question: who expanded the palace of versailles to its present size

answers: Louis XIV

answers: Louis XV

title: Palace of Versailles

text: a grand scale. The first phase of the expansion (c. 1661–1678) was designed and supervised by the architect Louis Le Vau. Initially he added two wings to the forecourt, one for servants quarters and kitchens, the other for stables. In 1668 he added three new wings built of stone, known as the "envelope", to the north, south and west (the garden side) of the original château. These buildings had nearly-flat roofs covered with lead. The king also commissioned the landscape designer André Le Nôtre to create the most magnificent gardens in Europe, embellished with fountains, statues, basins, canals, geometric flower

title: Palace of Fontainebleau

text: Palace of Fontainebleau The Palace of Fontainebleau (; ) or Château de Fontainebleau, located southeast of the center of Paris, in the commune of Fontainebleau, is one of the largest French royal châteaux. The medieval castle and subsequent palace served as a residence for the French monarchs from Louis VII to Napoleon III. Francis I and Napoleon were the monarchs who had the most influence on the Palace as it stands today. . It is now a national museum and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The earliest record of a fortified castle at Fontaineau dates to 1137. It became a

title: History of the Palace of Versailles

text: prosperity to the village but, following an outbreak of the Plague and the Hundred Years' War, the village was largely destroyed, and its population sharply declined. In 1575, Albert de Gondi, a naturalized Florentine who gained prominence at the court of Henry II, purchased the seigneury of Versailles. In the early seventeenth century, Gondi invited Louis XIII on several hunting trips in the forests surrounding Versailles. Pleased with the location, Louis ordered the construction of a hunting lodge in 1624. Designed by Philibert Le Roy, the structure, a small château, was constructed of stone and red brick, with a based

title: Richard Mique

text: the historian of the Château de Versailles, in "Le Trianon de Marie-Antoinette" (1914), found Mique to have been "un artiste savant, habile, et digne de plus de gloire" A street in the city of Versailles commemorates his name. Richard Mique Richard Mique () (18 September 1728 – 8 July 1794) was a neoclassical French architect born in Lorraine. He is most remembered for his picturesque hamlet, the "Hameau de la Reine" — not particularly characteristic of his working style — for Marie Antoinette in the "Petit Trianon" gardens within the estate of Palace of Versailles. Richard Mique was born at

title: The Queen of Versailles

text: the Versailles house, a vast mansion named after the Palace of Versailles. Located on the outskirts of Orlando, it would be one of the largest single-family detached homes in the United States if completed (the largest being North Carolina's Biltmore Estate at 178,926 square feet). However, Siegel's company is badly affected by the Great Recession in 2008 and his family struggles to cope with their reduced income. Construction on the new house is halted, most of their servants are laid off and their pets are neglected. David retreats into his office, determined to save his Las Vegas property venture: PH

title: Versailles, Yvelines

text: seigneury of Versailles. Henceforth Versailles was the possession of the Gondi family, a family of wealthy and influential parliamentarians at the "Parlement" of Paris. Several times during the 1610s, the de Gondis invited King Louis XIII to hunt in the large forests around Versailles. In 1622, the king purchased a parcel of forest for his private hunting. In 1624, he acquired more and entrusted Philibert Le Roy with the construction of a small hunting lodge of red bricks and stone with a slate roof. In 1632, the king bought the totality of the land and seigneury of Versailles from Jean-François

title: Hector Lefuel

text: Hector Lefuel Hector-Martin Lefuel (Versailles, 14 November 1810 – Paris, 31 December 1880) was a French architect, best known for the completion of the Palais du Louvre, including the reconstruction of the Pavillon de Flore after a disastrous fire. He was the son of Alexandre Henry Lefuel (1782-1850), an entrepreneurial speculative builder established in the town of Versailles, who was admitted to the École des Beaux-Arts in 1829; there he studied with Jean-Nicolas Huyot and in 1833 he received second place in the Prix de Rome competition. A winner of the Prix de Rome in 1839, he spent the years

title: Palace of Versailles

text: had lost over 10,000 trees during Hurricane Lothar on 26 December 1999. One part of the initiative, the restoration of the Hall of Mirrors, was completed in 2006. Another major project was the further restoration of the backstage areas Royal Opera of Versailles, which was completed in 2009. The Palace of Versailles is owned by the French state. Its formal title is the Public Establishment of the Palace, Museum and National Estate of Versailles Since 1995, it has been run as a Public Establishment, with an independent administration and management supervised by the French Ministry of Culture. The current Chairperson

title: History of the Palace of Versailles

text: well as a symbol of the system of absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime. The earliest mention of the name of Versailles is found in a document which predates 1038, the Charte de l'abbaye Saint-Père de Chartres (Charter of the Saint-Père de Chartres Abbey), in which one of the signatories was a certain Hugo de Versailliis (Hugues de Versailles), who was seigneur of Versailles. During this period, the village of Versailles centred on a small castle and church, and the area was governed by a local lord. Its location on the road from Paris to Dreux and Normandy brought some

title: Palace of Versailles

text: Princess Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy, "duchesse de Bourgogne", wife of the Petit Dauphin, occupied these rooms from 1697 (the year of her marriage) to her death in 1712. The construction of the Hall of Mirrors between 1678 and 1686 coincided with a major alteration to the State Apartments. They were originally intended as his residence, but the King transformed them into galleries for his finest paintings, and venues for his many receptions for courtiers. During the season from All-Saints Day in November until Easter, these were usually held three times a week, from six to ten in the evening, with various

title: Style Louis XIV

text: success." The Gardens of Versailles, created by André Le Nôtre between 1662 and 1700, were the greatest achievement of the Garden à la francaise. They were the largest gardens in Europe – with an area of 15,000 hectares, and were laid out on an east–west axis followed the course of the sun: the sun rose over the Court of Honor, lit the Marble Court, crossed the Chateau and lit the bedroom of the King, and set at the end of the Grand Canal, reflected in the mirrors of the Hall of Mirrors. In contrast with the grand perspectives, reaching to

title: Palace of Versailles

text: for the King's relaxation in the hot summers. It was surrounded by flowerbeds and decorated entirely with blue and white porcelain, in imitation of the Chinese style. The King increasingly spent his days in Versailles, and the government, court, and courtiers, numbering six to seven thousand persons, crowded into the buildings. The King ordered a further enlargement, which he entrusted to the young architect Jules Hardouin-Mansart. Hadouin-Mansart added two large new wings on either side of the original Cour Royale (Royal Courtyard). He also replaced Le Vau's large terrace, facing the garden on the west, with what became the most

title: Hôtel Matignon

text: the marshy terrain chosen as the new building site. Henceforth the "Noble Faubourg" gained a new lease on life, the proximity of Versailles being irresistible for an aristocracy who lived exclusively by and for the Court. On 30 September 1717, Christian-Louis de Montmorency Luxembourg, Prince of Tigny and Marshal of France, purchased, for the sum of 91 Livres, 2869 toises (30,000 m²) of land along the Rue de Varenne. He was a lover of gardens and intended to create a country park. In 1722, he commissioned a little-known architect, Jean Courtonne, to conceive and construct a mansion. His success in

title: Palace of Versailles

text: Charles Le Brun. Le Brun supervised the work of a large group of sculptors and painters, called the "Petite Academie", who crafted and painted the ornate walls and ceilings. Le Brun also supervised the design and installation of countless statues in the gardens. The grand stairway to the King's apartment was soon redecorated almost as soon as it was completed with plaques of colored marble and trophies of arms, tapestries, and balconies, so the members of the court could observe the processions of the King. In 1670, Le Vau added a new pavilion northwest of the chateau, called the Trianon,

title: Chapels of Versailles

text: took place on Pentecost, Juin 8, 1710; the organist was Jean-Baptiste Buterne. Books Journals Chapels of Versailles The present chapel of the Palace of Versailles is the fifth in the history of the palace. These chapels evolved with the expansion of the château and formed the focal point of the daily life of the court during the Ancien Régime (Bluche, 1986, 1991; Petitfils, 1995; Solnon, 1987). The château's first chapel dated from the time of Louis XIII, and was located in a detached pavilion at the northeast of the château. Today, the "pièce de la vaisselle d'or" in the "Petit

title: Louvre Palace

text: by Jean Bullant. The Bourbons took control of France in 1589. During his reign (1589–1610), Henry IV began his "Grand Design" to remove remnants of the medieval fortress, to increase the "Cour Carrée"'s area, and to create a link between the Palais des Tuileries and the Louvre. The link was completed via the "Grande Galerie" by architects Jacques II Androuet du Cerceau and Louis Métezeau. More than a quarter of a mile long and one hundred feet wide, this huge addition was built along the bank of the Seine; at the time of its completion it was the longest building

title: Palace of Versailles

text: great. Neither he nor his successor Charles X lived at Versailles. The French Revolution of 1830 brought a new monarch, Louis-Philippe to power, and a new ambition for Versailles. He did not reside at Versailles, but began the creation of the Museum of the History of France, dedicated to "all the glories of France", located in the south wing of the Palace, which had been used to house some members of the royal family. The museum was begun in 1833 and inaugurated on 30 June 1837. Its most famous room is the Galerie des Batailles (Hall of Battles), which lies

title: Palace of Versailles

text: beds and groves of trees. He also added two grottos in the Italian style and an immense orangerie to house fruit trees, as well as a zoo with a central pavilion for exotic animals. After Le Vau's death in 1670, the work was taken over and completed by his assistant François d'Orbay. The main floor (above the ground floor) of the new palace contained two symmetrical sets of apartments, one for the king and the other for the queen, looking over the gardens. The two apartments were separated by a marble terrace, overlooking the garden, with a fountain in the

title: Baroque

text: Mansart and Robert de Cotte, whose work included the Galerie des Glaces and the Grand Trianon at Versailles (1687–1688). Mansart was also responsible for the Baroque-classicism of the Place Vendôme (1686–1699). The major work of the period was the Palace of Versailles, begun in 1661 by Le Vau with decoration by the painter Charles Le Brun. The gardens were designed by André Le Nôtre specifically to complement and amplify the architecture. The Galerie des Glaces (Hall of Mirrors), the centerpiece of the château, with paintings by Le Brun, was constructed between 1678 and 1686. Mansart completed the Grand Trianon in

title: History of the Palace of Versailles

title: Versailles house

text: Versailles house Versailles is an 85,000 square-foot house belonging to Westgate Resorts founder David Siegel and his wife Jackie Siegel. It is under construction at 6121 Kirkstone Lane, Windermere, Florida, in the gated community of Lake Butler Sound in Orange County, USA. Named and modeled after the Palace of Versailles in France, the completed project will be one of the largest single-family homes in the United States. It is designed as the primary residence of the Siegels and their children. Construction began in 2004. Work stalled in 2009 with 60% completed as Siegel's company encountered financial difficulties. The house was

title: History of the Palace of Versailles

text: XIV's; in a word, it is having given to this magnificent book that is called French history this magnificent binding that is called Versailles" (Victor Hugo). Later, Balzac characterised the effort in less laudatory terms as the “hospital of the glories of France”. The southern wing (Aile du Midi) was given over to the Galerie des Batailles (Hall of Battles), which necessitated the demolition of most of the apartments of the Princes of the Blood who lived in this part of the palace during the Ancien Régime. The Galerie des Batailles was modeled on the Grande Galerie of the Louvre

title: Versailles, Yvelines

text: of Paris. In 1989, Versailles had a population density of 3,344/km (8,660/sq mi), whereas Paris had a density of 20,696/km (53,602/sq mi). Born out of the will of a king, the city has a rational and symmetrical grid of streets. By the standards of the 18th century, Versailles was a very modern European city. Versailles was used as a model for the building of Washington, D.C. by Pierre Charles L'Enfant. The name of Versailles appears for the first time in a medieval document dated 1038. In the feudal system of medieval France, the lords of Versailles came directly under the

title: Gardens of Versailles

text: Gardens of Versailles The Gardens of Versailles (; ) occupy part of what was once the "Domaine royal de Versailles", the royal demesne of the château of Versailles. Situated to the west of the palace, the gardens cover some 800 hectares of land, much of which is landscaped in the classic French Garden style perfected here by André Le Nôtre. Beyond the surrounding belt of woodland, the gardens are bordered by the urban areas of Versailles to the east and Le Chesnay to the north-east, by the National Arboretum de Chèvreloup to the north, the Versailles plain (a protected wildlife

title: Antoine Lepautre

text: and constructed the celebrated Grand Cascade that survives in its park. Drawings conserved in the Swedish National Museum of Fine Arts, Stockholm, demonstrate that Lepautre was the designer of stables for Jean-Baptiste Colbert at the Château de Sceaux, in the early 1670s. Madame de Montespan commissioned him to make plans for her Château de Clagny, close to Versailles; the unfinished project was completed after Lepautre's death by Jules Hardouin-Mansart. For Antoine Nompar de Caumont, duc de Lauzun, Lepautre built the Hôtel de Lauzun at Saint-Germain-en-Laye. In 1671, he became one of the first eight members of the Académie royale d'architecture

title: Louis Marie, Duke of Rambouillet

text: was the greatest landowner in France and had one of the largest fortunes in Europe, having added to his own inheritance the fortune of his paternal uncle Louis-Auguste de Bourbon, duc du Maine. Louis Marie died at the Versailles at the age of 3. Buried at the chapel at the Château de Rambouillet, he was later moved by his posthumous sister, Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon (wife of the future "Philippe Égalité"), to the "Chapelle royale de Dreux". Louis Marie, Duke of Rambouillet Louis Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Rambouillet (2 January 1746 – 13 November 1749) was a French

title: Versailles house

text: well as an episode of CNBC's "Secret Lives of the Super Rich". Versailles house Versailles is an 85,000 square-foot house belonging to Westgate Resorts founder David Siegel and his wife Jackie Siegel. It is under construction at 6121 Kirkstone Lane, Windermere, Florida, in the gated community of Lake Butler Sound in Orange County, USA. Named and modeled after the Palace of Versailles in France, the completed project will be one of the largest single-family homes in the United States. It is designed as the primary residence of the Siegels and their children. Construction began in 2004. Work stalled in 2009

title: Château

text: built from 1570–1576 to designs by Jean Bullant. Built by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, 1675–1683 for the duc de Chevreuse, Colbert's son-in-law, is a French Baroque château of manageable size. Protected behind fine wrought iron double gates, the main block and its outbuildings ("corps de logis"), linked by balustrades, are ranged symmetrically around a dry paved and gravelled "cour d'honneur". Behind, the central axis is extended between the former parterres, now mown hay. The park with formally shaped water was laid out by André Le Notre. The Palace of Versailles, or in French "Château de Versailles", is a royal château in Versailles

title: Louvre Palace

text: of its kind in the world. Henry IV, a promoter of the arts, invited hundreds of artists and craftsmen to live and work on the building's lower floors. (This tradition continued for another 200 years until Napoleon III ended it.) In the early 17th century, Louis XIII began the doubling of the length of the Lescot Wing to the north. His architect, Jacques Lemercier, designed and completed the wing by c. 1642. His central pavilion subsequently became known as the "Pavillon de l'Horloge", after a clock was added in 1857. Lemercier also began construction of the first part of the

title: Palace

text: Speakers of English think of the "Palace of Versailles" because it was the residence of the king of France, and the king was the source of power, though the building has always remained the "Château de Versailles" for the French, and the seat of government under the "Ancien Régime" remained the Palais du Louvre. The Louvre had begun as a fortified "Château du Louvre" on the edge of Paris, but as the seat of government and shorn of its fortified architecture and then completely surrounded by the city, it developed into the "Palais du Louvre". The "hôtel particulier" remains the

title: History of the Palace of Versailles

long_answer: Louis XIII's successor, Louis XIV, had a great interest in Versailles. He settled on the royal hunting lodge at Versailles, and over the following decades had it expanded into one of the largest palaces in the world. Beginning in 1661, the architect Louis Le Vau, landscape architect André Le Nôtre, and painter-decorator Charles Lebrun began a detailed renovation and expansion of the château. This was done to fulfill Louis XIV's desire to establish a new centre for the royal court. Following the Treaties of Nijmegen in 1678, he began to gradually move the court to Versailles. The court was officially established there on 6 May 1682.


question: when did holland become involved in world war 2

answers: 15 May 1940

answers: 10 May 1940

title: Cedric Holland

text: with a special interest in signalling and naval communications. He was promoted to lieutenant-commander after the war, and was in the Mediterranean during the Turkish War of Independence. He graduated to his own commands shortly after, commanding a cruiser on the China Station, then a destroyer in the Mediterranean. He became a naval attaché in Paris shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War, and remained in the position until April 1940. Recalled to Britain at the fall of France, Holland assumed command of the aircraft carrier , which he commanded during several actions and operations. He was prominent

title: Sidney Holland

text: to the rank of second lieutenant. He saw action during the Battle of Messines before being invalidated home after contracted a severe illness. Due to his injuries, Holland was hospitalised for six months and lost a lung. Holland was a prominent sportsman and sports administrator, representing Canterbury at provincial and inter-island level in hockey. After retiring from playing, he managed the New Zealand representative hockey team on an unbeaten tour of Australia in the 1932 and was a prominent hockey referee. After the war, Holland and one of his brothers established the Midland Engineering Company in Christchurch, which manufactured horticultural

title: Lancelot Holland

text: Lancelot Holland Vice Admiral Lancelot Ernest Holland, CB (13 September 1887 – 24 May 1941) commanded the British force in the Battle of the Denmark Strait in May 1941 against the German battleship "Bismarck". Holland was killed during the battle. Lancelot Holland was one of six sons and a daughter of a doctor who was also a brewer for the firm Hunt Edmunds. He was born in Middleton Cheney and was raised in the Banbury area. He entered the Royal Navy on 15 May 1902. On leaving HMS "Britannia" in September 1903, he was drafted to the China Station to

title: Spessard Holland

text: Mack (the grandfather of Connie Mack III, who would one day hold the Senate seat Holland once occupied) offered him a contract (he declined). Holland qualified to be a Rhodes Scholar, and was already a junior partner with R.B. Huffaker in the Huffaker & Holland law firm, but his plans were interrupted by World War I. Holland volunteered for service and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Coast Artillery Corps, where he was transferred to France and served in the brigade's JAG Corps as an assistant adjutant. At his request, Holland was later transferred to the 24th Aero

title: Cedric Holland

text: a skilled French speaker and was posted as Naval Attaché for France, Holland, Belgium, Spain and Portugal from January 1938 to April 1940, and was the Head of the Naval Mission to the French Admiralty from the outbreak of war in September 1939 until April 1940. Holland returned from his services with the French and in May 1940 took command of the aircraft carrier , which he commanded until May 1941. "Ark Royal" participated in a number of key theatres of the war, and Holland commanded it during Operation Alphabet, the transport of troops from Narvik to Britain, numerous convoy

title: Cedric Holland

text: 2nd Baronet, on 15 June 1925. The couple had two children, Katherine J. Holland, born in 1927, and John Swinton Holland, born in 1928. Cedric Holland Cedric Swinton Holland CB (13 October 1889 – 11 May 1950) was an officer of the Royal Navy who saw service during the First and Second World Wars, rising to the rank of vice-admiral. Holland was born the son of an admiral, and he followed his father into the navy, rising through the ranks and serving on a number of ships. He was serving at the rank of lieutenant on a cruiser at the

title: Cedric Holland

text: escort missions through the Mediterranean, bombing raids on the Italian mainland, and the search for the German raiders "Scharnhorst" and "Gneisenau". Holland was particularly involved in the attack on the French fleet at Mers-el-Kébir in July 1940. A British fleet, Force H, was despatched under Admiral Sir James Somerville to insist the French either demilitarize their ships or hand them over to the British, to prevent their capture by the Germans. Holland, as a French speaker with experience from his time as naval attaché in Paris, was sent to deliver the terms and enter negotiations with the French naval officers.

title: George Holland (tennis)

text: to Vivian McGrath in straight sets. During World War 2, Holland reached the rank of Lieutenant. After the war, Holland resumed his tennis career. George Holland (tennis) George Holland (1918–unknown) was an Australian tennis player. In 1938, tennis legend Don Budge said that, among the younger and less prominent players he had seen on his trip to Australia, Holland had the brightest future. "I have selected him after careful study of most of the leading young players. I watched many of them in match play during the Australian championships when they did not know I was about" said Budge, in

title: John Vincent Holland

text: the three soldiers who won Victoria Crosses in the fighting at the village during the Somme in 1916, Holland name being one of the three. John Vincent Holland John Vincent Holland VC (19 July 1889 – 27 February 1975), was World War 1 Irish soldier, and the recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Holland was born into a middle-class family in Athy, County Kildare, the son of veterinary surgeon John Holland and Catherine Peppard. He was educated first at Clongowes Wood

title: Cedric Holland

text: Cedric Holland Cedric Swinton Holland CB (13 October 1889 – 11 May 1950) was an officer of the Royal Navy who saw service during the First and Second World Wars, rising to the rank of vice-admiral. Holland was born the son of an admiral, and he followed his father into the navy, rising through the ranks and serving on a number of ships. He was serving at the rank of lieutenant on a cruiser at the start of the First World War. He saw out the war aboard battleships in home water and the Mediterranean, punctuated with time ashore, and

title: Cedric Holland

text: , based in the Mediterranean in 1920 during the Turkish War of Independence. Holland was advanced to commander on 31 December 1924, and between July 1928 and August 1929 he commanded on the China Station, during which time he visited ports in China, South-East Asia and Japan. His service in this region allowed him to attend the funeral of Dr Sun Yat-sen on 31 May 1929, and the annual Naval Regatta at Wei-Hai-Wei. He was promoted to captain on 30 June 1932, and in 1934 he took command of the destroyer , serving in the Mediterranean until 1936. Holland was

title: Edward James Gibson Holland

text: the London Gazette of 23 April 1901: Following his return to Canada, Holland became a commissioned officer. During the visit to Canada of the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York, Holland received the Victoria Cross from the Duke of Cornwall and York (later King George V) in Ottawa on 21 September 1901. Holland eventually achieved the rank of Major and served in World War I with the Canadian Machine Gun Corps. He commanded and actively recruited for the Borden's Machine Gun Battery in Cobalt, Ontario and the surrounding Temiskaming District. From an article in New Liskeard Speaker, Friday, January

title: John Vincent Holland

text: Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, then joining the 9/10th D.C.O. Lancers (Hodson's Horse) but was invalided out in 1941. He then took up a position with the Ministry of Food. In 1956, Holland and his wife emigrated to Hobart, in Tasmania. Holland died in Hobart in February 1975 at the age of 86. His body was buried in Cornelian Bay cemetery, with military honours. His wife, Frances, pre-deceased him, dying in 1960. Holland lived to see the birth of his great-grandchild. On 3 September 2009 a memorial plaque was unveiled at Guillemont Church in France dedicated to the memory of

title: History of the Netherlands

text: the UK & US governments to cut off oil supplies to Japan. Japanese forces invaded the Dutch East Indies on 11 January 1942. The Dutch surrendered on 8 March after Japanese troops landed on Java. Dutch citizens and everybody with Dutch ancestry, the so-called "Indo's" were captured and put to work in labour camps or interned. As in the Netherlands, many Dutch ships, planes and military personnel managed to reach safety, in this case Australia; from where they were able to fight again. In Europe, after the Allies landed in Normandy in June 1944, progress was slow until the Battle

title: Siege of Calais (1940)

text: including infantry and a machine-gun company had arrived in the town. On 19 May, Lieutenant-General Douglas Brownrigg, the Adjutant General of the BEF, appointed Colonel Rupert Holland to command the British troops in Calais and to arrange the evacuation of non-combatant personnel and wounded. The British contingent consisted of a platoon of the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (A&SH) who were guarding a radar site, the 2nd Anti-Aircraft Regiment RA, 58th (A&SH) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment RA and the 1st Searchlight Regiment RA. When the Germans captured Abbeville on 20 May, the War Office in Britain ordered troops to be despatched to

title: John Vincent Holland

text: 1914 with the 2nd Battalion of the Life Guards. In March 1915 he was attached to the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers and sent to France. He was wounded in August 1915 and medically evacuated to the England and Ireland to convalesce, but soon returned to the Western Front, this time with the 3rd Battalion of the Leinster Regiment, serving as battalion bombing officer. On 3 September 1916, during the Somme Offensive, whilst engaged in intense combat in the vicinity of the village of Guillemont, Holland was awarded the Victoria Cross for the following action: ""During a heavy

title: John Vincent Holland

text: John Vincent Holland John Vincent Holland VC (19 July 1889 – 27 February 1975), was World War 1 Irish soldier, and the recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Holland was born into a middle-class family in Athy, County Kildare, the son of veterinary surgeon John Holland and Catherine Peppard. He was educated first at Clongowes Wood College and later at Liverpool University, and was one of 600 Old Clongovians to enlist in the army during World War One. He enlisted in

title: John Vincent Holland

text: engagement, Lt. Holland, not content with bombing hostile dug-outs, fearlessly led his troops through our own artillery barrage and cleared a great part of the village in front. He started out with 26 troops and finished with only five after capturing some 50 prisoners. By this gallant action he undoubtedly broke the spirit of the enemy and saved many casualties."" Holland was subsequently promoted to Captain. During the war he was also Mentioned in Dispatches and received a personal "Hickie Parchment" from his Divisional General-Officer-Commanding, Major-General William Hickie, in recognition of his bravery in action. In 1917, Holland married Frances

title: Algernon Charles Holland

text: Amy Holland of Horsham, Sussex. His mother, Helen Ruth Menzies, was Scottish, born in Argentina, of Quinta Rannock, San Ferriemdo, Buenos Aires, Argentina, and in 1921, they moved to Buenos Aires, and he was educated there at the English College. In the Second World War, Holland served with Special Operations Executive. He was a Major in the Royal Corps of Signals, and was awarded an MBE, and a Military Cross in 1945. The MBE was awarded in 1943 for his services in Greece. In 1948, the US awarded him the Bronze Star Medal. Holland founded Amplifon in Milan, Italy in

title: Netherlands in World War II

text: The direct involvement of the Netherlands in World War II began with its invasion by Nazi Germany on 10 May 1940. The Netherlands had proclaimed neutrality when war broke out in September 1939, just as it had in World War I, but Adolf Hitler ordered it to be invaded anyway. On 15 May 1940, one day after the bombing of Rotterdam, the Dutch forces surrendered.  The Dutch government and the royal family escaped and went into exile in London.

title: Henry F. Holland

text: the end of World War II, Holland left the foreign service in 1945 and resumed the private practice of law. His practice involved international law and in the early 1950s, he was involved in the activities of the International Law Commission. In 1954, President of the United States Dwight D. Eisenhower named Holland Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs and, after Senate confirmation, Holland held this post from March 2, 1954 until September 13, 1956. In this capacity, he was assistant chief of the United States delegation at the tenth Pan-American Conference, held in Caracas in March 1954. He

title: Antony Holland

text: Antony Holland Antony Holland (28 March 1920 – 29 July 2015) was an English actor, playwright and theatre director who until his death in 2015 lived on Gabriola Island, British Columbia, Canada. Holland completed his drama training at the Labour Stage in London. Shortly after, he was called into His Majesty's Armed Forces as a signalman at the onset of the Second World War. While training at the coastal town of South Shields, he put on a play in a local abandoned theatre. Holland continued to mount productions in his spare time throughout the course of the war. He was

title: World War II by country

text: their liberation in 1945, the Dutch fought alongside the Allies around the globe, from the battles in the Pacific to the Battle of Britain. On the islands of Aruba and Curaçao (Netherlands West Indies) a large oil refinery was of major importance for the war effort in Europe, especially after D-day. As protection, a considerable U.S. military force was stationed on the island. New Zealand declared war on 3 September 1939, backdating the date to the time of Britain's declaration. New Zealand sent one Army division that served in Greece, North Africa, and Italy, and it offered a fair number

title: World War II by country

text: "South Dakota", "Indiana", "Massachusetts", and the "Alabama", on 8 December 1943, and also bombed by U.S. Navy carrier airplanes on the same day. See the article on the "Washington". Nepal declared war on Germany on 4 September 1939, and offered Gurkha troops to the United Kingdom. Like the Belgians, the Netherlands declared neutrality in 1939. In May 1940, the Netherlands was invaded after fierce resistance against the Nazis. Rotterdam and Middelburg were heavily bombed. The Dutch joined the Allies and contributed their surviving naval and armed forces to the defense of East Asia, in particular the Netherlands East Indies. Until

title: Lancelot Holland

text: VI, he was promoted to Rear admiral and became commander of the 3rd Battle Squadron of the Atlantic Fleet in January 1938, flying his flag in HMS "Resolution" and then commander of the 2nd Battle Squadron, in August 1939 he was appointed Rear-Admiral, Commanding, Channel Force in September 1939. He then became Admiralty representative at the Air Ministry. He was promoted to Vice Admiral backdated to Aug 1940 after commanding Cruiser Force H during the Battle of Cape Spartivento on 27 Nov 1940. From July 1940, Holland commanded the 7th Cruiser Squadron, serving in the Mediterranean. During the course of

title: Sidney Holland

text: then the Fendalton electorate from 1946 to 1957. Following Japan's entry into the Second World War in 1941, the Labour Government reluctantly acquiesced to the establishment of a bipartisan War Administration in July 1942, consisting of seven Labour Ministers and six National Ministers. Sidney Holland served as the Deputy Chairman of the short-lived War Cabinet, which collapsed in September 1942 after the National Party objected to Labour's handling of an unofficial miners' strike in the Waikato region that same month. Holland's decision strained relations with both the Labour Government and several National MPs including Gordon Coates and Adam Hamilton, who

title: Holland Smith

text: promoted to the temporary rank of major. After the Armistice he participated in the March to the Rhine through Belgium and Luxembourg as an assistant operations officer with the Third Army, and served with the General Staff, U.S. Army, during the occupation of Germany. For his service at Belleau Wood, Smith was awarded the Croix de Guerre with palm by the French government. He also received a Meritorious Service Citation from General John J. Pershing, Commander in Chief of the American Expeditionary Forces, for which he was later awarded (in 1932) the Purple Heart, one of the first awarded for

title: Barbara Holland

text: World War II. In 2007 "The Washington Post" published a profile of Holland after the release of her 16th book, "The Joy of Drinking", which she wrote to protest the rise of "broccoli, exercise and Starbucks." During the interview, she poured herself a glass of wine and lit a cigarette, pointing to each and saying, "Stuck up here on this mountain, I have only two hobbies" and said that she regularly drank a "half-gallon of Scotch a week". She lived in Philadelphia for most of her life and moved to Bluemont, Virginia in 1990, to a cabin where she wrote

title: Lancelot Holland

text: this command he led his cruisers in the Battle of Cape Spartivento on 27 November 1940. By this time, Holland had established himself as a gunnery specialist. Holland's next assignment was in command of the Battlecruiser Squadron. Britain had only three of these ships. They were capital ships that carried heavy guns, but sacrificed armour protection for speed. They were a concept of Admiral John Fisher before the First World War. Conventional naval thinking in the 1920s and 1930s was that the battlecruiser was designed to hunt and overtake fast commerce raiders, such as a pocket battleship or another battlecruiser,

title: James Holland (author)

text: James Holland (author) James Holland (born 27 June 1970) is a British author and broadcaster. Educated at Chafyn Grove School, Salisbury, and King's School, Bruton, Holland has written about military history, especially the Second World War, and has presented television programmes concerning Second World War battles. He studied at Durham University, graduating with a degree in History in 1992. Holland is co-founder and co-chair and programme director of the Chalke Valley History Festival, usually held in late June every year. It is the largest festival dedicated entirely to history in the UK. It was first held on the cricket ground

title: Netherlands in World War II


question: when was the first ford f 150 made

answers: 1975

title: Ford F-Series (twelfth generation)

text: sold as the Lincoln Mark LT in Mexico. For the 2010 model year, the SVT Raptor high-performance truck was introduced; unlike its Lightning predecessor, it was a vehicle dedicated to off-road driving. In North America, the twelfth-generation F-150 was produced at the Dearborn Truck plant in Dearborn, Michigan, as well as the Kansas City Assembly plant in Claycomo, Missouri. In December 2014, it was replaced by the thirteenth-generation 2015 F-150, unveiled in January 2014. Ford revealed the 2009 F-150 design at the 2008 North American International Auto Show in Detroit. Development began under chief engineer Matt O'Leary in November 2003

title: Ford F-Series (eleventh generation)

text: fall 2007 as a 2008 model. Based on an F-150 FX2 Sport, it uses a Roush-developed powertrain. The supercharged 5.4 L V8 puts out and of torque. The new F-150 earned the "North American Truck of the Year" award for 2004 and was "Motor Trend" magazine's Truck of the Year for 2004. It also beat the three-time winning Chevrolet Silverado for "Car and Driver" magazine's Best Pickup Truck for 2004 and 2005. The Ford F-Series has also earned the 2012 Motor Trend Truck of the Year. Additionally, over 939,000 F-Series trucks were sold in 2005, a single-year sales record for

title: Ford F-Series

text: the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, buyers of pickup trucks had increasingly purchased the vehicles for the purposes of personal use over work use. To further increase its growing market share, Ford sought to develop vehicles for both types of buyers. In its ultimate decision, the company decided to make the F-150 as a contemporary vehicle for personal use, while the F-250 and F-350 would be designed more conservatively for work-based customers. Introduced in early 1996 as a 1997 model, the F-150 was a completely new vehicle in comparison from its predecessor. Similar to the original Ford Taurus of 1986, the

title: Ford F-Series

text: pickup available on the market. F-100s and F-150s were virtually identical with the exception of smaller brakes. F-100s over a certain GVWR and/or without power brakes did use the F-150 axles. Also, the 1980–1983 F-100 was never offered with four-wheel-drive. 1986 marked the final year that the F-150 was available with a 3-speed manual gearbox that shifted via a steering column lever (3-on-the-tree). Incidentally, this was the second-last vehicle in the United States that offered this set up. 1986 was also the last year the Explorer package was available. This is the first generation of trucks to incorporate amenities such

title: Ford F-Series (tenth generation)

text: in 2001 as products from General Motors and Chrysler lagged. Ford's sales dropped, however, for the final years of this generation as the redesigned Dodge Ram and refreshed Chevrolet Silverado were released. The new F-150 was "Motor Trend" magazine's Truck of the Year in 1997. A minor facelift was introduced September 1998, with minor interior updates for 1999 models. In February 2000, the SuperCrew was added to the lineup early in the 2001 MY (Model Year), entering production on December 13, 1999. Ford also manufactured a limited run of "Heritage" (differentiated from the 2003 "Heritage Edition") F-150s of the 2003

title: Ford F-Series

text: switched from steel to aluminum (with the exception of the firewall); the frame itself remains high-strength steel. To prove the durability of the aluminum-intensive design, during the development of the thirteenth-generation F-Series, Ford entered camouflaged prototypes into the Baja 1000 endurance race (where the vehicles finished). The 2015 F-150 was the first pickup truck with adaptive cruise control, which uses radar sensors on the front of the vehicle to maintain a set following distance between it and the vehicle ahead of it, decreasing speed if necessary. The 3.7L V6 was dropped, replaced by a 3.5L V6 as the standard engine,

title: Ford F-Series

text: 1997 F-150 was developed with a radically streamlined body. Dispensing with the traditional Twin I-Beam for a fully independent front suspension, the all-new chassis only shared the transmissions with the previous generation. In a major change, the long-running 4.9L inline-6 was replaced by a 4.2 L Essex V6 engine as standard. The 4.6 L Modular V8 shared with the Panther Car was optional (with a bigger 5.4 L Triton V8 version added in mid-1997). Originally developed for use in the F-Series, the Modular/Triton V8 was the first overhead-camshaft engine ever to be installed in a full-size pickup truck. To improve

title: Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation)

text: best-selling vehicle in North America. , 85% of the F-150 is made in USA. While nearly all body panels of the F-150 were converted from steel to aluminum construction (the only significant sheetmetal component constructed of steel is the firewall), the frame remained of steel construction, the use of high-strength steel in the frame was increased from 23% to 77%. To showcase the durability of the aluminum-intensive design, Ford entered prototypes of the model disguised as 12th generation F150s in the Baja 1000. In an effort to offer a wider range of fuel-efficient engines for the F-150, a 3.5L version

title: Ford F-Series (tenth generation)

text: In 2003, a sporty STX trim package was introduced, aimed at younger truck buyers. The STX package featured color-keyed front/rear bumpers along with clear lens headlights and integrated round fog lamps. The package also featured chrome step rails, 17" chrome wheels, and a Kenwood Z828 stereo was installed in place of the standard Ford radio. Also in 2003, a special trim package "Heritage Edition" version with special badging was produced to mark the 100th anniversary of Ford trucks, available only in the 139" wheelbase SuperCab model. Sales of the F-150 surged in the tenth generation from 750,000 to over 900,000

title: Ford F-Series (eleventh generation)

text: Ford F-Series (eleventh generation) The redesigned eleventh generation F-150, using the new P2 platform, was introduced by Ford in January 2003 at the North American International Auto Show. Designed by Tyler Blake under Patrick Schiavone between 1999 and January 2000, the styling was a revolutionary, more angular update of the PN-96. On August 29, 2000, the final production design was frozen. Development began in 1997, with scheduled production for September 2002 alongside the U222 Expedition. Development later ended in 2003 due to delays. The side windows also changed to a Kenworth "Daylight Door" and Ford Super Duty-like appearance; dipping towards

title: Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation)

text: Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation) The thirteenth-generation Ford F-Series was unveiled at the 2014 North American International Auto Show on January 13, 2014. Based on an all-new platform, the 2015 Ford F-150 marked the adoption of aluminum body construction for the F-Series. Using an exterior design previewed by the 2013 Ford Atlas concept vehicle, the 2015 F-150 introduced a number of driver assistance and safety technologies to the vehicle, including a 360-degree camera, Adaptive Cruise Control and Collision Warning with Brake Support, Blind Spot Information System with Cross-Traffic Alert, and Lane-Keeping System. For the 2017 model year, the Ford Super Duty

title: Ford F-Series (tenth generation)

text: Ford F-Series (tenth generation) The tenth generation of the Ford F-Series is a line of pickup trucks produced by Ford from 1995 to 2004; it was sold from model years 1997 to 2004. In a major product shift in the Ford truck lineup, the F-250 and F-350 were split from the F-150. Beginning production in early-1998 (model year 1999) the newly branded Super Duty trucks had a distinct body and chassis, while still branded as F-Series trucks. This generation of the F-Series was also sold by Lincoln as the Blackwood for the model year 2002 (2002-2003 in Mexico). In Mexico,

title: Ford F-Series (tenth generation)

text: in history, covered vehicles from the 1994–2002 model years. At its January 1996 launch, the 1997 PN96 F-Series was only offered as a F-150; the F-250 and F-350 were produced as 1996 models on the previous-generation chassis. To bridge the gap between the F-150 and the heavier-duty pickups, a PN96 version of the F-250 was introduced nearly a year later (though also a 1997 model), slotted between the F-150 and the F-250HD of the previous-generation chassis. While nearly externally indentical to the F-150, the F-250 gained increased load capability from a heavy-duty rear axle and load-leveling rear suspension; the F-250

title: Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation)

text: 325hp while torque is boosted by 25 lb-ft to 400 lb-ft. Starting in 2018, the 2.7L EcoBoost, 3.5L EcoBoost and 5.0L Coyote V8 will all be mated with the 10R80 10-speed automatic transmission. The 2015 Ford F-150 makes a number of design departures from previous F-Series trucks. In a major redesign of the headlights, the rectangular headlight units were replaced with C-shaped units bracketing a trapezoidal grille. The LED headlights were originally planned to use glass for the optics to focus the beam, but it could not achieve the needed clarity, so Ford designers instead used polycarbonate thermoplastic. Each lamp

title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: available with electronic fuel injection as an option on 1985 models; a year later, it became standard (an industry first for full-size pickups). The F-150 equipped with the 3-speed manual transmission was the second-to-last American vehicle to have a column-shifted manual transmission; it was discontinued after 1986, a year before similar Chevrolet and GMC models. The heavy duty Ford C6 3-speed automatic transmission, marketed as the "Select-Shift" automatic, was the standard automatic transmission all years and came paired with most engine options if ordered. Various transfer cases were used, most built by New Process Gear. NP205 and NP208F cases were

title: Ford F-Series (tenth generation)

text: body style to August 2004 as 2004 models to finish out production. This generation of F-150 was sold in Mexico alongside the new 11th generation F-Series through 2008. It was only available as a Regular Cab and in XL trim, while the newer model was available in more trims, SuperCab and SuperCrew configurations and the new model was badged as Lobo, while the older model retained the F-150 name. A new lineup of improved efficiency engines were offered beginning for 1997. A 4.2 L OHV V6, based on Ford's 3.8 L Essex V6, replaced the 4.9 L OHV I6, while

title: Ford F-Series

text: 1988. There was a new "high output" version of the 5.8L Windsor beginning in 1984. A noticeable change was made to the F-Series in 1982 as the Ford "Blue Oval" was added to the center of the grill, also the Ranger and Custom trims were no longer available. The Ranger name had been shifted onto the all-new compact pickup developed as a replacement for the Courier. The new trim levels were a no-badge base model (essentially the new Custom), XL, a very rare XLS, and XLT Lariat. 1983 marked the final year of the F-100, making the F-150 the lightest

title: Ford F-Series (twelfth generation)

text: in 2010 or 2011, The project was ultimately shelved, with the company developing the Ranger T6 as a global midsize truck and in North America, Ford focused on developing fuel-efficient powertrains such as the EcoBoost V6 and the 6-speed automatic transmission for the F-150. The 2009 F-150 featured a larger and more flexible interior, an updated three-bar grille, and additional choices of trim levels. The chassis included lighter-weight, high-strength steel for better fuel economy and safety and improved payload and towing capacity. For the first time in the history of the F-Series, a V8 engine was standard in all models;

title: Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation)

text: and possibly cause a fire in the event of a collision. Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation) The thirteenth-generation Ford F-Series was unveiled at the 2014 North American International Auto Show on January 13, 2014. Based on an all-new platform, the 2015 Ford F-150 marked the adoption of aluminum body construction for the F-Series. Using an exterior design previewed by the 2013 Ford Atlas concept vehicle, the 2015 F-150 introduced a number of driver assistance and safety technologies to the vehicle, including a 360-degree camera, Adaptive Cruise Control and Collision Warning with Brake Support, Blind Spot Information System with Cross-Traffic Alert, and

title: Ford F-Series

text: In 1975, the F-150 was introduced in between the F-100 and the F-250 in order to avoid certain emission control restrictions.  For 1978, square headlights replaced the previous models' round ones on higher trim package models, such as Lariat and Ranger, and in 1979 became standard equipment. Also for 1978, the Ford Bronco was redesigned into a variant of the F-series pickup. 1979 was the last year that the 460 big block engine was available in a half ton truck.

title: Ford F-Series (tenth generation)

text: the F-150 was rebranded as the Ford Lobo from 2004 to 2010, when it was replaced by the twelfth-generation model. In late 1989, during mid-stage development of a facelift due in late-1991 for model year 1992, Ford commenced the PN-96 program on a new truck platform and designated Thomas Baughman as chief engineer. In mid-1990, Andrew Jacobson was designated as design director for the PN-96 truck program. By 1991, designers had developed clay models indicative of car like styling, based on a new design theme. Despite the disapproval from focus groups towards "softer" styling, during 1991 and 1992 in concept

title: Ford F-Series (eleventh generation)

text: the front of the door. Initially, only Ford's 4.6 L Triton or new 3-valve 5.4 L 3V Triton V8 engines and four-speed automatic transmissions were offered to the retail public on the new trucks. For the 2005 model year, Ford's 4.2 L Essex V6 and manual transmission became available and standard on base models after they were available only for fleet orders for 2004 and automatic headlamps became available. The 11th generation F-150 is the last vehicle Ford manufactured with a gasoline pushrod V6. The F-250 and F-350 Ford Super Duties (on the P3 platform) are a different class (over

title: Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation)

text: truck line was completely redesigned for the first time. For the first time since the 1996 model year, all models of the F-Series from the F-150 through the F-550 utilized a common cab design, though the Super Duty utilizes its own front bodywork and unique bed, as well as two separate platforms (depending on GVWR). Although not the first vehicle developed by Ford with an aluminum body (in 1993, the company developed aluminum Mercury Sable prototypes, reducing nearly 400 pounds of curb weight), it was the first full-production vehicle built of aluminum from the company; the change also included the

title: Ford F-Series

text: larger grille and head lamps. Previously available only as a chassis-cab model, the F-450 now was available as a pickup directly from Ford. From 2004 to 2006 offered a different bed style as well. The twelfth generation F-150 was introduced for the 2009 model year as an update of the Ford full-size truck platform. Similar to its predecessor, these trucks are distinguished by their Super Duty-style grilles and head lamps; standard cab models again have two-doors instead of four. The FlareSide bed was continued until 2010, dropped along with the manual gearbox; outside of Mexico, the Lincoln Mark LT was

title: Ford F-Series (ninth generation)

text: F-Series. A "Windsor" V8 producing and of torque replaced the standard F-150 engine. The engine was based on an existing block, but Ford engineers fitted it with high flow rate "GT40" heads and used hypereutectic pistons to increase response, output and durability. The engine was also fitted with stainless steel "shorty" headers. An upgraded Ford E4OD automatic transmission was the only available transmission. An aluminum driveshaft connected it to 4.10:1 rear limited slip gears. The suspension had front and rear anti-rollbars and a special leaf, in the rear, tipped with a rubber snubber, that acted as a ladder bar and

title: Ford F-Series (eleventh generation)

text: trucks. As a popular fleet vehicle, this generation of the F-Series has garnered a number of awards from fleet management professionals. The 2006 F-150 was named Fleet Truck of the Year by Automotive Fleet and Business Fleet magazines, and the 2007 models of the F-150, F-250 and F-350 were chosen Best Fleet Value vehicles in their respective categories by automotive data-analysis firm Vincentric. Winner of the 2006–2007 Golden Icon Award (presented by Travolta Family Entertainment) for "Best Truck". Ford F-Series (eleventh generation) The redesigned eleventh generation F-150, using the new P2 platform, was introduced by Ford in January 2003 at

title: Ford F-Series

text: 360 hp; over 28,000 were produced from 1999 to 2003. For 2002, Lincoln-Mercury gained its first full-size pickup truck since 1968 with the introduction of the Lincoln Blackwood, the first Lincoln pickup. Sharing the front bodywork of the Lincoln Navigator SUV and the same cab body work as the Ford F-150, the Blackwood was designed with a model-exclusive bed and was sold only in black. Due to very poor sales, the Blackwood was discontinued after 2002. In 1999, the F-250 and F-350 pickups were introduced as the 1999 Ford F-Series Super Duty model line. While remaining part of the F-Series,

title: Ford F-Series

text: pickup in 1961 with the fourth generation F-Series. Longer and lower than its predecessors, these trucks had increased dimensions and new engine and gearbox choices. Additionally, the 1961–1963 models were constructed as a unibody design with the cab and bed integrated. This proved unpopular and Ford reverted to the traditional separate cab/bed design in 1964. In 1965, the F-Series was given a significant mid-cycle redesign. A completely new platform, including the "Twin I-Beam" front suspension, was introduced that would be used until 1996 on the F-150 and until 2016 on the F-250/350 4x2. Additionally that year, the Ranger name made

title: Ford F-Series

text: Ford F-150 around this same time). The F-250 HD also had some minor changes in trim location, and options available. The 1997 F-250 HD with the 7.3 Powerstroke Diesel is also the rarest and most desirable of ninth generation Fords. Following the introduction of the tenth-generation F-150, the F-250 and F-350 continued into production into the 1998 model year, becoming part of the Ford F-Series Super Duty line as they were replaced in 1999. For 1997, Ford Motor Company made a major change to its F-Series family of trucks as the F-Series pickup line was essentially split in two. During

title: Ford F-Series (seventh generation)

text: for the company's all-new compact pickup that replaced the Mazda-built Courier. Largely superseded by the F-150, the F-100 was discontinued after the 1983 model year, but the F-100 nameplate remained in Argentina. In Mexico, there was an F-200 introduced in 1976; this variant remained until 1991. In 1979, Ford debuted a brand new, redesigned F-Series pickup truck line, with the goal of maintaining utility while getting better fuel economy than its previous generation. However, drastic measures were taken in reducing weight, including cutting large holes in the frame; this severely weakened frame rails on model year 1980-1981 trucks, causing them

title: Ford F-Series


question: which philosopher advocated the idea of return to nature

answers: Bacon

title: Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche

text: the idea of the Eternal Recurrence in the works of Heinrich Heine, who speculated that one day a person would be born with the same thought-processes as himself, and that the same applied to every other individual. Nietzsche expanded on this thought to form his theory, which he put forth in "The Gay Science" and developed in "Thus Spoke Zarathustra". Schopenhauer directly influenced this theory. Schopenhauer postulated that a person who unconditionally affirms life would do so even if everything that has happened were to happen again repeatedly. Nietzsche's view on eternal return is similar to that of Hume: "the

title: Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling

text: to Schelling's in his 1957-58 Course on Nature. In the 1970s nature was again of interest to philosophers in relation to environmental issues. Schelling's philosophy of nature, particularly his intention to construct a program which covers both nature and the intellectual life in a single system and method, and restore nature as a central theme of philosophy, has been reevaluated in the contemporary context. His influence and relation to the German art scene, particularly to Romantic literature and visual art, has been an interest since the late 1960s, from Philipp Otto Runge to Gerhard Richter and Joseph Beuys. This interest

title: Friedrich Nietzsche

text: last time. "Eternal return" (also known as "eternal recurrence") is a hypothetical concept that posits that the universe has been recurring, and will continue to recur, in a self-similar form for an infinite number of times across infinite time or space. It is a purely physical concept, involving no supernatural reincarnation, but the return of beings in the same bodies. Nietzsche first invokes the idea of eternal return in a parable in Section 341 of "The Gay Science", and also in the chapter "Of the Vision and the Riddle" in "Thus Spoke Zarathustra", among other places. Nietzsche contemplates the idea

title: Environmentalism

text: passed in August 1907. An early "Back-to-Nature" movement, which anticipated the romantic ideal of modern environmentalism, was advocated by intellectuals such as John Ruskin, William Morris, George Bernard Shaw and Edward Carpenter, who were all against consumerism, pollution and other activities that were harmful to the natural world. The movement was a reaction to the urban conditions of the industrial towns, where sanitation was awful, pollution levels intolerable and housing terribly cramped. Idealists championed the rural life as a mythical Utopia and advocated a return to it. John Ruskin argued that people should return to a "small piece of English

title: Stephen Toulmin

text: of modern philosophy. Similarly, Toulmin sensed a thinning of morality in the field of sciences, which has diverted its attention from practical issues concerning ecology to the production of the atomic bomb. To solve this problem, Toulmin advocated a return to humanism consisting of four returns: a return to oral communication and discourse, a plea which has been rejected by modern philosophers, whose scholarly focus is on the printed page; a return to the particular or individual cases that deal with practical moral issues occurring in daily life (as opposed to theoretical principles that have limited practicality); a return to

title: Eternal return

text: subject appears in the work entitled "Notes on the Eternal Recurrence", a work which was published in 2007 alongside Søren Kierkegaard's own version of eternal return, which he calls 'repetition'. Nietzsche sums up his thought most succinctly when he addresses the reader with: "Everything has returned. Sirius, and the spider, and thy thoughts at this moment, and this last thought of thine that all things will return". However, he also expresses his thought at greater length when he says to his reader: "Whoever thou mayest be, beloved stranger, whom I meet here for the first time, avail thyself of this

title: Alain de Lille

text: Boethius’ "Consolation of Philosophy", to which he gave the title "De Planctu Naturae", or "The Plaint of Nature", and which was most likely written in the late 1160s. In this work, Alan uses prose and verse to illustrate the way in which nature defines its own position as inferior to that of God. He also attempts to illustrate the way in which humanity, through sexual perversion and specifically homosexuality, has defiled itself from nature and God. In "Anticlaudianus", another of his notable works, Alan uses a poetical dialogue to illustrate the way in which nature comes to the realization of

title: De rerum natura

text: General Non-Fiction and the 2011 National Book Award for Nonfiction. De rerum natura De rerum natura (; On the Nature of Things) is a first-century BC didactic poem by the Roman poet and philosopher Lucretius (c. 99 BC – c. 55 BC) with the goal of explaining Epicurean philosophy to a Roman audience. The poem, written in some 7,400 dactylic hexameters, is divided into six untitled books, and explores Epicurean physics through poetic language and metaphors. Namely, Lucretius explores the principles of atomism; the nature of the mind and soul; explanations of sensation and thought; the development of the world

title: De rerum natura

text: De rerum natura De rerum natura (; On the Nature of Things) is a first-century BC didactic poem by the Roman poet and philosopher Lucretius (c. 99 BC – c. 55 BC) with the goal of explaining Epicurean philosophy to a Roman audience. The poem, written in some 7,400 dactylic hexameters, is divided into six untitled books, and explores Epicurean physics through poetic language and metaphors. Namely, Lucretius explores the principles of atomism; the nature of the mind and soul; explanations of sensation and thought; the development of the world and its phenomena; and explains a variety of celestial and

title: Paradise (to be) Regained

text: Paradise (to be) Regained Paradise (to be) Regained is an essay written by Henry David Thoreau and published in 1843 in the "United States Magazine and Democratic Review". It takes the form of a review of John Adolphus Etzler's book "The Paradise within the Reach of all Men, without Labor, by Powers of Nature and Machinery: An Address to all intelligent men, in two parts", which had come out in a new edition the previous year. The essay amplifies such Thoreauvian themes as imploring people to self-betterment and a distrust of humanity's attempts to improve upon nature. Etzler's book is

title: Return to the Field

text: while emphasizing markedly Daoist ideas over his Confucian background. Liu Wu-chi writes that by combining Daoist ideas with Confucian ones, Zhang's poem "heralded the metaphysical verse and nature poetry of the later centuries." In the rhapsody, Zhang also explicitly mentions the sage of Daoism, Laozi (fl. 6th century BC), as well as Confucius (6th century BC), the Duke of Zhou (fl. 11th century BC), and the Three Sovereigns. A section about spring in Zhang Heng's rhapsody, translated in Liu Wu-chi's book "An Introduction to Chinese Literature" (1990), reads as thus: Return to the Field Return to the Field (歸田賦) is

title: Vegetarianism in the Romantic Era

text: it was thought that the more primitive humans had sustained themselves on a diet closer to a vegetarian lifestyle. Romantic writers including Ritson, Shelley, and Pope perceived the movement to vegetarianism as a way of returning to nature, reclaiming history, and turning away from animal or carnal savagery. Shelley promoted this idealist principle in "A Vindication of Natural Diet", writing, "It is a man of violent passions, blood-shot eyes, and swollen veins, that alone can grasp the knife of murder...In no cases has a return to vegetable diet produced the slightest injury: in most it has been attended with changes

title: Eternal return

text: birth, life, and death from which one seeks liberation. In Tantric Buddhism, a wheel of time concept known as the Kalachakra expresses the idea of an endless cycle of existence and knowledge. The concept of "eternal recurrence", the idea that with infinite time and a finite number of events, events will recur again and again infinitely, is central to the writings of Friedrich Nietzsche. As Heidegger points out in his lectures on Nietzsche, Nietzsche's first mention of eternal recurrence, in aphorism 341 of "The Gay Science" (cited below), presents this concept as a hypothetical "question" rather than postulating it as

title: Israeli sculpture

text: The exhibition requested the creation of an ecology unity, which would exist as "art" and as "nature" simultaneously. The "repair" of the landscape as an artistic event was developed by Danziger in his project "The Rehabilitation of the Nesher Quarry", on the northern slopes of Mount Carmel. This project was created as a collaboration between Danziger, Zeev Naveh the ecologist, and Joseph Morin the soil researcher. In this project, which was never finished, they attempted to create, using various technological and ecological means, a new environment among the fragments of stone left in the quarry. "Nature should not be returned

title: Eternal return

text: Eternal return Eternal return (also known as eternal recurrence) is a theory that the universe and all existence and energy has been recurring, and will continue to recur, in a self-similar form an infinite number of times across infinite time or space. The theory is found in Indian philosophy and in ancient Egypt and was subsequently taken up by the Pythagoreans and Stoics. With the decline of antiquity and the spread of Christianity, the theory fell into disuse in the Western world, with the exception of Friedrich Nietzsche, who connected the thought to many of his other concepts, including "amor

title: Naturphilosophie

text: introduced radical interpretations of nature that would reverberate through the sciences, and particularly the biology, of the next century. They developed the fundamental doctrines of "Naturphilosophie". In "System des transzendentalen Idealismus", 1800 ("System of Transcendental Idealism") Schelling included ideas on matter and the organic in Part III. They form just part of a more ambitious work that takes up other themes, in particular aesthetics. From this point onwards "Naturphilosophie" was less of a research concern for him, as he reformulated his philosophy. However, it remained an influential aspect of his teaching. For a short while, he edited a journal, the

title: Nature (essay)

text: Nature (essay) "Nature" is an essay written by Ralph Waldo Emerson, and published by James Munroe and Company in 1836. In the essay Emerson put forth the foundation of transcendentalism, a belief system that espouses a non-traditional appreciation of nature. Transcendentalism suggests that the divine, or God, suffuses nature, and suggests that reality can be understood by studying nature. Emerson's visit to the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris inspired a set of lectures he later delivered in Boston which were then published. Within the essay, Emerson divides nature into four usages: Commodity, Beauty, Language and Discipline. These distinctions define

title: Nature (essay)

text: cabin on land that Emerson owned. Their longstanding acquaintance offered Thoreau great encouragement in pursuing his desire to be a published author. Nature (essay) "Nature" is an essay written by Ralph Waldo Emerson, and published by James Munroe and Company in 1836. In the essay Emerson put forth the foundation of transcendentalism, a belief system that espouses a non-traditional appreciation of nature. Transcendentalism suggests that the divine, or God, suffuses nature, and suggests that reality can be understood by studying nature. Emerson's visit to the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris inspired a set of lectures he later delivered in

title: Arran Gare

text: theoretical biology, human ecology and philosophical anthropology, Schelling's philosophy, Chinese philosophy and Christopher Alexander's theories of architecture, and called for a revival of the Radical Enlightenment as the true heir of the Renaissance struggle for democracy and for the creation of an ecological civilisation as a new world order based on a new relationship between humanity and nature. More specifically, he has been concerned to revive and reformulate on naturalistic foundations the ethics and political philosophy of the liberal socialists inspired by T.H. Green, develop more adequate theoretical foundations for human ecology and ecological economics to provide an alternative to

title: Nature (philosophy)

text: Following Bacon's advice, the scientific search for the formal cause of things is now replaced by the search for "laws of nature" or "laws of physics" in all scientific thinking.  To use Aristotle's well-known terminology these are descriptions of efficient cause, and not formal cause or final cause. It means modern science limits its hypothesizing about non-physical things to the assumption that there are regularities to the ways of all things which do not change.

title: Thinking like a mountain

text: environmental actions that can be categorized under this broad and interconnected concept. Although the term was not coined until 1949, several philosophers of the ancient times had viewpoints similar to those who “think like a mountain”. Epicurus was one of the first ancient philosophers to view the role man plays in nature. His philosophy, Epicureanism, is a materialistic viewpoint that aims to explain the physical earth. Lucretius was a later philosopher who had Epicurean ideals. He wrote a six book collection, "De Rerum Natura", categorizing the natural word. In Book 5 of "De Rerum Natura" he writes: In this passage,

title: Balance of nature

text: theory is widely held to be true by the general public, with one authority calling it an "enduring myth". At least in Midwestern America, the "balance of nature" idea was shown to be widely held by both science majors and the general student population. In a study at the University of Patras, educational sciences students were asked to reason about the future of ecosystems which suffered human-driven disturbances. Subjects agreed that it was very likely for the ecosystems to fully recover their initial state, referring to either a 'recovery process' which restores the initial 'balance', or specific 'recovery mechanisms' as

title: Johannes Reinke

text: book that discussed the relationship of philosophy and religion to science. He died in Preetz. Johannes Reinke Johannes Reinke (February 3, 1849 – February 25, 1931) was a German botanist and philosopher who was a native of Ziethen, Lauenburg. He is remembered for his research of benthic marine algae. He studied botany with his father from the age of eight. Reinke studied theology at Rostock, but his focus later changed to botany. In 1879 he became a professor of botany at the University of Göttingen, where he established the institute of plant physiology. From 1885 until 1921, he was a

title: Environmental movement

text: which gave the trust the status of a statutory corporation. and the bill was passed in August 1907. An early "Back-to-Nature" movement, which anticipated the romantic ideal of modern environmentalism, was advocated by intellectuals such as John Ruskin, William Morris, and Edward Carpenter, who were all against consumerism, pollution and other activities that were harmful to the natural world. The movement was a reaction to the urban conditions of the industrial towns, where sanitation was awful, pollution levels intolerable and housing terribly cramped. Idealists championed the rural life as a mythical Utopia and advocated a return to it. John Ruskin

title: Naturphilosophie

text: writings posited that nature must have reality for itself. In this light Fichte's doctrines appeared incomplete. On the one hand, they identified the ultimate ground of the universe of reason too closely with finite, individual Spirit. On the other, they threatened the reality of the world of nature by seeing it too much in the manner of subjective idealism. Fichte, in this view, had not managed to unite his system with the aesthetic view of nature to which Immanuel Kant's "Critique of Judgment" had pointed. "Naturphilosophie" is therefore one possible theory of the unity of nature. Nature as the sum

title: Green anarchism

text: understands that his [or her] nature is bound up with the interest of all and with that of nature. He [or she] repairs the damage caused by his predecessors and works to improve his domain." Reclus advocated nature conservation and opposed meat-eating and cruelty to animals. He was a vegetarian. As a result, his ideas are seen by some historians as anticipating the modern social ecology and animal rights movements. Shortly before his death, Reclus completed "L'Homme et la terre" (1905). In it, he added to his previous greater works by considering humanity's development relative to its geographical environment. Reclus

title: Antonio Stoppani

text: in schools. It deals especially with geological curiosities and the beauty of the Italian landscape. He commented on Italians who "know almost nothing about the natural beauty of our country; yet take delight when someone calls it a garden" and that the English fall in love with just one thing and devote their energies, emotions, and life to arrive dead or alive at the summit of mountains. His introduction to natural history declared that ""man should never disappear from nature, nor should nature disappear from man"". Stoppani, like many other clergyman naturalists of the period, was a supporter of the

title: Wildness

text: their brains and they have deep psychic significance in the present time, in spite of urbanization. Humans are dependent on healthy nature not only for their physical sustenance, but for mental health, too. The concept of a state of nature was first posited by the 17th century English philosopher Thomas Hobbes in "Leviathan". Hobbes described the concept in the Latin phrase "bellum omnium contra omnes", meaning "the war of all against all." In this state any person has a natural right to do anything to preserve their own liberty or safety. Famously, he believed that such a condition would lead

title: Reflections on Having Left a Place of Retirement

text: philosopher. The poem reconciles the two by allowing the pursuer of truth to reflect on his time of simply enjoying nature and God's presence. However, the philosopher aspect is dominant and the individual must go out and try to help humanity. Nature can be soothing, but the narrator must reject the Edenic quality of nature because such a state is not yet appropriate. The Edenic imagery figures into many of Coleridge's poems and is reinforced with the image of myrtle trees and takes on many forms within his poetry. In "Reflections", to dwell in an Edenic state is a paradise

title: Book of Nature

text: Book of Nature as conceived by the earliest Greek philosophers.[5] The Greeks succeeded in constructing a view of the natural world in which all references to mythological origins and causes were removed. By abandoning ancient ties to free acting, conspiring gods of nature, Greek philosophers inadvertently left the upper world vacant. The new philosophy of nature made unseen mythological forces irrelevant. While some philosophers drifted toward atheism, others worked within the new philosophy to reconstitute the concept of a divine being. Consequently, the new outlook toward the natural world inspired the belief for a supreme force that was compatible with

title: Nature (philosophy)


question: when did canada gain independence from great britain

answers: April 17, 1982

title: Canada Day

text: Quebec upon Confederation). Canada became a "kingdom in its own right" within the British Empire named the "Dominion of Canada". Although still a British colony, Canada gained an increased level of political control and governance over its own affairs, the British parliament and Cabinet maintaining political control over certain areas, such as foreign affairs, national defence, and constitutional changes. Canada gradually gained increasing independence over the years, notably with the passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931, until finally becoming completely independent with the passing of the 1982 Constitution Act which served to fully patriate the Canadian constitution. Under

title: Canada under British rule

text: Canada, which remained under the purview of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada's final vestige of legislative dependence on the United Kingdom was terminated in 1982 with the enactment of the Canada Act, subsequently providing Canada with full legal legislative sovereignty independent of the United Kingdom. In North America, the Seven Years' War had seen Great Britain conquer all of the French colony of Canada. The war officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on February 10, 1763. As part of the treaty, France formally renounced its claims to all its North American lands to Britain

title: History of Canada

text: by the 1840 Act of Union, and responsible government was achieved in 1848, a few months after it was accomplished in Nova Scotia. The parliament of United Canada in Montreal was set on fire by a mob of Tories in 1849 after the passing of an indemnity bill for the people who suffered losses during the rebellion in Lower Canada. Between the Napoleonic Wars and 1850, some 800,000 immigrants came to the colonies of British North America, mainly from the British Isles, as part of the great migration of Canada. These included Gaelic-speaking Highland Scots displaced by the Highland Clearances

title: History of Western civilization

text: Island. Rebellions broke out against British rule in 1837, but Britain appeased the rebels' supporters in 1867 by confederating the colonies into the Dominion of Canada, with its own Prime Minister. Although Canada was still firmly within the British Empire, its people now enjoyed a great degree of self-rule. Canada was unique in the British Empire in that it had a French-speaking province, Quebec, which Britain had gained rule over in the Seven Years' War. The First Fleet of British convicts arrived at New South Wales, Australia in 1788 and established a British outpost and penal colony at Sydney Cove.

title: Canadian nationalism

text: (present day Quebec) to achieve independence from the British Empire. These culminated in the failed Rebellions of 1837. These movements had republican and pro-American tendencies and many of the rebels fled to the US following the failure of the rebellion. Afterwards Canadian patriots began focusing on self-government and political reform within the British Empire. This was a cause championed by early Liberals such as the Reform Party (pre-Confederation) and the Clear Grits, while Canada's early Conservatives, supported by loyalist institutions and big business, supported stronger links to Britain. Following the achievement of constitutional independence in 1867 (Confederation) both of Canada's

title: Decolonization of the Americas

text: later upon compensation. Canada's transition from colonial rule to independence occurred gradually over many decades and was achieved mostly through political means, as opposed to the violent revolutions that marked the end of colonialism in other North and South American countries. Attempts at revolting against the British, such as the Rebellion of 1837, were brief and quickly put down. Canada was declared a dominion within the British Empire in 1867. Originally, the Canadian Confederation included just a few of what are now Canada's eastern provinces; other British colonies in modern-day Canada, such as British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland,

title: History of Ottawa

text: allies in the Maritimes, at Quebec City on the Plains of Abraham, and later Montreal, Great Britain controlled all of Canada. Consequently, areas west of Montreal began receiving many English-speaking settlers from Great Britain. Populations in Eastern Ontario also increased following the American Revolution's 1776 Declaration of Independence. Many United Empire Loyalists migrated to Canada, assisted by Britain, which granted them 200 acres (81 ha) of land and other items with which to rebuild their lives. The Constitutional Act of 1791, established the provinces of Upper Canada and Lower Canada which would last from December 26, 1791, to February 10,

title: Canadian identity

text: example, Champlain gained an alliance with the Wyandot or Huron of today's Ontario, and the enmity of the Iroquois of what is now northern New York State. Although English settlement began in Newfoundland in 1610, and the Hudson's Bay Company was chartered in 1670, it was only with the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 that France ceded to Great Britain its claims to mainland Nova Scotia and significant British colonization of what would become mainland Canada would begin. Even then, prior to the American Revolution, Nova Scotia was settled largely by planters from New England who took up lands following

title: Canada under British rule

text: Americans invaded again in 1813, capturing Fort York (now Toronto). Later in the year, the Americans took control of the Great Lakes after the Battle of Lake Erie and the Battle of the Thames, but they had much less success in Lower Canada, where they were defeated at the Battle of Châteauguay and the Battle of Crysler's Farm. The Americans were driven out of Upper Canada in 1814 after the Battle of Lundy's Lane, although they still controlled the Great Lakes and defeated the British at the Battle of Lake Champlain. In English Canada, it is seen as a victory

title: Canada under British rule

text: raids. During and after the Revolution, approximately 70,000 United Empire Loyalists fled the United States. Of these, roughly 50,000 Loyalists settled in the British North American colonies, which then consisted of Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Prince Edward Island (created 1769). The Loyalists who settled in western Nova Scotia wanted political freedom from Halifax, so Britain split off the colony of New Brunswick in 1784. Quebec was also divided into Lower Canada and Upper Canada under the Constitutional Act of 1791, permitting the 8,000 Loyalists who settled in southwestern Quebec (which became Upper Canada) to have a province in which

title: Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years

text: of World War I Canada was a founding member of the League of Nations and was granted full membership. But the Borden and King governments made it clear that "Canada lived 'in a fireproof house far from flammable materials' and felt no automatic obligation to the principle of collective security". Very much like the United States, after the great war Canada turned away from international politics. Instead, King focused his attention on good relations with the United States and on greater independence from Great Britain, moving into a position of near isolation. Thus, in 1922 King refused to support the

title: Canadian identity

text: During this period, World War I helped to establish a separate Canadian identity among Anglophoners, especially through the military experiences of the Battle of Vimy Ridge and the Battle of Passchendaele and the intense homefront debates on patriotism. (A similar crisis, though much less intense, erupted in World War II.) In the 1920s, the Dominion of Canada achieved greater independence from Britain, notably in the Statute of Westminster in 1931. It remained part of the larger Commonwealth but played an independent role in the League of Nations. As Canada became increasingly independent and sovereign, its primary foreign relationship and point

title: Decolonization of the Americas

text: would join later. Additionally, Britain's and Norway's claims to Arctic lands were ceded to Canada in the late 19th and early 20th century. By 1931, the United Kingdom had relinquished its control over Canada's foreign policy. What few political links that remained between Canada and the UK were formally severed in 1982 with the Canada Act. Other countries did not gain independence until the 20th century: From the United Kingdom: From the Netherlands: Some parts of the Americas are still administered by European countries or the USA: Some of the remaining non-sovereign territories of the Americas have retained this status

title: Military history of Canada

text: amid much controversy, a full-fledged Canadian military was created. Canada, however, remained a British dominion, and Canadian forces joined their British counterparts in the Second Boer War and the First World War. While independence followed the Statute of Westminster, Canada's links to Britain remained strong, and the British once again had the support of Canadians during the Second World War. Since then, Canada has been committed to multilateralism and has gone to war within large multinational coalitions such as in the Korean War, the Gulf War, the Kosovo War, and the Afghan war. The causes of aboriginal warfare tended to

title: Great War (series)

text: used to break through the Anglo-Canadian lines, leading to the fall of Quebec City and Winnipeg. The United States establishes the Republic of Quebec out of the Canadian province, and American and French-speaking "Québécois" forces charge towards Toronto, Ontario. By this point the C.S. has been defeated, and with all the U.S. soldiers on the U.S. - C.S. Front now ready to head to Canada, the British Empire requests a cease-fire, which is granted in early June 1917. With U.S.–German-Brazilian naval operations cutting off Great Britain from its Argentine and Australian food suppliers, the United Kingdom sues for peace later

title: Canadian Confederation

text: after Confederation in 1867. Defence of British North America became a Canadian responsibility. Foreign policy remained in British hands, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council remained Canada's highest court of appeal, and the constitution could be amended only in Britain. Gradually, Canada gained more autonomy, and in 1931, obtained almost full autonomy within the British Commonwealth with the Statute of Westminster. Because the provinces of Canada were unable to agree on a constitutional amending formula, this power remained with the British Parliament. In 1982, the constitution was patriated when Elizabeth II gave her royal assent to the Canada Act

title: History of Canada

text: of Vancouver Island merged into a single Colony of British Columbia; it joined the Canadian Confederation in 1871. In 1873, Prince Edward Island joined. Newfoundland—which had no use for a transcontinental railway—voted no in 1869, and did not join Canada until 1949. In 1873 John A. Macdonald (First Prime Minister of Canada) created the North-West Mounted Police (now the Royal Canadian Mounted Police) to help police the Northwest Territories. Specifically the Mounties were to assert Canadian sovereignty over possible American encroachments into the sparsely populated land. The Mounties' first large-scale mission was to suppress the second independence movement by Manitoba's

title: Constitutional history of Canada

text: Constitutional history of Canada The constitutional history of Canada begins with the 1763 Treaty of Paris, in which France ceded most of New France to Great Britain. Canada was the colony along the St Lawrence River, part of present-day Ontario and Quebec. Its government underwent many structural changes over the following century. In 1867 Canada became the name of the new federal Dominion extending ultimately from the Atlantic to the Pacific and the Arctic coasts. Canada obtained legislative autonomy from the United Kingdom in 1931, and had its constitution (including a new rights charter) patriated in 1982. Canada's constitution includes

title: Canada–United Kingdom relations

text: Scotia. The Dominion of Canada was formed as a Dominion of the British Empire. The history of relations between Canada and Britain well into the 20th Century is really the story of Canada's slow evolution towards full sovereignty. In 1759, Britain conquered New France, and, after the Treaty of Paris (1763), began to populate formerly-French Canada with English-speaking settlers. British governors ruled these new territories absolutely until the Constitutional Act of 1791, which created the first Canadian legislatures. These weak bodies were still inferior to the governors until the granting of responsible government in 1848. With their new powers, the

title: Canada Act 1982

text: Canada's Constitution Act, 1982 was signed into law by Elizabeth II as Queen of Canada on April 17, 1982 on Parliament Hill in Ottawa.  Queen Elizabeth's constitutional powers over Canada were not affected by the Act, and she remains Queen and Head of State of Canada. Canada has complete sovereignty as an independent country, however, and the Queen's role as monarch of Canada is separate from her role as the British monarch or the monarch of any of the other Commonwealth realms.

title: Quebec

text: New Brunswick and Nova Scotia joined Ontario and Quebec in the new Dominion of Canada. The other provinces then joined the Confederation, one after the other: Manitoba and the Northwest Territories in 1870, British Columbia in 1871, Prince Edward Island in 1873, Yukon in 1898, Alberta and Saskatchewan in 1905, Newfoundland in 1949 and finally Nunavut in 1999. When the Great Britain declared war on August 4, 1914, Canada was automatically involved as a dominion. About 6,000 volunteers from Quebec participated on the European front. Although reaction to conscription was favourable in English Canada the idea was deeply unpopular in

title: History of Canada

text: of New France was established in 1534 and was ceded to the United Kingdom in 1763 after the French defeat in the Seven Years' War. The now British Province of Quebec was divided into Upper and Lower Canada in 1791 and reunified in 1841. In 1867, the Province of Canada was joined with two other British colonies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia through Confederation, forming a self-governing entity named Canada. The new dominion expanded by incorporating other parts of British North America, finishing with Newfoundland and Labrador in 1949. Although responsible government had existed in Canada since 1848, Britain

title: History of monarchy in Canada

text: History of monarchy in Canada The history of monarchy in Canada stretches from pre-colonial times through to the present day. Canada's monarchical status began with the establishment of the French colony of New France in the name of King Francis I in 1534; although a previous claim was made by England in the name of King Henry VII in 1497 when John Cabot made landfall in what is thought to be modern day Newfoundland or Nova Scotia. Through both these lineages, the present Canadian monarchy can trace itself back to the Anglo-Saxon period and ultimately to the kings of the

title: Canada

text: three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom. This widening autonomy was highlighted by the Statute of Westminster of 1931 and culminated in the Canada Act of 1982, which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the British parliament, except for the power to amend its constitution. Canada is a federal parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is a realm within the

title: Constitutional history of Canada

text: Ontario and Province of Quebec, respectively. Quebec and Ontario were given equal footing with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in the Parliament of Canada. This was done to counter the claims of manifest destiny made by the United States of America, for the defense of Britain's holdings. American claims are evinced by the invasions of the Canadas during the British-American War (1812) and the British-American War (1776). Prior to the BNA Act of 1867, the British colonies of the Province of New Brunswick, Province of Nova Scotia, and Province of Prince Edward Island, discussed the possibility of a fusion to

title: Monarchy of Canada

text: increased fortitude of Canadian nationalism inspired the country's leaders to push for greater independence from the King in his British Council, resulting in the creation of the uniquely Canadian monarchy through the Statute of Westminster, which was granted Royal Assent in 1931. Only five years later, Canada had three successive kings in the space of one year, with the death of George V, the accession and abdication of Edward VIII, and his replacement by George VI. The latter became in 1939 the first reigning monarch of Canada to tour the country (though previous kings had done so before their accession).

title: Former colonies and territories in Canada

text: created the Kingdom of Great Britain) began in the late 16th century and reached its peak when colonies had been established throughout the Americas. The Kingdom of Great Britain acquired the French colony of Acadia in 1713 and then Canada, New France. Great Britain also claimed the west coast of North America; indirectly via (from 1804) the North West Company and (after 1821) Hudson's Bay Company licenses west of the Rocky Mountains, the Columbia and New Caledonia fur districts, most of which were jointly claimed by the United States, which called it the Oregon Country, from 1818 until the 49th

title: History of Canada

text: continued to set its foreign and defence policies until the end of the First World War. The passing of the Statute of Westminster in 1931 recognized that Canada had become co-equal with the United Kingdom. After the Constitution was patriated in 1982"," the final vestiges of legal dependence on the British parliament were removed. Canada currently consists of ten provinces and three territories and is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state. Over centuries, elements of Indigenous, French, British and more recent immigrant customs have combined to form a Canadian culture

title: American Canadians

text: founding of the two countries as the United States in 1776 and Canada in 1867. Prior to the independence of the United States and the formation of Canada, the settled areas were British colonies. Many American Canadians chose to live in major cities such as Toronto and other urban areas of southern Ontario, such as Windsor, facing Detroit, and Niagara Falls, Ontario, across from Niagara Falls, New York, in the Buffalo area. Vancouver; Osoyoos, British Columbia; Edmonton, Alberta; and Calgary, Alberta, also have American expatriate colonies. Americans have moved to Canada throughout history. During the American Revolution, many white Americans,

title: Great Migration of Canada

text: increased use of quarantine facilities such as Grosse Isle, Quebec and Partridge Island, New Brunswick. Great Migration of Canada The Great Migration of Canada (also known as the Great Migration from Britain) was a period of high immigration to Canada from 1815 to 1850, involving over 800,000 immigrants. Though Europe was becoming richer through the Industrial Revolution, population growth made the relative number of jobs low, forcing many to look to the New World for economic success, especially Canada and America. In the late 18th and early 19th century, there occurred a transition in parts of Great Britain's previously manual-labor-based

title: Canada Act 1982