question: what are the toll roads called in mexico

answers: autopistas

title: Transportation in Mexico

text: Monterrey—in the form of a triangle. No federal freeway or expressway crosses a city; toll expressways are either turned into toll bypasses ("libramientos") often used as toll or free ring roads ("periféricos"), or are transformed into major arterial roads, even if they are, in function, freeways with restricted access. Mexican highways are assigned a one to three-digit number. North-south highways are assigned odd numbers whereas east-west highways are assigned even numbers. Toll expressways usually run parallel to a free road, and therefore, are assigned the same number with the letter "D" added. (For example, the undivided two-lane highway connecting Mexico

title: Transportation in Mexico

text: City and Puebla is MX 150, whereas the six-lane toll expressway is MX 150D). Mexico has had difficulty in building an integrated highway network due to the country's orography and landscape characteristics—most of the country is crossed by high-altitude ranges of mountains. Over the last two decades, Mexico has made impressive investments in order to improve its road infrastructure and connect main cities and towns across the country. In spite of its extension and recent development, the roadway network in Mexico is still inadequate to meet the current needs of the population and, except for the toll roads, they are

title: Circuito Exterior Mexiquense

text: Circuito Exterior Mexiquense The Circuito Exterior Mexiquense literally, "Outer Loop of the State of Mexico", also known as the Vía Mexiquense or "'Autopista mexiquense'" is a series of toll roads constructed between 2006 and 2011 by the State of Mexico government, providing an option for motorists to skirt the edge of Greater Mexico City when driving between areas in the State of Mexico to the northwest of Mexico City, northeast of Mexico City (e.g. Ecatepec) and east of Mexico City (e.g. Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl and Chalco). Portions carry the Mexican Federal Highway 57D designation, and others carry the State of Mexico

title: Mexican Federal Highway

text: adjacent road body next to the existing one. "Carretera" are free, and in most cases, two-lane highways that connect almost all of Mexico. These roads have interchanges at major roads, but most intersections are at grade. The maximum speed limit is for cars and for buses and trucks. North–south highways are assigned odd numbers, while east-west highways are identified by even numbers. The start of the numbering system is located in the northwest of the country. There are two exceptions to the numbering system: Mexican Federal Highway Federal Highways (), are a series of highways, locally known as federal highway

title: Mexican Federal Highway 180D

text: to charge passing vehicles. In February 2017, Consorcio del Mayab raised tolls on the road. Vehicles are now charged a toll of 165 pesos between Mérida and Valladolid and 285 pesos between Valladolid and Cancún. Even prior to the toll increases, the highway was the second most expensive toll road in Mexico. Mexican Federal Highway 180D Federal Highway 180D is the toll highways paralleling Highway 180 in seven separate segments of highway. Three are in Veracruz:, the Libramiento de Cardel, the highway from Cardel to Veracruz, and the Nuevo Teapa-Cosoleacaque highway. Four segments exist beyond Veracruz: one between Agua Dulce

title: Mexican Federal Highway 47D

text: took over operation of the toll booths on May 27. While the highway's mainline is complete, work is still in progress to build the road's nine interchanges and auxiliary toll booths that will connect the bypass to towns such as Amealco and Huimilpan. In addition to nine interchanges, the highway also features 23 underpasses, nine overpasses and 15 bridges. The four-lane Macrolibramiento Palmillas-Apaseo el Grande passes through six municipalities, four in Querétaro and two in Guanajuato. The road begins at an interchange with Mexican Federal Highway 45; shortly thereafter traffic headed for Celaya from Mexico City splits off from Mexican

title: Mexican Federal Highway 2D

text: onto free Highway 2 between Ejido Cuernavaca and Ejido Sinaloa, to the east of Mexicali. The highway between Santa Ana and Altar, operated by the state government, is tolled, with cars being charged 105 pesos to use the road. Highway 2D in Tamaulipas is operated by CAPUFE and runs from Matamoros to Reynosa. One toll booth, Nuevo Progreso, charges 67 pesos for cars. Mexican Federal Highway 2D Federal Highway 2D (, Fed. 2D) is a part of the federal highways corridors (), and is the designation for toll highways paralleling Mexican Federal Highway 2. Seven road segments are designated Highway

title: Mexican Federal Highway 15D

text: highway (3.36 pesos per kilometer). The La Marquesa-Toluca segment, inaugurated by President Peña Nieto in July 2016, is even more expensive; it costs drivers 50 pesos to travel , or 3.76 pesos per kilometer. Mexican Federal Highway 15D Federal Highway 15D (Carretera Federal 15D) is the name for toll highways paralleling Federal Highway 15. The toll segments of Highway 15D include some of the most significant highways in the country along the Nogales-Mexico City corridor. The highway is the southern terminus of the CANAMEX Corridor, a trade corridor that stretches from Mexico north across the United States to the Canadian

title: Transportation in North America

text: remainder (227,756 km worth) is unpaved. Since 1991, Mexico has been building toll roads that link its major cities together. Currently, there are 6,335 km worth of toll freeways in the country, with the numbering scheme of "n"-D ("n" being the number of the road bypassed, such as 45, with toll freeway as 45-D, meaning 45 Diversion). Central America's roadway network continues, linking every major city and capital, via the Pan-American Highway, which continues through Panama, across the Panama Canal, to Yaviza, Panama. It is separated from South America by the large Darien Gap. Waterways were the primary method of

title: Mexican Federal Highway 200D

text: Zihuatanejo to save time by bypassing the road altogether. The toll per automobile is 30 pesos to travel the full course of the road. Mexican Federal Highway 200D Federal Highway 200D is the toll highways paralleling Fed. 200, and has two separate improved segments of designated roadway. Fed200D in Colima funnels traffic from Manzanillo toward Fed110 to Colima City; the segment in Guerrero serves as a bypass of Tecpan de Galeana. A third segment, from Arriaga to Ocozocuautla in Chiapas, is officially Fed. 200D but the signage identifies it as Fed. 190D. Fed200D in Colima expedites traffic from near the

title: Mexican Federal Highway 15D

text: tolled for intercity transit, and unlike with most of the country's toll roads (which are completely bypassed by non-toll highways), there are no non-toll alternatives to Highway 15D through much of Sonora. The road is currently being widened to four lanes throughout, a project scheduled to be completed by 2018; at the same time, several curves are being redesigned to bring the entire road up to "autopista" status. Additionally, bypasses are being constructed to avoid the route's two largest cities. In 2014, a concession was awarded to GIA+A and Invex Infraestructura to build a bypass of Ciudad Obregón, which circles

title: Mexican Federal Highway 45D

text: making it Chihuahua's only toll road not administered by the state government. Banobras currently charges 58 pesos to use the road over two toll booths, one at either terminus. The highway from Chihuahua to Sacramento is operated by the state government, with a toll of 62 pesos for cars. The Chihuahua state government operates the toll road between El Sueco and Villa Ahumada, the last on northbound Fed. 45 to Ciudad Juárez, and charges a toll of 164 pesos for its use. Mexican Federal Highway 45D Federal Highway 45D (, Fed. 45D) is a tolled part of the paralleling Fed.

title: Mexican Federal Highway 136D

text: new airport. The project includes lanes that will go directly from the Mexico City metro to the airport without having to pay a toll. Mexican Federal Highway 136D Federal Highway 136D is a toll highway connecting the communities of Peñón and Texcoco in the State of Mexico. The road is operated by Concesionaria PAC, S.A. de C.V. and Operadora Metropolitana de Carreteras, S. A. de C. V. , which charge cars 42 pesos to travel the full length of the road. Highway 136D opened on March 26, 1993. The road is currently four lanes but is set to be widened

title: Mexico City

text: The "eje vial" network is based on a quasi-Cartesian grid, with the "ejes" themselves being called "Eje 1 Poniente", "Eje Central", and "Eje 1 Oriente", for example, for the north-south roads, and "Eje 2 Sur" and "Eje 3 Norte", for example, for east-west roads. Ring roads are the Circuito Interior (inner ring), Anillo Periférico; the Circuito Exterior Mexiquense ("State of Mexico outer loop") toll road skirting the northeastern and eastern edges of the metropolitan area, the Chamapa-La Venta toll road skirting the northwestern edge, and the Arco Norte completely bypassing the metropolitan area in an arc from northwest (Atlacomulco) to

title: Mexican Federal Highway 95D

text: to Mexico City by 25 minutes, allowing motorists to avoid local traffic. It was built by a consortium of Grupo Mexicano de Desarrollo, (Ingenieros Civiles Asociados), and Triturados Basálticos y Derivados. The most recent toll for the tunnel, effective as of January 15, 2016, is 101 pesos for non-residents and 37 pesos for residents. In 2013, the state government called on the tunnel's operator, the Autovía division of ICA, to temporarily not charge vehicles on the road after Hurricane Ingrid and Hurricane Manuel struck the region and stranded tourists. Mexican Federal Highway 95D Federal Highway 95D is a toll highway

title: Mexican Federal Highway 57D

text: of the oldest components of the Mexican toll road network, being the third toll highway to open in the country. It was built by Caminos Federales de Ingresos, S.A. de C.V., a state-owned predecessor to Caminos y Puentes Federales (CAPUFE), and reduced travel times between Mexico City and cities in central and northern Mexico. The road also crosses through a portion of the state of Hidalgo, including the city of Tepeji del Río. Not all of the road to Querétaro is tolled, but traffic is tolled on the between Mexico City and Palmillas, for a toll of 148 pesos (for

title: Greater Mexico City

text: Exterior Mexiquense ("State of Mexico outer loop") toll road skirting the northeastern and eastern edges of the metropolitan area, the Chamapa-La Venta toll road skirting the northwestern edge, and the Arco Norte completely bypassing the metropolitan area in an arc from west (Toluca) to north (Tula) to east (Puebla). A second level (where tolls are charged) of the Periférico, colloquially called the "segundo piso" ("second floor"), was officially opened in 2012, with sections still being completed. The Viaducto Miguel Alemán crosses the city east-west from Observatorio to the airport. In 2013 the Supervía Poniente opened, a toll road linking the

title: Circuito Exterior Mexiquense

text: State Highway 5D designation (sometimes with a federal shield). The road was built in four phases: The section from the Mexico City-Puebla Highway to Nepantla, southeast of the metropolitan area, remains unbuilt as of 2014. Circuito Exterior Mexiquense The Circuito Exterior Mexiquense literally, "Outer Loop of the State of Mexico", also known as the Vía Mexiquense or "'Autopista mexiquense'" is a series of toll roads constructed between 2006 and 2011 by the State of Mexico government, providing an option for motorists to skirt the edge of Greater Mexico City when driving between areas in the State of Mexico to the

title: Mexican Federal Highway 136D

text: Mexican Federal Highway 136D Federal Highway 136D is a toll highway connecting the communities of Peñón and Texcoco in the State of Mexico. The road is operated by Concesionaria PAC, S.A. de C.V. and Operadora Metropolitana de Carreteras, S. A. de C. V. , which charge cars 42 pesos to travel the full length of the road. Highway 136D opened on March 26, 1993. The road is currently four lanes but is set to be widened to ten in conjunction with the New International Airport for Mexico City project; the road will be the primary point of access to the

title: List of Mexican autopistas

text: This is a list of autopistas, or tolled (quota) highways, in Mexico.  Tolled roads are often built as bypasses, to cross major bridges, and to provide direct intercity connections.

title: Mexican Federal Highway 2

text: is bypassed by Fed. 2D, a four-lane controlled-access toll road referred to in Mexico as an "autopista". It is advised that drivers use pesos when paying tolls as US dollars may be accepted at a rate disadvantageous to the driver. Fed. 2 is considered to be part of Pacific Coastal Highway from Tijuana to Fed. 15 in Sonora. Fed. 2 passes through the border states of Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas. The highway also has connecting access to every official port of entry into the United States with the exception of the international bridge between Ojinaga,

title: Mexican Federal Highway 2D

text: pesos to travel the highway, paid at the El Hongo toll booth located at kilometer 30. From La Rumorosa, another segment begins; this segment's concession is held by FIARUM (an acronym for "Fideicomiso Público de Administración de Fondos de Inversión del Tramo Carretero Centinela-Rumorosa" or "Public Trust to Administer Investment Funds for the Centinela-Rumorosa Highway)), an agency of the Government of the State of Baja California. After another interchange to La Rumorosa where the eastbound road absorbs free Highway 2, cars pay a 23-peso toll and traverse a winding road over the Sierra de Juárez, with separate mainlines for westbound

title: Mexican Federal Highway 47D

text: Mexican Federal Highway 47D The Macrolibramiento Palmillas-Apaseo el Grande, also known as the Libramiento Centenario de la Constitución de 1917 ("Centennial of the Constitution of 1917 Bypass"), is a toll highway in the Mexican states of Querétaro and Guanajuato, designed to serve as a large-scale bypass of Querétaro City and San Juan del Río, signed as Mexican Federal Highway 47D. It is operated by and carries a toll of 75 pesos per car and 37 pesos per motorcycle. In 2012, ICA, member of the consortium Controladora de Operaciones de Infraestructura, S.A. de C.V., obtained a 30-year concession for the highway

title: Mexican Federal Highway 15D

text: Mexican Federal Highway 15D Federal Highway 15D (Carretera Federal 15D) is the name for toll highways paralleling Federal Highway 15. The toll segments of Highway 15D include some of the most significant highways in the country along the Nogales-Mexico City corridor. The highway is the southern terminus of the CANAMEX Corridor, a trade corridor that stretches from Mexico north across the United States to the Canadian province of Alberta. Two segments of Federal Highway 15D (México-La Marquesa and Guadalajara-Tepic) are among the top five most expensive toll roads in Mexico, according to a 2016 analysis by Carmatch. With of length,

title: Mexican Federal Highway 160D

text: where travelers can take Mexican Federal Highway 115 or continue on Highway 160 toward Izúcar de Matamoros, Puebla. In February 2017, a modernization project began that will widen Highway 160 from two to four lanes. Mexican Federal Highway 160D Federal Highway 160D is a toll highway primarily located in Morelos. It functions as a spur of Mexican Federal Highway 95D to the city of Cuautla. The road is operated by Caminos y Puentes Federales, which charges a toll of 54 pesos per car to travel Highway 160D. Highway 160D begins at an interchange with Highway 95D just after the La

title: Mexican Federal Highway 180D

text: 2018, the end of Enrique Peña Nieto's presidency. The highway between Cardel and the city of Veracruz, which opened on May 1, 1994, is operated by the Veracruz state government. The mainline toll is 55 pesos for cars; this segment does not have a free alternative. The Highway 180D designation is also applied to a toll road between Nuevo Teapa and Cosoleacaque in the southern portion of Veracruz. The road picks up where the Federal Highway 145D designation leaves off at Cosoleacaque and carries passengers to Highway 180 at Nuevo Teapa, crossing the Coatzacoalcos River on the , which opened

title: Mexican Federal Highway 80D

text: Mexican Federal Highway 80D Federal Highway 80D is the designation for toll highways paralleling Mexican Federal Highway 80. There are two such roads, one between Zapotlanejo and Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco and the other connecting Lagos de Moreno to San Luis Potosí City. The road is operated by Red de Carreteras de Occidente, which charges a toll of 70 pesos per car to travel its full length. A connection east of the northern terminus on Highway 80 transfers motorists directly to Mexican Federal Highway 45D (León-Aguascalientes). This stretch opened in 2014. The highway between Lagos de Moreno and San Luis

title: Geography of toll roads

text: highway was built and is the Panama-Colon Highway. There are several toll roads in Puerto Rico, where toll roads are called "autopista" (which loosely translates to "car raceway") and toll houses are called "peaje". A "toll road" in the United States, especially near the east coast, is often called a "turnpike". The term "turnpike" originated from the "turnstile" or gate which blocked passage until the fare was paid at a "toll house" (or "toll booth" in current terminology). Most tolled facilities in the US today use an electronic toll collection system as an alternative to paying cash. Examples of this

title: Mexican Federal Highway 132D

text: Mexican Federal Highway 132D Federal Highway 132D is the designation for toll highways paralleling Mexican Federal Highway 132. Highway 132D forms most of the Mexico City-Tuxpan highway corridor, with contiguous segments in the State of Mexico and from Tulancingo, Hidalgo to Tihuatlán, Veracruz. The highway from Ecatepec de Morelos to Pirámides, the only segment in the State of Mexico, is the first segment out of Mexico City on Highway 132D. It begins at Mexican Federal Highway 85D (Pachuca—Mexico City) in Ecatepec and immediately features its first toll plaza, turning northeast. At Acolmán, a junction is built to serve as the

title: Mexican Federal Highway 2D

text: Mexican Federal Highway 2D Federal Highway 2D (, Fed. 2D) is a part of the federal highways corridors (), and is the designation for toll highways paralleling Mexican Federal Highway 2. Seven road segments are designated Highway 2D, all but one in the state of Baja California, providing a toll highway stretching from Tijuana in the west to around Mexicali in the east; one in Sonora, between Santa Ana and Altar; and another between the cities of Matamoros and Reynosa in Tamaulipas. Operated by IDEAL, the Autopista Tijuana-Tecate and Libramiento de Tecate run and , respectively, with a combined toll

title: List of Mexican autopistas


question: unsaturated fats are comprised of lipids that contain

answers: double bond

answers: at least one double bond

title: Unsaturated fat

text: unsaturated fatty acids are palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, myristoleic acid, linoleic acid, and arachidonic acid. Foods containing unsaturated fats include avocado, nuts, olive oils, and vegetable oils such as canola. Meat products contain both saturated and unsaturated fats. Although unsaturated fats are conventionally regarded as 'healthier' than saturated fats, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommendation stated that the amount of unsaturated fat consumed should not exceed 30% of one's daily caloric intake. Most foods contain both unsaturated and saturated fats. Marketers advertise only one or the other, depending on which one makes up the majority. Thus, various

title: Margarine

text: fats. The American Institute of Medicine and the European Food Safety Authority recommend saturated fat intake to be as low as possible. Consumption of unsaturated fatty acids has been found to decrease LDL cholesterol levels and increase HDL cholesterol levels in the blood, thus reducing the risk of contracting cardiovascular diseases. There are two types of unsaturated oils: mono- and poly-unsaturated fats, both of which are recognized as beneficial to health in contrast to saturated fats. Some widely grown vegetable oils, such as rapeseed (and its variant canola), sunflower, safflower, and olive oils contain high amounts of unsaturated fats. During

title: Unsaturated fat

text: unsaturated fat vegetable oils, such as olive oils, also contain saturated fat. In chemical analysis, fatty acids are separated by gas chromatography of methyl esters; additionally, a separation of unsaturated isomers is possible by argentation thin-layer chromatography. Incidence of insulin resistance is lowered with diets higher in monounsaturated fats (especially oleic acid), while the opposite is true for diets high in polyunsaturated fats (especially large amounts of arachidonic acid) as well as saturated fats (such as arachidic acid). These ratios can be indexed in the phospholipids of human skeletal muscle and in other tissues as well. This relationship between dietary

title: Seven Countries Study

text: replaced with unsaturated fat, particularly polyunsaturated fatty acids." A meta-analysis in March 2014 met with controversy and was corrected, it found that "current evidence does not clearly support cardiovascular guidelines that encourage high consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids and low consumption of total saturated fats", with Walter C. Willett continuing to defend reduced saturated fat in the diet. As of 2017, the American Heart Association recommends that saturated fat be reduced or replaced by products containing monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. On August 1, 2017, True Health Initiative released a 65-page white paper correcting

title: Fat

text: groups should continue to include permanent reduction of dietary saturated fat and partial replacement by unsaturated fats." Numerous studies have also found that consumption of "trans" fats increases risk of cardiovascular disease. The Harvard School of Public Health advises that replacing "trans" fats and saturated fats with "cis" monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats is beneficial for health. Fat Fat is one of the three main macronutrients, along with the other two: carbohydrate and protein. Fats molecules consist of primarily carbon and hydrogen atoms, thus they are all hydrocarbon molecules. Examples include cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides. The terms "lipid", "oil" and "fat"

title: Canada's Food Guide

text: as nuts and lentils. Meat and alternatives are also a source of zinc, magnesium and B vitamins. This is the smallest arc on Canada's Food Guide ribbon, meaning that only a few servings from this group will satisfy the nutritional requirements of an individual. "Include a small amount - 30 to 45 mL (2 to 3 Tbsp) - of unsaturated fat each day to get the fat you need". Unsaturated vegetable oils include canola oil, corn oil, flaxseed oil, olive oil, peanut oil, soybean oil, and sunflower oil. The guide recommends water as the primary beverage. It is a calorie-free,

title: Monounsaturated fat

text: avocados. Olive oil is about 75% monounsaturated fat. The high oleic variety sunflower oil contains as much as 85% monounsaturated fat. Canola oil and cashews are both about 58% monounsaturated fat. Tallow (beef fat) is about 50% monounsaturated fat. and lard is about 40% monounsaturated fat. Other sources include avocado oil, macadamia nut oil, grapeseed oil, groundnut oil (peanut oil), sesame oil, corn oil, popcorn, whole grain wheat, cereal, oatmeal, almond oil, sunflower oil, hemp oil, and tea-oil Camellia. Monounsaturated fat In biochemistry and nutrition, monounsaturated fatty acids (abbreviated MUFAs, or more plainly monounsaturated fats) are fatty acids that have

title: Unsaturated fat

text: fats and insulin resistance is presumed secondary to the relationship between insulin resistance and inflammation, which is partially modulated by dietary fat ratios (Omega-3/6/9) with both omega 3 and 9 thought to be anti-inflammatory, and omega 6 pro-inflammatory (as well as by numerous other dietary components, particularly polyphenols and exercise, with both of these anti-inflammatory). Although both pro- and anti-inflammatory types of fat are biologically necessary, fat dietary ratios in most US diets are skewed towards Omega 6, with subsequent disinhibition of inflammation and potentiation of insulin resistance. But this is contrary to the suggestion of more recent studies, in

title: Saturated fat

text: fats are saturated. The fats of plants and fish are generally unsaturated. Saturated fats tend to have higher melting points than their corresponding unsaturated fats, leading to the popular understanding that saturated fats tend to be solids at room temperatures, while unsaturated fats tend to be liquid at room temperature with varying degrees of viscosity (meaning both saturated and unsaturated fats are found to be liquid at body temperature). Various fats contain different proportions of saturated and unsaturated fat. Examples of foods containing a high proportion of saturated fat include animal fat products such as cream, cheese, butter, other whole

title: Saturated fat

text: oil) is potentially less healthy than consuming fats with a lower proportion of saturated fatty acids. Sources of lower saturated fat but higher proportions of unsaturated fatty acids include olive oil, peanut oil, canola oil, avocados, corn, sunflower, soy, and cottonseed oils. There are strong, consistent, and graded relationships between saturated fat intake, blood cholesterol levels, and the mass occurrence of cardiovascular disease. The relationships are accepted as causal. Many health authorities such as the American Dietetic Association,<ref name="ADA/DOC"></ref> the British Dietetic Association, American Heart Association, the World Heart Federation, the British National Health Service, among others, advise that saturated

title: Monounsaturated fat

text: index (SI) of the same membranes was inversely associated with breast cancer risk. Monounsaturated fats and low SI in erythrocyte membranes are predictors of postmenopausal breast cancer. Both of these variables depend on the activity of the enzyme delta-9 desaturase (Δ9-d). In children, consumption of monounsaturated oils is associated with healthier serum lipid profiles. The Mediterranean diet is one heavily influenced by monounsaturated fats. People in Mediterranean countries consume more total fat than Northern European countries, but most of the fat is in the form of monounsaturated fatty acids from olive oil and omega-3 fatty acids from fish, vegetables, and

title: Unsaturated fat

text: which polyunsaturated fats are shown as protective against insulin resistance. Studies on the cell membranes of mammals and reptiles discovered that mammalian cell membranes are composed of a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (DHA, omega-3 fatty acid) than reptiles. Studies on bird fatty acid composition have noted similar proportions to mammals but with 1/3rd less omega-3 fatty acids as compared to omega-6 for a given body size. This fatty acid composition results in a more fluid cell membrane but also one that is permeable to various ions (H+ & Na+), resulting in cell membranes that are more costly to

title: Fat

text: Fat Fat is one of the three main macronutrients, along with the other two: carbohydrate and protein. Fats molecules consist of primarily carbon and hydrogen atoms, thus they are all hydrocarbon molecules. Examples include cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides. The terms "lipid", "oil" and "fat" are often confused. "Lipid" is the general term, though a lipid is not necessarily a triglyceride. "Oil" normally refers to a lipid with short or unsaturated fatty acid chains that is liquid at room temperature, while "fat" (in the strict sense) may specifically refer to lipids that are solids at room temperature – however, "fat" (in

title: Cooking oil

text: and Blood Institute urged saturated fats be replaced with polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats, listing olive and canola oils as sources of healthier monounsaturated oils while soybean and sunflower oils as good sources of polyunsaturated fats. One study showed that consumption of non-hydrogenated unsaturated oils like soybean and sunflower are preferable to the consumption of palm oil for lowering the risk of heart disease. Peanut oil, cashew oil and other nut-based oils may present a hazard to persons with a nut allergy. Unlike other dietary fats, trans fats are not essential, and they do not promote good health. The consumption of

title: Nutrition

text: acid, catalpic acid, eleostearic acid and punicic acid, in addition to providing energy, represent potent immune modulatory molecules. Saturated fats (typically from animal sources) have been a staple in many world cultures for millennia. Unsaturated fats (e. g., vegetable oil) are considered healthier, while trans fats are to be avoided. Saturated and some trans fats are typically solid at room temperature (such as butter or lard), while unsaturated fats are typically liquids (such as olive oil or flaxseed oil). Trans fats are very rare in nature, and have been shown to be highly detrimental to human health, but have properties

title: Monounsaturated fat

text: be protective against insulin resistance. Studies have shown that substituting dietary monounsaturated fat for saturated fat is associated with increased daily physical activity and resting energy expenditure. More physical activity was associated with a higher-oleic acid diet than one of a palmitic acid diet. From the study, it is shown that more monounsaturated fats lead to less anger and irritability. Foods containing monounsaturated fats reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, while possibly increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Levels of oleic acid along with other monounsaturated fatty acids in red blood cell membranes were positively associated with breast cancer risk. The saturation

title: Pistachio

text: saturated fats, monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats. Saturated fatty acids include palmitic acid (10% of total) and stearic acid (2%). Oleic acid is the most common monounsaturated fatty acid (51% of total fat) and linoleic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid, is 31% of total fat. Relative to other tree nuts, pistachios have a lower amount of fat and calories but higher amounts of potassium, vitamin K, γ-tocopherol, and certain phytochemicals such as carotenoids and phytosterols. In July 2003, the United States Food and Drug Administration approved the first qualified health claim specific to consumption of seeds (including pistachios) to lower

title: Cooking oil

text: consumption" of saturated fats and blood LDL concentration, a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Other meta-analyses based on cohort studies and on controlled, randomized trials found a positive, or neutral, effect from consuming polyunsaturated fats instead of saturated fats (a 10% lower risk for 5% replacement). Mayo Clinic has highlighted certain oils that are high in saturated fats, including coconut, palm oil and palm kernel oil. Those having lower amounts of saturated fats and higher levels of unsaturated (preferably monounsaturated) fats like olive oil, peanut oil, canola oil, soy and cottonseed oils are generally healthier. The US National Heart, Lung

title: Human nutrition

text: up to a third of dietary starch may be unavailable due to mechanical or chemical difficulty. A molecule of dietary fat typically consists of several fatty acids (containing long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms), bonded to a glycerol. They are typically found as triglycerides (three fatty acids attached to one glycerol backbone). Fats may be classified as saturated or unsaturated depending on the chemical structure of the fatty acids involved. Saturated fats have all of the carbon atoms in their fatty acid chains bonded to hydrogen atoms, whereas unsaturated fats have some of these carbon atoms double-bonded, so their

title: Unsaturated fat

text: An unsaturated fat is a fat or fatty acid in which there is at least one double bond within the fatty acid chain. A fatty acid chain is monounsaturated if it contains one double bond, and polyunsaturated if it contains more than one double bond.

title: Atherosclerosis

text: The American Heart Association, the American Diabetes Association and the National Cholesterol Education Program make similar recommendations. In contrast, Prof Walter Willett (Harvard School of Public Health, PI of the second Nurses' Health Study) recommends much higher levels of fat, especially of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat. These dietary recommendations reach a consensus, though, against consumption of trans fats. The role of dietary oxidized fats/lipid peroxidation (rancid fats) in humans is not clear. Laboratory animals fed rancid fats develop atherosclerosis. Rats fed DHA-containing oils experienced marked disruptions to their antioxidant systems, and accumulated significant amounts of phospholipid hydroperoxide in their blood,

title: Canadian health claims for food

text: that trans-fatty acids are not saturated, does not correlate to all unsaturated fats lead to CHD. Omega-3 fatty acids are polyunsaturated cis-fatty acids which are an essential fatty acid which the body cannot produce. They are found to prevent and manage cardiovascular disease in clinical interventions. They do not change serum lipid concentrations but reduce blood clotting in vessel walls. "Canada's Food Guide" recommends 30–45 mL consumption of unsaturated fat each day to get the fat you require for the day. This amount includes oil used for cooking, salad dressings, margarine and mayonnaise. Examples of unsaturated vegetable oils they included

title: Biochemistry

text: etc., are composed of fats. Vegetable oils are rich in various polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Lipid-containing foods undergo digestion within the body and are broken into fatty acids and glycerol, which are the final degradation products of fats and lipids. Lipids, especially phospholipids, are also used in various pharmaceutical products, either as co-solubilisers (e.g., in parenteral infusions) or else as drug carrier components (e.g., in a liposome or transfersome). Proteins are very large molecules – macro-biopolymers – made from monomers called amino acids. An amino acid consists of a carbon atom attached to an amino group, —NH, a carboxylic acid

title: Fat

text: generated during hydrogenation as contaminants created by an unwanted side reaction on the catalyst during partial hydrogenation. Saturated fats can stack themselves in a closely packed arrangement, so they can solidify easily and are typically solid at room temperature. For example, animal fats tallow and lard are high in saturated fatty acid content and are solids. Olive and linseed oils on the other hand are unsaturated and liquid. Fats serve both as energy sources for the body, and as stores for energy in excess of what the body needs immediately. Each gram of fat when burned or metabolized releases about

title: Cooking oil

text: safely stored at room temperature, as the low polyunsaturated fat content facilitates stability. Cooking oils are composed of various fractions of fatty acids. For the purpose of frying food, oils high in monounsaturated or saturated fats are generally popular, while oils high in polyunsaturated fats are less desirable. High oleic acid oils include almond, macadamia, olive, pecan, pistachio, and high-oleic cultivars of safflower and sunflower. The smoke point is marked by "a continuous wisp of smoke." It is the temperature at which an oil starts to burn, leading to a burnt flavor in the foods being prepared and degradation of

title: Human nutrition

text: with better health in humans. Saturated fats, typically from animal sources, are next in order of preference, while trans fats are associated with a variety of disease and should be avoided. Saturated and some trans fats are typically solid at room temperature (such as butter or lard), while unsaturated fats are typically liquids (such as olive oil or flaxseed oil). Trans fats are very rare in nature, but have properties useful in the food processing industry, such as rancidity resistance. Most fatty acids are not essential, meaning the body can produce them as needed, generally from other fatty acids and

title: Nutrition

text: link between increased fiber consumption and a decreased risk of colorectal cancer is still uncertain. A molecule of dietary fat typically consists of several fatty acids (containing long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms), bonded to a glycerol. They are typically found as triglycerides (three fatty acids attached to one glycerol backbone). Fats may be classified as saturated or unsaturated depending on the detailed structure of the fatty acids involved. Saturated fats have all of the carbon atoms in their fatty acid chains bonded to hydrogen atoms, whereas unsaturated fats have some of these carbon atoms double-bonded, so their molecules

title: Fat

text: are involved in inflammatory tissue responses. One of these is resistin which has been linked to obesity, insulin resistance, and Type 2 diabetes. This latter result is currently controversial, and there have been reputable studies supporting all sides on the issue. Dietary consumption of fatty acids has effects on human health. Studies have found that replacing saturated fats with "cis" unsaturated fats in the diet reduces risk of cardiovascular disease. For example, a 2015 systematic review of randomized control trials by the Cochrane Library concluded: "Lifestyle advice to all those at risk of cardiovascular disease and to lower risk population

title: Food pyramid (nutrition)

text: and fatty foods, which can lead to health problems. For one, fat is essential in a person's general sustainability. Research suggests that unsaturated fats aid in weight loss, reduce heart disease risk, lower blood sugar, and even lower cholesterol. Also, they are very long sustaining, and help keep blood sugar at a steady level. On top of that, these fats help brain function as well. Several books have claimed that food and agricultural associations exert undue political power on the USDA. Food industries, such as milk companies, have been accused of influencing the United States Department of Agriculture into making

title: Monounsaturated fat

text: carbon atoms away from the carboxylic acid group. The illustrations below show a molecule of oleic acid in Lewis formula and as a space-filling model. Monounsaturated fats protect against cardiovascular disease by providing more membrane fluidity than saturated fats, but they are more vulnerable to lipid peroxidation (rancidity). The large scale KANWU study found that increasing monounsaturated fat and decreasing saturated fat intake could improve insulin sensitivity, but only when the overall fat intake of the diet was low. However, some monounsaturated fatty acids (in the same way as saturated fats) may promote insulin resistance, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids may

title: Unsaturated fat

short_answers:
at least one double bond
double bond


question: when does a wrinkle in time come out in canada

answers: March 9, 2018

title: A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film)

text: It was previously set for an April 6, 2018 release. "A Wrinkle in Time" was released on 4K UHD Blu-Ray, Blu-Ray, and DVD on June 5, 2018. "A Wrinkle In Time" grossed $100.5 million in the United States and Canada, and $32.2 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $132.7 million. With a combined $250 million spent on production and advertisement, the film needed to gross at least $400 million worldwide to turn a profit. Following Disney's Q2 earnings report in May 2018, Yahoo! Finance deduced the film would lose the studio anywhere from $86–186 million. In the

title: A Wrinkle in Time (2003 film)

text: A Wrinkle in Time (2003 film) A Wrinkle in Time is a 2003 Canadian-American made-for-television fantasy film directed by John Kent Harrison from a teleplay by Susan Shilliday based on the 1962 novel of the same name by Madeleine L'Engle. It is produced by Walt Disney Television, Dimension Television, Fireworks Entertainment, and The Kerner Entertainment Company. The film stars Katie Stuart, Gregory Smith, David Dorfman, Chris Potter, Kyle Secor, Seán Cullen, Sarah-Jane Redmond, Kate Nelligan, Alison Elliot, and Alfre Woodard. Although footage from the project appeared in a trailer on "Spy Kids" DVD and VHS copies as early as 2001,

title: A Wrinkle in Time (2003 film)

text: I expected it to be bad, and it is." "A Wrinkle in Time" premiered at the Toronto Children's Film Festival, where it won the festival's 2003 Best Feature Film Award. Originally produced as a television miniseries, "A Wrinkle in Time" was at one point intended to air on "The Wonderful World of Disney" for two nights in February 2002. It was postponed, however, rescheduled for February 2003, postponed again, cut to 128 minutes, and aired in a single three-hour block on ABC May 10, 2004. "A Wrinkle in Time" was released on VHS and DVD November 16, 2004 by Buena

title: A Wrinkle in Time (2003 film)

text: Vista Home Entertainment. The special features included deleted scenes, a "behind the scenes" segment, and a "very rare" interview with Madeleine L'Engle who discusses the novel. The home video rights to the film have since been obtained by Echo Bridge Home Entertainment, which has released the title both as a standalone DVD and as part of several family film bundles. A Wrinkle in Time (2003 film) A Wrinkle in Time is a 2003 Canadian-American made-for-television fantasy film directed by John Kent Harrison from a teleplay by Susan Shilliday based on the 1962 novel of the same name by Madeleine L'Engle.

title: A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film)

text: as part of a double-feature with "Incredibles 2". It ended up making $1.7 million (an increase of over 1,600% from the previous weekend), pushing the total U.S. gross to $100 million. Internationally, the film opened in six countries alongside the United States and grossed $6.3 million in its opening weekend, Russia being the largest market with $4.1 million. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 41% based on 266 reviews, and an average rating of 5.2/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""A Wrinkle in Time" is visually gorgeous, big-hearted, and occasionally quite moving; unfortunately,

title: A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film)

text: United States and Canada, "A Wrinkle in Time" was released alongside "The Hurricane Heist", "Gringo" and "", and was projected to gross $30–38 million from 3,980 theaters in its opening weekend. It made $10.2 million on its first day, including $1.3 million from Thursday night previews. It went on to debut to $33.3 million, finishing second behind Disney's own "Black Panther" ($41.1 million in its fourth weekend). In its second weekend, the film made $16.6 million, dropping 50% to 4th place. On June 15, in its 15th week of playing, the film returned to a total of 285 theaters, often

title: A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film)

text: for "A Wrinkle in Time" took place in multiple locations including Eureka, California in Humboldt County, starting on November 29, 2016. Filming also took place at Eureka's Sequoia Park, located next to Sequoia Park Zoo. After Los Angeles, production moved to New Zealand for two weeks. During the last two weeks of February 2017, filming locations for "A Wrinkle in Time" were established to be in Central Otago, New Zealand. Actors and crew involved were in New Zealand for the two weeks to shoot scenes in the Southern Alps, including at Hunter Valley Station near Lake Hāwea, with cast and

title: A Wrinkle in Time (2003 film)

text: broadcast of the completed film was delayed several times; it finally aired in the United States on ABC May 10, 2004. The film received negative reviews. "A Wrinkle in Time" premiered at the Toronto Children's film Festival on April 24, 2003, where it won the Best Feature Film Award. Meg Murry (Katie Stuart) is having a difficult time. Her father, astrophysicist Dr. Jack Murry (Chris Potter), has mysteriously disappeared. Her youngest brother, Charles Wallace (David Dorfman), a genius, is teased and belittled and thought to be stupid because he does not talk to anyone but family. Meg does not get

title: A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film)

text: novel, following a 2003 television film. Development began in 2010, with DuVernay signing on to direct in February 2016. Principal photography began on November 2, 2016 in Los Angeles, California. Near the end of filming, production moved to New Zealand, where photography ended on February 25, 2017. With an estimated production budget of around $103 million, the film became the first live-action film with a nine-digit budget to be directed by a woman of color. Additionally, "A" "Wrinkle in Time" was notable in that Ava DuVernay was the first African-American woman to direct a film that earned at least $100

title: A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film)

text: in Time" remains true to itself even when everything on screen reads false." Jamie Broadnax, a freelance writer and member of the "Critic's Choice Awards," tweeted that after seeing the film for the second time, she still was unable to conceptualize and take in the visuals displayed throughout the film and the numerous performances from various characters. Kat Candler, an American independent filmmaker, also stated that Disney's A Wrinkle in Time was a "gorgeous love letter to the warriors of the next generation." Mercedes Howze of the New Pittsburgh Courier stated that the visuals were extraordinary and that the film

title: A Wrinkle in Time

text: anyhow?" In "A Special Message from Madeleine L'Engle" on the Random House website, L'Engle explains another possible reason for the rejections: ""A Wrinkle in Time" had a female protagonist in a science fiction book," which at the time was uncommon. After trying "forty-odd" publishers (L'Engle later said "twenty-six rejections"), L'Engle's agent returned the manuscript to her. Then at Christmas, L'Engle threw a tea party for her mother. One of the guests happened to know John C. Farrar of Farrar, Straus and Giroux, and insisted that L'Engle should meet with him. Although the publisher did not, at the time, publish a

title: A Wrinkle in Time

text: 1965, librarian Carolyn Horovitz wrote, "There is no question but that the book is good entertainment and that the writer carries the story along with a great deal of verve; there is some question about the depth of its quality." "A Wrinkle in Time" is on the American Library Association list of the 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990–2000 at number 23. Reasons given include the book's references to witches and crystal balls, the claim that it opposes certain spiritual beliefs, and the listing of Jesus alongside artists, philosophers, and scientists, suggesting a certain equality among the individuals. A

title: A Wrinkle in Time

text: A Wrinkle in Time A Wrinkle in Time is a science fantasy novel written by American author Madeleine L'Engle, first published in 1962. The book won the Newbery Medal, Sequoyah Book Award, and Lewis Carroll Shelf Award, and was runner-up for the Hans Christian Andersen Award. Throughout the novel, the young characters Meg Murry, Charles Wallace Murry, and Calvin O'Keefe, embark on a journey through space and time, from universe to universe, as they endeavor to save their father and the world. The novel offers a glimpse into the battles between light and darkness, goodness and evil, as the young

title: A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film)

text: it's also wildly ambitious to a fault, and often less than the sum of its classic parts." On Metacritic, which assigns normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 53 out of 100, based on 50 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it a 75% overall positive score; audience members under the age of 18 gave it an average grade of "A–" and a positive score of 89%. Alonso Duralde of "TheWrap" praised

title: A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film)

text: A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film) A Wrinkle in Time is a 2018 American science fantasy adventure film directed by Ava DuVernay and written by Jennifer Lee and Jeff Stockwell, based on Madeleine L'Engle's 1962 novel of the same name. Produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Whitaker Entertainment, the story follows a young girl who, with the help of three astral travelers, sets off on a quest to find her missing father. The film stars Oprah Winfrey, Reese Witherspoon, Mindy Kaling, Storm Reid, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Michael Peña, Zach Galifianakis, and Chris Pine. It is Disney's second film adaptation of L'Engle's

title: A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film)

text: of the "Hollywood Reporter"felt that the film was "unable to charm or disarm" the audience.Wenlei Ma, film and TV critic of "news.com.au,"stated that, following the halfway mark in the film, movie-goers find themselves "not caring about the other characters besides Meg" and that it seemed to "drag" in the latter half. She highlighted the film's disappointment, regardless of the value parents have found in the messages it teaches children via quotes from Ghandi and Nelson Mandela. A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film) A Wrinkle in Time is a 2018 American science fantasy adventure film directed by Ava DuVernay and written

title: Time Quintet

text: a television movie by Disney. A film adaptation of "A Wrinkle in Time" directed by Ava DuVernay was released in 2018 by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. Time Quintet The Time Quintet is a fantasy/science fiction series of five young adult novels written by Madeleine L'Engle. The series originated with "A Wrinkle in Time", written in 1959 to 1960 and turned down by 26 publishers before Farrar, Straus & Giroux finally published it in 1962. "A Wrinkle in Time" won the Newbery Medal and has sold over 6 million copies. The sequel, "A Wind in the Door", takes place the

title: A Wrinkle in Time

text: by the author. On January 10, 2012, Audible released a 50th anniversary edition recorded by Hope Davis. An adaptation by James Sie premiered at the Lifeline Theatre in Chicago in 1990, and returned to the stage in 1998 and 2017. John Glore adapted the novel as a play that premiered in 2010. It was written for six actors playing 12 parts. One actor plays Mrs Whatsit, the Man with Red Eyes, and Camazotz Man. Dr. Kate Murry, Mrs Who, Camazotz Woman, and Aunt Beast also share one performer. The stage adaptation premiered in Costa Mesa, California, with productions in Bethesda,

title: Jennifer Lee (filmmaker)

text: received screen credit as one of the writers who developed the story for the 2016 film "Zootopia". In August 2014, "Variety" reported that Lee's next project after "Frozen" would be an adaptation of Madeleine L'Engle's 1962 novel "A Wrinkle in Time". After the news broke, Lee tweeted: "Been in love with the book for over 30 years. Writing this script means the world to me." Catherine Hand, the executive producer of the 2003 television film version, and Jim Whitaker produced for Disney, and Ava DuVernay directed the film, based on Lee's script. "A Wrinkle in Time" was released in March

title: A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film)

title: A Wrinkle in Time

text: novels have been published that feature Meg and Calvin's children, especially Polly O'Keefe. The most recent of these, "An Acceptable Time", features Meg's parents, and is marketed with the four Murry books as part of the Time Quintet; Sandy Murry appears prominently in "A House Like a Lotus", which features Polly O'Keefe. Nearly every novel by Madeleine L'Engle connects to the Murry-O'Keefe series either directly or indirectly with appearances by recurring characters. See also: List of L'Engle's works and Major characters in the works of Madeleine L'Engle for further detail. A Wrinkle in Time A Wrinkle in Time is a

title: A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film)

text: "continues to make lasting impressions on innocent minds to change what it looks like to be a young black woman". Alex Hudson of "Exclaim!" gave the film a 5 out of 10, saying that it felt "like a missed opportunity. Rather than a family classic, all we get is a perfectly fine kids movie." Vince Mancini of "Uproxx" gave the film a negative review, saying, "...if anything, the trouble with "Wrinkle" is that you never really get a sense of DuVernay's personal touch. In fact, it feels a lot like Brad Bird's big budget, equally smarmy 2015 Disney film, "Tomorrowland".

title: A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film)

text: the film's visuals and performances, writing, "Awash in bold colors, bright patterns and ebullient kids, director Ava DuVernay's new take on "A Wrinkle in Time" dazzles its way across time and space even if it doesn't quite stick the landing." David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a "C+" and praised what he described as its ambition, saying: "It almost doesn't matter that the movie is too emotionally prescriptive to have any real power, or too high on imagination to leave any room for wonder; DuVernay evinces such faith in who she is and what she's doing that "A Wrinkle

title: A Wrinkle in Time (2003 film)

text: left behind, trapped in the mind of IT. Angry with her father, Calvin and herself for leaving Charles Wallace behind, Meg is cared for by the sightless and motherly Aunt Beast (Ellen Dubin) on the planet Ixchel and argues with Mrs. Which about returning to rescue her brother. Returning alone to Camazotz, Meg must find a quality in herself—love—to free Charles Wallace, and possibly free the planet Camazotz as well. "A Wrinkle in Time" received generally negative reviews from film critics. In a Q&A with MSNBC/"Newsweek" Entertainment reporter Melinda Henneberger, author L'Engle said of the film "I have glimpsed it...

title: When You Reach Me

text: a talisman for Miranda; she included it in the first draft and planned to remove it, "because you can't just toss "A Wrinkle in Time" in there casually". Her editor suggested leaving it in if it could be better tied into the story. Stead was aware that she did not want "A Wrinkle in Time" to have too big an influence on "When You Reach Me." Keeping this in mind, she reread "A Wrinkle in Time" through the perspective of different characters, which enabled her to develop new connections and ideas in her own work. "When You Reach Me" takes

title: A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film)

text: After returning home, Meg, Charles Wallace, and their dad all reunite and assure that they all love each other. In October 2010, it was announced that Walt Disney Pictures had retained the film rights for the 1962 novel "A Wrinkle in Time", by Madeleine L'Engle, which had previously been made as a 2003 television film. Following the financial success of Tim Burton's "Alice in Wonderland" (2010), Disney announced that they had hired Jeff Stockwell to write the screenplay for Cary Granat and his new Bedrock Studios. Granat had previously worked with Disney on the "Chronicles of Narnia" and "Bridge to

title: A Wrinkle in Time (2003 film)

text: along with her peers, teachers, her 10-year-old twin brothers (Munro Chambers, Thomas Chambers), or even with herself. Into this unhappy situation comes a stranger, the mysterious, weirdly dressed Mrs. Whatsit (Alfre Woodard), and her friends Mrs. Who (Alison Elliott) and Mrs. Which (Kate Nelligan). They take Meg, Charles Wallace, and their new friend Calvin O'Keefe (Gregory Smith) via tesseract to other planets, preparing the children for a mission to rescue Dr. Murry from the malevolent "IT" on the planet Camazotz. Along the way they ride on the back of a beautiful winged creature (the transformed Mrs. Whatsit), learn about the

title: A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film)

text: Terabithia" films. The project's budget was slated to be $35 million, which the company compared to "District 9" and "Bridge to Terabithia", both of which were made for less than $30 million. However, "A Wrinkle in Time" was part of a new California Film Commission tax credit program, which offset production costs considerably.On August 5, 2014, Jennifer Lee was announced as the screenwriter, taking over from Stockwell, who wrote the first draft. On February 8, 2016, it was reported that Ava DuVernay had been offered the job of directing the film, and she was confirmed to direct later that same

title: Alphabetical order

text: "The Shining" and therefore would be ordered after "Summer of Sam". Similarly, the book title "A Wrinkle in Time" might be treated as "Wrinkle in Time", "Wrinkle in Time, A", or simply "A Wrinkle in Time", depending on whom you ask. All three alphabetization methods are fairly easy to create by algorithm, but many programs rely instead on simple lexicographic ordering. The prefixes "M"' and "Mc" in Irish and Scottish surnames are abbreviations for "Mac", and are sometimes alphabetized as if the spelling is "Mac" in full. Thus "McKinley" might be listed before "Mackintosh" (as it would be if it

title: Red Ketchup

text: Fountain of Youth, merchandized as a face cream by a reckless pharmaceutical company. The anti-wrinkle formula is a runaway success but for one unfortunate side effect: Users tend to fly into sudden, uncontrollable and murderous rage! "Elixir X", the ninth volume in the series, has been released on October 19, 2017. Pierre Fournier and Réal Godbout have both been inducted into the Canadian Comic Book Creator Hall of Fame, in 2008 and 2009, respectively. In September 2016, it was announced that Martin Villeneuve was signed to write and direct a live action movie based on the Quebec cult comic book

title: A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film)

long_answer: Principal photography began on November 2, 2016, in Los Angeles, California. With a production budget of over $100 million, the film became the first live-action film with a nine-digit budget to be directed by a woman of color. A Wrinkle in Time premired at the El Capitan Theatre on February 26, 2018, and with a theatrical release on March 9, 2018, through the Disney Digital 3-D, Real D 3D, and IMAX formats. The film received mixed reviews, with critics "taking issue with the film's heavy use of CGI and numerous plot holes" while "celebrating its message of female empowerment and diversity", and has grossed $124 million worldwide against a break-even point of $400 million, thus being a box office bomb.


question: who had created the second bank of the united states

answers: President James Madison

answers: James Madison

title: Second Bank of the United States

text: Second Bank of the United States The Second Bank of the United States, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was the second federally authorized Hamiltonian national bank in the United States during its 20-year charter from February 1816 to January 1836. The bank's formal name, according to section 9 of its charter as passed by Congress, was "The President, Directors, and Company, of the Bank of the United States." A private corporation with public duties, the bank handled all fiscal transactions for the U.S. Government, and was accountable to Congress and the U.S. Treasury. Twenty percent of its capital was owned by

title: History of the United States (1789–1849)

text: and fueling inflation and concerns that state banks could not provide the country with a uniform currency. The absence of a national bank during the War of 1812 greatly hindered financial operations of the government; therefore a second Bank of the United States was created in 1816. From its inception, the Second Bank was unpopular in the newer states and territories and with less prosperous people everywhere. Opponents claimed the bank possessed a virtual monopoly over the country's credit and currency, and reiterated that it represented the interests of the wealthy elite. Jackson, elected as a popular champion against it,

title: Second Bank of the United States

text: their debt obligations to the U.S. Treasury. The proliferation of private-sector banking institutions – from 31 banks in 1801 to 788 in 1837 – meant that the Second Bank faced strong opposition from this sector during the Jackson administration. The architect of the Second Bank of the United States was William Strickland (1788–1854), a former student of Benjamin Latrobe (1764–1820), the man who is often called the first professionally trained American architect. Latrobe and Strickland were both disciples of the Greek Revival style. Strickland would go on to design many other American public buildings in this style, including financial structures

title: Bank of Indiana

text: sold and reincorporated as the privately owned Second Bank of Indiana. The Indiana Territorial legislature had charted two banks in 1813. With no other established banks operating in Indiana, they were the first attempt by the government to bring banking and a standard currency to the young territory. The banks were granted twenty-year charters, but they quickly fell into financial difficulties following the Panic of 1819. By 1823 both banks had folded. Without any banks in the state, the government and the citizens came to rely on the use of notes issued from the Second Bank of the United States.

title: First Bank of the United States

text: thus expired in 1811. In 1816, the bank was succeeded by the Second Bank of the United States. After the charter for the First Bank of the United States expired in 1811, Stephen Girard purchased most of its stock as well as the building and its furnishings on South Third Street in Philadelphia and opened his own bank, later known as Girard Bank. Girard hired George Simpson, the cashier of the First Bank of the United States, as cashier of the new bank, and with seven other employees, opened for business on May 18, 1812. He allowed the Trustees of

title: Banking in the Jacksonian Era

text: Banking in the Jacksonian Era The Second Bank of the United States opened in January 1817, six years after the First Bank of the United States lost its charter. The Second Bank of the United States was headquartered in Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia, the same as the First Bank, and had branches throughout the nation. The Second Bank was chartered by many of the same congressmen who in 1811 had refused to renew the charter of the original Bank of the United States. The predominant reason that the Second Bank of the United States was chartered was that in the War

title: Girard College

text: newly appointed Alexander Hamilton, under the administration of the first President George Washington. The new First Bank of the U.S. had been recently established on behalf of private financiers, businessmen and the new central U.S. Government in the temporary national capital of Philadelphia. When the First Bank of the U.S. lost its charter two decades later in 1811, Girard bought the bank's landmark Greek Revival-styled building, left his deposited money and accounts there, and reopened as a new financial institution named the "Bank of Stephen Girard." This made him America's first private banker. He then made his second fortune in

title: Bank of Indiana

text: second bank continued until 1865 when, in an attempt to reestablish the primacy of the national bank, a 10% tax was created on bank notes that crippled the bank's profitability, forcing it to close. Bank of Indiana The state Bank of Indiana was a government chartered banking institution established in 1833 in response to the state's shortage of capital caused by the closure of the Second Bank of the United States by the administration of President Andrew Jackson. The bank operated for twenty-six years and allowed the state to finance its internal improvements, stabilized the state's currency problems, and encouraged

title: Nicholas Biddle (banker)

text: President Monroe for the creation of a new central bank, which became known as the Second Bank of the United States. In 1822, Monroe appointed Biddle as the third president of the bank. Biddle would continue to serve as the bank's president for several years, during which time he exercised power over the nation's money supply and interest rates, seeking to prevent economic crises. At the request of Henry Clay and other Whigs, Biddle asked Democratic President Andrew Jackson to renew the bank's federal charter in 1832. Jackson, who held a deep hostility to many banks, declined to renew the

title: Second Bank of the United States

text: of Jackson's inauguration in 1829, the national bank appeared to be on solid footing. The U.S. Supreme Court had affirmed the constitutionality of the bank under "McCulloch v. Maryland", the 1819 case which Daniel Webster had argued successfully on its behalf a decade earlier, the U.S. Treasury recognized the useful services it provided, and the American currency was healthy and stable. Public perceptions of the central bank were generally positive. The bank first came under attack by the Jackson administration in December 1829, on the grounds that it had failed to produce a stable national currency, and that it lacked

title: Federal Reserve Act

text: bank did not fade. Jeffersonians questioned the bank’s constitutionality. In 1811, the first bank of the United States failed to be renewed by one vote in both the House and the Senate. After the War of 1812, economic instability necessitated the creation of a second national bank. Due to expanding money supply and lack of supervision, individual bank activity sparked high inflation. In 1816, a second national bank was created with a charter of twenty years. Three years later, during the panic of 1819 the second bank of the United States was blamed for overextending credit in a land boom,

title: First Bank of the United States

text: First Bank of the United States The President, Directors and Company, of the Bank of the United States, commonly known as the First Bank of the United States, was a national bank, chartered for a term of twenty years, by the United States Congress on February 25, 1791. It followed the Bank of North America, the nation's first "de facto" central bank. Establishment of the Bank of the United States was part of a three-part expansion of federal fiscal and monetary power, along with a federal mint and excise taxes, championed by Alexander Hamilton, first Secretary of the Treasury. Hamilton

title: Second Bank of the United States

text: collection of portraits of prominent early Americans painted by Charles Willson Peale and many others. The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987 for its architectural and historic significance. The Wall Street branch in New York City was converted into the United States Assay Office before it was demolished in 1915. The federal-style façade was saved and installed in the American Wing of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1924. Second Bank of the United States The Second Bank of the United States, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was the second federally authorized Hamiltonian national bank in the United

title: Bank of North America

text: was succeeded in its role as central bank by the First Bank of the United States in 1791. In May 1781 Alexander Hamilton revealed that he had recommended Morris for the position the previous summer when the constitution of the executive was being solidified. Second, he proceeded to lay out a proposal for a national bank. Morris, who had corresponded with Hamilton previously on the subject of funding the war, immediately drafted a legislative proposal based on Hamilton's suggestion and submitted it to the Congress. Morris persuaded Congress to charter the Bank of North America, the first private commercial bank

title: Nicholas Biddle (banker)

text: repeatedly in different forms until, in 1836, the Pennsylvania "common-school" system was inaugurated as an indirect result of his efforts. After Biddle moved to the Pennsylvania State Senate, he lobbied for the rechartering of the Second Bank of the United States. It was on this subject that he made his first speech, which attracted general attention at the time, and was warmly commended by Chief-Justice Marshall and other leaders of public opinion. The Bank had been revived and reorganized from the earlier First Bank of the United States, established in 1791 under the administration of first President George Washington, and

title: History of monetary policy in the United States

text: the United States, which expired in 1811. Similarly, the Second Bank of the United States was chartered in 1816 and shuttered in 1836. The Second Bank of the United States opened in January 1817, six years after the First Bank of the United States lost its charter. The predominant reason that the Second Bank of the United States was chartered was that in the War of 1812, the U.S. experienced severe inflation and had difficulty in financing military operations. Subsequently, the credit and borrowing status of the United States was at its lowest level since its founding. The charter of

title: Bank of Baltimore

text: the third President of the United States, Thomas Jefferson from 1801 until 1809, wrote to his Secretary of the Treasury, Albert Gallatin expressing concerns that the Government was granting too many demands to the First Bank of the United States political lobby. This concerned President Jefferson because this would grant the United States Bank the ability to "shallow up the other" smaller banks such at the Bank of Baltimore whose stock was owned by U.S. citizens and create a monopoly over the entire beginning American banking industry that would be controlled by foreign powers since the majority of stock of

title: John Marshall

text: the Constitution together with a treaty. In 1816, Congress established the Second Bank of the United States ("national bank") in order to regulate the country's money supply and provide loans to the federal government and businesses. The state of Maryland imposed a tax on the national bank, but James McCulloch, the manager of the national bank's branch in Baltimore, refused to pay the tax. After he was convicted by Maryland's court system, McCulloch appealed to the Supreme Court, and the Court heard the case of "McCulloch v. Maryland" in 1819. In that case, the state of Maryland challenged the constitutionality

title: Second Bank of the United States

text: barred from acting as officials in other banks. Two of the three BUS presidents, William Jones and Nicholas Biddle, were chosen from among these government directors. Headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the bank was authorized to establish branch offices where it deemed suitable and these were immune from state taxation. The primary regulatory task of the Second Bank of the United States, as chartered by Congress in 1816, was to restrain the uninhibited proliferation of paper money (bank notes) by state or private lenders, which was highly profitable to these institutions. In this capacity, the bank would preside over this democratization

title: Second Bank of the United States

text: Modeled on Alexander Hamilton's First Bank of the United States, the Second Bank was chartered by President James Madison in 1816 and began operations at its main branch in Philadelphia on January 7, 1817, managing twenty-five branch offices nationwide by 1832.

title: Bank of North America

text: director of the Bank of Pennsylvania. Morris subscribed £10,000 sterling to fund it. It was not a bank in the ordinary sense but an organization formed for the purpose of financing supplies for the army. In 1782, the Bank of North America superseded the Bank of Pennsylvania. Serving from 1792 to 1808, Nixon succeeded the first president of the Bank of North America, Thomas Willing, who went on to become the first president of the First Bank of the United States. Nixon was in turn succeeded by John Morton, who served as President until 1822. William Frederick Havemeyer was its

title: Noah Noble

text: public schools. Most of the measures were not accepted, but the expansion of the Indiana College was approved, and township schools were granted considerably more power over their own operations. The Second Bank of the United States was closed during Noble's first term, leaving the state without a bank to hold government deposits or to supply paper money. There had been no banks operating in Indiana for a decade, so with no alternative to the situation the General Assembly passed a bill to create the Bank of Indiana. Noble had not taken a position on the bill, but signed it

title: Bank War

text: to Jeffersonian ends." Despite opposition from Old Republicans led by John Randolph of Roanoke, who saw the revival of a national bank as purely Hamiltonian and a threat to state sovereignty, but with strong support from nationalists such as John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay, the recharter bill for the Second Bank of the United States was passed by Congress. The charter was signed into law by Madison on April 10, 1816. Andrew Jackson’s victory in the 1828 presidential election was achieved through harnessing the widespread social resentments and political unrest persisting since the Panic of 1819 and the Missouri

title: Second Report on Public Credit

text: Second Report on Public Credit The Second Report on the Public Credit also referred to as The Report on a National Bank was the second of four influential reports on fiscal and economic policy delivered to Congress by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton. The "Report", submitted on December 14, 1790, called for the establishment of a central bank, its primary purpose to expand the flow of legal tender by monetizing the national debt through the issuance of federal bank notes. Modeled on the Bank of England, this privately held, but publicly funded institution would also serve to process revenue

title: Bank of North America

text: institution. After a change of party in Pennsylvania's legislature in 1786 the Bank of North America was re-chartered within the Commonwealth in 1787, but under more restrictive conditions that would hinder it from performing its intended role as a central bank. Thomas Willing was appointed its first president on November 2, 1781 (starting when operations began on January 7, 1782) until he was appointed to the First Bank of the United States as one of its original three commissioners on March 19, 1791 (before his later election as its first president on October 25, 1791). John Nixon was the first

title: Second Bank of the United States

text: financial crisis that was initially blamed on Jackson's executive action. By 1834, a general backlash against Biddle's tactics developed, ending the panic and all recharter efforts were abandoned. In February 1836, the bank became a private corporation under the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania law. A shortage of hard currency ensued, causing the Panic of 1837 and lasting approximately seven years. The Bank suspended payment in 1839 and was liquidated in 1841. The bank maintained the following branches. Listed is the year each branch opened. The Second Bank of the United States was America's central bank, comparable to the Bank of England

title: Hugh McCulloch

text: first Comptroller, McCulloch recommended major changes in the banking law and the resulting National Banking Act of 1864 remains the foundation of the national banking system. McCulloch began his banking career as the President of the Bank of Indiana. In 1833 the bank was established in response the closure of the Second Bank of the United States. Indiana was still a wilderness and no eastern bank was willing take charge of the fledgling state bank. McCulloch was one of the few prominent businessmen in the young state, and although he had no banking experience, he was appointed because he was

title: Samuel D. Ingham

text: Treasury. Jackson mistrusted the Second Bank of the United States and all other banks. Jackson thought that there should be no paper currency in circulation but only coins and that the US Constitution was designed to expel paper currency from the monetary system. Ingham believed in the Second Bank and attempted to resolve conflicts between Jackson, who wanted it destroyed, and the Bank's president, Nicholas Biddle. Despite being unable to reach any resolution between Jackson and Biddle, Ingham left office over an unrelated incident, which stemmed from his involvement in the social ostracism of Peggy Eaton, the wife of Secretary

title: Nicholas Biddle (banker)

text: Park Service of the U.S. Department of the Interior. Attribution: Nicholas Biddle (banker) Nicholas Biddle (January 8, 1786 – February 27, 1844) was an American financier who served as the third and last president of the Second Bank of the United States (chartered 1816–1836). He also served in the Pennsylvania General Assembly. He is best known for his role in the Bank War. A member of the prominent Biddle family of Philadelphia, Nicholas Biddle worked for prominent officials such as John Armstrong Jr. and James Monroe in his youth. After returning to Philadelphia, he won election to the state legislature.

title: John Adair

text: from members of both parties, largely because of his correspondence with Jackson. In the aftermath of the Panic of 1819 —the first major financial crisis in United States history —the primary political issue of the day was debt relief. The federal government had created the Second Bank of the United States in 1817, and its strict credit policy hit Kentucky's large debtor class hard. Sitting governor Gabriel Slaughter had lobbied for some measures favored by the state's debtors, particularly punitive taxes against the branches of the Bank of the United States in Louisville and Lexington. The Second Party System had

title: Second Bank of the United States

short_answers:
James Madison
President James Madison


question: when were 7 books removed from the bible

answers: 1546

title: Book of Nehemiah

text: his Vulgate translation of the Bible into Latin from the Hebrew; and consequently no early Vulgate manuscripts separate the two books, and they remained undivided as a single book in the 8th century commentary of Bede, and in the 9th century bibles of Alcuin and Theodulf of Orleans. However, from the 9th century onwards, Latin bibles are found that reintroduce Origen's division; and this becomes standard in the Paris Bibles of the 13th century. It was not until 1516/17, in the first printed Rabbinic Bible of Daniel Bomberg that the separation was generally introduced into Hebrew Bibles. The combined book

title: Development of the Old Testament canon

text: decision to omit these books entirely from the Bible was made by Protestant laity rather than clergy. Bibles dating from shortly after the Reformation have been found whose tables of contents included the entire Roman Catholic canon, but which did not actually contain the disputed books, leading some historians to think that the workers at the printing presses took it upon themselves to omit them. However, Anglican and Lutheran Bibles usually still contained these books until the 20th century, while Calvinist Bibles did not. Several reasons are proposed for the omission of these books from the canon. One is the

title: King James Version

text: necessary for the King James version, as readings from these books were included in the daily Old Testament lectionary of the Book of Common Prayer. Protestant Bibles in the 16th century included the books of the Apocrypha – generally, following the Luther Bible, in a separate section between the Old and New Testaments to indicate they were not considered part of the Old Testament text – and there is evidence that these were widely read as popular literature, especially in Puritan circles; The Apocrypha of the King James Version has the same 14 books as had been found in the

title: Biblical apocrypha

text: and 4 Esdras follow 2 Esdras (Nehemiah), and Prayer of Solomon follows Ecclesiasticus. Martin Luther translated the Bible into German during the early part of the 16th century, first releasing a complete Bible in 1534. His Bible was the first major edition to have a separate section called "Apocrypha". Books and portions of books not found in the Masoretic Text of Judaism were moved out of the body of the Old Testament to this section. Luther placed these books between the Old and New Testaments. For this reason, these works are sometimes known as "inter-testamental books". The books 1 and

title: Religious debates over the Harry Potter series

text: Bible and pass out certificates of righteousness". The lawsuit was averted after the Library agreed to stop awarding the certificate. That same year, Carol Rookwood, headmistress of St Mary's Island Church of England Aided School in Chatham, Kent, England, banned the books from school grounds, saying that, "The Bible is very clear and consistent in its teachings that wizards, devils and demons exist and are very real, powerful and dangerous, and God's people are told to have nothing to do with them". In response, the chairman of the Church of England's doctrine commission, Stephen Sykes, said, "The Church's position is

title: Great Bible

text: to prevent removal from the church. It has less accurately been termed Cranmer's Bible, since although Thomas Cranmer was not responsible for the translation, a preface by him appeared in the second edition. The Tyndale New Testament had been published in 1525, followed by his English version of the Pentateuch in 1530; but both employed vocabulary, and appended notes, that were unacceptable to English churchmen, and to the King. Tyndale's books were banned by royal proclamation in 1530, and Henry then held out the promise of an officially authorised English Bible being prepared by learned and catholic scholars. In 1534,

title: Vulgate

text: the 38 books of the Hebrew Bible (as counted in Christian tradition before Nehemiah became split from Ezra in the medieval period), but always also including books from the Septuagint tradition, which by this date had ceased to be used by Jews, but which was copied in Greek Bibles as their Old Testament. Modern critical editions of the Septuagint take their texts from the Old Testament found in the great 4th/5th-century pandect bibles: Codex Vaticanus, Codex Sinaiticus, and Codex Alexandrinus; but no two of these present exactly the same canon of Old Testament books. Similarly, Vulgate Old Testaments continued to

title: The Books of the Bible

text: The Books of the Bible The Books of the Bible is the first presentation of an unabridged committee translation of the Bible to remove chapter and verse numbers entirely and instead present the biblical books according to their natural literary structures. This edition of the Bible is also noteworthy for the way it recombines books that have traditionally been divided, and for the way it puts the biblical books in a different order. The edition was first published by the International Bible Society (now Biblica) in 2007 in Today's New International Version (TNIV). It was re-released in September 2012 in

title: Development of the Old Testament canon

text: manuscripts and may have been added later to specify the extent of the preceding 59th canon. Athanasius (367 AD), Cyril of Jerusalem (c. 350 AD) and Epiphanius of Salamis (c. 385 AD) listed as Canonical books the 22 books of the Hebrew Bible plus the "Book of Baruch" and the "Epistle of Jeremy". Epiphanius of Salamis (c. 385 AD) in his "Panarion" writes that along with the Hebrew bible books Jews had in their books the deuterocanonical Epistle of Jeremiah and Baruch, both combined with Jeremiah and Lamentations in only one book. The monk Rufinus of Aquileia (c. 400 AD)

title: Apocrypha

text: Jubilees, which is part of the Ethiopian canon, as well as the Assumption of Moses and the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, which are included in no biblical canon. The canonical validity of the intertestamental books was challenged in the 16th century by Protestants. The Protestant removal of the deuterocanonical books of the Bible did not happen immediately as part of the Reformation, but rather happened in waves over time. The apocryphal books were in fact translated as part of the King James Version of the Bible. Eventually they were effectively removed by Protestants during the 1800s, with some Protestants

title: Protestant Bible

text: not and therefore classify the seven Catholic deuterocanonical books as part of the Apocrypha. The practice of including only the Old and New Testament books within printed bibles was standardized among Protestants following the 1825 decision by the British and Foreign Bible Society. From the Reformation, Protestants have usually excluded the books which Roman Catholics and Orthodox Christians consider to be Deuterocanonical, viewing them as non-canonical. However, prior to an 1825 British and Foreign Bible Society decision, most Protestant Bibles did include these additional books within the same printed bibles. It was usually to be found in a separate section

title: Great Bible

text: Tyndale, have been added from the Latin. (The added sentence can also be found, with minor verbal differences, in the Douai-Rheims New Testament.) These inclusions appear to have been done to make the Great Bible more palatable to conservative English churchmen, many of whom considered the Vulgate to be the only legitimate Bible. The psalms in the Book of Common Prayer of 1662 continue to be taken from the Great Bible rather than the King James Bible. In 1568, the Great Bible was superseded as the authorised version of the Anglican Church by the Bishops' Bible. The last of over

title: Biblical apocrypha

text: early Protestant editions of the Bible (notably the Luther Bible in German and 1611 King James Version in English) did not omit these books, but placed them in a separate "Apocrypha" section apart from the Old and New Testaments to indicate their status. This famous edition of the Vulgate was published in 1455. Like the manuscripts on which it was based, the Gutenberg Bible lacks a specific Apocrypha section. Its Old Testament includes the books that Jerome considered apocryphal and those Clement VIII later moved to the appendix. The Prayer of Manasses is located after the Books of Chronicles, 3

title: The Life with God Study Bible

text: Catholic Bible all currently include the Deuterocanonical books. Plus, while not viewing them as Scripture, early Protestant Bibles—Luther's translation, the Great Bible of 1539, the Geneva Bible of 1560 (supported by John Calvin and John Knox), the Bishops' Bible of 1568, and the King James Bible of 1611—included the Deuterocanonical books, or "Apocrypha," as something of an appendix. 4. Throughout the ages, many questions have persisted about the value of the Deuterocanonical books. Even those groups in our time who include and use the Deuterocanonicals do not give them the same authority as the primary canon. And we, the General

title: Vulgate

text: lists of the 5th/6th century, where 'two books of Ezra' were commonly cited. Again this split becomes standard in the Paris Bibles; and as these bibles commonly also included one or both of the two books of Esdras: Greek Esdras and Latin Esdras; these became retitled as 3 Ezra and 4 Ezra respectively. In translating the 38 books of the Hebrew Bible (Ezra-Nehemiah being counted as one book), Jerome was relatively free in rendering their text into Latin, but it is possible to determine that the oldest surviving complete manuscripts of the Masoretic Text, which date from nearly 600 years

title: Biblical apocrypha

text: rationale for the exclusion: 'The books commonly called Apocrypha, not being of divine inspiration, are no part of the canon of the Scripture, and therefore are of no authority in the church of God, nor to be any otherwise approved, or made use of, than other human writings' (1.3). Thus, Bibles printed by English Protestants who separated from the Church of England began to exclude these books. All English translations of the Bible printed in the sixteenth century included a section or appendix for Apocryphal books. Matthew's Bible, published in 1537, contains all the Apocrypha of the later King James

text: The Lost Books of the Bible and the Forgotten Books of Eden The Lost Books of the Bible and the Forgotten Books of Eden (1926) is a collection of 17th-century and 18th-century English translations of some Old Testament Pseudepigrapha and New Testament Apocrypha, some of which were assembled in the 1820s, and then republished with the current title in 1926. Rutherford Hayes Platt, in the preface to his 1963 reprint of "The Lost Books of the Bible and the Forgotten Books of Eden" states: The translations were first published, under this title, by an unknown editor in "The Lost Books

title: Bible translations in the Middle Ages

text: 100 AD; so were numerous apocryphal Gospels. Deciding which books should be included in the Biblical canon took about another two centuries; some differences remain between churches to the present day. The Septuagint also included some books that are not in the Hebrew Bible, which the church accepted due to their use at the time of Christ and because Christ quoted directly from and/or referenced these books in the Gospels of the New Testament. The Bible was translated into various languages in late antiquity; the most important of these translations are those in the Syriac dialect of Aramaic (including the

title: Catholic Bible

text: Catholic Bible Within Catholicism, the Bible comprises the whole 73-book canon recognized by the Catholic Church, including the deuterocanonical books. It is sometimes referred to as the Catholic Bible. The Catholic Bible is composed of the 46 books of the Old Testament and the 27 books of the New Testament. Of these books, Tobit, Judith, 1 and 2 Maccabees, Wisdom, Sirach, Baruch, parts of Esther and parts of Daniel are deuterocanonical, and are found in the Bibles of Eastern Christianity. These books are usually not found in the Protestant Bible, but are sometimes included in a separate inter-testamental section called

title: Deuterocanonical books

title: Luther's canon

text: but which did not actually contain the disputed books, leading some historians to think that the workers at the printing presses took it upon themselves to omit them. However, Anglican and Lutheran Bibles usually still contained these books until the 20th century, while Calvinist Bibles did not. Several reasons are proposed for the omission of these books from the canon. One is the support for Catholic doctrines such as Purgatory and Prayer for the dead found in 2 Maccabees. Another is that the Westminster Confession of Faith of 1646, during the English Civil War, actually excluded them from the canon.

title: Deuterocanonical books

text: the Christian bishop Athanasius. Origen of Alexandria (c. 240 AD) also records 22 canonical books of the Hebrew Bible cited by Eusebius; among them are the Epistle of Jeremiah and the Maccabees as canonical books. In the 7th century Latin document the Muratorian fragment, which some scholars actually believe to be a copy of an earlier 170 AD Greek original, the book of the Wisdom of Solomon is counted by the church. Eusebius wrote in his "Church History" (c. 324 AD) that Bishop Melito of Sardis in the 2nd century AD considered the deuterocanonical Wisdom of Solomon as part of

title: Deuterocanonical books

text: was in flux, until the Masoretic Text, compiled between the 7th and 10th centuries, became the authoritative text of the mainstream Rabbinic Judaism. The Masoretic Text excluded the seven deuterocanonical books and formed the basis for their exclusion in the Protestant Old Testament. The term distinguished these texts both from those that were termed protocanonical books, which were the books of the Hebrew canon; and from the apocryphal books, which were those books of Jewish origin that were known sometimes to have been read in church as scripture but which were considered not to be canonical. The deuterocanonical books of

title: Bible

text: Council of Trent 1545–1563. It includes 46 books for the Old Testament (45 if Jeremiah and Lamentations are counted as one) and 27 for the New. Most Protestants term these books as apocrypha. Modern Protestant traditions do not accept the deuterocanonical books as canonical, although Protestant Bibles included them in Apocrypha sections until the 1820s. However, Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches include these books as part of their Old Testament. The Roman Catholic Church recognizes: In addition to those, the Greek and Russian Orthodox Churches recognize the following: Russian and Georgian Orthodox Churches include: There is also 4 Maccabees

title: Books of the Bible

text: of Christian Bibles is called the Old Testament, which contains, at minimum, the above 24 books but divided into 39 books and ordered differently. The Catholic Church and Eastern Christian churches also hold that certain deuterocanonical books and passages are part of the Old Testament canon. The second part is the New Testament, containing 27 books; the four Canonical gospels, Acts of the Apostles, 21 Epistles or letters and the Book of Revelation. The King James Bible—which has been called "the most influential version of the most influential book in the world, in what is now its most influential language"

title: Bible translations into English

text: Old Testament was completed by the time the New Testament was published, but due to extenuating circumstances and financial issues was not published until nearly three decades later, in two editions, the first released in 1609, and the rest of the OT in 1610. In this version, the seven deuterocanonical books are mingled with the other books, rather than kept separate in an appendix. While early English Bibles were generally based on a small number of Greek texts, or on Latin translations, modern English translations of the Bible are based on a wider variety of manuscripts in the original languages

title: Bible translations

text: and Tarragona (1234) outlawed possession of such renderings. There is evidence of some vernacular translations being permitted while others were being scrutinized. The complete Bible was translated into Old French in the late 13th century. Parts of this translation were included in editions of the popular "Bible historiale", and there is no evidence of this translation being suppressed by the Church. The entire Bible was translated into Czech around 1360. The most notable Middle English Bible translation, Wycliffe's Bible (1383), based on the Vulgate, was banned by the Oxford Synod in 1408. A Hungarian Hussite Bible appeared in the mid

title: Early Modern English Bible translations

text: this the printer, Robert Barker, was fined heavily. Of the 1000 copies of the "Wicked Bible" only 11 survive. The nine versions summarized below are dealt with in separate articles. With the exception of Tyndale’s Bible, all are complete Bibles, although usually the New Testament was also issued separately. The Apocrypha were normally included in Bibles of the Reformation period, although sometimes omitted if the book was subsequently re-bound. Psalters and prayer-books were often bound with the Bible. In addition, there are a number of other translations of individual books. For example, George Joye's Protestant translations of the Psalms (1530),

title: Peshitta

text: that the work was done late in the 1st century or early in the 2nd. The Old Testament known to the early Syrian church was substantially that of the Palestinian Jews. It contained the same number of books, but it arranged them in a different order. First, there was the Pentateuch, then Job, Joshua, Judges, 1 and 2 Samuel, 1 and 2 Kings, 1 and 2 Chronicles, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Ruth, the Song of Songs, Esther, Ezra, Nehemiah, Isaiah followed by the Twelve Minor Prophets, Jeremiah and Lamentations, Ezekiel, and Daniel. Most of the Deuterocanonical books of the Old Testament

title: Apocrypha

text: arguing against their inclusion for theological reasons, and with other Protestants citing the cost of publishing the hidden books as a major factor in removing them. Today it is possible to find Protestant Bibles which now include the Apocrypha. The status of the deuterocanonicals remains unchanged in Catholic and Orthodox Christianities. The actual status of the books which the Catholic church terms "Deuterocanonicals" (second canon) and Protestantism refers to as "Apocrypha" has been an issue of disagreement which preceded the Reformation. Many believe that the pre-Christian-era Jewish translation (into Greek) of holy scriptures known as the Septuagint, a Greek translation

title: Deuterocanonical books

long_answer: The deuterocanonical books (from the Greek meaning "belonging to the second canon") is a term adopted in 16th century by the Roman Catholic Church to denote those books and passages of the Christian Old Testament, as defined in 1546 by the Council of Trent, that were not found in the Hebrew Bible. The term distinguished these texts both from those that were termed protocanonical books, which were the books of the Hebrew canon; and from the apocryphal books, which were those books of Jewish origin that were known sometimes to have been read in church as scripture but which the Council considered not to be canonical.