question: who is the girl in the hinder video lips of an angel

answers: Emmanuelle Chriqui

title: Lips of an Angel

text: Lips of an Angel "Lips of an Angel" is a song by American rock band Hinder. It was released as the second single from their album "Extreme Behavior". It was their breakthrough hit, charting within the top ten on several US "Billboard" charts and reaching number one in Australia and New Zealand. It has sold 3.6 million copies in the US as of January 2015, making it one of the most downloaded rock songs. Jack Ingram released a cover of the song in 2006, which reached No. 16 on the "Billboard" country music charts. The lyrics deal with the singer

title: Lips of an Angel

text: an Arms Race" by Fall Out Boy. In the United States, the song reached number one on the "Billboard" Pop 100 and the Mainstream Top 40 charts in November 2006. Elsewhere, the song had limited chart success and remains Hinder's only hit in most countries in which it charted. Digital download CD single The song is featured in the music-related video games "Lips" (as downloadable content), "", "Dance Dance Revolution Hottest Party", and "Band Hero". Country music artist Jack Ingram released a version of the song in December 2006. Ingram's version, the lead-off single to his 2007 album "This Is

title: Hinder

text: band's second single, "Lips of an Angel", entered charts in the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore; the song lasted for 41 weeks in the New Zealand charts, two weeks of which were spent at the number one spot. The band's third single, "How Long", was released in September 2006 and appeared at number six on the US "Billboard" Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. In 2006, as a Christmas gift to their fan club, the Hinder Army, the band recorded their version of the public domain song "A Little Drummer Boy" and released it on their fan club website.

title: Hinder

text: new lead singer in order to keep the band alive. The band went on to say that the change in singers was a fresh start for both Hinder and Austin Winkler, and that they are searching for another hit song as big as "Lips of an Angel". Also announced during the interview with the "Baltimore Sun" the band confirmed the group would release a then-untitled acoustic EP and a full-length studio album with all new original material. The projects were slated to be released in 2016. On March 7, 2016 the band announced that their upcoming acoustic EP would be

title: Austin John

text: 2005. Hinder released their debut single "Get Stoned" on July 26, 2005 and released their debut album "Extreme Behavior" on September 27, 2005. The album went on to spawn a total of eight singles, including the number one smash hit "Lips of an Angel" and gain triple-platinum status in the US. From 2005 to 2007, the band went on numerous tours, headlining and supporting in promotion of the album touring with the likes of Nickelback, Three Days Grace, Breaking Benjamin, Papa Roach, Powerman 5000, Tantric, Buckcherry, Seether, Puddle of Mudd, Hoobastank, Fuel, Faktion, Chevelle, Rev Theory and Saving Abel. After

title: Jack Ingram

text: also released as a single, peaking at No. 12 on the charts. This song was also recorded by Trent Summar & The New Row Mob (whose frontman, Trent Summar, co-wrote it) on their 2005 album "Horseshoes & Hand Grenades". This is also where he met famous country music artist Taylor Swift. Jack stated they were developing a relationship though she wasn't interested. In late 2006, Ingram released a cover of Hinder's song "Lips of an Angel". Ingram's cover peaked at No. 16 on the country charts "Lips of an Angel" was the lead-off single to "This Is It", his second

title: Better Than Me (Hinder song)

text: ending in suicide by overdose. Billboard magazine called the single "smaller and less bombastic, but [as] equally infectious" as "Lips of an Angel". Better Than Me (Hinder song) "Better Than Me" is the fourth single released from Hinder's debut album, "Extreme Behavior". This song was #66 on "MTV Asia"s list of Top 100 Hits of 2007. It debuted at #97 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and has peaked at #31, becoming Hinder's second Top 40 hit. The music video for the song starts with the band playing in a dark room. Then it goes to scenes of a young couple.

title: Angelicus

text: city setting. Isabel Bayrakdarian appears in the video. US promo CD (2006) Digital release (2007) Angelicus "Angelicus" is the first single from Delerium's album "Nuages du Monde" featuring singer Isabel Bayrakdarian. The single was released only as a promotional single in 2007; Its release to DJs enabled the track to reach number one on the US Hot Dance Club Play chart during the week ending March 31, 2007. Remixes were made by Andy Moor, Morgan Page, Redanka and Panoptica. A music video was also directed by Stephen Scott and released, despite the lack of a commercial single release. Scott directed

title: The Reign (Hinder album)

text: fresh start for both Hinder and Austin John, and that they are searching for another hit song as big as "Lips of an Angel". Also announced during the interview with the "Baltimore Sun" the band confirmed the group would release a then-untitled acoustic EP and a full-length studio album with all new original material. The projects were slated to be released in 2016. On March 7, 2016 the band announced that their upcoming acoustic EP would be titled "Stripped" and will be released May 13, 2016. The EP will feature six tracks with one newly recorded track titled "Not An

title: Better Than Me (Hinder song)

text: overdose. The girlfriend rushes forward to his casket and puts an envelope into his hands after being stopped by her best friend. A contest was held on YouTube challenging aspiring directors to create their own video for the song with the reward being the video being shown on television as well as an unpaid job as an assistant on the set of the official video. Ironically, while the winner was not shown on television, most of the entries involved similar subject matter to the official video, with very few entries not revolving around drug addiction and only a few not

title: Angelicus

text: Angelicus "Angelicus" is the first single from Delerium's album "Nuages du Monde" featuring singer Isabel Bayrakdarian. The single was released only as a promotional single in 2007; Its release to DJs enabled the track to reach number one on the US Hot Dance Club Play chart during the week ending March 31, 2007. Remixes were made by Andy Moor, Morgan Page, Redanka and Panoptica. A music video was also directed by Stephen Scott and released, despite the lack of a commercial single release. Scott directed the video for After All before. Just like After All this video uses a post-apocalyptic

title: Carolyna

text: and that the danger of homelessness was something that always scared her in her childhood. The music video was directed by Tim Royes and was shot on 3 May 2007, and it was the final video he directed before his death. The video sees Melanie as the guardian angel of a girl, played by actress Christina Chong, who is facing problems in her own life such as alcoholism, fighting with the boyfriend and non-stop partying. Whenever the girl looks herself at the mirror, she will see Melanie looking at her. Throughout the video, Melanie is also seen in the places

title: The Christmas Angel

text: The Christmas Angel Détresse et Charité, released in the United States as The Christmas Angel and in Britain as The Beggar Maiden, is a 1904 French short silent film directed by Georges Méliès. It was released by Méliès's Star Film Company and is numbered 669–677 in its catalogues. At Christmastime, a girl and her family live in poverty; the girl's mother is ill and bedridden. The father asks the girl to go to nearby Paris, and beg for alms. The girl finds a church, but she is pushed aside by the professional beggars working on its steps, and is unable

title: Without You (Hinder song)

text: graduates high school, while I am left in the dust." A teenage girl (Aimee Teegarden) sees her boyfriend flirting with another girl (actress Kayla Ewell). The girl scowls and turns her head away. Later the girl starts fighting with her boyfriend (Kellan Lutz). He puts his arms up and walks away. The girl's face is red with tears, they seemed to have broken up. The next scene shows the girl in a classroom as papers are being handed out, the girl gets a D on the paper. The next scene shows the boy as he runs into two jocks. The

title: Stupid Girls

text: people downloaded the video when it was made available on the internet. Zomba's senior vice president of marketing Janet Kleinbaum said that radio programmers "went online to download the audio from the video in order to get it on radio". The video shows Pink as an angel and a demon who try to influence the future of a young girl. The angel shows her a series of images demonstrating the stupidity of current trends in female celebrities, and the images feature Pink in various roles, including a dancer in a 50 Cent video, a girl attempting to attract the attention

title: Angels (Within Temptation song)

text: Angels (Within Temptation song) "Angels" is a song by Dutch symphonic metal band Within Temptation from their third studio album, "The Silent Force". It was released as the third single from the album on 13 June 2005, also accompanying a music video. The video earned the band a Golden God Award in the following year. The video is shot in a desert in Spain. It tells the story of a group of vigilante angels who make it their mission to wipe out evil. Sharon den Adel is a woman who has been seemingly abandoned on the side of the road

title: Eve (rapper)

text: January 23, Eve released an official remix of "She Bad Bad" featuring Juicy J and Pusha T. On February 23, 2013 Eve released "Make It Out This Town", the first official single from "Lip Lock" featuring Gabe Saporta of Cobra Starship. The music video of the song premiered on VEVO on March 29, 2013. In an interview on "Rap-Up TV", Eve confirmed that the second official single would be the track "EVE" featuring Jamaican reggae artist Miss Kitty. The music video for the song was shot in London in February and premiered on BET on April 29, 2013. "Lip Lock"

title: Lips Are Movin

text: on November 19, 2014. Trainor told MTV News, "Here's me being sassy and other people dancing with me and having just a good time and trying to get through this feeling of, Ugh he's cheating on me again". The video was commissioned by information technology corporation Hewlett-Packard. It features several "influencers"—actors, dancers and set designers with large social media followings. The influencers featured in the video include set designer Bri Emery; actors Marcus Johns, Cody Johns, and Robby Ayala; YouTube star Liza Koshy; dancers Les Twins; Spanish stylist Sara Escudero; hair stylist Kristin Ess; Japanese nail artist Mei Kawajiri; American

title: Candy Candy (song)

text: Mami, the Magic Angel".In the beginning she runs in a hurry, being late for her appearance on a musical program. Running in a hurry with a slice of toast in the mouth is a stereotype from '80−'90s anime and manga, especially those for girls. When Kyary arrives at the stage, the program is already on air, and she immediately starts to sing and dance. When she takes a rest in her dressing room, a dummy of hers begins to dance in her place, angering her; she then dropkicks him. The ranking table which rolls to show the names of songs

title: Lips of an Angel

text: Premiering in early 2007, the music video for "Lips of an Angel" was directed by Shaun Silva and largely follows the narrative of the song's lyrics, focusing on a late night phone call between the raconteur (Austin Winkler) and his former lover (Emmanuelle Chriqui).

title: Whatever (Ayumi Hamasaki song)

text: angel in the middle of a destroyed city. An alternative music video was shot for an alternative arrangement of the song; it features Hamasaki singing in front of a red backdrop. However, Avex scrapped it after they preferred the former version. For additional promotion, the song was featured on several concert tours and New Years live countdown shows by Hamasaki. "Whatever" was written by Hamasaki, composed by Kazuhito Kikuchi, and produced by Max Matsuura. Japanese composer Izumi Miyazaki was in charge of arranging the song, which included instrumentation of synthesizers, keyboards, and a drum machine. It was one of three

title: Lips (KAT-TUN song)

text: was released on February 26, 2008 and became KAT-TUN's sixth consecutive number 1 single on the Oricon weekly singles charts & LIPS is the 9th most sold single in 2008 according to Oricon. "Lips" was written by Axel-G, who penned "She Said..." for the group's debut album. The music and arrangement was composed by Yukihide "YT" Takiyama whilst Koki Tanaka wrote his own rap verses under his pen name, JOKER. Described by co-lead vocalist Kazuya Kamenashi as the most intense hard rock song the group had ever done, the song speaks of an obsession with a girl's "dyed red lips"

title: Dreamlover (song)

text: them. On the latter tour, Carey's wore a black bikini, with a matching cape and Christian Louboutin pumps. She mixed the song with an instrumental remix of Mtume's song "Juicy Fruit." Following the release of her twelfth studio album, "Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel" (2009), Carey embarked on the Angels Advocate Tour. It was her first tour that did not regularly feature the song, as it was only performed on a few select dates. In addition, Carey sang the song as a part of her Las Vegas residency, "Mariah Carey Number 1's" , which chronicles the singer's 18 US Hot

title: Hive (song)

text: Hinde. Editing was done by Isaac Hagy, with cinematography by Larkin Seiple. It features slowly panned cameras Sweatshirt in dimly lit rooms and on moonroofs with Casey Veggies and Vince Staples, while he is around bikers wearing SBTRKT-like masks. Murai described the video as: The masks were based on old Halloween costumes and a compilation book of drawings by David Lynch. Murai described the drawings as "like terrifying children in Halloween masks from the ‘30s and ‘40s. They’re all just really crudely put together. They’re all literally just like, bags with eyes and mouths drawn on them, but they’re just

title: Cody Hanson

text: Hanson released his debut album with Hinder titled Extreme Behavior on September 27, 2005. The album spawned the hit singles, Get Stoned, Better Than Me, and the mega hit Lips of an Angel. To date the album is 3xxx platinum. Hanson along with former Hinder vocalist Austin John wrote the majority of the songs on the album. After touring nonstop in support of Extreme Behavior from 2006 to late 2007, Hanson and his other bandmates began writing and recording for their next album. In July 2008 Hinder released the lead single titled "Use Me" from their sophomore album "Take It

title: Bad Romance

text: in ashes. With soot smeared across her body, she calmly smokes a cigarette while her pyrotechnic bra activates. The video received general acclaim from critics and fans. It became the most-viewed video on YouTube. Tim Stack from "Entertainment Weekly" called the video "amazing" and added, "I don't think Gaga has ever looked prettier than in the close-ups where she's more stripped down." Jennifer Cady of E! was also impressed by the video and commented, "This music video really makes us appreciate everything Gaga actually brings to pop music. She's exciting to watch, plain and simple. ... We need someone like

title: Watch My Lips

text: Watch My Lips Watch My Lips is the first and only video album by British singer and songwriter Sophie Ellis-Bextor. It includes Ellis-Bextor's concert at the Shepherd's Bush Empire, as part of the Read My Lips Tour; "Read My Lips"–era videos; "Theaudience" videos and extras. A critic at Amazon.co.uk reviewed "Watch My Lips" positively, saying that "it successfully mines the seam of hits spawned by her "Read My Lips" album and of course, 'Groovejet', her mesmerising collaboration with DJ Spiller". He also commented: "Bextor's ironic interpretation of the role of the pop princess, a native musical intelligence and a host

title: Angel-A

text: has lost her wings, and she rejoices when she sees Andre. The film premiered in the United States at the 2007 Sundance Film Festival. It grossed US$9.99 million worldwide, including over $200,000 from the United States. It holds a 44% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes, based on 89 reviews, with the consensus "The clunky dialogue and shallow characters fail to capitalize upon Angel-A's stunning, poetic cinematography." Angel-A Angel-A, directed by Luc Besson, is a 2005 French fantasy and romantic drama film featuring Jamel Debbouze and Rie Rasmussen. A freeze frame shows Andre (Jamel Debbouze), who describes himself via a voice

title: Just Like Anyone (song)

text: song was filmed in Los Angeles during the summer of 1995. Directed by P.J. Hogan and produced by Michelle Alexander, the video features actress Claire Danes, who plays a high school student who is rejected and taunted by other students because she has two noticeable bumps on her back. Hidden beneath the bumps are angel wings, which are revealed later as she takes flight during a school dance. The video received exposure on MTV and MuchMusic, reaching the most-played charts on both networks. "Just Like Anyone" peaked at number 52 in the UK and number 55 in Canada, where it

title: Our Lips Are Sealed

text: Chris Applebaum and filmed in Toronto, Canada in May 2004. Similar to the video for the Go-Go's single, it depicts the Duff sisters driving around town in a car and goofing about, and is interspersed with footage from "A Cinderella Story". A second version of the video, that has new scenes and is not interspersed with scenes from "A Cinderella Story", can be viewed on the "Dignity" deluxe edition DVD. It was released in June 2004 and received medium airplay on MuchMusic in Canada and MTV in the U.S. Though the video was popular on the MTV video chart show

title: Lips of an Angel


question: who helped the british in the french and indian war

answers: Cherokee

answers: Iroquois Confederacy

answers: the colonies of British America

answers: Catawba

answers: Iroquois

title: John Allan (colonel)

text: John Allan (colonel) Colonel John Allan M.P. J.P. (January 3, 1746February 7, 1805) was a Canadian politician who became an officer with the Massachusetts Militia in the American Revolutionary War. He served under George Washington during the Revolutionary War as Superintendent of the Eastern Indians and Colonel of Infantry, and he recruited Indian tribes of Eastern Maine to stand with the Americans during the war and participated in border negotiations between Maine, and New Brunswick. Allan was born in Edinburgh Castle in Scotland, the son of Major William Allan (military officer) (1720 –1790), 'a Scottish gentleman of means and an

title: Joseph Brant

text: join the British in plundering the fort. Brant stayed on and in September 1760 helped to take Montreal. In 1761, Johnson arranged for three Mohawk, including Brant, to be educated at Eleazar Wheelock's "Moor's Indian Charity School" in Connecticut. This was the forerunner of Dartmouth College, which was later established in New Hampshire. Brant studied under the guidance of Wheelock, who wrote that the youth was "of a sprightly genius, a manly and gentle deportment, and of a modest, courteous and benevolent temper". Brant learned to speak, read, and write English, as well as studying other academic subjects. Brant was

title: Sir John Johnson, 2nd Baronet

text: Affairs, Colonel Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet, and his common-law wife, Catherine Weissenberg, a Palatine German immigrant. He was baptized as an Anglican in the chapel at Fort Hunter. William Johnson was a military commander during the French and Indian War (Seven Years' War), had promoted the British settlement of the Mohawk Valley and trading with the Mohawk, and founded the community of Johnstown in Tryon County in the Province of New York. From 1757 until 1760, John studied sporadically at The Academy and College of Philadelphia. From 13 years of age, he accompanied his father on military expeditions and

title: William Caldwell (ranger)

text: William Caldwell (ranger) William Caldwell (b. 1750), was a Scots-Irish immigrant to North America who became a soldier with the British Indian Department. He fought against the American rebels in the American Revolutionary War, especially with Butler's Rangers, based near upstate New York. After the war, together with other Loyalists, Caldwell was granted land in Upper Canada (now Ontario). He helped found the town of Amherstburg, near the mouth of the Detroit River. He also served as a lieutenant colonel in the [War], and as the Superintendent of Indians in the Western Department. He was a merchant and farmer in

title: John Ross (1744–1809)

text: John Ross (1744–1809) John Ross (1744–1809) was a British Army officer in the French and Indian War and the American Revolution. He is best known for commanding a mixed force of approximately 600 (some sources say 1750) regulars, Loyalists, and Indians in a raid into upstate New York on October 24, 1781 that culminated in the Battle of Johnstown, one of the last battles in the northern theater of the American Revolution. After the war, Ross was instrumental in settling Loyalist refugees in what is now the Kingston area of eastern Ontario. Ross was born in Scotland in 1744. He

title: Pierre Ayotte

text: Pierre Ayotte Pierre Ayotte was a French-Canadian soldier and fur trader who served with the Americans during the American Revolutionary War. Ayotte, a habitant from Kamouraska, was equally devoted to the revolutionary cause as Clément Gosselin. Ayotte and Gosselin were Canadian volunteers who first served with General Richard Montgomery, then went on to become recruiters and agitators on the lower south shore of the Saint Lawrence. Following Montgomery's death at the Battle of Quebec, the two became captains in Colonel Jeremiah Duggan's Canadian regiment. Congress subsequently transferred command of the regiment to Moses Hazen. Ayotte helped to raise troops for

title: Billy Caldwell

text: Dunmore and was wounded. After recovering, he went to Fort Niagara in New York, where he fought with the partisan Butler's Rangers against Patriot colonists in New York and Pennsylvania. After the war, Caldwell abandoned Billy and his mother, moving to the Detroit area. He resettled as a Loyalist in Upper Canada, where he was granted land by the British Crown. In addition to clearing land for his own farm, he helped develop the town of Amherstburg, in present-day Ontario. In 1783, the senior Caldwell married Suzanne Baby (daughter of Jacques Baby dit Dupéron), of French-Canadian descent. They eventually had

title: Hercules Mooney

text: Hercules Mooney Hercules Mooney (1715–1800) was an Irish-born veteran of the French and Indian and American Revolutionary wars. Born to a Protestant family, in 1733 he emigrated to the United States and settled in Dover, New Hampshire. In 1738 he married Elizabeth Evans, also of Dover. Having been a tutor back in Ireland, Mooney became a teacher and schoolmaster at Dover and after 1750 in Durham. In 1757 Mooney joined the New Hampshire Provincial Regiment to fight in the French and Indian War as a captain in command of a company of soldiers. Capt. Mooney was at the Siege of

title: Simon Girty

text: Simon Girty Simon Girty (November 14, 1741 – February 18, 1818) (Sometimes referred to as "Katepacomen"), was an American colonial of Irish descent who served as a liaison between the British and their Indian allies during the American Revolution. He was portrayed as a villain, and was also featured this way in 19th and early 20th-century United States fiction. As children, Girty and his brothers were taken captive in Pennsylvania in a Seneca raid and adopted. He lived with the Seneca for seven years and became fully assimilated, preferring their culture. He was returned to his birth family but retained

title: Charles Michel de Langlade

text: competing for control. During the subsequent Seven Years' War, he helped defend Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh) against the British. He was named second in command at Fort Michilimackinac and a captain in the Indian Department of French Canada. After the defeat of the French in North America, Langlade became allied with the British, who took control of former French possessions and took the lead in the fur trade. During the American Revolutionary War, Langlade led Great Lakes Indians for the British against the rebel colonists and their Indian allies. At the end of the war, he retired to his home in

title: James Rogers (British Army officer)

text: James Rogers (British Army officer) James Rogers (c. 1726 – September 23, 1790) was an Irish-born soldier. He emigrated to America at an early age and became a frontiersman. He served with his brother Robert Rogers during the French and Indian War. He then served as a Loyalist leader during the American War of Independence and later settled in Ontario in Canada. Rogers was born to James and Mary Rogers in Ireland, and they immigrated to the Massachusetts Bay Colony around 1729. Robert Rogers was born in 1731 and a third brother Richard in 1733. During the French and Indian

title: Robert Rogers (British Army officer)

text: Robert Rogers (British Army officer) Robert Rogers (7 November 1731 – 18 May 1795) was an Irish-American colonial frontiersman. Rogers served in the British army during both the French and Indian War and the American Revolution. During the French and Indian War, Rogers raised and commanded the famous Rogers' Rangers, trained for raiding and close combat behind enemy lines. Robert Rogers was born to Scots-Irish settlers, James and Mary McFatridge Rogers on 7 November 1731 in Methuen, a small town in northeastern Massachusetts. At that time, the town served as a staging point for Scots-Irish settlers bound for the wilderness

title: Clément Gosselin

text: Clément Gosselin Clément Gosselin (June 12, 1747 – March 9, 1816) was a French Canadian soldier who served in Moses Hazen's 2nd Canadian Regiment of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He recruited other French Canadians, assisted in American operations during and after the Battle of Quebec, and, following the American retreat from Quebec in 1776, continued to serve in Hazen's regiment. Included in that service were spy missions to the province of Quebec. Clément Gosselin was born in 1747. He was the youngest of a large family living in Sainte-Famille, on the eastern side of Île d'Orléans

title: Joseph Louis Cook

text: French during the French and Indian War. During the American Revolutionary War, Cook supported the rebel colonists and joined their fight against the British. He became the highest-ranking Native American officer in the Continental Army, achieving the rank of lieutenant colonel. He led Oneida warriors, who were allied with the rebels, against the British in some actions. After the war, he settled in central New York State, where he became an important adviser to the Oneida. He represented them and the Seven Nations of Canada to negotiate with the government of New York state in trying to achieve more justice

title: George Drouillard

text: born into the Shawnee nation in 1773 in the present-day Olde Sandwich Towne, Windsor Canada, son of Pierre Drouillard, a French Canadian, and "Asoundechris" Flat Head, a Shawnee. At the time of the American Revolutionary War, Pierre Drouillard was employed by the British Indian Department as a trader and interpreter of the Huron language, of the Iroquoian language family. (Note: Other accounts say he was born in 1775.). Pierre Drouillard was commissioned as a captain by the British army. Drouillard is credited with saving the life of colonist and explorer Simon Kenton, held as a prisoner of the Shawnee at

title: Henry Bouquet

text: the Forest", which tells the story of one young man returned to his white family as part of the 1764 treaty. The Colonel is also referred to in Paul Muldoon's poem, "Meeting the British". Henry Bouquet Henry Louis Bouquet, generally known as Henry Bouquet (1719 – 2 September 1765), was a prominent British Army officer in the French and Indian War and Pontiac's War. Bouquet is best known for his victory over a Native American force at the Battle of Bushy Run, lifting the siege of Fort Pitt during Pontiac's War. Bouquet was born into a moderately wealthy family in

title: John Stuart (priest)

text: Canajoharie where he met Mohawk leader Joseph Brant. Stuart collaborated with Joseph Brant to translate the Gospel of St. Mark into the Mohawk dialect. Since Stuart was a Loyalist and an Anglican priest, he was harassed by American Revolutionary War rebels. His home was looted, property confiscated, and his church desecrated. He was almost arrested in 1777 but saved by Joseph Brant and his troops. By 1781, Stuart was permitted to leave for the Province of Quebec. He was exchanged for an army officer who had been imprisoned by the British. With his wife, Jane (née Okill) and three children

title: John Munro (loyalist)

text: for the British during the American Revolutionary War which led to the loss of his land following the American victory. He re-settled in Upper Canada, where he became a Judge and was appointed to the first Legislative Council of Upper Canada. John Munro was born in 1728, "the son of Hugh Munro of Fyrish, Fowlis, in the parish of Alness, in the Shire of Ross, Scotland". His precise ancestry, previously the subject of much speculation, was successfully accepted by the Court of the Lord Lyon in 1995. Both of his parents were lineally descended from the Munros of Foulis, the

title: Jeremiah French

text: Jeremiah French Jeremiah French (July 8, 1743 – December 5, 1820) was a soldier, judge and political figure in Upper Canada. He was born in Stratford, Connecticut in 1743, later settling at Manchester, Vermont. He served on the British side with General John Burgoyne during the American Revolution. After the war, he settled at Maple Grove in Upper Canada. He represented Stormont County in the 1st Parliament of Upper Canada. In 1792, he was appointed magistrate in the Eastern District. He donated the land for the original cemetery at Maple Grove; the cemetery was later relocated when the Saint Lawrence

title: French and Indian War

text: The name French and Indian War is used mainly in the United States. It refers to the two main enemies of the British colonists: the royal French forces and the various American Indian forces allied with them. The British colonists were supported at various times by the Iroquois, Catawba, and Cherokee, and the French colonists were supported by Wabanaki Confederacy members Abenaki and Mi'kmaq, and Algonquin, Lenape, Ojibwa, Ottawa, Shawnee, and Wyandot.

title: Timothy Hierlihy

text: Timothy Hierlihy Timothy Hierlihy (Heirlehy, Hirolyhy, Hierlehey) (1734-1797) was a British officer who protected the British coal mines at Sydney Mines, Nova Scotia from attacks by American privateers. He also was the first British settler of Antigonish, known as the "founder of Antigonish." Hierlehy also became the commander of the Royal Nova Scotia Volunteer Regiment. He was born in Ireland in 1734 and at age 19 arrived in Connecticut (1753). He married Elizabeth Wetmore on May 10, 1755 in Christ Church, Middletown and they had 10 children. During the French and Indian War, in 1755 he was in the Connecticut

title: Esther de Berdt

text: who had studied law in London. Thereafter, she and her widowed mother followed him to Philadelphia in the American colonies. Joseph became a prosperous lawyer and a local political leader, and the couple entertained members of the Continental Congress, including George Washington and John Adams. Reed later served as Washington's secretary and aide-de-camp. Though she was English by birth, Esther was exceptionally devoted to the revolutionary cause. During the Revolutionary War, she helped organize the Ladies Association of Philadelphia which raised more than $7000 in support of the war. At the suggestion of General Washington, the group then used the

title: Jean-Baptiste Hamelin

text: Jean-Baptiste Hamelin Jean-Baptiste Hamelin (August 9, 1733 – September 23, 1804) was a French Canadian soldier who fought on the U.S. side of the American Revolutionary War, serving in Moses Hazen's 2nd Canadian Regiment of the Continental Army. Hamelin participated in the battle of the Congress Own Regiment until 1779 where he was sent in the west to help George Rogers Clark in his campaigns. He was sent by Augustin de la Balme to attack Fort St. Joseph (modern-day Niles, Michigan). The attack itself was successful, but his party was chased down and some of his men were caught and

title: Henry Gladwin

text: Henry Gladwin Major-General Henry Gladwin (1729 or 1730 – 22 June 1791) was a British army officer in colonial America and the British commander at the Siege of Fort Detroit during Pontiac's Rebellion in 1763. He served in the disastrous campaign of Edward Braddock and in other actions in the French and Indian War but is best remembered for his defense of Detroit in Pontiac's Rebellion. Henry was born in 1729 or 1730 at Stubbing Court, near Wingerworth, Chesterfield, in Derbyshire. He was the eldest son of Henry Gladwin (1692–1763) by his second wife Mary daughter of John Digby Dakeyne

title: John Deseronto

text: the Mohawk Valley. Educated in a colonial school, he had become acculturated to white customs. In 1759, during the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years' War between Britain and France, he took part allied with the British in the Battle of Fort Niagara, and the following year he was at the Battle of Quebec, and participated in the capture of Montreal with Amherst. In the summer of 1764, he accompanied John Bradstreet in the attack on Fort Detroit at the end of Pontiac's Rebellion. When the American Revolution started, Deseronto was a chief of

title: Roger Morris (British Army officer)

text: Roger Morris (British Army officer) Roger Morris (28 January 1727 – 13 September 1794) was a colonel in the British Army who fought in the French and Indian War. Morris was born in England on 28 January 1727, the third son of Roger Morris of Netherby, in the North Riding of Yorkshire, and Mary Jackson, the fourth daughter of Sir Peter Jackson. On 13 September 1745, he obtained a commission in the 48th Regiment of Foot. The regiment served at Falkirk and Culloden, and in Flanders. Morris came to America with General Edward Braddock and served as his aide-de-camp. He

title: Praying Indian

text: under the command of Capt. Ebenezer Battle. After the skirmish there is no record of military service, but he was married in Natick in 1777. Joseph Paugenit Jr. was born in Framingham and was baptized in Natick in 1754. His father, Joseph Sr., fought during the French and Indian War. He served in the company of Capt. Thomas Drury under the command of Col. John Nixon, and fought at Bunker Hill. He later re-enlisted in the Col. Thomas Nixon’s 4th Regiment in New York and fought at the Battles of Harlem Heights and White Plains. After his second discharge he

title: Simon Girty

text: blind. Simon Girty Simon Girty (November 14, 1741 – February 18, 1818) (Sometimes referred to as "Katepacomen"), was an American colonial of Irish descent who served as a liaison between the British and their Indian allies during the American Revolution. He was portrayed as a villain, and was also featured this way in 19th and early 20th-century United States fiction. As children, Girty and his brothers were taken captive in Pennsylvania in a Seneca raid and adopted. He lived with the Seneca for seven years and became fully assimilated, preferring their culture. He was returned to his birth family but

title: Phineas Lyman

text: Phineas Lyman Phineas Lyman (1716–1774) was a colonial American soldier known for his service in the provincial British army of the French and Indian War. He later led a group of New England veterans of the war to settle in the new colony of West Florida where he died shortly before the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War. He earned a reputation as the most experienced colonial American officer during the war. Lyman was born at Durham, Connecticut. He graduated at Yale in 1738, was a tutor there until 1741, studied law and began practice at Suffield (which was then

title: Molly Brant

text: Molly Brant Molly Brant (c. 1736 – April 16, 1796 in Mohawk), also known as Mary Brant, Konwatsi'tsiaienni, and Degonwadonti, was influential in New York and Canada in the era of the American Revolution. Living in the Province of New York, she was the consort of Sir William Johnson, the British Superintendent of Indian Affairs, with whom she had eight children. Joseph Brant, who became a Mohawk leader and war chief, was her younger brother. After Johnson's death in 1774, Brant and her children left Johnson Hall in Johnstown, New York and returned to her native village of Canajoharie, further

title: French and Indian War

short_answers: Catawba Cherokee Iroquois


question: which animal is the carrier of the h1n1 virus

answers: Pig

answers: pigs

title: Avian influenza in cats

text: the preferred model animals to study the effects of H5N1 in humans. The most common way a cat can obtain H5N1 is by consuming an infected bird. This has been studied in the 2006 and 2007 cases in Germany and Austria where the strains between the cat and the infected birds were not different between the species. A cat is able to then transfer the virus via the respiratory tract and the digestive tract to other cats. However, studies suggest that a cat cannot transfer the virus to a dog, and vice versa, while sharing a food bowl. Though there

title: Orthomyxoviridae

text: binding of the virus to target cells and entry of the viral genome into the target cell. The hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) proteins are targets for antiviral drugs. These proteins are also recognised by antibodies, i.e. they are antigens. The responses of antibodies to these proteins are used to classify the different serotypes of influenza A viruses, hence the "H" and "N" in "H5N1". Typically, influenza is transmitted from infected mammals through the air by coughs or sneezes, creating aerosols containing the virus, and from infected birds through their droppings. Influenza can also be transmitted by saliva, nasal secretions,

title: 2007 Bernard Matthews H5N1 outbreak

text: it was considered significant that Bernard Matthews regularly transports turkeys and turkey products between the UK and its plant in Hungary, and that the H5N1 strains previously found in Hungary, and those found at Suffolk, were effectively genetically identical. H5N1 is a subtype of the Influenza A virus, the viruses responsible for influenza in humans and many other animal species. A bird-adapted strain of H5N1, called "HPAI A(H5N1)" for "highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of type A of subtype H5N1", is the causative agent of H5N1 flu. HPAI A(H5N1) is considered an avian disease, although there is some evidence of

title: Influenza pandemic

text: the currently circulating influenza H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes. The hemagglutinin protein of the H1N2 virus is similar to that of the currently circulating H1N1 viruses and the neuraminidase protein is similar to that of the current H3N2 viruses. This section contains strategies to prevent a flu pandemic by a Council on Foreign Relations panel. If influenza remains an animal problem with limited human-to-human transmission it is not a pandemic, though it continues to pose a risk. To prevent the situation from progressing to a pandemic, the following short-term strategies have been put forward: The rationale for vaccinating poultry workers against

title: H5N1 genetic structure

text: which codes for hemagglutinin, which is an antigenic glycoprotein found on the surface of the influenza viruses and is responsible for binding the virus to the cell that is being infected. Hemagglutinin forms spikes at the surface of flu viruses that function to attach viruses to cells. This attachment is required for efficient transfer of flu virus genes into cells, a process that can be blocked by antibodies that bind to the hemagglutinin proteins. One genetic factor in distinguishing between human flu viruses and avian flu viruses is that avian influenza HA bind alpha 2-3 sialic acid receptors while human

title: Influenza A virus subtype H7N9

text: think this virus is more easily transmitted from poultry to humans than H5N1." Furthermore, there is great concern because unlike the H5N1 virus, H7N9 does not cause visible disease in poultry, which makes surveillance, prevention, and control of the virus in poultry extremely difficult. On April 30, it was announced that the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China had asked the Director General of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) to send OIE experts to assess the situation and provide advice. According to the information and data collected, it was confirmed that many of the human

title: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1

text: an antigenic glycosylated enzyme found on the surface of the influenza viruses. It facilitates the release of progeny viruses from infected cells. The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) RNA strands specify the structure of proteins that are most medically relevant as targets for antiviral drugs and antibodies. HA and NA are also used as the basis for the naming of the different subtypes of influenza A viruses. This is where the "H" and "N" come from in "H5N1". Influenza A viruses are significant for their potential for disease and death in humans and other animals. Influenza A virus subtypes that

title: Global spread of H5N1

text: on March 15, 2006. People living in areas where the A(H5N1) virus has infected birds are advised to keep their cats indoors. "Cats can be infected through the respiratory tract. Cats can also be infected when they ingest the virus, which is a novel route for influenza transmission in mammals. But cats excrete only one-thousandth the amount of virus that chickens do [...] The concern is that if large numbers of felines and other carnivores become infected, the virus might mutate in a series of events that could lead to an epidemic among humans. Dogs, foxes, seals, and other carnivores

title: Influenza A virus subtype H2N3

text: the infection whereas swine H2N3 infected macaques still presented with pathologic changes indicative of chronic pneumonia at day 14 post infection. Swine H2N3 virus was also detected to significantly higher titers in nasal and oral swabs indicating the potential for animal-to-animal transmission. Blood plasma levels of Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Interleukin 8, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and Interferon-gamma were significantly increased in swine H2N3 compared to human H2N2 infected animals supporting the previously published notion of increased IL-6 levels being a potential marker for severe influenza infections. Researchers concluded the swine H2N3 virus represents a threat to humans with the potential for

title: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1

text: and stockpiled by a number of countries, including the United States (in its National Stockpile), Britain, France, Canada, and Australia, for use in an emergency. Research has shown that a highly contagious strain of H5N1, one that might allow airborne transmission between mammals, can be reached in only a few mutations, raising concerns about a pandemic and bioterrorism. HPAI A(H5N1) is considered an avian disease, although there is some evidence of limited human-to-human transmission of the virus. A risk factor for contracting the virus is handling of infected poultry, but transmission of the virus from infected birds to humans has

title: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1

text: including some, like domestic cats, never previously susceptible to any influenza virus. H5N1 is a subtype of the species "Influenza A virus" of the "Influenzavirus A" genus of the "Orthomyxoviridae" family. Like all other influenza A subtypes, the H5N1 subtype is an RNA virus. It has a segmented genome of eight negative sense, single-strands of RNA, abbreviated as PB2, PB1, PA, HA, NP, NA, MP and NS. HA codes for hemagglutinin, an antigenic glycoprotein found on the surface of the influenza viruses and is responsible for binding the virus to the cell that is being infected. NA codes for neuraminidase,

title: Plum Island Animal Disease Center

text: foreign animal diseases, including strategies for prevention, control and recovery. ARS focuses on developing faster-acting vaccines and antivirals to be used during outbreaks to limit or stop transmission. Antivirals prevent infection while vaccine immunity develops. The principal diseases studied are foot-and-mouth disease, classical swine fever, and vesicular stomatitis virus. USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services (APHIS) operates the Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, an internationally recognized facility performing diagnostic testing of samples collected from U.S. livestock. APHIS also tests animals and animal products being imported into the U.S. APHIS maintains the North American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Bank at PIADC

title: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1

text: chickens, which were in turn infected by other poultry or waterfowl. Migrating waterfowl (wild ducks, geese and swans) carry H5N1, often without becoming sick. Many species of birds and mammals can be infected with HPAI A(H5N1), but the role of animals other than poultry and waterfowl as disease-spreading hosts is unknown. According to a report by the World Health Organization, H5N1 may be spread indirectly. The report stated the virus may sometimes stick to surfaces or get kicked up in fertilizer dust to infect people. H5N1 has mutated into a variety of strains with differing pathogenic profiles, some pathogenic to

title: Pandemic H1N1/09 virus

text: far more virulent but much less contagious to humans. By October 2009, another outbreak at a turkey breeder was identified in Ontario, Canada. In October 2009, a ferret exhibiting flu symptoms was confirmed to have contracted the H1N1 virus from its owner in Oregon, USA. In November 2009, a case of novel H1N1 was confirmed in a household cat. Although the earliest cat fatality from the H1N1 virus in the U.S. occurred in Pennsylvania, the Oregon Veterinary Medical Association was the first to confirm a cat fatality in the U.S. The association recommends that cat owners with flu symptoms avoid

title: Transmission of hepadnaviruses

text: involving the PreS1 part of the large envelop protein L, which could be a reason for their specificity of host range. Viruses in this genus infect mammals, including human, apes, and rodents, with a narrow host range for each virus. The only known natural host for HBV is human, chimpanzees maybe infected experimentally. The orthohepadnaviruses have been divided into four distinct species, with HBV "(human Hepatitis B virus)", WHV "(Woodchuck Hepatitis virus)", GSHV "(Ground squirrel hepatitis virus )", and WMHV "(Woolly monkey hepatitis virus)" as the prototypes, based on the host range from a limited number of studies. From the

title: Noel St George Hyslop

text: he joined the School of Tropical Medicine at the University of Edinburgh and then became senior lecturer in the Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bristol, where he taught clinical pathology and the microbiology of infectious diseases. Later he joined the Animal Virus Research Institute, Pirbright, as head of the Inactivated Vaccine Research Unit. He immigrated to Canada in 1968, where he was named head of the Immunology Section at Canada's Animal Diseases Research Institute. At the time of his death, he was acting director (Western Laboratories) in the Animal Pathology Division of the Department of Health. He was editor-in-chief

title: Influenza A virus subtype H7N2

text: could be passed from mammal to mammal. In February 2004, an outbreak of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A (H7N2) was reported on 2 chicken farms in Delaware and in four live bird markets in New Jersey supplied by the same farms. In March 2004, surveillance samples from a flock of chickens in Maryland tested positive for LPAI H7N2. It is likely that this was the same strain. On 24 May 2007, an outbreak of H7N2 was confirmed at a poultry farm near Corwen, in Wales from tests on chickens that died from H7N2. The owners of the Conwy farm

title: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1

text: A(H5N1)". Asian lineage HPAI A(H5N1) is divided into two antigenic clades. "Clade 1 includes human and bird isolates from Vietnam, Thailand, and Cambodia and bird isolates from Laos and Malaysia. Clade 2 viruses were first identified in bird isolates from China, Indonesia, Japan, and South Korea before spreading westward to the Middle East, Europe, and Africa. The clade 2 viruses have been primarily responsible for human H5N1 infections that have occurred during late 2005 and 2006, according to WHO. Genetic analysis has identified six subclades of clade 2, three of which have a distinct geographic distribution and have been implicated

title: Influenza A virus

text: labeled according to an H number (for the type of hemagglutinin) and an N number (for the type of neuraminidase). There are 18 different known H antigens (H1 to H18) and 11 different known N antigens (N1 to N11). H17N10 was isolated from fruit bats in 2012. H18N11 was discovered in a Peruvian bat in 2013. Each virus subtype has mutated into a variety of strains with differing pathogenic profiles; some are pathogenic to one species but not others, some are pathogenic to multiple species. A filtered and purified influenza A vaccine for humans has been developed, and many countries

title: Swine influenza

text: Swine influenza is an infection caused by any one of several types of swine influenza viruses. Swine influenza virus (SIV) or swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) is any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs.  As of 2009, the known SIV strains include influenza C and the subtypes of influenza A known as H1N1, H1N2, H2N1, H3N1, H3N2, and H2N3.

title: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1

text: infect mammals, as well. From this point on, avian flu experts increasingly referred to containment as a strategy that can delay, but not ultimately prevent, a future avian flu pandemic. "Since 1997, studies of influenza A (H5N1) indicate that these viruses continue to evolve, with changes in antigenicity and internal gene constellations; an expanded host range in avian species and the ability to infect felids; enhanced pathogenicity in experimentally infected mice and ferrets, in which they cause systemic infections; and increased environmental stability." "The New York Times", in an article on transmission of H5N1 through smuggled birds, reports Wade Hagemeijer

title: Pandemic H1N1/09 virus

text: Chile discovered that the human H1N1/09 virus had jumped, unmutated, to birds, "opening a new chapter in the global epidemic." Top flu and animal-health experts with the WHO and the CDC were monitoring the situation closely. They said the infected turkeys have suffered only mild effects, easing concern about a potentially dangerous development. Chile's turkey meat remains safe to eat, they said, and so far there have been no signs of a potentially dangerous mutation. Virus experts are concerned that a more dangerous and easily transmitted strain could emerge if H1N1/09 combines again with avian flu, which at present is

title: Pandemic H1N1/09 virus

text: touching cat's eyes, nose, and mouth while sick. Thoroughly wash your hands after handling a sick pet since it may be possible for cats to transmit the virus to humans. This is the third confirmed case of H1N1 in a cat in the U.S.; other cases have occurred in Utah and Iowa. The first case of a dog with H1N1 was reported in December 2009. On July 22, 2011 the Norwegian Veterinary Institute reported the first occurrence of 2009-H1N1 influenza virus in minks. The initial outbreak of a novel swine-origin H1N1 flu pandemic in 2009 and the virus strain that

text: world to share their data. In March, the OFFLU Scientific Committee decided "to put new emphasis on the need for further collection, characterization, and exchange" of avian flu viruses and for expansion of sequence data, the FAO reported. At about the same time, Capua and four OFFLU colleagues wrote a letter to the journal Science promising to make H5N1 samples available for sequencing." OIE/FAO Network of Expertise on Animal Influenza OFFLU is the joint OIE-FAO global network of expertise on animal influenzas. OFFLU aims to reduce negative impacts of animal influenza viruses by promoting effective collaboration between animal health experts

title: Influenza A virus subtype H1N1

text: 2 response to H1N1 influenza which may be responsible for the systemic inflammatory response syndrome that causes pulmonary edema and death. On 26 April 2011, an H1N1 pandemic preparedness alert was issued by the World Health Organization for the Americas. In August 2011, according to the U.S. Geological Survey and the CDC, northern sea otters off the coast of Washington state were infected with the same version of the H1N1 flu virus that caused the 2009 pandemic and "may be a newly identified animal host of influenza viruses". In May 2013, seventeen people died during an H1N1 outbreak in Venezuela,

title: 2009 flu pandemic

text: the transmissibility of the H1N1 influenza virus in households is lower than that seen in past pandemics. Most transmissions occur soon before or after the onset of symptoms. The H1N1 virus has been transmitted to animals, including swine, turkeys, ferrets, household cats, at least one dog and a cheetah. The H1N1 vaccine was initially in short supply and in the U.S., the CDC recommended that initial doses should go to priority groups such as pregnant women, people who live with or care for babies under six months old, children six months to four years old and health-care workers. In the

title: Avian influenza in cats

text: relationship with the amount of T cells present and the amount of infected cells. Another study to test whether the ALVAC recombinant canarypox virus could prime the immune system in cats was performed. This vaccine has the same hemagglutinin as the H5N1 virus, and therefore worked on preventing death from two different strains of the virus, HPAIV A/Vietnam/1194/2004 and HPAIV A/Indonesia/05/2005. However, some of the cats that were vaccinated did exhibit hyperthermia and weight loss, and all of the cats did have some disease change (assuming lesions) in their lungs. All of the cats, except one, still excreted the virus

title: H5N1 genetic structure

text: pore complex, ANT3 and VDCA1, [sensitizing] cells to apoptosis. [...] PB1-F2 likely contributes to viral pathogenicity and might have an important role in determining the severity of pandemic influenza." This was discovered by Chen "et al." and reported in Nature. "After comparing viruses from the Hong Kong 1997 H5N1 outbreak, one amino acid change (N66S) was found in the PB1-F2 sequence at position 66 that correlated with pathogenicity. This same amino acid change (N66S) was also found in the PB1-F2 protein of the 1918 pandemic A/Brevig Mission/18 virus." The Orthomyxovirus family consists of 5 genera: Influenzavirus A, Influenzavirus B, Influenzavirus

title: Robert Webster (virologist)

text: Marie Thomas Chair in Virology at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. He is also director of the World Health Organization Collaborating Center on the Ecology of Influenza Viruses in Lower Animals and Birds, the world's only laboratory designed to study influenza at the animal-human interface. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, the Royal Society of Medicine and the Royal Society of New Zealand, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States. In December 2002, he was presented with the Bristol-Myers Squibb Award for Distinguished Achievement in Infectious Diseases Research. Webster has

title: Avian influenza

text: however. A study published in 2012 in Science Magazine reported on research findings that allowed for the airborne transmission of H5N1 in laboratory ferrets. The study identified the 5 mutations necessary for the virus to become airborne and immediately spiked controversy over the ethical implications of making such potentially dangerous information available to the general public. The study was allowed to remain available in its entirety, though it remains a controversial topic within the scientific community. The study in question, however, created airborne H5N1 via amino acid substitutions that largely mitigated the devastating effects of the disease. This fact was

title: Swine influenza


question: which type of fire detector uses the effect of smoke on a light source and photo-electric cell

answers: optical smoke detector

title: Security alarm

text: meet all the local fire code requirements of a fire alarm system. Traditional smoke detectors are technically ionisation smoke detectors which create an electric current between two metal plates, which sound an alarm when disrupted by smoke entering the chamber. Ionisation smoke alarms can quickly detect the small amounts of smoke produced by fast-flaming fires, such as cooking fires or those fueled by paper or flammable liquids. A newer, and perhaps safer, type is a photoelectric smoke detector. It contains a light source in a light-sensitive electric sensor, which is positioned at a 90-degree angles to the sensor. Normally, light

title: Smoke detector

text: either detect both heat and smoke, or use both the ionization and photoelectric processes. Some combination alarms may include a carbon monoxide detection capability. The type and sensitivity of light source and photoelectric sensor, and type of smoke chamber differ between manufacturers. Carbon monoxide sensors detect potentially fatal concentrations of carbon monoxide gas, which may build up due to faulty ventilation where there are combustion appliances such as gas heaters and cookers, although there is no uncontrolled fire outside the appliance. High levels of carbon dioxide (CO) may indicate a fire, and can be detected by a carbon dioxide sensor.

title: Smoke detector

text: particulates of smoke, air-borne dust, or other substances; the circuitry detects the light intensity and generates the alarm if it is below a specified threshold, potentially due to smoke. In other types, typically chamber types, the light is not directed at the sensor, which is not illuminated in the absence of particles. If the air in the chamber contains particles (smoke or dust), the light is scattered and some of it reaches the sensor, triggering the alarm. According to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), "photoelectric smoke detection is generally more responsive to fires that begin with a long period

title: Security alarm

text: from the light source shoots straight across and misses the sensor. When smoke enters the chamber, it scatters the light, which then hits the sensor and triggers the alarm. Photoelectric smoke detectors typically respond faster to a fire in its early, smoldering stage – before the source of the fire bursts into flames. Motion sensors are devices that use various forms of technology to detect movement. The technology typically found in motion sensors to trigger an alarm includes infrared, ultrasonic, vibration and contact. Dual technology sensors combine two or more forms of detection in order to reduce false alarms as

title: Smoke detector

text: Both AFAC and the IAFF recommend photoelectric smoke alarms, but not combination ionization/photoelectric smoke alarms. According to fire tests conformant to EN 54, the CO cloud from open fire can usually be detected before particulate. Due to the varying levels of detection capabilities between detector types, manufacturers have designed multi-criteria devices which cross-reference the separate signals to both rule out false alarms and improve response times to real fires. Commercial smoke detectors are either conventional or addressable, and are connected to security alarm or fire alarm systems controlled by fire alarm control panels (FACP). These are the most common type

title: Smoke detector

title: Smoke detector

text: encasing the detector. The 10-year-lithium-battery-powered smoke alarm was introduced in 1995. The photoelectric (optical) smoke detector was invented by Donald Steele and Robert Emmark of Electro Signal Lab and patented in 1972. An ionization smoke detector uses a radioisotope, typically americium-241, to ionize air; a difference due to smoke is detected and an alarm is generated. Ionization detectors are more sensitive to the flaming stage of fires than optical detectors, while optical detectors are more sensitive to fires in the early smouldering stage. The smoke detector has two ionization chambers, one open to the air, and a reference chamber which

title: Optical beam smoke detector

text: beam, typically through either absorbance or light scattering. Once a certain percentage of the transmitted light has been blocked by the smoke, a fire is signalled. Optical beam smoke detectors are typically used to detect fires in large commercial and industrial buildings, as components in a larger fire alarm system. Optical beam smoke detectors consist of at least one light transmitter and one receiver, which is photosensitive. The photosensitive receiver monitors light produced by the transmitter under normal conditions. In the absence of smoke, light passes from the light transmitter to the receiver in a straight line. In a fire,

title: Smoke detector

text: A presentation by Siemens and the Canadian Fire Alarm Association reports the ionization detector as best at detecting incipient-stage fires with invisibly small particles, fast-flaming fires with smaller 0.01-0.4 micron particles, and dark or black smoke, while more modern photoelectric detectors are best at detecting slow-smouldering fires with larger 0.4–10.0 micron particles, and light-coloured white/grey smoke. Photoelectric smoke detectors respond faster to fire in its early, smouldering stage (before it breaks into flame). The smoke from the smouldering stage of a fire is typically made up of large combustion particles—between 0.3 and 10.0 µm. Ionization smoke detectors respond faster (typically

title: Smoke detector

text: Smoke detector A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. Commercial security devices issue a signal to a fire alarm control panel as part of a fire alarm system, while household smoke detectors, also known as smoke alarms, generally issue a local audible or visual alarm from the detector itself. Smoke detectors are housed in plastic enclosures, typically shaped like a disk about in diameter and thick, but shape and size vary. Smoke can be detected either optically (photoelectric) or by physical process (ionization); detectors may use either, or both, methods. Sensitive alarms

title: Smoke detector

text: 30–60 seconds) in the flaming stage of a fire. The smoke from the flaming stage of a fire is typically made up of microscopic combustion particles—between 0.01 and 0.3 µm. Also, ionization detectors are weaker in high air-flow environments, and because of this, the photoelectric smoke detector is more reliable for detecting smoke in both the smoldering and flaming stages of a fire. In June 2006, the Australasian Fire & Emergency Service Authorities Council, the peak representative body for all Australian and New Zealand fire departments, published an official report, 'Position on Smoke Alarms in Residential Accommodation'. Clause 3.0 states,

title: Electric eye

text: the power line alternating current frequency, but modern photodetector systems use an infrared light-emitting diode modulated at a few kilohertz, which allows the detector to reject stray light and improves the range, sensitivity and security of the device. Highway vehicle counter First compact commercial unit Automatic wrapping machines Automatic door opener Business alarm system Automatic cameras Electric eye An electric eye is a photodetector used for detecting obstruction of a light beam. An example is the door safety system used on garage door openers that use a light transmitter and receiver at the bottom of the door to prevent closing

title: Optical beam smoke detector

text: is also an advantage for aesthetic installations, where fire protection is required without introducing unsightly or overtly modern devices. Aesthetic considerations are especially important for cultural and heritage sites. End-to-end detectors include open-area smoke imaging detection, in which two wavelengths of light are used to detect smoke. UV and IR wavelengths of light react to smoke differently, and the comparative difference helps to verify real smoke by comparing the reflections and seeing a difference in the profile. UV and IR respond identically to things like blockage (ladder in front to detector path), bugs (blocking beam), fog, steam, and other things

title: Smoke detector

text: "Ionization smoke alarms may not operate in time to alert occupants early enough to escape from smouldering fires." In August 2008, the International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF, with over 300,000 members in North America) passed a resolution recommending the use of photoelectric smoke alarms, saying that changing to photoelectric alarms, "Will drastically reduce the loss of life among citizens and fire fighters." In May 2011, the Fire Protection Association of Australia's (FPAA) official position on smoke alarms stated, "Fire Prevention Association Australia considers that all residential buildings should be fitted with photoelectric smoke alarms..." In December 2011, the Volunteer

title: Smoke detector

text: to disclose the level of visible smoke required to trigger the manufacturers' ionization smoke alarms under CSIRO scientific testing. The US state of California banned the sale of smoke detectors with replaceable batteries Smoke detector A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. Commercial security devices issue a signal to a fire alarm control panel as part of a fire alarm system, while household smoke detectors, also known as smoke alarms, generally issue a local audible or visual alarm from the detector itself. Smoke detectors are housed in plastic enclosures, typically shaped like

title: Smoke detector

text: than photoelectric alarms (57 to 62 seconds faster response), and photoelectric alarms provided (often) considerably faster response to smoldering fires than ionization type alarms (47 to 53 minutes faster response)." Regular cleaning can prevent false alarms caused by the build-up of dust and insects, particularly on optical type alarms as they are more susceptible to these factors. A vacuum cleaner can be used to clean domestic smoke detectors to remove detrimental dust. Optical detectors are less susceptible to false alarms in locations such as near a kitchen producing cooking fumes. On the night of May 31, 2001, Bill Hackert and

title: Smoke detector

text: the validity of testing criteria used by American and Australian government agencies when undergoing scientific testing of ionization smoke alarms in smoldering fires. In June 2010 the City of Albany, California enacted photoelectric-only legislation after a unanimous decision by the Albany City Council; several other Californian and Ohioan cities enacted similar legislation shortly afterwards. In November 2011 the Northern Territory enacted Australia's first residential photoelectric legislation mandating the use of photoelectric smoke alarms in all new Northern Territory homes. In the Australian State of Queensland, from 1 January 2017 all smoke alarms in new dwellings (or where a dwelling is

title: Smoke detector

text: Fire Fighter's Association of Australia published a World Fire Safety Foundation report, 'Ionization Smoke Alarms are DEADLY', citing research outlining substantial performance differences between ionization and photoelectric technology. In November 2013, the Ohio Fire Chiefs' Association (OFCA) published an official position paper supporting the use of photoelectric technology in Ohioan residences. The OFCA's position states, "In the interest of public safety and to protect the public from the deadly effects of smoke and fire, the Ohio Fire Chiefs' Association endorses the use of Photoelectric Smoke Alarms … In both new construction and when replacing old smoke alarms or purchasing new

title: Smoke detector

text: Such sensors are often used to measure levels of CO which may be undesirable but not indicative of a fire; this type of sensor can also be used to detect and warn of the much higher levels generated by a fire. One manufacturer says that detectors based on CO levels are the fastest fire indicators, and also, unlike ionization and optical detectors, detect fires that do not generate smoke, such as those fuelled by alcohol or gasoline. CO fire detectors are not susceptible to false alarms due to particles, making them particularly suitable for use in dusty and dirty environments.

title: Smoke detector

title: Infrared detector

text: semiconductors with narrow band gaps. Incident IR photons can cause electronic excitations. In photoconductive detectors, the resistivity of the detector element is monitored. Photovoltaic detectors contain a p-n junction on which photoelectric current appears upon illumination. A few detector materials: Infrared detector An infrared detector is a detector that reacts to infrared (IR) radiation. The two main types of detectors are thermal and photonic (photodetectors). The thermal effects of the incident IR radiation can be followed through many temperature dependent phenomena. Bolometers and microbolometers are based on changes in resistance. Thermocouples and thermopiles use the thermoelectric effect. Golay cells follow

title: Smoke detector

text: Fire Protection Association recommends that home-owners replace smoke detector batteries with a new battery at least once per year, when it starts chirping (a signal that the battery is low), or when it fails a test, which the NFPA recommends to be carried out at least once per month by pressing the "test" button on the alarm. A 2004 NIST report concluded that "Smoke alarms of either the ionization type or the photoelectric type consistently provided time for occupants to escape from most residential fires," and, "Consistent with prior findings, ionization type alarms provided somewhat better response to flaming fires

title: Optical beam smoke detector

text: that commonly cause false alarms, so the two wavelengths of light are used together to detect smoke accurately. A reflective optical beam smoke detector incorporates a light transmitter and the detector on the same unit. The light path is created by reflecting light emitted from the transmitter off a retroreflector that is placed opposite the detector. A motorised optical beam smoke detector automatically aligns itself during installation and can compensate for alignment 'drift' i.e. where the optical path of the light beam changes over time Both end-to-end systems and reflective systems can be motorised. Early examples of optical beam smoke

title: Optical beam smoke detector

text: Optical beam smoke detector An optical beam smoke detector is a device that uses a projected beam of light to detect smoke across large areas, typically as an indicator of fire. They are used to detect fires in buildings where standard point smoke detectors would either be uneconomical or restricted for use by the height of the building. Optical beam smoke detectors are often installed in warehouses as a cost effective means of protecting large open spaces. Optical beam smoke detectors work on the principle of light obscuration, where the presence of smoke blocks some of the light from the

title: Smoke detector

text: the need for external wiring. Ionization smoke detectors are usually cheaper to manufacture than optical detectors. They may be more prone to false alarms triggered by non-hazardous events than photoelectric detectors, and have been found to be much slower to respond to typical house fires. Americium-241 is an alpha emitter with a half-life of 432.6 years. Alpha particle radiation, as opposed to beta (electron) and gamma (electromagnetic) radiation, is used for two additional reasons: alpha particles have high ionization, so sufficient air particles will be ionized for the current to exist, and they have low penetrative power, meaning they will

title: Smoke detector

text: Protection Association reports 0.53 deaths per 100 fires in homes with working smoke alarms compared to 1.18 deaths in homes without (2009–2013). Some homes do not have any smoke alarms, some alarms do not have working batteries; sometimes the alarm fails to detect the fire. The first automatic electric fire alarm was patented in 1890 by Francis Robbins Upton, an associate of Thomas Edison. George Andrew Darby patented the first European electrical heat detector in 1902 in Birmingham, England. In the late 1930s Swiss physicist Walter Jaeger tried to invent a sensor for poison gas. He expected that gas entering

title: Smoke detector

text: alarms, we recommend Photoelectric Smoke Alarms." In June 2014, tests by the North Eastern Ohio Fire Prevention Association (NEOFPA) on residential smoke alarms were broadcast on the ABC's 'Good Morning America' program. The NEOFPA tests showed ionization smoke alarms failing to activate in the early, smoldering stage of fire. The combination ionization-photoelectric alarms failed to activate until an average of over 20 minutes after the stand-alone photoelectric smoke alarms. This vindicated the June 2006 official position of the Australasian Fire & Emergency Service Authorities Council (AFAC) and the October 2008, official position of the International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF).

title: Flame detector

text: water vapour and of cold CO in the air. In the case of a very small flame, on the other hand, the decreasing flickering of the flame will play an increasing part. A more exact relation - valid when the distance between the flame and the flame detector is small - between the radiation density, "E", at the detector and the distance, "D", between the detector and a flame of effective radius, "R", emitting energy density, "M", is given by When "R"«"D" then the relation reduces to the (inverse) square law Flame detector A flame detector is a sensor designed

title: Smoke detector

text: substantially renovated) must be photoelectric, not also contain an ionisation sensor, be hardwired to the mains power supply with a secondary power source (i.e. battery) and be interconnected with every other smoke alarm in the dwelling so all activate together. From that date, all replacement smoke alarms must be photoelectric. From 1 January 2022, all dwellings sold, leased or where a lease is renewed must comply as for new dwellings. From 1 January 2027, all dwellings must comply as for new dwellings. In June 2013, in an Australian Parliamentary speech, the question was asked, "Are ionization smoke alarms defective?" This

title: Microphone

text: 7,580,533 issued for a Particulate Flow Detection Microphone based on a laser-photocell pair with a moving stream of smoke or vapor in the laser beam's path. Sound pressure waves cause disturbances in the smoke that in turn cause variations in the amount of laser light reaching the photodetector. A prototype of the device was demonstrated at the 127th Audio Engineering Society convention in New York City from 9 through 12 October 2009. Early microphones did not produce intelligible speech, until Alexander Graham Bell made improvements including a variable-resistance microphone/transmitter. Bell's liquid transmitter consisted of a metal cup filled with water

title: Smoke detector

long_answer: A photoelectric, or optical smoke detector contains a source of infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light (typically an incandescent light bulb or light-emitting diode), a lens, and a photoelectric receiver (typically a photodiode). In spot-type detectors all of these components are arranged inside a chamber where air, which may contain smoke from a nearby fire, flows. In large open areas such as atria and auditoriums, optical beam or projected-beam smoke detectors are used instead of a chamber within the unit: a wall-mounted unit emits a beam of infrared or ultraviolet light which is either received and processed by a separate device, or reflected back to the receiver by a reflector. In some types, particularly optical beam types, the light emitted by the light source passes through the air being tested and reaches the photosensor. The received light intensity will be reduced due to scattering from particulates of smoke, air-borne dust, or other substances; the circuitry detects the light intensity and generates the alarm if it is below a specified threshold, potentially due to smoke. In other types, typically chamber types, the light is not directed at the sensor, which is not illuminated in the absence of particles. If the air in the chamber contains particles (smoke or dust), the light is scattered and some of it reaches the sensor, triggering the alarm.


question: when did the romanticism period start and end

answers: 1780–1830

title: Romanticism

text: Romanticism Romanticism (also known as the Romantic era) was an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature, preferring the medieval rather than the classical. It was partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment, and the scientific rationalization of nature—all components of modernity. It

title: Romanticism

text: focuses his interpretation on Slavic pagan and occult elements found in the drama. In his book "Mickiewicz hermetyczny" he writes about hermetic, theosophic and alchemical philosophy on the book as well as Masonic symbols. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanticism&action=submit Romanticism Romanticism (also known as the Romantic era) was an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature, preferring the

title: British literature

text: end of the 18th century. Various dates are given for the Romantic period in British literature, but here the publishing of "Lyrical Ballads" in 1798 is taken as the beginning, and the crowning of Queen Victoria in 1837 as its end, even though, for example, William Wordsworth lived until 1850 and William Blake published before 1798. The writers of this period, however, "did not think of themselves as 'Romantics'", and the term was first used by critics of the Victorian period. The Romantic period was one of major social change in England, because of the depopulation of the countryside and

title: Romantic literature in English

text: Romantic literature in English Romanticism was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century. Various dates are given for the Romantic period but here the publishing of William Wordsworth's "Lyrical Ballads" in 1798 is taken as the beginning, and the crowning of Queen Victoria in 1837 as its end. Romanticism arrived later in other parts of the English-speaking world, such as America. The Romantic period was one of major social change in England, because of the depopulation of the countryside and the rapid development of overcrowded industrial cities, that took place

title: Romanticism

text: or five years ago". It is only from the 1820s that Romanticism certainly knew itself by its name, and in 1824 the Académie française took the wholly ineffective step of issuing a decree condemning it in literature. The period typically called Romantic varies greatly between different countries and different artistic media or areas of thought. Margaret Drabble described it in literature as taking place "roughly between 1770 and 1848", and few dates much earlier than 1770 will be found. In English literature, M. H. Abrams placed it between 1789, or 1798, this latter a very typical view, and about 1830,

title: Romanticism in Scotland

text: important offshoots of Romanticism in New England, Transcendentalism, particularly in the writing of Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–82). In literature, Romanticism is often thought to have ended in the 1830s, with a few commentators, like Margaret Drabble, describing it as over by 1848. Romanticism continued much longer in some places and areas of endeavour, particularly in music, where it has been dated from 1820 to 1910. The death of Scott in 1832 has been seen as marking the end of the great romantic generation, and Scottish literature and culture in general lost some of its international prominence from this point. Scott's

title: Romanticism

text: see in it the inaugural moment of modernity, and some like Chateaubriand, Novalis and Samuel Taylor Coleridge see it as the beginning of a tradition of resistance to Enlightenment rationalism—a "Counter-Enlightenment"— to be associated most closely with German Romanticism. An earlier definition comes from Charles Baudelaire: "Romanticism is precisely situated neither in choice of subject nor exact truth, but in the way of feeling." The end of the Romantic era is marked in some areas by a new style of Realism, which affected literature, especially the novel and drama, painting, and even music, through Verismo opera. This movement was led

title: Romantic poetry

text: Poland was a literary, artistic and intellectual period in the evolution of Polish culture, which began around 1820, coinciding with the publication of Adam Mickiewicz's first poems in 1822. It ended with the suppression of the Polish-Lithuanian January 1863 Uprising against the Russian Empire in 1864. The latter event ushered in a new era in Polish culture known as "Positivism". The 19th century is traditionally referred to as the "Golden Era" of Russian literature. Romanticism permitted a flowering of especially poetic talent: the names of Vasily Zhukovsky and later that of his protégé Alexander Pushkin came to the fore. Pushkin

title: Romanticism in Poland

text: Romanticism in Poland Romanticism in Poland, a literary, artistic and intellectual period in the evolution of Polish culture, began around 1820, coinciding with the publication of Adam Mickiewicz's first poems in 1822. It ended with the suppression of the Polish-Lithuanian January 1863 Uprising against the Russian Empire in 1864. The latter event ushered in a new era in Polish culture known as "Positivism". Polish Romanticism, unlike Romanticism in some other parts of Europe, was not limited to literary and artistic concerns. Due to specific Polish historical circumstances, notably the partitions of Poland, it was also an ideological, philosophical and political

title: Romantic literature in English

text: as obsession, the nature of evil, and human struggle against the elements. By the 1880s, however, psychological and social realism were competing with Romanticism in the novel. Romantic literature in English Romanticism was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century. Various dates are given for the Romantic period but here the publishing of William Wordsworth's "Lyrical Ballads" in 1798 is taken as the beginning, and the crowning of Queen Victoria in 1837 as its end. Romanticism arrived later in other parts of the English-speaking world, such as America. The Romantic

title: Romanticism in Spanish literature

text: the values and customs of the past, contributed to the decadence of the Romantic movement and the rise of Realism, as it became bourgeois and turned into a style of description. The Romantic period encompasses the first half of the 19th century, a time of high political tension. The conservatives defended their privileges, but the liberals and progressives fought to supplant them. This opened the way for the laity and Freemasonry to enjoy great influence. Traditional Catholic thought defended itself against the freethinkers and the followers of the German philosopher Karl C. F. Krause. The working class unleashed protest movements

title: Romanticism

text: as a sentimental painter of young women. His Romantic period included many historical pieces of "Troubadour" tendencies, but on a very large scale, that are heavily influenced by Gian Battista Tiepolo and other late Baroque Italian masters. Literary Romanticism had its counterpart in the American visual arts, most especially in the exaltation of an untamed American landscape found in the paintings of the Hudson River School. Painters like Thomas Cole, Albert Bierstadt and Frederic Edwin Church and others often expressed Romantic themes in their paintings. They sometimes depicted ancient ruins of the old world, such as in Fredric Edwin Church's

title: Swedish literature

text: my beloved daughter, if I would have had one') - are the exhortions to remain at home and not get involved with literature or politics serious or satirical? In European history, the period "circa" 1805–1840 is known as Romanticism. It also made a strong impression on Sweden, due to German influences. During this relatively short period, there were so many great Swedish poets that the era is referred to as the Golden Age of Swedish poetry. The period started around 1810 when several periodicals were published which rejected the literature of the 18th century. An important society was the "Gothic

title: Romanticism in evolution theory

text: Romanticism in evolution theory Romanticism was an intellectual movement that arose in the late eighteenth century and continued through the nineteenth century. The movement had roots in the arts, literature, and science. Largely conceived as a reaction towards the extreme rationalism of the Enlightenment, it championed expressing emotions through aesthetic and emphasizing the transcendent allure of the natural world. There has been significant work done by historians about how romanticism played a significant role in the development of modern theories of evolution. Most notable is the work done by Robert J. Richards, a professor at the University of Chicago. Richards,

title: Romanticism

text: prominent in Romantic fiction. As a survivor of the French retreat from Moscow in 1812, fantasies of heroism and adventure had little appeal for him, and like Goya he is often seen as a forerunner of Realism. His most important works are "Le Rouge et le Noir" ("The Red and the Black", 1830) and "La Chartreuse de Parme" ("The Charterhouse of Parma", 1839). Romanticism in Poland is often taken to begin with the publication of Adam Mickiewicz's first poems in 1822, and end with the crushing of the January Uprising of 1863 against the Russians. It was strongly marked by

title: Romantic poetry

text: he and Friedrich Schiller ended their period of association with it by initiating what would become Weimar Classicism. Jena Romanticism – also the Jena Romantics or Early Romanticism (Frühromantik)) – is the first phase of Romanticism in German literature represented by the work of a group centred in Jena from about 1798 to 1804. Heidelberg was the centre of the epoch of "Romantik" (Romanticism) in Germany. The phase after Jena Romanticism is often called Heidelberg Romanticism (see also Berlin Romanticism). There was a famous circle of poets, the Heidelberg Romantics, such as Joseph von Eichendorff, Johann Joseph von Görres, Ludwig

title: Romanticism

text: end of the Romantic era in chess is considered to be the 1873 Vienna Tournament where Wilhelm Steinitz popularized positional play and the closed game. One of Romanticism's key ideas and most enduring legacies is the assertion of nationalism, which became a central theme of Romantic art and political philosophy. From the earliest parts of the movement, with their focus on development of national languages and folklore, and the importance of local customs and traditions, to the movements that would redraw the map of Europe and lead to calls for self-determination of nationalities, nationalism was one of the key vehicles

title: Orientalism

text: 1785 and ended around 1830. The term "Romantic" references the ideas and culture that writers of the time reflected in their work. During this time, the culture and objects of the East began to have a profound effect on Europe. Extensive traveling by artists and members of the European elite brought travelogues and sensational tales back to the West creating a great interest in all things "foreign". Romantic Orientalism incorporates African and Asian geographic locations, well-known colonial and "native" personalities, folklore, and philosophies to create a literary environment of colonial exploration from a distinctly European worldview. The current trend in

title: History of literature

text: Germany, the "Sturm und Drang" period of the late 18th century merges into a Classicist and Romantic period, epitomized by the long era of Goethe's activity, covering the first third of the century. The conservative "Biedermeier" style conflicts with the radical "Vormärz" in the turbulent period separating the end of the Napoleonic wars from the Revolutions of 1848. In Denmark, the early 19th century Golden Age produced prolific literary authors such as Søren Kierkegaard and Hans Christian Andersen. In the later 19th century, Romanticism is countered by Realism and Naturalism. The late 19th century, known as the "Belle Époque", with

title: Romanticism

title: Post-romanticism

text: Post-romanticism Post-romanticism or Postromanticism refers to a range of cultural endeavors and attitudes emerging in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, after the period of Romanticism. Herman Melville and Thomas Carlyle are post-Romantic writers. Flaubert's "Madame Bovary" is a post-Romantic novel. The period of post-romanticism in poetry is defined as the late nineteenth century, but includes the poetry of Letitia Elizabeth Landon and Tennyson. Post-romanticism in music referred to Romantic composers who would use forms that were found typically in the Classical and Baroque while still retaining aspects of the Romantic era. Among the most well known post-Romantic composers

title: Romanticism

text: definition of Romanticism has been the subject of debate in the fields of intellectual history and literary history throughout the 20th century, without any great measure of consensus emerging. That it was part of the Counter-Enlightenment, a reaction against the Age of Enlightenment, is generally accepted in current scholarship. Its relationship to the French Revolution, which began in 1789 in the very early stages of the period, is clearly important, but highly variable depending on geography and individual reactions. Most Romantics can be said to be broadly progressive in their views, but a considerable number always had, or developed, a

title: Austrian literature

text: 1790 these ideas were firmly rooted and the ancient classic cultures (Greek and Roman) were the inspiration for poets, artists, architects and writers. Harmony and Beauty were some of the ideals of that time. There was a lot of philosophical and aesthetic writing which accumulated in the Romantic era around 1820 (mostly writers from the nobility). With the Napoleonic Wars going on, a lot of people wanted literature which took them away in a fantasy world. A lot of religious writing was also providing people with new hope. Klemens Maria Hofbauer, Eduard von Bauernfeld and Franz Grillparzer are but three

title: Romanticism

text: finishing around the 1820s, or sometimes even earlier, although many authors of the succeeding decades were no less committed to Romantic values. The most significant novelist in English during the peak Romantic period, other than Walter Scott, was Jane Austen, whose essentially conservative world-view had little in common with her Romantic contemporaries, retaining a strong belief in decorum and social rules, though critics have detected tremors under the surface of some works, especially "Mansfield Park" (1814) and "Persuasion" (1817). But around the mid-century the undoubtedly Romantic novels of the Yorkshire-based Brontë family appeared. Most notably Charlotte's "Jane Eyre" and Emily's

title: Romanticism in science

text: "cold philosophy" in the poem "Lamia" influenced Edgar Allan Poe's 1829 sonnet "To Science" and Richard Dawkins' 1998 book, "Unweaving the Rainbow". The rise of Auguste Comte's positivism in 1840 contributed to the decline of the Romantic approach to science. Romanticism in science Romanticism (or the Age of Reflection, 1800–40) was an intellectual movement that originated in Western Europe as a counter-movement to the late-18th-century Enlightenment. Romanticism incorporated many fields of study, including politics, the arts, and the humanities, but it also greatly influenced 19th-century science. In contrast to Enlightenment mechanistic natural philosophy, European scientists of the Romantic period held

title: Romanticism

text: by France, with Balzac and Flaubert in literature and Courbet in painting; Stendhal and Goya were important precursors of Realism in their respective media. However, Romantic styles, now often representing the established and safe style against which Realists rebelled, continued to flourish in many fields for the rest of the century and beyond. In music such works from after about 1850 are referred to by some writers as "Late Romantic" and by others as "Neoromantic" or "Postromantic", but other fields do not usually use these terms; in English literature and painting the convenient term "Victorian" avoids having to characterise the

title: Spanish literature

text: of the Enlightenment period and a reaction against the rationalization of nature, in art and literature Romanticism stressed strong emotion as a source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as trepidation, horror, and the awe experienced in confronting the sublimity of nature. It elevated folk art, nature and custom. The characteristics of the works of Romanticism are: Various are the themes of the romanticist works: In Realism (end of the 19th century), which is mixed with Naturalism, important topics are the novel, with Juan Valera, José María de Pereda, Benito Pérez Galdós, Emilia Pardo Bazán, Leopoldo Alas

title: Ricarda Huch

text: established her reputation as a historian. "Ausbreitung und Verfall der Romantik" was published in 1902. Huch argued that German Romanticism went through a period of blossoming and a later period of decay. She argued that August Wilhelm Schlegel, Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel, Friedrich von Hardenberg, Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder and Ludwig Tieck were exponents of early German Romanticism. In this blossoming period utopian thinking and a striving for balance between reason and fantasy, mind and body, culminated in the idea that human perfectibility was a task for everyone. Huch identifies late German Romanticism with a leaning towards simplistic folklore, myth and

title: Romantic poetry

text: Romantic poetry Romantic poetry is the poetry of the Romantic era, an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century. It involved a reaction against prevailing Enlightenment ideas of the 18th century, and lasted from 1800 to 1850, approximately. In early 19th century England, the poet William Wordsworth defined his and Samuel Taylor Coleridge's innovative poetry in his Preface to "Lyrical Ballads" (1798):I have said before that poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin in emotion recollected in tranquility: the emotion is contemplated till, by a

title: Polish literature

text: against the foreign occupation, and expressed the ideals and the traditional way of life of the Polish people. The period of Romanticism in Poland ended with the Tsarist suppression of the January 1863 Uprising, marked by public executions by the Russians and deportations to Siberia. The literature of Polish Romanticism falls into two distinct periods, both defined by insurgencies: the first around 1820–1830, ending with the November Uprising of 1830; and the second between 1830–1864, giving birth to Polish Positivism. In the first period, Polish Romantics were heavily influenced by other European Romantics - Their art featured emotionalism and imagination,

title: Romanticism

long_answer: The period typically called Romantic varies greatly between different countries and different artistic media or areas of thought. Margaret Drabble described it in literature as taking place "roughly between 1770 and 1848", and few dates much earlier than 1770 will be found. In English literature, M. H. Abrams placed it between 1789, or 1798, this latter a very typical view, and about 1830, perhaps a little later than some other critics. Others have proposed 1780–1830. In other fields and other countries the period denominated as Romantic can be considerably different; musical Romanticism, for example, is generally regarded as only having ceased as a major artistic force as late as 1910, but in an extreme extension the Four Last Songs of Richard Strauss are described stylistically as "Late Romantic" and were composed in 1946–48. However, in most fields the Romantic Period is said to be over by about 1850, or earlier.