question: when do wood thrushes fly when they are migrating

answers: in the winter

answers: at night

title: Wood thrush

text: Wood thrush The wood thrush ("Hylocichla mustelina") is a North American passerine bird. It is closely related to other thrushes such as the American robin and is widely distributed across North America, wintering in Central America and southern Mexico. The wood thrush is the official bird of the District of Columbia. The wood thrush is a medium-sized thrush, with brown upper parts with mottled brown and white underparts. The male and female are similar in appearance. The song of the male is often cited as being the most beautiful in North America. The wood thrush is an omnivore, and feeds

title: Wood thrush

text: areas with running water, moist ground, and high understorey cover. The breeding habitat generally includes trees taller than , a fairly open forest floor, moist soil, and leaf litter, with substrate moisture more important than either canopy cover or access to running water. The wood thrush can breed in habitat patches as small as , but it runs the risk of higher predation and nest parasitism. The wood thrush's breeding range has expanded northward, displacing the veery and hermit thrush in some locations. In recent times, as a result of fragmentation of forests, it has been increasingly exposed to nest

title: Wood thrush

text: silent circular flights from the ground, with the male chasing. Six or more flights generally take place in succession. The pairs will perch together and feed each other in between flights. The male begins to sing at dawn and dusk a few days after arriving at breeding grounds. Early in the breeding season, the male sings from high perches in the tallest trees, but as the season progresses, it sings somewhat shorter and less elaborate songs from lower perches. Each day's singing begins and is most intense just before sunrise. The male may sing throughout the day but especially at

title: Wood thrush

text: them on its feathers. The purpose of this behavior is unknown, but it is thought that the birds may be able to acquire defensive secretions from the ants possibly used for some medicinal purposes, or that it simply supplements the birds' own preen oil. Soil invertebrates and larvae make up most of the wood thrush's omnivorous diet, but it will also eat fruits in the late summer, fall, and late winter. It occasionally feeds on arboreal insects, snails, and small salamanders. The young are fed insects and some fruit. After breeding and before migration, the wood thrush will switch from

title: Wood thrush

text: insects to fruits with high lipid levels. In the summer, low fruit consumption and lipid reserves require the bird to feed on insects continuously in order to meet its metabolic needs. The wood thrush forages mainly on the forest floor, flipping leaves over with its bills to reveal insects. It can be observed hopping around in leaf litter and on semi-bare ground under the forest canopy. Fruits are swallowed whole. Eggs and chicks are vulnerable to chipmunks, raccoons, blue jays, American crows, black rat snakes, brown-headed cowbirds, common grackles, southern flying squirrels, gray squirrels, least weasels, white-footed mice, domestic cats,

title: Wood thrush

text: preferentially on soil invertebrates and larvae, but will also eat fruits. In the summer, it feeds on insects continuously in order to meet daily metabolic needs. It is solitary, but sometimes forms mixed-species flocks. The wood thrush defends a territory that ranges in size from . The wood thrush is monogamous, and its breeding season begins in the spring; about 50% of all mated pairs are able to raise two broods, ranging in size from two to four chicks. The only member of the genus "Hylocichla", the wood thrush was described by German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in 1789. The

title: Wood thrush

text: the breast, sides, and flanks. It has white eye rings and pink legs. Other brownish thrushes have finer spotting on the breast. The juvenile looks similar to adults, but has additional spots on the back, neck, and wing coverts. The male and female are similar in size and plumage. The wood thrush has been reported to have one of the most beautiful songs of North American birds. American naturalist Henry David Thoreau wrote: Whenever a man hears it he is young, and Nature is in her spring; wherever he hears it, it is a new world and a free country,

title: Wood thrush

text: great horned owls, and sharp-shinned hawks. Adults are primarily taken by hawks and owls. Wood thrushes are monogamous. Breeding pairs form in mid-April to early-May, and usually last throughout the breeding season. Most thrushes find a new mate each year, and mate guarding and extra-pair copulations have not been observed in this species. Some male wood thrushes arrive at the breeding grounds several days before the earliest females while other males arrive at the same time as the females, establishing territories ranging in size from 0.08 to 0.8 hectares (one-fifth of an acre to two acres). The female typically leads

title: Wood thrush

text: dusk. The song season is usually over by the end of July. Typically, the female chooses the nest site and builds the nest. However, there has been some indication that the male is able to influence the selection of the nest site by perching nearby and singing. Usually, though, the female chooses whether or not to accept or reject the nest site suggested by the male. The nest is usually sited in a dense patch of vegetation in a tree or shrub that provides concealment and shade. It is usually made of dead grasses, stems, and leaves, and lined with

title: Wood thrush

text: Each individual bird has its own repertoire based on combinations of variations of the three parts. Songs are often repeated in order. The "bup, bup, bup" phrase is also sometimes used as a call, which is louder and at a greater frequency when the bird is agitated. The wood thrush also use a "tut, tut" to signal agitation. The nocturnal flight call is an emphatic buzzing "heeh." The wood thrush's breeding range extends from Manitoba, Ontario and Nova Scotia in southern Canada to northern Florida and from the Atlantic coast to the Missouri River and the eastern Great Plains. It

title: Wood thrush

text: wood thrush is long, with a wingspan of and a body mass of . Among standard measurements, the wing chord is , the bill is and the tarsus is . It is distinctly larger than the "Catharus" thrushes with which the species is often sympatric but slightly smaller than the common American robin. The longest known lifespan for a wood thrush in the wild is 8 years, 11 months. The crown, nape, and upper back are cinnamon-brown, while the back wings, and tail are a slightly duller brown. The breast and belly are white with large dark brown spots on

title: Wood thrush

text: generic name is a direct translation of its common name, derived from the Greek words "hyle"/ύλη "woodland" and "cichle"/κιχλη "thrush" or "fieldfare". The specific name comes from the Latin "mustela" "weasel". It is closely related to the other typical American thrushes of the genus "Catharus", and is sometimes merged into that genus. It has been considered close to the long-distance migrant species of that genus, as opposed to the generally resident nightingale-thrushes, but this appears to be erroneous. The wood thrush also appears to be fairly closely related to the large "Turdus" thrushes, such as the American robin. The adult

title: Varied thrush

text: Most common in dense, older conifer forests in high elevations. Moves to lower elevations during the winter where it is often seen in towns and orchards and thickets, or migrates to California. Seen in flocks during winter of up to 20 birds. It is well known for individual birds to fly eastward in winter, showing up in just about any state, then returning to the west coast for breeding. The varied thrush is predominantly insectivorous. The breeding habitat is dense coniferous forest, with two to five eggs being laid in a tree nest. Varied thrush The varied thrush ("Ixoreus naevius")

title: Thrush (bird)

text: Thrush (bird) The thrushes are a family, Turdidae, of passerine birds with a worldwide distribution. The family was once much larger before biologists decided the subfamily Saxicolinae, which includes the chats and European robins, were Old World flycatchers. Thrushes are small to medium-sized ground living birds that feed on insects, other invertebrates and fruit. Some unrelated species around the world have been named after thrushes due to their similarity to birds in this family. Thrushes are plump, soft-plumaged, small to medium-sized birds, inhabiting wooded areas, and often feeding on the ground. The smallest thrush may be the forest rock thrush,

title: Swainson's thrush

text: also, deciduous wooded areas on the Pacific coast of North America. These birds migrate to southern Mexico and as far south as Argentina. The coastal subspecies migrate down the Pacific coast of North America and winter from Mexico to Costa Rica, whereas the continental birds migrate eastwards within North America (a substantial detour) and then travel southwards via Florida to winter from Panama to Bolivia. Swainson's thrush is a very rare vagrant to western Europe. It has also occurred as a vagrant in northeast Asia. This species may be displaced by the hermit thrush where their ranges overlap. Possibly, the

title: Bicknell's thrush

text: and the northern saw-whet owl. On the nesting grounds there are at least six other predators suspected or likely to depredate nests and at least three other predators that may attacks nesting adults, to say nothing of potential predators during migration or on wintering grounds. The thrush's diet consists mainly of insects, beetles and ants being the main preys. They also start eating wild fruits in late summer (mid-July), and continue to do so during migration, and on the wintering grounds. They forage on both insects and wild fruits in winter. They usually forage on the forest floor, but also

title: Thrush nightingale

text: of woodland. The thrush nightingale feeds chiefly on the ground taking earthworms, spiders and the adults, larvae and pupae of insects such as beetles, small moths, ants and flies. In the autumn, the berries of currants ("Ribes" spp.) and elders ("Sambucus" spp.) are also eaten. Before crossing the Sahara on its migration, thrush nightingales build up their fat reserves. It has been found experimentally that magnetic cues may stimulate the birds to do this. A simulation of the magnetic field found in northern Egypt encouraged birds preparing to migrate from Sweden to further build up their body fat. The thrush

title: Wood thrush

text: fecal sacs from the nest. The chicks fledge 12–15 days after hatching, but the parents continue to feed them until they become independent and leave the parents' territory at 21–31 days old. The young wood thrush is able to begin breeding the next summer. Most females lay their first eggs in mid-May, but older females may begin laying sooner. Pairs usually attempt to rear a second brood no later than late July, with the last of the young fledging around mid-August. About half of all wood thrush pairs successfully raise two broods. Wood thrush The wood thrush ("Hylocichla mustelina") is

title: Eurasian woodcock

text: during the day unless flushed, when they fly off with a whirring wing noise. The flight is somewhat owl- or bat-like; woodcock fly fast and directly while migrating or crossing open country, but fly erratically with twisting and fluttering once in woodland. They are usually solitary and migrate singly, but may congregate when weather or geographical conditions force them to do so. This species is parasitised by the moorhen flea, "Dasypsyllus gallinulae". The male performs a courtship display flight called 'roding' at dusk between April and June. A mating call is performed during courtship display flights: "orr, orr, orr, pist".

title: Wood thrush

title: Black-throated thrush

text: similar but the black on the throat and breast is replaced with dusky streaking. Black-throated thrushes breed along the edges of clearings in coniferous or mixed deciduous forest, often in the undergrowth of Siberian Pine "Pinus sibirica" or mixed spruce fir forest, especially along watercourses or in swampy areas. Breeds solitarily or in loose aggregations of pairs in late May through to late July. The nest is made of grasses and thin twigs bound with earth and lined with fine grasses, moss or lichens. The nest is usually placed within 1.5 to 2m of the ground, sometimes on the ground.

title: Cozumel thrasher

text: wood thrush. The wood thrush differs in lacking wing bars, a shorter beak, and a different shape. The distribution of the thrasher is restricted to Isla Cozumel which is 45 km long and 20 km wide. The habitat preferences for the thrasher is thought to be in low and medium deciduous and semi-deciduous forests. It may have once been most abundant in forest edges adjacent to clearings. The thrasher is predominately terrestrial and elusive and as with all members of the genus "Toxostoma", it may resort to running instead of flying when startled. Ornithologists Ludlow Griscom and Raymond A. Paynter,

title: Japanese thrush

text: leaving its breeding grounds around October. It occasionally turns up as a passage migrant in Taiwan, and has been vagrant in Thailand. The species is usually found in forests and woodlands, either deciduous or mixed deciduous and coniferous in its breeding habitat, but also secondary forest and even gardens and parks. The Japanese thrush is a mid-sized thrush. The two desexs have different plumage (sexual dimorphism). The male has a black head, breast, back, wings and tail, and a white underside with black spots un the upper belly and flanks. The legs, bill and thin eye-ring are yellow. The female

title: Hermit thrush

text: remain in northern coastal US states and southern Ontario. They usually breed in forests, but will sometimes winter in parks and wooded suburban neighbourhoods. They are very rare vagrants to western Europe and northeast Asia. They forage on the forest floor, also in trees or shrubs, mainly eating insects and berries. The hermit thrush's song has been described as "the finest sound in nature" and is ethereal and flute-like, consisting of a beginning note, then several descending musical phrases in a minor key, repeated at different pitches. It often sings from a high open location. Analysis of the notes of

title: Bicknell's thrush

text: high altitude coniferous forests affected by strong winds and heavy ice conditions. They usually breed at higher elevations, normally nesting above . They don't, however, only live in this habitat, they also inhabit successional forests that have recently been affected by the forest industry. Its habitat is therefore best characterized by highly disturbed forest, where trees are small and stunted. Conversely, Bicknell’s thrush is more a habitat generalist in migration. Bicknell's and gray-cheeked thrush, along with the veery, make up a close-knit group of migrant species. These birds migrate to the West Indies and the Greater Antilles, with an estimated

title: Bicknell's thrush

text: situations “"crr-rr-rr"” and flight call “"cree-e-e"” Bicknell's thrushes have an unusual mating system in which females mate with more than one male. Such a practice, known as polygynandry, is not known to occur in other thrushes. As many as four males perform duties connected with one nest, including bringing food for the nestlings. It is possible that females decide to mate with more males when preys are less abundant. Pair formation is thought to occur after female arrival to breeding site in late May. The nest itself is typically a bulky cup made of twigs and moss, close to the

title: Song thrush

text: The song thrush is not usually gregarious, although several birds may roost together in winter or be loosely associated in suitable feeding habitats, perhaps with other thrushes such as the blackbird, fieldfare, redwing and dark-throated thrush. Unlike the more nomadic fieldfare and redwing, the song thrush tends to return regularly to the same wintering areas. This is a monogamous territorial species, and in areas where it is fully migratory, the male re-establishes its breeding territory and starts singing as soon as he returns. In the milder areas where some birds stay year round, the resident male remains in his breeding

title: Hermit thrush

text: are mainly brown on the upperparts, with reddish tails. The underparts are white with dark spots on the breast and grey or brownish flanks. They have pink legs and a white eye ring. Birds in the east are more olive-brown on the upperparts; western birds are more grey-brown. Hermit thrushes breed in coniferous or mixed woods across Canada, southern Alaska, and the northeastern and western United States. They make a cup nest on the ground or relatively low in a tree. While most hermit thrushes migrate to wintering grounds in the southern United States and south to Central America, some

title: Thrush (bird)

text: at and . However, the shortwings, which have ambiguous alliances with both thrushes and Old World flycatchers, can be even smaller. The lesser shortwing averages . The largest thrush is the blue whistling thrush, at and . The great thrush is similar in length, but less heavily built. Most species are grey or brown in colour, often with speckled underparts. They are insectivorous, but most species also eat worms, land snails, and fruit. Many species are permanently resident in warm climates, while others migrate to higher latitudes during summer, often over considerable distances. Thrushes build cup-shaped nests, sometimes lining them

title: Redwing

text: migrating at all, while those in the far east of the range migrate at least 6,500–7,000 km to reach their wintering grounds. There are multiple records of vagrants from the north-east coast of North America, as well as two sightings on the north-west coast (one in Washington in 2005, and one in Seward, Alaska in November 2011). Migrating and wintering birds often form loose flocks of 10 to 200 or more birds, often feeding together with fieldfares, common blackbirds, and starlings, sometimes also with mistle thrushes, song thrushes, and ring ouzels. Unlike the song thrush, the more nomadic redwing does

title: Wood thrush

long_answer: The wood thrush's breeding range extends from Manitoba, Ontario and Nova Scotia in southern Canada to northern Florida and from the Atlantic coast to the Missouri River and the eastern Great Plains. It migrates to southern Mexico through to Panama in Central America in the winter, mostly in the lowlands along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. It generally arrives on the U.S. Gulf Coast during the first week of April. Fall migration usually begins in mid-August and continues through mid-September. Migration takes place at night, allowing them to find their direction from the stars and orient themselves by detecting the Earth's magnetic field.

short_answers:
at night
in the winter


question: how long is one full rotation of the earth

answers: about 24 hours

title: Sidereal time

text: 23 h 56 min 4.1 s (86,164.1 s). Earth's rotation is not a simple rotation around an axis that would always remain parallel to itself. Earth's rotational axis itself rotates about a second axis, orthogonal to Earth's orbit, taking about 25,800 years to perform a complete rotation. This phenomenon is called the precession of the equinoxes. Because of this precession, the stars appear to move around Earth in a manner more complicated than a simple constant rotation. For this reason, to simplify the description of Earth's orientation in astronomy and geodesy, it was conventional to chart the positions of the

title: Earth's rotation

text: given in mean solar time above to obtain their lengths in SI seconds (see Fluctuations in the length of day). The angular speed of Earth's rotation in inertial space is radians per SI second (mean solar second). Multiplying by (180°/π radians) × (86,400 seconds/mean solar day) yields 360.9856°/mean solar day, indicating that Earth rotates more than 360° relative to the fixed stars in one solar day. Earth's movement along its nearly circular orbit while it is rotating once around its axis requires that Earth rotate slightly more than once relative to the fixed stars before the mean Sun can pass

title: Foucault pendulum vector diagrams

text: to the plane of the pendulum swing but the time to observe a full rotation depends on the latitude of the location. The time to observe a full rotation is equal to one day at the North Pole with the time increasing with decreasing latitude and not observable at the Equator (infinite length of time). The statements above are thus equivalent to the inverse sine law for the observed time for a full rotation of the pendulum in relation to the rotation of the Earth. Final Note: There is only one point of connection to the Earth for the swinging

title: Earth's rotation

text: overhead again, even though it rotates only once (360°) relative to the mean Sun. Multiplying the value in rad/s by Earth's equatorial radius of (WGS84 ellipsoid) (factors of 2π radians needed by both cancel) yields an equatorial speed of , or . Some sources state that Earth's equatorial speed is slightly less, or . This is obtained by dividing Earth's equatorial circumference by . However, the use of only one circumference unwittingly implies only one rotation in inertial space, so the corresponding time unit must be a sidereal hour. This is confirmed by multiplying by the number of sidereal days

title: Universal Time

text: (TAI) is determined by Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations of distant quasars, a method which can determine UT1 to within 15 microseconds or better. The rotation of the Earth and UT are monitored by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS). The International Astronomical Union also is involved in setting standards, but the final arbiter of broadcast standards is the International Telecommunication Union or ITU. The rotation of the Earth is somewhat irregular, and is very gradually slowing due to tidal acceleration. Furthermore, the length of the second was determined from observations of the Moon between 1750

title: Equation of time

text: by 720, the number of minutes (12 hours) that the Earth takes to rotate one half turn relative to the Sun, to get the equation of time. Compared with published values, this calculation has a root mean square error of only 3.7 s. The greatest error is 6.0 s. This is much more accurate than the approximation described above, but not as accurate as the elaborate calculation. The value of in the above calculation is an accurate value for the Sun's ecliptic longitude (shifted by 90°), so the solar declination becomes readily available: which is accurate to within a fraction

title: Foucault pendulum vector diagrams

text: or aligned to the Earth's axis and the sine of 90° = 1. At the equator the pendulum axis is perpendicular to the Earth's axis and the sine of 0° = 0. At intermediate latitudes the rotation of the Earth is observable in relation to the plane of the pendulum swing but the time to observe a full rotation depends on the latitude of the location. The time to observe a full rotation is equal to one day at the North Pole with the time increasing with decreasing latitude and not observable at the Equator (infinite length of time). The

title: Earth's rotation

text: in one mean solar day, , which yields the equatorial speed in mean solar hours given above of . The tangential speed of Earth's rotation at a point on Earth can be approximated by multiplying the speed at the equator by the cosine of the latitude. For example, the Kennedy Space Center is located at latitude 28.59° N, which yields a speed of: cos 28.59° × = The Earth's rotation axis moves with respect to the fixed stars (inertial space); the components of this motion are precession and nutation. It also moves with respect to the Earth's crust; this is

title: Earth

text: hours. Due to this motion, on average it takes 24 hours—a solar day—for Earth to complete a full rotation about its axis so that the Sun returns to the meridian. The orbital speed of Earth averages about , which is fast enough to travel a distance equal to Earth's diameter, about , in seven minutes, and the distance to the Moon, , in about 3.5 hours. The Moon and Earth orbit a common barycenter every 27.32 days relative to the background stars. When combined with the Earth–Moon system's common orbit around the Sun, the period of the synodic month, from

title: Earth's rotation

text: once every 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4 seconds with respect to the stars (see below). Earth's rotation is slowing slightly with time; thus, a day was shorter in the past. This is due to the tidal effects the Moon has on Earth's rotation. Atomic clocks show that a modern day is longer by about 1.7 milliseconds than a century ago, slowly increasing the rate at which UTC is adjusted by leap seconds. Analysis of historical astronomical records shows a slowing trend of about 2.3 milliseconds per century since the 8th century BCE. Among the ancient Greeks, several of the

title: Foucault pendulum

text: sharing the rotation of the earth about its own axis, the suspension point of the pendulum traces out a circular path during one sidereal day. At the latitude of Paris, 48 degrees 51 minutes north, a full precession cycle takes just under 32 hours, so after one sidereal day, when the Earth is back in the same orientation as one sidereal day before, the oscillation plane has turned by just over 270 degrees. If the plane of swing was north-south at the outset, it is east-west one sidereal day later. This also implies that there has been exchange of momentum;

title: Solar rotation

text: because the Earth is orbiting the Sun, we see this period as 27.2753 days. It is possible to construct a diagram with the longitude of sunspots horizontally and time vertically. The longitude is measured by the time of crossing the central meridian and based on the Carrington rotations. In each rotation, plotted under the preceding ones, most sunspots or other phenomena will reappear directly below the same phenomenon on the previous rotation. There may be slight drifts left or right over longer periods of time. The Bartels "musical diagram" or the Condegram spiral plot are other techniques for expressing the

title: Rotation period

text: hence the rate of rotation can vary (because the product of the moment of inertia and the rate of rotation is equal to the angular momentum, which is fixed). Hyperion, a satellite of Saturn, exhibits this behaviour, and its rotation period is described as chaotic. Earth's rotation period relative to the Sun (its mean solar day) consists of 86,400 seconds of mean solar time, by definition. Each of these seconds is slightly longer than an SI second because Earth's solar day is now slightly longer than it was during the 19th century, due to tidal deceleration. The mean solar second

title: Solar rotation

text: of A, B, and C differ depending on the techniques used to make the measurement, as well as the time period studied. A current set of accepted average values is: At the equator, the solar rotation period is 24.47 days. This is called the sidereal rotation period, and should not be confused with the synodic rotation period of 26.24 days, which is the time for a fixed feature on the Sun to rotate to the same apparent position as viewed from Earth. The synodic period is longer because the Sun must rotate for a sidereal period plus an extra amount

title: Proper time

text: rotation of the Earth needs to be taken into account. This imparts on an observer an angular velocity of formula_35 of 2"π" divided by the sidereal period of the Earth's rotation, 86162.4 seconds. So formula_36. The proper time equation then produces From a non-relativistic point of view this should have been the same as the previous result. This example demonstrates how the proper time equation is used, even though the Earth rotates and hence is not spherically symmetric as assumed by the Schwarzschild solution. To describe the effects of rotation more accurately the Kerr metric may be used. Proper time

title: Time standard

text: and mean solar time (see Equation of time). However, these variations cancel out over a year. There are also other perturbations such as Earth's wobble, but these are less than a second per year. Sidereal time is time by the stars. A sidereal rotation is the time it takes the Earth to make one revolution with rotation to the stars, approximately 23 hours 56 minutes 4 seconds. For accurate astronomical work on land, it was usual to observe sidereal time rather than solar time to measure mean solar time, because the observations of 'fixed' stars could be measured and reduced

title: Motion (physics)

text: and their moons move with the sun. Thus, the solar system is moving. The Earth is rotating or spinning around its axis. This is evidenced by day and night, at the equator the earth has an eastward velocity of . The Earth is also orbiting around the Sun in an orbital revolution. A complete orbit around the sun takes one year, or about 365 days; it averages a speed of about . The Theory of Plate tectonics tells us that the continents are drifting on convection currents within the mantle causing them to move across the surface of the planet

title: Equation of time

text: one year. If the Earth orbited the Sun with a constant speed, in a circular orbit in a plane perpendicular to the Earth's axis, then the Sun would culminate every day at exactly the same time, and be a perfect time keeper (except for the very small effect of the slowing rotation of the Earth). But the orbit of the Earth is an ellipse not centered on the Sun, and its speed varies between 30.287 and 29.291 km/s, according to Kepler's laws of planetary motion, and its angular speed also varies, and thus the Sun appears to move faster (relative

title: Geostationary orbit

text: one revolution (360° = 2π rad) by the orbital period (the time it takes to make one full revolution). In the case of a geostationary orbit, the orbital period is one sidereal day, or ). This gives The resulting orbital radius is . Subtracting the Earth's equatorial radius, , gives the altitude of . Orbital speed is calculated by multiplying the angular speed by the orbital radius: By the same formula, we can find the geostationary-type orbit of an object in relation to Mars (this type of orbit above is referred to as an areostationary orbit if it is above

title: Earth's rotation

title: Sidereal time

text: sidereal period is measured as the Earth Rotation Angle (ERA), formerly the stellar angle. An increase of 360° in the ERA is a full rotation of the Earth. Because Earth orbits the Sun once a year, the sidereal time at any given place and time will gain about four minutes against local civil time, every 24 hours, until, after a year has passed, one additional sidereal "day" has elapsed compared to the number of solar days that have gone by. Solar time is measured by the apparent diurnal motion of the Sun, and local noon in apparent solar time is

title: Equatorial bulge

text: was formed. Estimates of the Earth's rotation 500 million years ago are around 20 modern hours per "day". The Earth's rate of rotation is slowing down mainly because of tidal interactions with the Moon and the Sun. Since the solid parts of the Earth are ductile, the Earth's equatorial bulge has been decreasing in step with the decrease in the rate of rotation. Because of a planet's rotation around its own axis, the gravitational acceleration is less at the equator than at the poles. In the 17th century, following the invention of the pendulum clock, French scientists found that clocks

title: Hour circle

text: of the angle (and time due to Earth's fairly regular rotation, approximately equal to the time) between the observation of two objects at the same, or similar declination. The hour circles (meridians) are measured in hours (or hours, minutes, and seconds); one rotation (360°) is equivalent to 24 hours; 1 hour is equivalent to 15°. An astronomical meridians follow the same concept and, almost precisely, orientation of a meridian (also known as longitude) on a globe. Hour circle In astronomy, the hour circles, which together with declination and distance (from the planet's centre of mass) locate any celestial object, is

title: Solar rotation

text: due to the orbital motion of Earth around the Sun. Note that astrophysical literature does not typically use the equatorial rotation period, but instead often uses the definition of a Carrington rotation: a synodic rotation period of 27.2753 days or a sidereal period of 25.38 days. This chosen period roughly corresponds to the prograde rotation at a latitude of 26° north or south, which is consistent with the typical latitude of sunspots and corresponding periodic solar activity. When the Sun is viewed from the "north" (above Earth's north pole), solar rotation is counterclockwise (eastward). To a person standing on the

title: Circle of latitude

text: Tropics is decreasing by per year. The Earth's axial tilt has additional shorter-term variations due to nutation, of which the main term, with a period of 18.6 years, has an amplitude of 9.2" (corresponding to almost 300 metres north and south). There are many smaller terms, resulting in varying daily shifts of some metres in any direction. Finally, the Earth's rotational axis is not exactly fixed in the Earth, but undergoes small fluctuations (on the order of 15 meters) called polar motion, which have a small effect on the Tropics and Polar Circles and also on the Equator. Short-term fluctuations

title: Axial precession

text: and increases as the top slows down. For a gyroscope on a stand it can approach 90 degrees. For the Earth, however, the applied forces of the Sun and the Moon are closer to perpendicular to the axis of rotation. The Earth is not a perfect sphere but an oblate spheroid, with an equatorial diameter about 43 kilometers larger than its polar diameter. Because of the Earth's axial tilt, during most of the year the half of this bulge that is closest to the Sun is off-center, either to the north or to the south, and the far half is

title: Earth's rotation

text: of the Earth's rotation is performed with very-long-baseline interferometry coordinated with the Global Positioning System, satellite laser ranging, and other satellite techniques. This provides an absolute reference for the determination of universal time, precession, and nutation. There are recorded observations of solar and lunar eclipses by Babylonian and Chinese astronomers beginning in the 8th century BCE, as well as from the medieval Islamic world and elsewhere. These observations can be used to determine changes in the Earth's rotation over the last 27 centuries, since the length of the day is a critical parameter in the calculation of the place and

title: Earth's rotation

text: Foucault in 1851, which consisted of a lead-filled brass sphere suspended from the top of the Panthéon in Paris. Because of the Earth's rotation under the swinging pendulum, the pendulum's plane of oscillation appears to rotate at a rate depending on latitude. At the latitude of Paris the predicted and observed shift was about clockwise per hour. Foucault pendulums now swing in museums around the world. Earth's rotation period relative to the Sun (solar noon to solar noon) is its "true solar day" or "apparent solar day". It depends on the Earth's orbital motion and is thus affected by changes

title: Orbit of the Moon

text: rotational axis of the Moon seems to rotate towards and away from Earth during one complete orbit. This is referred to as "latitudinal libration", which allows one to see almost 7° of latitude beyond the pole on the far side. Finally, because the Moon is only about 60 Earth radii away from Earth's centre of mass, an observer at the equator who observes the Moon throughout the night moves laterally by one Earth diameter. This gives rise to a "diurnal libration", which allows one to view an additional one degree's worth of lunar longitude. For the same reason, observers at

title: Seconds pendulum

text: the Earth's rotation, it follows that the resulting acceleration towards the ground is 0.5% greater at the poles than at the Equator and that the polar diameter of the Earth is smaller than its equatorial diameter. The Academy of Sciences planned to infer the flattening of the Earth from the length's differences between meridional portions corresponding to one degree of latitude. Pierre Méchain and Jean-Baptiste Delambre combined their measurements with the results of the Spanish-French geodetic mission and found a value of 1/334 for the Earth's flattening, and they then extrapolated from their measurement of the Paris meridian arc between

title: Earth's rotation

long_answer: Earth rotates once in about 24 hours with respect to the Sun, but once every 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4 seconds with respect to the stars (see below). Earth's rotation is slowing slightly with time; thus, a day was shorter in the past. This is due to the tidal effects the Moon has on Earth's rotation. Atomic clocks show that a modern day is longer by about 1.7 milliseconds than a century ago, slowly increasing the rate at which UTC is adjusted by leap seconds. Analysis of historical astronomical records shows a slowing trend of 2.3 milliseconds per century since the 8th century BCE.


question: who sponsored the phoenix open before waste management

answers: Friedman Billings Ramsey

title: Waste Management (corporation)

text: 180 gallons of waste. The compactors decrease the need for trash pickup by 80 percent, which reduces production costs, fuel use, and greenhouse gas emissions. Waste Management Solar Compactors became a staple at the Waste Management Phoenix Open; the company replaced FBR as the title sponsor of this PGA TOUR tournament in December 2009. As title sponsor, Waste Management introduced a variety of technologies to make the Phoenix Open one of the most eco-friendly tournaments on the PGA TOUR. Waste Management has been working with other sports and music venues across the nation to increase recycling among patrons. It teamed

title: Bubba Watson

text: to move him to third in the Official World Golf Ranking. He garnered his second victory in 2015 by winning the unofficial Hero World Challenge in the Bahamas, besting fellow American Patrick Reed by three strokes. Prior to the Waste Management Phoenix Open in early February, Watson caused a bit of controversy after publicly admitting his dislike for the course, TPC Scottsdale. As a result, he was jeered by fans for the majority of the tournament, later criticizing the media for "turning his words around". Two weeks later though, he returned to the winner's circle after winning the Northern Trust

title: Phoenix Open

text: and was the first-ever ace on a par-4 in PGA Tour history. Four men have won three times at the Phoenix Open: Arnold Palmer won consecutively (1961, 1962, 1963), then Gene Littler (1955, 1959, 1969), Calcavecchia (1989, 1992, 2001), and Mickelson (1996, 2005, 2013). <nowiki>*</nowiki>"Rain-shortened to 54 holes" ^"Scheduled 54 holes" "Note: Green highlight indicates scoring records."<br> Sources Fourteen men have won this tournament more than once. Phoenix Open The Phoenix Open (known as the Waste Management Phoenix Open for title sponsorship reasons) is a professional golf tournament on the PGA Tour, held in late January/early February at the Tournament

title: Phoenix Country Club

text: at Phoenix Country Club in 1932 but was discontinued after the 1935 tournament. The rebirth of the Phoenix Open came in 1939 when member Bob Goldwater, Sr. convinced fellow Thunderbirds to help run the event. The Thunderbirds, a prominent civic organization in Phoenix, were not as enthusiastic about running the event as he was, leaving Goldwater, Sr. to do most of the work in getting a golf open started. Beginning in 1955, the Arizona Country Club alternated as event host with Phoenix Country Club; this arrangement lasted until Phoenix Country Club took The Arizona Country Club's turn in 1975 and

title: Phoenix Country Club

text: became the event's permanent home again. The tournament was moved in 1987 to its current home, the Stadium Course at TPC of Scottsdale, northeast of downtown Phoenix. During its time as host of the Phoenix Open, the club hosted such notable golfers as Ben Hogan, Byron Nelson, Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer, Gene Littler, Johnny Miller, Miller Barber, Ben Crenshaw, Hal Sutton, and many others. The club also hosted the Western Open in 1941 and 1942. In 1961, a new contemporary clubhouse designed by the architectural firm Edward L. Varney & Associates was constructed adjacent to the old clubhouse at a

title: Phoenix Open

text: of professional golf, has earned it the nickname “The Greatest Show on Grass” and made it one of the most popular events on the PGA Tour calendar. The Phoenix Open began in 1932 but was discontinued after the 1935 tournament. The rebirth of the Phoenix Open came in 1939 when Bob Goldwater, Sr. convinced fellow Thunderbirds to help run the event. The Thunderbirds, a prominent civic organization in Phoenix, were not as enthusiastic about running the event as he was, leaving Goldwater, Sr. to do most of the work in getting a golf open started. The event was played at

title: KC Golf Classic

text: not-for-profit group that runs the Waste Management Phoenix Open, the Kansas City Crusaders is made up of a dedicated volunteer group of business professionals who live and work throughout Greater Kansas City. The event was renamed KC Golf Classic in 2018. The 2018 purse was $675,000. Bolded golfers graduated to the PGA Tour via the Web.com Tour regular-season money list. Golfers in bold italics achieved their third win of the season at this tournament and were promoted immediately. KC Golf Classic The KC Golf Classic is a Web.com Tour event that was played for the first time in 2009 as

title: Kevin Stadler

text: time Moore and Stadler were both trying to capture their first PGA Tour title. On February 2, 2014, Stadler won the Waste Management Phoenix Open marking his first PGA Tour victory. Stadler won after Bubba Watson made bogey on the 18th hole. The event was Stadler's 239th PGA Tour start and would ensure him of his first Masters invitation. Craig and Kevin were the first father-son duo to play at Augusta in the same tournament. Kevin is also the first son of a Masters champion to play in that tournament. Kevin is nicknamed as "Smallrus," a play on his father's

title: Hideki Matsuyama

text: won the Hero World Challenge in the Bahamas. In Matsuyama's return to the Waste Management Phoenix Open, he again entered a playoff on Sunday to defend his title, this time against Webb Simpson. On the fourth playoff hole, Matsuyama made birdie to win the tournament for the second time in as many years. After finishing second in the 2017 U.S. Open at Erin Hills, while the top three players in the world at the time (Dustin Johnson, Rory McIlroy and Jason Day) failed to make the cut, Matsuyama reached 2nd in the Official World Golf Ranking, his highest ever, and

title: Jarrod Lyle

text: alternate event on the tour. In 2010 Lyle played tournaments on the PGA Tour and the Nationwide Tour but finished 5th in the 2010 Q-School to earn his full card on the PGA Tour for 2011. Lyle scored a hole-in-one at the Waste Management Phoenix Open in 2011 on the par-3 16th 'Stadium Hole' winning $25,000 for a charity of his choice. This was the first hole-in-one on the 16th in the Phoenix Open for nine years. He regained his card with another good performance in the Q-School and played on the PGA Tour again 2012. He had his best

title: Dixon Golf

text: Phoenix Open. Dixon Golf Dixon Golf is an eco-friendly golf company located in Tempe, Arizona. They are the manufacturers of four different golf balls, as well as apparel made from eco-friendly products. In late 2008, Dixon Golf released the Dixon Earth. The Earth ball differs from conventional golf balls because it is made without the inexpensive heavy metal fillers that are used in the manufacturing of other brands of golf balls. The Dixon Earth was well received by those concerned with environmental issues, and hailed as a force to be reckoned with. However, sales to the golfing public were lackluster.

title: J Golf Phoenix LPGA International

text: J Golf Phoenix LPGA International The J Golf Phoenix LPGA International, in full the J Golf Phoenix LPGA International Presented by Mirassou Winery, was a women's professional golf tournament in Arizona on the LPGA Tour. Founded as the "Sun City Classic" in 1980, it was held annually in the Phoenix area through 2009, making it one of the longest-lasting events on the LPGA Tour. Tournament Golf Foundation managed the tournament since its start and continues to manage the Safeway Classic tournament on the LPGA Tour. Proceeds from the event were donated to local medical charities; over $12 million was raised

title: Phoenix Country Club

text: a members of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. It was the opinion of the police that one of the twenty one husbands of the women with whom Dernier had had an affair was the murderer. Following the opening of their new club, Phoenix Country Club became the seat of leadership for the Border States Tennis Association, a member of the United States Lawn Tennis Association with members in Arizona, New Mexico, Sonora, and Texas. The president and treasurer of the association were members Dwight B. Heard and Mrs. Ernest W. Lewis, respectively. The Phoenix Open was first hosted

title: Phoenix Open

text: the Phoenix Country Club in Phoenix both in its earlier incarnations and after Goldwater resuscitated it. Beginning in 1955, the Arizona Country Club (also in Phoenix) alternated as event host with Phoenix Country Club; this arrangement lasted until Phoenix Country Club took The Arizona Country Club's turn in 1975 and became the event's permanent home again. The tournament moved in 1987 to its current home, the Stadium Course at TPC Scottsdale, northeast of downtown Phoenix. The approximate average elevation of the course is above sea level. The four-day attendance of the tournament is usually around a half million; the best-attended

title: Rickie Fowler

text: Charley Hoffman and claimed a four stroke victory. The round of 61 was a course and tournament record, as well as being a personal best round for Fowler as a professional. At the 2018 Waste Management Phoenix Open, Fowler birdied his final three holes during the third round to take the 54-hole lead by a stroke. This was his 6th 54-hole lead/co-lead of his career, but had only converted once in the previous five attempts. In the final round, Fowler shot a 72 (+2) to finish T11. At the 2018 Masters Tournament, Fowler shot a 72-hole score of −14 (274)

title: Phoenix Country Club

text: Phoenix Country Club was officially incorporated on October 25, 1900 by a 12-member board including Webster Street, Chief Justice of the Arizona Territorial Supreme Court; and Dwight B. Heard, president of the Arizona Cotton Association. On October 29, 1919, the club voted to purchase a 160-acre tract of land at 7th Street and Thomas Road for the construction of a new club with and 18-hole golf course, tennis grounds, and a club house. This new property was to become the current location for the club. The land was purchased for $56,000. Golf course designer Harry Collis, of the Flossmoor Country

title: Phoenix Open

text: Arizona State alumnus (1992) with three victories at the event. In addition to the golf, there is a concert/party held in the Scottsdale area called the Birds Nest, at which music artists like Huey Lewis and the News play. The Thunderbirds are still highly active in the organization of the tournament. Portions of the proceeds are used by the Thunderbirds to fund Special Olympics activities in Phoenix. Since 1973, the Phoenix Open has been played on the weekend of the Super Bowl. In 1996, it was played Wednesday through Saturday, as Super Bowl XXX was held at Sun Devil Stadium

title: Phoenix Open

text: is very easy by the PGA's standards. Good shots, however, are cheered loudly. Famous moments include Tiger Woods' Saturday hole-in-one in 1997, which caused the gallery to erupt, throwing cups and other objects in celebration, and Justin Leonard giving the finger to the gallery after a poor shot. Jarrod Lyle aced the hole on Saturday in 2011, causing the stands to erupt in excitement. After 2013, the PGA Tour banned the practice of caddies racing the from the tee box to the green, citing injury concerns. The most popular tour player at the Phoenix Open is unquestionably Phil Mickelson, an

title: Tommy Gainey

text: In 2011, Gainey missed the cut in his first three events, then made six consecutive cuts through to the end of March. At the 2011 Waste Management Phoenix Open in Scottsdale, Arizona, he was in contention late in the final round, but made a quadruple-bogey 8 on the par-4 17th hole to finish tied for 8th. He posted a fifth-place finish at the Honda Classic in Florida a month later. Gainey's best 2011 Tour finish came at The Heritage in Hilton Head, South Carolina, when he needed a 15-foot putt on the 72nd green to tie clubhouse leader Brandt Snedeker,

title: Phoenix Open

text: The tournament was originally the Arizona Open, but was known for most of its history as the Phoenix Open until the investment bank Friedman Billings Ramsey became the title sponsor in October 2003, and it was known as the FBR Open for the next six editions.  Waste Management began its sponsorship in 2010.

title: J Golf Phoenix LPGA International

text: Se Ri Pak. The LPGA Tour returned to the Phoenix area in 2011 with the Founders Cup. ^ The 1983 edition was shortened to 54 holes due to rain and concluded on Monday. Six players won the event more than once: J Golf Phoenix LPGA International The J Golf Phoenix LPGA International, in full the J Golf Phoenix LPGA International Presented by Mirassou Winery, was a women's professional golf tournament in Arizona on the LPGA Tour. Founded as the "Sun City Classic" in 1980, it was held annually in the Phoenix area through 2009, making it one of the longest-lasting

title: Jon Rahm

text: 38 professional starts for Rahm – a ratio bettered only by Tiger Woods in the past 30 years. In his short professional career, Rahm has become renowned for his fiery on-course temper, which came to the fore during the final round of the Waste Management Phoenix Open, where he slammed his club into the ground. In April 2018, Rahm won the Open de España on the European Tour. In September 2018, Rahm qualified for the European team participating in the 2018 Ryder Cup. The European team won the Ryder Cup, defeating the U.S. 17 1/2 to 10 1/2 at Le

title: Martin Laird

text: continued in early 2011. In February, he tied for 3rd in the Waste Management Phoenix Open, lifting his world ranking to 41. In March, he tied for 10th in the WGC-Cadillac Championship and tied for 5th in the Transitions Championship, his ranking rising to 40. On 27 March 2011, Laird claimed the biggest title of his career at the Arnold Palmer Invitational taking the first prize of $1,080,000. After three rounds of 70, 65 and 70 Laird had a two shot lead over Spencer Levin with Steve Marino and Bubba Watson a further two strokes behind. Laird dropped three shots

title: Phoenix Open

text: event in golf. In 2016, it set a PGA Tour and Phoenix Open single day attendance record with 201,003 fans in attendance on Saturday, February 6 and set a tournament week attendance record of 618,365 fans. The most popular location for spectators is the par-3 16th hole, nicknamed "The Coliseum." One of the shortest holes on tour at , it is enclosed by a temporary 20,000-seat grandstand. The hole could be described as "one big party," with many students from the nearby Arizona State University in Tempe in attendance. Poor shots at the 16th hole receive boos, because the hole

title: Hassayampa, Arizona

text: waste. As a result, the 10 acre portion of the landfill was classified as a Superfund site in 1987. Site cleanup and monitoring is ongoing, and is funded by the Hassayampa Steering Committee, which consists of 12 of the major parties responsible for disposing of the hazardous waste at the site (as well as the owner of the site during the disposal time): Maricopa County (owner), Bull, DEC, Honeywell, Alcatel, General Instrument, AT&T, Shell, Arizona Public Service Co., Intel, National Can, and Reynolds Metals. In addition, the consent decree which established the settlement is notable for the financial participation of

title: Maryvale, Phoenix

text: facility opened in 1961, but the City of Phoenix eventually ran the golf course at a loss of $250,000 per year. The golf course reopened as the "Grand Canyon University Golf Course" on January 6, 2016, as a partnership between the City of Phoenix and Grand Canyon University (GCU). The new golf course was redesigned by John Fought, with a rebuilt clubhouse. GCU, which invested $10 million into the project, will split the golf course's profits with the City of Phoenix after it recoups its initial investment. The Desert Sky Transit Center, which opened for service in December 2015, serves

title: J Golf Phoenix LPGA International

text: during the course of the tournament The tournament had a variety of sponsors during its history, including Safeway Inc., a California-based supermarket chain. It was at this tournament that Annika Sörenstam shot 59 in the second round in 2001, which stands as the record for the lowest scoring round ever shot for 18 holes in an LPGA Tour event. With thirteen birdies and no bogeys, she began the round with eight birdies, added four more over the next five holes, but managed only one over the final five. Sörenstam won the event with 261 (–27), two strokes ahead of runner-up

title: Sports in Phoenix

text: Since 1932, the city has hosted one of the oldest golfing tournaments in the United States, The Phoenix Open of the PGA. In 2012, Phoenix was granted a professional soccer team, the Phoenix FC, who played in the USL Professional Division, which is in the third tier of the United States Soccer Federation. When the team fell into financial difficulties, they lost their franchise in 2014. They were replaced the following day by Arizona United SC (now Phoenix Rising FC), who play their home games at Scottsdale Stadium. The Phoenix Marathon is a new addition to the city's sports scene,

title: Bank of Hope Founders Cup

text: donated half of the $1 million tournament purse to charity and the other half to individual charities chosen by the top-10 finishers. All players who made the cut received a portion of the purse in the form of virtual earnings that were attributed to them for purposes of the LPGA official money list. In 2012, the tournament expanded from three days to four days, and an actual cash purse was instituted. The previous LPGA Tour event in the Phoenix area was the J Golf Phoenix LPGA International, which ran for thirty years (1980–2009) under various names. In 2011, $500,000 of

title: Rickie Fowler

text: 2010 through qualifying school, finishing T15. In February 2010, Fowler finished second at the Waste Management Phoenix Open with a score of 15-under-par at the TPC of Scottsdale course. In June, Fowler notched his third PGA Tour runner-up finish at the Memorial Tournament in Dublin, Ohio. Fowler entered the final round in the lead, but shot a 73 to finish behind Justin Rose, who recorded his first PGA Tour victory. This performance took Fowler into the top 50 of the Official World Golf Ranking. In September, he signed a clothing deal with Puma. In the same month, he was also

title: Phoenix Open


question: when did australia 2 win the america's cup

answers: 1983

title: 1983 America's Cup

text: Americans by the leeward mark. Conner then engaged "Australia II" in a spectacular tacking duel with nearly 50 tacks including a number of faked "dummy" tacks trying to break the Australians' cover. "Australia II" held on until both boats reached the starboard layline in amongst the spectator fleet and tacked several boat lengths ahead of "Liberty" and sailed to the finish to take the race. "Australia II" crossed the finish line with a winning margin of 41 seconds, becoming the first successful challenger in the 132 years "since the schooner "America" won it in a race around England's Isle of

title: Australia (yacht)

text: boat. "Australia" was built by Steve Ward in Perth and launched in February 1977. "Australia" then sailed in sea trials against Alan Bond's 1974 challenger, "Southern Cross" (KA-4), off Yanchep in Western Australia. The older boat remained a trial horse for "Australia" during the 1977 America's Cup series. For the 1977 America's Cup, "Australia" went to Newport and raced against the 1970 Australian challenger, "Gretel II" (KA-3), the Swedish entrant, "Sverige" (S-3), and the French challenger, "France" (F-1), led by Baron Bich. Eventually, "Australia" won the right to challenge for the Cup by defeating "Sverige" 4–0. However "Australia" lost to

title: 1983 America's Cup

text: would explain later. "Liberty" won the start by eight seconds ahead of "Australia II" on paper but the Australians held a controlling position at the favoured end sailing toward the favoured side which gave them the early lead. "Australia II" was subsequently overtaken by Conner who built up what seemed to be an unassailable margin. At the start of the penultimate leg (a square run) the America's Cup looked like it would stay in Newport. Conner failed to cover "Australia II" which allowed them to run deeper and faster assisted by breeze and windshifts allowing "Australia II" to overtake the

title: Australia (yacht)

text: Australia (yacht) Australia (KA–5) is an Australian 12-metre-class America's Cup racing yacht that twice challenged unsuccessfully for the America's Cup in 1977 and 1980. Designed by Ben Lexcen in association with the Dutch designer Johan Valentijn for Alan Bond, "Australia" failed to win a single race against the 1977 defender, "Courageous" (US-26), but won one race against the 1980 defender, "Freedom" (US-30). "Australia" resides in Sydney, Australia. "Australia" was designed during 1976 by Ben Lexcen in association with the Dutch designer Johan Valentijn. Both men spent seven months experimenting with 1/9th scale models in the University of Delft test tank

title: 2000 Louis Vuitton Cup

text: Jamie Gale. Young Australia was Syd Fischer's final America's Cup challenge and currently was the most recent America's Cup entry from Australia. The young crew was led by James Spithill, then just 19, and included Wade Morgan, Joey Newton, and Andy Fethers. The syndicate sailed with two old boats, "Sydney '95" (AUS-29) and "oneAustralia" (AUS-31) which were not competitive against some of the newer designs sailed by competitive syndicates. Involved in the campaign were experienced sailors and America's Cup campaigners Sir James Hardy and Iain Murray. Three round robin series (RR1-RR3) were held. During RR1 a team scored 1 point

title: 1983 America's Cup

text: was the founder and tactician of the Courageous/Defender syndicate. Alan Bond arrived at Newport with "Australia II", billed as one of the biggest threats to American dominance of the 12 Metre class. The boat was designed by Ben Lexcen and skippered by John Bertrand. The revolutionary "winged keel" of the Australian yacht was a subject of controversy from the outset of the challenger series, with the New York Yacht club alleging that the winged keel boat was not a legal 12 Meter, and that the keel design itself was the result of Dutch engineers, and not by Lexcen. This second

title: America's Cup

text: the NYYC had lost the cup in 132 years and 26 challenges. Alan Bond joked that the cup would be renamed "The Australia's Cup". For the first time since its inception the America's Cup was defended outside of the US off the coast of Fremantle. This was a new era for the cup with interest in competing being shown by many countries. Representing the San Diego Yacht Club, Conner returned to win the 1987 America's Cup. His yacht "Stars & Stripes 87" earned the right to challenge by winning the 1987 Louis Vuitton Cup against an unprecedented field of 13

title: Jock Sturrock

text: recognised as the first of the events that resurrected the America's Cup as an international sporting competition. He also skippered "Dame Pattie", Australia's second America's Cup challenger, in 1967, which was beaten 4–0 by the highly controversial defender "Intrepid". He also represented Australia multiple times as an ocean racing skipper in the Admiral's Cup (England) and the Clipper Cup (Hawaii), managed two successful Australian campaigns for the International Catamaran Challenge Trophy (the 'Little America's Cup'), and sailed in the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race 11 times. Between 1972 and 1980 he was a member of the Olympic Fund Raising Committee.

title: Ben Lexcen

text: tacks and a number of faked "dummy" tacks trying to break the Australians' cover. Australia II held on till both boats reached the starboard layline in amongst the spectator fleet and tacked several boat lengths ahead of Liberty and sailed to the finish to take the race. Australia II became the first challenger to wrest the Cup from the United States since its inception in 1870. Lexcen was made a Member of the Order of Australia for his contributions to the winning design. Lexcen was commissioned by Bond once again in 1986 to design a defender for the 1987 America's

title: 1983 America's Cup

text: point would have made "Australia II" illegal under the requirement that the boat be "designed and constructed in country" as the Deed of Gift that governed the competition stipulated. The boat was ruled a legal 12 Meter, and she was allowed to participate in the regatta. The speed of the new contender, along with the controversy and protests intensified international media attention to the series. "Australia II" dominated the challenger series and entered the America's Cup finals as the most promising contender to date. The U.S. yacht won the first and second races by margins of more than a minute

title: Ben Lexcen

text: often remarked that Australia II is a whole boat, not just a keel. The New York Yacht Club, holders of the Cup, formally protested both that Australia II was not a legal 12 Metre, and that the design itself was not of Australian origin. The ruling arrived at on the boat confirmed that "Australia II" complied with both the 12-metre class and the America's Cup rules. The questions on her design origin were not formally answered at the time, but the controversy re-emerged in 2009 (see Later claims of Dutch Design for details). Claims that Peter van Oossanen was the

title: Tom Schnackenberg

text: Tom Schnackenberg Thomas William Schnackenberg (born 11 May 1945) is a New Zealand sailor and yacht designer best known for his involvement with the America's Cup. He was inducted into the America's Cup Hall of Fame in 2000. Schnackenberg attended Auckland Grammar School before gaining a masters in physics from the University of Auckland and the University of British Columbia. Schnackenberg was first involved with the 1977 America's Cup as a sail designer for "Enterprise". He was involved with as a sail designer for "Australia" in the 1980 America's Cup before being promoted to sail co-ordinator for "Australia II" in

title: Australia (yacht)

text: and was acquired, along with "Steak N Kidney", by the Australia 12m Historic Trust in 2011. Today, "Australia" is located near Drummoyne, in Sydney, alongside Steak N Kidney. Australia (yacht) Australia (KA–5) is an Australian 12-metre-class America's Cup racing yacht that twice challenged unsuccessfully for the America's Cup in 1977 and 1980. Designed by Ben Lexcen in association with the Dutch designer Johan Valentijn for Alan Bond, "Australia" failed to win a single race against the 1977 defender, "Courageous" (US-26), but won one race against the 1980 defender, "Freedom" (US-30). "Australia" resides in Sydney, Australia. "Australia" was designed during 1976

title: Noel Robins

text: an international Soling Class, was selected by Alan Bond to be the skipper of "Australia", the Australian challenger at the 1977 America's Cup, and was part of its crew at the 1980 America's Cup. In 1981 he skippered "Hitchhiker II", which won that year's Admiral's Cup in Cowes and the Two Ton World Championship in Porto Cervo, Sardinia. For the 1987 America's Cup, he was the Executive director of the America's Cup Defence Committee of the Royal Perth Yacht Club. He worked in real estate, was a commissioner of the Western Australian Waters and Rivers Commission, and was a board

title: Australia II

text: the official anthem for the crew. In the mid-1980s, "Australia II" was sold by Alan Bond to the Australian government. She was lent to the Australian National Maritime Museum in Sydney for display in 1991. In 2000, "Australia II" was removed from the National Maritime Museum and transferred to the Western Australian Maritime Museum in Fremantle. For the 150th anniversary celebrations of the America's Cup in 2001, she was removed from the museum and shipped to the Isle of Wight, sailing with the original crew for several days of commemorative regattas. "Australia II" was returned to the Western Australian Maritime

title: New Zealand Challenge

text: on their first attempt. New Zealand Challenge New Zealand Challenge was a sailing team funded by Michael Fay that challenged for the America's Cup three times between 1987 and 1992. New Zealand Challenge was the first team from New Zealand to enter the competition. New Zealand entered the America's Cup competition in 1984, when Marcel Fachler, a Belgian then living in Sydney, entered as a challenger following "Australia II's" victory. Later the campaign's director, former government minister Anthony "Aussie" Malcolm, brought in Michael Fay to help organize and finance the challenge. The team made use of former US 12 Meter

title: 1983 Louis Vuitton Cup

text: the West of Australia. During the Louis Vuitton Cup, "Challenge 12" was skippered by John Savage and the crew included Graeme 'Frizzle' Freeman, Michael Fletcher (later "Australia II's" sailing coach) and Damian Fewster (who later sailed with "Australia II" in the America's Cup victory as a replacement crew member). "Challenge 12" was later used to prepare "Australia II" for the America's Cup and was skippered by James Hardy. Managed by Luca Cordero di Montezemolo and funded by Aga Khan IV and Gianni Agnelli, Azzura was formed in 1982. Ambrosini was involved with the construction of the yacht "Azzurra" (I-4), and

title: Sport in New Zealand

text: and are currently the only country apart from Australia to have won World Champs, (1956,1998) which is respectable considering the comparatively small size of the sport in the country. Auckland hosted consecutive America's Cup regattas in 2000 and 2003. In 2000, Team New Zealand successfully defended the trophy they won in 1995 in San Diego, but in 2003 they lost to a team headed by Ernesto Bertarelli of Switzerland whose "Alinghi" was skippered by Russell Coutts, the expatriate Kiwi who helmed the victorious "Black Magic" in 1995 and "New Zealand" in 2000 as well as many other Kiwis. Coutts and

title: 1983 Louis Vuitton Cup

text:
a hundred years. Their boat "Canada" would be completely revamped and compete again three years later at the 1987 Cup as "Canada II". A Sydney challenger owned and run by Australian sailing legend, Syd Fischer. A very radical but ultimately slow design by Alan Payne, the designer of Gretel I and II. Skippered by 18-foot skiff champion, Iain Murray. "11 August - 24 August"
 In the semi-finals the four qualifiers sailed against each other competitor three times. "Australia II" and "Victory '83" advanced to the finals. "28 August - 8 September"
 "Australia II" defeated "Victory '83" 4-1 in the final

title: 1983 America's Cup

text: The 1983 America's Cup was the occasion of the first winning challenge to the New York Yacht Club, which had successfully defended the cup over a period of 132 years.  An Australian syndicate representing the Royal Perth Yacht Club fielded the Australia II, skippered by John Bertrand, against defender Liberty, skippered by Dennis Conner. Australia II won the match races to win the America's Cup, ending the longest winning streak in sporting history and ending U.S. domination of the racing series.

title: 1987 America's Cup

text: between Alan Bond's "Australia IV" and "Kookaburra III" of Kevin Parry's Taskforce 87 syndicate, with "Kookaburra III" sweeping the finals five races to nil to win the Defender selection process. In doing so she placed Alan Bond's syndicate on the outside of an America's Cup regatta for the first time in thirteen years. The best-of-seven final series were scheduled to be held between 31 January and 15 February 1987. There being a four-nil result, the final race was held on 4 February. 1987 America's Cup The 1987 America's Cup was the twenty-sixth challenge for the America's Cup. The American challenger

title: 2011–13 America's Cup World Series

text: on loan to Ben Ainslie Racing and HS Racing, which withdrew from the competition. After reallocating points, overall winner for 2011/2012 was declared to be Team New Zealand, and for 2012/2013 it was Luna Rossa Piranha. 2011–13 America's Cup World Series The inaugural America's Cup World Series were held between 2011 and 2013 in the lead up to the 2013 America's Cup. They were raced in AC45 catamarans. The competition was rocked by a cheating scandal in which Oracle Team USA had made an unauthorized modification by using additional ballast. The team withdrew from the competition on 8 August 2013.

title: Tom Schnackenberg

text: Honours) and the Order of Australia medal. Schnackenberg worked with Artemis Racing in the lead up to the 2013 America's Cup as their head of performance and design. Tom Schnackenberg Thomas William Schnackenberg (born 11 May 1945) is a New Zealand sailor and yacht designer best known for his involvement with the America's Cup. He was inducted into the America's Cup Hall of Fame in 2000. Schnackenberg attended Auckland Grammar School before gaining a masters in physics from the University of Auckland and the University of British Columbia. Schnackenberg was first involved with the 1977 America's Cup as a sail

title: 1987 America's Cup

text: 1987 America's Cup The 1987 America's Cup was the twenty-sixth challenge for the America's Cup. The American challenger "Stars & Stripes 87", sailed by Dennis Conner, beat the Australian defender "Kookaburra III", sailed by Iain Murray, four wins to nil in the best of seven series. Conner thus became the first person both to lose the America's Cup and then to win it back. The series was held in Gage Roads off Fremantle, Western Australia during the Australian summer months between October 1986 and February 1987. The Royal Perth Yacht Club was the defending club and the organiser of the

title: New Zealand Challenge

text: New Zealand Challenge New Zealand Challenge was a sailing team funded by Michael Fay that challenged for the America's Cup three times between 1987 and 1992. New Zealand Challenge was the first team from New Zealand to enter the competition. New Zealand entered the America's Cup competition in 1984, when Marcel Fachler, a Belgian then living in Sydney, entered as a challenger following "Australia II's" victory. Later the campaign's director, former government minister Anthony "Aussie" Malcolm, brought in Michael Fay to help organize and finance the challenge. The team made use of former US 12 Meter "Enterprise" (now registered as

title: Australia II

text: all-kevlar running rigging and a lightweight carbon fibre boom. In 2009, Dutch naval architect Peter van Oossanen claimed that the winged keel was actually designed by him and his group of Dutch designers, and not Ben Lexcen. If true, this would have been reason to disqualify "Australia II", since the rules state that the yacht is to be designed by citizens of the nation it represents. The controversy arose due to cup rules allowing designers to use model basins for testing that are not located in the challenging country. Model testing was performed in the Netherlands and Peter van Oossanen

title: Louis Vuitton Cup

text: Cup series that led up to the main event. Louis Vuitton offered a trophy to the winner of the challenger selection series; the idea was Paul Madden's, but is generally credited to Bruno Trouble, a French yachtsman. The initial Louis Vuitton Cup was contested off Newport, United States, with "Australia II" prevailing, thereby earning the right to meet the NYYC’s defending yacht "Liberty" in that year’s America’s Cup. With the exception of the America's Cup races in 1988 and 2010, the winner of the Louis Vuitton Cup has been awarded the right to challenge the current defender for the America's

title: America's Cup

text: Robertson and Sons Ltd (Yachtbuilders), for a Royal Yacht Squadron Syndicate, chaired by Hugh Goodson. The first Australian challenge was in 1962, when "Gretel" lost to the NYYC's "Weatherly", designed by Philip Rhodes. A second Boyd/Robertson challenger, "Sovereign", lost to the Olin Stephens–designed "Constellation" in 1964. In 1967, another Australian challenger, "Dame Pattie," lost to the innovative Olin Stephens design "Intrepid" (which won again in 1970, to become the second yacht, after "Columbia" of 1899-1901, to defend the Cup twice). For the 1970 America's Cup, interest in challenging was so high that the NYYC allowed the Challenger of Record (the

title: America's Cup

text: 4–1. In 1995, the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron syndicate Team New Zealand, skippered by Russell Coutts, first won the challenger series in "NZL 32", dubbed "Black Magic" because of her black hull and uncanny speed. Black Magic then easily defeated Dennis Connor's Stars & Stripes team, 5–0, to win the cup for New Zealand. Although team Young America's cup candidate yacht "USA-36" was defeated in defender trials by Stars & Stripes' "USA-34", the San Diego Yacht Club elected to defend the cup with "USA-36" crewed by Stars & Stripes. The run-up to the 1995 Cup was notable for the

title: Peter Gilmour

text: complete the comeback. He then went on to be crowned Tour Champion again in 2005 – '06. Australian Peter Gilmour is one of the most respected and feared competitors on World Match Racing Tour. After all, he is a three-time World Champion of Match Race Sailing. But he’s also one of the most knowledgeable skippers on the Tour. That knowledge comes not only from years on the match-race circuit, but also five different syndicates for the America’s Cup. Gilmour’s Cup career began with the 1987 defense in Perth, Western Australia, when he was the starting helmsman for Kevin Parry’s Kookaburra

title: 1983 America's Cup


question: where do the maple leafs play hockey in toronto

answers: Air Canada Centre

answers: the Air Canada Centre

title: Toronto Maple Leafs

text: Southwestern Ontario. As a result, Leafs’ road games at the Canadian Tire Centre in Ottawa, KeyBank Center in Buffalo, and at the Little Caesars Arena in Detroit host a more neutral attendance. This is due in part to the Leafs fans in those areas, those cities' proximity to the GTA, and the relative ease in getting tickets to those teams' games. The Leafs are also a popular team in Atlantic Canada. In November 2016, a survey was conducted that found 20 percent of respondents from Atlantic Canada viewed the Leafs as their favourite team; second only to the Montreal Canadiens

title: Toronto Maple Leafs (semi-pro baseball)

text: Toronto Maple Leafs (semi-pro baseball) The Toronto Maple Leafs are an independent, minor league baseball team of the semi-pro Intercounty Baseball League, based in Toronto, Ontario. They play their home games on "Dominico Field" at Christie Pits. They are also known colloquially as the Intercounty Maple Leafs or the Intercounty Leafs to disambiguate themselves from the Toronto Maple Leafs hockey team. The Maple Leafs baseball team began play in 1969, the second season after the original Toronto Maple Leafs baseball team of the AAA International League moved to Louisville, Kentucky. In their inaugural year, the new Leafs lost 23 games,

title: Sports in Toronto

text: and the North York Hockey League. Toronto is also home to the CWHL's (Canadian Women's Hockey League) Toronto Furies, a professional women's hockey team. Professional baseball has had a presence in the city at the minor league level since 1896 with the Toronto Maple Leafs of the AAA International League. It was in a game against the Leafs on September 4, 1914 at Hanlan's Point Stadium where Babe Ruth hit his first ever professional home run while also pitching a complete game one-hitter for the visiting Providence Grays. Hall of famer Sparky Anderson was also a member of the Leafs

text: it played through 1911. The club relocated to Albany, New York for part of the 1896 season, but started and finished the year in Toronto. In 1897, the team began playing its home games on the Toronto Islands at Hanlan's Point Stadium. The stadium and the team were owned by the Toronto Ferry Company. In 1900, a group of 52 Toronto businessmen, spearheaded by Ed Barrow and Ed Mack, a tailor and former ballplayer, bought the team for . The club constructed a new stadium at Liberty Street and Fraser Avenue, called Diamond Park. Led by Barrow, the Leafs won

title: Toronto Maple Leafs

text: Toronto Maple Leafs The Toronto Maple Leafs (officially the Toronto Maple Leaf Hockey Club and often simply referred to as the Leafs) are a professional ice hockey team based in Toronto, Ontario. They are members of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The club is owned by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment, Ltd. and are represented by Chairman Larry Tanenbaum. With an estimated value of US $1.45 billion in 2018 according to "Forbes", the Maple Leafs are the second most valuable franchise in the NHL, after the New York Rangers. The Maple Leafs'

title: Toronto Maple Leafs (semi-pro baseball)

text: Toronto Blue Jays pitcher Paul Spoljaric (2002–2007). Toronto Maple Leafs (semi-pro baseball) The Toronto Maple Leafs are an independent, minor league baseball team of the semi-pro Intercounty Baseball League, based in Toronto, Ontario. They play their home games on "Dominico Field" at Christie Pits. They are also known colloquially as the Intercounty Maple Leafs or the Intercounty Leafs to disambiguate themselves from the Toronto Maple Leafs hockey team. The Maple Leafs baseball team began play in 1969, the second season after the original Toronto Maple Leafs baseball team of the AAA International League moved to Louisville, Kentucky. In their inaugural

title: Sports in Toronto

text: played the next two seasons out of Maple Leaf Gardens. The team played their final game in Toronto in 1976, after which a drop in attendance and onerous lease terms at the Gardens forced them to relocate to Birmingham, Alabama as the Birmingham Bulls. In the early 1980s, Ballard and the owner of the Edmonton Oilers discussed to possibility of the franchise swapping home cities with the Maple Leafs, with Ballard receiving $50 million to compensate him for relocating to the smaller city, but the deal fell through. There have been numerous attempts to establish a second NHL team in

title: Toronto Maple Leafs

text: Bear, an anthropomorphic polar bear whose name and number (#60) comes from the location of Maple Leaf Gardens at 60 Carlton Street, where the Leafs played throughout much of their history. Carlton made his first public appearance on July 29, 1995. He later made his regular season appearance on October 10, 1995. The Maple Leafs are presently affiliated with two minor league teams, the Toronto Marlies of the American Hockey League, and the Newfoundland Growlers of the ECHL. The Marlies play from Coca-Cola Coliseum in Toronto. Prior to its move to Coca-Cola Coliseum in 2005, the team was located in

text: Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) The Toronto Maple Leafs were a high-level minor league baseball club located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, that played from 1896 to 1967. While the Maple Leafs had working agreements with numerous Major League Baseball clubs after the introduction of farm systems in the 1930s, they achieved great success as an unaffiliated club during the 1950s, when they were the strongest team on the field and in attendance in the Triple-A International League. The 1902, 1918, 1920, 1926, and 1960 teams were recognized as being among the 100 greatest minor league teams of all time. Toronto

title: Sports in Toronto

text: Toronto has teams in nearly every major professional sport, including the Toronto Blue Jays (MLB), Toronto Argonauts (CFL), Toronto Raptors (NBA), Toronto Rock (NLL), Toronto FC (MLS), Toronto Arrows (MLR) and the Toronto Maple Leafs (NHL). Throughout the sports world, Toronto is perhaps best known for the Toronto Maple Leafs. Although Toronto has not won a Stanley Cup since 1967, the city is renowned as a hockey town. Scotiabank Arena (home of the Leafs, Raptors, and Rock) and Rogers Centre (home of the Blue Jays) are located in the downtown core and are within walking distance from one another via

title: Toronto Maple Leafs in popular culture

text: silence prior to their game, as well as lower the banner of Barilko's retired number. College station of the Toronto subway system feature a pair of murals called "Hockey Knights in Canada", named after "Hockey Night in Canada"; one depicting the Toronto Maple Leafs on the southbound side and facing the Montreal Canadiens on the northbound side, depicting the decades-old rivalry between the two clubs. They were created by Charles Pachter in 1984, when the Toronto Maple Leafs still played at nearby Maple Leaf Gardens. Toronto Maple Leafs in popular culture The National Hockey League (NHL)'s Toronto Maple Leafs has

title: Toronto

text: the American Hockey League also play in Toronto at Coca-Cola Coliseum and are the farm team for the Maple Leafs. The city is home to the Toronto Blue Jays professional baseball team of Major League Baseball (MLB). The team has won two World Series titles (1992, 1993). The Blue Jays play their home games at the Rogers Centre, in the downtown core. Toronto has a long history of minor-league professional baseball dating back to the 1800s, culminating in the Toronto Maple Leafs baseball team, whose owner first proposed an MLB team for Toronto. The Toronto Raptors entered the National Basketball

title: Mutual Street Arena

text: League (NHL) for Toronto was operated by the Toronto Arena itself. The franchise was operated by the Arena for two years before being sold to become the Toronto St. Patricks. The St. Pats became the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1927, and played at Arena Gardens until the completion of Maple Leaf Gardens in 1931. Until 1923, the Arena was the only facility east of Manitoba with artificial ice-making capability. With this in mind, the St. Pats often let other teams use the Arena as a neutral site during the early and late months of the season, when it was usually

title: Sports in Toronto

text: farm team, the St. John's Maple Leafs, from St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador to Toronto as the Toronto Marlies in 2005. Toronto has also hosted various international hockey tournaments: hosting parts of the 1972 and 1974 Summit Series; parts of the 1976 and 1991 Canada Cups; parts of the 2004 World Cup of Hockey & all of the 2016 edition; and parts of the 2015 & 2017 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. Participation in minor hockey is very popular. The Greater Toronto Area is home to the Greater Toronto Hockey League (GTHL), the largest minor hockey league in the world,

title: Sports in Toronto

text: lacrosse teams. A team named the Toronto Maple Leafs competed in the first season of the professional International Lacrosse League in 1931 at the Arena Gardens. Following the season, a new franchise was awarded to Conn Smythe on behalf of Maple Leaf Gardens Ltd. (MLGL), which was also named the Toronto Maple Leafs, with the previous season's Maple Leafs being renamed the Tecumsehs. Both teams played at the newly opened Maple Leaf Gardens. Smythe pulled out following the season due to financial losses, and the league didn't play the following year. Toronto also had a team in the American Box

title: Sports in Toronto

text: the Greater Toronto Area or nearby Hamilton. The latter briefly had the Hamilton Tigers in the NHL from 1920, when local interests purchased and relocated the Quebec Bulldogs, until 1925 when they folded. In 2003, the Toronto Roadrunners of the American Hockey League played their inaugural season out of a renovated Ricoh Coliseum in Exhibition Place. They served as a farm club for the NHL's Edmonton Oilers. After a season of bad attendance, the team relocated to Edmonton, Alberta. However, with the Ricoh Coliseum vacated, a new tenant for the facility was found with the Maple Leafs relocating their AHL

title: Toronto Maple Leafs

text: the club's uniform, and their mascot. The Maple Leafs' jersey has a long history and is one of the best-selling NHL jerseys among fans. The club's uniforms have been altered several times. The club's first uniforms were blue and featured the letter T. The first major alteration came in 1919, when the club was renamed the St. Patricks. The uniforms were green with "Toronto St. Pats" on the logo, lettered in green either on a white "pill" shape or stripes. When the club was renamed the Maple Leafs in the 1927–28 season, the logo was changed, and the team reverted

title: Toronto St. Patricks

text: secondly it was the name of the Toronto Maple Leaf Baseball Club 1896-1967. They played from Maple Leaf Stadium since 1926. The St. Pats organization had operated amateur hockey clubs in the Toronto area since the first decade of the 1900s, including the senior amateur St. Patricks team in the Ontario Hockey Association. The Toronto franchise of the National Hockey League (NHL), since the NHL's founding in 1917, had been operated by the Arena Company, operators of the Arena Gardens in Toronto. The Arena Company had been granted a temporary franchise for the 1917-18 season, and leased the players from

text: over its last four seasons in Toronto. The final home game, on September 4, 1967, drew a paid attendance of 802. During their last season, Hunter was in discussions to sell the club, hoping to find an owner to keep the team in Toronto. The asking price was $60,000. Maple Leaf Gardens Limited, owner of the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League, held negotiations to purchase the club, but the deal ultimately fell apart due to concerns about the team's stadium, which needed up to $250,000 in repairs and whose owner wanted $4 million to purchase it. Harold

title: Toronto Maple Leafs

title: Maple Leaf Gardens

text: Elvis Presley performed in concert (April 2, 1957). In 1972, Maple Leaf Gardens hosted game 2 of the famous Summit Series between Team Canada and the USSR. Team Canada won the game 4–1. The Toronto Maple Leafs had been playing in the Arena Gardens on Mutual Street. It was built in 1912 and held 7,500 spectators for ice hockey. By 1930, Leafs managing director Conn Smythe decided the Arena was too small and he wanted to build a new arena, larger and more impressive. After considering various sites, the site at the corner of Carlton and Church was purchased from

title: Toronto Maple Leafs in popular culture

text: song “When I Need You” (1976), he walks on the beach in Brighton, U.K. wearing a Toronto Maple Leafs sweater under his half done-up jacket. In 1990 live videos for the song "F*!#in' Up", Neil Young sports a Toronto Maple Leafs jersey. In 1992, Canadian rock band The Tragically Hip released the song "Fifty Mission Cap", which memorialized Bill Barilko. Barilko scored the series winning goal for the 1950 Stanley Cup Finals before disappearing months later. On October 17, 2017, several days after the death of The Tragically Hip's lead singer Gord Downie, the Maple Leafs held a moment of

title: Diamond Park (Toronto)

text: Diamond Park (Toronto) Diamond Park was a baseball stadium in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was the home of the Toronto Maple Leafs professional baseball club from 1901 until 1907. It was located at the south-east corner of Liberty Street and Fraser Avenue. The stadium was also used for rugby football and lacrosse. The Maple Leafs, who had been playing at Hanlan's Point Stadium on the Toronto Islands were sold in 1900 to a group of 52 Toronto businessmen, spearheaded by Ed Mack, a tailor and former baseball player. The organization decided to construct a new stadium for the team on

title: Toronto Marlies

text: John's was the only remaining team in the region. Although the team was extremely popular and had excellent attendance, the parent Maple Leafs wanted to cut back on escalating travel costs; by the time of the team's final season in Newfoundland, their nearest opponent was the Portland Pirates, away. Additionally, Ricoh Coliseum had recently been renovated for hockey use, and the NHL Leafs were looking to place a team there. These factors resulted in the team's relocation to Toronto for the 2005–06 season. The team is named after the former Toronto Marlboros, a junior hockey team that played in Toronto

text: were counted as hits "Source: Baseball's Back in Town by Louis Cauz, Controlled Media Corporation Inc., 1977" The Maple Leafs were affiliated with the following major league teams: Notes Sources Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) The Toronto Maple Leafs were a high-level minor league baseball club located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, that played from 1896 to 1967. While the Maple Leafs had working agreements with numerous Major League Baseball clubs after the introduction of farm systems in the 1930s, they achieved great success as an unaffiliated club during the 1950s, when they were the strongest team on the field and

text: was without professional baseball from 1968 to 1976, when the American League added the Toronto Blue Jays via the 1977 Major League Baseball expansion. The first Toronto baseball organization, the Toronto Baseball Club, played in the Canadian League in 1885, playing its home games at William Cawthra's Jarvis Street Lacrosse Grounds (Old Lacrosse Grounds) at the northwest corner of Jarvis and Wellesley Street. It finished the season in third place. The next year, renamed the Toronto Canucks, the team left the Canadian League along with Hamilton to join the original International League (also known as the International Association), where it

title: Toronto Maple Leafs in popular culture

text: Toronto Maple Leafs in popular culture The National Hockey League (NHL)'s Toronto Maple Leafs has been the point of subject for a number of media in Canadian popular culture, including artworks, books, novels, and songs. References to the Toronto Maple Leafs have been made typically in association with the city of Toronto, such as the case in the beginning of the 2010 spy film "Fair Game". During the scene, CIA agent Valerie Plame was being questioned by a suspicious weapons trafficker. He asks her if she is an American, and after responding that she is Canadian, he asks her about

text: with Howley back as manager. The following year, the National Hockey League team, the Toronto St. Patricks, changed its own nickname to Maple Leafs. The Maple Leafs struggled through the 1930s, both on and off the field. In 1931, ownership of Maple Leaf Stadium passed to the Toronto Harbour Commission after the club was unable to pay taxes and other debts. Shortly after, club president Solman died, with George Oakley succeeding him in May 1931. At the same time, J. P. Bickell joined the team's board of directors. The 1932 Maple Leafs lost 113 games and only attracted 50,000 fans

title: Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment

text: as the St. John's Maple Leafs (1991–2005), the team moved to Toronto as the Toronto Marlies (named after the company's former junior team) where they have been playing ever since. The Toronto Marlboros served as a junior farm team for the Maple Leafs for 40 years until direct NHL sponsorship of junior clubs ended in 1967 when the NHL made the Entry Draft universal. In October 1988, with the team losing hundreds of thousands of dollars a year, MLGL reached an agreement to sell the Marlboros for a reported $500,000, severing their ties with the Maple Leafs. However, the Leafs

title: History of the Toronto Maple Leafs

text: Limited (MLGL, later renamed Maple Leafs Sports & Entertainment in 1998), a publicly traded management company to own both the Maple Leafs and the planned arena. The Maple Leafs played their first game at Maple Leaf Gardens in November, 1931. For most of the 1930s, the team was led by The Kid Line. The line led the Maple Leafs to win the 1932 Stanley Cup Finals, as well as four more Stanley Cup appearances in the following six years. As a result of the Great Depression, a number of NHL franchises financially struggled, suspended operations and folded. By the 1942–43

title: Toronto Maple Leafs

long_answer: The Toronto Maple Leafs (officially the Toronto Maple Leaf Hockey Club) are a professional ice hockey team based in Toronto, Ontario. They are members of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The club is owned by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment, Ltd. and are represented by Chairman Larry Tanenbaum. With an estimated worth of US $1.1 billion in 2016 according to Forbes, the Leafs are the third most valuable franchise in the NHL, after the Montreal Canadiens and the New York Rangers. The team's broadcasting rights are split between BCE Inc. and Rogers Communication. For their first 14 seasons, the club played their home games at the Mutual Street Arena, before moving to Maple Leaf Gardens in 1931. The club moved to their present home, the Air Canada Centre in February 1999.

short_answers:
Air Canada Centre
the Air Canada Centre