question: what emperor took over france after the reign of terror

answers: Napoleon

answers: Napoleon Bonaparte

title: Second French Empire

text: ministry. The republican party, unlike the country, which hailed this reconciliation of liberty and order, refused to be content with the liberties they had won; they refused all compromise, declaring themselves more than ever decided upon the overthrow of the Empire. The killing of the journalist Victor Noir by Pierre Bonaparte, a member of the imperial family, gave the revolutionaries their long desired opportunity (January 10). But the "émeute" (uprising) ended in a failure. In a concession to democratic currents, the emperor put his policy to a plebiscite on May 8, 1870. The result was a substantial success for Bonaparte,

title: Vincent-Marie Viénot, Count of Vaublanc

text: of the arrival of the Royal Family, who, after the March on the Tuileries, placed themselves under the protection of the Legislative Assembly at the "Place du Carrousel". The incident is described in his memoirs. The second volume of his memoirs provides insight into the general atmosphere at the time of the Terror, as felt by an aristocratic royalist, who was at risk of being arrested at any moment and finishing up on the scaffold, and yet forced to travel back and forth over the territory of the brand new French Republic. On the evening of 10 August he was

title: Vidame de Chartres

text: the Revolution. However, this was not enough to save him from being guillotined under the "loi des suspects" on the orders of Louis de Saint-Just, in one of the last fits of the Reign of Terror in May 1794. After only 20 years the estate was sold to Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre (1725–1793), grandson of Louis XIV of France by Louis Alexandre, Count of Toulouse, his legitimized son with Madame de Montespan (and incidentally, along with his brother, especially detested by Saint-Simon). The sale was in 1784 for 5.5 million francs, a very large sum. The

title: Louis Auguste Blanqui

text: by Pierre Bonaparte; the other on 14 August, when he led an attempt to seize some guns from a barracks. Upon the fall of the Empire, through the revolution of 4 September, Blanqui established the club and journal "La patrie en danger". He was one of the group that briefly seized the reins of power on 31 October and for his share in that outbreak he was again condemned to death "in absentia" on 9 March of the following year. On 17 March, Adolphe Thiers, aware of the threat represented by Blanqui, took advantage of his resting at a friend

title: Louis XVI of France

text: blood sample was taken from a squash gourd carved to commemorate the heroes of the French Revolution that had, according to legend, been used to house one of the handkerchiefs dipped in Louis's blood. The 19th-century historian Jules Michelet attributed the restoration of the French monarchy to the sympathy that had been engendered by the execution of Louis XVI. Michelet's "Histoire de la Révolution Française" and Alphonse de Lamartine's "Histoire des Girondins", in particular, showed the marks of the feelings aroused by the revolution's regicide. The two writers did not share the same sociopolitical vision, but they agreed that, even

title: Théodore Gosselin

text: but died before being able to sit in the Academy and never made the speech which he had written in homage to his predecessor, René Bazin. His works include: "Paris Révolutionnaire, La Guillotine et les exécuteurs des arrêts criminels pendant la Révolution; Un conspirateur royaliste pendant la Terreur : le baron de Bats; Le Vrai Chevalier de Maison-Rouge; La Captivité et la mort de Marie-Antoinette; La Chouannerie normande au temps de l’Empire; Le Drame de Varennes; Les Massacres de Septembre; Les Fils de Philippe-Égalité pendant la Terreur; Bleus, Blancs et Rouges; Le Roi Louis XVII et l’énigme du Temple; La

title: Jean Gabriel Maurice Rocques

text: Great Britain after the 10th of August 1792 attack on the Tuileries, he returned six weeks later to Paris, where his safety during the Reign of Terror was most probably purchased by services to the French Republic. He was again serving the Bourbon princes when he met Emperor Francis II at Ypres (in the Austrian Netherlands) in 1794 and met with William Pitt the Younger in London, where he published his "État de la France au mois de mai 1794", predicting the fall of Maximilien Robespierre and the start of the Thermidorian Reaction. Rocques was also employed by Louis XVIII

title: Alexandre de Beauharnais

text: Mainz during the Siege of Mainz in 1793, and considered an aristocratic ""suspect"", he was jailed in the Carmes prison and sentenced to death during the Reign of Terror. His wife, Josephine de Beauharnais, was jailed in the same prison on 21 April 1794, but she was freed after three months, thanks to the trial of Maximilien Robespierre. Alexandre was guillotined, together with his cousin Augustin, on the "Place de la Révolution" (today's Place de la Concorde) in Paris, only five days before the deposition and execution of Robespierre. Through his son, he is an ancestor of the current monarchs

title: Empress Joséphine

text: July 1794). Her husband was accused of having poorly defended Mainz in July 1793, and being considered an aristocratic "suspect", was sentenced to death and guillotined, with his cousin Augustin, on 23 July 1794, on the "Place de la Révolution" (today's Place de la Concorde) in Paris. Joséphine was freed five days later, thanks to the fall and execution of Robespierre, which ended the Reign of Terror. On 27 July 1794 (9 Thermidor), Tallien arranged the liberation of Thérèse Cabarrus, and soon after that of Joséphine. In June 1795, a new law allowed her to recover the possessions of Alexandre.

title: Estates of the realm

text: composed of the former representatives of the three estates stepping up to govern along with an emergency committee in the power vacuum existing after the Bourbon monarchy fled Paris. Among the Assembly was Maximilien de Robespierre, an influential member of the Jacobins who would years later become instrumental in the turbulent period of violence and political upheaval in France known as the Reign of Terror (5 September 1793 – 28 July 1794). Whilst the estates were never formulated in a way that prevented social mobility, the English (subsequently the British) parliament was long based along the classic estate lines being

title: Bonaparte, First Consul

text: the Liège Revolution. The excesses of the French Revolution and of the counter-revolutionaries were put into perspective by the painting, in a context of détente and reconciliation between the French Republic and the Catholic Church. Official relations between France and the papacy had been poor since civil constitution of the clergy in 1790, but the painting's reconstruction of the then-ruined cathedral symbolised the resumption of good relations between them and the "protection" the First French Republic granted to the Catholic Church in the concordat of 1801. Bonaparte, First Consul Bonaparte, First Consul ("Bonaparte, Premier Consul") is an 1804 portrait of

title: Louis XVI and the Legislative Assembly

text: Roman Empire afforded matter of complaint to France. The persistence of the French in offering only money as compensation to the German princes who had claims in Alsace afforded matter of complaint to the Empire. Foreign statesmen noticed with alarm the effect of the French Revolution upon opinion in their own countries, and they resented the endeavours of French revolutionaries to make converts there. Of these statesmen, the emperor Leopold II was the most intelligent. He had skillfully extricated himself from the embarrassments at home and abroad left by his predecessor Joseph II. He had family ties to Louis XVI,

title: Reign of Terror

text: began with the fall of the monarchy, an event that effectively defrocked the State of its sanctification by the clergy via the doctrine of Divine Right and ushered in an era of reason. Many long-held rights and powers were stripped from the Church and given to the State. In 1789, church lands were expropriated and priests killed and forced to leave France. A Festival of Reason was held in the Notre Dame Cathedral, which was renamed "The Temple of Reason", and the old traditional calendar was replaced with a new revolutionary one. The leaders of the Terror tried to address

title: La fille de Madame Angot

text: a stock character in stage comedy of the Revolutionary period. The opera was first presented at the Fantaisies-Parisiennes on 4 December 1872, and ran for more than 500 performances. In Paris, where it opened on 21 February 1873 at the Théâtre des Folies-Dramatiques, it enjoyed a run of 411 performances, and set box-office records for the receipts. Productions quickly followed in theatres throughout France: within a year of the opening of the Paris production, the work was given in 103 French cities and towns. The scene of the opera is Directoire Paris, 1794; the Reign of Terror is over, but

title: Tabouillot

text: a royalist counter-revolutionary army during the French Revolution. During the Reign of Terror, he fled to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1793; his mother Anne de Grandfèbre was executed by guillotine in Paris in 1794 and the family's property in France was confiscated. In Prussia Louis de Tabouillot was accepted as a lieutenant of the Prussian Army on 29 January 1795 by a special decree of King Frederick William II of Prussia. The King promised him a promotion to captain when he had improved his knowledge of the German language. Accordingly, he was later promoted to captain in the Count

title: July Monarchy

text: retrieve them. This announcement immediately struck a chord with public opinion, which was swept along with patriotic fervor. Thiers saw in this act the successful completion of the rehabilitation of the Revolution and of the Empire, which he had attempted in his "Histoire de la Révolution française" and his "Histoire du Consulat et de l'Empire", while Louis-Philippe, who was reluctant, aimed at capturing for himself a touch of the imperial glory, just as he had appropriated the legitimist monarchy's glory in the Château de Versailles. The prince Louis-Napoléon decided to seize the opportunity to land in Boulogne-sur-Mer on 6 August

title: René-Nicolas Dufriche Desgenettes

text: unrest was at its height. He joined the Girondins and then, on their elimination by the Montagnards during the Reign of Terror, he took refuge in Rouen. The events of 1792 and early 1793 had caused the whole of Europe to take up arms against France and so, on the advice of his former teacher Vicq-d’Azyr and driven by a desire to serve the Republican fatherland, he got himself sent as a surgeon to the army gathering on the borders of Italy in February 1793. He soon became one of the top army surgeons through his energy and courage, and

title: Anton Carl Ludwig von Tabouillot

text: Grandfèbre (1747–1794). Before and during the French Revolution he was an officer of the French King's personal bodyguard Garde du Corps at Versailles and later of the royalist counter-revolutionary Armée des Princes. He fled from France during the Reign of Terror in 1793, after his mother had been executed by guillotine in Paris. He was appointed an officer in the Prussian Army by special royal decree in 1795 and recognised as noble in the Kingdom of Prussia. After Essen became part of the Grand Duchy of Berg, a French satellite state, during the Napoleonic Wars, he was appointed as the

title: Second French Empire

text: individuals, a surveillance of suspects was instituted. Felice Orsini's attack on the emperor in 1858, though purely Italian in its motive, served as a pretext for increasing the severity of this "régime" by the law of general security ("sûreté générale") which authorised the internment, exile or deportation of any suspect without trial. In the same way public instruction was strictly supervised, the teaching of philosophy was suppressed in the "lycées", and the disciplinary powers of the administration were increased. For seven years France had no democratic life. The Empire governed by a series of plebiscites. Up to 1857 the Opposition

title: French Revolution

title: Catholic Church in France

text: and Catholics strived for supremacy in the Wars of Religion until the 1598 Edict of Nantes established a measure of religious toleration. The French Revolution (also known as the Reign of Terror among Catholics) radically shifted power away from the Catholic Church as Church property was confiscated and the church crop tax and special clergy privileges were eliminated. With the 1790 Civil Constitution of the Clergy, the clergy became employees of the state and the Catholic Church became a subordinate arm of the secular French government. During the Reign of Terror, traditional Christian holidays were abolished and Catholic priests were

title: Reign of Terror

text: Reign of Terror The Reign of Terror, or The Terror (), is the label given by most historians to a period during the French Revolution after the First French Republic was established. Several historians consider the "reign of terror" to have begun in 1793, placing the starting date at either 5 September, June or March (birth of the Revolutionary Tribunal), while some consider it to have begun in September 1792 (September Massacres), or even July 1789 (when the first lynchings took place), but there is a consensus that it ended with the fall of Maximilien Robespierre in July 1794. Between

title: France

text: who took refuge in the Legislative Assembly. A Prussian army invaded France later in August 1792. In early September, Parisians, infuriated by the Prussian army capturing Verdun and counter-revolutionary uprisings in the west of France, murdered between 1,000 and 1,500 prisoners by raiding the Parisian prisons. The Assembly and the Paris city council seemed unable to stop that bloodshed. The National Convention, chosen in the first elections under male universal suffrage, on 20 September 1792 succeeded the Legislative Assembly and on 21 September abolished the monarchy by proclaiming the French First Republic. Ex-King Louis XVI was convicted of treason and

title: Empress Joséphine

text: a happy one, leading to a court-ordered separation during which she and the children lived at Alexandre's expense in the Pentemont Abbey. On 2 March 1794, during the Reign of Terror, the Committee of Public Safety ordered the arrest of her husband. He was jailed in the Carmes prison in Paris. Considering Joséphine as too close to the counter-revolutionary financial circles, the Committee ordered her arrest on 18 April 1794. A warrant of arrest was issued against her on 2 Floréal, year II (April 21, 1794), and she was imprisoned in the Carmes prison until 10 Thermidor, year II (28

title: Adélaïde of France (1732–1800)

text: after the succession of her nephew. The sisters had in fact been infected by their father and fell ill with smallpox (which they recovered from), and were kept in quarantine on a little house near the Palace of Choisy, to which the court evacuated after the death of the king until their recovery. Despite this, however, Madame Adelaide had the time to intervene in the establishment of the new government: Louis XVI had been advised by his father to ask the advice of Adelaide should he become King, and after his succession, he sent her a letter and asked her

title: History of France

text: In June 1791, the royal family secretly fled Paris in disguise for Varennes near France's northeastern border in order to seek royalist support the king believed he could trust, but they were soon discovered en route. They were brought back to Paris, after which they were essentially kept under house arrest at the Tuileries. In August 1791, Emperor Leopold II of Austria and King Frederick William II of Prussia in the Declaration of Pillnitz declared their intention to bring the French king in a position "to consolidate the basis of a monarchical government", and that they were preparing their own

title: Palais Garnier

text: house, only the first six letters of the word IMPERIALE were replaced, giving the now famous "ACADEMIE NATIONALE DE MUSIQUE", an official title which had actually only been used during the approximately two-year period of the Second Republic which had preceded the Second Empire. All work on the building came to a halt during the Franco-Prussian War due to the siege of Paris (September 1870 – January 1871). Construction had so advanced that parts of the building could be used as a food warehouse and a hospital. After France's defeat Garnier became seriously ill from the deprivations of the siege

title: Un épisode sous la Terreur

text: friends of his, and notices a tumbril passing by with the executioner and his victims. The priest faints when he recognises that the executioner is the stranger who has been helping them, and realises that the handerkerchief was the king's. The story takes place during the Reign of Terror, from 1793 to 1794. It starts the day after the execution of King Louis XVI. The story is fictional, but it features an historical figure, Charles-Henri Sanson, who was the High Executioner, and conducted the execution of Louis XVI. However the story does not give his name. The Reign of Terror

title: Jean-Joseph de Laborde

text: this was not enough to save him from being guillotined in Paris under the "loi des suspects" on the orders of Louis de Saint-Just, in one of the last fits of the Reign of Terror in May 1794. In 1792 much of the fabulous Orleans Collection of paintings was briefly his, before he was forced by events to abandon his ambition to exhibit them in his Paris house, and sold them. Jean-Joseph de Laborde Jean-Joseph, marquis de Laborde (29 January 1724 – 18 April 1794) was a French businessman, "fermier général" and banker to the king, who turned politician. A

title: Champ de Mars Massacre

text: Champ de Mars Massacre The Champ de Mars Massacre took place on 17 July 1791 in Paris against a crowd of republican protesters in the midst of the French Revolution. The event is named after the site of the massacre, the Champ de Mars. Two days before, the National Constituent Assembly issued a decree that the king, Louis XVI, would retain his throne under a constitutional monarchy. This decision came after Louis and his family had unsuccessfully tried to flee France in the Flight to Varennes the month before. Later that day, leaders of the republicans in France rallied against

title: French Revolution

long_answer: External threats closely shaped the course of the Revolution. The Revolutionary Wars beginning in 1792 ultimately featured French victories that facilitated the conquest of the Italian Peninsula, the Low Countries and most territories west of the Rhine – achievements that had eluded previous French governments for centuries. Internally, popular agitation radicalised the Revolution significantly, culminating in the rise of Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins. The dictatorship imposed by the Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror, from 1793 until 1794, established price controls on food and other items, abolished slavery in French colonies abroad, dechristianised society through the creation of a new calendar and the expulsion of religious figures, and secured the borders of the new republic from its enemies. Large numbers of civilians were executed by revolutionary tribunals during the Terror, with estimates ranging from 16,000 to 40,000. After the Thermidorian Reaction, an executive council known as the Directory assumed control of the French state in 1795. The rule of the Directory was characterised by suspended elections, debt repudiations, financial instability, persecutions against the Catholic clergy, and significant military conquests abroad. Dogged by charges of corruption, the Directory collapsed in a coup led by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799. Napoleon, who became the hero of the Revolution through his popular military campaigns, went on to establish the Consulate and later the First Empire, setting the stage for a wider array of global conflicts in the Napoleonic Wars.


question: how many episodes of touching evil are there

answers: 16

title: Touching Evil (U.S. TV series)

text: Willis' production company Cheyenne Enterprises, and premiered on March 12, 2004. It ran for 12 episodes, ending on June 14, 2004. Although "Touching Evil" garnered acclaim from television critics, the USA Network deemed it commercially unsuccessful and opted not to renew the series for a second season. Returning from a year-long psychological leave of absence after surviving an almost-fatal gunshot wound to the head, Detective David Creegan (Jeffrey Donovan) is assigned to the FBI's Organized and Serial Crime Unit – a rapid-response, elite crime investigation squad – where he and his new partner, Detective Susan Branca (Vera Farmiga), find themselves

title: Touching Evil

text: Touching Evil Touching Evil is a British television drama serial following the exploits of a crack squad on the Organised & Serial Crime Unit, a rapid response police force that serves the entire county. It began airing in 1997. It was produced by United Productions for Anglia Television, and screened on the ITV network. The first season consists of six 50 minute (one-hour with advertisements) episodes. It was created by Paul Abbott, and written by Abbott with Russell T Davies. The serial was very popular, and led to two sequel serials in 1998 and 1999, although these were not written

title: Touching Evil (U.S. TV series)

text: committed to saving lives and solving cases. In spite of his inability to abide by common sense and the laws he is sworn to uphold, Creegan, with the help of Branca, works on hunting down the most vicious criminals on the streets. Touching Evil (U.S. TV series) Touching Evil is an American crime drama television series, based on the British series of the same name created by Paul Abbott. It starred Jeffrey Donovan as Detective David Creegan and Vera Farmiga as Creegan's partner Detective Susan Branca. Brian Markinson, Kevin Durand and Zach Grenier co-starred. The premise of this adaptation was

title: Touching Evil (U.S. TV series)

text: Touching Evil (U.S. TV series) Touching Evil is an American crime drama television series, based on the British series of the same name created by Paul Abbott. It starred Jeffrey Donovan as Detective David Creegan and Vera Farmiga as Creegan's partner Detective Susan Branca. Brian Markinson, Kevin Durand and Zach Grenier co-starred. The premise of this adaptation was somewhat different to the UK series' storyline. Rather than acquiring the ability to sense criminals, Creegan's recovery from a gunshot wound to the head instead strips him of his impulse control and sense of shame. The series was produced by actor Bruce

title: The Evil Touch

text: The Evil Touch The Evil Touch is an Australian-produced television series, originally broadcast in Australia in 1973 and produced by Amalgamated Pictures Australasia in association with Olola Productions Australia. An anthology series, each episode had a self-contained story usually in a thriller or horror style, and often with a twist ending. Subjects explored included the occult, science fiction, murder schemes, and whodunits. Each episode had a new cast of guest actors playing new characters, although several guest stars appeared in more than one episode. The series was produced by American producer Mende Brown and partly funded by the Nine Network.

title: The Evil Touch

text: A key feature was the involvement of internationally known actors. Some were lured to Australia to participate in the show by also being allowed to direct an episode. Supporting roles were filled by Australian actors. Although Australian television was still in black and white in 1973, to aid international marketability this series was shot entirely in colour, and on film. Each episode was introduced by Anthony Quayle who appeared in a darkened studio surrounded by unearthly golden smoke imagery, frequently reminding viewers that there "was a touch of evil in all of us". He returned to provide the epilogue to

title: The Evil Touch

text: and ITV in the UK, with later airings in the 1990s on Bravo. In Australia it was repeated in a late-night slot several times up until the mid-1980s. The Evil Touch The Evil Touch is an Australian-produced television series, originally broadcast in Australia in 1973 and produced by Amalgamated Pictures Australasia in association with Olola Productions Australia. An anthology series, each episode had a self-contained story usually in a thriller or horror style, and often with a twist ending. Subjects explored included the occult, science fiction, murder schemes, and whodunits. Each episode had a new cast of guest actors playing

title: Touch (TV series)

text: worse things on TV than a fast-paced action drama." "Touch" debuted to over 12 million viewers in the pilot episode, with the next episode pulling in more than 11.8 million. But ratings fell sharply after that, and the season one finale garnered just 4.6 million viewers. After the first two episodes of season two, all of the remaining 11 episodes fell short of 3 million viewers, leading to the series cancellation. Touch (TV series) Touch is an American drama television series that ran on Fox from January 25, 2012, to May 10, 2013. The series was created by Tim Kring

title: Touch (TV series)

text: bad guys, evil corporations, a family unit, and a headlong rush toward the Truth, whatever that may be." "The New York Times" Neil Genzlinger called the season "considerably darker and more complex," adding "The intricacies may make it harder for new viewers to crack the show without doing some catch-up watching, but they also make it far more absorbing." David Hinckley of the "Daily News" found two problems with the second season—"characters like popups in a video game" and "as the action ramps up, Jake's gift recedes." He added, "The show still has some interesting things happening, and there are

title: The Touch of Evil

text: The Touch of Evil The Touch of Evil is a fix-up fantasy horror novel written by John Rackham. Its three episodic parts were originally written as short stories and published in the December 1960 and June and December 1961 issues of the British magazine "Science Fantasy". The book was first published in paperback by Brown, Watson in 1963 as no. R658 of its Digit Books series. Narrated by protagonist Chapman Jones ("Chappie"), the stories involve his pulp-style adventures with colleagues Dr. Ken Wilson and others in combating menaces of supernatural horror. Madame Tara, the old fortune teller living upstairs from

title: Touch (TV series)

text: Fox TV Records on February 28, 2012. The first season of the show was met with "generally favorable" reviews, and obtained a Metacritic score of 63/100. The second season received "mixed or average" reviews with a Metacritic score of 60/100. Michael Landweber of PopMatters called the first episode "stunningly effective", and said that "its mix of spirituality and science, familial and global struggles, is galvanising." He also noted that "The boy's narration, unnervingly matter-of-fact about the nature of the universe, takes on more power when he reveals that in 11 years, he has never spoken a word." In a review

title: The Touch of Evil

text: of Dr. Wilson and Yalna in order to use their bodies to further their quest. Chappie and Hassim pursue them through London's seedy night scene in the doctor's Rolls Royce to thwart the plot and restore their friends. The country home of an old friend of Dr. Wilson is terrorized by an apelike monstrosity, which Wilson, Chappie and Yalna are called in to investigate. The villainous Beamish, dabbler in the dark arts, appears to be involved. The Touch of Evil The Touch of Evil is a fix-up fantasy horror novel written by John Rackham. Its three episodic parts were originally

title: Touched (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: Touched (Buffy the Vampire Slayer) "Touched" is the 20th episode of the seventh and final season of the television series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer". When Spike returns from his mission with Andrew, he is enraged to find that the Scooby Gang have lost faith in Buffy's leadership, during his absence, and have evicted her from her home. He denounces them all as traitors, then storms out in disgust to find Buffy after exchanging a few blows with Faith. Spike tracks down and comforts a depressed Buffy, while Faith accepts her role as the newly elected leader of the Potentials. The

title: A Touch of Murder

text: A Touch of Murder A Touch of Murder is the first episode in the BBC drama serial "I, Claudius", based on the novels by Robert Graves. It was first broadcast on 20 September 1976 on BBC 2, in a two-hour special, along with the second episode "Family Affairs", and subsequent DVD and VHS releases put the two episodes together. It first aired at 9:00 pm and finished at 9:50, with the next episode straight after, and was later repeated on 25 September at 10:20 pm. The story begins with an old Claudius in his study, just starting to write the

title: Touch (TV series)

text: Touch (TV series) Touch is an American drama television series that ran on Fox from January 25, 2012, to May 10, 2013. The series was created by Tim Kring and starred Kiefer Sutherland. During its first season the series aired regularly on Thursday nights beginning March 22, 2012. Thirteen episodes were ordered for the first season, with the two-episode season finale airing on Thursday, May 31, 2012. On May 9, 2012, Fox renewed the show for a second season. The second season was originally scheduled to begin Friday, October 26, 2012, but was pushed back to Friday, February 8, 2013.

title: Touched by an Angel (season 5)

text: was released to Region 1 DVD on July 24, 2012. The episodes use the song "Walk With You", performed by Reese, as their opening theme. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Touched by an Angel (season 5) The fifth season of the American dramatic television series "Touched by an Angel" aired CBS from September 20, 1998 through May 23, 1999, spanning 27 episodes. Created by John Masius and produced by Martha Williamson, the series chronicled the cases of two angels, Monica (Roma Downey) and her supervisor Tess (Della Reese), who bring messages from God to various people to help them as they reach a

title: Touched by an Angel (season 6)

text: as their opening theme. CBS released the sixth season on DVD on September 25, 2012. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Touched by an Angel (season 6) The sixth season of the American dramatic television series "Touched by an Angel" aired CBS from September 26, 1999 through May 21, 2000, spanning 26 episodes. Created by John Masius and produced by Martha Williamson, the series chronicled the cases of two angels, Monica (Roma Downey) and her supervisor Tess (Della Reese), who bring messages from God to various people to help them as they reach a crossroads in their lives. They are frequently joined by Andrew

title: The Evil Touch

text: each installment, always wishing viewers "pleasant dreams". Each episode featured a new setting and characters and a different cast. Several name actors appeared, acting in multiple episodes as different characters: Morrow and McGavin each directed one of the episodes they acted in. Australian actors in supporting roles included Jack Thompson, Elaine Lee, John Morris, June Thody, Tony Bonner, Neva Carr Glyn, Janet Kingsbury, Mirren Lee, Reg Evans. The series was initially screened in Australia by the Nine Network in a prime time slot. The series was also screened in first-run syndication and later re-ran on TV Land in the US

title: Willo the Wisp

text: being shown on weekdays between the end of the main children's programming for that afternoon, and the BBC Evening news at 5:40pm. The series was repeated on satellite channel Galaxy in 1989 and on Channel 4 during the early 1990s. On the Kult Kidz Gold DVD there was an extra video "Do Not Touch" which featured the last part of "Cats and Dogs", where Evil Edna makes the screen blank. In January 2008, a promotional DVD containing all 26 episodes from Season 1 was distributed by "The Times" newspaper. A second series of 26 episodes (5 minutes each) was produced

title: Touching Evil

title: Touched by an Angel

text: series moved from its Sunday time slot to a Saturday one, it dropped to 79th place, with 8.3 million viewers. A book on the series, "Touched by an Angel", was published by Zondervan in November 1997. Written by Williams and Robin Sheets, it contains background information on some of the stories featured, series production information, basic details on the first fifty episodes and profiles of Downey, Reese and Dye. It also has short story versions of four episodes: "Interview with an Angel", "There, but for the Grace of God", "An Unexpected Snow" and "Jacob's Ladder". A second book, "In the

title: Touch (TV series)

text: Amelia in their telepathic world. They also encounter Calvin Norburg (Lukas Haas), a former Aster Corps genius who is trying to heal his brain-damaged brother, and a murderous former priest, Guillermo Ortiz (Saïd Taghmaoui), who is determined to eliminate all of the Righteous 36 in order to restore the natural order of the universe, with God on top. After Lucy is killed on the orders of Aster Corps CEO Nicole Farington (Frances Fisher), Martin discovers that Farington plans to capture Jake and Amelia in order to decipher the God Sequence and use its predictive qualities to save the failing company.

title: Duel (1971 film)

text: Orson Welles' "Touch of Evil". Weaver repeats one of his lines from "Touch of Evil", telling the truck driver in the cafe that he has "another think coming." This phrase is commonly misstated as "another thing coming", as Weaver's character did in "Touch of Evil". In the Archive of American Television website, Spielberg is quoted in an interview given by Weaver as saying: "You know, I watch that movie at least twice a year to remember what I did". Matheson's script made explicit that the unnamed truck driver, the villain of the film, is unseen aside from the shots of

title: The Evil Queen (Once Upon a Time)

text: quite as bad as this one, which combines a gross abuse of magic with far-fetched plot developments and incredibly repetitive storytelling. Dear god, how many variations of Regina hunting down Snow White are we going to see on this show?" The Evil Queen (Once Upon a Time) "The Evil Queen" is the 20th episode of the second season of the American ABC fantasy/drama television series "Once Upon a Time", and the show's 42nd episode overall. It aired on April 28, 2013. In this episode, Hook helps Regina find a way to get her and Henry to the Enchanted Forest; and

title: Touched by an Angel (season 2)

text: Touched by an Angel (season 2) The second season of the American dramatic television series "Touched by an Angel" ran on CBS from September 23, 1995 to May 18, 1996, spanning 24 episodes. Created by John Masius and produced by Martha Williamson, the series chronicled the cases of two angels, Monica (Roma Downey) and her supervisor Tess (Della Reese), who bring messages from God to various people to help them as they reach a crossroads in their lives. A third angel, Andrew (John Dye) is introduced as the "Angel of Death". A season set containing all of the episodes of

title: Touched by an Angel (season 1)

text: Touched by an Angel (season 1) The first season of the American dramatic television series "Touched by an Angel" premiered on CBS on September 21, 1994 where it ran for 11 episodes until it concluded on March 4, 1995. Created by John Masius and produced by Martha Williamson, the series chronicled the cases of two angels, Monica (Roma Downey) and her supervisor Tess (Della Reese), who bring messages from God to various people to help them as they reach a crossroads in their lives. A season set containing all of the episodes of the season was released to Region 1

title: Touched by an Angel (season 3)

text: was released to Region 1 DVD on August 31, 2004. The episodes use the song "Walk With You", performed by Reese, as their opening theme. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Touched by an Angel (season 3) The third season of the American dramatic television series "Touched by an Angel" aired CBS from September 15, 1996 through May 18, 1997, spanning 29 episodes. Created by John Masius and produced by Martha Williamson, the series chronicled the cases of two angels, Monica (Roma Downey) and her supervisor Tess (Della Reese), who bring messages from God to various people to help them as they reach a

title: Touch (TV series)

text: The season ends with Amelia losing her special powers and Jake being secretly marked as the special one of the 36 by the rabbi. Calvin loses his sick brother after all his efforts, and Martin becomes the sole protector of the 36. The God Sequence is finally fully revealed. "Touch" season one was shot at The Culver Studios in Culver City, California, and on location in Los Angeles. Season two was filmed at Fox Studios in Century City, Los Angeles. "Three Little Birds", sung by Kayla Graham (Karen David), was released as a soundtrack single, on iTunes by 20th Century

title: Touched by an Angel (season 5)

text: Touched by an Angel (season 5) The fifth season of the American dramatic television series "Touched by an Angel" aired CBS from September 20, 1998 through May 23, 1999, spanning 27 episodes. Created by John Masius and produced by Martha Williamson, the series chronicled the cases of two angels, Monica (Roma Downey) and her supervisor Tess (Della Reese), who bring messages from God to various people to help them as they reach a crossroads in their lives. They are frequently joined by Andrew (John Dye), the angel of death. A season set containing all of the episodes of the season

title: Touched by an Angel (season 1)

text: DVD on August 31, 2004. The episodes use the song "Walk With You", performed by Reese, as their opening theme. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Touched by an Angel (season 1) The first season of the American dramatic television series "Touched by an Angel" premiered on CBS on September 21, 1994 where it ran for 11 episodes until it concluded on March 4, 1995. Created by John Masius and produced by Martha Williamson, the series chronicled the cases of two angels, Monica (Roma Downey) and her supervisor Tess (Della Reese), who bring messages from God to various people to help them as they

title: Touching Evil

long_answer: Touching Evil is a British television drama serial, which began airing in 1997. It was produced by United Productions for Anglia Television, and screened on the ITV network. The first season consists of six 50 minute (one-hour with advertisements) episodes. It was created by Paul Abbott, and written by Abbott with Russell T Davies. The serial was very popular, and led to two sequel serials in 1998 and 1999, although these were not written by Abbott or Davies. The first episode aired on 29 April 1997. The last episode of the series aired on 6 June 1999, after 16 episodes and 3 seasons.


question: who sang the song a white sports coat and a pink carnation

answers: Marty Robbins

title: A White Sport Coat

text: 1957. A version by Johnny Desmond received some play also, peaking at No. 62 on the U.S. pop charts. In UK the song was a notable hit for the English Rock'n'Roll singer Terry Dene, and also for The King Brothers. The Terry Dene version reached #18 in the UK Charts, while The King Brothers' recording peaked at #6, both in early summer 1957. Jimmy Buffett's 1973 album "A White Sport Coat and a Pink Crustacean" spoofs the title of the song. A White Sport Coat "A White Sport Coat" is a 1957 country and western song with words and music

title: Marty Robbins

text: "A White Sport Coat and a Pink Carnation" sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold record. His musical accomplishments include the Grammy Award for his 1959 hit and signature song "El Paso", taken from his album "Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs". "El Paso" was his first song to hit No. 1 on the pop chart in the 1960s. It was followed up, successfully, by "Don't Worry", which reached No. 3 on the pop chart in 1961, becoming his third, and last, Top 10 pop hit. "El Paso" was followed by one prequel and one sequel: "Faleena From

title: Carnation (Ringo Sheena song)

text: "Sports", the single "Sora ga Natteiru" / "Onna no Ko wa Dare Demo" (2011) and their fifth studio album "Dai Hakken" (2011). The project began when Shin Yasui, music supervisor for the film "Sakuran" that Sheena had worked together with, recommended her for the team working on "Carnation". Originally, Sheena was asked to create an upbeat song for the drama. As the drama was set in Kansai, Sheena decided to similarly give the song a Kansai feel, and created the song "Jinsei wa Omoidōri." However, after reading the script and watching the stop-motion sequence Koichiro Tsujikawa created for the opening,

title: Marty Robbins

text: the Seventies for the bleached-denim 'outlaw school' of Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson. Robbins belonged to the Jim Reeves era and he wore his embroidered cowboy suits proudly. Best known for the western ballad, "El Paso", his career also touched the rock 'n' roll side of country in songs like "White Sports Coat And A Pink Carnation", and he kept a touch of the dude about him to the end." In 1980, Robbins appeared on the PBS music program "Austin City Limits" (season 5). In addition to his recordings and performances, Robbins was an avid race car driver, competing in

title: Bad Romance

text: white origami-like jacket and a crystal embellished bodysuit with a matching white feathery masquerade mask and Giuseppe Zanotti booties. She also performed the song in a piano-only rendition at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival, before the world premier of her documentary, "". In the film, a scene of Gaga performing "Bad Romance" in the Rainbow Room, in celebration of Tony Bennett's 90th birthday, was also included. On March 14, 2010, Marco Hietala from Nightwish covered the song on the Finnish choir-singing TV show "Kuorosota". Hayley Williams, the lead singer from the band Paramore, covered a piano version of the

title: Let's Get Happy

text: in a colourful assortment of clothing. Lou wore a white jacket and trousers over a black top, along with a belt with a red fastener. Her two male cohorts appeared in suits, one in red and one in black. Her three female backing singers included a woman dressed in a black jacket and thigh-length boots, another dressed in a sleeveless green gown, and finally, a woman dressed in a sleeveless silver catsuit and platform shoes. This was prolific composer Ralph Siegel's fourteenth entry for Germany. It was succeeded as German representative at the 2004 Contest by Max with "Can't Wait

title: Northern Girl (Prime Minister song)

text: Northern Girl (Prime Minister song) "Northern Girl" is a song by the band Prime Minister. It represented Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2002. The singers all wore identical white suits. The song was about a girl who appeared to have a heart of ice, but had stolen the heart of the singer. It performed seventh on the night (following Croatia's Vesna Pisarović with "Everything I Want" and preceding Estonia's Sahlene with "Runaway"). At the close of the voting had received 55 points, placing 10th in a field of 24. It was succeeded as Russian representative by t.A.T.u. with Ne

title: Northern Girl (Prime Minister song)

text: Ver', Ne Boysia. Northern Girl (Prime Minister song) "Northern Girl" is a song by the band Prime Minister. It represented Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2002. The singers all wore identical white suits. The song was about a girl who appeared to have a heart of ice, but had stolen the heart of the singer. It performed seventh on the night (following Croatia's Vesna Pisarović with "Everything I Want" and preceding Estonia's Sahlene with "Runaway"). At the close of the voting had received 55 points, placing 10th in a field of 24. It was succeeded as Russian representative by

title: Symphony of Life

text: of her 2004 greatest hits album, Arena states: The music video for the song was directed by Yannick Saillet and had a colourful fantasy theme to the Metro Mix 7" version of the song. The video opens up to Arena walking on water wearing a brown dress and them comes across two girls in blue dresses dancing in pink flowers. The next scene, the chorus, shows Arena walking and dancing in a desert arena with many other girls dressed in brown. Once the second verse kicks in, Arena is then shown laying on grass with pink flower petals scattered around

title: Carnation (Ringo Sheena song)

text: she decided an entirely different song with a universal feel would be better suited. This led to the creation of "Carnation." When she first created the melody, she added a harp backing to the demo. This lead her to ask her frequent collaborator, conductor Neko Saito to work on the song as well. The song was recorded with a 40-person orchestra, led by Saito and concert master Great Eida. Even though she was asked as a soloist to create the theme song, Sheena wanted to include her band Tokyo Jihen in the process. Hence, Sheena invited the members to perform

title: You Got Style

text: a skimpy white bodice, with a cream-coloured sleeve over one arm, and the other bare, and red trousers. Her male cohorts, Viktoras and Vilius, each wore just one colour- Viktoras wore white, and Vilius black. They were joined by three male backing singers in brightly coloured afro wigs. The song was performed eighth on the night, following Sweden's Friends with "Listen To Your Heartbeat" and preceding Latvia's Arnis Mednis with "Too Much". At the close of voting, it had received 35 points, placing 13th in a field of 23. Ironically, as Contest historian John Kennedy O'Connor reports, the band had

title: Carnation (Ringo Sheena song)

text: the backing tracks and instruments for the songs on the single. Sheena had wanted the song to be released as a single by the band, however the staff involved with the drama specifically requested the song be under her solo stage name. The lyrics were completed at the very end of the song creating process, after the song arrangement. The B-side "Jinsei wa Omoidōri," as it was a candidate song to be used in the drama, was inspired by fashion designer Ayako Koshino, the subject of "Carnation". Sheena wrote the song about the strength of a mother. The other B-side,

title: World in Union

text: No.4 in the UK Singles Chart. Shirley Bassey and Bryn Terfel released a version of the song on 11 October 1999. It was controversially mimed live by at the opening of the series in June 1999, with Bassey famously wearing a gown designed on the Welsh flag. Three versions are featured on the CD single: a duet with Bassey and Terfel, Bassey's solo version and a version which features the choirs only. The duet version is performed partially in Welsh by Terfel. The official video was filmed at the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff and features various other Welsh landscapes. The single

title: Yassou Maria

text: composer Alex Papakonstantinou who is responsible for big hits by Elena Paparizou. At the national final, Sarbel was accompanied on stage by four female dancers, with blue lights and fire in the background. He wore black leather pants and a silver shirt. The choreography was complex which led with some problems with his microphone. The public chose the song as the winner voting 44.45% while the Jury also appointed him the winner giving him 17.46%. All together, he got an average of 39.69% votes. By order performed: The CD single was released on March 7, 2007 in Greece and Cyprus

title: Greece in the Eurovision Song Contest 2007

text: dress with while glove and a white hood. The background was orange-yellow. The male dancers used red ribbon-flags on stage. The video wall in the background showed the words "love" and "happiness" in different languages. The song had a microphone glitch in it mid-way when one of the dancers stepped on a wire. Christos Dantis chose "No Madonna", a song composed by himself with lyrics by Natalia Germanou. Together in 2005, they also composed the winning Eurovision song "My Number One" for Elena Paparizou. The song was rock-dance with an ethnic Greek twist. Christos Dantis was accompanied by 5 female

title: Never Gonna Fall in Love Again

text: of "The Carnation Kid" Side A Side B Weekly charts Year-end charts Unlike "All by Myself," Carmen's version of "Never Gonna Fall in Love Again" was not released in either Australia or the UK and therefore did not chart. However, Dana (pronounced 'Donna') reached #31 in the UK in 1976 with the song. Her British release charted concurrently with Carmen's and Holden's versions. Never Gonna Fall in Love Again "Never Gonna Fall in Love Again" is a song co-written and recorded by American pop rock artist Eric Carmen. It was released as the second single from Carmen's self-titled debut solo

title: Kim Goody

text: 1978 BBC music series "Hit the Note". In 1990, she competed in A Song For Europe to choose the UK song for The Eurovision Song Contest with the song "Sentimental Again". She came third. Sandie Shaw later recorded the song. Her husband Alan Coates, long standing member of 'The Hollies' band won the Song For Europe contest ten years earlier in 1980, going on to place 3rd at the Eurovision Song Contest as part of the group Prima Donna. She wrote the music for London Tonight, BBC Radio 5 Live, BBC's Good Morning with Anne and Nick, BBC News 24,

title: Hi Izuru Tokoro

text: (2011). 2011 saw the release of another solo single by Sheena, "Carnation". The song was commissioned for the asadora "Carnation" starring Machiko Ono. Sheena had wanted the song to be released by Tokyo Jihen, however the staff involved with the drama specifically requested the song be under her solo stage name. Sheena compromised by having the members of Tokyo Jihen perform the song with her and appear in the music video, however still labelling it as a 'Ringo Sheena' release. In 2011, Tokyo Jihen made the mutual decision to split up, and in 2012 released an extended play called "Color

title: Carnation (Ringo Sheena song)

text: the song again. The Yuichi Kodama-directed music video was first released on October 21, 2011. It features a starry night motif, where an orchestra performs the song with Sheena. Her Tokyo Jihen band members also make an appearance in the video. Reception by critics was positive for "Carnation." Takahashi Tomokita from "Rockin' On" praised the song for its simple and pure melody. CDJournal reviewers agreed, stating that three aspects, the song's "retro world view," Sheena's "whisper-like mysterious voice" and the "calm strings" came together to create a "beautiful waltz." Haruna Takekawa from Hot Express enjoyed the "magnificent orchestra sound" and

title: A White Sport Coat

text: "A White Sport Coat (and a Pink Carnation)" is a 1957 country and western song with words and music both written by Marty Robbins.  It was recorded on January 25, 1957, and released on the Columbia Records label, over a month later, on March 4. The arranger and recording session conductor was Ray Conniff, an in-house conductor/arranger at Columbia. Robbins had demanded to have Conniff oversee the recording after his earlier hit, "Singing the Blues", had been quickly eclipsed on the charts by Guy Mitchell's cover version scored and conducted by Conniff in October, 1956.

title: A Message to Your Heart

text: the night of the Contest, Womack was dressed in a pink mini-dress, flanked by three women (Zoe Picot, Lucy Moorby, and Nikki Belsher) in white mini-dresses. She was also joined by two other "ghost" backing singers, masked by a music stand at the back of the stage; Kit Rolfe who had competed for the UK before in 1984 with the song "Love Games" (which, it was claimed, had also used "ghost" singers offstage), and Hazell Dean, who had worked extensively with Stock, Aitken and Waterman in the eighties. After Eurovision, the song placed at No. 30 on the UK Singles

title: L'oiseau et l'enfant

text: orange gown while her five backup singers were clad in black. It was succeeded as French representative at the 1978 Contest by Joël Prévost with "Il y aura toujours des violons". In 2016, the UNICEF project Kids United covered the song in their second album "Tout le bonheur du monde". The song also appeared on SNEP singles charts in August 2016. L'oiseau et l'enfant "L'oiseau et l'enfant" ("The Bird and the Child") was the winning song in the Eurovision Song Contest 1977 performed in French by Marie Myriam, who represented France. The song was composed by Jean Paul Cara and

title: Melodifestivalen 2009

text: performance in a gigantic pink dress, which opens up to reveal seven backing dancers in Commedia dell'arte dress. The stage was filled with smoke and shone pink. Second on stage was Rigo & The Topaz Sound feat. Red Fox with "I Got U". The song mixes Motown with modern elements, with all on stage dressed as such, wearing red and white suits and dresses. The stage was filled to capacity, with two lead singers, a pianist, drummer, guitarist, saxophonist and two female backing singers. The next act on stage was Molly Sandén, who represented Sweden in the Junior Eurovision Song

title: Maybe (Emma Bunton song)

text: She chose to incorporate Bob Fosse's style of dancing (used in that musical) to create a "slick" and "different" work. The video starts with Bunton entering a hall, which is a big theatre, all painted in white. She is wearing a white hooded trench coat, which she then removes to reveal a black dress with a pink collar and cuffs (the same as the one on the cover of the single). Throughout the video there is a lot of dancing scenes behind white, green and pink backdrops. A 2004 review of the album "Free Me" by BBC Music described the

title: La Vie en rose

text: the years, including a 1993 version by American singer Donna Summer. Harry James also recorded a version in 1950 on Columbia 38768. Bing Crosby recorded the song again for his 1953 album "". The song's title can be translated as "Life in happy hues", "Life seen through happy lenses", "Life in rosy hues"; its literal meaning is "Life in Pink". The lyrics and melody of the song were written by Édith Piaf herself, but the melody was said officially to have been composed and registered by Louiguy only, since at the time, due to the stringent registration requirements of SACEM,

title: White and Black Blues

text: "Boum-Badaboum" for Minouche Barelli in 1967, which had finished fifth. Composed by Georges Augier de Moussac with lyrics by Serge Gainsbourg, the song was originally titled "Black Lolita Blues", however Ursull, the first black woman to represent France at the Contest, declined to perform it due to the pejorative connotations of the word. The rewritten version met with her approval and has become something of a fan favourite. The song itself deals with the need to overcome the prejudices of skin colour. Ursull sings that "When someone talks to me about skin colour/I have the blues which sends shivers down

title: Flower (Kylie Minogue song)

text: and thirty seven on the Ultratip Belgium Singles Chart (both Flanders and Wallonia). The song debuted at fifty-one on the Netherlands' singles chart. Directed by Kylie Minogue herself, she stated "I wanted to direct the video as I have always known how I wanted to illustrate the song." The music video was shot in Cornwall, England on 12 August 2012 and filmed in black and white. It featured Minogue lying on a chair with only a long white sheet covering her while looking through a mirror, Walking along a beach, wandering through woods and fields, walking along a tree trunk,

title: Terry Dene

text: the British Elvis and recognised as one of the best voices of the rock and roll era of pre-Beatles Britain. His first single, "A White Sport Coat", in the first seven weeks sold in excess of 300,000 copies, together with "Stairway of Love", which remained in the chart for eight weeks, and his own version of "Start Movin'" at number 14, put his records in the Top 20 of the UK Singles Chart twice in the same year, securing his name in the "Guinness Book of Records". He toured Britain, was one of the first to appear in the BBC

title: Flower (Kylie Minogue song)

text: playing on a swing, lying and sitting in a meadow of flowers and lying in a pool. Minogue wore a long, sheer white dress for the music video. It was released on 25 September 2012 on YouTube as part of Minogue's 'K25' celebrations where her Twitter followers had to unlock the video by tweeting the hashtag '#KylieFlower' 25,000 times. In three days, the video got more than 1 million views on YouTube. DailyMail gave it a positive review stating "Kylie Minogue may be 44-years-old, but she's proved that she can still compete in the steamy video stakes with her younger

title: Carnation (Ringo Sheena song)

text: on television. The first was at "Count Down TV" on October 29, followed by "Music Station" on November 11. At the "62nd NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen" on December 31, 2011, Sheena performed "Carnation" in a medley with the Tokyo Jihen song "Onna no Ko wa Dare Demo," along with the other members of Tokyo Jihen. The song was performed during Tokyo Jihen's 22 date tour "Discovery", which was held between September and December in 2010. An instrumental of "Carnation" was performed during Tokyo Jihen's "Bon Voyage" farewell tour in 2012. During Sheena's "Tōtaikai" solo concerts in November 2013, Sheena performed

title: A White Sport Coat


question: who wrote shes always a woman to me

answers: Billy Joel

answers: Joel

title: Ursula Masson

text: books in the Honno Classics series: Elizabeth Andrews, "A Woman's Work is Never Done" (2006) and "The Very Salt of Life: Welsh Women's Political Writings from Chartism to Suffrage" (2007). "For those of us who had the privilege of knowing her, it won't be the teacher or researcher or organizer we're primarily grieving, however, but the friend who always seemed to have space for people, and warmth and humour to give them, though she was so busy, and though, since 2001, she was fighting serious illness. In her final years she gave us an extraordinary example of the way in

title: Penny Valentine

text: Richard Williams, "She was probably the first woman to write about pop music as though it really mattered." She loved soul music, and supported singers such as Aretha Franklin and Marvin Gaye before they became famous. In 1964 she also recorded the novelty single "I Want To Kiss Ringo Goodbye" which celebrates The Beatles' drummer Ringo Starr. As a young woman, she also wrote articles for a variety of publications on the then-current "Swinging London" phenomenon. Chris Welch commented that she "was part of a social whirl of receptions, parties and night-clubbing that made Swinging London such fun...The Beatles and

title: She's a Woman

text: She's a Woman "She's a Woman" is a song by the Beatles, written mainly by Paul McCartney and credited to Lennon–McCartney. John Lennon contributed to the lyrics and middle eight (the bridge). The song was finished in the studio the morning of the session. It was released as the B-side to "I Feel Fine" in 1964, their last single release that year. It reached number 4 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 from frequent airplay. In New Zealand, the song reached number one for one week. The song was featured in the movie Help! (1965). "She's a Woman" has been described

title: Rosetta Reitz

text: 1981, Reitz organized a tribute to the "Women of Jazz" at Avery Fisher Hall as part of the Newport Jazz Festival. Called "The Blues is a Woman", the program, narrated by Carmen McRae, featured music by Adelaide Hall, Big Mama Thornton, Nell Carter and Koko Taylor. Ms Reitz was the recipient of three awards—the Wonder Woman Award of 1982, a Grandmother Winifred grant in 1994, and the Veteran Feminists of America in 2002 Roll of Honor for feminists writers, She died at age 84 on November 1, 2008 in Manhattan, New York of cardiopulmonary problems. She is survived by 3

title: She Belongs to Me

text: of the Velvet Underground has stated that he believes the song to be about Nico, with whom Dylan spent some time around the time of the song's composition. An alternate interpretation of the song is that it is a paean to Dylan's muse, depicting it as unapproachable but domineering. The song She Belongs To Me was written in 1965, the year Bob Dylan married Shirley Noznisky [aka Sara Lownds]. The song could be about any of these women. Most people see it as a positive and complimentary song, given the lyrics and the tender way Dylan sings it. Any perceived

title: Only One Woman

text: Only One Woman "Only One Woman" is a song and the first single by English duo The Marbles, written by Barry, Robin and Maurice Gibb of the Bee Gees. It later also appeared on their self-titled album "The Marbles". It was recorded around July 1968 in IBC Studios, London. The backing track was created by Barry Gibb, Maurice Gibb and Colin Petersen, with an orchestral arrangement by Bill Shepherd. Colin plays the same percussion effect as on "I've Gotta Get a Message to You". The song exists only in a mono mix. The song was the biggest hit they had

title: James Tiptree Jr.

text: but she did correspond regularly with fans and other science fiction authors through the mail. When asked for biographical details, Tiptree/Sheldon was forthcoming in everything but her sex. According to her biographer, Julie Phillips, "No one had ever seen or spoken to the owner of this voice. He wrote letters, warm, frank, funny letters, to other writers, editors, and science fiction fans." In her letters to fellow writers such as Ursula K. Le Guin and Joanna Russ, she would present herself as a feminist man; however, Sheldon did not present herself as male in person. Writing was a way to

title: She Belongs to Me

text: and moral conviction. The lyrics may refer to Suze Rotolo, Dylan's girlfriend from July 1961 to early 1964. Some of the lyrics of "She Belongs to Me" could refer to Dylan's former lover, folk singer Joan Baez, particularly the line about the woman wearing an "Egyptian ring", since Dylan had given Baez such a ring. Other lines that may refer to Baez are a line describing her as "an artist" and a reference to being a "walking antique", which may be a reference to Baez' desire to keep Dylan writing protest songs but could easily be a compliment. John Cale

title: Lou Andreas-Salomé

text: the psychology of female sexuality before she ever met Freud, in her book "Die Erotik" (1911). She wrote more than a dozen novels, such as "Im Kampf um Gott", "Ruth", "Rodinka", "Ma", "Fenitschka – eine Ausschweifung" and also non-fiction studies such as "Henrik Ibsens Frauengestalten" (1892), a study of Ibsen's woman characters and a book on her friend Nietzsche, "Friedrich Nietzsche in seinen Werke" (1894). She edited a memoir on her lifelong close friend and onetime lover, the poet Rainer Maria Rilke, after his death in 1926. Among her works is also her "Lebensrückblick", a book she wrote during her

title: Mná na hÉireann

text: avoiding it (third verse—though this may be ironic in the original), and whom his lover wants dead (first verse). <poem>There's a woman in Erin who'd give me shelter and my fill of ale; There's a woman in Ireland who'd prefer my strains to strings being played; There's a woman in Eirinn and nothing would please her more Than to see me burning or in a grave lying cold. There's a woman in Eirinn who'd be mad with envy if I was kissed By another on fair-day, they have strange ways, but I love them all; There are women I'll always

title: Woman to Woman (Joe Cocker song)

text: Woman to Woman (Joe Cocker song) "Woman to Woman" is a song written by Joe Cocker and Chris Stainton. It was released on Cocker's 1972 album "Joe Cocker" (December 1972) and reached the top in the singles chart of Spain. It has been recorded by other artists. It has also been heavily sampled in hip hop, for example in "Funky" by Ultramagnetic MCs (1987), "Knick Knack Patty Wack" by EPMD (1989), "Blast From the Past" by Ultramagnetic MC's (1992), "New Jack Swing II" by Wreckx-N-Effect, "California Love" by 2Pac featuring Dr. Dre and Roger Troutman (1995), "Honey" by Moby (1999),

title: Letter to My Daughter

text: Oprah Winfrey, and realized that she should put the essays they inspired into a book so that others could read them. Although she had no daughters, and gave birth to a son (Guy Johnson), which she called "the best thing that ever happened to me in my life", many women in Angelou's career looked to her as a mother figure. She wrote "Letters" to speak to those women and to share with them the wisdom she has gained throughout her long life. According to writer Gary Younge of "The Guardian", most of the essays "end with the kind of wisdom

title: Evelyn McDonnell

text: women on all music-industry levels. McDonnell wrote: "It was the early '90s, when direct activism, identity politics, hip-hop, and grunge were driving forces of the dawn of the Clinton era. We were a new breed of woman whom pundits, including some in our own ranks, struggled to name: postfeminists, womanists, Riot Grrrls, pro-sex feminists, do-me feminists (a name obviously thought up by a men's magazine), third-wave feminists, lipstick lesbians, bitches with attitudes." McDonnell and Ann Powers co-edited "Rock She Wrote: Women Write About Rock, Pop, and Rap," published in 1995. An anthology of women's writing on music from the 1960s

title: Woman to Woman (Joe Cocker song)

text: "Astro Black" by Quasimoto (2000), "He's Unbelievable" by Sarah Connor (October 29, 2002), and "We Keep It Rockin'" by Maino featuring Swizz Beatz, Jadakiss, Jim Jones and Joell Ortiz (2010). It was also included in the soundtrack for the popular video game "", on the '' radio station, where Tommy "The Nightmare" Smith (Axl Rose) introduces the song with the words, "I think you're gonna love this record...or you would if you were man enough." Woman to Woman (Joe Cocker song) "Woman to Woman" is a song written by Joe Cocker and Chris Stainton. It was released on Cocker's 1972

title: Woman to Woman (Shirley Brown song)

text: Woman to Woman (Shirley Brown song) "Woman to Woman" is the title of a 1974 deep soul single recorded by Shirley Brown for whom it was a #1 R&B hit. The song was written by James Banks, Eddie Marion and Henderson Thigpen, who had previously written hits for Little Milton, the Bar-Kays and other Stax Records artists. According to Thigpen, he and Banks were brainstorming ideas for songs at Stax Studio "trying to come up withsomething different. When people get serious, they say: 'Hey, let's talk man to man'We thought it would be interesting to have a song with somebody

title: Something About a Woman

text: Something About a Woman "Something About a Woman" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Jake Owen. It was released in August 2007 as the third and final single from his debut album "Startin' with Me". Owen wrote this song with Bob Regan and Jimmy Ritchey. The song describes a narrator who is in love with a woman, and because of this, he states how there is nothing else in the world like the love of a woman. Brady Vercher of Engine 145 gave the song a "thumbs down" review. Vercher stated that "eighty percent of

title: Edith Summerskill

text: that time and later became a doctor and a Member of Parliament and of Cabinet. Edith Summerskill’s letters to Shirley were collected and published in a book Letters to My Daughter (1957). Summerskill outlines her belief that women are superior to men in almost every way. In support of such a theory Summerskill presents three "facts": firstly, that only women can enjoy two worlds of creative enterprise the biological and the intellectual. Secondly she suggests women are physically stronger, live longer are constitutionally tougher, having greater stamina. Finally she believes women have equal if not greater intellect than men. Although

title: Selma James

text: C. L. R. James. In 1952, she wrote the classic "A Woman’s Place", first published as a column in "Correspondence", a bi-weekly newspaper written and edited by its readers with an audience of mainly working-class people. Unusually at the time, the newspaper had pages dedicated to giving women, young people and Black people an autonomous voice. She was a regular columnist and edited the Women's Page. In 1955, she came to England to marry C. L. R. James, who had been deported from the United States during the McCarthy period. They were together for 25 years, and were close political

title: Woman, Woman

text: Woman, Woman "Woman, Woman" is a song written and composed by Jim Glaser and Jimmy Payne and recorded by Gary Puckett & The Union Gap, using session musicians from "The Wrecking Crew," for their 1968 debut album, "Woman, Woman." Like most of the band's hits, it is a ballad centered around Gary Puckett's soulful vocals. The lyrics are from the perspective of a man who senses that his wife is dissatisfied with him sexually, and fears that she is going to start "cheating" on him. The song went to number 3 in Cash Box and number 4 on the "Billboard"

title: She's Always a Woman

title: Mehetabel Wesley Wright

text: phrasing, while tinged with the gloom which accompanied her marriage. The regard that Wright was given can be judged by a letter written by the celebrity novelist Samuel Richardson in 1750 (or 1754). Here, he attempted to list women of his time who were "moral examples of their sex". This was not an exhaustive list and although Richardson included Wright, he did not include every gifted woman he knew. John Duncombe circulated some of her poems in the 1750s, and included her approvingly in "The Feminead; or, Female Genius" (1754). Adam Clarke collected a number of her poems, as well

title: Carolyn Gold Heilbrun

text: Columbia a reputation for encouraging feminist studies in modernism. Nothing could be further from the truth." Heilbrun was a scholar and the author of 14 nonfiction books, including the feminist study "Writing a Woman's Life" (1988). These books include: Carolyn Gold Heilbrun Carolyn Gold Heilbrun (January 13, 1926 – October 9, 2003) was an American academic at Columbia University, the first woman to receive tenure in the English department, and a prolific feminist author of academic studies. In addition, beginning in the 1960s, she published numerous popular mystery novels with a woman protagonist, under the pen name of Amanda Cross.

title: Gloria Steinem

text: she's any less of a feminist but she's identified by her nearest male analog. Well, I don't have a male analog so the press has to identify me with the movement. I suppose I could be referred to as a journalist, but because "Ms." is part of a movement and not just a typical magazine, I'm more likely to be identified with the movement. There's no other slot to put me in." Contrary to popular belief, Steinem did not coin the feminist slogan "A woman needs a man like a fish needs a bicycle." Although she helped popularize it, the

title: Mná na hÉireann

text: Ireland to whom my singing is sweeter than the music of strings There's a woman in Ireland who would much prefer me leaping Than laid in the clay and my belly under the sod There's a woman in Ireland who'd envy me if I got naught but a kiss From a woman at a fair, isn't it strange, and the love I have for them There's a woman I'd prefer to a battalion, and a hundred of them whom I will never get And an ugly, swarthy man with no English has a beautiful girl There's a woman who would

title: Women in music

text: Augusta Browne and Marion Dix Sullivan. By 1900, there were many more women songwriters, but "many were still forced to use pseudonyms or initials" to hide the fact that they were women. Carrie Jacobs-Bond was the "preeminent woman composer of the late 1800's and well into the middle of the twentieth century... [making her] the first million selling woman" songwriter. Maude Nugent (1877–1958) wrote "Sweet Rosie O'Grady" in 1896. She also penned "Down At Rosie Reilly's Flat", "My Irish Daisy" and "Mary From Tipperary". Charlotte Blake (1885–1979) was a staff writer for at the Whitney Warner Publishing Co., in Detroit,

title: Sharon Olds

text: as Galway Kinnell, Muriel Rukeyser and Gwendolyn Brooks than by confessional poets like Anne Sexton or Sylvia Plath. Plath, she comments "was a great genius, with an IQ of at least double mine" and while these women charted well the way of women in the world she says "their steps were not steps I wanted to put my feet in." When Olds first sent her poetry to a literary magazine she received a reply saying,"This is a literary magazine. If you wish to write about this sort of subject, may we suggest the "Ladies' Home Journal". The true subjects of

title: Still a Woman

text: Still a Woman "Still a Woman" was a song co-written and released as a single by American country artist Margo Smith. It was one of several top ten country hits Smith would enjoy during the late 1970s. The song was the first single released from her 1979 album entitled "A Woman". "Still a Woman" signified Smith's transition towards a sexually-charged persona. It has also been considered one of country music's first songs to characterize the point of view of a middle-aged woman. "Still a Woman" was co-written by Margo Smith, and also with Mack David and Norro Wilson. The latter

title: Moa Martinson

text: the boundaries in her articles, she went too far in 1924, when she wrote that women and men should receive equal pay for equal work. Quarrels started at the magazine, resulting in Martinson resigning from the paper, but due to her contributions in "Arbetaren" she was now known to the public although mostly in syndicalistic circles. One author who had significant impact on Martinson was Martin Andersen Näxö. It was the first time she recognized her own experiences in a literary work. She wrote a letter to him, telling him about her own life and also sent an article she

title: Laura Nyro

text: as looking like a "Morticia Addams" caricature with her long, dark hair, and called her a "brilliant songwriter" but "oddly inarticulate" in terms of musical terminology. Ian was a fan of Nyro's work with producer Charlie Calello and chose him as the producer of her 1969 album "Who Really Cares" on the basis of his work with Nyro. Comedian, writer, and singer Sandra Bernhard has spoken extensively of Laura Nyro as an ongoing inspiration. She dedicated a song, "The Woman I Could've Been" on "Excuses for Bad Behavior (Part One)", to her. She also sang Nyro's "I Never Meant to

title: Cynthia Heimel

text: a woman about women. She continued to produce books based on her columns into the mid 1990s, while becoming a writer for television with Kate and Allie, then moving to Hollywood, where she worked on Dear John. In 1986 she wrote a play, "A Girl's Guide to Chaos" that was also published as a book. The "New York Times" said of her that "Like Dorothy Parker, Ms. Heimel is an urban romantic with a scathing X-ray vision that penetrates her most deeply cherished fantasies." Douglas Adams said she was "like P.G. Wodehouse if he wrote about sex". "Kirkus" summed them

title: She's Always a Woman

long_answer: The song was released in 1977, following several other hits from The Stranger including "Just the Way You Are", "Movin' Out (Anthony's Song)" and "Only the Good Die Young". Musically, Joel has said that he was influenced by Gordon Lightfoot and his mellow acoustic guitar ballads. It is a love song that Joel wrote for his then wife, Elizabeth Weber. Elizabeth had taken over management of Joel's career, and was able to put his financial affairs in order after Joel had signed some bad deals and contracts. She was a tough and savvy negotiator who could "wound with her eyes" or "steal like a thief", but would "never give in". Because of her tough-as-nails negotiating style, many business adversaries thought she was "unfeminine," but to Joel, she was always a woman. The two eventually divorced in 1982.


question: where does new crust come from in sea floor spreading

answers: basaltic magma

answers: volcanic activity

title: Crust (geology)

text: centers, where partial-melting of the underlying mantle yields basaltic magmas and new ocean crust forms. This "ridge push" is one of the driving forces of plate tectonics, and it is constantly creating new ocean crust. That means that old crust must be destroyed somewhere, so, opposite a spreading center, there is usually a subduction zone: a trench where an ocean plate is being shoved back into the mantle. This constant process of creating new ocean crust and destroying old ocean crust means that the oldest ocean crust on Earth today is only about 200 million years old. In contrast, the

title: Geology of the Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex

text: ≈165 Ma. Sea floor spreading is where new oceanic lithosphere is being created by upwelling of material, unlike rifting where it only involved the stretching of the crust. Convection currents in the sub-lithospheric mantle are the driving mechanisms that caused sea floor spreading to occur. New lithosphere is made when hot material beneath ocean ridges is brought to the surface by these cells. As the new lithosphere moves horizontally away from the ridges, the new crust added to the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic caused the continents of North America and South America to be moved apart. Seafloor spreading

title: Earth science

text: is known as plate tectonics. Plate tectonics might be thought of as the process by which the Earth is resurfaced. As the result of seafloor spreading, new crust and lithosphere is created by the flow of magma from the mantle to the near surface, through fissures, where it cools and solidifies. Through subduction, oceanic crust and lithosphere returns to the convecting mantle. Areas of the crust where new crust is created are called "divergent boundaries", those where it is brought back into the Earth are "convergent boundaries" and those where plates slide past each other, but no new lithospheric material

title: Seafloor spreading

text: As new seafloor forms and spreads apart from the mid-ocean ridge it slowly cools over time. Older seafloor is therefore colder than new seafloor, and older oceanic basins deeper than new oceanic basins due to isostasy. If the diameter of the earth remains relatively constant despite the production of new crust, a mechanism must exist by which crust is also destroyed. The destruction of oceanic crust occurs at subduction zones where oceanic crust is forced under either continental crust or oceanic crust. Today, the Atlantic basin is actively spreading at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Only a small portion of the oceanic

title: Plate tectonics

text: of the ocean crust was performed using Heezen's mechanism of spreading along the ridges. Hess therefore concluded that the Atlantic Ocean was expanding while the Pacific Ocean was shrinking. As old oceanic crust is "consumed" in the trenches (like Holmes and others, he thought this was done by thickening of the continental lithosphere, not, as now understood, by underthrusting at a larger scale of the oceanic crust itself into the mantle), new magma rises and erupts along the spreading ridges to form new crust. In effect, the ocean basins are perpetually being "recycled," with the creation of new crust and

title: Crust (geology)

text: crustal rocks formed before 2.5 billion years ago are located in cratons. Such old continental crust and the underlying mantle asthenosphere are less dense than elsewhere in Earth and so are not readily destroyed by subduction. Formation of new continental crust is linked to periods of intense orogeny; these periods coincide with the formation of the supercontinents such as Rodinia, Pangaea and Gondwana. The crust forms in part by aggregation of island arcs including granite and metamorphic fold belts, and it is preserved in part by depletion of the underlying mantle to form buoyant lithospheric mantle. A theoretical protoplanet named

title: Crust (geology)

text: collided and stuck, gradually growing into a planet. This process generated an enormous amount of heat, which caused early Earth to melt completely. As planetary accretion slowed, Earth began to cool, forming its first crust, called a primary or primordial crust. This crust was likely repeatedly destroyed by large impacts, then reformed from the magma ocean left by the impact. None of Earth's primary crust has survived to today; all was destroyed by erosion, impacts, and plate tectonics over the past several billion years. Since then, Earth has been forming secondary and tertiary crust. Secondary crust forms at mid-ocean spreading

title: Magmatic underplating

text: the crust. Seismic studies of the crust at depth have done a great deal to identify magmatic underplating, but without direct samples to look at, it can be problematic for geologists to agree on the source of an anomaly. Seismic studies of the Laccadive Islands in the Indian Ocean revealed a high-velocity layer of thickened crust between 16 and 24 km below the surface; these were corroborated with tomographic work in the nearby Kutch District, which identified a large mafic body at depth, close to the mantle. However, tomographic studies in Norway undertaken to identify the source of locally thickened

title: Seafloor spreading

text: tens of kilometers wide, a crustal accretion zone within the boundary zone where the ocean crust is youngest, and an instantaneous plate boundary - a line within the crustal accretion zone demarcating the two separating plates. Within the crustal accretion zone is a 1-2 km-wide neovolcanic zone where active volcanism occurs. In the general case, sea floor spreading starts as a rift in a continental land mass, similar to the Red Sea-East Africa Rift System today. The process starts by heating at the base of the continental crust which causes it to become more plastic and less dense. Because less

title: Seafloor spreading

text: other areas), material from the upper mantle rises through the faults between oceanic plates to form new crust as the plates move away from each other, a phenomenon first observed as continental drift. When Alfred Wegener first presented a hypothesis of continental drift in 1912, he suggested that continents ploughed through the ocean crust. This was impossible: oceanic crust is both more dense and more rigid than continental crust. Accordingly, Wegener's theory wasn't taken very seriously, especially in the United States. Since then, it has been shown that the motion of the continents is linked to seafloor spreading by the

title: Lithosphere-Asthenosphere boundary

text: found to become deeper under older crust, thus supporting the suggestion that the discontinuity is closely interrelated to the LAB. Beneath oceanic crust, the LAB ranges anywhere from 50 to 140 km in depth except at mid-ocean ridges where the LAB is no deeper than the depth of the new crust being created. Seismic evidence shows that oceanic plates do thicken with age. This would suggest that the Lithosphere-Asthenosphere boundary underneath oceanic lithosphere also deepens with plate age. Data from ocean seismometers indicate a sharp age-dependent LAB beneath the Pacific and Philippine plates and has been interpreted as evidence for

title: Mid-ocean ridge

text: oceanic spreading centers. Mid-ocean ridge basalt is a tholeiitic basalt and is characteristically low in incompatible elements. The rocks making up the crust below the seafloor are youngest along the axis of the ridge and age with increasing distance from that axis. New magma of basalt composition emerges at and near the axis because of decompression melting in the underlying Earth's mantle. The oceanic crust is made up of rocks much younger than the Earth itself. Most oceanic crust in the ocean basins is less than 200 million years old. The crust is in a constant state of "renewal" at

title: Earth's crustal evolution

text: crust, increasing the difficulty in determining its nature. Recycling of existing primordial crust contributes to the production of secondary crust. Partial melting of the existing crust increases the mafic content of the melt producing basaltic secondary crust. A further method of formation due to the decay of radioactive elements within the Earth releasing heat energy and eventually causing the partial melting of upper mantle, also producing basaltic lavas. As a result, most secondary crust on Earth is formed at mid ocean ridges forming the oceanic crust. The present day continental crust is an example of a tertiary crust. Tertiary crust

title: Oceanic crust

text: continuously being created at mid-ocean ridges. As plates diverge at these ridges, magma rises into the upper mantle and crust. As it moves away from the ridge, the lithosphere becomes cooler and denser, and sediment gradually builds on top of it. The youngest oceanic lithosphere is at the oceanic ridges, and it gets progressively older away from the ridges. As the mantle rises it cools and melts, as the pressure decreases and it crosses the solidus. The amount of melt produced depends only on the temperature of the mantle as it rises. Hence most oceanic crust is the same thickness

title: Supercontinent cycle

text: °C for the eastern Pacific) and "d" is the depth of the ridge below the ocean surface. After plugging in rough numbers for the sea floor, the equation becomes: where "d" is in meters and "t" is in millions of years, so that just-formed crust at the mid-ocean ridges lies at about 2,500 m depth, whereas 50-million-year-old seafloor lies at a depth of about 5,000 m. As the mean level of the sea floor decreases, the volume of the ocean basins increases, and if other factors that can control sea level remain constant, sea level falls. The converse is also

title: Mid-ocean ridge

text: ridges and that every year of new seafloor is formed by this process. With a crustal thickness of , this amounts to about of new ocean crust formed every year. Mid-ocean ridge A mid-ocean ridge (MOR) is an underwater mountain system formed by plate tectonics. It consists of various mountains linked in chains, typically having a valley known as a rift running along its spine. This type of oceanic mountain ridge is characteristic of what is known as an 'oceanic spreading center', which is responsible for seafloor spreading. The production of new seafloor results from mantle upwelling in response to

title: Plate tectonics

text: that all along the globe, a system of mid-oceanic ridges was detected. An important conclusion was that along this system, new ocean floor was being created, which led to the concept of the "Great Global Rift". This was described in the crucial paper of Bruce Heezen (1960), which would trigger a real revolution in thinking. A profound consequence of seafloor spreading is that new crust was, and still is, being continually created along the oceanic ridges. Therefore, Heezen advocated the so-called "expanding Earth" hypothesis of S. Warren Carey (see above). So, still the question remained: how can new crust be

title: Earth's crustal evolution

text: seen today. The initial crystallisation of minerals from the magma ocean formed the primordial crust. A potential explanation of this process states the resultant solidification of the mantle edge took place approximately 4.43 Ga. This would subsequently produce continents composed of komatiite, an ultramafic rock rich in magnesium with a high melting point and low dynamic viscosity. Another line of research follows up on this, proposing that differences in the densities of newly formed crystals caused separation of crustal rocks; upper crust largely composed of fractionated gabbros and lower crust composed of anorthosites. The overall result of initial crystallisation formed

title: Abyssal plain

text: descend back into the mantle. At the consumption edge of the plate (the oceanic trench), the oceanic lithosphere has thermally contracted to become quite dense, and it sinks under its own weight in the process of subduction. The subduction process consumes older oceanic lithosphere, so oceanic crust is seldom more than 200 million years old. The overall process of repeated cycles of creation and destruction of oceanic crust is known as the Supercontinent cycle, first proposed by Canadian geophysicist and geologist John Tuzo Wilson. New oceanic crust, closest to the mid-oceanic ridges, is mostly basalt at shallow levels and has

title: Seafloor spreading

title: Plate tectonics

text: the destruction of old oceanic lithosphere occurring simultaneously. Thus, the new mobilistic concepts neatly explained why the Earth does not get bigger with sea floor spreading, why there is so little sediment accumulation on the ocean floor, and why oceanic rocks are much younger than continental rocks. Beginning in the 1950s, scientists like Victor Vacquier, using magnetic instruments (magnetometers) adapted from airborne devices developed during World War II to detect submarines, began recognizing odd magnetic variations across the ocean floor. This finding, though unexpected, was not entirely surprising because it was known that basalt—the iron-rich, volcanic rock making up the

title: Oceanic crust

text: having a mean density of about 3.0 grams per cubic centimeter as opposed to continental crust which has a density of about 2.7 grams per cubic centimeter. The crust uppermost is the result of the cooling of magma derived from mantle material below the plate. The magma is injected into the spreading center, which consists mainly of a partly solidified crystal mush derived from earlier injections, forming magma lenses that are the source of the sheeted dikes that feed the overlying pillow lavas. As the lavas cool they are, in most instances, modified chemically by seawater. These eruptions occur mostly

title: Oceanic crust

text: older oceanic lithosphere, so oceanic crust is seldom more than 200 million years old. The process of super-continent formation and destruction via repeated cycles of creation and destruction of oceanic crust is known as the Wilson cycle. The oldest large scale oceanic crust is in the west Pacific and north-west Atlantic - both are about up to 180-200 million years old. However, parts of the eastern Mediterranean Sea are remnants of the much older Tethys ocean, at about 270 and up to 340 million years old. The oceanic crust displays a pattern of magnetic lines, parallel to the ocean ridges,

title: Oceanic crust

text: (7±1 km). Very slow spreading ridges (<1 cm·yr half-rate) produce thinner crust (4–5 km thick) as the mantle has a chance to cool on upwelling and so it crosses the solidus and melts at lesser depth, thereby producing less melt and thinner crust. An example of this is the Gakkel Ridge under the Arctic Ocean. Thicker than average crust is found above plumes as the mantle is hotter and hence it crosses the solidus and melts at a greater depth, creating more melt and a thicker crust. An example of this is Iceland which has crust of thickness ~20 km.

title: Drummond Matthews

text: the newly formed crust away from the ridge, widening the ocean basin and pushing the continents apart. In 1962 Matthews, as a research fellow at King's College, Cambridge, made a survey across part of an ocean ridge in the north-west Indian Ocean. This revealed a pattern of magnetic anomalies running in parallel stripes and virtually symmetrically on either side of the ridge. The most plausible explanation for these anomalies required the assumption (already in circulation at the time, but not yet proven) that the Earth's magnetic field had reversed its polarity repeatedly over time. Ocean crust consists of basic igneous

title: Abyssal plain

text: mantle is partially melted into magma as it moves upwards under mid-ocean ridges. This upwelling magma then cools and solidifies by conduction and convection of heat to form new oceanic crust. Accretion occurs as mantle is added to the growing edges of a tectonic plate, usually associated with seafloor spreading. The age of oceanic crust is therefore a function of distance from the mid-ocean ridge. The youngest oceanic crust is at the mid-ocean ridges, and it becomes progressively older, cooler and denser as it migrates outwards from the mid-ocean ridges as part of the process called mantle convection. The lithosphere,

title: Continental crust

text: continental crust. It makes up about 70% of the volume of Earth's crust. Because the surface of continental crust mainly lies above sea level, its existence allowed land life to evolve from marine life. Its existence also provides broad expanses of shallow water known as epeiric seas and continental shelves where complex metazoan life could become established during early Paleozoic time, in what is now called the Cambrian explosion. All continental crust ultimately derives from the fractional differentiation of oceanic crust over many millions of years. This process has occurred, and continues to occur today, primarily as a result of

title: Plate tectonics

text: utilizing the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's research vessel "Atlantis" and an array of instruments, confirmed the existence of a rise in the central Atlantic Ocean, and found that the floor of the seabed beneath the layer of sediments consisted of basalt, not the granite which is the main constituent of continents. They also found that the oceanic crust was much thinner than continental crust. All these new findings raised important and intriguing questions. The new data that had been collected on the ocean basins also showed particular characteristics regarding the bathymetry. One of the major outcomes of these datasets was

title: Plate tectonics

text: Hess and Dietz had begun to theorise that mid-ocean ridges mark structurally weak zones where the ocean floor was being ripped in two lengthwise along the ridge crest (see the previous paragraph). New magma from deep within the Earth rises easily through these weak zones and eventually erupts along the crest of the ridges to create new oceanic crust. This process, at first denominated the "conveyer belt hypothesis" and later called seafloor spreading, operating over many millions of years continues to form new ocean floor all across the 50,000 km-long system of mid-ocean ridges. Only four years after the maps

title: Seafloor spreading

text: at fast rates an axial high is found within the crustal accretion zone. The differences in spreading rates affect not only the geometries of the ridges but also the geochemistry of the basalts that are produced. Since the new oceanic basins are shallower than the old oceanic basins, the total capacity of the world's ocean basins decreases during times of active sea floor spreading. During the opening of the Atlantic Ocean, sea level was so high that a Western Interior Seaway formed across North America from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean. At the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (and in

title: Seafloor spreading

long_answer: Seafloor spreading is a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge. Seafloor spreading helps explain continental drift in the theory of plate tectonics. When oceanic plates diverge, tensional stress causes fractures to occur in the lithosphere.The motivating force for seafloor spreading ridges is tectonic plate pull rather than magma pressure, although there is typically significant magma activity at spreading ridges. At a spreading center basaltic magma rises up the fractures and cools on the ocean floor to form new seabed. Hydrothermal vents are common at spreading centers. Older rocks will be found farther away from the spreading zone while younger rocks will be found nearer to the spreading zone. Additionally spreading rates determine if the ridge is a fast, intermediate, or slow. As a general rule, fast ridges see spreading rate of more than 9 cm/year. Intermediate ridges have a spreading rate of 4–9 cm/year while slow spreading ridges have a rate less than 4 cm/year.

short_answers:
basaltic magma
volcanic activity