide restoration to assure that conservation efforts are effective and long lasting. HRI has already influenced the allocation of billions of dollars toward Gulf restoration and

title: Jack 2

text: (50%), Devon Energy (25%), and StatoilHydro (25%). Most oil in the Gulf of Mexico is found on a continental shelf in less than 1,700 feet (520 m) of water. Oil was known to exist in the deeper waters of the Gulf between 5,000 and 10,000 feet (3,000 m), but it had yet to be proven that enough could be extracted to make the venture economically successful. The Jack 2 well is 175 miles (282 km) offshore in more than 7,000 feet (2,100 m) of water. The oil was extracted after drilling through more than 20,000 feet (6,100 m) of rock

text: from hydrates has not been produced from the Gulf of Mexico. Offshore oil and gas in the Gulf of Mexico (United States) Offshore oil and gas in the Gulf of Mexico is a major source of oil and natural gas in the United States. The western and central Gulf of Mexico, which includes offshore Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama, is one of the major petroleum-producing areas of the United States. Oil production from US federal waters in the Gulf of Mexico reached an all-time annual high of 1.65 million barrels per day in 2017. Oil production is expected to continue

text: below the surface. However, many scientists dispute the report's methodology and figures. Scientists said much oil was still underwater and could not be detected. According to the NOAA report released on 4 August 2010, about half of the oil leaked into the Gulf remains on or below the Gulf's surface. Some scientists are calling the NOAA estimates "ludicrous." According to USF chemical oceanographer David Hollander, while 25% of the oil can be accounted for by burning, skimming, etc., 75% is still unaccounted for. The federal calculations are based on direct measurements for only of the oil spilled – the oil

title: Hurricane Rita

text: Rita's intensity very problematic. Currently, very little spare crude oil capacity exists in the United States, and the Gulf of Mexico produces some per day total, as well as having some 30% of the total refining capacity of the United States. Rita's path traveled through a dense area of offshore pipelines and oil platforms, and on land to an area with large refineries. With over half of Gulf production still shut down in the wake of Katrina, some economists have stated that a worst-case scenario is for gasoline prices to briefly touch $5/US gallon ($1.30/L), which would be easily the

title: Deepwater Horizon oil spill

text: figure, saying that the government overestimated the volume. Internal emails released in 2013 showed that one BP employee had estimates that matched those of the FRTG, and shared the data with supervisors, but BP continued with their lower number. The company argued that government figures do not reflect over of oil that was collected or burned before it could enter the Gulf waters. According to the satellite images, the spill directly affected of ocean, which is comparable to the size of Oklahoma. By early June 2010, oil had washed up on of Louisiana's coast and along the Mississippi, Florida, and

title: Gulf of Mexico

title: Reverse osmosis

text: membrane is now made by this method. By the end of 2001, about 15,200 desalination plants were in operation or in the planning stages, worldwide. In 1977 Cape Coral, Florida became the first municipality in the United States to use the RO process on a large scale with an initial operating capacity of 11.35 million liters (3 million US gal) per day. By 1985, due to the rapid growth in population of Cape Coral, the city had the largest low pressure reverse osmosis plant in the world, capable of producing 56.8 million liters (15 million US gal) per day (MGD).

title: Corexit

text: 15,000 gallons per day. After May 26 daily average use decreased 9%, an average of slightly more than 23,000 gallons per day. On July 15, 2010, BP announced that it had capped the leaking well, and the application of dispersants by the response effort ceased shortly thereafter. The total used in the event was 1.84 million gallons of Corexit EC9500A and Corexit EC9527A, with roughly 58% sprayed from the air. At the beginning of the Gulf spill, the proprietary composition was not public, but the manufacturer's own safety data sheet identified the main components as 2-butoxyethanol and a proprietary organic

text: Offshore oil and gas in the Gulf of Mexico (United States) Offshore oil and gas in the Gulf of Mexico is a major source of oil and natural gas in the United States. The western and central Gulf of Mexico, which includes offshore Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama, is one of the major petroleum-producing areas of the United States. Oil production from US federal waters in the Gulf of Mexico reached an all-time annual high of 1.65 million barrels per day in 2017. Oil production is expected to continue the upward trend in 2018 and 2019, based on ten new

title: NOAAS Okeanos Explorer Gulf of Mexico 2017 Expedition

text: deep-water areas in important, yet largely unknown, U.S. waters. 17 ROV dives were conducted from 300 to 2,321 meters of depth to explore the diversity and distribution of deep-sea habitats and associated marine communities in the Gulf of Mexico basin. There were also four midwater exploration dives conducted at depths of 300 to 900 meters to investigate the diversity and abundance of the largely unknown pelagic fauna. During these dives hundreds of different species of animals were observed including several potential new species. Several significant range extensions were observed and several organisms were seen alive for the first time. 105

title: Great Lakes

text: been set in 1964. By April 2015 the water level had recovered to 7 inches (17.5 cm) more than the "long term monthly average". The Great Lakes contain 21% of the world's surface fresh water: , or 6.0×10 U.S. gallons, that is 6 quadrillion U.S gallons, (2.3×10 liters). This is enough water to cover the 48 contiguous U.S. states to a uniform depth of . Although the lakes contain a large percentage of the world's fresh water, the Great Lakes supply only a small portion of U.S. drinking water on a national basis. The total surface area of the lakes

title: Water metering

text: is 10 gallons, the sweep hand is on 7, and the wheel display shows 123456 plus a fixed zero, the actual total usage would be 1,234,567 gallons. In the United States most utilities bill only to the nearest 100 or 1,000 gallons (10 to 100 ft., 1 to 10 m), and often only read the leftmost 4 or 5 numbers on the display wheels. Using the above example, they would read and bill 1,234, rounding to 1,234,000 gallons based on a 1,000 gallon billing resolution. The most common rounding for a particular size meter is often indicated by differently coloured

title: Transocean

text: 11 workers and critically injured seven of the 126-member crew. "Deepwater Horizon" was completely destroyed and subsequently sank. As the "Deepwater Horizon" sank, the riser pipe that connected the well-head to the rig was severed. As a result, oil began to spill into the Gulf of Mexico. Estimates of the leak were about 80,000 barrels per day – for 87 days. Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal declared a state of emergency on 29 April, as the oil slick grew and headed toward the most important and most sensitive wetlands in North America, threatening to destroy wildlife and the livelihood of thousands

title: Blowout (well drilling)

text: The Deepwater Horizon well blowout in the Gulf of Mexico in April 2010 occurred at a water depth. Current blowout response capabilities in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico meet capture and process rates of 130,000 barrels of fluid per day and a gas handling capacity of 220 million cubic feet per day at depths through 10,000 feet. An underground blowout is a special situation where fluids from high pressure zones flow uncontrolled to lower pressure zones within the wellbore. Usually this is from deeper higher pressure zones to shallower lower pressure formations. There may be no escaping fluid flow at

title: Gulf of Mexico

text: Island. The Gulf contains a hypoxic dead zone that runs by east-west along the Texas-Louisiana coastline. In July 2008, researchers reported that between 1985 and 2008, the area roughly doubled in size and now stretches from near Galveston, Texas, to near Venice, Louisiana. It is now about , nearly the record. Poor agricultural practices in the northern portion of the Gulf of Mexico have led to a tremendous increase of nitrogen and phosphorus in neighboring marine ecosystems, which has resulted in algae blooms and a lack of available oxygen. Occurrences of masculinization and estrogen suppression were observed as a result.

text: water in 1962; and in a thousand feet of water in 1979. "By 1970, the technology existed to drill in 2,000 feet of water and actual exploratory drilling was taking place at 1,400 feet." By 2009, more than 70% of Gulf of Mexico oil production came from wells drilled in depths greater than , almost double from the percentage ten years ago. The deepest water depth in which a discovery has been made is , at Lloyd Ridge 370 (Diamond). The federal government has not allowed drilling in federal waters in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, which includes offshore Florida

title: Gulf of Mexico

long_answer: The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics. The Gulf of Mexico basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles (1,500 km; 930 mi) wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean (with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea) via the Yucatán Channel between Mexico and Cuba. With the narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km (615,000 sq mi). Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters (550 quadrillion Imperial gallons, 660 quadrillion US gallons, 2.5 million km or 600,000 cu mi).


question: anastomosis between the epididymis and the vas deferens

answers: Vasoepididymostomy

title: Vas deferens

text: opening in the body wall. Vas deferens The vas deferens (Latin: "carrying-away vessel"; plural: vasa deferentia), also called ductus deferens (Latin: "carrying-away duct"; plural: ductus deferentes), is part of the male reproductive system of many vertebrates; these ducts transport sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts in anticipation of ejaculation. It is a partially coiled tube which exits the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal. There are two ducts, connecting the left and right epididymis with the seminal vesicles to form the ejaculatory duct in order to move sperm. In humans, each tube is about long, 3 to 5

title: Vas deferens

text: Vas deferens The vas deferens (Latin: "carrying-away vessel"; plural: vasa deferentia), also called ductus deferens (Latin: "carrying-away duct"; plural: ductus deferentes), is part of the male reproductive system of many vertebrates; these ducts transport sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts in anticipation of ejaculation. It is a partially coiled tube which exits the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal. There are two ducts, connecting the left and right epididymis with the seminal vesicles to form the ejaculatory duct in order to move sperm. In humans, each tube is about long, 3 to 5 mm in diameter and is

title: Epididymis

text: Epididymis The epididymis (; plural: epididymides or ) is a tube that connects a testicle to a vas deferens in the male reproductive system. It is present in all male reptiles, birds, and mammals. It is a single, narrow, tightly-coiled tube in adult humans, in length connecting the efferent ducts from the rear of each testicle to its vas deferens. The epididymis can be divided into three main regions: In reptiles, there is an additional canal between the testis and the head of the epididymis and which receives the various efferent ducts. This is, however, absent in all birds and

title: Epididymis

text: epididymitis. Epididymectomy is the surgical removal of the epididymis sometimes performed for post-vasectomy pain syndrome and for refractory cases of epididymitis. Epididymis The epididymis (; plural: epididymides or ) is a tube that connects a testicle to a vas deferens in the male reproductive system. It is present in all male reptiles, birds, and mammals. It is a single, narrow, tightly-coiled tube in adult humans, in length connecting the efferent ducts from the rear of each testicle to its vas deferens. The epididymis can be divided into three main regions: In reptiles, there is an additional canal between the testis

title: Vas deferens

text: muscular (surrounded by smooth muscle). Its epithelium is pseudostratified columnar epithelium lined by stereocilia. They are part of the spermatic cords. The vas deferens is supplied by an accompanying artery (artery of vas deferens). This artery normally arises from the superior (sometimes inferior) vesical artery, a branch of the internal iliac artery. During ejaculation, the smooth muscle in the walls of the vas deferens contracts reflexively, thus propelling the sperm forward. This is also known as peristalsis. The sperm is transferred from the vas deferens into the urethra, collecting secretions from the male accessory sex glands such as the seminal

title: Epididymis

text: sperm motility until ejaculation. During ejaculation, sperm flow from the "cauda epididymis" (which functions as a storage reservoir) into the vas deferens where they are propelled by the peristaltic action of muscle layers in the wall of the vas deferens, and are mixed with the diluting fluids of the prostate, seminal vesicles, and other accessory glands prior to ejaculation (forming semen). An inflammation of the epididymis is called epididymitis. It is much more common than testicular inflammation, termed orchitis. Epididymotomy is the placing of an incision into the epididymis and is sometimes considered as a treatment option for acute suppurating

title: Vas deferens

text: of the seminal fluid. The final portion of the duct also receives ducts from the kidneys in most species. In amniotes, however, the archinephric duct has become a true vas deferens, and is used only for conducting sperm, never urine. As in cartilaginous fish, the upper part of the duct forms the epididymis. In many species, the vas deferens ends in a small sac for storing sperm. The only vertebrates to lack any structure resembling a vas deferens are the primitive jawless fishes, which release sperm directly into the body cavity, and then into the surrounding water through a simple

title: Male reproductive system

text: tubes cupped against the testicles, acts as a maturation and storage for sperm before they pass into the vas deferens, that carry sperm to the ampullary gland and prostatic ducts. The vas deferens, also known as the sperm duct, is a thin tube approximately long that starts from the epididymis to the pelvic cavity. It carries the spermatozoa from the epididymis to ejaculatory duct. Three accessory glands provide fluids that lubricate the duct system and nourish the sperm cells. They are the seminal vesicles, the prostate gland, and the bulbourethral glands (Cowper glands). The embryonic and prenatal development of the

title: Human sexuality

text: drawn closer to the body. Sperm are transported through a four-part duct system. The first part of this system is the epididymis. The testicles converge to form the seminiferous tubules, coiled tubes at the top and back of each testicle. The second part of the duct system is the vas deferens, a muscular tube that begins at the lower end of the epididymis. The vas deferens passes upward along the side of the testicles to become part of the spermatic cord. The expanded end is the ampulla, which stores sperm before ejaculation. The third part of the duct system is

title: Insect

text: The follicles connect to the vas deferens by the vas efferens, and the two tubular vasa deferentia connect to a median ejaculatory duct that leads to the outside. A portion of the vas deferens is often enlarged to form the seminal vesicle, which stores the sperm before they are discharged into the female. The seminal vesicles have glandular linings that secrete nutrients for nourishment and maintenance of the sperm. The ejaculatory duct is derived from an invagination of the epidermal cells during development and, as a result, has a cuticular lining. The terminal portion of the ejaculatory duct may be

title: Epididymis

text: immobile sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis. Spermatozoa do not reach full motility until they reach the vagina, where the alkaline pH is neutralized by acidic vaginal fluids. In the embryo, the epididymis develops from tissue that once formed the mesonephros, a primitive kidney found in many aquatic vertebrates. Persistence of the cranial end of the mesonephric duct will leave behind a remnant called the "appendix of the epididymis". In addition, some mesonephric tubules can persist as the "paradidymis", a small body caudal to the efferent ductules. A Gartner's duct is a homologous remnant in the female. Spermatozoa

title: Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome

text: differentiate into epididymides, vasa deferentia and seminal vesicles under the influence of testosterone, produced by the fetal Leydig cells The main form of treatment is laparotomy, a modern and minimally invasive type of surgery. Laparotomy properly positions the testes within the scrotum (orchidopexy) and remove Mullerian structures being the uterus and fallopian tubes. Occasionally they are unsalvageable if located high in the retroperitoneum. During this surgery, the uterus is usually removed and attempts made to dissect away Müllerian tissue from the vas deferens and epididymis to improve the chance of fertility. If the person has male gender identity himself and

title: Ductuli aberrantes

text: the head of the epididymis; it is connected with the rete testis. Ductuli aberrantes Ductuli aberrantes are two long narrow tubes, the ductulus aberrans inferior and the ductulus aberrans superior. The ductulus aberrant inferior (vas aberrans of Haller), is occasionally found connected with the lower part of the canal of the epididymis, or with the commencement of the vas deferens. Its length varies from 3.5 to 35 cm. , and it may become dilated toward its extremity; more commonly it retains the same diameter throughout. Its structure is similar to that of the ductus deferens. Occasionally it is found unconnected

title: Vas deferens

text: It has been used: Most vertebrates have some form of duct to transfer the sperm from the testes to the urethra. In cartilaginous fish and amphibians, sperm is carried through the archinephric duct, which also partially helps to transport urine from the kidneys. In teleosts, there is a distinct sperm duct, separate from the ureters, and often called the vas deferens, although probably not truly homologous with that in humans. In cartilaginous fishes, the part of the archinephric duct closest to the testis is coiled up to form an epididymis. Below this are a number of small glands secreting components

title: Anostoma depressum

text: the vas deferens. In "Anostoma depressum" the external reproductive pore, located on the right side of the head, leads into a small atrium with which the penis, hermaphroditic duct, and seminal receptacle attach. The first named is a heavy, muscular organ, accompanied by the usual slender vas deferens, their union being effected at some distance from the distal end of the penis, which thus forms a flagellum. The penis and flagellum are both sharply defined and appear to be without muscular attachments, though bound to the body wall by delicate connective tissue strands. In the neighborhood of the outer opening,

title: Hirudo orientalis

text: fusiform, well developed, and not larger than epididymes the dorsocefalic faces of which they circle. Vas deferens is thin ducts running from epididymis posteriorly. Testisacs is ovoid, approximately 1.5 times the size of ovisacs and located posterior to ganglion in segment XIII. Female reproductive system: Vagina has an upright, long, evenly curved tube entering directly into ventral body wall posterior to ganglion in XII. Common oviduct enters the vagina subterminally at a small vaginal caecum. Ovisacs are globular, small. Common oviduct has a thin duct forming several loops and covered with a thick layer of glandular tissue bound to the

title: Insect reproductive system

text: outside. A portion of the vas deferens is often enlarged to form the seminal vesicle, which stores the sperm before they are discharged into the female. The seminal vesicles have glandular linings that secrete nutrients for nourishment and maintenance of the sperm. The ejaculatory duct is derived from an invagination of the epidermal cells during development and, as a result, has a cuticular lining. The terminal portion of the ejaculatory duct may be sclerotized to form the intromittent organ, the aedeagus. The remainder of the male reproductive system is derived from embryonic mesoderm, except for the germ cells, or spermatogonia,

title: Development of the reproductive system

text: pronephric duct. This continues to grow caudally until it opens into the ventral part of the cloaca; beyond the pronephros it is termed the mesonephric duct. Thus, the mesonephric duct remains after the atrophy of the pronephros duct. In the male the duct persists, and forms the tube of the epididymis, the vas deferens and the ejaculatory duct, while the seminal vesicle arises during the third month as a lateral diverticulum from its hinder end. A large part of the head end of the mesonephros atrophies and disappears; of the remainder the anterior tubules form the efferent ducts of the

title: Evidence of common descent

text: vas deferens is part of the male anatomy of many vertebrates; it transports sperm from the epididymis in anticipation of ejaculation. In humans, the vas deferens routes up from the testicle, looping over the ureter, and back down to the urethra and penis. It has been suggested that this is due to the descent of the testicles during the course of human evolution—likely associated with temperature. As the testicles descended, the vas deferens lengthened to accommodate the accidental "hook" over the ureter. When organisms die, they often decompose rapidly or are consumed by scavengers, leaving no permanent evidences of their

title: Vasoepididymostomy

title: Tandonia

text: long. The retractor penis inserts at the boundary between the penis and epiphallus. The vas deferens of specific length opens into the posterior end of the epiphallus. The vaginal accessory glands (usually more than one) are of specific shapes, and are connected by ducts to the vagina or to the point where the vagina enters the atrium. The atrium is small and tubular, with no stimulator inside. Spermatheca are of specific size, the spermathecal duct can be longer or shorter than the spermatheca. Within the genus "Tandonia" there are the following 29 species: This article incorporates public domain text from

title: Tunica vaginalis

text: a visceral and a parietal lamina. The visceral lamina (lamina visceralis) covers the greater part of the testis and epididymis, connecting the latter to the testis by means of a distinct fold. From the posterior border of the gland it is reflected on to the internal surface of the scrotum. The parietal lamina (lamina parietalis) is far more extensive than the visceral, extending upward for some distance in front and on the medial side of the cord, and reaching below the testis. The inner surface of the tunica vaginalis is smooth, and covered by a layer of simple squamous mesothelial

title: Human penis

text: up the vas deferens, two ducts that pass over and behind the bladder. Fluids are added by the seminal vesicles and the vas deferens turns into the ejaculatory ducts, which join the urethra inside the prostate gland. The prostate as well as the bulbourethral glands add further secretions, and the semen is expelled through the penis. The raphe is the visible ridge between the lateral halves of the penis, found on the ventral or underside of the penis, running from the meatus (opening of the urethra) across the scrotum to the perineum (area between scrotum and anus). The human penis

title: Mesonephros

text: the similarity in structure, function, and terminology, however, the mesonephric nephrons do not form any part of the mature kidney or nephrons. As the more caudal nephrons form, the more cranial nephrons are already degenerating. In females the mesonephros degenerates entirely, though vestigial structures such as Gartner's ducts, the epoophoron, and paroophoron are common. In males, a few of the more caudal tubules will survive and give rise to the efferent ductules of the testis, the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, as well as vestigial structures such as the appendix testis, appendix epididymis, and paradidymis. The mesonephros persists and forms

title: Development of the reproductive system

text: testicle; while the posterior tubules are represented by the ductuli aberrantes, and by the paradidymis, which is sometimes found in front of the spermatic cord above the head of the epididymis. In the female the mesonephric bodies and ducts atrophy. The nonfunctional remains of the mesonephric tubules are represented by the epoophoron, and the paroöphoron, two small collections of rudimentary blind tubules which are situated in the mesosalpinx. The lower part of the mesonephric duct disappears, while the upper part persists as the longitudinal duct of the epoöphoron, called Gartner's duct. There are also developments of other tissues from the

title: Male reproductive system

text: extends to the labial sacral fold of the same side at the same time, a portion of the embryonic mesonephric duct adjacent to the testis becomes attached and convoluted informs the epididymis. Another portion of the mesonephretic duct becomes the ductus deferens. The seminal vesicles form from lateral outgrowths of the caudal and of each mesonephretic duct the prostate gland arises from an Indo dermal outgrowth of the urogenital sinus the bulbourethral glands develop from outgrowths in the membrane-like portion of the urethra. The descent of the testes to its final location at the anterior abdominal wall, followed by the

title: Vasectomy reversal

text: to the epididymis in front of the second blockage, to bypass both blockages and allow the sperm to reenter the urethra in the ejaculate. Since the epididymal tubule is much smaller (0.3 mm diameter) than the vas deferens (3 mm diameter, 10-fold larger), epididymal surgery is far more complicated and precise than the simple vas deferens-to-vas deferens connection. Vasectomy is a common method of contraception worldwide, with an estimated 40-60 million individuals having the procedure and 5-10% of couples choosing it as a birth control method. In the USA, about 5% of men later go on to have a vasectomy

title: Ejaculatory duct obstruction

text: since the efflux of the seminal vesicles is not hindered. This is because approx. 80% of the volume of the semen is the gel-like fluid originating from the seminal vesicles whereas the fraction from the testicles / epididymis, which contains the spermatozoa accounts for only 5–10% of the volume of the semen. In addition, if an obstruction of the vasa deferentia is the cause for the azoospermia, the concentration of fructose in the semen will also be normal, since the fructose comes primarily from the fluid stored in the seminal vesicles. If the seminal-vesicles contain spermatozoa, but the semen does

title: Strigamia maritima

text: efferentia, one leaving from each end of each testis; they fuse to form a much-coiled vas deferens, in which the sperm are stored. The vas deferens divides two thirds of the way along its length to pass round the gut, and fuses again before opening ventrally on a sub-terminal penis. Two pairs of tubular accessory glands lie alongside the gut and open posteriorly into the genital atrium. In maturus males there is a gradual buildup of sperm in the vas deferens beginning in August, when small groups of sperm appear at intervals along its length. The sperm are about 2

title: Perineum

text: can be reduced by preparing the perineum, often through massage. The word perineum derives from late Latin, from Greek περίνεος "perineos" "perinaeon", "peri-", around + "inein" to discharge or defecate. The perineum is generally defined as the surface region in both males and females between the pubic symphysis and the coccyx. The perineum is below the pelvic diaphragm and between the legs. It is a diamond-shaped area that includes the anus and, in females, the vagina. Its definition varies: it can refer to only the superficial structures in this region, or it can be used to include both superficial and

title: Vasoepididymostomy

long_answer: Vasoepididymostomy is often considered one of the most technically challenging operations in the field of urology. The procedure requires anastomosis of a single epididymal tubule (luminal diameter .15-.25 mm) to the lumen of the vas deferens (diameter .3-.4 mm), and is reserved for patients with congenital or acquired epididymal obstruction, or patients who have failed previous attempts at surgical reconstruction of the vas deferens. This surgery attaches the vas deferens directly to the epididymis, the coiled tube on the back of each testicle where sperm matures. A vasectomy can cause blockages or a break in the vas deferens or the epididymis. This surgery is used when a vasovasostomy won't work because sperm flow is blocked. The vas deferens is connected to the epididymis above the point of blockage.


question: who is given credit for inventing the aqua lung

answers: Jacques Cousteau

answers: engineer Émile Gagnan

answers: Émile Gagnan

title: Aqua-Lung

text: order to mass-produce and sell their invention, this time under a new 1945 patent, and known as CG45 ("C" for Cousteau, "G" for Gagnan and "45" for 1945). This same CG45 regulator, produced for more than ten years and commercialized in France as of 1946, was the first to actually be called the "Aqua-Lung". In France, the terms "scaphandre autonome" ("scuba set"), "scaphandre Cousteau-Gagnan" ("Cousteau-Gagnan scuba set"), or CG45 were meaningful enough for commercialization, but to sell his invention in English-speaking countries, Cousteau needed an appealing name following English language standards. He then coined the trade name "Aqua-Lung". In the

title: Aqua-Lung

text: term was in use before the trademark was registered by René Bussoz, who owned a sporting goods store called René Sports in Los Angeles. He obtained a contract with the French firm Air Liquide, the parent company of Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique, to import the new scuba equipment into the United States for sale on the Pacific coast (SPACO had the contract for the Atlantic coast). Bussoz changed the name of his company to U.S. Divers and registered the name Aqua-Lung. This turned out to be a wise move, because when the French company decided not to renew his five year

title: Aqua Lung America

text: the company known as La Spirotechnique (now Aqua Lung International) was established by both men together with Jean Delorme, CEO of Air Liquide, as a division of Air Liquide to sell the Aqua-Lung regulators. In the United States, the Aqua-Lung regulator was first sold in the late 1940s by René Sporting Goods, a sporting goods store in Los Angeles, California owned by René Bussoz. He soon obtained a contract with La Spirotechnique to import Aqua-Lung equipment into the United States for sale on the Pacific coast (Spaco, Inc. had the contract for the Atlantic coast). In 1952, Bussoz changed the

title: History of underwater diving

text: Spirotechnique and U.S. Divers to finally become the name of the company, Aqua-Lung/La Spirotechnique, currently located in Carros, near Nice. In 1948 the Cousteau-Gagnan patent was also licensed to Siebe Gorman of England, when Siebe Gorman was directed by Robert Henry Davis. Siebe Gorman was allowed to sell in Commonwealth countries, but had difficulty in meeting the demand and the U.S. patent prevented others from making the product. This demand was eventually met by Ted Eldred of Melbourne, Australia, who had been developing a rebreather called the Porpoise. When a demonstration resulted in a diver passing out, he began to

title: Scuba diving

text: successful and safe open-circuit scuba, known as the Aqua-Lung. Their system combined an improved demand regulator with high-pressure air tanks. This was patented in 1945. To sell his regulator in English-speaking countries Cousteau registered the Aqua-Lung trademark, which was first licensed to the U.S. Divers company, and in 1948 to Siebe Gorman of England. Siebe Gorman was allowed to sell in Commonwealth countries, but had difficulty in meeting the demand and the U.S. patent prevented others from making the product. The patent was circumvented by Ted Eldred of Melbourne, Australia, who developed the single-hose open-circuit scuba system, which separates the

title: Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique

text: own international branches around the world, like Aqua Lung America. Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique La Spirotechnique (now Aqua Lung International) is a large and well-known firm which makes scuba and other self-contained breathing apparatus, and other diving equipment. It produced the Aqua-Lung line of regulators, like the CG45 (1945) and the Mistral (1955), among others. Until 2016, the company was a division of Air Liquide since its foundation in 1946. The company was sold to Montagu Private Equity in 2016. In December 1942 the "lieutenant de vaisseau" (ship-of-the-Line Lieutenant) Jacques-Yves Cousteau met in Paris for the first time the engineer Émile

title: Scuba set

text: regulator with high-pressure air tanks. This was patented in 1945. To sell his regulator in English-speaking countries Cousteau registered the Aqua-Lung trademark, which was first licensed to the U.S. Divers company, and in 1948 to Siebe Gorman of England, Siebe Gorman was allowed to sell in Commonwealth countries, but had difficulty in meeting the demand and the U.S. patent prevented others from making the product. The patent was circumvented by Ted Eldred of Melbourne, Australia, who developed the single-hose open-circuit scuba system, which separates the first stage and demand valve of the pressure regulator by a low-pressure hose, puts the

title: Aqua-Lung

text: contract, no one had even heard of their product, but everyone was familiar with the names he had registered. Bussoz sold the company and the trade names for a handsome profit, returning to France. The name US Divers sounded very official and very American, but it was owned by a Frenchman and sold to a French company. Air Liquide held the patent on the original "Aqualung" (also written as "Aqua-Lung" or "Aqua Lung") until the patent expired sometime around 1960 to 1963. The term "Aqualung", as far as is known, first appeared in print on page 3 of Jacques-Yves Cousteau's

title: Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique

text: In 1955 La Spirotechnique launched its first single hose regulator. Conceived by Jean Bronnec and Raymond Gauthier this regulator was the Cristal, called the Aquamatic for English-speaking countries. The first American branch of La Spirotechnique was U.S. Divers Company, which first sold aqualungs (CG45, Mistral), Aquamatic (Cristal) and other La Spirotechnique regulators in the United States. At some point La Spirotechnique used the word Aqua Lung to change its name, or to use it as an alternate name. Nowadays U.S. Divers Company is known as Aqua Lung America. Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique sits nowadays in Carros, near Nice and owns its

title: Aqua Lung America

text: name of his company to "U.S. Divers Company" and registered the Aqua-Lung trademark in the United States. In 1957, Bussoz sold the company and the trade names to La Spirotechnique. Around 2003, U.S. Divers Company was renamed Aqua Lung America after La Spirotechnique changed its name to Aqua Lung International. The U.S. Divers name is maintained as a trademark for Aqua Lung's line of snorkelling equipment. Aqua Lung America Aqua Lung America (formerly U.S. Divers Company) is an American company based in Vista, California which makes scuba equipment. The company is a division of Aqua Lung International, which was, for

title: Aqua-Lung

text: late 1940s and early 1950s, La Spirotechnique started exporting the Aqua-Lung and leasing its patent to foreign companies (like the British Siebe Gorman). These operations found great success. The Rouquayrol-Denayrouze apparatus didn't achieve as much success because the compressed-air tanks made with the technology of the time could only hold 30 atmospheres, which allowed dives of only 30 minutes at no more than ten meters deep. Before 1945, French divers preferred their then traditional diving helmets and diving dresses. When the Aqua-Lung became available for commercial use, divers around the world found a scuba device smaller and easier to carry

title: History of scuba diving

text: to finally become the name of the company, Aqua-Lung/La Spirotechnique, currently located in Carros, near Nice. In 1948 the Cousteau-Gagnan patent was also licensed to Siebe Gorman of England, Siebe Gorman was allowed to sell in Commonwealth countries, but had difficulty in meeting the demand and the U.S. patent prevented others from making the product. This patent was circumvented by Ted Eldred of Melbourne, Australia, who had been developing a rebreather called the Porpoise. When a demonstration of this rebreather resulted in a diver passing out, he developed the single-hose open-circuit scuba system, which separates the first stage and demand

title: Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique

text: at its factory in Boulogne-Billancourt two scuba set prototypes that Cousteau and Frédéric Dumas used to shoot the underwater film "Épaves" ("Shipwrecks"), directed by Cousteau the same year. They were the first modern diving regulators to be made. In 1946 Air Liquide founded La Spirotechnique, its own division destined to conceive and mass-produce regulators and other diving equipment. Also in 1946 La Spirotechnique launched the CG45, the first modern regulator to be commercialized. The year 1946 represents thus the beginning of the popularisation of scuba diving. In English-speaking countries the CG45 was commercialized under the name of "Aqua-Lung", a word

title: Aqua-Lung

text: more high pressure diving cylinders and a diving regulator (the "Aqua-Lung") that supplied the diver with breathing gas at ambient pressure via a demand valve. For more than ten years, seen in the films "Épaves" ("Shipwrecks", 1943) and "Le Monde du silence" ("The Silent World", 1956) the main scuba equipment used by Cousteau and his divers was an Aqua-Lung mounted on three diving cylinders, one being used as a safe air reserve. The Aqua-Lung allowed Cousteau's team and other divers to spend more time underwater and, along with the invention of several underwater cameras, to film and explore more freely.

title: Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique

text: coined by Cousteau himself on that purpose. In the USA during World War II the American military physician Christian J. Lambertsen designed a wartime frogman's rebreather which in 1952 got called the SCUBA (acronym for Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus), and later the name (changing to 'scuba' and treated as a word) was used to mean any underwater breathing set. In Britain the word "aqualung" became a generic trademark for open-circuit underwater breathing sets and stayed so for many years. The word "scuba" became the generic word quickly in the USA and eventually in Britain. For more information see Aqua-lung#Trademark issues.

title: Aqua-Lung

text: or Air Liquide could have slowed or stopped this genericization by taking prompt action, but this seems not to have been done in Britain, where Siebe Gorman held the British rights to both the trade name and the patent. In the United States, the term "aqualung" was popularized by the popular television series "Sea Hunt" (1958). This series never said that an aqualung could be called anything else, or made by anyone else, but the company that supplied Mike Nelson, the lead character in the series. The Voit Rubber Corporation provided most of the diving equipment used in this series,

title: Aqua-Lung

text: the other or if, in fact, they were truly spontaneous inventions. There seems to be some evidence that the Divers Supply unit hit the market just prior to the Eldred Porpoise, but there is no evidence that Eldred was aware of it. In the early years of scuba diving in Britain, "tadpole" was a nickname for a type of diving gear that had two meanings: "Aqualung", "Aqua-Lung", and "Aqua Lung" are registered trademarks for scuba diving breathing equipment. That trade name was originally owned in the United States by a company known as U.S. Divers (now Aqua Lung America). The

title: Aqua-Lung

text: delivering air to a mouthpiece-mounted second stage via a small-diameter intermediate-pressure (about 140 psi) hose. At about the same time as Divers Supply began selling the Sport Diver regulator, Australian Ted Eldred designed a similar single hose system which he marketed as the Porpoise. Today, virtually all modern open-circuit SCUBA gear uses this design, though Aqualung did market a "modern" double hose Mistral model in 2005 and 2006. There is controversy over the invention of the first single hose regulator. The invention was motivated by an effort to bypass Aqua-Lung's patent on the double hose regulator. This patent involved the

title: Aqua-Lung

text: The original "Aqua-Lung" was an "open-circuit" design (so-called because gas flows from the cylinder, to the diver, out into the water). Other scuba systems that were invented before the "Aqua-Lung" were "closed circuit" (or "rebreather"). In these apparatuses, breathing gas flows from the cylinder to the diver, through a scrubber (which removes carbon dioxide), back to a secondary bag or counter-lung, and then back to the diver again, in a closed loop. The Aqua-Lung was not the first breathing apparatus, but it was the most popular. In 1934, René Commeinhes developed a firefighter's breathing apparatus which was adapted for diving

title: Aqua-lung

text: Aqua-Lung was the original English name of the first open-circuit, self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (or "SCUBA") to reach worldwide popularity and commercial success. This class of equipment is now commonly referred to as a diving regulator or demand valve. The Aqua-Lung was invented in Paris during the winter of 1942–1943 by two Frenchmen: the engineer Émile Gagnan and Naval Lieutenant ("lieutenant de vaisseau") Jacques Cousteau.  It allowed Cousteau and Gagnan to film and explore more easily underwater.

title: Ted Eldred

text: units were produced, but only a few dozen of all models are known to exist today. The more common French Aqua Lung was produced in far larger numbers, with 12,000 being made in a single month. Today the French design is considered obsolete, while the Australian design is made and used world wide. Ted Eldred was recognized in later life, by the Historical Divers Society (South-East Asia Pacific), as the inventor of the first successful commercially produced single hose SCUBA. Eldred made his last dive with his grandson Adam, at an event in Ted Eldred's honor. The single hose SCUBA

title: Ted Eldred

text: never dived with the Cousteau-Gagnan model of the Aqua Lung, but knew of its existence and its principle. The Aqua Lung was protected by patent and difficult to obtain in Australia. Siebe Gorman had the license to manufacture for Commonwealth countries and could not meet demands. When Eldred decided that rebreathers were not suitable for general sport use, he shifted his focus to developing the world's first single-hose open-circuit scuba set, both with tradename "Porpoise". Eldred's initial efforts were to make an oxygen rebreather safe for sporting use. Pure oxygen used in early rebreathers causes CNS poisoning below 6 msw.

title: King of the Coral Sea

text: patented Aqua Lung. It had a unique appearance, which came from the tank being worn on the diver's back, with the regulator worn on the chest. The Lawson Lung was made in Sydney in small numbers, because getting scuba gear in Australia was very difficult at the time. Rafferty dived in an open British made Heinke helmet as well as using the Lawson Lung towards the end of the film. Thursday Island was known for its pearl shells, which were collected for jewelry and buttons. The film was noted for the documentation of pearl shell divers and the luggers they

title: Aqua-Lung

text: first book, "The Silent World", in 1953. Public use of the word "aqualung", and public interest in Aqualungs and scuba diving, were started around 1953 in English-speaking counties by a National Geographical Society Magazine article about Cousteau's underwater archaeological expedition to Grand Congloué. In France, aqualung diving was popularized by Cousteau's movie "Épaves", while his book "The Silent World" also helped significantly. As with some other registered trademarks, the term "aqualung" became a genericized trademark in English-speaking countries as a result of common use by the public and in publications, including the BSAC's official diving manuals. Presumably, lawyers for Cousteau

title: Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique

text: From 1946 to 1955 La Spirotechnique sold only one model of regulator, the CG45. On April 1955 it launched the Mistral, a single-stage regulator that was cheaper to build and easier to breathe than the CG45. The Mistral became the brands spearhead and set off to establish scuba diving across the world. The CG45 and the Mistral were twin-hose regulators, but La Spirotechnique wanted to create a single-hose regulator, to let divers exchange their mouthpieces in narrow underwater caves and hollows, not knowing that in 1952 the Australian Ted Eldred had started to sell the first single-hose regulator, the Porpoise.

title: Aqua-Lung

text: and adapted it to gas generators in response to a fuel shortage, which was a consequence of German requisitioning. Gagnan's boss, Henri Melchior, knew that his son-in-law Jacques-Yves Cousteau was looking for an automatic demand regulator to increase the useful period of the underwater breathing apparatus invented by Commander Yves le Prieur, so he introduced Cousteau to Gagnan in December 1942. On Cousteau's initiative, the Gagnan's regulator was adapted to diving, and the new Cousteau-Gagnan patent was registered some weeks later in 1943. After the war, in 1946, both men founded La Spirotechnique (as a division of Air Liquide) in

title: Ted Eldred

text: the French firm L'Air Liquide, which owned U.S. Divers Corp., and the patent to the Aqua-Lung, bought Eldred out, under threat of flooding his market with their products. The Porpoise continued to be marketed under the name Australian Divers Spiro Pty. Ltd. Eldred worked for them for a time, but eventually left diving behind, discouraged by this experience. Later Australian Divers Spiro ceased production of all of the Porpoise models, but had to continue to supply the RAN because of an existing contract. The last Porpoise sold was the RAN variation of the Porpoise Universal in 1976. About 12,000 Porpoise

title: Christian J. Lambertsen

text: Christian J. Lambertsen Christian James Lambertsen (May 15, 1917 – February 11, 2011) was an American environmental medicine and diving medicine specialist who was principally responsible for developing the United States Navy frogmen's rebreathers in the early 1940s for underwater warfare. Lambertsen designed a series of rebreathers in 1940 (patent filing date: 16 Dec 1940) and in 1944 (patent issue date: 2 May 1944) and first called his invention "breathing apparatus". Later, after the war, he called it "Laru" (portmanteau for Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit) and finally, in 1952, he changed his invention's name again to SCUBA (Self Contained Underwater

title: Robert Croft (diver)

text: and Enzo Majorca, he established three depth records: He retired from free-diving thereafter. Croft is credited with inventing "air packing" (also known as "lung packing" or "glossopharyngeal inhalation"), a method used to overfill the lungs, increasing the volume of air in the lungs above the total lung capacity prior to breath-holding. He had developed this method as a youngster living in Narraganset Bay, Rhode Island to swim further and stay underwater longer than any of his peers. He also served as a research subject for 6 years, from 1962 to 1968, for the Navy research scientists. One of the navy

title: History of underwater diving

text: regulator was adapted to diving, and the new Cousteau-Gagnan patent was registered some weeks later in 1943. Air Liquide started selling the Cousteau-Gagnan regulator commercially as of 1946 under the name of "scaphandre Cousteau-Gagnan" or CG45 ("C" for Cousteau, "G" for Gagnan and 45 for the 1945 patent). The same year Air Liquide created a division called "La Spirotechnique", to develop and sell regulators and other diving equipment. To sell his regulator in English-speaking countries Cousteau registered the Aqua-Lung trademark, which was first licensed to the U.S. Divers company (the American division of Air Liquide) and later sold with La

title: Aqua-lung

short_answers:
Jacques Cousteau
engineer Émile Gagnan
Émile Gagnan


question: where did the name huey helicopter come from

answers: originally designated HU-1

title: Take Me Home Huey

text: Take Me Home Huey Take Me Home Huey is an art project and sculpture that was created from a discarded U.S. Army Bell UH-1 Iroquois helicopter, that served as an air ambulance for the U.S. Army in the Vietnam War. The serial number is 67-17174, commonly known as #174. Artist Steve Maloney created the concept and artwork using the restored helicopter’s 47-foot long fuselage as a canvas. The composition includes a mule pack of soldier’s duffels, public address speakers and a vinyl wrap of Vietnam Helicopter Squadron names, along with symbolic 1960’s and 70’s pop culture imagery of icons that

title: Bell UH-1 Iroquois

text: had flown. In March 1960, the Army awarded Bell a production contract for 100 aircraft, which was designated as the HU-1A and officially named "Iroquois" after the Native American nations. The helicopter quickly developed a nickname derived from its designation of HU-1, which came to be pronounced as "Huey". The reference became so popular that Bell began casting the name on the helicopter's anti-torque pedals. The official U.S. Army name was almost never used in practice. After September 1962, the designation for all models was changed to UH-1 under a unified Department of Defense (DOD) designation system, but the nickname

title: 119th Assault Helicopter Company

text: approximately 8 Huey UH-1C model gunships. The "slick" troopships used the radio callsign "Alligator" or "Gator", the gunships used the callsign "Crocodiles" or "Crocs". The callsigns that the pilots used were atypical for US Army aviation units of the time, instead of standard callsigns such as "Blue four-one" or "Yellow six," the pilots used nicknames. The company at one time also used the callsign called "Black Dragon," from which the 52nd CABn "Flying Dragon" callsign evolved. The total company strength of approximately 225 included 50 to 60 pilots and an equal number of crewmembers, plus field maintenance and other critical

title: Bell UH-1 Iroquois

text: "Chickenhawk". The 2002 journey of "Huey 091", displayed in the Smithsonian National Museum of American History, is outlined in the documentary "In the Shadow of the Blade". Bell UH-1 Iroquois The Bell UH-1 Iroquois (nicknamed "Huey") is a utility military helicopter powered by a single turboshaft engine, with two-blade main and tail rotors. The first member of the prolific Huey family, it was developed by Bell Helicopter to meet a United States Army's 1952 requirement for a medical evacuation and utility helicopter, and first flew in 1956. The UH-1 was the first turbine-powered helicopter produced for the United States military,

title: Bell UH-1 Iroquois variants

text: the UH-1A) was the first turbine-equipped U.S. helicopter to go into production, and production models first entered service with the 101st Airborne Division at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, the 82nd Airborne Division and the 57th Medical Detachment. Although they were intended for evaluation only, the Army quickly pressed them into operational service and Hueys with the 57th Medical Detachment arrived in Vietnam in March 1962. The helicopter was originally designated the HU-1A, which is where it received its nickname - "Huey." The official U.S. Army designation Iroquois (Army helicopters are traditionally given Native American names) was almost never used in practice.

title: Aircraft in fiction

text: an AH-1 Cobra, which pursues them through a wind farm, firing heat seeking rockets at them. The Bell UH-1 Iroquois (commonly called the Huey) was the most common helicopter during the Vietnam War, as an aircraft used to insert and remove troops from the field, transport casualties for medical treatment and as a gunship. As such, it has appeared in many works of fiction related to the war. The UH-1 was an important part of the 1968 film "The Green Berets". The production company paid $18,623.64 for the material, the eighty-five hours of flying time by UH-1 helicopters, and thirty-eight

title: Bell AH-1 Cobra

text: "Hueys" would range across the country, to fight the enemy at times and places of their own choice. It soon became clear that the unarmed troop helicopters were vulnerable against ground fire from Viet Cong and North Vietnamese troops, particularly as they came down to drop their troops in a landing zone. Without friendly support from artillery or ground forces, the only way to pacify a landing zone was from the air, preferably with an aircraft that could closely escort the transport helicopters, and loiter over the landing zone as the battle progressed. By 1962 a small number of armed

title: Bell UH-1Y Venom

text: Bell UH-1Y Venom The Bell UH-1Y Venom (also called Super Huey) is a twin-engine, medium-sized utility helicopter, built by Bell Helicopter under the H-1 upgrade program of the United States Marine Corps. One of the latest members of the numerous Huey family, the UH-1Y is also called "Yankee", based on the NATO phonetic alphabet pronunciation of its variant letter. The UH-1Y was to have been remanufactured from UH-1Ns, but in 2005, it was approved for the aircraft to be built as new. After entering service in 2008, the UH-1Y replaced the USMC's aging fleet of UH-1N Twin Huey light utility

title: Bell AH-1 Cobra

text: eight months after the go-ahead. In April 1966, the model won an evaluation against the other rival helicopters. The Army then signed the first production contract for 110 aircraft. Bell added "Cobra" to the UH-1's Huey nickname to produce its "HueyCobra" name for the 209. The Army applied the "Cobra" name to its AH-1G designation for the helicopter. The Bell 209 demonstrator was used for the next six years to test weapons and fit of equipment. It had been modified to match the AH-1 production standard by the early 1970s. The demonstrator was retired to the Patton Museum at Fort

title: Bell UH-1 Iroquois variants

text: to maintain full capability when used with the heaviest armament subsystems, leading to the UH-1C. The UH-1C was specifically developed as a gunship version until the "interim" attack helicopter, the Bell AH-1G Huey Cobra was available and to correct the deficiencies of the UH-1B when it was used in the armed role. The UH-1C was widely referred to as the "Huey Hog" in US Army service. The "Charlie" model was fitted with the T53-L-9 or L-11 engine to provide the power needed to lift the weapons systems in use or under development at the time. It incorporated the new Bell

title: In the Shadow of the Blade

text: three decades after the war as a vehicle for eliciting the stories of ordinary Americans affected by the war. The film's centerpiece is UH-1 "Huey 091" (tail number 65-10091), which is now permanently displayed in the Smithsonian Museum of American History "Price of Freedom: Americans At War" exhibit. "Huey 091" served during the Vietnam War with the U.S. Army in the 173rd Assault Helicopter Company, "The Robin Hoods, in 1966-67 before being removed stateside after incurring battle damage. The documentary's "mission of healing and reconciliation" lifted off at Fort Rucker, Alabama, where many Vietnam helicopter pilots trained before deployment. War

title: Bell UH-1 Iroquois

text: fitted which had two windows, plus a small hinged panel with an optional window, providing enhanced access to the cabin. The doors and hinged panels were quickly removable, allowing the Huey to be flown in a "doors off" configuration. The Model 205 prototype flew on 16 August 1961. Seven pre-production/prototype aircraft had been delivered for testing at Edwards AFB starting in March 1961. The 205 was initially equipped with a 44-foot (13.4 m) main rotor and a Lycoming T53-L-9 engine with 1,100 shp (820 kW). The rotor was lengthened to 48 feet (14.6 m) with a chord of . The

title: Bell UH-1 Iroquois variants

text: including 352 constructed by Dornier for the West German armed forces. The HH-1D was a base rescue/fire-fighting version for the US Army that had a 50-gallon water and foam spray system that could be discharged via an extendable boom. Upgrading the UH-1D to the Lycoming T53-L-13 engine, plus relocating the pitot tube from the nose to the roof resulted in a new model, the UH-1H, which was to become the most produced variant of the Huey family. In 1962 the US Marines held a competition to choose a new assault support helicopter to replace the Cessna O-1 and Kaman OH-43D

title: Boeing CH-47 Chinook

text: the UH-1 "Huey" to serve as the needed tactical troop transport. The YHC-1A would be improved and adopted by the Marines as the CH-46 Sea Knight in 1962. As a result, the Army issued a new order to Vertol for an enlarged derivative of the V-107, known by internal company designation as the Model 114, which it gave the designation of HC-1B. On 21 September 1961, the preproduction Boeing Vertol YCH-1B made its initial hovering flight. During 1962, the HC-1B was redesignated the CH-47A under the 1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system; it was also named "Chinook" after the

title: United States Army Aviation Branch

text: the UH-1 Iroquois, or Huey, began to arrive in Vietnam in significant numbers in 1964. Before the end of the conflict, more than 5,000 of these versatile aircraft were introduced into Southeast Asia. They were used for medical evacuation, command and control, air assault; personnel and materiel transport; and gunships. The AH-1 Cobra arrived in 1967 to partially replace the Huey in its gun ship capacity. Other important helicopters in Vietnam included the CH-47 Chinook, the OH-6 Cayuse, the OH-58 Kiowa, and the CH-54 Tarhe. Although the concept of air mobility had been developed with a mid-intensity European conflict in

title: Dyna-Flytes

text: using an incorrect name (e.g. the Sikorsky S-55 was actually an S-58) or omitted the manufacturer's name (e.g. the 'Huey copter' is correctly a Bell UH-1B Iroquois/Huey). In addition, some moulds were withdrawn and their number assigned to a new mould. Additionally, a number of the early casts were retired and replaced with newer, finer casts. This would include the B707 and B727 as examples. Some details are provided in brackets after each aircraft's entry. It should also be noted that the original issue numbers did NOT include the "A" suffix. This would become standard in later years, but it's

title: Armed helicopter

text: for specialized helicopters to be used as aerial artillery to provide fire suppression and ground support close to the battle. The first United States use of the armed helicopter in large-scale combat operations was during the Vietnam War. First the U.S. Army modified UH-1B 'Huey' helicopters, mounting machine guns and Folding Fin Aerial Rockets (FFAR) on struts parallel with the fuselage. Eventually, the U.S. Army would upgrade the engine and rotor to the UH-1C model, and again to the UH-1M model, to overcome power issues as more and more armament was added to the helicopters. But this was not fully

title: Bell 214

text: Bell 214 The Bell 214 is a medium-lift helicopter derived from Bell Helicopter's ubiquitous UH-1 Huey series. The Bell 214ST shares the same model number, but is a larger, much-modified twin-engine derivative. The original development of the Model 214 was announced by Bell in 1970 under the name "Huey Plus". The first prototype was based on a Bell 205 airframe equipped with a Lycoming T53-L-702 engine of 1,900 shp. The first Bell 214A demonstration prototype followed and was evaluated in Iran during field exercises with the Imperial Iranian Armed Forces. The trial was judged successful and an order for 287

title: Bell UH-1 Iroquois variants

text: 1969. The "Mike" model Huey was a conversion of the existing UH-1C by re-engining it with the Lycoming T53-L-13 powerplant used in the UH-1H. This provided more power to the "C" model for its role as a gunship and also provided engine commonality between the attack and transport helicopters in use in Vietnam at that time. Bell flew the first twin-engined Huey in April 1965, calling it the Model 208. It was powered by a Continental XT67 twin-pack engine module. The Canadian government provided the incentive for Bell to continue development of the Twin Huey using Pratt & Whitney Canada

title: Bell UH-1 Iroquois

text: The Iroquois was originally designated HU-1, hence the Huey nickname, which has remained in common use, despite the official redesignation to UH-1 in 1962.  The UH-1 first saw service in combat operations during the Vietnam War, with around 7,000 helicopters deployed. The Bell 204 and 205 are Iroquois versions developed for the civil market.

title: Bell UH-1 Iroquois variants

text: and given the local designation of UH-1J, although this was not used in the US designation series. It has an upgraded engine and a UH-1N nose. Japan's UH-1H and UH-1Js will be replaced by a military version of the Bell 412. Bell was awarded a contract by the US Navy in December 1968 for a new search and rescue helicopter. The aircraft was designated the HH-1K and was basically a UH-1E with different avionics and the Lycoming T53-L-13 powerplant of . Deliveries of the “Kilo” Huey started in May 1970 and by November of that year three had been sent

title: Helicopter

text: Helicopter A helicopter is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by rotors. This allows the helicopter to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forward, backward, and laterally. These attributes allow helicopters to be used in congested or isolated areas where fixed-wing aircraft and many forms of VTOL (vertical takeoff and landing) aircraft cannot perform. The English word "helicopter" is adapted from the French word , coined by Gustave Ponton d'Amécourt in 1861, which originates from the Greek "helix" () "helix, spiral, whirl, convolution" and "pteron" () "wing". English language nicknames for

title: 17th Aviation Brigade (United States)

text: called "Alligator" or "Gator"), and approximately 8 Huey UH-1C model gunships known as "Crocodiles" or "Crocs." The company at one time also used the callsign called "Black Dragon" from which the 52d's "Flying Dragon" callsign evolved. The total company strength of approximately 225 included 50 to 60 pilots and an equal number of crewmembers, plus field maintenance and other critical support personnel. During over eight years in Vietnam, the 119th Aviation Company (Assault Helicopter) provided helicopter support for the US Army 4th Infantry Division, 25th Infantry Division, 1st Cavalry Division, 173d Airborne Brigade, US Marine Corps, United States Army Special

title: Bell UH-1N Twin Huey

text: in the Canadian Forces, in US service, the UH-1N retained the official name "Iroquois" from the single–engine UH-1 variants, although US service personnel refer to the aircraft as a "Huey" or "Twin Huey". The Bell 412 is a further development of the Bell 212, the major difference being the composite four-blade main rotor. The UH-1N has also been developed into the upgraded, four-blade UH-1Y. The UH-1N's main rotor is powered by a PT6T-3/T400 Turbo Twin Pac made up of two Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6 turboshaft engines that drive a single output shaft. They are capable of producing up to

title: Bell 309 KingCobra

text: Bell's Model 409/YAH-63 in 1976. Bell 309 KingCobra The Bell Model 309 KingCobra was an experimental attack helicopter developed by Bell Helicopter, based on the Bell AH-1 Cobra. The AH-1 Cobra was developed in the mid-1960s as an interim gunship for the U.S. Army for use in Vietnam. The Cobra shared the proven transmission, rotor system, and the T53 turboshaft engine of the UH-1 "Huey". By June 1967, the first AH-1G HueyCobras had been delivered. Originally designated as UH-1H, the "A" for attack designation was soon adopted and when the improved UH-1D became the UH-1H, the HueyCobra became the AH-1G.

title: CDF Aviation Management Program

text: in Vietnam. Nine helicopters were initially reconditioned, and were operated as non-certificated, public-use aircraft. The first helicopter was built up November, 1981 and was placed in service at Hemet-Ryan Helitack Base. Six more F Model Hueys were built up and placed in service at helitack bases throughout California in the summer of 1982. During the first two years Cal Fire employed “Personal Service Contract” pilots. Each base was assigned a full-time pilot and a seasonal relief pilot who covered two bases. The majority of the contract pilots became state employees in 1984. The helitack unit was designed to be a

title: Operation Pony Express

text: of the UH-1. On occasion, the Huey would carry a 55-gallon barrel of fuel in the cabin. If the Huey required the extra fuel, the crewchief would hook up his safety strap, step out onto the chopper's skid and hold the refueling hose as the other crewman pumped the fuel into the Huey's fuel tank. This was done at cruising altitude. In August 1968 the 20th Helicopter Squadron was redesignated the 20th Special Operations Squadron (SOS). The Pony Express continued to fly many missions in support of DOSA (Director of Operations for Special Activities) through 1968 and into 1969. The

title: Sikorsky XH-39

text: U.S. Army selected the Bell XH-40, prototype of the UH-1 Huey. Two YH-18As were modified into XH-39s; one for flight testing and the other for static test. On 26 August 1954, the XH-39 set a world helicopter speed record of 156.005 mph (251 km/h) over a three kilometer closed course at Bradley Field (now Bradley International Airport) in Windsor Locks, Connecticut. The same year, on October 17, 1954, it set an unofficial world helicopter altitude record of 24,500 ft (7,474 m) at Bridgeport, Connecticut. In addition to the two XH-39's, one S-59, serial number 52004, registration number N74150, was produced

title: Aircraft in fiction

text: hundred man-days for military personnel taken away from their regular duties. Two UH-1H Hueys make up part of the attack package on Ernst Stavro Blofeld's oil rig command center at the climax of the 1971 James Bond film "Diamonds Are Forever". The UH-1 was in Francis Ford Coppola's 1979 epic "Apocalypse Now". Several Hueys were rented from the Philippine Air force. UH-1s were prominently featured in Oliver Stone's 1986 film "Platoon". The 1990 film "Air America", about the CIA's proprietary airline during the war in Southeast Asia, featured the ubiquitous Huey helicopter. A Bell 205 is used as a mountain

title: Michael J. Aguilar

text: and has held a variety of billets in aviation at the squadron, aircraft group and aircraft wing level. He began flying the UH-1E Huey helicopter with Marine Light Helicopter Squadron 267, 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing, Camp Pendleton, and then while assigned to Headquarters and Maintenance Squadron 24, 1st Marine Amphibious Brigade, Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii. He was transferred overseas in 1976 to the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing where he served with Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 165 aboard Amphibious Naval Ships and Marine Light Helicopter Squadron 367 on Okinawa, Japan. In 1977 he returned to the 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing and converted

title: Bell UH-1 Iroquois