question: who invented the printing press and in what year

answers: the German Johannes Gutenberg

answers: Johannes Gutenberg around 1440

answers: 1440

answers: Johannes Gutenberg

answers: around 1440

title: History of printing

text: some considered his most ingenious invention: a special matrix which enabled the moulding of new movable types with an unprecedented precision at short notice. Within a year of printing the Gutenberg Bible, Gutenberg also published the first coloured prints. The invention of the printing press revolutionized communication and book production, leading to the spread of knowledge. Printing was rapidly spread from Germany by emigrating German printers, but also by foreign apprentices returning home. A printing press was built in Venice in 1469, and by 1500 the city had 417 printers. In 1470 Johann Heynlin set up a printing press in

title: Henry Denham

text: under his name occurs in the Registers on 3 December 1589, after which nothing more is heard of him. Richard Yardley and Peter Short succeeded to the business. Denham invented the rhetorical question mark "⸮", which did not become a permanent part of the language. Henry Denham Henry Denham was one of the outstanding English printers of the sixteenth century. He was apprenticed to Richard Tottel and Sir President King Antonio Walters and took up the freedom of the Stationers' Company on 30 August 1560. In 1564 he set up his own printing house in White Cross Street, Cripplegate, but

title: James Whatman (papermaker)

text: James Whatman (papermaker) James Whatman (1702–1759), the Elder, was a paper maker, born in Kent, who made revolutionary advances to the craft in England. He is noted as the inventor of wove paper (or Vélin), an innovation used for high quality art and printing. The techniques continued to be developed by his son, James Whatman the Younger (1741–1798). At a time when the craft was based in smaller paper mills, his innovations led to the large scale and widespread industrialisation of paper manufacturing. Whatman had been approached by John Baskerville, who needed paper that would take a light impression of

title: GURPS Infinite Worlds

text: the printing press was invented in Baghdad in 796 and was shortly followed by the widespread adaptation of the scientific method and an oil-based industrial revolution. The current year here is 1684, but the technological acceleration stemming from these changes has resulted in a society seemingly centuries ahead of Homeline. Unfortunately a burgeoning global war between the tradition-minded major states (Sofala, Persia, Andalus, the Bulgarian Caliphate and the Ummah) and the technocratic Jamahiriya of the western continents threatens the existence of this advanced society. Named for the early death of influential science fiction editor John W. Campbell which occurred in

title: Adam d'Ambergau

text: Venice at the same time. The name Adam is found repeatedly in the following years: A "Magister Adamus" publishes in 1470 "Augustini Dati elegantiae" in 4°. Also known are other printers using the names "Petrus Adamus Mantuanus", "Adam Rost" (Rome, 1471-1475) and "Adam de Rotwil" (Aquila, 1482). The common use to only use the first name, sometimes with an added place of birth in Latin, makes it difficult to ascertain the identity of the printers of this time. Adam d'Ambergau Adam d'Ambergau was a German compositor (one who sets words into type for printing) who lived at the end of

title: Ulrich Zell

text: history of the discovery of printing is Zell's statement, preserved in the "Chronicle of Cologne" of 1499, that the year 1450 was the date of the beginning of printing, that the country-squire Johann Gutenberg was the inventor of it, and that the first book printed was the Latin Bible, the Vulgate. Ulrich Zell Ulrich Zell (died c.1507) was the first printer in Cologne. Zell was born at Hanau am Main, date unknown. He learned the art of printing before 1462 in the printing establishment of Johann Fust and Peter Schöffer, and seems, shortly after the catastrophe of 1462, to have

title: Richard Arnold (chronicler)

text: of the mayors and sheriffs is brought down to 1520 — doubtless the date of publication — is ascribed by typographical experts to Peter Treveris, the first printer who set up a press at Southwark. It is also without date, place, or printer's name. A third edition, with introduction by Francis Douce, appeared in 1811. Copies of the two original editions, which are now of excessive rarity, are in the British Library, and other copies may be found at the Huntington Library, the Folger Shakespeare Library, and other archives. A copy may be viewed through Early English Books On Line

title: Johann David Köhler

text: Gutenberg as the inventor of the printing press in 1639 (Schmidmaier 2001), but Köhler is said to have authored second and definitive defense (Eck 2000). Köhler's third and most important work within this context is the 1792 "Anweisung für reisende Gelerte, Bibliothecken, Műnz-Cabinette, Antiquitäten-Zimmer, Bilder-Sale, Naturalien und Kunst-Kammern, u.d.m mit Nutzen zubesehen." Finally, Köhler published a scholarly journal on Roman coins and numismatics in general. His son Johann Tobias Köhler continued that interest. This journal is important to library science in that it is among the first true serials ever published. Johann David Köhler Johann David Köhler (18 January 1684

title: Cai Lun

text: the 12th century, it gradually revolutionized the manner in which written communication could be spread from region to region. Along with contact between Arabs and Europeans during the Crusades (with the essential recovery of ancient Greek written classics), the widespread use of paper aided the foundation of the Scholastic Age in Europe. Cai Lun Cai Lun (; ; CE 48– 121), courtesy name Jingzhong (敬仲), was a Chinese eunuch, inventor, and politician of the Han dynasty. He is traditionally regarded as the inventor of paper and the papermaking process, in forms recognizable in modern times as paper (as opposed to

title: Haarlem

text: This is actually the second and larger statue to him on the square; the original stands behind the city hall in the little garden known as the "Hortus" (where today the Stedelijk Gymnasium school is located). Most scholars agree that the scarce evidence seems to point to Johann Gutenberg as the first European inventor of the printing press, but Haarlem children were taught about "Lau" as he is known, well into the 20th century. This legend served the printers of Haarlem well, however, and it is probably for that reason the most notable Dutch history books from the Dutch Golden

title: William Bowyer (1663–1737)

text: the London trade, Bowyer was well on his way to economic recovery. William Bowyer, the son, born in 1699, entered the business as a corrector in June 1722. Father and son worked side-by-side until the former’s death in December 1737 and their publishing house was considered the most learned of its time. Although they published such important, learned works as Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, they also published political pamphlets and advertising bills. The four Bowyer ledgers, kept by father and son, are one of but four printing houses out of the seventy-four master printers in London in

title: Peter Williamson (memoirist)

text: side of the Royal Mile. He taught himself the craft of printing using a portable press purchased in London. He then invented his own portable printing press and travelled to exhibitions and fairs to promote his new product. He also invented waterproof ink for stamping linen which withstood both boiling and bleaching. In 1773 Williamson compiled the first Edinburgh street directory in conjunction with his idea of setting up a regular postal service in the city. This comprised a list of streets and closes with the addresses of lawyers, merchants, officials and other notable gentlemen. Addresses of shops and taverns

title: Richard Pynson

text: usage of devices, title-pages, types, and other technical aspects lend support to the common image of him as a highly skilled craftsman and capable businessman who invented nothing but was quite good at improving upon innovations others had made before. Richard Pynson Richard Pynson (1448 in Normandy – 1529) was one of the first printers of English books. The 500 books he printed were influential in the standardisation of the English language. Pynson, whose books make him technically and typographically the outstanding English printer of his generation, is credited with introducing Roman type to English printing. Pynson was born in

title: William Caxton

text: and change of language.") Works published by Caxton from the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress: William Caxton William Caxton (c. 1422 – c. 1491) was an English merchant, diplomat, and writer. He is thought to be the first person to introduce a printing press into England, in 1476, and as a printer was the first English retailer of printed books. Neither his parentage nor date of birth is known for certain, but he may have been born between 1415 and 1424, perhaps in the Weald or wood land of Kent, perhaps in Hadlow or

title: History of printing

text: American colonies in 1638, but died on the voyage, so his widow, Elizabeth Harris Glover, established the printing house, which was run by Stephen Day and became The Cambridge Press. The Gutenberg press was much more efficient than manual copying. It remained largely unchanged in the eras of John Baskerville and Giambattista Bodoni, over 300 years later. By 1800, Lord Stanhope had constructed a press completely from cast iron, reducing the force required by 90% while doubling the size of the printed area. While Stanhope's "mechanical theory" had improved the efficiency of the press, it was only capable of 250

title: Global spread of the printing press

text: Pope Julius II (1503−1512) for distribution among Middle Eastern Christians, and the oldest Qur’an printed with movable type was produced in Venice in 1537/1538 for the Ottoman market. In India, reports are that Jesuits "presented a polyglot Bible to the Emperor Akbar in 1580 but did not succeed in arousing much curiosity." But also practical reasons seem to have played a role. The English East India Company, for example, brought a printer to Surat in 1675, but was not able to cast type in Indian scripts, so the venture failed. North America saw the adoption by the Cherokee Indian Elias

title: Johann Fust

text: out this creation to people in other countries. Thanks to Fust’s partnership with Schoeffer a whole new generation of printers were brought into the world. The argument remains who is the true father of the printing press. Johann Fust is the name that most people still do not know today. Johann Gutenberg may have not gotten the respect that he deserved while he was still living but he has that respect now. Johann Fust will always be the man who turned his back on Gutenberg; however, he will also always be the man that truly began the printing press (through

title: Science and invention in Birmingham

text: he also invents an ink to work with it. This is the first widely used copy machine for offices and is a commercial success, being used for over a century. This letter copying press is considered to be the original photocopier. 1781: James Watt markets his rotary-motion steam engine. The earlier steam engine's vertical movement was ideal for operating water pumps but the new engine can be adapted to drive all sorts of machinery. Richard Arkwright pioneers its use in his cotton mills and within 15 years there are 500+ Boulton & Watt steam engines in British factories and mines.

title: Thomas Nelson (1822–1892)

text: Thomas Nelson (1822–1892) Thomas Nelson FRSE (1822-1892) was a Scottish businessman who joined the family publishing firm of Thomas Nelson in 1839 at which point it was renamed Thomas Nelson & Sons. In 1850 he invented an improved rotary printing press. He was born on 25 December, Christmas Day, 1822, son of Thomas Nelson then a bookseller, and his wife, Margaret Black. He was educated at the High School in Edinburgh. Thomas joined his father's company on his 17th birthday in 1839. In 1844 the firm moved to larger premises in Hope Park in Edinburgh's South Side. The company began

title: Printing press

title: Richard Day (printer)

text: Richard Day (printer) Richard Day (21 December 1552 – before 1607) was an English printer, Church of England clergyman, and the son of printer John Day. He was born in Aldersgate, London, where his father maintained a home and a newly established printing press. He studied at Eton College and enrolled at King's College, Cambridge in 1572, where he was named a fellow in 1574. He graduated with a bachelor's degree a year later, and intended to continue his studies to earn a master's degree. However, he instead returned home without matriculating. Day would later assert that family pressures forced

title: William Caxton

text: William Caxton William Caxton (c. 1422 – c. 1491) was an English merchant, diplomat, and writer. He is thought to be the first person to introduce a printing press into England, in 1476, and as a printer was the first English retailer of printed books. Neither his parentage nor date of birth is known for certain, but he may have been born between 1415 and 1424, perhaps in the Weald or wood land of Kent, perhaps in Hadlow or Tenterden. In 1438 he was apprenticed to Robert Large, a wealthy London silk mercer. Shortly after Large's death, Caxton moved to

title: Whatman plc

text: (or Vélin), an innovation used for high quality art and printing. The techniques continued to be developed by his son, James Whatman the Younger (1741–1798). At a time when the craft was based in smaller paper mills, his innovations led to the large scale and widespread industrialisation of paper manufacturing. Whatman had been approached by John Baskerville, who needed paper that would take a light impression of the printing plate; this was used for the edition of Virgil's poetry, embellished with Baskerville's typography and designs. The earliest examples of wove paper, bearing his watermark, appeared after 1740. The business is

title: Bhimjee Parikh

text: Bhimjee Parikh Bhimji Parikh or Bhimji Parekh (1610-1680) was a Pushtimarg. He was born in 1610 in Surat. He is remembered today primarily for having introduced the first printing press, to Bombay in 1674-75. Bhimji intended to use this printing press for “the common good” of printing “ancient manuscripts” that would be “useful or at least grateful to posterity”. Bhimji Parekh was the son of Tulsidas Parekh. At various times Bhimji Parekh worked as broker for the East India Company, as a money lender, and as a printer. For services to the company, Parekh was awarded a medal and chain

title: James Whatman (papermaker)

text: the printing plate; this was used for the edition of Virgil's poetry, embellished with Baskerville's typography and designs. The earliest examples of wove paper, bearing his watermark, appeared after 1740. The business, in addition to producing the finest paper, is probably responsible for the invention of the wove wire mesh used to mould and align the pulp fibres. This is the principal method used in the mass production of most modern paper. The Whatmans held a part interest in the establishment at Turkey Mill, near Maidstone, after 1740; this was acquired through the elder Whatman's marriage to Ann Harris. The

title: Stephen Daye

text: Stephen Daye Stephen Daye, Sr. (c.1594 – December 22, 1668) was the first British North American printer. Daye was born in Sutton, Surrey London, and emigrated on June 7, 1638 to Cambridge Massachusetts on board the "John of London" with his wife Rebecca (Wright) Bordman (Bordman - from a previous marriage) (died October 17, 1658), sons Stephen, Jr. (died December 1, 1639), Matthew (died May 10, 1649), and stepson William Bordman (died March 25, 1685), and three household servants. In 1638 he is recorded as being a locksmith by profession who was under financial contract to Reverend Joseph Glover to

title: William Bradford (printer, born 1663)

text: honor of its neighboring village's famous son and is now William Bradford Academy. Other colonial printers: William Bradford (printer, born 1663) William Bradford (May 20, 1660 – May 23, 1752) was an early English printer in North America. He is best known as "the pioneer printer of the Middle colonies" and the head of a family that included publishers for 140 years. He was also known for controversies regarding freedom of the press. William Bradford was born to William (d. 1667) and Ann Bradford in the village of Barwell in Leicestershire, England where his father was a printer. His family

title: Joseph Ames (author)

text: to 1600, which included 215 names, most of them being those of London men, with the announcement: ‘As the history and progress of printing in England, from 1474 to 1600, is in good forwardness for the press; if any gentleman please to send the publisher, Jos. Ames in Wappin, some account of these printers, or add others to them, or oblige him with what may be useful in this undertaking, the favour will be gratefully acknowledged.’ In 1748[7] he printed a ‘Catalogue of English Heads,’ being an index to the collection of 2,000 prints, bound in ten volumes, belonging to

title: Augustus Applegath

text: Augustus Applegath Augustus Applegath (17 June 1788 – 9 February 1871) was an English printer and inventor known for the development of the first workable vertical-drum rotary printing press. Applegath was born in the Stepney district of London, the second child of Augustus Joseph Applegath, a captain in the East India Company and his wife, Ann, née Lepard. He went to school at Alfred House Academy in London and apprenticed with Benjamin Lepard, a wholesale stationer, at Covent Garden. In collaboration with his brother-in-law Edward Cowper (1790-1852), he carried out most of his work in the Dartford and Crayford areas

title: Johannes Gutenberg

text: Gutenberg in 1439 was the first European to use movable type. Among his many contributions to printing are: the invention of a process for mass-producing movable type; the use of oil-based ink for printing books; adjustable molds; mechanical movable type; and the use of a wooden printing press similar to the agricultural screw presses of the period. His truly epochal invention was the combination of these elements into a practical system that allowed the mass production of printed books and was economically viable for printers and readers alike. Gutenberg's method for making type is traditionally considered to have included a

title: Printing press

long_answer: The printing press was invented in the Holy Roman Empire by the German Johannes Gutenberg around 1440, based on existing screw presses. Gutenberg, a goldsmith by profession, developed a printing system, by adapting existing technologies to printing purposes, as well as making inventions of his own. His newly devised hand mould made possible the precise and rapid creation of metal movable type in large quantities. Movable type had been hitherto unknown in Europe. In East Asia, where it was invented, the usefulness of movable type was limited by the complexity of the writing system and, without the hand mould, the production of sorts (individual letters of type) was slow. In Europe, the two inventions, the hand mould and the printing press, together drastically reduced the cost of printing books and other documents, particularly in short print runs.

short_answers:
1440
Johannes Gutenberg
Johannes Gutenberg around 1440
around 1440
the German Johannes Gutenberg


question: where in the bible are the 12 disciples

answers: Acts 1:13

title: John 12

text: John 12 John 12 is the twelfth chapter of the Gospel of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It records the triumphal entry of Jesus Christ into Jerusalem. The book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that John composed this Gospel. Events recorded in this chapter refer to the following locations: This chapter can be grouped (with cross references to other parts of the Bible): The narrative suggests that Jesus and His disciples travelled to Bethany from Ephraim, where Jesus had been staying to avoid the Jewish leaders who were plotting to

title: Historical Jesus

text: as having the means to hire labourers for his fishing business, and tax collectors were seen as exploiters. The twelve were expected to rule the twelve tribes of Israel in the Kingdom of God. The disciples of Jesus play a large role in the search for the historical Jesus. However, the four gospels use different words to apply to Jesus' followers. The Greek word "ochloi" refers to the crowds who gathered around Jesus as he preached. The word "mathetes" refers to the followers who remained for more teaching. The word "apostolos" refers to the twelve disciples, or apostles, whom Jesus

title: Jesus

text: First, he attributed them to the faith of those healed. Second, he connected them to end times prophecy. Jesus chose twelve disciples (the "Twelve"), evidently as an apocalyptic message. All three Synoptics mention the Twelve, although the names on Luke's list vary from those in Mark and Matthew, suggesting that Christians were not certain who all the disciples were. The 12 disciples might have represented the twelve original tribes of Israel, which would be restored once God's rule was instituted. The disciples were reportedly meant to be the rulers of the tribes in the coming Kingdom (Matthew 19:28, Luke 22:30).

title: Matthew 12

text: Matthew 12 Matthew 12 is the twelfth chapter in the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament section of the Christian Bible. It continues the narrative about Jesus' ministry in Galilee. This chapter can be grouped (with cross references to the other parts of the Bible): Matthew states that Jesus' withdrawal from the cities of Galilee and his request that the crowds do not make him known is a fulfillment of the first Servant Song of the prophet Isaiah. The verses quoted from Isaiah are from the Septuagint version. One difference from the Hebrew version is found in verse 21

title: Matthew 10:1

text: the disciples, but one fact they are agreed upon is that there were twelve. This could be evidence for the historicity of their being twelve original followers of Jesus. The number twelve also had deep social and religious significance. The number creates a metaphorical link to the Twelve Tribes of Israel. At the time most Jewish leaders believed that the messiah would bring about an eschatological restoration of the tribes. This link is made explicit at . The Qumran community, which produced the Dead Sea Scrolls, also had a group of twelve leaders, perhaps for similar reasons. In the culture

title: Mark 12

text: Mark 12 Mark 12 is the twelfth chapter of the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It continues Jesus' teaching in Jerusalem during his third visit to the Temple (traditionally identified with Holy Tuesday), it contains the parable of the Wicked Husbandmen, Jesus' argument with the Pharisees and Herodians over paying taxes to Caesar, and the debate with the Sadducees about the nature of people who will be resurrected at the end of time. It also contains Jesus' greatest commandment, his discussion of the messiah's relationship to King David, condemnation of the teachers of the

title: Mark 12

text: 13. Mark 12 Mark 12 is the twelfth chapter of the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It continues Jesus' teaching in Jerusalem during his third visit to the Temple (traditionally identified with Holy Tuesday), it contains the parable of the Wicked Husbandmen, Jesus' argument with the Pharisees and Herodians over paying taxes to Caesar, and the debate with the Sadducees about the nature of people who will be resurrected at the end of time. It also contains Jesus' greatest commandment, his discussion of the messiah's relationship to King David, condemnation of the teachers of

title: Luke 12

text: Luke 12 Luke 12 is the twelfth chapter of the Gospel of Luke in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It records a number of teachings and parables told by Jesus Christ to "an innumerable multitude of people ... gathered together". The book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that Luke composed this Gospel as well as the Acts of the Apostles. The New King James Version organizes this chapter as follows (with cross references to parallel sections in Matthew's gospel): Scottish minister William Robertson Nicoll suggests this is "the largest crowd mentioned anywhere

title: Matthew 10:1

text: which describes the gathering of the twelve, and , which describes Jesus giving them authority over unclean spirits.. Matthew drops the mention of the meeting of the disciples taking place upon a mountain, as Matthew has already used that passage to set the location of the Sermon on the Mount at . Schweizer considers this verse a somewhat awkward insertion of Markan material into Matthew's narrative. It seems to contradict what is implied at 9:38. Matthew also jumps immediately to their being twelve disciples. Previously Matthew 4 had mentioned the recruitment of the four fishers, and Matthew 9 introduces Matthew

title: Twelve Apostles, West Yorkshire

text: Twelve Apostles, West Yorkshire The Twelve Apostles () is a stone circle near Ilkley and Burley in Wharfedale in West Yorkshire, England. Commonly said to lie on Ilkley Moor and Burley Moor, the Twelve Apostles are located within the parish of Burley in Wharfedale. The stone circle is slightly below and to the northeast of an east-west ridge at about 381 metres above sea level. The Twelve Apostles consists of the remains of a stone circle with a diameter of about 15 metres. The circle originally had between 16 and 20 stones, but it is now reduced to 12 stones.

title: Twelve Tribes communities

text: Twelve Tribes communities The Twelve Tribes, formerly known as the Vine Christian Community Church, Northeast Kingdom Community Church, the Messianic Communities, and the Community Apostolic Order is an international confederation of religious communities founded by Gene Spriggs (now known as Yoneq) that sprang out of the Jesus movement in 1972 in Chattanooga, Tennessee. The group is an attempt to recreate the 1st-century church in the Book of Acts; the name "Twelve Tribes" is also derived from a quote of the Apostle Paul in Acts 26:7. The group has also been referred to as "The Yellow Deli People" and informally as

title: John 6

text: The evangelist notes that Jesus lost some of his following from that [time] or "at this point" or "for this reason". The text makes clear that "many left Him" and "no longer walked with Him". Jesus then asks "the twelve" whether they would also walk away (John 6:67). This is John's first reference to "the twelve": they have not previously been mentioned as a group or as the "twelve apostles", nor have twelve named disciples yet been introduced. (In John 1, Andrew and Simon Peter, Philip and Nathaniel were named; Judas, son of Simon Iscariot is here named as one

title: Matthew 1:12

text: Matthew 1:12 Matthew 1:12 is the twelfth verse of the first chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. The verse is part of the section where the genealogy of Joseph, the betrothed of Mary, the mother of Jesus Christ, is listed. In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads: The World English Bible translates the passage as: For a collection of other versions see BibRef Matthew 1:12 Jeconiah was a King of Judah, the last of these kings to be included among Joseph's ancestors. He was captured and brought to Babylon along with many

title: Matthew 14

text: Matthew 14 Matthew 14 is the fourteenth chapter in the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament section of the Christian Bible. It continues the narrative about Jesus' ministry in Galilee. This chapter can be grouped (with cross references to parallel passages in the other gospels): and refer to a 'deserted' (NKJV) or 'secluded' (Amplified Bible) place, clarified as 'a place where no one lived' in the Easy-to-Read Version. In Luke's gospel, he goes at this point in the narrative to 'a town called Bethsaida', i.e. an inhabited place, but nevertheless one where 'he and his apostles could be alone

title: Matthew 10

text: to have been remembered outside Jewish Christian circles". Matthew names the twelve apostles, or "twelve disciples", in verses 1 to 4 and the remainder of the chapter consists almost entirely of sayings attributed to Jesus. In this chapter, Jesus sends out the apostles to heal and preach throughout the region and gives them careful instruction. Many of the sayings found in Matthew 10 are also found in Luke 10 and the Gospel of Thomas, which is not found in the accepted canon of the New Testament. The text in verse 1 refers to "his twelve disciples" (, "tous dodeka mathetas

title: Ministry of Jesus

text: of the twelve Apostles among the disciples of Jesus. Jesus goes out to a mountainside to pray, and after spending the night praying to God, in the morning he calls his disciples and chooses twelve of them. In the Mission Discourse, Jesus instructs the twelve apostles who are named in to carry no belongings as they travel from city to city and preach. Separately, relates the Seventy Disciples, where Jesus appoints a larger number of disciples and sends them out in pairs with the "Missionary's Mandate" to go into villages before Jesus' arrival there. In two messengers from John the

title: Disciple whom Jesus loved

text: Beloved Disciple: Augustine of Hippo (354 – 430 AD) also believed that John was the Beloved Disciple, in his "Tractates on the Gospel of John". The assumption that the Beloved Disciple was one of the Twelve Apostles is based on the observation that he was apparently present at the Last Supper, which Matthew and Mark state that Jesus ate with the Twelve. Thus, the most frequent identification is with John the Apostle, who would then be the same as John the Evangelist. Merril F. Unger presents a case for this by a process of elimination. Nevertheless, while some modern academics

title: Matthew 10:1

text: the tax collector, but there is nothing in the text introducing the other seven. This same material also appears at - and . Matthew also introduces the group of twelve later in his narrative than the other gospel writers. He had earlier mentioned the collection of disciples at a number of points earlier, but had left their number undefined. Other parts of the New Testament, such as and make clear that Jesus had more than only twelve followers, and that this group of twelve are the leaders of the organization. The different gospels have different lists of the names of

title: Matthew 14

text: together. Matthew 14 Matthew 14 is the fourteenth chapter in the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament section of the Christian Bible. It continues the narrative about Jesus' ministry in Galilee. This chapter can be grouped (with cross references to parallel passages in the other gospels): and refer to a 'deserted' (NKJV) or 'secluded' (Amplified Bible) place, clarified as 'a place where no one lived' in the Easy-to-Read Version. In Luke's gospel, he goes at this point in the narrative to 'a town called Bethsaida', i.e. an inhabited place, but nevertheless one where 'he and his apostles could be

title: Apostles

title: Matthew 10

text: autou"). Verse 2 calls them "the twelve apostles": Now the names of the twelve apostles are these: The first, Simon, who is called Peter, and Andrew his brother; James the son of Zebedee, and John his brother; Philip, and Bartholomew; Thomas, and Matthew the publican; James the son of Alphaeus, and Lebbaeus, whose surname was Thaddaeus; Simon the Canaanite, and Judas Iscariot, who also betrayed him. "(King James Version)" Verse 5 refers to them simply as "the twelve". New King James Version Cross reference: Mark 6:8–9; Luke 9:3 This the Jews call (lymrt), "tarmil": and which their commentators say, is

title: John 14

text: John 14 John 14 is the fourteenth chapter of the Gospel of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It continues Jesus' discussions with His disciples in anticipation of His death and records the promised gift of the Holy Spirit. Jesus speaks individually with Thomas, Philip and Judas (not the Iscariot). The book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that John composed this Gospel. All the events recorded in this chapter and the succeeding chapters up to John 17 took place in Jerusalem. The precise location is not specified, but states that afterwards,

title: Apostles

text: Apostles In Christian theology and ecclesiology, the apostles (), particularly the Twelve Apostles (also known as the Twelve Disciples or simply the Twelve), were the primary disciples of Jesus, the central figure in Christianity. During the life and ministry of Jesus in the 1st century AD, the apostles were his closest followers and became the primary teachers of the gospel message of Jesus. The word "disciple" is sometimes used interchangeably with "apostle"; for instance, the Gospel of John makes no distinction between the two terms. In modern usage, prominent missionaries are often called apostles, a practice which stems from the

title: Jesus

text: In John, Jesus' first two apostles were disciples of John the Baptist. The Baptist sees Jesus and calls him the Lamb of God; the two hear this and follow Jesus. In addition to the Twelve Apostles, the opening of the passage of the Sermon on the Plain identifies a much larger group of people as disciples (). Also, in Jesus sends seventy or seventy-two of his followers in pairs to prepare towns for his prospective visit. They are instructed to accept hospitality, heal the sick and spread the word that the Kingdom of God is coming. In Mark, the disciples

title: Luke 9

text: Apostles. This chapter can be grouped (with cross references to other parts of the Bible): American biblical writer Henry Hampton Halley states that between verses 17 and 18, about 8 months intervene. The Syriac version (only) reads "his own twelve". New King James Version Cross reference: Matthew 10:10; Mark 6:8-9 Throughout the towns and cities of Judea, where they were sent to preach the Gospel: The Latin Vulgate version, and all the Oriental versions, read in the singular number, "neither staff, rod, or club"; and so it was in one of Theodore Beza's ancient copies, but in all the rest

title: Jesus in Islam

text: who believed in His message. While not naming the disciples, the Quran does give a few instances of Jesus preaching the message to them. According to Christianity, the names of the twelve disciples were Peter, Andrew, James, John, Philip, Bartholomew, Thomas, Matthew, James, Jude, Simon and Judas. The Quran mentions in chapter 3, verses 52-53, that the disciples submitted to the faith of Islam: The longest narrative involving Jesus' disciples is when Jesus performs the miracle of bringing a table of food from heaven at their request, for further proof that his preaching is the true message. Most Islamic traditions,

title: John 20:12

text: John 20:12 John 20:12 is the twelfth verse of the twentieth chapter of the Gospel of John. Mary Magdalene is peering into the empty tomb of Jesus and sees two angels. In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads: The English Standard Version translates the passage as: There is some confusion between this account and that of the other gospels. In Matthew 28 only a single angel is mentioned. Mark 16 refers to a young man, presumably an angel, sitting on the right side. In Luke two men, identified as angels in , appear standing next to

title: Matthew 20

text: occasion to it and from the teaching which it illustrates. It is not too much to say that we can scarcely understand it at all unless we connect it with the history of the young ruler who had great possessions, and the claims which the disciples had made for themselves when they contrasted their readiness with his reluctance". The appointment of Jesus' twelve disciples to "sit on twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel" in "the regeneration" () may also be contrasted with the request of the mother of Zebedee's children, possibly Salome, that the seats of Jesus' right

title: John 12

text: ends. Christ’s revelation of Himself to the world in His ministry is concluded. The Evangelist has set before us the Testimony to the Christ, the Work of the Christ, and the Judgment respecting the work, which has ended in a conflict, and the conflict has reached a climax". John 12 John 12 is the twelfth chapter of the Gospel of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It records the triumphal entry of Jesus Christ into Jerusalem. The book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that John composed this Gospel. Events recorded in

title: Matthew 27:12

text: Matthew 27:12 Matthew 27:12 is the twelfth verse of the twenty-seventh chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. This continues Pilate's Court, and the final trial of Jesus. The original Koine Greek, according to Westcott and Hort, reads: In the King James Version of the Bible it is translated as: The modern World English Bible translates the passage as: This verse is based on with several variations. Matthew mentions "elders" along with the chief priests. Mark also specifies that they accused Jesus of "many things." Matthew gives no extra details on what Jesus was accused of. Most

title: Apostles

long_answer: Each of the four listings of apostles in the New Testament (Mark 3:13–19, Matthew 10:1–4, Luke 6:12–16, and Acts 1:13) indicate that all the apostles were men. The canonical gospels and the book of Acts give varying names of the twelve apostles. The list in the Gospel of Luke differs from Matthew and Mark at two points. It lists "Judas the son of James" instead of "Thaddeus". (For more information, see Jude the Apostle.) Unlike the Synoptic Gospels, the Gospel of John does not offer a formal list of apostles. Although it refers to "the Twelve" (John 6:67–71), the gospel does not present any elaboration of who these twelve actually were, and the author of the Gospel of John does not mention them all by name. There is also no separation of the terms "apostles" and "disciples" in John.


question: who is the first indian woman to be canonized as a saint

answers: Saint Alphonsa

title: Mata Amritanandamayi

text: Mata Amritanandamayi Mātā Amṛtānandamayī Devī (born Sudhamani Idamannel; 27 September 1953), better known simply as Amma ("Mother"), is a Hindu spiritual leader and guru who is revered as a saint by her followers. Mātā Amṛtānandamayī is an Indian guru from Parayakadavu (now partially known as Amritapuri), Alappad Panchayat, Kollam District, in the state of Kerala. Born to a family of fishermen in 1953, she was the third child of Sugunanandan and Damayanti. She has six siblings. As part of her chores, Amṛtānandamayī gathered food scraps from neighbours for her family's cows and goats, through which she was confronted with the

title: Kuriakose Elias Chavara

text: Kuriakose Elias Chavara Saint Kuriakose Elias Chavara, C.M.I. (10 February 1805 – 3 January 1871) was an Indian Catholic priest and social reformer. He is the first canonised Catholic male saint of Indian origin and belongs to the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, an Eastern Catholic Church based in the state of Kerala. He was the co-founder and first Prior General of the first congregation for men in the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, now known as the Carmelites of Mary Immaculate (C.M.I.), and of a similar one for women, the Congregation of the Mother of Carmel (C.M.C.). Kuriakose Elias Chavara was born on

title: Mariam Vattalil

text: aiding the poor and downtrodden. Her cause of canonization commenced in 2003 and she was titled as a Servant of God. Her beatification received approval from Pope Francis on 23 March 2017 and she was beatified in Indore on 4 November 2017. Mariam Vattalil was born in Kerala on 29 January 1954 as the second of seven children to Paily and Eliswa Vattalil. Her baptism was celebrated at the Church of Saint Thomas on the following 5 February with her name being chosen in honor of the Mother of God; . Her siblings were: Stephen, Annie, Varghese, Thressiamma, Celine (later

title: Women in the Catholic Church

text: her piety. St Kateri Tekakwitha was born around 1656 in the Mohawk village of Ossernenon, Canada. Canonised as the first Native American saint in 2012, Takakwitha lived at a time of conflict between the Mohawks and French colonists, lost her family and was scarred by smallpox before converting to Catholicism, leading to persecution from her tribesmen. She became known for her piety and charity and after her death, by 1774, was being written of as the "Protectress of Canada". That same year, Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton was born in New York. She would become the first saint born in the

title: Sarada Devi

text: Sarada Devi Sarada Devi ; ) (22 December 1853 – 21 July 1920), born Khemankari/ Thakurmani/ Saradamani Mukhopadhyay , was the wife and spiritual counterpart of Sri Ramakrishna, a nineteenth-century mystic of Bengal. Sarada Devi is also reverentially addressed as the Holy Mother ("Sri Sri Maa" ) by the followers of the Sri Ramakrishna monastic order. Sri Sarada Devi or Sri Sri Maa is one of the notable woman saints and mystics of the nineteenth century. She paved the way for the future generation of women to take up monasticity as the means and end of life. In fact the

title: Cathedral Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi (Santa Fe)

text: by Pope Benedict XVI on October 4, 2005, when it was named the Cathedral Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi. This statue of St. Francis, the patron saint of the diocese, was installed at the Cathedral during the 1967 renovations. Kateri Tekakwitha (1656–1680) is the first North American Indian to be beatified, and was canonized in October 2012. She was an Algonquian-Mohawk woman of New York State. At an early age, she converted to Christianity. The statue was created by Estella Loretto, a sculptor from the nearby Jemez Pueblo, and installed in August 2003. A plaque noting Kateri's canonization was

title: Mata Amritanandamayi

text: message from Amṛtānandamayī has appeared in the Lifestyle section of the "Express Buzz" Sunday supplement of the "New Indian Express" newspaper. She also writes a regular blog in the spiritual publication "Speaking Tree". Various documentaries have been made about her: Mata Amritanandamayi Mātā Amṛtānandamayī Devī (born Sudhamani Idamannel; 27 September 1953), better known simply as Amma ("Mother"), is a Hindu spiritual leader and guru who is revered as a saint by her followers. Mātā Amṛtānandamayī is an Indian guru from Parayakadavu (now partially known as Amritapuri), Alappad Panchayat, Kollam District, in the state of Kerala. Born to a family of

title: Sumati Morarjee

text: Sumati Morarjee Sumati Morarjee (13 March 1909-27 June 1998), also known as the first woman of Indian shipping, is credited to have become the first woman in the world to head an organisation of ship owners - "Indian National Steamship Owners Association" (later renamed "Indian National Shipowners Association") which has been traditionally a male bastion. She has been awarded Padma Vibhushan, the second highest civilian honor of India in 1971 for her civil services. She was born to wealthy family of Mathuradas Goculdas and his wife, Premabai, in Bombay. Sumati was named Jamuna, after the sacred river associated with Krishna

title: Pushpa Lalitha

text: the first woman to be consecrated Bishop in any church in Asia was A. Katakshamma of the Good Samaritan Evangelical Lutheran Church, Bhadrachalam. The first ordained woman priest in India is Sr. Elizabeth Paul, also of the CSI Order of Sisters. Eggoni Pushpa Lalitha was born to a family of agriculturists in Diguvappad village in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh. She acknowledges the influence of the Protestant and Catholic Missionaries who lead a selfless life and she very much wanted to lead such a life and became a member of the CSI Order of Sisters. Pushpa Lalitha had her ministerial

title: Kilacheri

text: been declared Servant of God, which will lead to her Beatification and Canonization. In other words, the process of initiation of sainthood on Mother Gnanamma has begun. Archbishop Samineni Arulappa Archbishop Samineni Arulappa (28 August 1924 – 13 February 2005), often shortened to S Arulappa, was an Indian Roman Catholic clergyman who served as the Archbishop of Hyderabad from December 1971 through January 2000. The youngest priest to be consecrated to such a high office, he was also the longest-serving Catholic Archbishop in India. He was also the first Archbishop who had the honor of being consecrated by Pope Paul

title: Mariam Vattalil

text: Mariam Vattalil Blessed Rani Maria Vattalil (29 January 1954 – 25 February 1995) – in religious Rani Maria – was an Indian Syro Malabar professed religious and a social worker in the Franciscan Clarist Congregation who worked among the poor within the Diocese of Indore. Vattalil dedicated herself to the catechetical formation and educational instruction during her time as a religious as she moved place to place teaching in different areas; she was vocal in matters of social justice and in social activism which led to her death at the hands of those who were opposed to her efforts in

title: Mariam Thresia Chiramel

text: Mariam Thresia Chiramel "" Blessed Thresia Chiramel Mankidiyan (usually known as Mariam Thresia; 26 April 1876 – 8 June 1926) was an Indian Syro-Malabar professed religious and the founder of the Congregation of the Holy Family. Thresia Mankidiyan became known for receiving frequent visions and ecstasies as well as even receiving the stigmata which she kept well-guarded. She had been involved in apostolic work her entire life and pushed for strict adherence to the rule of her order amongst her fellow religious. Pope John Paul II beatified the late nun on 9 April 2000. Thresia Chiramel Mankidiyan was born in

title: Women in India

text: an administrator. Tarabai was another female Maratha ruler. In South India, many women administered villages, towns, and divisions, and ushered in new social and religious institutions. Jijabai was the mother of Shivaji, founder of the Maratha Empire. Akka Mahadevi was a prominent figure of the Veerashaiva Bhakti movement of the 12th century Karnataka. Her Vachanas in Kannada, a form of didactic poetry, are considered her most notable contribution to Kannada Bhakti literature. To quote Sir Lepel Griffin K.C.S, from his books on Sikh history, the Sikh women ""have on occasions shown themselves the equals of men in wisdom and administrative

title: Madonna Swan

text: Madonna Swan Madonna Mary Swan-Abdalla (September 12, 1928 – 1993) was an American Indian woman Lakota. Born on the Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation in South Dakota, Madonna Swan prevailed over extreme difficulties including the Native American tuberculosis epidemic of the 20th century to lead a fulfilled life. She overcame the terrible conditions of socio-economic deprivation, restricted education, poor health care, and confinement to the Indian tuberculosis sanatorium and the reservation, to attend college, become a Head Start teacher, marry, raise a child, and be named Native American Woman of the Year. Madonna Swan become an inspiration to both Indian and

title: Rukmini Devi Arundale

text: for International Women's Day. Rukmini Devi Arundale Rukmini Devi Neelakanda Sastri (29 February 1904 – 24 February 1986) was an Indian theosophist, dancer and choreographer of the Indian classical dance form of Bharatanatyam, and an activist for animal rights and welfare. She also is the first ever woman in Indian history to be nominated as the Rajya Sabha member. She is considered the most important revivalist in the Indian classical dance form of Bharatanatyam from its original 'sadhir' style, prevalent amongst the temple dancers, Devadasis, she also worked for the re-establishment of traditional Indian arts and crafts. Though she belonged

title: Chandraprava Saikiani

text: Daisingari, in the Kamrup district in the Northeast Indian state of Assam to Ratiram Mazumdar, a village headman and his wife, Gangapriya as the seventh of their eleven children. Due to the absence of a girls' school, she did her early education at a boys' school, away from her village. After school, she gathered local illiterate girls and taught them what she learnt at school at a makeshift shed near the school. Getting a scholarship, she joined Nagaon Mission School along with her younger sister, Rajaniprava, who would later become the first woman medical doctor from Assam. Her social activism

title: Kateri Tekakwitha

text: of Pope John Paul II, she was beatified in 1980 and canonized by Pope Benedict XVI at Saint Peter's Basilica on 21 October 2012. Various miracles and supernatural events are attributed to her intercession. "Tekakwitha" is the name the girl was given by her Mohawk people. It translates to "She who bumps into things." She was born around 1656 in the Mohawk village of Ossernenon considerably west of present-day Auriesville, New York. (A nineteenth-century tradition that Auriesville developed at the site of Ossernenon has been disproved by archeological findings, according to Dean R. Snow and other specialists in Native American

title: Bhakti Yadav

text: Bhakti Yadav Dr. Bhakti Yadav (3 April 1926 – 14 August 2017) was an Indian doctor who was the first female MBBS from Indore, India and she was recognised by being awarded one of India's highest civilian honors, Padma Shri. She was known for her generosity, including offering free treatment since 1948. She was a gynaecologist. She was born on 3 April 1926 in Ujjain in Mahidpur. She hailed from a renowned Maharashtrian family. In 1937 when education of girls was discouraged, she expressed her desire for higher studies. Her father sent her to a nearby village where she got

title: Meera

text: a celebrated Bhakti saint, particularly in the North Indian Hindu tradition. Meera Bai was born into family of Merta, Rajasthan, India. She is mentioned in Bhaktamal, confirming that she was widely known and a cherished figure in the Bhakti movement culture by about 1600 CE. Most legends about Meera mention her fearless disregard for social and family conventions, her devotion to Lord Krishna, her treating Krishna as her husband, and she being persecuted by her in-laws for her religious devotion. She has been the subject of numerous folk tales and hagiographic legends, which are inconsistent or widely different in details.

title: Saint Alphonsa

text: Saint Alphonsa, F.C.C., (born Anna Muttathupadathu; 19 August 1910 – 28 July 1946) was an Indian religious sister and educator.  She was the first woman of Indian origin to be canonised as a saint by the Catholic Church, and the first canonised saint of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, an Eastern Catholic Church based in India. Her feast day is observed on July 28th.

title: Ramadevi Choudhury

text: the first women's university in eastern India, established as such since 2015. There is a museum dedicated to her within the university premises. The school - Shishu Vihar - started by her at Cuttack is now named Ramadevi Shishu Vihar. She died on 22 July 1985. Ramadevi Choudhury Ramadevi Choudhury() (3 December 1899 – 22 July 1985), also known as Rama Devi, was an Indian freedom fighter and a social reformer. She was called Maa (Mother) by the people of Odisha. She was the daughter of Gopal Ballav Das and the niece of Utkal Gaurab Madhusudan Das. At the age

title: Maria Katharina Kasper

text: Kasper on 19 April 1978 in Saint Peter's Square. The pope praised Kasper as a woman of "faith and fortitude" in his address at the beatification. Pope Francis confirmed her canonization which was celebrated in Saint Peter's Square on 14 October 2018. The miracle that allowed for her canonization took place in India in 2012. Maria Katharina Kasper Saint Maria Katharina Kasper (26 May 1820 – 2 February 1898) – born Katharina but in religious known as Maria – was a German Roman Catholic professed religious and the founder of the Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ. Kasper entered the religious

title: Indian religions

text: Molla. The "alwar" or "azhwars" (, "āzvārkaḷ" , those immersed in god) were Tamil poet-saints of south India who lived between the 6th and 9th centuries CE and espoused "emotional devotion" or bhakti to Visnu-Krishna in their songs of longing, ecstasy and service. The most popular Vaishnava teacher of the south was Ramanuja, while of the north it was Ramananda. Several important icons were women. For example, within the Mahanubhava sect, the women outnumbered the men, and administration was many times composed mainly of women. Mirabai is the most popular female saint in India. Sri Vallabha Acharya (1479–1531) is a

title: Mother Teresa

text: the first Roman Catholic cathedral named in Teresa's honor, was consecrated in Kosovo. The Cathedral is also Kosovo's first Roman Catholic cathedral as well. Mother Teresa Mother Teresa, known in the Roman Catholic Church as Saint Teresa of Calcutta (born Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu, ; 26 August 1910 – 5 September 1997), was an Albanian-Indian Roman Catholic nun and missionary. She was born in Skopje (now the capital of Macedonia), then part of the Kosovo Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire. After living in Macedonia for eighteen years she moved to Ireland and then to India, where she lived for most of

title: Mary Poonen Lukose

text: Mary Poonen Lukose Mary Poonen Lukose was an Indian gynecologist, obstetrician and the first female Surgeon General in India. She was the founder of a "Tuberculosis Sanatorium" in Nagarcoil and the "X-Ray and Radium Institute", Thiruvananthapuram, served as the head of the Health Department in the Princely State of Travancore and was the first woman legislator of the state. The Government of India awarded her the fourth highest Indian civilian award of Padma Shri in 1975. Mary Lukose, née Mary Poonen, was born to a rich family as the only child on 2 August 1886 in Aymanam—a small village later

title: María Teresalina Sánchez

text: María Teresalina Sánchez María Teresalina Sánchez, F.M.M. (13 July 1918 – 27 October 1947) was a Spanish Franciscan Religious Sister who served as a missionary to Kashmir. She was murdered on the grounds of St. Joseph's Catholic Church in Baramulla by invading tribesmen during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. She is considered the first Christian martyr in Jammu and Kashmir. She was born Joaquina de Z. Sánchez on July 13, 1918, in the village of Sondika, Biscay, called Bidegain, into a large family of seventeen children. While still an infant, her parents entrusted her upbringing to a community of the

title: Kanhopatra

text: to Vithoba and her struggle to balance her piety with her profession. In her poetry, she implores Vithoba to be her saviour and release her from the clutches of her profession. About thirty of her "abhangas" have survived, and continue to be sung today. She is the only female Varkari saint to have attained sainthood based solely on her devotion, without the support of any guru, male Varkari saint, or "parampara" (tradition or lineage). Kanhopatra's history is known through stories passed down over centuries, making it hard to separate fact and fiction. Most accounts agree about her birth to Shama

title: Kanhopatra

text: Kanhopatra Kanhopatra (or Kanhupatra) was a 15th-century Marathi saint-poet, venerated by the Varkari sect of Hinduism. Little is known about Kanhopatra. According to most traditional accounts, Kanhopatra was a courtesan and dancing-girl. These accounts typically concentrate on her death when she chose to surrender to the Hindu god Vithoba—the patron god of the Varkaris—rather than becoming a concubine of the Badshah (king) of Bidar. She died in the central shrine of Vithoba in Pandharpur. She is the only person whose samadhi (mausoleum) is within the precincts of the temple. Kanhopatra wrote Marathi "ovi" and "abhanga" poetry telling of her devotion

title: Kateri Tekakwitha

text: October 21, 2012 by Pope Benedict XVI. In the official canonization rite booklet, "Catherine" is used in the English and French biographies and "Kateri" in the translation of the rite itself. She is the first Native American woman of North America to be canonized by the Roman Catholic Church. Tekakwitha is featured in four national shrines in the United States: the National Shrine of Blessed Kateri Tekakwitha in Fonda, New York; the National Shrine of the North American Martyrs in Auriesville, New York; the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C.; and The National Shrine

title: Kanhopatra

text: attained sainthood exclusively on the basis of her intense devotion to Vithoba, a devotion reflected in her abhangas. Kanhopatra's life has been recounted in a 1937 Marathi film "Kanhopatra" written and directed by Bhalji Pendharkar. She was also the subject of the popular 1931 Marathi drama named "Sant Kanhopatra", in which Bal Gandharva played the lead. Kanhopatra's abhangas "Aga Vaikunthichya Raya" and "Patita tu pavanahe"; and "Nako Devaraya Anta Aata" are used in that drama and in the 1963 Marathi film "Sadhi Manase" respectively. A 2014 short film "Katha Sant Kanhopatra" by Sumeet video featured Pallavi Subhash as Kanhopatra. Kanhopatra's

title: Saint Alphonsa


question: what is the meaning of the harp in ireland

answers: the arms of Ireland

title: Irish heraldry

text: harp Or, stringed argent" – a gold harp with silver strings on a blue background. The harp, and specifically the "cláirseach" (or Gaelic harp), has long been Ireland's heraldic emblem. It appears on the coat of arms which were officially registered as the arms of the state of Ireland on 9 November 1945. The harp has been recognised as a symbol of Ireland since the 13th century. Irish heraldry Irish heraldry is the forms of heraldry, such as coats of arms, in Ireland. Since 1 April 1943 it is regulated in the Republic of Ireland by the Office of the

title: Harp

text: Ireland for centuries. Its origin is unknown but from the evidence of the ancient oral and written literature, it has been present in one form or another since at least the 6th century or before. According to tradition, Brian Boru, High King of Ireland (died at the Battle of Clontarf, 1014) played the harp, as did many of the gentry in the country during the period of the Gaelic Lordship of Ireland (ended 1607 with the "Flight of the Earls" following the Elizabethan Wars). In traditional Gaelic society every clan and chief of any consequence would have a resident harp

title: Irish traditional music

text: these traditional airs today, among many others. The harp is among the chief symbols of Ireland. The Celtic harp, seen on Irish coinage and used in Guinness advertising, was played as long ago as the 10th century. In ancient times, the harpers were greatly respected and, along with poets and scribes, assigned a high place amongst the most significant retainers of the old Gaelic order of lords and chieftains. Perhaps the best known representative of this tradition of harping today is Turlough Ó Carolan, a blind 18th century harper who is often considered the unofficial national composer of Ireland. Thomas

title: Celtic harp

text: Celtic harp The Celtic harp is a triangular harp traditional to Wales, Brittany, Ireland and Scotland. It is known as "telyn" in Welsh, "telenn" in Breton, "cláirseach" in Irish and "clàrsach" in Scottish Gaelic. In Ireland and Scotland, it was a wire-strung instrument requiring great skill and long practice to play, and was associated with the Gaelic ruling class. It appears on Irish and British coins and coat of arms of the Republic of Ireland, the United Kingdom and Canada. The early history of the triangular frame harp in Europe is contested. The first instrument associated with the harping tradition

title: Coat of arms of Ireland

text: of thirty strings, provided that the numbers do not fall below nine (notwithstanding the illustration to the left). The strings are always silver and the harp is always gold. The harp is shown on a blue background. The colour of the field is sometimes called St. Patrick's blue, a name applied to shades of blue associated with Ireland. In current designs, used by the UK and Irish states, the field is invariably a deep blue. The use of blue in the arms has been associated with , a Gaelic mythological personification of Ireland. The word ' is a compound of

title: Cross-border flag for Ireland

text: organisation. The harp (or "") has long been a symbol of Ireland. It first featured on Irish coins in the reign of Henry VIII around 1534. During the seventeenth and eighteenth century, the harp became adorned with progressively more decoration, ultimately becoming a "winged maiden". In the nineteenth century, the "Maid of Erin", a personification of Ireland, was a woman holding a more realistic harp than the "winged maiden". This style of harp was then also used in Irish flags. The harp on the modern coat of arms of Ireland is modelled on the "Brian Boru" harp in the library

title: Trinity College harp

text: Trinity College harp The Brian Boru's harp (also known as "Trinity College harp" although it bears the O'Neill Coat of Arms) is a medieval musical instrument on display in the long room at Trinity College Dublin in Ireland. It is an early Irish harp or wire strung cláirseach. It is dated to the 14th or 15th century and, along with the Queen Mary Harp and the Lamont Harp, is one of the three oldest surviving Gaelic harps. The harp was used as a model for the coat of arms of Ireland. The harp may be the oldest existent harp in

title: Music of Scotland

text: of them come from Scotland. Pictish harps were strung from horsehair. The instruments apparently spread south to the Anglo-Saxons, who commonly used gut strings, and then west to the Gaels of the Highlands and to Ireland. The earliest Irish word for a harp is in fact Cruit, a word which strongly suggests a Pictish provenance for the instrument. The surname MacWhirter, "Mac a' Chruiteir", means son of the harpist, and is common throughout Scotland, but particularly in Carrick and Galloway. The Clàrsach (Gd.) or Cláirseach (Ga.) is the name given to the wire-strung harp of either Scotland or Ireland. The

title: Trinity College harp

text: wide the real harp is, compared to the harp on Irish coins. Trinity College harp The Brian Boru's harp (also known as "Trinity College harp" although it bears the O'Neill Coat of Arms) is a medieval musical instrument on display in the long room at Trinity College Dublin in Ireland. It is an early Irish harp or wire strung cláirseach. It is dated to the 14th or 15th century and, along with the Queen Mary Harp and the Lamont Harp, is one of the three oldest surviving Gaelic harps. The harp was used as a model for the coat of

title: Republic of Ireland

text: King of Ireland in the 12th century. From the union of the crowns of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1603, they have appeared quartered on the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom. Today, they are the personal arms of the President of Ireland whilst he or she is in office and are flown as the presidential standard. The harp symbol is used extensively by the state to mark official documents, Irish coinage and on the seal of the President of Ireland. Republic of Ireland Ireland ( ), also known as the Republic of Ireland ('), is a country

title: Music of Ireland

text: Gaelic Ireland. Turlough Carolan (1670–1738) is the best known of those harpists, and over 200 of his compositions are known. Some of his pieces use elements of contemporary baroque music, but his music has entered the tradition and is played by many folk musicians today. Edward Bunting collected some of the last-known Irish harp tunes at the Belfast Harp Festival in 1792. Other important collectors of Irish music include Francis O'Neill and George Petrie. Other notable Irish musicians of this era included Cearbhall Óg Ó Dálaigh (fl. c. 1630); Piaras Feiritéar (1600?–1653); William Connellan (fl. mid-17th century) and his brother,

title: Trinity College harp

text: the national symbol of Ireland, being depicted on national heraldry, Euro coins and Irish currency. A left-facing image of this instrument was used as the national symbol of Ireland from 1922, and was specifically granted to the State by the Chief Herald of Ireland in 1945. A right-facing image was registered as a trade mark for Guinness in 1876, although it was first used on their labels from 1862. All three surviving Gaelic harps (the others are the Lamont Harp and the Queen Mary Harp) are considered to have been made in Argyll in South West Scotland sometime in the

title: Harp

text: seals and documents including the Irish passport and has appeared on Irish coinage from the Middle Ages to the current Irish imprints of euro coins. Guinness since 1759, Harp Lager since 1960, Irish Independent since 1961 originally in black but in green since 1972 and Ryanair since 1985. The South Asian Tamil harp "yaal" is the symbol of City of Jaffna, Sri Lanka, whose legendary root originates from a harp player. In the context of Christianity, heaven is sometimes symbolically depicted as populated by angels playing harps, giving the instrument associations of the sacred and heavenly. In the Bible, Genesis

title: Coat of arms of Ireland

text: the emblems of many bodies in Northern Ireland, such as the Police Service of Northern Ireland. The harp is frequently incorporated into the emblems of Irish companies, such as Guinness and Ryanair. It appears on the arms of countries with historical links to Ireland or the United Kingdom, such as Montserrat and Canada. In 1984, exemplars of the modern design, approved by the Chief Herald, were registered by the Government of Ireland with the World Intellectual Property Organization under Article 6ter of the Paris Convention, which relates to state emblems. The government only registered "left-facing" images, with the harp's sound

title: Origin of the harp in Europe

text: chloroform triangular instrument, however the stone is weathered and unclear if the figure is playing a true triangular harp, and others think it strongly resembles the Ullard lyre. Another study argue that many such crosses from the pre-Norman period survive in Ireland, however what is striking is that there are no triangular framed harps, Some early texts make the reference coir-cethar-chuir ‘four angled music' which refers to a four sided instrument. Other contemporary Irish sources of the period, namely the Cotton manuscript still depict a plucked lyre correspond to the shrine of St Maelruain Gospel, the Durrow Cross lyre and

title: Edward Bunting

text: string on the harp, as well as the proper tuning for the ancient instrument. After this is a table of practices, also with musical examples. Some of these are "bualladh suas no suaserigh" or "succession of triplets" and "sruith-mor" or "a great stream, ascending or descending". To conclude the chapter, Bunting gives the reader an idea of some "times", "moods", and "keys" used by the ancient harpers, as well as a vast vocabulary list of other Irish musical terms. An online multimedia edition of these tables has been published at http://www.earlygaelicharp.info/Irish_Terms/. Chapter 3 Bunting opens chapter 3 with an introduction

title: Harp

text: modified harp, and the Irish State Examinations Commission uses it with an educational theme. The harp appears in the logo for League of Ireland football team Finn Harps F.C., Donegal's senior soccer club. Other organisations in Ireland use the harp, but not always prominently; these include the National University of Ireland and the associated University College Dublin, and the Gaelic Athletic Association. In Northern Ireland the Police Service of Northern Ireland and Queen's University of Belfast use the harp as part of their identity. In Iraq, the football club Al-Shorta is nicknamed "Al-Qeetharah" (), and has a harp on its

title: Coat of arms of Ireland

text: Gaelic harp now in Trinity College, Dublin. The design is by an English sculptor, Percy Metcalfe. Metcalfe's design was in response to a competition held by the state to design Irish coinage, which was to start circulation in December 1928. Metcalfe's design became the model for future official interpretations of the harp as an emblem of the state. The modern design is markedly different from earlier depictions. During the 17th century, it became common to depict the harp with a woman's head and breasts, like a ship's figurehead, as the pillar. It is not necessary to show a full complement

title: Origin of the harp in Europe

text: the instruments depicted, come in a variety of shapes and sizes and tend to be lyres rather than characteristic triangular harps. Irish hymn texts of the period refer to the performance of hymns and psalms as being accompanied by a lyre and such quadrangular instruments were used in religious ceremonies due to their small size from the introduction of Christianity to Ireland. Gerald of Wales cites the "Cythera" Kithara of St Kevin playing by Irish abbots and bishops for chants and funeral lamentations. Such instruments were prized in Ireland well into the 12th century. From an Irish perspective, three distinct

title: Coat of arms of Ireland

title: Irish traditional music

text: did not long outlast the native Gaelic aristocracy which supported it. By the early 19th century, the Irish harp and its music were for all intents and purposes dead. Tunes from the harping tradition survived only as unharmonised melodies which had been picked up by the folkloric tradition, or were preserved as notated in collections such as Edward Bunting's, (he attended the Belfast Harp Festival in 1792) in which the tunes were most often modified to make them fit for the drawing room pianofortes of the Anglicised middle and upper classes. The first generations of 20th century revivalists, mostly playing

title: Origin of the harp in Europe

text: the three stringed lyre carving of judgement of Solomon at Ardmore Cathedral. The first true representations of the Irish triangular harp does not appear till the late 11th century in reliquary on the St. Moedoc shrine, while the Gospel of St Maelruain from the same period still traditionally depicts a lyre with three strings. Other articles discuss the triangular harp was first appeared in Ireland at the start of the Anglo-Norman invasion. The influx of English harpers to Ireland is also recorded in the Red Book of Ormond, and the Dublin Merchant roll (c1190-1265) shows a contingent of English Anglo-Norman

title: Edward Bunting

text: to George Petrie's "Memoir of Ancient Irish Harp Preserved in Trinity College". In this introduction Bunting shows the reader two images, which he analyses with respect to the ancient way of playing the harp. Following this can be found a brief account of the Irish harp by Galilei in 1581, from which Bunting concludes that the ancient harp must have had between twenty-nine and thirty strings. Petrie's "Memoir" begins with the legend of the origins of "Brian Boru's harp", currently housed in the library at Trinity College. In Petrie's words, "we are told that Donogh, the son and successor of

title: Harp

text: well as on the Lord Protector's Standard issued on the succession of Richard Cromwell in 1658. The harp is also traditionally used on the flag of Leinster. Since 1922, the government of Ireland has used a similar left-facing harp, based on the Trinity College Harp in the Library of Trinity College Dublin as its state symbol. It first appeared on the Great Seal of the Irish Free State, which in turn was replaced by the coat of arms, the Irish Presidential Standard and the Presidential Seal in the 1937 Constitution of Ireland. The harp emblem is used on official state

title: Harps GAA

text: Harps GAA The Harps GAA is a Gaelic Athletic Association hurling, gaelic football and camogie club in County Laois, Ireland. It is a combination of players from the villages of Cullohill and Durrow. Hurling and Camogie are the dominant sports in the club but a lot of success has come the way of the club in football too. The club colours are yellow with red trim. The club's grounds are in Durrow and Cullohill The club was formed in 1984 as an amalgamation of the old clubs of Durrow and Cullohill. In their very first year the club reached the

title: Irish traditional music

text: McKenna, Michael Rooney, Áine Minogue, Patrick Ball and Bonnie Shaljean. The best of these have a solid background in genuine Irish traditional music, often having strong competency on another instrument more common in the living tradition, such as the fiddle or concertina, and work very hard at adapting the harp to traditional music, as well as reconstructing what they can of the old harpers' music on the basis of the few manuscript sources which exist. However, the harp continues to occupy a place on the fringe of Irish traditional music. The accordion plays a major part in modern Irish music.

title: Irish traditional music

text: harp-accompanied folk-singing was preserved by the McPeake Family. Over the past thirty years a revival of the early Irish harp has been growing, with replicas of the medieval instruments being played, using strings of brass, silver, and even gold. This revival grew through the work of a number of musicians including Arnold Dolmetsch in 1930s England, Alan Stivell in 1960s Brittany, and most importantly Ann Heymann in the US from the 1970s to the present. Notable players of the modern harp include Derek Bell (of The Chieftains), Laoise Kelly (of The Bumblebees), Gráinne Hambly, Máire Ní Chathasaigh, Mary O'Hara, Antoinette

title: Harp

text: player who would compose eulogies and elegies (later known as "planxties") in honour of the leader and chief men of the clan. The harp was adopted as a symbol of the Kingdom of Ireland on the coinage from 1542, and in the Royal Standard of King James VI and I in 1603 and continued to feature on all English and United Kingdom Royal Standards ever since, though the styles of the harps depicted differed in some respects. It was also used on the Commonwealth Jack of Oliver Cromwell, issued in 1649 and on the Protectorate Jack issued in 1658 as

title: Celtic harp

text: last two are examples of the small low-headed harp, and are both made from hornbeam, a wood not native to Scotland or Ireland. All three are dated approximately to the 15th century and may have been made in Argyll in western Scotland. Many “Irish” harps from later periods have no provenance and could possibly be of Scottish origin. The Norman-Welsh cleric and scholar Gerald of Wales (c.1146 – c.1223), whose "Topographica Hibernica et Expugnatio Hibernica" is a description of Ireland from the Anglo-Norman point of view, praised Irish harp music (if little else), but added that, in the opinion of

title: Thomas Connellan

text: and "Eileen Aroon" (by Cearbhall O'Dalaigh), comprise the three earliest Irish harp tunes with extant lyrics. Yet another of Connellan's tunes was called "Fáinne Geal an Lae" ("The Dawning of the Day"), also known as "The Golden Star". This has similarities with (but is not the same as), the melody used by Irish poet Patrick Kavanagh for his poem, "On Raglan Road". According to Arthur O'Neill (1734-1818): Edinburgh Council record of 11 January 1717 states: Thomas Connellan Thomas Connellan (c. 1640/1645 – 1698) was an Irish composer. Connellan was born about 1640/1645 at Cloonamahon, County Sligo. Both he and his

title: Coat of arms of Ireland

long_answer: However, reference to the harp as the arms of the king of Ireland can be found in one of the oldest medieval rolls of arms. The Wijnbergen Roll, a French roll of arms dating from c. 1280 and preserved in The Hague, Netherlands, attributed "D'azure a la harpe d'or" (English: Blue with a harp of gold) to the King of Ireland ("le Roi d'Irlande"). The harp, traditionally associated with King David, was a rare charge on medieval rolls and only two arms with a harp are listed in a collection of 19 early rolls. Triangular devices appeared on medieval Irish coinage by kings John and Edward I in the 12th and 13th centuries. These devices may have been crude harps or it may be that the harp developed from the use of triangles to distinguish Irish coins. The idea of a harp being the arms of Ireland may have originated as a reference to a fictional character, le roi d'irelande, in the courtly legend cycle of Tristan. Alternatively, it may have derived from a celebrated 13th century bardic poem, Tabhroidh Chugam Cruit mo Riogh, dedicated to the Donnchadh Cairbreach O'Briain (d. 1242), a Gaelic King of Thomond.


question: what is the origin of the word celsius

answers: the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius

title: Celsius

text: called "centigrade", from the Latin "centum", which means 100, and "gradus", which means steps. From 1743 to 1954, the Celsius scale was based on 0 °C for the freezing point of water and 100 °C for the boiling point of water at 1 atm pressure. Prior to 1743, the scale was also based on the boiling and melting points of water, but the values were reversed (i.e. the boiling point was at 0 degrees and the melting point was at 100 degrees). The 1743 scale reversal was proposed by Jean-Pierre Christin. By international agreement, since 1954 the unit and the

title: Celsius (crater)

text: Celsius (crater) Celsius is a small lunar impact crater that is located in the rugged terrain in the southern hemisphere on the Moon's near side, it is named after Anders Celsius who was the founder of the Celsius temperature system which is part of the Metric system. It lies less than one crater diameter to the south-southwest of the crater Zagut, west of Rabbi Levi, and due north of Büsching. This is a heavily worn crater with a southwest rim that has been damaged by multiple small crater impacts. There is a valley-like gap in the northern rim that joins

title: Celsius (crater)

text: Celsius with Celsius A. The interior floor of Celsius is almost featureless, except for a small craterlet in the northern half. By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Celsius. Celsius (crater) Celsius is a small lunar impact crater that is located in the rugged terrain in the southern hemisphere on the Moon's near side, it is named after Anders Celsius who was the founder of the Celsius temperature system which is part of the Metric system. It lies less than one crater diameter

title: Celsius

text: (1701–1744) created a temperature scale that was the reverse of the scale now known as "Celsius": 0 represented the boiling point of water, while 100 represented the freezing point of water. In his paper "Observations of two persistent degrees on a thermometer", he recounted his experiments showing that the melting point of ice is essentially unaffected by pressure. He also determined with remarkable precision how the boiling point of water varied as a function of atmospheric pressure. He proposed that the zero point of his temperature scale, being the boiling point, would be calibrated at the mean barometric pressure at

title: Celsius

text: mean sea level. This pressure is known as one standard atmosphere. The BIPM's 10th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) later defined one standard atmosphere to equal precisely 1,013,250 dynes per square centimetre (101.325 kPa). In 1743, the Lyonnais physicist Jean-Pierre Christin, permanent secretary of the "Académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Lyon", working independently of Celsius, developed a scale where zero represented the freezing point of water and 100 represented the boiling point of water. On 19 May 1743 he published the design of a mercury thermometer, the "Thermometer of Lyon" built by the craftsman Pierre Casati

title: Mercury-in-glass thermometer

text: related to the rapid cooling (and contraction) of the glass. When Celsius decided to use his own temperature scale, he originally defined his scale "upside-down", i.e. he chose to set the boiling point of pure water at 0 °C (212 °F) and the freezing point at -100 °C (-32 °F). One year later, Frenchman Jean-Pierre Christin proposed to invert the scale with the freezing point at and the boiling point at . He named it Centigrade (100 grades). Finally, Celsius proposed a method of calibrating a thermometer: These points are adequate for approximate calibration but both vary with atmospheric pressure.

title: Temperature

text: it is often convenient to use the Celsius scale, in which corresponds very closely to the freezing point of water and is its boiling point at sea level. Because liquid droplets commonly exist in clouds at sub-zero temperatures, is better defined as the melting point of ice. In this scale a temperature difference of 1 degree Celsius is the same as a increment, but the scale is offset by the temperature at which ice melts (). By international agreement the Kelvin and Celsius scales are defined by two fixing points: absolute zero and the triple point of Vienna Standard Mean

title: Boiling point

text: boiling point of water" at a standard pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar) is . For comparison, on top of Mount Everest, at elevation, the pressure is about and the boiling point of water is . The Celsius temperature scale was defined until 1954 by two points: 0 °C being defined by the water freezing point and 100 °C being defined by the water boiling point at standard atmospheric pressure. The higher the vapor pressure of a liquid at a given temperature, the lower the normal boiling point (i.e., the boiling point at atmospheric pressure) of the liquid. The vapor

title: Celsius

text: Celsius scale are defined by absolute zero and the triple point of Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW), a specially purified water. This definition also precisely relates the Celsius scale to the Kelvin scale, which defines the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature with symbol K. Absolute zero, the lowest temperature possible, is defined as being exactly 0 K and −273.15 °C. The temperature of the triple point of water is defined as exactly . This means that a temperature difference of one degree Celsius and that of one kelvin are exactly the same. In 1742, Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius

title: Celsius

text: formally adopted "degree Celsius" in 1948, formally keeping the recognized degree symbol, rather than adopting the gradian/centesimal degree symbol. For scientific use, "Celsius" is the term usually used, with "centigrade" remaining in common but decreasing use, especially in informal contexts in English-speaking countries. It was not until February 1985 that the weather forecasts issued by the BBC switched from "centigrade" to "Celsius". Some key temperatures relating the Celsius scale to other temperature scales are shown in the table below. The "degree Celsius" has been the only SI unit whose full unit name contains an uppercase letter since the SI base

title: Temperature

text: as Temperature scales differ in two ways: the point chosen as zero degrees, and the magnitudes of incremental units or degrees on the scale. The Celsius scale (°C) is used for common temperature measurements in most of the world. It is an empirical scale that was developed by a historical progress, which led to its zero point being defined by the freezing point of water, and additional degrees defined so that was the boiling point of water, both at sea-level atmospheric pressure. Because of the 100-degree interval, it was called a centigrade scale. Since the standardization of the kelvin in

title: Olof Celsius

text: Olof Celsius Olof Celsius (the elder) (19 July 1670 – 24 June 1756) was a Swedish botanist, philologist and clergyman, He was a professor at Uppsala University, Sweden. Celsius was a mentor of the botanist and scientist Carl Linnaeus. Celsius wrote his most famous book on biblical plants, "Hierobotanicon", in 1745-47. Olof Celsius's nephew Anders Celsius was an astronomer who invented a temperature scale where 100 represented the freezing point of water and 0 represented the boiling point. Jean-Pierre Christin, in 1744 reversed the scale to create the centigrade scale, renamed in 1948 to the Celsius scale in use today.

title: Olof Celsius

text: Olof Celsius was made a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1739. Olof Celsius Olof Celsius (the elder) (19 July 1670 – 24 June 1756) was a Swedish botanist, philologist and clergyman, He was a professor at Uppsala University, Sweden. Celsius was a mentor of the botanist and scientist Carl Linnaeus. Celsius wrote his most famous book on biblical plants, "Hierobotanicon", in 1745-47. Olof Celsius's nephew Anders Celsius was an astronomer who invented a temperature scale where 100 represented the freezing point of water and 0 represented the boiling point. Jean-Pierre Christin, in 1744 reversed the scale

title: Celsius

text: differences between temperatures or their uncertainties (e.g. "The output of the heat exchanger is hotter by 40 degrees Celsius", and "Our standard uncertainty is ±3 °C"). Because of this dual usage, one must not rely upon the unit name or its symbol to denote that a quantity is a temperature interval; it must be unambiguous through context or explicit statement that the quantity is an interval. This is sometimes solved by using the symbol °C (pronounced "degrees Celsius") for a temperature, and C° (pronounced "Celsius degrees") for a temperature interval, although this usage is non-standard. Another way to express the

title: Scale of temperature

text: the Celsius scale are currently defined by two different points: absolute zero, and the triple point of VSMOW (specially prepared water). This definition also precisely relates the Celsius scale to the Kelvin scale, which defines the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature (symbol: K). Absolute zero, the hypothetical but unattainable temperature at which matter exhibits zero entropy, is defined as being precisely 0 K "and" −273.15 °C. The temperature value of the triple point of water is defined as being precisely 273.16 K "and" 0.01 °C. This definition fixes the magnitude of both the degree Celsius and the kelvin as

title: Anders Celsius

text: independent of latitude (and of atmospheric pressure). He determined the dependence of the boiling of water with atmospheric pressure which was accurate even by modern-day standards. He further gave a rule for the determination of the boiling point if the barometric pressure deviates from a certain standard pressure. He proposed the Celsius temperature scale in a paper to the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala, the oldest Swedish scientific society, founded in 1710. His thermometer was calibrated with a value of 100° for the freezing point of water and 0° for the boiling point. In 1745, a year after Celsius'

title: Celsius

text: unit for temperature, the kelvin, became the proper name in 1967 replacing the term "degrees Kelvin". The plural form is "degrees Celsius". The general rule of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) is that the numerical value always precedes the unit, and a space is always used to separate the unit from the number, (not "" or ""). The only exceptions to this rule are for the unit symbols for degree, minute, and second for plane angle (°, ′, and ″, respectively), for which no space is left between the numerical value and the unit symbol. Other languages,

title: History of the metric system

text: clarified. The "Celsius", as an angular measure, was adopted for general use in a number of countries, so in 1948 the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) recommended that the degree Celsius, as used for the measurement of temperature, be renamed the degree Celsius. The SI Brochure (2006) notes that the gon is now a little-used alternative to the degree. At the 9th CGPM, the Celsius temperature scale was renamed the Celsius scale and the scale itself was fixed by defining the triple point of water as 0.01 °C, though the CGPM left the formal definition of absolute zero

title: Metric prefix

text: name 'degree Celsius'. For example, 12 m°C (12 millidegrees Celsius) is acceptable." In practice, it is more common for prefixes to be used with the kelvin when it is desirable to denote extremely large or small absolute temperatures or temperature differences. Thus, temperatures of star interiors may be given in units of MK (megakelvins), and molecular cooling may be described in mK (millikelvins). In use the joule and kilojoule are common, with larger multiples seen in limited contexts. In addition, the kilowatt hour, a composite unit formed from the kilowatt and hour, is often used for electrical energy; other multiples

title: Celsius

title: Introduction to the metric system

text: the tonne is not an SI Unit, its continued use in many countries has led to it being "accepted for use within SI". The degree Celsius (symbol: °C) came into use in its present form in 1744 when 0 °C was defined as the freezing point of water and 100 °C was defined as the boiling point of water, both at a pressure of one standard atmosphere. Before 1948 the unit was known as "centigrade" from the Latin "centum" translated as 100 and "gradus" translated as "steps". However, in France and Spain, the word ""centigrade"" also meant 0.0001 of a

title: Fahrenheit

text: Cayman Islands and Liberia. Antigua and Barbuda and other islands which use the same meteorological service, such as Anguilla, the British Virgin Islands, Montserrat and Saint Kitts and Nevis, as well as Bermuda, Belize and the Turks and Caicos Islands, use Fahrenheit and Celsius. All other countries in the world officially now use the Celsius scale, named after Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius. On the Fahrenheit scale, the freezing point of water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and the boiling point is 212 °F (at standard atmospheric pressure). This puts the boiling and freezing points of water 180 degrees apart. Therefore,

title: Celsius

text: same is "40°C ± 3 K", which can be commonly found in literature. Celsius measurement follows an interval system but not a ratio system; and it follows a relative scale not an absolute scale. For example, 20 °C is not twice the heat energy of 10 °C; and 0 °C is not the lowest Celsius value. Thus, degrees Celsius is a useful interval measurement but does not possess the characteristics of ratio measures like weight or distance. In science and in engineering, the Celsius scale and the Kelvin scale are often used in combination in close contexts, e.g. "a measured

title: Celsius

text: Celsius scale at the triple point of Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW, 273.16 K and 0.01 °C), and at absolute zero (0 K and −273.15 °C), is that neither the melting nor boiling point of water under one standard atmosphere (101.325 kPa) remains a defining point for the Celsius scale. In 1948 when the 9th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in Resolution 3 first considered using the triple point of water as a defining point, the triple point was so close to being 0.01 °C greater than water's known melting point, it was simply defined as precisely

title: Celsius (comics)

text: Doomed which also consists of Aalak of the Komeriah, Animal-Vegetable-Mineral Man, Aruna, Beast Girl, Maya, Solstice, and Son of Kalki. Celsius is a superior martial artist due to her monastery training. She has minor levels of ancient mysticism taught to her due to her monastery training in the Himalayas by Buddhist monks. These same Buddhist monks taught Arani to control and manipulate her core temperature, projecting formidable heat to a volcanic level from her left hand or intense cold and ice to an arctic level from her right hand after Niles Caulder's "immortality serum" triggered her metagene. Celsius was even

title: Anders Celsius

text: name "Celsius" is a latinization of the estate's name (Latin "celsus" "mound"). As the son of an astronomy professor, Nils Celsius, and the grandson of the mathematician Magnus Celsius and the astronomer Anders Spole, Celsius chose a career in science. He was a talented mathematician from an early age. Anders Celsius studied at Uppsala University, where his father was a teacher, and in 1730 he, too, became a professor of astronomy there. In 1730, Celsius published the ("New Method for Determining the Distance from the Earth to the Sun"). His research also involved the study of auroral phenomena, which he

title: Fahrenheit

text: cooking, and freezing temperatures are typically given in degrees Fahrenheit. Scientists, such as meteorologists, use Celsius or Kelvin in all countries. Early in the 20th century, Halsey and Dale suggested that the resistance to the use of centigrade (now Celsius) system in the U.S. included the larger size of each degree Celsius and the lower zero point in the Fahrenheit system. Canada has passed legislation favoring the International System of Units, while also maintaining legal definitions for traditional Canadian imperial units. Canadian weather reports are conveyed using degrees Celsius with occasional reference to Fahrenheit especially for cross-border broadcasts. Virtually all

title: Temperature

text: scientists measure temperature using the Celsius scale and thermodynamic temperature using the Kelvin scale, which is the Celsius scale offset so that its null point is = , or absolute zero. Many engineering fields in the U.S., notably high-tech and US federal specifications (civil and military), also use the Kelvin and Celsius scales. Other engineering fields in the U.S. also rely upon the Rankine scale (a shifted Fahrenheit scale) when working in thermodynamic-related disciplines such as combustion. The basic unit of temperature in the International System of Units (SI) is the kelvin. It has the symbol K. For everyday applications,

title: Medical thermometer

text: Bahamas, Belize, and the Cayman Islands. Prominent Dutch mathematician, astronomer and physicist Christiaan Huygens created a clinical thermometer in 1665, to which he added an early form of the centigrade scale by setting the scale to the freezing and boiling points of water. By 1742 Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius created the Celsius temperature scale that was the reverse of the modern scale, in that "0" was the boiling point of water, while "100" was freezing. It would later be reversed by Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778) in 1744. Working independently of Celsius, the Lyonnais physicist Jean-Pierre Christin, permanent secretary of

title: Degree (temperature)

text: Degree (temperature) The term degree is used in several scales of temperature. The symbol ° is usually used, followed by the initial letter of the unit, for example “°C” for degree(s) Celsius. A degree can be defined as a set change in temperature measured against a given scale, for example, one degree Celsius is one hundredth of the temperature change between the point at which water starts to change state from solid to liquid state and the point at which it starts to change from its gaseous state to liquid. Common scales of temperature measured in degrees: Other scales of

title: Celsius

long_answer: The Celsius scale, previously known as the centigrade scale, is a temperature scale used by the International System of Units (SI). As an SI derived unit, it is used by all countries in the world, except the United States, Myanmar, and Liberia. It is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who developed a similar temperature scale. The degree Celsius (symbol: °C) can refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale as well as a unit to indicate a temperature interval, a difference between two temperatures or an uncertainty. Before being renamed to honor Anders Celsius in 1948, the unit was called centigrade, from the Latin centum, which means 100, and gradus, which means steps.