question: explorer who led an early voyage to the coast of newfoundland

answers: Jacques Cartier

title: Newfoundland (island)

text: Gaelic names reflected the association with fishing: in Scottish Gaelic, it was called "Eilean a' Trosg," or literally, "Island of the Cod". Similarly, the Irish Gaelic name "Talamh an Éisc" means "Land of the Fish". The first inhabitants of Newfoundland were the Paleo-Eskimo, who have no known link to other groups in Newfoundland history. Little is known about them beyond archeological evidence of early settlements. Evidence of successive cultures have been found. The Late Paleo-Eskimo, or Dorset culture, settled there about 4,000 years ago. They were descendants of migrations of ancient prehistoric peoples across the High Arctic thousands of years

title: Robert Bartlett (explorer)

text: Robert Bartlett (explorer) Robert "Bob" Abram Bartlett (August 15, 1875 – April 28, 1946) was a Newfoundland-born American Arctic explorer of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Born in Brigus, Colony of Newfoundland, Bartlett was the oldest of ten children born to William James Bartlett and Mary J. Leamon, and heir to a family tradition of seafaring. He grew up in Hawthorne Cottage in Brigus. By the age of 17, he mastered his first ship and began a lifelong love affair with the Arctic. Bartlett spent more than 50 years mapping and exploring the waters of the Far North

title: Newfoundland and Labrador

text: The earliest, though, is the Voyage of Saint Brendan, the fantastical account of an Irish monk who made a sea voyage in the early 6th century. While the story itself became a part of myth and legend, some historians believe it is based on fact. In 1496 John Cabot obtained a charter from English King Henry VII to "sail to all parts, countries and seas of the East, the West and of the North, under our banner and ensign and to set up our banner on any new-found-land" and on June 24, 1497, landed in Cape Bonavista. Historians disagree on

title: John Knight (seafarer)

text: opposition from local people, and so reached Newfoundland, from where they sailed on 22 August, and arrived at Dartmouth, Devon on 24 September. Attribution John Knight (seafarer) John Knight (died 1606) was a British explorer of Greenland and Labrador. He is known for two expeditions: he was a member of a Danish exploration of the coast of Greenland, and he led an expedition to discover the Northwest Passage, during which he was lost. In 1605 Knight took part in a Danish expedition to Greenland, led by John Cunningham with James Hall as pilot. Knight captained the pinnace "Katten". They sailed

title: Newfoundland (island)

text: island was inhabited by aboriginal populations. About 500 years later, in 1497, the Italian navigator John Cabot (Zuan/Giovanni Cabotto) became the first European since the Norse settlers to set foot on Newfoundland, working under commission of King Henry VII of England. His landing site is unknown but popularly believed to be Cape Bonavista, along the island's East coast. Another site claimed is Cape Bauld, at the tip of the Great Northern Peninsula. A document found in the Spanish National Archives, written by a Bristol merchant, reports that Cabot's crew landed west of Dursey Head, Ireland (latitude 51° 35'N), which would

title: James Patrick Howley

text: James Patrick Howley James Patrick Howley (born 7 July 1847 near St. John's, Newfoundland and died 1 January 1918 at St. John's) was a naturalist and geologist, one of the first Newfoundlanders of European descent to visit the interior of the island of Newfoundland at the Bay du Nord River system. Howley, son of Richard Howley and Eliza Burke was educated at Saint Bonaventure's College, St. John's, Newfoundland. For a time he worked in the office of the colonial secretary, but his fame came when he participated in the geographical and topographical survey of the colony of Newfoundland. In the

title: Newfoundland (island)

text: by the Genoese navigator John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto), working under contract to King Henry VII of England on his expedition from Bristol in 1497. In 1501, Portuguese explorers Gaspar Corte-Real and his brother Miguel Corte-Real charted part of the coast of Newfoundland in a failed attempt to find the Northwest Passage. (After European settlement, colonists first called the island "Terra Nova", from "New Land" in Portuguese and Latin.) On August 5, 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert claimed Newfoundland as England's first overseas colony under Royal Charter of Queen Elizabeth I of England, thus officially establishing a forerunner to the much later

title: Thomas Rowley (settler)

text: Thomas Rowley (settler) Thomas Rowley (fl. 16121628), explorer and pioneer, born Shropshire, England, was one of the first settlers of John Guy's colony at Cuper's Cove, Conception Bay, Newfoundland, Canada. Rowley had accompanied John Guy on his expedition to Trinity Bay from Cuper's Cove in search of the Beothuk to make friendly relations with them for trade. In 1618 or 1619 both Rowley and William Hannam had entered into a partnership with Sir Percival Willoughby by accepting a grant to half his land as described from a line drawn from Carbonear to Heart's Content to include all land north of

title: Cape Breton Island

text: histories and maps of the period are of too poor quality to be sure whether Cabot first visited Newfoundland or Cape Breton Island. This discovery is commemorated by Cape Breton's Cabot Trail, and by the Cabot's Landing Historic Site & Provincial Park, near the village of Dingwall. The local Mi'kmaq peoples began trading with European fishermen when the fishermen began landing in their territories as early as the 1520s. In about 1521–22, the Portuguese under João Álvares Fagundes established a fishing colony on the island. As many as two hundred settlers lived in a village, the name of which is

title: Whitbourne, Newfoundland and Labrador

text: Whitbourne, Newfoundland and Labrador Whitbourne is a town on the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada in Division 1. Whitbourne, Newfoundland's first inland town, is named after Sir Richard Whitbourne, one of the most colourful early settlers of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador who wrote a book about Newfoundland that was published in 1620. Sir Richard was appointed by the High Court of the Admiralty to set up the first English law court in the New World in 1615 in Trinity. He was kidnapped and held by the notorious Pirate Peter Easton in Harbour Grace. He also described

title: James Patrick Howley

text: was named a National Historic Person. His son William served in the Newfoundland House of Assembly. In May 2009 W.J. Kirwin and P.A. O'Flaherty published an edited version of Howley's "Reminiscences of Forty-two Years of Exploration in and about Newfoundland." James Patrick Howley James Patrick Howley (born 7 July 1847 near St. John's, Newfoundland and died 1 January 1918 at St. John's) was a naturalist and geologist, one of the first Newfoundlanders of European descent to visit the interior of the island of Newfoundland at the Bay du Nord River system. Howley, son of Richard Howley and Eliza Burke was

title: History of Newfoundland and Labrador

text: his landing is unknown but the 500th anniversary of his landing was commemorated in Bonavista, Newfoundland. The 1497 voyage has generated much debate among historians, with various points in Newfoundland, and Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, most often identified as the likely landing place. Fishing vessels with Basque, English, Portuguese, French and Spanish crews started to make seasonal expeditions . Basque vessels had been fishing cod shoals off Newfoundland's coasts since the beginning of the 16th century, and their crews used the natural harbour at Placentia. French fishers also began to use the area. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, provided with

title: Division No. 1, Subdivision B, Newfoundland and Labrador

text: include Foley, Doyle, and O’Keefe. Thomas Foley is said to have been the first permanent settler of Little Barasway. A fisherman, he arrived in nearby Placentia circa 1846 to work for Sweetman & Saunders, a firm based out of Waterford, Ireland. The history of the Cape Shore says he was nicknamed Thomas "Tramore" Foley, as he was from Tramore, Ireland. Pointe Verde was a small settlement in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, with 19 families around 1864. The population was 238 in 1956, and 330 in 1986. Point Verde is located just southwest of Placentia, which is known as the old

title: Thomas Nash (Newfoundland)

text: Thomas Nash (Newfoundland) Thomas Nash (1730 in Callan, County Kilkenny, Ireland – 1810 in Branch, Newfoundland Colony ) was an Irish Catholic fisherman who founded Branch, Newfoundland and Labrador. Nash immigrated from Ireland to Calvert, Newfoundland and Labrador, formerly known as Capelin Bay, around 1765. He was a planter and lived in an area of Calvert known as the Point and referred to as "Nashes Plantation". Local lore says that Thomas and his sons built a boat over the winter of 1765. Wintering over was not permitted in Newfoundland at that time however when discovered by the fishing admiral the

title: William Weston (explorer)

text: has been published as a result of a research programme dubbed The Cabot Project at the University of Bristol, to find more information about the Bristol discovery voyages of this period. This project, with participation of several international scholars, has also been working with researchers in Newfoundland on archeological excavations in Carbonear, identified as a potential site for a 15th-century church that may have been started by an Augustine friar accompanying Cabot's 1497 expedition. He is believed to have stayed in Newfoundland to start the mission. William Weston (explorer) William Weston was a 15th-century English merchant from Bristol, who was

title: Newfoundland and Labrador

text: two being Helluland (possibly Baffin Island) and Markland (possibly Labrador). Leif's third landing was at a place he called Vinland (possibly Newfoundland). Archaeological evidence of a Norse settlement was found in L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, which was declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1978. There are several other unconfirmed accounts of European discovery and exploration, one tale by men from the Channel Islands being blown off course in the late 15th century into a strange land full of fish, and another from Portuguese maps that depict the Terra do Bacalhau, or land of codfish, west of the Azores.

title: Richard Hore

text: Richard Hore Richard Hore () was an English explorer who conducted an early voyage to the coast of what is now Newfoundland, where his passengers allegedly engaged in cannibalism in order to survive. His travels are attested in the writings of Richard Hakluyt, who documented the ill-fated expedition. Apart from his famous journey and its immediate aftermath, little is known about the life of Richard Hore. One of the few contemporary accounts of Richard Hore's life is contained in "The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation", a late 16th century history by Richard Hakluyt. Master Hore,

title: Henry Crout

text: Henry Crout Henry Crout (fl. 1612 – 1617) settler, explorer was most likely from Devon in the English West Country. He became an investor in the London and Bristol Company and acted as Sir Percival Willoughby agent and guardian to his son Thomas at the Cuper's Cove plantation in Newfoundland. Crout was impressed with Newfoundland and in his letters to Sir Percival Willoughby noted the potential of exploiting its rich resources and the possibility of establishing a fur trade with the Beothuk. He had noted in his correspondence the frequent raids of the pirate Peter Easton on the fisherman. He

title: Thomas Willoughby

text: Thomas Willoughby Thomas Willoughby (1593– ?) colonist, born Wollaton, Nottingham, England was one of the first settlers in John Guy's colony at Cuper's Cove, Newfoundland, Canada. Willoughby is the third-eldest child of Bridget and Percival Willoughby. Willoughby, a noted black sheep of the family, was sent, along with his guardian Henry Crout, to Cuper's Cove to mend his ways and help in establishing his father's land ownership on the Bay de Verde Peninsula. He landed at Renews in 1612 before proceeding to Cuper's Cove. Willoughby had taken part in the exploration of the territory around the peninsula and took part

title: Jacques Cartier

text: Jacques Cartier Island, located on the tip of the Great Northern Peninsula in Newfoundland and Labrador in the town of Quirpon, is said to have been named by Jacques Cartier himself on one of his voyages through the Strait of Belle Isle during the 1530s.

title: Erasmus Stourton

text: Erasmus Stourton Erasmus Stourton (1603, Narborough, Leicestershire, England – November 1658, Walesby, Lincolnshire, England) was a clergyman and early settler to the Colony of Avalon, Newfoundland in 1627. He is known as one of the earliest Anglican clergyman to come to Newfoundland. Stourton matriculated from St John's College, Cambridge, in 1619 at the age of sixteen and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1623. He was ordained September 1625 and in 1627 received his MA. Stourton went to Newfoundland in 1627 as chaplain for the Sir George Calvert's colonists at Ferryland. Both he and Calvert did not see eye-to-eye

title: Geography of Newfoundland and Labrador

text: Basque whalers (the remains of several whaling stations have been found at Red Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador) began exploration and exploitation of the area. Early European (primarily from England, Ireland and France) settlement in Newfoundland was confined to the coast. The rich cod fishery on the Grand Banks and along the shore of the island was the primary reason for these settlements. The rugged shoreline provided many small, but isolated, harbors (outports) from which to conduct the fishery. The Avalon Peninsula was, and is, the most populous part of the island, and as such had the best developed system of

title: Robert Bartlett (explorer)

text: Canadian postage stamp released on July 10, 2009. Author Eric Walters documented some of the aspects of his journey to find Arctic islands in the historical novels "Trapped in Ice" and "The Pole." Bartlett and Kataktovik's journey through Chukotka, Siberia is recounted as an episode in Chukchi author Yuri Rytkheu's novel "A Dream in Polar Fog". Robert Bartlett (explorer) Robert "Bob" Abram Bartlett (August 15, 1875 – April 28, 1946) was a Newfoundland-born American Arctic explorer of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Born in Brigus, Colony of Newfoundland, Bartlett was the oldest of ten children born to William

title: Thomas Talbot (Newfoundland politician)

text: he was named to the Legislative Council and served until his death in St. John's in 1901. In 1882, Talbot published "Newfoundland; or, a letter addressed to a friend in Ireland in relation to the condition and circumstances of the island of Newfoundland, with an especial view to emigration". Thomas Talbot (Newfoundland politician) Thomas Talbot (1818 – March 26, 1901) was an Irish-born educator and political figure in Newfoundland. He represented St. John's West in the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly from 1861 to 1870 as a Liberal and then Anti-Confederate. The son of William Talbot, he was born

title: James Webb (Royal Navy officer)

text: regular commerce with the Labrador Inuit. Webb claimed Chateau Bay for Britain and renamed it York Harbour. James Webb (Royal Navy officer) James Webb (died 14 May 1761) was an officer of the Royal Navy, who served as colonial governor of Newfoundland. He was born in England, and died at Plymouth Sound. Webb joined in the Royal Navy in 1728. Promoted to commander, he was given command of in 1745 and, having been promoted further to captain, he was given command of in 1746. He became governor of Newfoundland in 1760 during the Seven Years' War. Because Webb had taken

title: William Cormack

text: in 1824. Other versions of his travels were published in 1828 and 1856. He describes the interior with an accuracy no subsequent traveller has matched; his "Narrative" is the undisputed classic of Newfoundland travel. His botanical observations were the most important since those of Sir Joseph Banks in 1766. His account of the mineralogy and geology of the interior were important for the exploration by Joseph Beete Jukes in 1840. Again, his work contributed to the decision by William Edmond Logan to extend his 1864 geological survey to Newfoundland . It was led by Alexander Murray and James Patrick Howley.

title: Luke Foxe

text: Thomas Roe and Cape Dorset, named after Edward Sackville, 4th Earl of Dorset on 24 September 1631. In the 20th century this cape gave its name to the Dorset culture—a Paleo-Eskimo culture (500 BC – AD 1500) that preceded the Inuit culture in Arctic North America—whose remains were first found there. Thus, this name could also be indirectly attributed to Captain Foxe. Luke Foxe Luke Foxe (or Fox) (20 October 1586 – c. 15 July 1635) was an English explorer, born in Kingston-upon-Hull, Yorkshire, who searched for the Northwest Passage across North America. In 1631, he sailed much of the

title: Newfoundland (island)

text: Newfoundland and Labradorians claim British or Irish ancestry, with 43.2% claiming at least one English parent, 21.5% at least one Irish parent, and 7% at least one parent of Scottish origin. Additionally 6.1% claimed at least one parent of French ancestry. The island's total population as of the 2006 census was 479,105. Long settled by indigenous peoples of the Dorset culture, the island was visited by the Icelandic Viking Leif Eriksson in the 11th century, who called the new land "Vinland". The next European visitors to Newfoundland were Portuguese, Basque, Spanish, French and English migratory fishermen. The island was visited

title: Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste

text: (1707). He sailed along the coast between Port Royal and to the French capital of Newfoundland Plaisance (present day Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador). In 1709 and 1711 he participated in the arming of privateers at Plaisance. Because of his immense knowledge of the North Atlantic coasts, the Governor of Plaisance, Philippe Pastour de Costebelle consulted Baptiste on the site for the new settlement on Cape Breton Island, Louisbourg (1714). Secondary Sources Endnotes Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste (born in Bergerac, France 1663, died in Acadia after August 1714) was a French privateer famous for the success he

title: Jean Bachelot La Pylaie

text: Jean Bachelot La Pylaie Jean Marie Auguste Bachelot de La Pylaie (May 25, 1786 in Fougères, Ille-et-Vilaine – October 12, 1856) was a French botanist, explorer and archaeologist. He studied at Laval, and then in Paris at the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, where he was a pupil of Georges Cuvier (1769–1832) and Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville (1777–1850). He was a prolific explorer, mainly in France, but also in Africa and America, in particular the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon. In 1816, sailing on the frigate "Cybele", he surveyed St. George's Bay during a three months tour of Newfoundland

title: Jacques Cartier


question: where does the journey start in the canterbury tales

answers: London

title: The Canterbury Tales (film)

text: "Canterbury Tales". The following locations were used as settings for the tales: The Canterbury Tales (film) The Canterbury Tales () is a 1972 Italian film directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini and based on the medieval narrative poem "The Canterbury Tales" by Geoffrey Chaucer. It is the second film in Pasolini's "Trilogy of Life", the others being "The Decameron" and "Arabian Nights". It won the Golden Bear at the 22nd Berlin International Film Festival. The adaptation covers eight of the 24 tales and contains abundant nudity, sex and slapstick humour. Many of these scenes are present or at least alluded to

title: The Canterbury Tales (TV series)

text: The Canterbury Tales (TV series) The Canterbury Tales is a series of six single dramas that originally aired on BBC One in 2003. Each story is an adaptation of one of Geoffrey Chaucer's 14th century "Canterbury Tales" which are transferred to a modern, 21st century setting, but still set along the traditional Pilgrims' route to Canterbury. Repeats of the series in the UK have been on channels including ITV3. The anthology series was conceived by executive producers Laura Mackie and Franc Roddam in 2001, and produced by Kate Bartlett, while a number of writers and directors were chosen specifically to

title: The Canterbury Tales

text: version that was first staged in 1964. "A Canterbury Tale", a 1944 film jointly written and directed by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger, is loosely based on the narrative frame of Chaucer's tales. The movie opens with a group of medieval pilgrims journeying through the Kentish countryside as a narrator speaks the opening lines of the "General Prologue". The scene then makes a now-famous transition to the time of World War II. From that point on, the film follows a group of strangers, each with his or her own story and in need of some kind of redemption, who are

title: The Canterbury Tales (film)

text: The Canterbury Tales (film) The Canterbury Tales () is a 1972 Italian film directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini and based on the medieval narrative poem "The Canterbury Tales" by Geoffrey Chaucer. It is the second film in Pasolini's "Trilogy of Life", the others being "The Decameron" and "Arabian Nights". It won the Golden Bear at the 22nd Berlin International Film Festival. The adaptation covers eight of the 24 tales and contains abundant nudity, sex and slapstick humour. Many of these scenes are present or at least alluded to in the original as well, but some are Pasolini's own additions. The

title: The Canterbury Tales (film)

text: stories are linked to the arrival of a group of pilgrims at Canterbury, among whom is the poet Geoffrey Chaucer, played by Pasolini himself. First Tale (The Merchant's Tale) The elderly merchant Sir January decides to marry May, a young woman who has little interest in him. After they are married, the merchant suddenly becomes blind, and insists on constantly holding on to his wife' wrist as consolation for the fact that he cannot see her. While the two are walking in the January's private garden, May asks to eat mulberries from one of the trees. Taking advantage of her

title: The Canterbury Tales

text: making their way to Canterbury together. The film's main story takes place in an imaginary town in Kent and ends with the main characters arriving at Canterbury Cathedral, bells pealing and Chaucer's words again resounding. "A Canterbury Tale" is recognised as one of the Powell-Pressburger team's most poetic and artful films. It was produced as wartime propaganda, using Chaucer's poetry, referring to the famous pilgrimage, and offering photography of Kent to remind the public of what made Britain worth fighting for. In one scene a local historian lectures an audience of British soldiers about the pilgrims of Chaucer's time and

title: General Prologue

text: in sundry lands, and especially they wend their way to Canterbury from every shire of England to seek the holy blessed martyr, who helped them when they were ill. General Prologue The General Prologue is the first part of Chaucer's "The Canterbury Tales". The frame story of the poem, as set out in the 858 lines of Middle English which make up the General Prologue, is of a religious pilgrimage. The narrator, Geoffrey Chaucer, is in The Tabard Inn in Southwark, where he meets a group of "sundry folk" who are all on the way to Canterbury, the site of

title: The Canterbury Tales

text: the barmaid, but faces problems dealing with the man in her life and the innkeeper Harry Bailey. As the pilgrims turn back home, the Merchant restarts the storytelling with "Tale of Beryn". In this tale, a young man named Beryn travels from Rome to Egypt to seek his fortune only to be cheated by other businessmen there. He is then aided by a local man in getting his revenge. The tale comes from the French tale "Bérinus" and exists in a single early manuscript of the tales, although it was printed along with the tales in a 1721 edition by

title: The Canterbury Tales

text: Canterbury Tales" is a collection of stories built around a frame narrative or frame tale, a common and already long established genre of its period. Chaucer's "Tales" differs from most other story "collections" in this genre chiefly in its intense variation. Most story collections focused on a theme, usually a religious one. Even in the "Decameron", storytellers are encouraged to stick to the theme decided on for the day. The idea of a pilgrimage to get such a diverse collection of people together for literary purposes was also unprecedented, though "the association of pilgrims and storytelling was a familiar one".

title: The Canterbury Tales

text: the vibrant history of England. Pier Paolo Pasolini's 1972 film "The Canterbury Tales" features several of the tales, some of which keep close to the original tale and some of which are embellished. The "Cook's Tale", for instance, which is incomplete in the original version, is expanded into a full story, and the "Friar's Tale" extends the scene in which the Summoner is dragged down to hell. The film includes these two tales as well as the "Miller's Tale", the "Summoner's Tale", the "Wife of Bath's Tale", and the "Merchant's Tale". On 26 April 1986, American radio personality Garrison Keillor

title: Canterbury Tales (musical)

text: Tale. In addition, Chaucer's Prologue and Epilogue were spoken. The purpose behind these stories was that Harry Bailey, one of the main characters, declares that each pilgrim should tell a tale on the way to Canterbury so that the ride would be more enjoyable. "The Miller's Tale" is about a man named Nicholas, who studied astrology and the art of love at Oxford. Nicolas boards with a wealthy man named John who has a very attractive eighteen-year-old wife named Alisoun. John is highly possessive and very jealous of anyone who even speaks to his wife. One day, Alisoun and Nicholas

title: Order of The Canterbury Tales

text: Order of The Canterbury Tales "The Canterbury Tales" is a collection of stories, mostly in verse, written by Geoffrey Chaucer chiefly from 1387 to 1400. They are held together in a frame story of a pilgrimage on which each member of the group is to tell two tales on the way to Canterbury, and two on the way back. Fewer than a quarter of the projected tales were completed before Chaucer's death. It is uncertain in what order Chaucer intended the tales to appear; moreover it is very possible that, as a work-in-progress, no final authorial order of tales ever

title: General Prologue

text: General Prologue The General Prologue is the first part of Chaucer's "The Canterbury Tales". The frame story of the poem, as set out in the 858 lines of Middle English which make up the General Prologue, is of a religious pilgrimage. The narrator, Geoffrey Chaucer, is in The Tabard Inn in Southwark, where he meets a group of "sundry folk" who are all on the way to Canterbury, the site of the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket, a martyr reputed to have the power of healing the sinful. The setting is April, and the prologue starts by singing the praises

title: The Canterbury Tales

text: much attention to the progress of the trip, to the time passing as the pilgrims travel, or to specific locations along the way to Canterbury. His writing of the story seems focused primarily on the stories being told, and not on the pilgrimage itself. The variety of Chaucer's tales shows the breadth of his skill and his familiarity with many literary forms, linguistic styles, and rhetorical devices. Medieval schools of rhetoric at the time encouraged such diversity, dividing literature (as Virgil suggests) into high, middle, and low styles as measured by the density of rhetorical forms and vocabulary. Another popular

title: The Canterbury Tales

text: the oldest existing manuscripts of the tales include new or modified tales, showing that even early on, such additions were being created. These emendations included various expansions of the "Cook's Tale", which Chaucer never finished, "The Plowman's Tale", "The Tale of Gamelyn", the "Siege of Thebes", and the "Tale of Beryn". The "Tale of Beryn", written by an anonymous author in the 15th century, is preceded by a lengthy prologue in which the pilgrims arrive at Canterbury and their activities there are described. While the rest of the pilgrims disperse throughout the town, the Pardoner seeks the affections of Kate

title: A Canterbury Tale

text: of the English landscape. The concept that 'the past always haunts the present' in the English landscape would became a notable trope for British novelists and film-makers from the 1960s onwards. "A Canterbury Tale" takes its title from "The Canterbury Tales" of Geoffrey Chaucer, and loosely uses Chaucer's theme of "eccentric characters on a religious pilgrimage" to highlight the wartime experiences of the citizens of Kent, and encourage wartime Anglo-American friendship and understanding. Anglo-American relations were also explored in Powell and Pressburger's previous film "The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp" and in more detail in their subsequent film "A

title: The Canterbury Tales (TV series)

text: Gravesend is the setting in The Seacaptain’s Tale where old waterfront warehouses, the pier and Town Pier Square feature and the river scenes in The Man of Laws’ Tale were filmed on the River Medway and The Medway Estuary. From Chaucer's original collection, the producers chose six tales: On 29 March 2004 "The Wife of Bath" was nominated for three awards at the British Academy Television Awards, for Best Single Drama, Best Actress for Julie Walters and Best Costume Design. Walters went on to win the award. The Canterbury Tales (TV series) The Canterbury Tales is a series of six

title: The Canterbury Tales

text: Chaucer was a courtier, leading some to believe that he was mainly a court poet who wrote exclusively for nobility. "The Canterbury Tales" is generally thought to have been incomplete at the end of Chaucer's life. In the General Prologue, some 30 pilgrims are introduced. According to the Prologue, Chaucer's intention was to write four stories from the perspective of each pilgrim, two each on the way to and from their ultimate destination, St. Thomas Becket's shrine (making for a total of about 120 stories). Although perhaps incomplete, "The Canterbury Tales" is revered as one of the most important works

title: Canterbury Tales (musical)

text: Canterbury Tales' for the stage since it was written over 600 years ago. By working closely with Nevill Coghill and using a celebrated modern English translation of Chaucer's work, Starkie ensured that the completed text is a convincing interpretation of Chaucer's work It was considered to be very bawdy, and was written soon after the Lord Chamberlain's censorship of the theatre had just ended. The musical took five tales from the Canterbury Tales and told them with song and humour. These were; The Miller's Tale; The Nun's Priest's Tale; The Steward's Tale; The Merchant's Tale; and The Wife of Bath's

title: The Canterbury Tales

title: The Canterbury Tales (film)

text: the famed Fourth Doctor from "Doctor Who", in a small role as one of the husbands of the Wife of Bath. Set in England in the Middle Ages, stories of peasants, noblemen, clergy and demons are interwoven with brief scenes from Chaucer's home life and experiences implied to be the basis for the Canterbury Tales. Each episode does not take the form of a story told by different pilgrim, as is the case in Chaucer's stories, but simply appear in sequence, seemingly without regard for the way that the tales relate to one another in the original text. All the

title: The Canterbury Tales

text: Canterbury Tales" to a cross section of people, all snow-sports enthusiasts but from different social backgrounds, converging on a remote back-country ski cabin in British Columbia in the 2011 novel "The Canterbury Trail". "The Two Noble Kinsmen", by William Shakespeare and John Fletcher, a retelling of "The Knight's Tale", was first performed in 1613 or 1614 and published in 1634. In 1961, Erik Chisholm completed his opera, "The Canterbury Tales". The opera is in three acts: The Wyf of Bath’s Tale, The Pardoner’s Tale and The Nun’s Priest’s Tale. Nevill Coghill's modern English version formed the basis of a musical

title: The Canterbury Tales

text: in the behaviour of the clergy, false church relics or abuse of indulgences. Several characters in the "Tales" are religious figures, and the very setting of the pilgrimage to Canterbury is religious (although the prologue comments ironically on its merely seasonal attractions), making religion a significant theme of the work. Two characters, the Pardoner and the Summoner, whose roles apply the Church's secular power, are both portrayed as deeply corrupt, greedy, and abusive. Pardoners in Chaucer's day were those people from whom one bought Church "indulgences" for forgiveness of sins, who were guilty of abusing their office for their own

title: The Canterbury Tales

text: in English literature. It is also open to a wide range of interpretations. The question of whether "The Canterbury Tales" is a finished work has not been answered to date. There are 84 manuscripts and four incunabula (printed before c 1540) editions of the work, dating from the late medieval and early Renaissance periods, more than for any other vernacular literary text with the exception of "The Prick of Conscience". This is taken as evidence of the "Tales"' popularity during the century after Chaucer's death. Fifty-five of these manuscripts are thought to have been originally complete, while 28 are so

title: Canterbury

text: a well-trodden pilgrim destination since the murder of St Alphege by the men of King Canute in 1012. A journey of pilgrims to Becket's shrine served as the frame for Geoffrey Chaucer's 14th century classic "The Canterbury Tales". Canterbury is a popular tourist destination: consistently one of the most-visited cities in the United Kingdom, the city's economy is heavily reliant upon tourism. The city has been occupied since Paleolithic times and served as the capital of the Celtic Cantiaci and Jute Kingdom of Kent. Many historical structures fill the area, including a city wall founded in Roman times and rebuilt

title: The Canterbury Tales

text: world in which he lived. Storytelling was the main entertainment in England at the time, and storytelling contests had been around for hundreds of years. In 14th-century England the English Pui was a group with an appointed leader who would judge the songs of the group. The winner received a crown and, as with the winner of "The Canterbury Tales", a free dinner. It was common for pilgrims on a pilgrimage to have a chosen "master of ceremonies" to guide them and organise the journey. Harold Bloom suggests that the structure is mostly original, but inspired by the "pilgrim" figures

title: The Canterbury Tales

text: opened "The News from Lake Wobegon" portion of the first live TV broadcast of his "A Prairie Home Companion" radio show with a reading of the original Middle English text of the General Prologue. He commented, "Although those words were written more than 600 years ago, they still describe spring." Television adaptations include Alan Plater's 1975 re-telling of the stories in a series of plays for BBC2: "Trinity Tales". In 2003, BBC again featured modern re-tellings of selected tales. The Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales () is a collection of 24 stories that runs to over 17,000 lines written in

title: The Canterbury Tales

text: of Dante and Virgil in "The Divine Comedy". New research suggests that the General Prologue, in which the innkeeper and host Harry Bailey introduces each pilgrim, is a pastiche of the historical Harry Bailey's surviving 1381 poll-tax account of Southwark's inhabitants. "The Decameron" by Giovanni Boccaccio contains more parallels to "The Canterbury Tales" than any other work. Like the "Tales", it features a number of narrators who tell stories along a journey they have undertaken (to flee from the Black Death). It ends with an apology by Boccaccio, much like Chaucer's Retraction to the "Tales". A quarter of the tales

title: The Canterbury Tales

text: a line. His meter would later develop into the heroic meter of the 15th and 16th centuries and is an ancestor of iambic pentameter. He avoids allowing couplets to become too prominent in the poem, and four of the tales (the Man of Law's, Clerk's, Prioress', and Second Nun's) use rhyme royal. "The Canterbury Tales" was written during a turbulent time in English history. The Catholic Church was in the midst of the Western Schism and, although it was still the only Christian authority in Europe, it was the subject of heavy controversy. Lollardy, an early English religious movement led

title: Order of The Canterbury Tales

text: existed. Several different orders are evident in the manuscripts of the work; in addition certain orders and structures of the Tales have been proposed by scholars. The table below enumerates all the pilgrims mentioned in the General Prologue, plus two that materialise later in the tales, and the stories they tell. It also compares the orders in which stories appear in various sources. Scholarly arrangements Manuscripts: Over 80 manuscripts containing all or part of "The Canterbury Tales" exist. The six tabulated below represent the four main orders (El, Cx, La, Pw) in which tales appear in the manuscripts, plus two

title: The Canterbury Tales

long_answer: The Canterbury Tales (Middle English: Tales of Caunterbury) is a collection of 24 stories that runs to over 17,000 lines written in Middle English by Geoffrey Chaucer between 1387 and 1400. In 1386, Chaucer became Controller of Customs and Justice of Peace and, in 1389, Clerk of the King's work. It was during these years that Chaucer began working on his most famous text, The Canterbury Tales. The tales (mostly written in verse, although some are in prose) are presented as part of a story-telling contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together on a journey from London to Canterbury to visit the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral. The prize for this contest is a free meal at the Tabard Inn at Southwark on their return.


question: where is the world's largest thermometer located

answers: Baker, California, USA

answers: Baker, California

title: World's tallest thermometer

text: the thermometer next to his Bun Boy restaurant. Its height -- 134 feet -- was in honor of the 134-degree record temperature set in nearby Death Valley on July 10, 1913. Soon after its construction, 70-mph winds snapped the thermometer in half, and it was rebuilt. Two years later, severe gusts made the thermometer sway so much that its light bulbs popped out. Concrete was then poured inside the steel core to reinforce the monument. Herron sold the attraction and restaurant to another local businessman, Larry Dabour, who sold it in 2005. In September 2012, the owner at that time,

title: Barometer World

text: Barometer World Barometer World was established in 1979 by Philip Collins, is located in the village of Merton, near Great Torrington, Devon, UK and is the world's only barometer museum. Barometer World makes, sells and restores barometers of a variety of types. In 1987 Barometer World moved from The Old Smithy in Merton to its current location at Quicksilver Barn. An exhibition of barometers was opened by Peter Negretti in 1990 and replaced by a new one now on display, the current premises comprises a shop, workshop, and the exhibition. Visitors are advised to e-mail or phone before turning up.

title: Barometer World

text: with a model of Brunel's 'atmospheric railway' tug of air and weighing the atmosphere. Barometer World Barometer World was established in 1979 by Philip Collins, is located in the village of Merton, near Great Torrington, Devon, UK and is the world's only barometer museum. Barometer World makes, sells and restores barometers of a variety of types. In 1987 Barometer World moved from The Old Smithy in Merton to its current location at Quicksilver Barn. An exhibition of barometers was opened by Peter Negretti in 1990 and replaced by a new one now on display, the current premises comprises a shop,

title: South East England

text: thermometers, and the UK's largest manufacturer of digital thermometers. B & W is an important loudspeaker company in the north of Worthing at the A2032/A24 junction in West Tarring. Eurotherm make temperature controllers. Virgin Atlantic is off the A23, with Paslode UK (nail guns) next-door, on the Manor Royal Ind Estate in the north of Crawley, as is Edwards (former BOC Edwards), an international engineering company that makes vacuum pumps, with another plant on the A259 in Kingston by Sea, Shoreham. Also on Manor Royal are the headquarters of Spirent, G4S, Doosan Babcock Energy, Pilz UK and TUI Travel PLC

title: Kinsa

text: Kinsa Kinsa Inc. is a health technology company headquartered in San Francisco, California, United States. The company manufactures smart thermometers, currently producing a smart stick thermometer (oral, rectal, underarm thermometer), smart ear thermometer and a Sesame Street branded smart ear thermometer. Its thermometers connect to a free app that tracks historic temperature, symptom and diagnostic data. The company's mission is to create the first real-time map of human health. The company was founded by Inder Singh In March 2012. In 2014, Kinsa raised $9.6 million to be used for developing and testing its first medical thermometer, a thermometer that uses

title: Thermopolis, Wyoming

text: the Absaroka Range to the northwest. Thermopolis is the southern-most municipality in the Big Horn Basin. Roundtop Mountain, on the northern edge of town, is a unique geological formation shaped much like a volcano. It sits at approximately 6,000 feet and is the highest area in the immediate vicinity of Thermopolis. A large body of water, Boysen Reservoir, lies approximately 17 miles south of Thermopolis and is inhabited by many native species of fish including rainbow trout, cutthroat trout, brown trout, walleye, northern pike and perch among others. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total

title: Medical thermometer

text: Bahamas, Belize, and the Cayman Islands. Prominent Dutch mathematician, astronomer and physicist Christiaan Huygens created a clinical thermometer in 1665, to which he added an early form of the centigrade scale by setting the scale to the freezing and boiling points of water. By 1742 Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius created the Celsius temperature scale that was the reverse of the modern scale, in that "0" was the boiling point of water, while "100" was freezing. It would later be reversed by Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778) in 1744. Working independently of Celsius, the Lyonnais physicist Jean-Pierre Christin, permanent secretary of

title: Climate of Africa

text: was also the world record, was at 'Aziziya, Libya on September 13, 1922. This was later proven to be false, and to derive from an inaccurate reading of a thermometer. The world's hottest place is in fact Death Valley, in California. Apparent temperatures, combining the effect of the temperature and humidity, along the Red Sea coast of Eritrea and Gulf of Aden coast of Somalia range between and during the afternoon hours. The lowest temperature measured within Africa was at Ifrane, Morocco on February 11, 1935. Nevertheless, the major part of Africa experiences extreme heat during much of the year,

title: Medical thermometer

text: Medical thermometer A medical thermometer (also called clinical thermometer) is used for measuring human or animal body temperature. The tip of the thermometer is inserted into the mouth under the tongue ("oral" or "sub-lingual temperature"), under the armpit ("axillary temperature"), or into the rectum via the anus ("rectal temperature"). The medical thermometer began as an instrument more appropriately called a water thermoscope, constructed by Galileo Galilei circa 1592–1593. It lacked an accurate scale with which to measure temperature and could be affected by changes in atmospheric pressure. Italian physician Santorio Santorio is the first known individual to have put a

title: Thermometer

text: the International Temperature Scale of 1990. It extends from to approximately . Various authors have credited the invention of the thermometer to Hero of Alexandria. The thermometer was not a single invention, however, but a development. Hero of Alexandria (10–70 AD) knew of the principle that certain substances, notably air, expand and contract and described a demonstration in which a closed tube partially filled with air had its end in a container of water. The expansion and contraction of the air caused the position of the water/air interface to move along the tube. Such a mechanism was later used to

title: Thermometer

text: practice was Herman Boerhaave (1668–1738). In 1866, Sir Thomas Clifford Allbutt (1836–1925) invented a clinical thermometer that produced a body temperature reading in five minutes as opposed to twenty. In 1999, Dr. Francesco Pompei of the Exergen Corporation introduced the world's first temporal artery thermometer, a non-invasive temperature sensor which scans the forehead in about two seconds and provides a medically accurate body temperature. Old thermometers were all non-registering thermometers. That is, the thermometer did not hold the temperature reading after it was moved to a place with a different temperature. Determining the temperature of a pot of hot liquid

title: Six's thermometer

text: Six's thermometer Six's thermometer is a registering thermometer which can record the maximum and minimum temperatures reached over a period of time, for example 24 hours. It is used to record the extremes of temperature at a location, for instance in meteorology and horticulture. It was invented by a British scientist James Six, born in Canterbury, in 1780; the same basic design remains in use. It is also commonly known as a maximum–minimum, minimum–maximum, maxima–minima or minima–maxima thermometer, of which it is the earliest practical design. The thermometer indicates the current temperature, and the highest and lowest temperatures since last

title: Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit

text: Hague and was buried there at the Kloosterkerk (Cloister Church). According to Fahrenheit's 1724 article, he determined his scale by reference to three fixed points of temperature. The lowest temperature was achieved by preparing a frigorific mixture of ice, water, and ammonium chloride (a salt), and waiting for it to reach equilibrium. The thermometer then was placed into the mixture and the liquid in the thermometer allowed to descend to its lowest point. The thermometer's reading there was taken as 0 °F. The second reference point was selected as the reading of the thermometer when it was placed in still

title: World's largest weather vane

text: World's largest weather vane According to the Guinness World Records, the world's largest weather vane is located in Jerez, Spain. According to the explore north website a challenger for the title of world's largest weather vane is located in Whitehorse, Yukon. The weather vane is a retired Douglas DC-3 atop a swiveling support. Located beside the Whitehorse airport the weather vane is used mainly by pilots to determine wind direction. This weather vane only requires a 5 km/hour wind to rotate. Other claimants to the title are located in: Westlock, Alberta, Canada: The Canadian Tractor Museum is home to the

title: Thermopolis, Wyoming

text: Thermopolis, Wyoming Thermopolis is the largest town in Hot Springs County, Wyoming, United States, and also the county seat. As of the 2010 census, the town population was 3,009. "Thermopolis" () is from the Greek for "Hot City". It is home to numerous natural hot springs, in which mineral-laden waters are heated by geothermal processes. The town is named for the hot springs located there. The town claims the world's largest mineral hot spring, appropriately named "The Big Spring", as part of Wyoming's Hot Springs State Park. The springs are open to the public for free as part of an

title: Thermo, Greece

text: Thermo, Greece Thermo (, before 1915: Κεφαλόβρυσον "Kefalovryson") is a town and a municipality in Aetolia-Acarnania, Greece. It is located in the southeastern part of the regional unit, largely between Lake Trichonida (the largest natural lake in Greece) and the southern border of Evrytania. It has a land area of and a population of 8,242 inhabitants (2011 census). Its municipal seat is the town of Thermo (pop. 1,959). Its largest other towns are Analipsis (pop. 734), Petrochori (444), Sitaralona (664), Myrtea (729), and Koniska (326). The nearby village of Mega Dendron was the birthplace of Cosmas of Aetolia. Thermo took

title: Fahrenheit

text: Cayman Islands and Liberia. Antigua and Barbuda and other islands which use the same meteorological service, such as Anguilla, the British Virgin Islands, Montserrat and Saint Kitts and Nevis, as well as Bermuda, Belize and the Turks and Caicos Islands, use Fahrenheit and Celsius. All other countries in the world officially now use the Celsius scale, named after Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius. On the Fahrenheit scale, the freezing point of water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and the boiling point is 212 °F (at standard atmospheric pressure). This puts the boiling and freezing points of water 180 degrees apart. Therefore,

title: Medical thermometer

text: (1836–1925) designed a medical thermometer that was much more portable, measuring only six inches long and taking only five minutes to record a patient's temperature. In 1868, German physician, pioneer psychiatrist, and medical professor Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich published his studies that consisted of over one million readings from twenty-five thousand patients' temperatures, taken in the underarm. With his findings, he was able to conclude a healthy human's temperature fell within the range of 36.3 to 37.5 °C (97.34 to 99.5 °F). Dr. Theodor H. Benzinger (13 April 1905 - 26 Oct 1999) invented the ear thermometer in 1964. Born

title: Six's thermometer

text: thermometer: instead of mercury two immiscible liquids are used supporting an index. The thermometer operates in the same way as the mercury version. Electronic thermometers often include a maximum–minimum registering feature. Six's Maximum and Minimum Thermometer Six's thermometer Six's thermometer is a registering thermometer which can record the maximum and minimum temperatures reached over a period of time, for example 24 hours. It is used to record the extremes of temperature at a location, for instance in meteorology and horticulture. It was invented by a British scientist James Six, born in Canterbury, in 1780; the same basic design remains in

title: World's tallest thermometer

text: The World's Tallest Thermometer is a landmark located in Baker, California, USA.  It is an electric sign that commemorates the record 134 degrees Fahrenheit (57 degrees Celsius) recorded in nearby Death Valley on July 10, 1913.

title: Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit

text: temperature scale to be widely used). In other words, Fahrenheit's inventions ushered in the first revolution in the history of thermometry (branch of physics concerned with methods of temperature measurement). From the early 1710s until the beginnings of the electronic era, mercury-in-glass thermometers were among the most reliable and accurate thermometers ever invented. Fahrenheit was born in the city of Danzig (Gdańsk), Pomeranian Voivodeship in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, but lived most of his life in the Dutch Republic. The Fahrenheits were a German Hanse merchant family who had lived in several Hanseatic cities. Fahrenheit's great-grandfather had lived in Rostock, and

title: Thermometer

text: thermometer. It is described as having a bulb at the bottom of a sealed tube partially filled with brandy. The tube has a numbered scale. Delmedigo does not claim to have invented this instrument, nor does he name anyone else as its inventor. In about 1654 Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1610–1670), actually produced such an instrument, the first modern-style thermometer, dependent on the expansion of a liquid, and independent of air pressure. Many other scientists experimented with various liquids and designs of thermometer. However, each inventor and each thermometer was unique—there was no standard scale. In

title: Miller-Casella thermometer

text: Miller-Casella thermometer The Miller-Casella thermometer was a Six's thermometer with a double bulb used extensively by the "Challenger" expedition during the late nineteenth century. The thermomemeter was used for water temperature readings along 360 different research stations around the world's oceans. The thermometer, about 9 inches in length, was enclosed in a copper case and filled with a solution of creosote in spirit. A U-shaped mercury tube recorded maximum and minimum temperature as the thermometer was lowered and raised into the ocean. This design assumed accurate measurements could be taken as long as the water closer to the surface of

title: World's largest weather vane

text: tallest functioning weather vane at 50 feet. This weather vane was erected in 2006 with a 1942 Case Model D Tractor atop it after being a volunteer project for 2 years. World's largest weather vane According to the Guinness World Records, the world's largest weather vane is located in Jerez, Spain. According to the explore north website a challenger for the title of world's largest weather vane is located in Whitehorse, Yukon. The weather vane is a retired Douglas DC-3 atop a swiveling support. Located beside the Whitehorse airport the weather vane is used mainly by pilots to determine wind

title: Bimbo, Central African Republic

text: tropical wet and dry (Aw). The highest record temperature was on February 25, 2004, while the lowest record temperature was on January 22, 1993. Bimbo, Central African Republic Bimbo (also, Bimo) is the capital of Ombella-M'poko, one of the 14 prefectures of the Central African Republic, and is located by road southwest of the centre of the capital, Bangui. The country's second-largest city, Bimbo had a population of 124,176 as of the 2003 census and a calculated 2013 population of 267,859. Bimbo is the site of the country's only sex-segregated women's prison, Bimbo Central Prison. The prison was built in

title: Bert Bolle Barometer

text: Bert Bolle Barometer The Bert Bolle Barometer is a large water barometer. At over 12.5 metres tall, it is recognized as the largest barometer in the world by The International Guinness Book of Records. The instrument was created in 1985 in the Netherlands; in 2007 it was reinstalled in the new Visitor Centre of Denmark, Western Australia and was removed from there in 2011. The Dutch writer and barometer specialist Bert Bolle (born 1947) designed and built the water barometer in 1985 as the focal point of the Barometer Museum, which he ran with his wife Ethne in the 18th-century

title: Temperature

text: one degree Celsius) requires 4186 joules per kilogram (J/kg). Temperature measurement using modern scientific thermometers and temperature scales goes back at least as far as the early 18th century, when Gabriel Fahrenheit adapted a thermometer (switching to mercury) and a scale both developed by Ole Christensen Rømer. Fahrenheit's scale is still in use in the United States for non-scientific applications. Temperature is measured with thermometers that may be calibrated to a variety of temperature scales. In most of the world (except for Belize, Myanmar, Liberia and the United States), the Celsius scale is used for most temperature measuring purposes. Most

title: Denali

text: the lowest recorded temperature was below that point. Harry J. Lek took the thermometer back to Washington, D.C. where it was tested by the United States Weather Bureau and found to be accurate. The lowest temperature that it had recorded was found to be approximately . Another thermometer was placed at the level by the U.S. Army Natick Laboratory, and was there from 1950 to 1969. The coldest temperature recorded during that period was also . Besides the North Summit mentioned above, other features on the massif which are sometimes included as separate peaks are: Nearby peaks include: Denali Denali

title: Highest temperature recorded on Earth

text: which was recorded in 2005 in the Lut Desert, Iran. The Lut Desert was also found to have the highest maximum temperature in 5 of the 7 years measured (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009). These measurements reflect averages over a large region and so are lower than the maximum point surface temperature. The following are unverified claims of extreme heat over the current world record of . Highest temperature recorded on Earth According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the highest registered air temperature on Earth was in Furnace Creek Ranch, California, located in the Death Valley desert in

title: Thermo, Greece

text: its name from the ancient city Thermos, that was located near the present town. The municipality Thermo consists of the following communities: Thermo, Greece Thermo (, before 1915: Κεφαλόβρυσον "Kefalovryson") is a town and a municipality in Aetolia-Acarnania, Greece. It is located in the southeastern part of the regional unit, largely between Lake Trichonida (the largest natural lake in Greece) and the southern border of Evrytania. It has a land area of and a population of 8,242 inhabitants (2011 census). Its municipal seat is the town of Thermo (pop. 1,959). Its largest other towns are Analipsis (pop. 734), Petrochori (444),

title: World's tallest thermometer

short_answers:
Baker, California
Baker, California, USA


question: where did the french immigrants settle in texas

answers: 1685

answers: Arenosa Creek

answers: present-day southeastern Texas

answers: Matagorda Bay

title: France–Republic of Texas relations

text: recognition of Texas on September 25, 1839. In 1841 The French opened a legation which still stands in Austin, (a few miles from the site of the current Texas Capitol building), and Texas in turn opened an embassy in Paris. France had wanted to set up a consulate general in Washington-on-the-Brazos and a consulate in Houston as well. Texas exported cotton, which by the 19th century was fast becoming a vital commodity in Europe and an increasing cause of tension between France and the UK, and other raw materials to France, while France exported iron, machinery and finished goods to

title: France–Republic of Texas relations

text: Texas. Both the French and Texian navies patrolled the Gulf of Mexico, although, while the French Navy was never at war with the Mexican Navy, the Texian navy often was. French ships began making less frequent visits to Mexican Ports, and increased trade with Texas. France–Republic of Texas relations France – Republic of Texas relations refers to the historical foreign relations between the Republic of Texas and France. Relations began in September 1839 when France appointed Alponse Dubois de Saligny to serve as chargé d'affaires. Relations officially ceased upon annexation of Texas by the United States. Following Texas' separation from

title: French colonization of Texas

text: early 1687, when La Salle and five of his men were murdered during a mutiny. Although a handful of men reached Illinois Country, help never made it to the fort. Most of the remaining members of the colony were killed during a Karankawa raid in late 1688, four children survived after being adopted as captives. Although the colony lasted only three years, it established France's claim to possession of the region that is now Texas. The United States later claimed, unsuccessfully, this region as part of the Louisiana Purchase because of the early French colony. Spain learned of La Salle's

title: La Réunion (Dallas)

text: by ship near present-day Houston. They walked overland to the site of their new colony approximately northward, with their possessions hauled by ox carts, and arrived on April 22, 1855. The general area surrounding the three forks of the Trinity River had about 400 inhabitants at the time. The addition of the French colonists nearly doubled the population. The new arrivals spoke a different language from the settlers, believed in a different system of government and Catholic faith, and brought with them skills that the existing farmers did not possess. The watchmaking, weaving, brewing and storekeeping skills of the new

title: French colonization of Texas

text: the area between the Rio Grande and the Mississippi. Four Spanish expeditions the following year failed to find La Salle, but helped Spain to better understand the geography of the Gulf Coast region. In 1688, the Spanish sent three more expeditions, two by sea and one by land. The land expedition, led by Alonso De León, discovered Jean Gery, who had deserted the French colony and was living in Southern Texas with the Coahuiltecans. Using Gery as a translator and guide, De León finally found the French fort in late April 1689. The fort and the five crude houses surrounding

title: French colonization of Texas

text: survived the final attack were the Talon children, who had been adopted by the Karankawa. According to the children, the settlement had been attacked around Christmas of 1688, and all the remaining settlers had been killed. Only 15 or 16 people survived the colony. Six returned to France, while nine others were captured by the Spanish, including the four children who had been spared by the Karankawa. The children were initially brought to the viceroy of New Spain, the Conde de Galve, who treated them as servants. Two of the boys, Pierre and Jean-Baptiste, later returned to France. Of the

title: Louisiana French

text: was approximately 115,183. These populations are concentrated most heavily in the southern, coastal parishes. In Texas, , the French-speaking population was 55,773, though many of these were likely immigrants from France and other locations, living in the urban areas. Nevertheless, in the rural eastern/southeastern Texas counties of Orange, Jefferson, Chambers, Newton, Jasper, Tyler, Liberty, and Hardin alone—areas where it can be reasonably presumed that almost all French speakers are Louisiana French speakers—the total French-speaking population was composed of 3,400 individuals. It is likely a substantial portion of the 14,493 speakers in Houston's Harris county are also Louisiana French speakers. With

title: French colonization of Texas

text: drunk. Many of the sailors did not know how to sail, and they grounded the boat on Matagorda Peninsula. The survivors took a canoe to the fort, leaving the ship behind. The destruction of their last ship left the settlers stranded on the Texas coast, with no hope of gaining assistance from the French colonies in the Caribbean Sea. By early January 1687, fewer than 45 of the original 180 people remained in the colony, which was beset by internal strife. La Salle believed that their only hope of survival lay in trekking overland to request assistance from New France,

title: French Mexicans

text: French Mexicans French Mexicans (Spanish: "franco-mexicanos" or "galo-mexicanos", French: "Franco-Mexicains") are Mexican citizens of full or partial French ancestry. French nationals make up the second largest European immigrant group in Mexico, after Spaniards. French immigration to Mexico started after Mexico became an independent country in 1821, as foreign immigration was prohibited by Spanish authorities under the colonial regime. The first wave of French immigration to Mexico occurred in the 1830s, following the country's recognition by France, with the foundation of a French colony on the Coatzacoalcos River, in the state of Veracruz. In total, 668 settlers were brought from France

title: French colonization of Texas

text: site, a part of the Keeran ranch. Although several thousand items were recovered, archaeologists could not accurately distinguish between French and Spanish artifacts of the 17th century, and no report on the findings was ever issued. In the 1970s, the artifacts were reexamined by Kathleen Gilmore, an archaeologist at Southern Methodist University. She determined that while most of the artifacts were Spanish, some definitively matched artifacts recovered from French and French-Canadian excavations of the same time period. In late 1996, Keeran ranch workers exploring with metal detectors located eight cast-iron cannons buried near Garcitas Creek. After excavating the cannons, the

title: France–Republic of Texas relations

text: France–Republic of Texas relations France – Republic of Texas relations refers to the historical foreign relations between the Republic of Texas and France. Relations began in September 1839 when France appointed Alponse Dubois de Saligny to serve as chargé d'affaires. Relations officially ceased upon annexation of Texas by the United States. Following Texas' separation from Mexico, the major European powers were reluctant to take any steps toward recognizing the self-proclaimed Republic until it became clear that it could survive in the long-term and what international ramifications formal recognition might produce. France was one of the few nations to grant semi-official

title: French colonization of Texas

text: remaining Spanish captives, three became Spanish citizens and settled in New Mexico. Although the French colony had been utterly destroyed, Spain feared that another French attempt was inevitable. For the first time, the Spanish crown authorized small outposts in eastern Texas and at Pensacola. In 1722, the Spanish built a fort, Presidio La Bahia, and Mission Nuestra Señora del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga on the site of Fort Saint Louis. France did not abandon its claims to Texas until November 3, 1762, when it ceded all of its territory west of the Mississippi River to Spain in the Treaty of

title: French Legation

text: and Commerce between the two countries formalized this recognition in September 25, 1839. France assigned , a secretary to the French Legation in Washington, to be the new chargé d'affaires to the Republic of Texas, representing the King of France, Louis Philippe. The legation structure was completed in 1841, approximately a half-mile east of the city center. Dubois gave multi-course dinner parties in the cabin he rented downtown as his mansion was built, and worked with legislators to bring French settlers to Texas. Count de Saligny's stay in Austin was not, however, without conflict. Dubois and the inn-keeper Richard Bullock

title: French colonization of Texas

text: colony at the mouth of the river. The colony could provide a base for promoting Christianity among the native peoples as well as a convenient location for attacking the Spanish province of Nueva Vizcaya and gaining control of its lucrative silver mines. He argued that a small number of Frenchmen could successfully invade New Spain by allying themselves with some of the more than 15,000 Native Americans who were angry over Spanish enslavement. After Spain declared war on France in October 1667, King Louis agreed to support La Salle's plan. He was to return to North America and confirm "the

title: Icarians

text: loss by the participants and the survivors divided into small groups to make their way back to Shreveport and from there to New Orleans. Four more died en route. Finally arriving in New Orleans late in 1848, the Texas pioneers were met by several hundred colonization enthusiasts from France, who had been slowly congregating in that city. Their mood was grim. News of the Texas catastrophe reached Cabet in France and on December 13, 1848, he set out from Liverpool for America in an attempt to shore up the project. After landing in New York, he shipped out again for

title: French Legation

text: were enemies. His conflict with Austinites even came to blows in the so-called 1841 Pig War, when his butler killed several havoc-wreaking pigs belonging to Bullock and was in turn assaulted by Bullock. After the young nation's capital was temporarily moved to Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas, in 1842 during the Archive War, Dubois' house was abandoned. The French government recalled Count de Saligny in 1846, when the Republic of Texas was annexed by the United States. The mansion was later occupied by John Mary Odin, first Bishop of the Diocese of Galveston, and then Moseley Baker, a veteran of the Texas Revolution,

title: French colonization of Texas

text: mission in 1686. Concerned that the French colony could threaten Spain's control over the Viceroyalty of New Spain and the unsettled southeastern region of North America, the Crown funded multiple expeditions to locate and eliminate the settlement. The unsuccessful expeditions helped Spain to better understand the geography of the Gulf Coast region. When the Spanish finally discovered the remains of the French colony at the fort in 1689, they buried the cannons and burned the buildings. Years later, Spanish authorities built a "presidio" at the same location. When the "presidio" was abandoned, the site of the French settlement was lost

title: Joseph Eloi Broussard

text: of French ancestry, and he was raised as Roman Catholic. After his father died when Joseph was young, his mother remarried to Lovan Hamshire. They lived on his ranch near present-day Hamshire, Texas. Young Joseph studied for three years at an academy in Galveston, then began working with cattle and as a postal rider in Jefferson County, Texas. In 1885 Broussard was named at the age of 19 as the first postmaster of a local post office. He named it La Belle for his fiancée, Mary Belle Bordages. Broussard and Mary Belle Bordages married in 1889 and had nine children

title: Étienne Cabet

text: United States to organize an Icarian community. They entered into a social contract, making Cabet the director-in-chief for the first ten years, and embarked from Le Havre, February 3, 1848, for New Orleans, Louisiana. They expected to settle in the Red River valley in Texas. However, the Peters Land Company gave them deeds to only 320 acres of land in Denton County, Texas near what became Dallas, Texas rather than the million acres of land in the Red River Valley they expected (more than 200 miles away). The first group of emigrants ultimately returned to New Orleans; Cabet came later

title: French colonization of Texas

text: The French colonization of Texas began with the establishment of a fort in present-day southeastern Texas. It was established in 1685 near Arenosa Creek and Matagorda Bay by explorer Robert Cavelier de La Salle.  He intended to found the colony at the mouth of the Mississippi River, but inaccurate maps and navigational errors caused his ships to anchor instead 400 miles (640 km) to the west, off the coast of Texas. The colony survived until 1688. The present-day town of Inez is near the fort's site.

title: Republic of Texas

text: republic. France granted official recognition of Texas on September 25, 1839, appointing Alphonse Dubois de Saligny to serve as "chargé d'affaires". The French Legation was built in 1841, and still stands in Austin as the oldest frame structure in the city. Conversely, the Republic of Texas embassy in Paris was located in what is now the "Hôtel de Vendôme", adjacent to the Place Vendôme in Paris's 2e arrondissement. The Republic also received diplomatic recognition from Belgium, the Netherlands, and the Republic of Yucatán. The United Kingdom never granted official recognition of Texas due to its own friendly relations with Mexico,

title: Spanish Texas

text: the mountains to Mexico City before being sent to Texas. This caused the goods to be very expensive in the Texas settlements. Settlers were often forced to turn to the French for supplies, as the fort at Natchitoches was well-stocked and goods did not have to travel as far. Without many goods to trade, however, the remaining Spanish missionaries and colonists had little to offer the Indians, who remained loyal to the French traders. The tribes traded freely, and soon many had acquired French guns, while others had traded for Spanish horses. Tribes without access to either resource were left

title: Louisiana French

text: this is mind, a marked decline in the number of French speakers in Texas has been noticed in the last half of the twentieth century. For example, at one point the French-speaking population of Jefferson County was 24,049 as compared to the mere 1,922 today. Likewise, in Harris County the French-speaking population has shifted from 26,796 to 14,493 individuals. Louisiana French-speaking populations can also be found in southern Mississippi and Alabama, as well as pockets in other parts of the United States. Despite ample time for Louisiana French to diverge, the basic grammatical core of the language remains similar or

title: Texas

text: before succumbing to harsh conditions and hostile natives. In 1690 Spanish authorities, concerned that France posed competitive threat, constructed several missions in East Texas. After Native American resistance, the Spanish missionaries returned to Mexico. When France began settling Louisiana, mostly in the southern part of the state, in 1716 Spanish authorities responded by founding a new series of missions in East Texas. Two years later, they created San Antonio as the first Spanish civilian settlement in the area. Hostile native tribes and distance from nearby Spanish colonies discouraged settlers from moving to the area. It was one of New Spain's

title: Henri Castro

text: Haut-Rhin region of Alsace, in northeastern France. They traveled to Texas from 1843 to 1847 and settled in the Medina River valley, just west of San Antonio. The city of Castroville on the Medina River is named for him, as is Castro County in the Texas Panhandle. Castro himself settled for a time in Castroville. The Republic of Texas issued colonization land grants with individuals, conditional upon said individuals establishing settlements in a stated geographical area of Texas. The grants were limited to a given time period in which colonization had to take place. On February 15, 1842, Castro, in

title: French Mexicans

text: to populate the colony. Most of them went back to France as the project of colonization failed, but some permanently settled in Mexico. In 1833, another colony was founded in the state of Veracruz as well, under the name of Jicaltepec. A second wave of French immigration came to Mexico at the end of the 1840s, during the California Gold Rush (at the time gold was discovered, California was still part of the Mexican territory). As a consequence, in 1849 French represented the second foreign community in Mexico after Spaniards. Between 1850 and 1914, Mexico received 11,000 French immigrants. According

title: Icarians

text: insanity and deserted his fellows. Back home in France, the Revolution of 1848 had long been in full swing and King Louis Philippe overthrown. The necessity of emigration to achieve democratic reforms seemed less compelling and the volunteers for Icarian colonization in America melted away. Some 1500 settlers were planned for the next wave of settlers; only 19 made the trip, of whom barely more than half ever made it to Texas to join the beleaguered "advance guard" in their Sisyphian task. The grim reality of their situation now clear, the Texas colonization venture was written off as a total

title: French colonization of Texas

text: "St. François". Although Louis XIV had provided both "Le Joly" and "La Belle", La Salle desired more cargo space and leased "L'Aimable" and "St. François" from French merchants. Louis also provided 100 soldiers and full crews for the ships, as well as funds to hire skilled workers to join the expedition. La Salle was forced to purchase trade goods himself for expected encounters with Native Americans. . The ships carried a total of nearly 300 people, including soldiers, artisans and craftsmen, six Catholic missionaries, eight merchants, and over a dozen women and children. Shortly after their departure, France and Spain

title: Joseph Eloi Broussard

text: together. Her father Phillip Bordages (c. 1840-1891) was born in France and immigrated to New Orleans at the age of 18. He settled in Jefferson County, Texas, where he became a farmer and merchant. He married Ellen Elliott (1846-1889) and they had six children together. The Bordages parents are buried in the Broussard Cemetery southwest of Beaumont. A few years later Broussard bought a one-third interest in a gristmill in Beaumont. In 1891 he founded the Beaumont Irrigation Company with a rice irrigation and canal system, the first in the state, to support rice culture in the area. In 1892

title: Claude Marie Dubuis

text: in 1846 he met Bishop Jean Marie Odin, apostolic vicar for Texas, who had returned to France to recruit religious to work in Texas. The Texas mission was supported by the Society for the Propagation of the Faith, but was generally short of both funds and missionaries. Dubuis, set sail from Le Havre in March of that year with a small group of fellow recruits. After arriving in New Orleans, they were sent first to the St. Mary's of the Barrens, a Vincentian Seminary in Perryville, Missouri, to learn English. Father Dubuis arrived in Texas during the winter of 1847,

title: French colonization of Texas

short_answers:
1685
Arenosa Creek
Matagorda Bay
present-day southeastern Texas


question: the complete collection of dna and genes is called

answers: genome

answers: chromosome

title: DNA

text: RNA strands are created using DNA strands as a template in a process called transcription. Under the genetic code, these RNA strands specify the sequence of amino acids within proteins in a process called translation. Within eukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. Before typical cell division, these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing a complete set of chromosomes for each daughter cell. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and

title: Introduction to evolution

text: sex cells and recombining that information during fertilisation. This is like mixing different hands of playing cards, with an organism getting a random mix of half of the cards from one parent, and half of the cards from the other. Mendel called the information "factors"; however, they later became known as genes. Genes are the basic units of heredity in living organisms. They contain the information that directs the physical development and behavior of organisms. Genes are made of DNA. DNA is a long molecule made up of individual molecules called nucleotides. Genetic information is encoded in the sequence of

title: Alpha thalassemia abnormal morphogenesis

text: to grow, mature, divide, or die. The nucleus contains DNA otherwise known as Deoxyribonucleic acid, a long spiral shaped molecule that stores the genes that determine hair color, eye color, whether or not the person is right or left handed, and many more traits. DNA, along with other genes and the information they contain, is passed down from parents to their children during reproduction. Each cell has many DNA molecules, but because cells are very small and DNA molecules are long, the DNA is packaged very tightly in each cell. These packages of DNA are called chromosomes, and each cell

title: Human genetics

text: determine allelic and genotype frequencies. In addition to nuclear DNA, humans (like almost all eukaryotes) have mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondria, the "power houses" of a cell, have their own DNA. Mitochondria are inherited from one's mother, and their DNA is frequently used to trace maternal lines of descent (see mitochondrial Eve). Mitochondrial DNA is only 16kb in length and encodes for 62 genes. The XY sex-determination system is the sex-determination system found in humans, most other mammals, some insects ("Drosophila"), and some plants ("Ginkgo"). In this system, the sex of an individual is determined by a pair of sex chromosomes (gonosomes).

title: Sequence analysis

text: the information on various fragments. Recently, sequencing multiple species at one time is one of the top research objectives. Metagenomics is the study of microbial communities directly obtained from the environment. Different from cultured microorganisms from the lab, the wild sample usually contains dozens, sometimes even thousands of types of microorganisms from their original habitats. Recovering the original genomes can prove to be very challenging. Gene prediction or gene finding refers to the process of identifying the regions of genomic DNA that encode genes. This includes protein-coding genes as well as RNA genes, but may also include the prediction of

title: Introduction to genetics

text: are tiny packages which contain one DNA molecule and its associated proteins. Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). This number varies between species—for example, many primates have 24 pairs. Meiosis creates special cells, sperm in males and eggs in females, which only have 23 chromosomes. These two cells merge into one during the fertilization stage of sexual reproduction, creating a zygote. In a zygote, a nucleic acid double helix divides, with each single helix occupying one of the daughter cells, resulting in half the normal number of genes. By the time the zygote divides again, genetic recombination has created a

title: Genetics

text: a small circular piece of DNA to another bacterium. Bacteria can also take up raw DNA fragments found in the environment and integrate them into their genomes, a phenomenon known as transformation. These processes result in horizontal gene transfer, transmitting fragments of genetic information between organisms that would be otherwise unrelated. The diploid nature of chromosomes allows for genes on different chromosomes to assort independently or be separated from their homologous pair during sexual reproduction wherein haploid gametes are formed. In this way new combinations of genes can occur in the offspring of a mating pair. Genes on the same

title: Life

text: is one of four types of nucleobases (informally, "bases"). It is the sequence of these four nucleobases along the backbone that encodes biological information. Under the genetic code, RNA strands are translated to specify the sequence of amino acids within proteins. These RNA strands are initially created using DNA strands as a template in a process called transcription. Within cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of

title: Nucleic acid

text: chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) functions in converting genetic information from

title: Gene

text: For example, the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells, even those of different species, via horizontal gene transfer. Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majority of DNA without an identified function. This DNA has often been referred to as "junk DNA". However, more recent analyses suggest that, although protein-coding DNA makes up

title: Introduction to genetics

text: it is very hard to predict. The function of genes is to provide the information needed to make molecules called proteins in cells. Cells are the smallest independent parts of organisms: the human body contains about 100 trillion cells, while very small organisms like bacteria are just one single cell. A cell is like a miniature and very complex factory that can make all the parts needed to produce a copy of itself, which happens when cells divide. There is a simple division of labor in cells—genes give instructions and proteins carry out these instructions, tasks like building a new

title: Nucleic acid

text: other biological data made available through the NCBI web site. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid containing the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. The DNA segments carrying this genetic information are called genes. Likewise, other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in regulating the use of this genetic information. Along with RNA and proteins, DNA is one of the three major macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life. DNA consists of two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides, with backbones made of sugars and phosphate

title: Code

text: common encoding of text media on the Internet. Biological organisms contain genetic material that is used to control their function and development. This is DNA, which contains units named genes from which messenger RNA is derived. This in turn produces proteins through a genetic code in which a series of triplets (codons) of four possible nucleotides can be translated into one of twenty possible amino acids. A sequence of codons results in a corresponding sequence of amino acids that form a protein molecule; a type of codon called a stop codon signals the end of the sequence. In mathematics, a

title: DNA

text: the process of gene duplication and divergence. A gene is a sequence of DNA that contains genetic information and can influence the phenotype of an organism. Within a gene, the sequence of bases along a DNA strand defines a messenger RNA sequence, which then defines one or more protein sequences. The relationship between the nucleotide sequences of genes and the amino-acid sequences of proteins is determined by the rules of translation, known collectively as the genetic code. The genetic code consists of three-letter 'words' called "codons" formed from a sequence of three nucleotides (e.g. ACT, CAG, TTT). In transcription, the

title: Genetic analysis

text: understanding of heredity, Mendel observed various organisms and first utilized genetic analysis to find that traits were inherited from parents and those traits could vary between children. Later, it was found that units within each cell are responsible for these traits. These units are called genes. Each gene is defined by a series of amino acids that create proteins responsible for genetic traits. Genetic analyses include molecular technologies such as PCR, RT-PCR, DNA sequencing, and DNA microarrays, and cytogenetic methods such as karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridisation. DNA sequencing is essential to the applications of genetic analysis. This process

title: Phylogenetic profiling

text: other to look for correlated phylogenetic distributions. The large number of complete genomes makes these profiles rich in information. The advantage of using only complete genomes is that the 0 values, representing the absence of a trait, tend to be reliable. Closely related species should be expected to have very similar sets of genes. However, changes accumulate between more distantly related species by processes that include horizontal gene transfer and gene loss. Individual proteins have specific molecular functions, such as carrying out a single enzymatic reaction or serving as one subunit of a larger protein complex. A biological process such

title: Gene

text: copies of the genes in their parents' cells. In asexually reproducing organisms, the offspring will be a genetic copy or clone of the parent organism. In sexually reproducing organisms, a specialized form of cell division called meiosis produces cells called gametes or germ cells that are haploid, or contain only one copy of each gene. The gametes produced by females are called eggs or ova, and those produced by males are called sperm. Two gametes fuse to form a diploid fertilized egg, a single cell that has two sets of genes, with one copy of each gene from the mother

title: Genetic engineering techniques

text: of interest must be separated from the extracted DNA. If the sequence is not known then a common method is to break the DNA up with a random digestion method. This is usually accomplished using restriction enzymes (enzymes that cut DNA). A partial restriction digest cuts only some of the restriction sites, resulting in overlapping DNA fragment segments. The DNA fragments are put into individual plasmid vectors and grown inside bacteria. Once in the bacteria the plasmid is copied as the bacteria divides. To determine if a useful gene is present on a particular fragment the DNA library is screened

title: Biology

text: light of how they came to be by way of the process of evolution. Consequently, evolution is central to all fields of biology. Genes are the primary units of inheritance in all organisms. A gene is a unit of heredity and corresponds to a region of DNA that influences the form or function of an organism in specific ways. All organisms, from bacteria to animals, share the same basic machinery that copies and translates DNA into proteins. Cells transcribe a DNA gene into an RNA version of the gene, and a ribosome then translates the RNA into a sequence of

title: Gene

text: The total complement of genes in an organism or cell is known as its genome, which may be stored on one or more chromosomes. A chromosome consists of a single, very long DNA helix on which thousands of genes are encoded. The region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its locus.  Each locus contains one allele of a gene; however, members of a population may have different alleles at the locus, each with a slightly different gene sequence.

title: Heredity

text: Heritable traits are known to be passed from one generation to the next via DNA, a molecule that encodes genetic information. DNA is a long polymer that incorporates four types of bases, which are interchangeable. The sequence of bases along a particular DNA molecule specifies the genetic information: this is comparable to a sequence of letters spelling out a passage of text. Before a cell divides through mitosis, the DNA is copied, so that each of the resulting two cells will inherit the DNA sequence. A portion of a DNA molecule that specifies a single functional unit is called a

title: Introduction to genetics

text: and C) and the sequence of nucleotides stores information in an alphabet called the genetic code. When a gene is read by a cell the DNA sequence is copied into a very similar molecule called RNA (this process is called transcription). Transcription is controlled by other DNA sequences (such as promoters), which show a cell where genes are, and control how often they are copied. The RNA copy made from a gene is then fed through a structure called a ribosome, which translates the sequence of nucleotides in the RNA into the correct sequence of amino acids and joins these

title: Cell nucleus

text: aging in its sufferers. The exact mechanism by which the associated biochemical changes give rise to the aged phenotype is not well understood. The cell nucleus contains the majority of the cell's genetic material in the form of multiple linear DNA molecules organized into structures called chromosomes. Each human cell contains roughly two meters of DNA. During most of the cell cycle these are organized in a DNA-protein complex known as chromatin, and during cell division the chromatin can be seen to form the well-defined chromosomes familiar from a karyotype. A small fraction of the cell's genes are located instead

title: DNA profiling

text: low cost and ease of set-up and operation, AmpFLP remains popular in lower income countries. Using PCR technology, DNA analysis is widely applied to determine genetic family relationships such as paternity, maternity, siblingship and other kinships. During conception, the father's sperm cell and the mother's egg cell, each containing half the amount of DNA found in other body cells, meet and fuse to form a fertilized egg, called a zygote. The zygote contains a complete set of DNA molecules, a unique combination of DNA from both parents. This zygote divides and multiplies into an embryo and later, a full human

title: Adoption detective

text: their parents is information that has been used since prehistoric times to improve crop plants and animals through selective breeding. The biological science of genetics, which began with the work of Gregor Mendel in the mid-nineteenth century, seeks to understand the process of inheritance and the physical basis for heredity in our DNA. What is known about human traits inherited through patients' families can save their lives—that is why gathering a person's complete and accurate medical family history is extremely important even as genetic medicine continues to explain more diseases. Many advances in biological medical science are anticipated in the

title: Gene

text: biotechnology, and medicine. For multicellular organisms, typically the embryo is engineered which grows into the adult genetically modified organism. However, the genomes of cells in an adult organism can be edited using gene therapy techniques to treat genetic diseases. Gene In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function. During gene expression, the DNA is first copied into RNA. The RNA can be directly functional or be the intermediate template for a protein that performs a function. The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of

title: Plant genetics

text: to crop plants. Understanding and manipulating of plant genetics was in its heyday during the Green Revolution brought about by Norman Borlaug. During this time, the molecule of heredity, DNA, was also discovered, which allowed scientists to actually examine and manipulate genetic information directly. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses. The main role of DNA molecules is the long-term storage of information. DNA is often compared to a set of blueprints or a recipe, or a code, since it contains

title: Genetics

text: opposite strand: A pairs with T, and C pairs with G. Thus, in its two-stranded form, each strand effectively contains all necessary information, redundant with its partner strand. This structure of DNA is the physical basis for inheritance: DNA replication duplicates the genetic information by splitting the strands and using each strand as a template for synthesis of a new partner strand. Genes are arranged linearly along long chains of DNA base-pair sequences. In bacteria, each cell usually contains a single circular genophore, while eukaryotic organisms (such as plants and animals) have their DNA arranged in multiple linear chromosomes. These

title: Genetics

text: group of three nucleotides in the sequence, called a codon, corresponds either to one of the twenty possible amino acids in a protein or an instruction to end the amino acid sequence; this correspondence is called the genetic code. The flow of information is unidirectional: information is transferred from nucleotide sequences into the amino acid sequence of proteins, but it never transfers from protein back into the sequence of DNA—a phenomenon Francis Crick called the central dogma of molecular biology. The specific sequence of amino acids results in a unique three-dimensional structure for that protein, and the three-dimensional structures of

title: Genetic engineering techniques

text: facility. In animals the majority of genes used are growth hormone genes. All genetic engineering processes involve the modification of DNA. Traditionally DNA was isolated from the cells of organisms. Later, genes came to be cloned from a DNA segment after the creation of a DNA library or artificially synthesised. Once isolated, additional genetic elements are added to the gene to allow it to be expressed in the host organism and to aid selection. First the cell must be gently opened, exposing the DNA without causing too much damage to it. The methods used vary depending on the type of

title: Gene

short_answers: chromosome genome