question: what was the initial effect of the transition from command to market economies in eastern europe

answers: Inequality of opportunity

title: Socialist economics

text: buy goods and services from other CMEA members. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the Eastern bloc, many of the remaining socialist states presiding over centrally planned economies began introducing reforms that shifted their economies away from centralized planning. In Central and Eastern Europe and the USSR the transition from a planned economy to a market economy was accompanied by the transformation of the socialist mode of production to a capitalist mode of production. In Asia (China, Laos, North Korea and Vietnam) and in Cuba market mechanisms were introduced by the ruling communist parties and the planning system

title: Michał Rutkowski

text: economic and social transition to a market economy in Central and Eastern Europe and former Soviet Union, with a particular emphasis on labor market adjustments and social security system reforms. Before joining the Polish government on leave from the World Bank in 1996, he was closely associated with early work on pension reforms in the Baltic States, Ukraine and Bulgaria, as well as with the reforms of the fiscal federalism in the Russian Federation (see "Federal Transfers in Russia and their Impact on Regional Revenues and Incomes", with Ph. Le Houerou, "Comparative Economic Studies", 1996 (vol. XXXVIII), No. 2/3 (Summer/Fall),

title: Transition economy

text: much more than expected. The decline in output lasted until 1992-96 for all transition economies. By 1994, economic output had declined across all transition economies by 41 percent compared to its 1989 level. The Central and Eastern European economies began growing again around 1993, with Poland, which had begun its transition programme earliest emerging from recession in 1992. The Baltic States came out of recession in 1994 and the rest of the former Soviet Union around 1996. Inflation remained above 20 percent a year (except in the Czech Republic and Hungary) until the mid-1990s. Across all transition economies the peak

title: Transition economy

text: transition economies. The UN Development Programme calculated that overall poverty in Eastern Europe and the CIS increased from 4 percent of the population in 1988 to 32 percent by 1994, or from 14 million people to 119 million. Unemployment and rates of economic inactivity were still high in the late 1990s according to survey data. By 2007, the year before the global financial crisis hit, the index for GDP had reached 112 compared to 100 in 1989 for the transition economies. In other words, it took nearly 20 years to restore the level of output that had existed prior to

title: Transition economy

text: the transition. The index of economic output (GDP) in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe was 151 in 2007; for the Balkans/ South-eastern Europe the index was 111, and for the Commonwealth of Independent States and Mongolia it was 102. Several CIS countries in the Caucasus and Central Asia as well as Moldova and Ukraine had economies that were substantially smaller than in 1989. The global recession of 2008-09 and the Eurozone crisis of 2011-13 destabilized the transition economies, reduced growth rates and increased unemployment. The slowdown hit government revenues and widened fiscal deficits but almost all transition economies

title: Transition economy

text: to the IMF, Iran is in transition to a market economy, demonstrating early stages of a transition economy. The eight first-wave accession countries, which joined the European Union on 1 May 2004 (Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia) and the two second-wave accession countries that joined on 1 January 2007 (Romania and Bulgaria) have completed the transition process. According to the World Bank, "the transition is over" for the 10 countries that joined the EU in 2004 and 2007. It can be also understood as all countries of the Eastern Bloc. "Transition economics" is a special branch

title: Michael Kaser

text: and general economic equilibrium in the USSR. In "Planning in East Europe" (1970) Kaser and Janusz Zieliński describe the management of industry in Eastern Europe as comprising typically several tiers of organisation: the central planning and control authorities, the enterprise or combination (or group) of enterprises, the material-technical supply organisations and the banks, and domestic retail and foreign trade organisations. The authors analyse the scope of planning and of markets, the tension between directives and competition, price-setting and the relations between managers and workers. The book covers the context and options for economic reform in Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Eastern Germany,

title: Gregory Grossman

text: "Notes for a Theory of the Command Economy". The term "second economy" was introduced in his another article, "The Second Economy of the USSR" (1977). Gregory Grossman Gregory Grossman (July 5, 1921, Kiev – August 14, 2014) was late professor emeritus at UC Berkeley, an authority on the economy of the Soviet Union. He is credited with the introduction of the terms "second economy" and "command economy". He received his undergraduate degree in economics from Berkeley in 1942 and his Ph.D. in economics from Harvard University in 1952. He spent his entire career, 1952-1993, at Berkeley. He received the lifetime

title: Harvard Institute for International Development

text: and issued updated versions in 1990 and 1992. Research published in 1989 described the effects of price controls in emerging economies in creating parallel or black markets. As Ukraine started the transition towards a market economy in the early 1990s, the HIID supported a survey on barter in transition economies. In 1993, the HIID managed an education sector assessment in El Salvador under contract from USAID, the purpose being to obtain reliable information for use in setting a national educational policy. The HIID and the Geneva-based World Economic Forum jointly produced the 1997 Global Competitiveness Report based on a late-1996

title: Eastern Bloc

text: German labor force remained in agriculture, 47% was in the secondary sector and only 42% in services. Once installed, the economic system was difficult to change given the importance of politically reliable management and the prestige value placed on large enterprises. Performance declined during the 1970s and 1980s due to inefficiency when industrial input costs, such as energy prices, increased. Though growth lagged behind the west, it did occur. Consumer goods started to become more available by the 1960s. Before the Eastern Bloc's dissolution, some major sectors of industry were operating at such a loss that they exported products to

title: Economy of Europe

text: USSR) but it suffered from contraction in the 1990s when the inefficient heavy industry based manufacturing sector crippled after the collapse of communism and the introduction of the market economy. In the 21st century the manufacturing sector in Central and Eastern Europe picked up because of the accession of ten formerly Communist European states to the EU and resulting accession to the European Common Market. This caused firms within the European Union to move jobs from their manufacturing sector to Central European countries such as Poland (see above), which sparked both Central and Eastern European industrial growth and employment. According

title: Post-Soviet states

text: of general economic stagnation, even regression. As the Gosplan, which had set up production chains to cross SSR lines, broke down, the inter-republic economic connections were also disrupted, leading to even more serious breakdown of the post-Soviet economies. Most of the formerly Soviet states began the transition to a market economy from a command economy in 1990-1991 and made efforts to rebuild and restructure their economic systems, with varying results. In all, the process triggered severe economic declines, with Gross Domestic Product (GDP) dropping by more than 40% overall between 1990 and 1995. This decline in GDP was much more

title: Europe

text: beginning in the 1960s in what is called the Spanish miracle. The majority of Central and Eastern European states came under the control of the Soviet Union and thus were members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON). The states which retained a free-market system were given a large amount of aid by the United States under the Marshall Plan. The western states moved to link their economies together, providing the basis for the EU and increasing cross border trade. This helped them to enjoy rapidly improving economies, while those states in COMECON were struggling in a large part

title: Transition economy

text: of the transition economies stemmed from the low level of development, decades of trade isolation and distortions in the socialist planned economies. They have emphasized that the transition strategies adopted reflected the need to resolve the economic crisis besetting the socialist planned economies and the overriding objective was the transformation to capitalist market economies rather than the fostering of economic growth and welfare. But by 2000, the EBRD was reporting that the effects of the initial starting point in each transition economy on the reform process had faded. Although the foundations had been laid for a functioning market economy through

title: Transition economy

text: sustained liberalization, comprehensive privatization, openness to international trade and investment, and the establishment of democratic political systems there remained institutional challenges. Liberalized markets were not necessarily competitive and political freedom had not prevented powerful private interests from exercising undue influence. Ten years on, in the "Transition Report" for 2010, the EBRD was still finding that the quality of market-enabling institutions continued to fall short of what was necessary for well-functioning market economies. Growth in the transition economies had been driven by trade integration into the world economy with "impressive" export performance, and by "rapid capital inflows and a credit boom".

title: Gregory Grossman

text: Gregory Grossman Gregory Grossman (July 5, 1921, Kiev – August 14, 2014) was late professor emeritus at UC Berkeley, an authority on the economy of the Soviet Union. He is credited with the introduction of the terms "second economy" and "command economy". He received his undergraduate degree in economics from Berkeley in 1942 and his Ph.D. in economics from Harvard University in 1952. He spent his entire career, 1952-1993, at Berkeley. He received the lifetime achievement award from the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies in 1991. The term "command economy" was introduced in his seminal 1963 article

title: Adrian A. Basora

text: (IREX), which conducts academic and leadership exchanges between the U.S. and certain post-Communist countries. He led the Project on Democratic Transitions of the Foreign Policy Research Institute as its director from its launch in January 2005. The Project was a two-year assessment of the economic, political, and social changes in Central and Eastern Europe since the fall of communism, to see if lessons learned could improve reforms in Russia and other countries. In 2006, he published an article identifying 19 of the 28 former communist countries as "successful" transitions with a number of similarities He has since written more pessimistically

title: Transition economy

text: of economics dealing with the transformation of a planned economy to a market economy. It has become especially important after the collapse of Communism in Central and Eastern Europe. Transition economics investigates how an economy should reform itself to endorse capitalism and democracy. There are usually two sides: one which argues for a rapid transformation and one which argues for a gradual approach. Gérard Roland's book "Transition and Economics. Politics, Markets and Firms" (MIT Press 2000) gives a good overview of the field. A more recent overview is provided in "Transition Economies: Political Economy in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central

title: Revolutions of 1989

text: view was that there was no precedent for moving from socialism to capitalism", and only some elderly people remembered how a market economy worked. As result the view that Central, Southeastern and Eastern Europe would stay poor for decades was common. There was a temporary fall of output in the official economy and an increase in black market economic activity. Countries implemented different reform programs. One example, generally regarded as successful was the "shock therapy" Balcerowicz Plan in Poland. Eventually the official economy began to grow. In a 2007 paper, Oleh Havrylyshyn categorized the speed of reforms in the Soviet

title: Transition economy

title: Eastern Bloc

text: begin to return to pre-reform era levels for approximately 15 years. From the end of the World War II to the mid-1970s, the economy of the Eastern Bloc steadily increased at the same rate as the economy in Western Europe, with the least none-reforming Stalinist nations of the Eastern Bloc having a stronger economy then the reformist-Stalinist states. While most western European economies essentially began to approach the per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) levels of the United States during the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Eastern Bloc countries did not, with per capita GDPs trailing significantly behind their

title: Grzegorz Kołodko

text: (co-author and editor); “Globalization and Catching-up in Transition Economies”, University of Rochester Press 2002 (published also in 11 other languages); “From Shock to Therapy. The Political Economy of Postsocialist Transformation”, Oxford University Press 2000 (published also in Chinese, Russian, Ukrainian, Japanese, and Polish); “Post-Communist Transition: The Thorny Road”, University of Rochester Press 2000. He has held courses and seminars in political economy, economic policy, comparative economics, development policy, public finance, and economics and politics of post-communist transformation at the Warsaw School of Economics (SGPiS/SGH), and at Kozminski University, as well as at several other universities, particularly in the United States

title: Post-communism

text: some became less radical as well. Several communist states had undergone economic reforms from a planned economy towards a more market-oriented economy in the 1980s, notably Hungary, Poland and Yugoslavia. The post-communist economic transition was much more abrupt and aimed at creating fully capitalist economies. All the countries concerned have abandoned the traditional tools of communist economic control and moved more or less successfully toward free market systems. Although some (including Charles Paul Lewis) stress the beneficial effect of multinational investment, the reforms also had important negative consequences that are still unfolding. Average standards of living registered a catastrophic fall

title: Economy of Poland

text: system imposed in the late 1940s created large and unwieldy economic structures<ref name="Poland 11/07"></ref> operated under a tight central command. In part because of this systemic rigidity, the economy performed poorly even in comparison with other economies in Central Europe. In 1990, the Tadeusz Mazowiecki government began a comprehensive reform programme to replace the centralised command economy with a market-oriented system. While the results overall have been impressive, many large state-owned industrial enterprises, particularly the rail, mining, steel, and defence sectors, have remained resistant to change and the downsizing required to survive in a market-based economy. The total value of

title: Vladimir Kvint

text: he came up with the theory of regional and global emerging markets. In 1986, he wrote the report on the organization of strategic development of scientific-technological process which he brought to the attention of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union, explaining that without the activation of these factors, as well as the function of motivation, the Soviet Union would have no economic future. After this predication, Kvint again faced a great deal of pressure from the Soviet power structure.[March 7, 1990 Komsomolskaya Pravda (Moscow)] In 1985, Kvint prepared his second Doctoral dissertation on the “Regional Management of the

title: Solow residual

text: production. Although there was always a concern about diminishing returns to this approach because of equipment depreciation, it was a widespread view of the correct industrial policy to adopt. Many economists pointed to the Soviet command economy as a model of high-growth through tireless re-investment of output in further industrial construction. However, some economists took a different view: they said that greater capital concentrations would yield diminishing returns once the marginal return to capital had equalized with that of labour – and that the apparently rapid growth of economies with high savings rates would be a short-term phenomenon. This analysis

title: Kazimierz Łaski

text: of the rate of profit to fall. At the same time he continued studies on Eastern Europe, the main area of his research. Łaski published many papers on the proportions of expanded reproduction and the role of capital imports in socialist economy. In his analysis he took account of inflation, of foreign trade turnovers, and of the “grey economy”. Further topics of his research at that time were the problems of national accounting, and comparisons of consumption volumes between the East and the West, particularly the comparability of price indices in a market and a centrally planned economy. Łaski also

title: Shrinking cities

text: across the Western European economic landscape. The result of these privatization schemes was a movement of capital into American manufacturing and financial markets and out of Western European industrial centers. American loans were also used as political currency contingent upon global investment schemes meant to stifle economic development within the Soviet-allied Eastern Bloc. With extensive debt tying capitalist Europe to the United States and financial blockades inhibiting full development of the communist Eastern half, this Cold War economic power structure greatly contributed to European urban decline. Great Britain, widely considered the first nation to fully industrialize, is often used as

title: Transition economy

text: over a chasm in two leaps". The many foreign advisers from, principally, the United States, the United Kingdom and Sweden were often under contract to the international financial institutions and bilateral or multilateral technical assistance programmes. They favoured free trade and exchange rate convertibility rather than trade protection and capital controls, which might have checked capital flight. They tended to support privatization without prior industrial restructuring; an exception was to be found in Eastern Germany where the Treuhand (Trust Agency) prepared state-owned enterprises for the market at considerable cost to the government. Western technical assistance programmes were established by European

title: History of Europe

text: historians Bradford De Long and Barry Eichengreen conclude it was, " History's Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program." They state: The Soviet Union concentrated on its own recovery. It seized and transferred most of Germany's industrial plants and it exacted war reparations from East Germany, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria, using Soviet-dominated joint enterprises. It used trading arrangements deliberately designed to favor the Soviet Union. Moscow controlled the Communist parties that ruled the satellite states, and they followed orders from the Kremlin. Historian Mark Kramer concludes: Western Europe began economic and then political integration, with the aim to unite the region and

title: Transition economy

long_answer: Inequality of opportunity was higher in the transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia than in some other developed economies in Western Europe (except France, where inequality of opportunity was relatively high). The highest inequality of opportunity was found in the Balkans and Central Asia. In terms of legal regulations and access to education and health services, inequality of opportunity related to gender was low in Europe and Central Asia but medium to high in respect of labour practices, employment and entrepreneurship and in access to finance. In Central Asia women also experienced significant lack of access to health services, as was the case in Arab countries. While many transition economies performed well with respect to primary and secondary education, and matched that available in many other developed economies, they were weaker when it came to training and tertiary education.


question: when did linkin park release one more light

answers: May 19, 2017

title: One More Light (song)

text: Additional musicians Production One More Light (song) "One More Light" is a song by American rock band Linkin Park. It is the ninth and title track from their seventh studio album of the same name, as well as their last single with Chester Bennington. The song was co-written with Eg White about a friend of the band, Amy Zarat, who had died of cancer. The song was released to US contemporary hit radio on October 3, 2017 as the album's third single. It is Bennington's second posthumously released single. The music video for this song was also voted #1 in

title: One More Light Live

text: One More Light Live One More Light Live is the third live CD compilation by American rock band Linkin Park, released on December 15, 2017. Recorded during the band's European leg of their "One More Light Tour" in 2017, this is the first release since the death of lead singer Chester Bennington. Linkin Park started their album tour in Buenos Aires, Argentina on May 6, 2017 at the Maximus Festival. They continued on with playing three more shows on the South American run before returning to the United States to play a few promo shows, including a performance on "Jimmy

title: One More Light

text: artworks for Deftones and Green Day's "Revolution Radio". The album was made available on Linkin Park's official website in five different packages: CD + LPU membership, vinyl + LPU Membership, CD bundle, vinyl bundle, and the "Just Give Me Everything" box set. All offers were accompanied by an LPU digital membership. Both the CD bundle and vinyl bundle include a "One More Light" T-shirt and a silver Linkin Park logo enamel pin. The box set was bound inside a special "One More Light" super deluxe box with a 48-page hardcover book featuring all the best photos from the album package

title: One More Light (song)

text: One More Light (song) "One More Light" is a song by American rock band Linkin Park. It is the ninth and title track from their seventh studio album of the same name, as well as their last single with Chester Bennington. The song was co-written with Eg White about a friend of the band, Amy Zarat, who had died of cancer. The song was released to US contemporary hit radio on October 3, 2017 as the album's third single. It is Bennington's second posthumously released single. The music video for this song was also voted #1 in a poll of

title: One More Light

text: of identity". "Newsday" gave the album a B+ and praised the band's new direction, comparing it to the works of Coldplay and Owl City and concluding ""One More Light" shows how well Linkin Park has absorbed the current pop scene and applied it to their own music to genuinely reflect who they are today, not who some fans want them to be." The band, specifically frontman Chester Bennington, lashed out in response to the negative reception of "One More Light"s material. As documented through "Spin" magazine, in an interview with "Music Week", Bennington, at the accusations that the band had

title: One More Light

text: to Myself" was sent to alternative radio July 25, 2017, as the album's second official single. The music video for "Talking to Myself" was released on July 20, 2017, the same day that band member Chester Bennington died. In early 2017, the band introduced Linkin Park Global Ambassadors, which were selected each for a country. The ambassadors would promote the Linkin Park updates in their respective countries. The Ambassadors were also given various tasks respective to the updates. For promotional purposes, a picture of TV color bars was uploaded to the Instagram by the Linkin Park Global Ambassadors and many

title: One More Light

text: and all the lyrics, a unique 2.4" × 1.8" instant photo of the band, and a gold enamel pin set featuring a Linkin Park pin, a LP Hex logo pin, and a "OML" logo pin. It also included both the CD and vinyl versions of the album as well as the "One More Light" T-shirt. The first single, "Heavy", was released via Los Angeles radio station KROQ on February 16, 2017. The track is a duet with American singer and songwriter Kiiara, marking the first time a Linkin Park song from a studio album has featured a female vocalist. The

title: One More Light (song)

text: again."". On October 25, 2017, American DJ/Producer and Linkin Park collaborator Steve Aoki released his remix of "One More Light", as his second tribute song to Bennington following his mashup, "Darker Than The Light That Never Bleeds", which was released a month earlier. The official video was uploaded to Linkin Park's YouTube channel on September 18, 2017, and directed by Joe Hahn and Mark Fiore. It features footage of Chester performing in the middle of fans, footage of him at live shows such as Live in Texas and , and past music videos for their past singles "Burn It Down",

title: One More Light World Tour

text: performances One More Light World Tour The One More Light World Tour was the ninth headlining (eleventh overall) concert tour by American rock band, Linkin Park. The tour supported their seventh studio album, "One More Light" (2017). Beginning in May 2017, the tour visited 21 cities in South America and Europe. The North American leg of the tour was cancelled by the band on July 21, 2017, following the death of lead vocalist and co-frontman Chester Bennington the previous day, while the final leg of the tour in Japan was cancelled on October 3, 2017. Starting October 2016, the band

title: One More Light World Tour

text: One More Light World Tour The One More Light World Tour was the ninth headlining (eleventh overall) concert tour by American rock band, Linkin Park. The tour supported their seventh studio album, "One More Light" (2017). Beginning in May 2017, the tour visited 21 cities in South America and Europe. The North American leg of the tour was cancelled by the band on July 21, 2017, following the death of lead vocalist and co-frontman Chester Bennington the previous day, while the final leg of the tour in Japan was cancelled on October 3, 2017. Starting October 2016, the band announced

title: Linkin Park

text: we have one". The band had released a music video for their single "Talking to Myself" earlier that day. One day after Bennington's death, the band canceled the North American leg of their One More Light World Tour. On the morning of July 24, Linkin Park released an official statement on their website as a tribute to Bennington. On July 28, Shinoda announced that donations made to the band's Music for Relief charity would be redirected to the One More Light Fund, which had been set up in Bennington's memory. On August 4, when the band was initially scheduled to

title: One More Light Live

text: that occurred during Ariana Grande's concert. On July 20, 2017, Bennington died by suicide in his Palos Verdes Estates home. In the wake of his death, Linkin Park cancelled the rest of the "One More Light" tour, which was set to begin a week after Bennington's death. The live album captures performances of 16 songs that Bennington played with Linkin Park during their tour in Europe. Linkin Park Additional musicians One More Light Live One More Light Live is the third live CD compilation by American rock band Linkin Park, released on December 15, 2017. Recorded during the band's European

title: One More Light

text: later on. The album performed well commercially, debuting at number one in several countries; it became the band's fifth number-one album on the "Billboard" 200, as well. It was certified gold in three countries and silver by the BPI in the UK. Despite a positive commercial performance, it received mixed reviews from music critics. This, along with accusations of selling out, prompted an angry response from Bennington. In 2014, Linkin Park released their sixth studio album "The Hunting Party". The album, produced by Mike Shinoda and Brad Delson, marked a shift from the overall rock sound in their previous albums

title: Linkin Park and Friends: Celebrate Life in Honor of Chester Bennington

text: and Kiiara. Chester Bennington was found dead on July 20, 2017 right after the first leg of Linkin Park's One More Light World Tour to promote their seventh studio album, "One More Light". Because of this, the band cancelled the rest of the tour. On August 22, Linkin Park announced plans to host a tribute concert in Los Angeles to honor Bennington. Later, the band confirmed that the concert would take place on October 27 at the Hollywood Bowl, and would feature a number of bands and musicians. On September 23, the band announced that the concert had officially sold

title: Nobody Can Save Me

text: Delson, Jon Green, and Mike Shinoda working on lyrics for a new song. Mike Shinoda went on to say Jon Green really related well with Chester. The song was released from their seventh studio album, "One More Light". It was digitally released on May 18, 2017. As of 20 August 2018, the video audio has gained nearly 30 million views. Nobody Can Save Me "Nobody Can Save Me" is a song by American rock band Linkin Park, and first track from their seventh studio album "One More Light". The song is described as a glitch, representing a rebirth in the

title: Linkin Park

text: directed by Joe Hahn. In an interview with Fuse, Shinoda confirmed that Linkin Park had begun recording their sixth studio album in May 2013. The band released the first single from their upcoming album, titled, "Guilty All the Same" on March 6, 2014 through Shazam. The single was later released on the following day by Warner Bros. Records and debut at No. 28 on the US Billboard Rock Airplay charts before peaking at No. 1 on the Mainstream Rock charts in the following weeks. Shortly after the single's release, the band revealed their sixth album would be titled "The Hunting

title: One More Light

text: song was written by Linkin Park with Julia Michaels and Justin Tranter, while Emily Wright and Andrew Bolooki handled vocal production. The band released a second track from the album, "Battle Symphony", on March 16, 2017, with an accompanying lyric video. A third track from the album, "Good Goodbye", was released for download on April 13, 2017, along with an accompanying lyric video followed by a music video. The song features American rapper Pusha T and English hip hop artist Stormzy. On May 10, 2017, the band put out one final pre-release track, "Invisible", with an accompanying lyric video. "Talking

title: Recharged (album)

text: to 2013. It became the eighth best selling Dance/Electronic Album and twenty-fifth best selling Hard Rock Album. Original "Living Things" credits adapted from "Living Things" liner notes. Recharged (album) Recharged is the second remix album of recordings by American rock band Linkin Park. The album was released on October 29, 2013, through Warner Bros. Records and Machine Shop Recordings. It is entirely produced by Rick Rubin and Mike Shinoda. The album includes remixes of ten of the songs from the band's fifth studio album "Living Things", as well as a new song, "A Light That Never Comes" (and a remix

title: Chester Bennington

text: which became a commercial success. The album was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America in 2005, making it the best-selling debut album of the decade, as well as one of the few albums ever to hit that many sales. Linkin Park's following studio albums, from "Meteora" (2003) to "One More Light" (2017), continued the band's success. Linkin Park has sold over 100 million records worldwide making them the best-selling band of the 21st century and one of the best-selling artists of all time. Bennington formed his own band, Dead by Sunrise, as a side project in 2005.

title: One More Light

text: One More Light is the seventh studio album by American rock band Linkin Park. It was released on May 19, 2017 through Warner Bros. and Machine Shop.  It is the last Linkin Park record produced before lead vocalist Chester Bennington's death on July 20, 2017.

title: A Light That Never Comes

text: a cyber world along with an unnamed actress. A Light That Never Comes (Remixes) is the third extended play released to the public by American rock band Linkin Park and the second released EP by American electro house musician Steve Aoki. It features seven remixes by seven various artists for the collaborated single, "A Light That Never Comes". This is one of their few extended plays that were not released by Machine Shop, which was founded by the band's co-vocalist Mike Shinoda. The whole album was available on Aoki's and Dim Mak's official YouTube channel. "A Light That Never Comes

title: One More Light (song)

text: "Waiting for the End" and "Powerless", as well the band themselves through the years. On making the music video, Hahn said: Mike Shinoda commented: Upon its release, the video racked up 3 million views on YouTube in the first 24 hours. As of July 28, 2018, the video has reached over 100 million views. On 3 October 2017, Linkin Park uploaded an official lyric video to YouTube. This video was created by Nicola Drilling and fans of Linkin Park from around the world. As of June 8, 2018, the lyric video has more than 5 million views on YouTube. Band

title: Linkin Park

text: rock, industrial rock, experimental rock, rap rock, and progressive rock. Their fifth album, "Living Things", is also an electronic-heavy album, but includes other influences, resulting in a harder sound by comparison. The band returned to a heavier sound compared to their last three albums on "The Hunting Party", which was described as an alternative metal, nu metal, hard rock, rap rock, and rap metal album. Their seventh album, "One More Light," was described as pop, pop rock and electropop. Linkin Park's influences include Soundgarden, Alice in Chains, Pearl Jam, Stone Temple Pilots, Jane's Addiction, Nine Inch Nails, Ministry, Skinny Puppy,

title: Heavy (Linkin Park song)

text: Heavy (Linkin Park song) "Heavy" is a song by American rock band Linkin Park, featuring guest vocals from American singer Kiiara. The song is the first single from their seventh studio album, "One More Light". The song was written by Linkin Park members Chester Bennington, Brad Delson, and Mike Shinoda, alongside Julia Michaels and Justin Tranter. The single was released for download on February 16, 2017, and was premiered on radio on February 21. It is the band's last single to be released during Bennington's lifetime. Band members Chester Bennington, Mike Shinoda, and Brad Delson worked with Julia Michaels and

title: Recharged (album)

text: Recharged (album) Recharged is the second remix album of recordings by American rock band Linkin Park. The album was released on October 29, 2013, through Warner Bros. Records and Machine Shop Recordings. It is entirely produced by Rick Rubin and Mike Shinoda. The album includes remixes of ten of the songs from the band's fifth studio album "Living Things", as well as a new song, "A Light That Never Comes" (and a remix of it) with Steve Aoki, which is the album's first single, released on September 16. Although "Recharged" received mixed reviews from critics, it is the tenth best

title: A Light That Never Comes

text: was a remix of the official video of the single, which was an animated video, taken from the official video of the song by the band and Steve Aoki. A Light That Never Comes "A Light That Never Comes" is a song written and recorded by American rock band Linkin Park, and is their first collaboration with American musician Steve Aoki. It was included on the band's second remix album, "Recharged". It is the twenty-sixth single by the band. The song appears as the opening track on the album while a reboot version produced by Rick Rubin serves as the

title: One More Light

text: Linkin Park did a stripped-down performance with Kiiara at NRG Studios, which was broadcast live on Facebook the same day "Heavy" was released along with its lyric video and the album pre-order. The stripped-down version of the song was performed on various occasions. Shinoda and Bennington played the song fourteen times at different venues for the promotion. The band played the song on "The Late Late Show with James Corden" and at the ECHO Awards 2017 with Kiiara. Acoustic performances of the lead single by Chester Bennington and Mike Shinoda helped promote "One More Light". A few of them included

title: A Light That Never Comes

text: A Light That Never Comes "A Light That Never Comes" is a song written and recorded by American rock band Linkin Park, and is their first collaboration with American musician Steve Aoki. It was included on the band's second remix album, "Recharged". It is the twenty-sixth single by the band. The song appears as the opening track on the album while a reboot version produced by Rick Rubin serves as the closing track. In addition to the song being released in advance when "Recharged" was partially released early on September 16, 2013, "A Light That Never Comes" was released to

title: One More Light

text: a pop effort; indeed, they get points for a brave attempt so outside of their wheelhouse. The problem is that much of "One More Light" is devoid of that visceral charge that previously defined much of their catalog... there's no feral screaming from Chester Bennington, there are barely any riffs, and DJ Hahn has disappeared beneath the textured studio sheen." Team Rock criticized the move away from rock music, stating that the album "makes Ed Sheeran sound like Extreme Noise Terror...With "One More Light", Linkin Park have waved goodbye to rock." Troy L. Smith at "The Plain Dealer" described "Invisible"

title: Heavy (Linkin Park song)

text: metal sound, catching the attention of many music websites such as Loudwire and Team Rock, the latter of which declared it "what Linkin Park's Heavy should have sounded like." The cover and negative reception even caught the attention of the band, who halfheartedly played a part of it in a rehearsal session video, with Bennington jokingly stating at the end "There's your fuckin' "Hybrid Theory" now shut the... [fuck up]". The song was released as the first single from their seventh studio album, "One More Light". It was released digitally on February 16, 2017. The music video for the song

title: One More Light


question: what territory is spain and the united kingdom in a dispute over

answers: Gibraltar

title: Spain–United Kingdom relations

text: meet to talk about it. For us, it is a stone in the shoe all day long". The United Kingdom and Spain have had several recent disputes over fishing rights, particularly with regards to the European Union's Common Fisheries Policy. When Spain became a member state in 1986, it had the world's sixth largest fishing fleet, and much of the economies of Galicia, Asturias, and Cantabria depended upon catches by Spanish boats outside Spain's national Exclusive Economic Zone, just as they do today. To prevent the fleets of other EU members (particularly Spain) taking up the UK's Common Fisheries Policy

title: Disputed status of the isthmus between Gibraltar and Spain

text: of the city, and the rest had no territorial jurisdiction (the literal phrase of the treaty is "the Catholic King wills, and takes it to be understood that the above-named propriety be yielded to Great Britain without any territorial jurisdiction"). Therefore, the Treaty would not have ceded any part of the isthmus. Spain considers that such an area was occupied by the UK since the 19th century (1815), and such "occupation of the isthmus [by the United Kingdom] is illegal and against the principles of the international law". For said reason, British sovereignty is not acknowledged by Spain, considering itself

title: Disputed status of Gibraltar

text: other articles of this Convention", and that if a signatory state makes a declaration upon ratification, that declaration must "not purport to exclude or to modify the legal effect of the provisions of this Convention in their application" to that state. The dispute over territorial waters, which was rekindled in 2013 following a fishing dispute seems likely to become more important with the discovery of a British treasure ship, HMS Sussex, and the Black Swan Project controversy. Questions about the waters have previously been asked in the House of Commons, and answered as follows: Under international law, States are entitled,

title: Canada–Spain relations

text: Spanish trawlers fishing in the area. Support from the European Union was split during the crisis, with the United Kingdom and Ireland supporting Canada while mainland Europe and Iceland supported Spain. During negations between Canada and the European Union to resolve the issue, the crew of Estai posted a $500,000 bail and returned to Spain. The crisis was resolved when Canada and the European Union agreed to a deal on April 5. Under this agreement Spain was forced to leave the disputed zone and Canada's right to eject foreign fishing vessels from the area using military force was accepted. Under

title: Spain–United Kingdom relations

text: Spain–United Kingdom relations Spain–United Kingdom relations, also called Spanish-British relations, are the bilateral international relations between the Kingdom of Spain and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The history of Spanish–British relations is complicated by the political heritage of the two countries. Neither the United Kingdom nor Spain has a unique constitutional ancestor; the United Kingdom was originally created by a union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland (and later joined by Ireland), whilst the Kingdom of Spain was initially created by a union of the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon. They have also been complicated

title: Spain–United Kingdom relations

text: become known as the Factortame case. In total, £55m has been paid out by the British government to Spanish parties (both public and private) for loss of earnings. To this day, the large Spanish fishing fleet does the majority of its fishing outside Spain's EEZ, as far away as Canada and Namibia. Nonetheless, a large part of its business comes from fishing in the waters of northern Europe, particularly those of the United Kingdom and Ireland. At times of debate of the United Kingdom's declining fish stocks, this has caused strained relations between Spain and the UK, and particularly between

title: Spain–United Kingdom relations

text: War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–1720), in which Great Britain and France were allies against Spain when Spain attempted to reclaim territories in Italy. In 1719, the Spanish attempted to carry the conflict to the British Isles. An expedition of 29 ships carrying 6,000 soldiers sailed for Scotland, but most of it was scattered in storms and only 327 Spanish regulars managed to land in Scotland, where they were joined by 1,000 Scottish Jacobites. The British routed the invaders at Glen Shiel on June 10. Where continental Europe had been the focus of the conflict between Great Britain and France

title: Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute

text: of the settlement. France insisted that Spain maintain the colony in Port Louis to prevent Britain from claiming the title to the Islands, and Spain agreed. In 1493 Pope Alexander VI issued a Papal bull, "Inter caetera", dividing the New World between Spain and Portugal. The following year, the Treaty of Tordesillas between those countries agreed that the dividing line between the two should be 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands. The Falklands lie on the western (Spanish) side of this line. Spain made claims that the Falkland Islands were held under provisions in the 1713 which settled

title: Spain–United Kingdom relations

text: Spain The list below is of British and Spanish town twinnings. Spain–United Kingdom relations Spain–United Kingdom relations, also called Spanish-British relations, are the bilateral international relations between the Kingdom of Spain and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The history of Spanish–British relations is complicated by the political heritage of the two countries. Neither the United Kingdom nor Spain has a unique constitutional ancestor; the United Kingdom was originally created by a union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland (and later joined by Ireland), whilst the Kingdom of Spain was initially created by a union of

title: Spain–United Kingdom relations

text: 1789 at Nootka Sound, an unsettled area at the time that is now part of British Columbia, Canada. Spain seized small British commercial ships engaged in the fur trade in an area on the Pacific on an area on the Pacific Coast. Spain claimed ownership based on a papal decree of 1493 that Spain said gave it control of the entire Pacific Ocean. Britain rejected the Spanish claims and used its greatly superior naval power to threaten a war and win the dispute. Spain, a rapidly fading military power, was unable to depend upon its longtime ally France, which was

title: Turbot War

text: Turbot War The Turbot War (known in Spain as Guerra del Fletán) was an international fishing dispute between Canada (supported by the United Kingdom and Ireland) and Spain (supported by the European Union and Iceland) in which Canada stopped a Spanish fishing trawler from Galicia in international waters and arrested its crew. Canada claimed that European Union factory ships were illegally overfishing Greenland halibut, also known as Greenland turbot, on the Grand Banks, just outside Canada's declared exclusive economic zone (EEZ). Territorial seas have changed over time, having begun with a "cannon shot" territorial sea, followed by the long-standing extension

title: Spain–United Kingdom relations

text: Spain and the membership of the devolved Scottish institutions, since Scotland is more dependent upon fishing than the rest of the UK. Scotland held a referendum on independence from the UK on 18 September 2014. In November 2013 the Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy had stated that an independent Scotland would have to reapply for membership of the European Union, causing considerable irritation to the Scottish Government. Relations between the Spanish and Scottish governments deteriorated further when the Scottish Government alleged that a senior UK Treasury official visited Spain ostensibly to co-ordinate British and Spanish opposition to the independence movements

title: Spain

text: from Ceuta and from mainland Spain. Its sovereignty is disputed between Spain and Morocco. It was the subject of an armed incident between the two countries in 2002. The incident ended when both countries agreed to return to the status quo ante which existed prior to the Moroccan occupation of the island. The islet is now deserted and without any sign of sovereignty. Besides the Perejil Island, the Spanish-held territories claimed by other countries are two: Morocco claims the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla and the "plazas de soberanía" islets off the northern coast of Africa; and Portugal and

title: Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute

text: The Commonwealth of Nations listed the islands as a British Overseas Territory in their 2012 yearbook. At the OAS summits Canada has continued to state its support for the islanders' right to self-determination. Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute Sovereignty over the Falkland Islands () is disputed by Argentina and the United Kingdom. The British claim to sovereignty dates from 1690, and the United Kingdom has exercised "de facto" sovereignty over the archipelago almost continuously since 1833. Argentina has long disputed this claim, having been in control of the islands for a few years prior to 1833. The dispute escalated in 1982,

title: Minquiers and Ecrehos case

text: 1951, the ICJ decided on 17 November 1953 that sovereignty over the islands belonged to the United Kingdom. Minquiers and Ecrehos case France v United Kingdom [1953] ICJ 3 (also called the Minquiers and Ecrehos Case) was an International Court of Justice case concerning sovereignty over seas. The United Kingdom and France requested for the ICJ to determine the country that held sovereignty over the islets and rocks in the Minquiers and Ecrehos groups. France claimed sovereignty because it fished in the waters and it had historic sovereignty over the area from the 11th century's Duchy of Normandy. The United

title: Guayana Esequiba

text: Esequiba or "Zona en Reclamación"). This territory of is the subject of a long-running boundary dispute inherited from the colonial powers and complicated by the independence of Guyana in 1966. The status of the territory is subject to the Treaty of Geneva, which was signed by the United Kingdom, Venezuela and British Guiana on February 17, 1966. This treaty stipulates that the parties will agree to find a practical, peaceful and satisfactory solution to the dispute. In 1648 Spain signed the Peace of Münster with the Dutch Republic, whereby Spain recognized the Republic's independence and also small Dutch possessions located

title: Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute

text: off limits to both countries, provided (in a secret article) that no third party settled there either. The conventions were unilaterally repudiated by Spain in 1795 but implicitly revived by the Treaty of Madrid in 1814. The sixth article of the convention states: Whether or not this affected sovereignty over the islands is disputed. The British argue that the agreement did not affect the respective claims and only stipulated that neither party would make further establishments on the coasts or "adjacent" islands already held by Spain. Argentina argues that "the islands adjacent" includes the Falklands and that the UK renounced

title: Minquiers and Ecrehos case

text: Minquiers and Ecrehos case France v United Kingdom [1953] ICJ 3 (also called the Minquiers and Ecrehos Case) was an International Court of Justice case concerning sovereignty over seas. The United Kingdom and France requested for the ICJ to determine the country that held sovereignty over the islets and rocks in the Minquiers and Ecrehos groups. France claimed sovereignty because it fished in the waters and it had historic sovereignty over the area from the 11th century's Duchy of Normandy. The United Kingdom claimed that Jersey had historically exercised legal and administrative jurisdiction over them. Initially requested on 5 December

title: Santa Cruz de Nuca

text: Islands sovereignty dispute between the United Kingdom and Argentina. Article VI provided that neither party would form new establishments on any of the islands adjacent to the east and west coasts of South America then occupied by Spain. Both retained the right to land and erect temporary structures on the coasts and islands for fishery-related purposes. However, there was an additional secret article which stipulated that Article VI shall remain in force only so long as no establishment shall have been formed by the subjects of any other power on the coasts in question. This secret article had the same

title: Disputed status of Gibraltar

text: Gibraltar, a British Overseas Territory, located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula, is the subject of an irredentist territorial claim by Spain. It was captured in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714). The Spanish Crown formally ceded the territory in perpetuity to the British Crown in 1713, under Article X of the Treaty of Utrecht. Spain later attempted to recapture the territory during the thirteenth siege (1727) and the Great siege (1779–1783). British sovereignty over Gibraltar was confirmed in later treaties signed in Seville (1729) and the Treaty of Paris (1783).

title: British intervention in Spanish American independence

text: the United States, France and the United Kingdom. The Spanish government recognized the United Kingdom as the main adversary state in the dispute of Spanish America. The result of the European Napoleonic wars led to great changes between the alliances of these powers. Between 1806-1807 the United Kingdom invaded the River Plate in South America which were still part of Spain. The first invasion had several contingents, of about one thousand seven hundred soldiers. This was followed up with a second of up to fourteen thousand men, twenty warships and ninety transports. They managed to occupy the city of Buenos

title: Political divisions of Spain

text: others, the parts that modified the territorial organization. Almost all communities have defined territorial entities (e.g. "comarcas" or "merindades"), but these do not have administrative powers and are simply geographic or historical designations. One special case of such territorial entities is Western Sahara, formerly the colony of Spanish Sahara up to 1976, is disputed between Morocco, who controls 80% of the territory and administers it as an integral part of its national territory, and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, who controls and administers the remaining 20% as the "Liberated territories". The United Nations, however still considers Spain to be the

title: Territories claimed by the Philippines

text: including a requirement of Protestantism and the denial of other nationals on the island. The arbitrator pointed out that if Spain had actually exercised authority, then there would have been conflicts between the two countries but none are provided in the evidence. Under the Palmas decision, three important rules for resolving island territorial disputes were decided: Firstly, title based on contiguity has no standing in international law. Secondly, title by discovery is only an inchoate title. Finally, if another sovereign begins to exercise continuous and actual sovereignty, (and the arbitrator required that the claim had to be open and public

title: Treaty of Tordesillas

text: Moluccas, some sources place the line just east of the Moluccas. The Treaty of Saragossa did not modify or clarify the line of demarcation in the Treaty of Tordesillas, nor did it validate Spain's claim to equal hemispheres (180° each), so the two lines divided the Earth into unequal hemispheres. Portugal's portion was roughly 191° whereas Spain's portion was roughly 169°. Both portions have a large uncertainty of ±4° because of the wide variation in the opinions regarding the location of the Tordesillas line. Portugal gained control of all lands and seas west of the Saragossa line, including all of

title: Mauritius v. United Kingdom

text: Mauritius v. United Kingdom Mauritius v. United Kingdom was an arbitration case concerning the status of the Chagos Archipelago and the attempts of the United Kingdom government to create a Marine Protected Area in British Indian Ocean Territory. The dispute was arbitrated by a arbitral tribunal constituted under Annex VII of the 1982 United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea. The Permanent Court of Arbitration was asked on the 31st of March 2011 to function as registry in the proceedings. In 2011 the government of Mauritius challenged Sir Christopher Greenwood's role in the arbitration proceedings on the grounds that

title: 2007 Morocco–Spain diplomatic conflict

text: 2007 Morocco–Spain diplomatic conflict The 2007 Morocco–Spain diplomatic conflict was a short lived disturbance of international relations between Morocco and Spain that arose after the announcement of the impending visit of the King of Spain to the Spanish-ruled autonomous cities Ceuta and Melilla, which are claimed by Morocco. The dispute formally began when the Government of Morocco recalled its ambassador to Spain, Omar Azziman. According to a diplomatic note from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Morocco, "The official announcement on Friday of the unfortunate visit of His Majesty King Juan Carlos I, on 5 and 6 November

text: Islands boundary: it is about 200 nautical miles long and consists of 49 straight-line segments defined by 50 individual coordinate points. The full name of the treaty is "Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the United States of America on the Delimitation in the Caribbean of a Maritime Boundary between Puerto Rico/US Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands". The two treaties entered into force on 1 June 1995 after they had been ratified by both states. 1993 United Kingdom–United States Maritime Boundary Treaties The 1993 United Kingdom–United

title: Morocco

text: agreed to a US-brokered resolution over the disputed island of Perejil. Spanish troops had taken the normally uninhabited island after Moroccan soldiers landed on it and set up tents and a flag. There were renewed tensions in 2005, as hundreds of African migrants tried to storm the borders of the Spanish enclaves of Melilla and Ceuta. Morocco deported hundreds of the illegal migrants. In 2006, the Spanish Premier Zapatero visited Spanish enclaves. He was the first Spanish leader in 25 years to make an official visit to the territories. The following year, Spanish King Juan Carlos I visited Ceuta and

text: 1996 France–United Kingdom Maritime Delimitation Agreements The 1996 France – United Kingdom Maritime Delimitation Agreements are two treaties between France and the United Kingdom which establish a number of maritime boundary between French territories and British territories in the Caribbean Sea. Both treaties were signed in London on 27 June 1996. The two treaties entered into force on 30 January 1997 after they had been ratified by both states. The first treaty delimits the boundary in the Anguilla Channel between the British territory of Anguilla and the French territories of Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy. The boundary is a simplified

title: Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute

text: UN, which annually recommends dialogue to resolve the dispute. The UN General Assembly has passed several resolutions on the issue. In 1988, the General Assembly reiterated a 1965 request that both countries negotiate a peaceful settlement to the dispute and respect the interests of the Falkland Islanders and the principles of UN GA resolution 1514. The United States and the European Union recognise the de facto administration of the Falkland Islands and take no position over their sovereignty; however, the EU classifies the islands as an overseas country or territory of the UK, subject to EU law in some areas.

title: Disputed status of Gibraltar


question: who has the most green jackets from the masters

answers: Nicklaus

answers: Jack Nicklaus (6)

title: Masters Tournament

text: spirit of the rule and has never worn the jacket); Seve Ballesteros who, in an interview with Peter Alliss from his home in Pedreña, showed one of his two green jackets in his trophy room; and Henry Picard, whose jacket was removed from the club before the tradition was well established, remained in his closet for a number of years, and is now on display at Canterbury Golf Club in Beachwood, Ohio, where he was the club professional for many years. By tradition, the winner of the previous year's Masters Tournament puts the jacket on the current winner at the

title: Augusta National Golf Club

text: winner of the previous tournament. If the previous champion is either unavailable or has won consecutive tournaments, then the current chairman acts as the presenter. Until 1967, the jackets were manufactured by Brooks Brothers and since have been made by Hamilton of Cincinnati, Ohio, with the imported wool produced at the Victor Forstmann plant in Dublin, Georgia. The current Masters champion is the only owner of a green jacket permitted to remove it from the grounds of Augusta National, and only for a period of one year. Before this time limit was in place, the jacket of a few long-past

title: Masters Tournament

text: $612,000, and the purse grew by $3,400,000. In addition to a cash prize, the winner of the tournament is presented with a distinctive green jacket, formally awarded since 1949, and informally acquired by the champions for many years before that. The green sport coat is the official attire worn by members of Augusta National while on the club grounds; each Masters winner becomes an honorary member of the club. The recipient of the green jacket has it presented to him inside the Butler Cabin soon after the end of the tournament, and the presentation is then repeated outside near the

title: Augusta National Golf Club

text: the Augusta National Women's Amateur Championship in 2019, a 54-hole event for the world's top amateur players. Every member of Augusta National receives a green sport coat with the club's logo on the left breast. The idea of the green jacket originated with club co-founder Clifford Roberts. Many believe it is because he wanted patrons visiting during the tournament to be able to readily identify members. Since Sam Snead's victory in 1949, the winner of each year's Masters Tournament has received a green jacket, although he does not receive membership. The jacket is presented to the new winner by the

title: 2001 Masters Tournament

text: the hole to win his second green jacket and sixth major championship. It was another hard luck finish for Duval, who finished in the top 10 for the fourth consecutive Masters and it was his second, second-place finish. Phil Mickelson was briefly in contention on the back nine, but was not able to match Woods and Duval with a two-under 70 for the round. It was another disappointing major for Mickelson who earned his 12th top 10 finish, but was still without a major championship. Japan's Toshimitsu Izawa matched Duval's round of the day with a 67 of his own

title: Masters Tournament

text: 18th green in front of the patrons. Winners keep their jacket for the first year after their first victory, then return it to the club to wear whenever they visit. The tradition began in 1949, when Sam Snead won his first of three Masters titles. The green jacket is only allowed to be removed from Augusta National by the reigning champion, after which it must remain at the club. Exceptions to this rule include Gary Player, who in his joy of winning mistakenly took his jacket home to South Africa after his 1961 victory (although he has always followed the

title: Phil Mickelson

text: from deep greenside rough to within a of the cup, and made his birdie to finish at a 4-under-par total of 276, one shot ahead of Steve Elkington and Thomas Bjørn. Mickelson captured his third major title the following spring at the Masters. He won his second green jacket after shooting a 3-under-par final round, winning by two strokes over runner-up Tim Clark. This win propelled him to 2nd place in the Official World Golf Ranking (his career best), behind Woods, and ahead of Vijay Singh and Retief Goosen. After winning two majors in a row heading into the U.S.

title: Hubert Green

text: from 1974 to 1980. At the 1978 Masters he came to the final hole about 30 minutes after Gary Player had finished a round of 64. Player had a 1-shot lead over Green, who hit a good drive and then a great approach to within three feet of the cup. Green had to back away from the putt when he overheard radio announcer Jim Kelly say something. When Green took the stroke, he pushed it a little to the right and the putt slid by. Green never blamed Kelly, however, telling "Golf Digest", "Only an amateur would have been put

title: Masters Tournament

text: In addition to the green jacket, winners of the tournament receive a gold medal. They have their names engraved on the actual silver Masters trophy, introduced in 1961, which depicts the clubhouse. This trophy remains at Augusta National; since 1993 winners have received a sterling silver replica. The runner-up receives a silver medal, introduced in 1951. Beginning in 1978, a silver salver was added as an award for the runner-up. In 1952 the Masters began presenting an award, known as the Silver Cup, to the lowest scoring amateur to make the cut. In 1954 they began presenting an amateur silver

title: Augusta National Golf Club

text: where it is on display in his personal museum. The second jacket belongs to 1938 champion Henry Picard. Before the traditions surrounding one of golf's greatest awards were well established, the jacket was removed by Picard from Augusta National. It is now currently on display in the "Picard Lounge" at Canterbury Golf Club in Beachwood, Ohio. Along with Snead, the nine previous winners were also awarded green jackets in 1949, and these became known as the "original ten" jackets. Horton Smith's jacket, awarded for his wins in 1934 and 1936, sold at auction in September 2013 for over $682,000; the

title: 1991 Masters Tournament

text: then hit his second shot into a greenside bunker. He chipped out and three-putted for a double bogey. Woosnam then holed an par putt for the green jacket. It was the fourth consecutive year that the Masters champion was from the United Kingdom, which had no winners prior to Sandy Lyle's victory in 1988. Through 2017, Woosnam is the only winner at Augusta from Wales. Olazábal later won two Masters, in 1994 and 1999. Phil Mickelson, a 20-year-old junior at Arizona State, was the low amateur at 290 (+2) and tied for 46th place. Tommy Aaron, George Archer, Seve Ballesteros

title: Masters Tournament

text: with other champions' jackets in a specially designated cloakroom. In most instances, only a first-time and currently reigning champion may remove his jacket from the club grounds. A golfer who wins the event multiple times uses the same green jacket awarded upon his initial win (unless he needs to be re-fitted with a new jacket). The Champions Dinner, inaugurated by Ben Hogan in 1952, is held on the Tuesday before each tournament, and is open only to past champions and certain board members of the Augusta National Golf Club. Beginning in 1963, legendary golfers, usually past champions, have hit an

title: 1985 Masters Tournament

text: and 15 when his attempts to reach both greens in two shots found water instead and finished two strokes back. It was Strange's only top-5 finish at Augusta, but he won consecutive U.S. Opens in 1988 and 1989. Langer, age 27 and dressed in red, birdied four of the last seven holes to win the green jacket. The second champion from Europe, he had consecutive rounds of 68 (−4) on the weekend to become the first winner of a major from Germany (then West Germany). Langer won a second green jacket eight years later in 1993. "Thursday, April 11, 1985"

title: 2003 Masters Tournament

text: fifth place. Maggert had no bogeys or double bogeys, but made a triple bogey 7 on the third hole and a quintuple bogey 8 on the twelfth hole. Mickelson's 68 (−4) was only enough for solo third, two strokes behind Weir and Mattiace. It marked Mickelson's third straight third-place finish at the Masters (he would win the green jacket in 2004, 2006, and 2010). Jim Furyk also shot a four-under 68 for a fourth-place finish which equaled his best Masters finish at 284 (−4). (He would win the next major, at the U.S. Open in June.) Ernie Els and Singh

title: 2018 Masters Tournament

text: with Matt Kuchar. Four-time champion Tiger Woods, playing the Masters for the first time in three years, was three-over after a bogey on the 12th but rebounded with two birdies to finish with 73 (+1). Defending champion Sergio García hit five consecutive balls onto the green which rolled back into the water on the par-5 15th and carded a one-putt 13, the highest score on that hole in Masters history, and tied for the worst in history on any hole. He birdied the next hole; his 81 (+9) put him in a tie for 85th place. "Friday, April 6, 2018"

title: Richard Green (golfer)

text: same year he won the MasterCard Masters, which is one of Australia's most prestigious tournaments, and also topped the PGA Tour of Australasia's Order of Merit. In 2007 he won his second European Tour event at the BA-CA Golf Open in Austria. Green holds a share of the course record at Carnoustie with a 64, achieved in the final round of the 2007 Open Championship. The round saw him jump 27 places on the last day of the tournament to finish in a tie for 4th with Ernie Els. He has featured in the top 30 of the Official World

title: 1973 Masters Tournament

text: Aaron caught the mistake. This was his third and last victory on the PGA Tour, and after this win, Aaron's best result in a major was a tie for 28th at the Masters in 1979. Gary Player played in 52 Masters from 1957 through 2009; and missed only this one, to recover from leg and abdominal surgery. He returned in 1974 to win the second of his three green jackets. Gay Brewer won the fourteenth Par 3 contest on Wednesday with a seven-under 20. At the previous Masters, the 1967 champion was hospitalized in Augusta for ulcers on Wednesday night

title: 2009 Masters Tournament

text: was just off the green to the right, chipped close, and tapped in for par. Cabrera scrambled after an errant tee shot and a recovery shot that ricocheted off a tree, fortuitously into the fairway. His third shot from ended away and he holed the par putt to extend the playoff. The next hole was the 10th, and Perry failed to get up and down from left of the green; Cabrera two-putted from for par to become the first Argentinian to win the Masters. Rory McIlroy was involved in a controversial incident during the second round. In sixth place on

title: Danny Willett

text: the clubhouse at −5 when he posted a bogey-free final round of 67 and was crowned champion when Spieth finished at −2 alongside Lee Westwood. Willett became the first British player to win the Masters for 20 years, Nick Faldo having won in 1996. After being presented with the green jacket as champion, Willett said: "It was a very surreal day when you look back at the ebbs and flows." After his win, Willett accepted PGA Tour membership and rose to the 9th place of the Official World Golf Ranking. Beside the first major win at the Masters, 2016 proved

title: Masters Tournament

text: Nicklaus has the most Masters wins, with six between 1963 and 1986.  Palmer and Tiger Woods won four each, and five have won three titles at Augusta: Jimmy Demaret, Sam Snead, Gary Player, Nick Faldo, and Phil Mickelson. Player, from South Africa, was the first non-American player to win the tournament, in 1961; the second was Seve Ballesteros of Spain, the champion in 1980 and 1983.

title: Hubert Green

text: off by the interruption — or would try to make excuses about it." At the 1985 PGA Championship, Green won his second major title, two strokes ahead of defending champion Lee Trevino. It was Green's 19th and final victory on the PGA Tour. In 1998, his second season on the Senior PGA Tour (now PGA Tour Champions), Green won the Bruno's Memorial Classic in his hometown of Birmingham, Alabama. He shot a final round of 64, playing the last six holes with an eagle, four birdies, and one par to beat Hale Irwin by one stroke. Green was also active

title: 2004 PGA Championship

text: 72nd hole to finish two strokes behind. Tiger Woods bogeyed two of the first four holes and wound up with a 73, his worst finish in the majors this year, and extended his streak to 10 majors without winning, which was the longest drought of his career at that time. He won the next major, his fourth green jacket at the Masters, in 2005. Leonard, playing in the final group at the PGA Championship for the third time, took a two-shot lead with five holes to play with an birdie putt on 13. Leonard missed four putts inside down the

title: 2005 Masters Tournament

text: since I put that behind me and went out and put a good number on the back nine, I feel very good."" - Chris DiMarco on his final round. ""That was a hard-fought week with the rain delays, I didn't get off to the greatest of starts."" - Tiger Woods on the long week of golf. 2005 Masters Tournament The 2005 Masters Tournament was the 69th Masters Tournament, played from April 7–10 at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia. Tiger Woods, 29, won his fourth green jacket on the first hole of a playoff with Chris DiMarco. Rain was

title: Rickie Fowler

text: Scott. After a tie for fifth at the Masters in April, Fowler had his best finish of 2014 at the U.S. Open at Pinehurst No. 2 in North Carolina. Fowler was runner-up with Erik Compton at −1, best finishes for both at a major, but they were eight stroke behind champion Martin Kaymer. Fowler had another second-place finish at the Open Championship at Royal Liverpool Golf Club in Hoylake, England. He began the final round six strokes behind Rory McIlroy and finished the day tied for second with Sergio García at −15, two strokes behind McIlroy. At the next major

title: Charl Schwartzel

text: at the first hole for birdie and then holed his second shot from the middle of the fairway at the third for eagle. This wiped out the four stroke lead of Rory McIlroy, but then Schwartzel bogeyed the fourth hole to drop one behind. For the rest of the round he maintained this score, until he reached the last four holes where he holed clutch putts to finish with four consecutive birdies, a feat unprecedented in the Masters' 75 years history. It put him back in the lead and he ultimately won the Green Jacket and his first major championship.

title: 2016 Masters Tournament

text: Rae's Creek. Willett shot a bogey-free 67 to overtake Spieth when the leader faltered on the back nine. Willett became the first European to win the Masters since 1999, and the first Englishman to do so since Nick Faldo in 1996. This was the final Masters appearance for former champion Tom Watson. The course was formerly a plant nursery and each hole on the course is named after the tree or shrub with which it has become associated. The Masters has the smallest field of the four major championships. Officially, the Masters remains an invitation event, but there is a

title: M.C. Mini Masters

text: the winners of the PGA's Masters win the Green Jacket, the winners of the M.C. Mini Masters receive the Ugly Jacket. In 2005, the tournament hosted a professional division for the first time, but due to some turnover in the offices of the USPMGA, the Pro Division did not continue in 2006. The M.C. Mini Masters has made a commitment to remain strictly amateur in the future. Tournament director Mick Cullen announced in March 2007 that Libertyville, the closing course of the Mini Masters for four of five years from 2002-2006, would have to be replaced because the course had

title: 2016 Masters Tournament

text: the par-3 12th and made quadruple bogey, dropping him to a tie for fourth. Willett, meanwhile, made birdie at 13 and 14 to take the lead. Lee Westwood chipped in for eagle at the 15th to get within one of Willett, but then made bogey on 16 while Willett made birdie. Willett made par on the last two holes to post a round of 67 and five-under for the tournament. After rebounding with birdies on 13 and 15, Spieth needed to birdie two of his last three holes to tie but missed a birdie at 16 then bogeyed 17 to

title: 2007 Masters Tournament

text: Jim Furyk managed a 75 to keep himself in contention. Gary Player, playing in his 50th Masters, could only manage an 83 (+11); two-time winner Seve Ballesteros was at 86 (+14). Tim Clark, the 2006 runner-up, produced a wonderful shot on the 18th hole. At even par, he pulled his second shot to the left of the green and chose to putt. His ball went all the way round the green before it dropped for a birdie and 71. The leaders after the first round were Justin Rose and Brett Wetterich at 69. Rose set a new lowest putts record,

title: 2010 Masters Tournament

text: with two birdies in his first three holes, but he quickly cooled off and ended up in sixth place. Overnight leader Lee Westwood started erratically, while Phil Mickelson parred his first seven holes. K.J. Choi was briefly tied for the lead at -12 with a birdie at 10 but he eventually fell back to a tie for fourth with playing partner Tiger Woods (they were paired together for all four rounds of the tournament). Twenty-four-year-old Anthony Kim shot a blistering 65, including a -5 run over four holes; he finished third. But down the stretch, Mickelson pulled away from Westwood

title: Masters Tournament


question: who was the first black person to register to vote

answers: Thomas Mundy Peterson

title: Bob Moses (activist)

text: White Democrats had disfranchised Mississippi's blacks in their 1890 constitution, which required poll taxes, and other barriers, such as residency requirements, and subjective literacy tests. It was nearly impossible for blacks to register and vote. After decades of violence and repression under Jim Crow, by the 1960s most blacks did not bother trying to register. In 1965, only one African American among 5500 in Amite County was registered to vote. Moses faced nearly relentless violence and official intimidation, and was beaten and arrested in Amite County. He was the first African American to challenge white violence, and filed assault charges

title: Robert G. Clark Jr.

text: Holmes County, Clark became involved in the civil rights movement, which had been working to register and educate voters since 1963. After passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, he agreed to be a candidate in 1967 of the Freedom Democratic Party. Since assignment of a federal registrar in the county in November 1965, the FDP registered thousands of black voters for the first time since the disfranchisement of their ancestors in 1890. Clark was elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives in 1967 by the black majority of the county. He was the first African American elected to

title: Hartman Turnbow

text: April 1963, Turnbow, with a group of 13 other African Americans, including Hollis Watkins, Ozell Mitchell, and Alma Mitchell Carnegie, went to the Holmes County courthouse to register to vote. They became known as the "First 14." There they were approached by the deputy sheriff who, with his weapon drawn, said to the group, "Alright. Who's first?" At that point, Turnbow stepped forward and told the deputy sheriff "Me, Hartman Turnbow. I came here to die to vote. I'm the first." Hartman became the first African American to successfully register to vote in Mississippi and the first African American to

title: Frank Voelker Sr.

text: registration of twenty-eight African Americans. They would be the first members of their race registered to vote in East Carroll Parish since 1922. Few blacks had been allowed to register since 1898, when a new state constitution instituted measures that enabled discriminatory administration of barriers to voter registration. Voelker said that Hunter had overstepped his judicial limits by acting in an executive authority in ordering the registration of the black citizens. The East Carroll Parish voter registrar, Cecil Manning, resigned and closed the office on June 14 rather than allow the new registrants to be placed on the rolls. Blacks

title: Rosanell Eaton

text: by people like Rosanell Eaton. Rosanell Eaton Rosanell Eaton (April 14, 1921 – December 8, 2018) was an American civil rights worker. She was born on a farm near Louisburg, North Carolina. When she was 21 years old, Eaton became one of the first African Americans to vote in her county after completing a literacy test. She registered more than 4,000 citizens to vote in North Carolina. In August 2015, President Obama, in his response to the New York Times cover story on "Efforts over the last 50 years to dismantle the protections in the Voting Rights Act of 1965",

title: Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era

text: registration act that required those who were illiterate to satisfy "understanding tests" by correctly answering 20 of 30 questions related to citizenship posed by the voting registrar. Blacks had made substantial advances in education, but the individual white registrars were the sole persons to determine whether individual prospective voters answered correctly. In practice, registrars disqualified most black voters, whether they were educated or not. In Terrell County, for instance, which was 64% black in population, after passage of the act, only 48 black Americans were able to register to vote in 1958. The NAACP's steady progress with individual cases was

title: Rosanell Eaton

text: Rosanell Eaton Rosanell Eaton (April 14, 1921 – December 8, 2018) was an American civil rights worker. She was born on a farm near Louisburg, North Carolina. When she was 21 years old, Eaton became one of the first African Americans to vote in her county after completing a literacy test. She registered more than 4,000 citizens to vote in North Carolina. In August 2015, President Obama, in his response to the New York Times cover story on "Efforts over the last 50 years to dismantle the protections in the Voting Rights Act of 1965", wrote that he was inspired

title: Hollis Watkins

text: to six people volunteering to try and register, including Victoria Gray Adams. At the request of Amzie Moore, he next went to Holmes County, Mississippi, where he began to canvass potential voters. He was willing to risk his life for this movement, for instance one day he went to a shack on a plantation to talk to them about voting, but ended up being chased away and shot at by the plantation owner, however, that didn't stop him from going back the next week. Supplied with equipment by CBS News, Watkins went to the clerk of court’s office with a

title: Government of Mississippi

text: following passage of the Federal Voting Rights Act of 1965 under President Lyndon Johnson, would most African-American men and women have the chance to register and vote again in Mississippi and other Southern states. In 1967 the first twelve black men ran for office for the first time since Reconstruction in Holmes County; two gained local office and one, teacher Robert G. Clark, was elected to the state house. He continued to be re-elected from Holmes County and in the late 20th century, was elected three times as speaker of the House. On September 26, 2008, presidential candidates Barack Obama

title: 128th Georgia General Assembly

text: of 1965 had opened voter registration to blacks, saw eleven African Americans elected to the Georgia House of Representatives in special elections in 1965 and 1966. By ending the disfranchisement of blacks through discriminatory voter registration, African Americans regained the ability to vote and entered the political process. This was the first time that African-Americans had sat in the House since W. H. Rogers of McIntosh resigned his seat in 1907. Among them were six from Atlanta (William Alexander, Julian Bond, Benjamin Brown, J. C. Daugherty, J. D. Grier, Grace Towns Hamilton, John Hood) and one each from Columbus (Albert

title: Winson Hudson

text: Commission on Civil Rights to speak about harassment of blacks attempting to register to vote. Winson started paying poll taxes in 1937 until it was no longer required after the passing of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. During that time, she only voted for the trustee of Harmony School. When she first tried to register to vote in the National Elections, she was denied several times. Winson began trying to obtain a voter registration card in 1937 and it was not until 1962 when she and her sister, Dovie Hudson, passed a required

title: Amite County, Mississippi

text: He was beaten by Bill Caston, a cousin to the sheriff, near the county courthouse, and arrested. He was told to leave the county for his own safety. In the 1960s, only one African American of the total of 5,500 in Amite County was a registered voter. Even after the Voting Rights Act was passed in 1965, extensive grassroots efforts were required to register eligible voters. Racial violence against blacks in the county escalated during the years of the Civil Rights Movement. On September 25, 1961, at the Westbrook Cotton Gin, about a dozen witnesses, both white and black, saw

title: Tuskegee, Alabama

text: light on the disparities in the numbers of black people applying for voter registration and those who were successful, even going as far as talking to the United States Commission on Civil Rights. Following passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1957, activists had made progress in registering black voters in the city. African Americans in Tuskegee and other Alabama cities had been largely disenfranchised after passage of a new state constitution in 1901, which had requirements that were discriminatory in practice, such as poll tax and literacy tests. In 1957 the 400 registered black voters nearly equaled white voters;

title: Herbert Lee (activist)

text: People (NAACP) for the purpose of registering black Americans to vote; Lee became a charter member and attended meetings in a neighboring farmhouse. Mississippi's constitution of 1890 politically disfranchised black Americans, creating barriers such as poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses to exclude blacks from voting. Only one black person was registered in all of Amite County, though they never actually voted. When Bob Moses of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) arrived in Amite County in 1961 to organize a voter registration movement, Lee served as a chauffeur for him and other SNCC activists. Immediately upon arriving in

title: A. T. Walden

text: exclude blacks from voting. When that was struck down by a United States Supreme Court decision in "Smith v. Allwright" (1944), black activists worked to register African-American voters. Walden devoted much of his political career pursuing this objective in Atlanta after blacks were effectively enfranchised again in 1946. He became a founder and co-chair with J. W. Dobbs of the Atlanta Negro Voters League and leader of the All-Citizens Registration Committee. Block-by-block efforts helped increase the number of black registered voters from 1,800 in 1910 to 25,000 by 1939, but individual efforts routinely encountered outright discriminatory practices by white registrars.

title: Gwendolyn T. Britt

text: She was also a Freedom Rider in the 1960s and spent 40 days in jail in Jackson, Mississippi. She was also a voter registration volunteer in McComb, Mississippi, helping African Americans who had been denied the right to register to vote because they could not interpret the Constitution before white registrars. In 2007, Britt co-sponsored a controversial bill with State Delegate Justin Ross that would allow convicted released felons the right to vote, and became lead sponsor of a bill that would legalize same-sex marriage in Maryland. The former bill successfully passed both the houses of the Maryland state legislature,

title: Florenza Moore Grant

text: Florenza Moore Grant Florenza Moore Grant (December 5, 1921 – July 30, 2001) Her family battled against the USDA claiming there was a discriminatory practice against them. Florenza Grant was the first African-Americans to register to vote in Halifax County, North Carolina, in the 1950s. Her family also ran a gas station, barbershop, and other businesses. She had joined the NAACP in her younger years and continued to take part in protests up into her early 30's. Grant was born in Rich Square, North Carolina. She grew up on a farm with her 11 siblings. She graduated high school and

title: Albert Turner (civil rights activist)

text: for four hours in the afternoon. In addition, many potential black voters in the Black Belt are elderly and/or illiterate due to inferior education, again limiting poll access. As a result, local civil rights organizations, including the Perry County Civic League (PCCL), began to register black voters for and assist them with absentee ballots. In 1979, Maggie Bozeman and Julia Wilder were convicted of absentee voter fraud in a 1978 election held in Pickens County. The verdict was reached by an all-white jury, and the pair were sentenced to four (Bozeman) and five (Wilder) years imprisonment, believed to be the

title: Marie Foster

text: Selma". She tried to register to vote eight times before succeeding. Following her successful registration, Foster began teaching other African Americans how to pass the tests used to bar them. One person showed up to her first class, in which she taught the 70-year-old man how to write his own name. Gradually, the classes drew more and more people. As the Civil Rights Movement grew, Foster became an organizer for the Dallas County area. She participated in the march on March 7, 1965, that became known as Bloody Sunday. As the march approached the Edmund Pettus Bridge, a combined state

title: Thomas Mundy Peterson

text: Thomas Mundy Peterson (October 6, 1824 – February 4, 1904) of Perth Amboy, New Jersey was the first African-American to vote in an election under the just-enacted provisions of the 15th Amendment to the United States Constitution.  His vote was cast on March 31, 1870.

title: Emmett Till

text: resident and sharecropper Fannie Lou Hamer was jailed and beaten for attempting to register to vote. The next year, she led a massive voter registration drive in the Delta region, and volunteers worked on Freedom Summer throughout the state. Before 1954, 265 black people were registered to vote in three Delta counties, where they were a majority of the population. At this time, blacks made up 41% of the total state population. The summer Emmett Till was killed, the number of registered voters in those three counties dropped to 90. By the end of 1955, fourteen Mississippi counties had no

title: Selma to Montgomery marches

text: whites were registered. More blacks would register by November, when their goal was to replace County Sheriff Jim Clark; his opponent was Wilson Baker, for whom they had respect. In addition, five blacks ran for office in Dallas County. Rev. P. H. Lewis, pastor of Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church, ran for state representative on the Democratic ticket. David Ellwanger, a brother of Rev. Joseph Ellwanger of Birmingham, who led supporters in Selma in 1965, challenged incumbent state senator Walter C. Givhan (d. 1976), a fierce segregationist and a power in the state senate. First elected to the state senate in

text: Mississippi Plan until January 1, 1898. Any male citizen could be registered who was able to read a section of the constitution or to satisfy the election officer that he understood it when read to him. Those thus registered were to remain voters for life. Under the new constitution and application of literacy practices, black voters were dropped in great number from the registration rolls: by 1896, in a state where according to the 1890 census blacks numbered 728,934 and comprised nearly sixty percent of the total population, only 5,500 black voters had succeeded in registering. States also used grandfather

title: Leander Perez

text: for Racial Equality (CORE) came to Plaquemines Parish to run a voter registration drive for African Americans. About 45 members, both black and white, came to work in the parish and organize local people for voter registration classes, peaceful marches, and drives to register. In a short time, 300 CORE activists and local people were arrested for peaceful protest, but CORE leaders negotiated with the local sheriff and mayor to permit some actions. After training and concerted action, a number of local African Americans did succeed in registering to vote, although many were still prevented, on largely specious grounds for

title: East Carroll Parish, Louisiana

text: John M. Parker, future governor of Louisiana and the vice-presidential choice of the Bull Moose Party ticket in the 1912 presidential election. Since the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, African Americans gradually gained the ability to register to vote and continue to vote at high levels. They have tended to support Democratic Party candidates, as the national party had supported the civil rights movement. President Lyndon B. Johnson helped secure passage of major legislation on civil rights. As East Carroll Parish is majority black, its voters still favor Democratic Party candidates. Most conservative whites have shifted since

title: John Wesley Dobbs

text: life). Believing that enfranchisement was the key to overcoming segregation, Dobbs started a voter registration drive in 1936 with a goal of registering 10,000 black voters in Georgia. That year, Dobbs founded the Atlanta Civic and Political League, and in 1946, along with A.T. Walden, he co-founded the Atlanta Negro Voters League. During the 1930s and 1940s, laws keeping blacks from voting, by raising barriers to voter registration or to voting in primaries, were found by the US Supreme Court to be unconstitutional. Between 1936 and 1946, 20,000 African-American voters were registered to vote in Atlanta for the first time.

title: British African-Caribbean people

text: MP Diane Abbott being the first Black person elected to the House of Commons in 1987. Elected alongside her were two other Afro-Carribbeam Labour MPs, Bernie Grant and Paul Boateng. Linda C. Douglas was the first Black member of the party's National Executive Committee, representing the later expelled Militant tendency. British African-West Indians have long asserted that they encounter discriminatory barriers to most middle- and higher-status occupations, as well as discrimination in hiring practices at all levels of employment. There is also considerable evidence that African-Caribbean people experience differential treatment at the hands of public officials, the British courts and

title: Benjamin Tillman

text: months in advance of the election, in May when laborers had the least cash. Each registrant had to prove to the satisfaction of the county board of elections that he could read or write a section of the state constitution (in a literacy or comprehension test), or that he paid taxes on property valued at $300 or more. This allowed white registrars ample discretion to disenfranchise African Americans. Illiterate whites were shielded by the "understanding" clause, that allowed, until 1898, permanent registration to citizens who could "understand" the constitution when read to them. This also allowed officials great leeway to

title: Aaron Henry

text: years prior to the time that he voted. Therefore, he tried to get black Mississippians to go down to the courthouse to register to vote. However, several veterans, who were non-white, were unable to register. When Henry went to the circuit clerk's office to register, he was rejected, as had been other black Americans. The clerk asked Henry to bring a certificate showing that he was exempt from the poll tax. Although he brought the certificate, the clerk said that Henry still needed to pass various tests to show that he was qualified to vote. He was finally able to

title: Leander Perez

text: failing to answer questions about the state constitution. The movement also worked to get Seymourville and another small community included within the city boundaries; the city was trying to exclude these majority-black communities from being incorporated in order to prevent black votes from being counted for election of the city commission. Voting rights work took place in other nearby parishes as well; in October an African-American man was the first of his race to register to vote in West Feliciana Parish since the early years following disenfranchisement. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ended legal segregation, and the Voting Rights

title: Thomas Mundy Peterson