question: when does buffy tell her friends she was in heaven

answers: Something to Sing About

title: After Life (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: She admits to him that although she wasn't initially sure where she was, she knows that she wasn't in Hell. She was in Heaven and was happy, and her friends pulled her out. Spike is shocked as she tells him that this reality is her Hell, having been to live again in real life feeling the loss of Heaven where she felt safe, loved and complete, and she stresses that her friends can never know the truth. After Life (Buffy the Vampire Slayer) "After Life" is the third episode of season 6 of the television series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer".

title: After Life (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: but which she can be hurt by. Willow and Tara cast a spell to make the demon solid. Buffy kills the demon with an axe. Normality is somewhat resumed as Dawn heads to school the next day and Buffy sees her off. Buffy visits her friends at the shop and tells them that she was in Hell and she appreciates that they brought her back. Buffy goes outside behind the shop to be alone, where she finds Spike hiding in a patch of shade. He tries to talk to her and offers to help her in any way he can.

title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer

text: been dead for 147 days, but Buffy's friends resurrect her through a powerful spell, believing they have rescued her from a Hell dimension. Buffy returns in a deep depression, explaining (several episodes later) that she had been in Heaven and is devastated to be pulled back to Earth. Giles returns to England because he has concluded that Buffy has become too reliant on him, while Buffy takes up a fast-food job to support herself and Dawn, and develops a secret, mutually abusive relationship with Spike. Dawn suffers from kleptomania and feelings of alienation, Xander leaves Anya at the altar (after

title: The Body (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: states that it is all "stupid and mortal", and no one will tell her why things are happening. Xander puts his fist through the wall, making him bleed but feel oddly better. As the group leaves to visit Buffy at the hospital, Xander gets a parking ticket. In the waiting room outside the morgue, the doctor tells Buffy that Joyce died of an aneurysm suddenly and painlessly. Left alone with Buffy, Tara tells her that her own mother died when she was 17 and she went through something similar. Dawn goes alone to the morgue to see Joyce's body. While

title: The Yoko Factor

text: her Slayerette friends. Still upset about what happened between her and Angel during her visit to Los Angeles (in the "Angel" crossover episode "Sanctuary"), Buffy returns from L.A. to her empty dorm room. Xander brings Riley some clothes, and they talk about their mutual distaste for Angel, Riley having been told by Buffy about her previous relationship with him. However, it emerges that she has not told him the whole truth; while Riley was aware that Angel lost his soul and became Angelus, Xander tells Riley that having sex with Buffy was the trigger that set Angelus free. Giles is

title: Doomed (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: of the Hellmouth along with the third demon. The world is saved again. Afterwards, Riley tries to keep up his secret identity, but Buffy's friends pretty much know who he is by his clothes, while Spike evades detection by posing as a "friend of Xander's" with a bad American accent. The next day, Buffy goes to Riley's dorm, where he says how upset he is at himself for allowing her and her friends to find out about him. Telling him that everything will be okay, she kisses him. Back in Xander's basement apartment, Spike is eager for another brawl and

title: The Body (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: no avail. Buffy calls Giles. The paramedics arrive and work on Joyce and she revives, the paramedics declare it a miracle in the ambulance, and Joyce, Buffy, and Dawn rejoice in the hospital. The scene snaps back to the living room where the paramedics continue to work on Joyce until they stop and tell Buffy that Joyce is dead. They leave, and Buffy goes into the hall and vomits. Giles arrives and Buffy tells him not to move the body, shocking herself by using that word. At school, Dawn is crying in the bathroom upset that a girl called her

title: Normal Again

text: Buffy, inspired by her mother's mis-chosen words, takes her advice to "believe in" herself literally, thanking her mother and saying goodbye to her as she chooses a life of suffering in the nightmarish Sunnydale reality over the much less arduous world represented by the mental hospital. Buffy wakes up in Sunnydale to save her friends. She kills the demon and then reconciles with her friends, urging them to quickly make her that antidote while she stays on guard against relapsing again. Back at the hospital, Buffy is still sitting in her corner of the room, now completely unresponsive as the

title: Buffy Summers

text: dead; however, she was actually in Heaven, and feels great loss after being ripped out. Forced to take a mundane and degrading job slinging burgers at the Doublemeat Palace after realizing her family were in financial ruin, she sinks into a deep depression amid feelings of self-loathing and spends much of the season on a downward spiral alienating her friends and family and embarking on a violent sexual relationship with the vampire Spike which leaves neither satisfied and spawns dire consequences for the both of them. As the season draws to a close, Buffy is forced to battle her best

title: Xander Harris

text: her, reunites with him in defiance of her former friends, in "Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered". The episode "Go Fish" focuses on Xander, after he joins the swim team to investigate the disappearances of Sunnydale High swimmers. In the season finale "Becoming, Part Two", Xander decides not to tell Buffy about Willow's plan to re-ensoul Angel—who has lost his soul and is going to bring about the apocalypse— so that she will not hesitate to kill him in order to save the world. Season three (1998-9) begins with Xander and his friends slaying demons since Buffy ran away to Los Angeles.

title: Normal Again

text: Willow shows Buffy a picture of the demon that stung her and tries to comfort her friend. Buffy confesses to Willow that in the beginning of her Slayer life, she told her parents about vampires and was put in a clinic for her supposed insanity (a period covered in the "Buffy" comic "Slayer, Interrupted"). Buffy wonders if she's still there and therefore Sunnydale really doesn't exist, but Willow assures her that isn't true. Xander and Spike patrol for the demon that hurt Buffy; they subdue and capture it. Dawn comforts Buffy who dazedly notes that Dawn has been misbehaving and

title: After These Messages... We'll Be Right Back!

text: going to is going to be safe. Buffy reassures her that everything is going to be okay and hugs her mother. Joyce tells Buffy that she can always come home to which Buffy looks at her mother and says "right" with her thoughts saying "sigh." On the way to the party, Buffy runs into Angel. Angel is impressed that Buffy went up against the five disciples of Morgala. Buffy ignores his comments, touching the side of his face and says "If you knew something about someone's past and...future...would you tell them?" Angel responds with "Probably not. You can't change a

title: Gone (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: same frustrations as Spike, combined with extreme worry for her sister. The bad stuff keeps on coming when she gets the message from Xander and Anya on the answering machine. "Tell her about the pudding" says Anya, referencing the way the invisible traffic cone found by Willow had started to disintegrate into mush. However, before Buffy can head back to the Magic Box, Jonathan phones her up (disguising his voice so Buffy doesn't identify him) and tells her that the Trio has kidnapped Willow and tells her to meet them at the arcade. Buffy does so. However, the Trio have

title: Forever (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: Dawn that magic can't be used to alter the natural order of things, such as life and death, and tells her that Wiccans took an oath disallowing resurrection. In the graveyard, Angel does his best to comfort Buffy when she worries how she will continue without Joyce's strength, and if there was any chance she could have saved her mother. Angel offers to stay in town for as long as she needs him, and Buffy asks him to stay with her forever. The two kiss sweetly but pull away, knowing nothing more can happen. Buffy expresses her gratitude, and he

title: Hell's Bells (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: Anya's demon friends invading his apartment. Xander's parents arrive and Mrs. Harris rants about not being in the wedding pictures and Mr. Harris bluntly expresses his distaste for the "circus people" on Anya's side. Xander's cousin Carol asks Xander if Anya's demon friend Kroven would be interested in dating her. Outside on the streets of Sunnydale, an old man appears out of thin air and walks off, a purpose in mind. Buffy forces Xander into his cummerbund and works on his bow tie while offering her happy wishes to Xander on his special day. Tara and Willow button Anya into

title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 5)

text: to Spike, promising she will not forget what he has done for her and inviting him back into her life. Near the end of the season, Joyce dies of an aneurysm, devastating Dawn and Buffy. Glory discovers that Dawn is the Key and kidnaps her. In a moment alone, Xander proposes to Anya. Buffy and her friends track Glory and Dawn to a tower built by Glory's minions. At the time of the ritual, Glory uses Dawn's blood to open the portal between dimensions, but she is distracted by the Scoobies' intervention. Willow takes Tara's sanity from Glory and gives

title: Lies My Parents Told Me

text: relive the whole episode and switch into his evil, soulless self. He unwittingly hurts Dawn in the process and scares them all, except Buffy. Meanwhile, Willow receives a phone call from a girl named Fred and quickly leaves for Los Angeles. She apologizes to Buffy for her quick departure, but promises to be back as soon as she can. After the previous incident, Wood privately convinces Giles that Spike must die. Giles learns that Wood is the son of Nikki, now dead, and that Spike killed her. The two plan for Giles to distract Buffy while Wood takes care of

title: The Lost Slayer

text: Angel, injuring Giles and causing Angel to finally die. Buffy grabs the stake Giles killed Angel with and stakes Giles, finally killing him, despite him taking on his human face again to play on her emotions. Meanwhile, Willow and Buffy's other friends try to help in the main fight, but there are too many vampires and most of the Council operatives are dead, leaving only three left. Wesley is killed by Giles' second in command Jax, who goes to kill Anna, the other Slayer, but Xander sacrifices himself to save her, killing Jax. The grief of his death causes Willow

title: Help (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: promptly staked. At the high school the next day, Buffy talks with various students who all have their own problems, including trouble with bullies and violence, anxiety, homosexuality and plain boredom. Willow and Xander walk together and talk about Buffy's struggles and Willow's worries about her role in dealing with the impending Hellmouth danger. With Xander's support, Willow walks towards Tara's grave. Buffy talks with more students, including her own sister, but one girl Cassie Newton stuns Buffy when she confesses that she's going to die next Friday and that there will be lots of coins. As she leaves for

title: Once More, with Feeling (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

title: After Life (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: wounded hands. They talk about how long she's been gone; Spike has counted the days, all 147 of them. When the Scooby Gang arrives and focuses on the Slayer, Spike slips out. Unable to stand all the concern, Buffy goes upstairs while Xander and Anya leave for food. Outside, the two find a hurt Spike who's furious that he wasn't told about the plan to resurrect Buffy, despite having helped the gang all summer. He realises that his love of Buffy would have made him an obstacle if Buffy had returned as something that would have had to have been

title: Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 7)

text: the final year in which both shows were on television together. In "Lies My Parents Told Me", Willow (Alyson Hannigan) receives a call from Fred. She leaves immediately and goes to L.A. without telling why. Willow appears in the "Angel" episode "Orpheus" to re-ensoul Angel (David Boreanaz) as she previously did before in "Becoming". After successfully re-ensouling Angel, she brings Faith (Eliza Dushku) back with her to Sunnydale to help in the fight against The First Evil. In the "Angel" season four finale, "Home", Angel receives an amulet from Wolfram & Hart which is important to the final battle in

text: am happy to see you." Joyce, after checking to see if Buffy has a fever, tells her if she doesn't get a move on, Buffy won't be able to go the party that night. Buffy is surprised to hear that she's going to a party at all. At school, Buffy is surprised to see Willow alive, and back to her Season One self. Cordelia is, of course, making fun of Willow and Buffy steps in, informing Willow that one day she may be a mega-witch and Cordelia might be dead, to which Willow smirks and says, "Do I get to

title: Angel (Buffy the Vampire Slayer episode)

text: gunfire, Giles, Willow and Xander rush in and distract Darla. Looming up from behind, Angel stakes Darla through the heart. In their Hellmouth lair, Collin consoles the Master for his loss of Darla at Angel's hands. Spying Angel across the crowded room at the Bronze, Buffy goes to thank him — and to tell him goodbye. Their banter trails to silence and they deeply kiss one last time. Buffy doesn't notice that the cross she's wearing — the one Angel gave her weeks ago at their first meeting — was scorching his chest. During the production of this episode, it

title: The Yoko Factor

text: laugh when Angel confesses he came to make up. Buffy also apologizes for being bossy. The two part on friendly terms, although Angel stops to state that he doesn't like Riley. Spike reports back to Adam, happy to have split up the Scooby Gang. Riley is worried that Buffy has reunited with Angel and confesses he has learned how Angel can become Angelus. They profess their love to each other, but Buffy must give him the bad news that Forrest is dead. Riley is distraught and leaves. The damage that Spike has done to the gang becomes clear when their

title: Normal Again

text: her. Xander pleads with Buffy to free his hands, but she retreats under the stairs. Meanwhile, Tara shows up at the house and finds everyone in the basement. She uses magic to free Willow and Dawn and attack the demon, but the demon is too strong for them. Buffy grabs Tara's feet through the stairs, making her fall and knocking her unconscious. At the hospital, Joyce encourages Buffy to fight against the Sunnydale reality, telling her that she has the strength to fight against the harshness of the world and must fight it because she has people who love her.

title: A New Man

text: with the spell she was attempting to cast. Buffy realizes she never told Giles about Riley and the Initiative. Giles goes to Xander's basement and tries to get him to help, but Xander doesn't recognize and cannot understand Giles, who is speaking in a demonic language. Xander starts to throw things at him and Giles runs away. The gang finds Giles's place destroyed, and are worried that the same demon that went to Xander was responsible for hurting or killing Giles. Walking through the cemetery, Giles runs into Spike, who is in the midst of searching for a new place

title: Normal Again

text: family years earlier and Joyce having subsequently died in the Sunnydale world. Buffy falls back into the Sunnydale world, finding herself surrounded by her concerned friends. Willow and Xander get Buffy home and she recounts what she saw and was told at the mental hospital, Dawn hurt when told she doesn't exist in Buffy's 'ideal' alternate reality. While Willow organizes a plan to research, Buffy falls back to the 'reality' of the mental hospital, where her doctor explains to her parents that she has been catatonic from schizophrenia for all of the past six years (except for the brief period

title: The Zeppo

text: from their graves. At the library, Buffy, Willow and Giles are researching. Giles leaves to try and contact some spirits and hopefully get their help with stopping the sisterhood. Xander takes Jack and his group of friends to get supplies. He spots Willow leaving the magic shop and tries to talk to her. She tells Xander that she loves him before hurrying off to help Buffy. When Jack and friends decide to initiate Xander into their group, he flees. He rescues Faith from a member of the sisterhood by hitting it with his car. He takes Faith to her motel

title: Rupert Giles

text: death, Giles decides to return to England. On the very day he leaves, Willow, Xander, Anya and Tara resurrect Buffy, and he comes back as soon as he hears of this. Despite being overjoyed to have Buffy back, he is furious at Willow for invoking such dark magic, and angrily dismisses her as "a rank, arrogant amateur." While the other Scoobies believe Buffy was in Hell, Giles is not convinced, and his suspicions prove true when a demon's musical spell causes Buffy to reveal to them all that she was indeed in Heaven. As Buffy begins to rely excessively on

long_answer: Meeting Sweet at The Bronze, Buffy offers a deal to Sweet: she will take the place of her sister if she can’t kill him. When asked by Sweet what she thinks about life, Buffy gives her pessimistic take on its meaning ("Something to Sing About"). When the others arrive, she divulges that Willow took her from heaven, and Willow reacts with horror at finding out what she’s done. Upon divulging this truth, Buffy gives up on singing and dances so frenetically that she begins to smoke — on the verge of combusting as Sweet’s other victims have been shown to do — until Spike stops her, telling her that the only way to go forward is to just keep living her life. Xander then reveals that he, not Dawn, called Sweet, hoping he would be shown a happy ending for his marriage plans. Sweet, after releasing Xander from the obligation to be Sweet's “bride”, tells the group how much fun they have been ("What You Feel—Reprise") and disappears. The Scoobies realize that their relationships have been changed irreversibly by the secrets revealed in their songs ("Where Do We Go from Here?"). Spike leaves The Bronze, but Buffy follows him out, and they kiss ("Coda").


question: the recipient of first jnanpith award was an author which language

answers: Malayalam

title: Jnanpith Award

text: Jnanpith Award The Jnanpith Award is an Indian literary award presented annually by the Bharatiya Jnanpith to an author for their "outstanding contribution towards literature". Instituted in 1961, the award is bestowed only on Indian writers writing in Indian languages included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India and English, with no posthumous conferral. From 1965 till 1981, the award was given to the authors for their "most outstanding work" and consisted of a citation plaque, a cash prize of , and a bronze replica of Saraswati, the Hindu goddess of knowledge and wisdom. The first recipient of

title: Jnanpith Award

text: English. The recipient for a particular year is announced by the Selection Board, which has final authority in selection. Jnanpith Award The Jnanpith Award is an Indian literary award presented annually by the Bharatiya Jnanpith to an author for their "outstanding contribution towards literature". Instituted in 1961, the award is bestowed only on Indian writers writing in Indian languages included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India and English, with no posthumous conferral. From 1965 till 1981, the award was given to the authors for their "most outstanding work" and consisted of a citation plaque, a cash prize

title: Jnanpith Award

text: Urdu (four each), Telugu (three), Assamese, Punjabi, and Tamil (two each), English, Kashmiri, Konkani, and Sanskrit (one each). The award has been conferred upon fifty-eight writers including seven women authors. In 1976, Bengali novelist Ashapoorna Devi became the first woman to win the award and was honoured for the 1965 novel "Pratham Pratisruti" ("The First Promise"), the first in a trilogy. The most recent recipient of the award is English fiction writer Amitav Ghosh who was awarded for the year 2018. The Bharatiya Jnanpith, a research and cultural institute founded in 1944 by industrialist Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain of the

title: Jnanpith Award

text: committee consists of three literary critics and scholars of their respective languages. All the nominations are scrutinised by the committee and their recommendations are submitted to the Jnanpith Award Selection Board (Pravara Parishad). The Selection Board consists of between seven and eleven members of "high repute and integrity". Each member is part of the committee for a term of three years which can also be extended further for two more terms. The recommendations of all language advisory committees are evaluated by the board based on complete or partial translations of the selected writings of the proposed writers into Hindi or

title: Jnanpith Award

text: the citation, statue of Saraswati, and a cheque for prize of at a ceremony held at Vigyan Bhavan, Delhi. In his acceptance speech, Kurup appreciated the concept of the new award and thanked it for bringing "integration of the diverse people of this land on a spiritual plane". The nominations for the award are received from various literary experts, teachers, critics, universities, and numerous literary and language associations. Every three years, an advisory committee is constituted for each of the languages. The language of the most recent recipient's work is not eligible for consideration for the next two years. Each

title: Moortidevi Award

text: writer Pratibha Ray became the first woman to win the award and was honoured for the 1985 novel "Yajnasani". Ray and Nirmal Verma have won both the Moortidevi as well as the Jnanpith Award. As of 2017, Bengali poet Joy Goswami is the most recent recipient of the award. The Bharatiya Jnanpith, a research and cultural institute founded in 1944 by industrialist Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain of the Sahu Jain family, conceived an idea in May 1961 to start a scheme "commanding national prestige and of international standard" to "select the best book out of the publications in Indian languages".

title: Jnanpith Award

text: implementation. The idea was also discussed at the 1962 annual sessions of the All India Gujarati Sahitya Parishad and the Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad. On 2 April 1962, around 300 writers of various Indian languages were invited to Delhi for the two sessions conducted by Dharamvir Bharati in which the draft was finalised and later presented to Prasad. The first award selection committee meeting was scheduled on 16 March 1963 and Prasad was appointed as its president. However, Prasad died on 28 February 1963 and thus the scheduled meeting was chaired by Kalelkar and Sampurnanand acted as president of the committee.

title: Ganga Sharan Singh (Sinha)

text: to promote Hindi as a national language. He was among the founding members of the Board of trustees of Bharatiya Jnanpith. The Kedriya Hindi Sansthan, Agra has instituted an award in his honour. The Government of India has instituted "Ganga Sharan Singh Awards" under "Hindi Sevi Samman Awards". The government of Bihar has instituted an award for literature in his name. Ganga Sharan Singh was also a member of the Press Council of India between 16 November 1966, and 31 December 1969. He died in 1988 of a heart attack. The Government of India had accepted the recommendations of the

title: Moortidevi Award

text: Moortidevi Award The Moortidevi Award is an India literary award annually presented by the Bharatiya Jnanpith, a literary and research organisation, to an author. The award is given only to Indian writers writing in Indian languages included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India, and in English, with no posthumous conferral or self nomination. From 2003, the award was given to the authors for their "contemplative and perceptive work" and consisted of a cash prize of ₹1 lakh (US$1,600), a citation plaque, a shawl, and a statue of Saraswati, the Hindu goddess of knowledge and wisdom. The cash

title: Moortidevi Award

text: In November that year, Rama Jain, the Founder President of the Bharatiya Jnanpith, invited a few literary experts to discuss various aspects of the scheme. Jain, along with Kaka Kalelkar, Harivansh Rai Bachchan, Ramdhari Singh Dinkar, Jainendra Kumar, Jagdish Chandra Mathur, Prabhakar Machwe, Akshaya Kumar Jain, and Lakshmi Chandra Jain, presented the initial draft to the then President of India—Rajendra Prasad who had shown interest in the scheme's implementation. The idea was also discussed at the 1962 annual sessions of the All India Gujarati Sahitya Parishad and the Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad. The award is given in the memory of Moortidevi,

title: Bharatiya Jnanpith

text: 2nd-century AD work, Satkhandagama, in Prakrit on the Jain doctrine of karma. It has published two series of texts: It annually publishes hundreds of books in Hindi (both original and translated works) and other languages, and also presents India's highest literary awards, the Jnanpith Awards and the Moortidevi Award. Bharatiya Jnanpith Bharatiya Jnanpith a literary and research organization, based in New Delhi, India, was founded on February 18, 1944 by Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain of the Sahu Jain family and his wife Rama Jain to undertake systematic research and publication of Sanskrit, Prakrit, Pali and Apabhramsha texts and covering subjects

title: Jnanpith Award

text: Sahu Jain family, conceived an idea in May 1961 to start a scheme "commanding national prestige and of international standard" to "select the best book out of the publications in Indian languages". Later in November, Rama Jain, the Founder President of the Bharatiya Jnanpith, invited a few literary experts to discuss various aspects of the scheme. Jain along with Kaka Kalelkar, Harivansh Rai Bachchan, Ramdhari Singh Dinkar, Jainendra Kumar, Jagdish Chandra Mathur, Prabhakar Machwe, Akshaya Kumar Jain, and Lakshmi Chandra Jain presented the initial draft to the then President of India Rajendra Prasad who had shown interest in the scheme's

title: Ravindra Kelekar

text: won by Kelekar for his travelogue, "Himalayant", in 1977. The Akademi's first Translation Award in Konkani also went to Kelekar in 1990 for "Ami Taankan Manshant Haadle", a Konkani translation of a collection of essays in Gujarati, "Mansaeena Diva", by Jhaverchand Meghani. He received the 2006 Jnanpith Award, which was the first given to a Konkani-language writer. The pinnacle of his career came with the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship for lifetime achievement in 2007. A lifelong proponent of regional languages, in his acceptance speech for the Jnanpith award, he said, "People have stopped reading books in regional languages. On the other

title: Ganga Sharan Singh Award

text: Literature. It is also a Hindi Sevi Samman and is given to number of Hindi experts for playing their important role in promoting the Hindi language. The award was established by Kendriya Hindi Sansthan in 1989 on the name of the Great Hindi Linguist & Freedom Fighter "Ganga Sharan Singh". It was first awarded in 1989. Subramanyam Bharti Award is awarded for the Publicity-Dissemination and training in Hindi every year by the President Of India. Ganga Sharan Singh Award Ganga Sharan Singh (Sinha) (1905-1988) was a member of the Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of the Parliament of India, for

title: Ravindra Kelekar

text: Award, which was the first given to a Konkani-language writer.[10] The pinnacle of his career came with the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship for lifetime achievement in 2007.[9] A lifelong proponent of regional languages, in his acceptance speech for the Jnanpith award, he said, "People have stopped reading books in regional languages. On the other hand, through English, we have created Bonsai intellectuals, Bonsai writers and Bonsai readers."[21] When the Vishwa Konkani Sahitya Academy, an offshoot of the Konkani Language and Cultural Foundation, was set up in 2006, the first work it took up for translation was Velavaylo Dhulo, a collection of

title: M.V. Rajadhyaksha

text: M.V. Rajadhyaksha Mangesh Vitthal Rajadhyaksha (Marathi: मंगेश विठ्ठल राजाध्यक्ष) (7 June 1913 – 19 April 2010) was a Marathi writer and critic. He studied at Elphinstone College in Mumbai, where he won the prestigious Wordsworth Prize for the best student in English Literature. Rajadhyaksha later taught English Literature at Elphinstone College, Gujarat College (Ahmedabad) and Rajaram College (Kolhapur). He also served on several prestigious committees, including the National Book Trust and the Jnanpith Trust that gives the Jnanpith Award. He was closely involved with "Abhiruchi", a Marathi literary journal that was the launching pad for some of the greatest writers

title: Krishna Sobti

text: and her Fellowship, citing governmental inaction following riots in Dadri, concerns regarding freedom of speech, as well as comments made by a government minister concerning Hindi writers. She was offered the Padma Bhushan by the Government of India in 2010, which she declined, stating that, "As a writer, I have to keep a distance from the establishment. I think I did the right thing." She received Jnanpith Award in 2017 for her 'path-breaking contribution to Indian literature'. The Bharatiya Jnanpith mentioned in the statement that 'the language used by Sobti in her writings is influenced by the intermingling of Hindi,

text: Padmabhushan Dr. Moturi Satyanarayan Award Padmabhushan Dr. Moturi Satyanarayan Award (Devnagari: पद्मभूषण डॉ. मोटूरि सत्यानारायण पुरस्कार) is a literary honor in India which Kendriya Hindi Sansthan, (Central Hindi Organization), Ministry of Human Resource Development, annually confers on writers of outstanding works in Hindi Literature. It is also a Hindi Sevi Samman and is given to number of Hindi experts for playing their important role in promoting the Hindi language. The award was established by Kendriya Hindi Sansthan in 1989 on the name of the Great Hindi Activist "Moturi Satyanarayana". It was first awarded in the year 2002 to "Shri. Harishankar

title: Subramanyam Bharti Award

text: Subramanyam Bharti Award Subramanyam Bharati Award (Devanagari: सुब्रह्मण्यम भारती पुरस्कार) is a literary honour in India which Kendriya Hindi Sansthan, (Central Hindi Organization), Ministry of Human Resource Development, annually confers on writers of outstanding works in Hindi literature. It is also a Hindi Sevi Samman and is given to number of Hindi experts for playing their important role in promoting the Hindi language. The award was established by Kendriya Hindi Sansthan in 1989 on the name of the great Tamil writer Subramanya Bharathi. It was first awarded in the year 1989 to "Dr. Prabhakar Machwe", "Dr. Wrajeshhwar Verma", "Dr. Hardev

title: Jnanpith Award

text: 'Aadesh"'. Padmabhushan Dr. Moturi Satyanarayan Award is awarded for Promotion of Hindi language in abroad every year by the President Of India. Padmabhushan Dr. Moturi Satyanarayan Award Padmabhushan Dr. Moturi Satyanarayan Award (Devnagari: पद्मभूषण डॉ. मोटूरि सत्यानारायण पुरस्कार) is a literary honor in India which Kendriya Hindi Sansthan, (Central Hindi Organization), Ministry of Human Resource Development, annually confers on writers of outstanding works in Hindi Literature. It is also a Hindi Sevi Samman and is given to number of Hindi experts for playing their important role in promoting the Hindi language. The award was established by Kendriya Hindi Sansthan in

title: Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain

text: at Banaras Hindu University. He did his B.Sc. from Agra University. He founded Bharatiya Jnanpith on 18 February 1944 at the suggestion of many scholars who had gathered at Varanasi for All India Oriental Conference. He was the Trustee-Founder and his wife Rama Dalmia Jain was Trustee-president. Since 1965 Bharatiya Jnanpith has been awarding Annual Literary Award Jnanpith Award for the best creative Indian Literary work of a specified period. Though he belonged to a family of landlords and financiers, it was his father-in-law Ramkrishna Dalmia's who heralded his entry into big industrial business by handing over charge of the

title: Bharatiya Jnanpith

text: Bharatiya Jnanpith Bharatiya Jnanpith a literary and research organization, based in New Delhi, India, was founded on February 18, 1944 by Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain of the Sahu Jain family and his wife Rama Jain to undertake systematic research and publication of Sanskrit, Prakrit, Pali and Apabhramsha texts and covering subjects like religion, philosophy, logic, ethics, grammar, astrology, poetics. Its research and publication programme started with the publication of the Dhavala texts. A Jain temple at Moodabidri in Karnataka, southern India, had stored for centuries its manuscript of palm-leaves. It was a 9th-century commentary in Prakrit and Sanskrit, of a

title: Ganga Sharan Singh Award

text: Ganga Sharan Singh Award Ganga Sharan Singh (Sinha) (1905-1988) was a member of the Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of the Parliament of India, for three terms (1956–62 and 1962-68 from Bihar and then a nominated member in 1968-1974). He was prominent in the Indian National Congress party and a co-founder of the Congress Socialist Party. He was close to Rajendra Prasad, India's first President. Ganga Sharan Singh Award (Devnagari: गंगाशरण सिंह पुरस्कार) is a literary honour in India which Kendriya Hindi Sansthan, (Central Hindi Organization), Ministry of Human Resource Development, annually confers on writers of outstanding works in Hindi

title: Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan Award

text: Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan Award Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan Award (Devnagari: महापंडित राहुल सांकृत्यायन पुरस्कार) is a literary honor in India which Kendriya Hindi Sansthan, (Central Hindi Organization), Ministry of Human Resource Development, annually confers on writers of outstanding works in Hindi Travel Literature (यात्रा वृतांत). It is also called Hindi Sevi Samman or Rahul Sankrityayan National Award and is given to number of Hindi experts for playing their important role in promoting the Hindi language.. The award was established by Kendriya Hindi Sansthan in 1989 on the name of the "Father of Hindi Travel Literature" "Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan". It was first

title: Sahitya Akademi Award

text: increased to Rs.40,000 from 2001, Rs.50,000 from 2003 and to Rs. 1,00,000 from 2009.The Sammans are given to 3-4 persons every year in different languages on the basis of recommendation of experts' committees constituted for the purpose. The first Bhasha Sammans were awarded in to Dharikshan Mishra for Bhojpuri, Bansi Ram Sharma and M.R. Thakur for Pahari (Himachali), K. Jathappa Rai and Mandara Keshava Bhat for Tulu and Chandra Kanta Mura Singh for Kokborok, for their contribution to the development of their respective languages. Awards for translations were instituted in 1989 at the instance of then-Prime Minister of India, P.

title: Subramanyam Bharti Award

text: Bahri", "Dr. N.A. Nagappa", "Prof. Ram Singh Tomar", "Dr. Bhakt Darshan", "Dr. P. Gopal Sharma" and "Sri Mangalnath Singh". Subramanyam Bharti Award is awarded for the significant services in development of creative/critical areas in Hindi every year by the President of India. Subramanyam Bharti Award Subramanyam Bharati Award (Devanagari: सुब्रह्मण्यम भारती पुरस्कार) is a literary honour in India which Kendriya Hindi Sansthan, (Central Hindi Organization), Ministry of Human Resource Development, annually confers on writers of outstanding works in Hindi literature. It is also a Hindi Sevi Samman and is given to number of Hindi experts for playing their important role

title: Narayan Desai

text: 1999 and the UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize for the Promotion of Tolerance and Non-Violence in 1998 "for his tireless work in favour of the promotion ofinter-religious and inter-ethnic understanding, tolerance and harmony and his achievements in the education and training for non-violence and peace, as well as anti-nuclear activism." He also received Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak, the highest award of Gujarati literature, in 2001. He was also awarded Narmad Suvarna Chandrak in 1989 for his Gujarati work "Agnikundma Ugelu Gulab". Desai won the 18th Moortidevi Award for the year 2004, given by Bharatiya Jnanpith, for his famous work ‘Maroon Jeewan Aj Mari

title: Amitav Ghosh

text: section, citing his objections to the term "commonwealth" and the unfairness of the English language requirement specified in the rules. Ghosh received the lifetime achievement award at Tata Literature Live, the Mumbai LitFest on November 20, 2016. He was conferred the 54th Jnanpith award in December 2018 and is the first Indian writer in English to have been chosen for this honour. Novels Non-Fiction Amitav Ghosh Amitav Ghosh (born 11 July 1956) is an Indian writer and the winner of the 54th Jnanpith award, best known for his work in English fiction. Amitav Ghosh was born in Calcutta on 11

title: Swadesh Bharati

text: Literature) by Hindi Sahitya Sammelan, (Hindi University), Allahabad in 1993. He received Hindi Seva Samman (Award for continuous writing), by Mysore Hindi Parishad at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi on 29 October 1994. He was honoured with Sahitya Bhushan Award by U.P. Hindi Sansthan, Govt. of Uttar Pradesh, on 27 December 2001; he was honoured for remarkable achievements in Hindi literature & services to Hindi & other Indian Languages by National Institute of Teachers Technical Training & Research, Bhopal. The Government of India nominated him as a member of Kendriya Hindi Samiti, constituted under the chairmanship of Hon. Prime Minister, India.

title: Jnanpith Award

long_answer: From 1965 till 1981, the award was given to the authors for their "most outstanding work" and consisted of a citation plaque, a cash prize of ₹1 lakh (equivalent to ₹48 lakh or US$75,000 in 2017), and a bronze replica of Saraswati, the Hindu goddess of knowledge and wisdom. The first recipient of the award was the Malayalam writer G. Sankara Kurup who received the award in 1965 for his collection of poems, Odakkuzhal (The Bamboo Flute), published in 1950. The rules were revised in subsequent years to consider only works published during the preceding twenty years, excluding the year for which the award was to be given and the cash prize was increased to ₹1.5 lakh (equivalent to ₹22 lakh or US$34,000 in 2017) from 1981.


question: criminal minds episode where jj becomes a profiler

answers: season seven premiere

answers: The season seven premiere

title: Criminal Minds

text: Terrorism Unit. In season 6, JJ is forced to accept a promotion at The Pentagon, causing her to leave the BAU. Later that season, Emily is seemingly killed off. Although she survives, she does not appear for the rest of the season. Cook and Brewster were both replaced by Rachel Nichols as Ashley Seaver, an FBI cadet. CBS's decision to release Cook and Brewster from their contracts resulted in numerous fans writing angry letters to the studio and signing protest petitions. CBS rehired Cook and Brewster as Jennifer Jareau and Emily Prentiss, respectively; Nichols was released. In February 2012 Brewster

title: 200 (Criminal Minds)

text: didn’t care then and that JJ was going to lose more than a baby this time. JJ then figures out who is behind all of this and demands that his boss show his face. That's when Hastings, perfectly healthy, comes out of hiding on request. Back at the BAU, knowing that the information had to be acquired from a nearby area, but not being able to pinpoint the exact location, the team rushes out without Prentiss to search all locations for JJ and Cruz. Garcia and Kevin (Nicholas Brendon), waiting for a clue, have one pop up on Garcia's computer

title: Criminal Minds (season 11)

text: to her newborn baby. A. J. Cook was also revealed to be pregnant, a fact that was carried over to her character Jennifer "JJ" Jareau as well. Showrunner Erica Messer informed in an interview that Cook's character JJ will not appear for the first five episodes of the season as Cook is on maternity leave. Messer continued talking about a guest star to replace Cook during her absence from the show as she said, "My hope is we could have a fun guest star when A.J.'s on maternity leave. It will be different because JJ won't be there. There is

title: 200 (Criminal Minds)

text: 200 (Criminal Minds) "200" is the fourteenth episode of the ninth season of the American police procedural crime drama television series "Criminal Minds", and is the 200th episode overall, which aired on CBS on February 5, 2014. The episode was written by Rick Dunkle and directed by Larry Teng. At the time of its initial release, the episode was watched by 12.92 million viewers and received mixed reviews but television critics praised A.J. Cook's performance. After being abducted at the end of the previous episode, JJ (A.J. Cook) finds herself being held against her will with a bag over her

title: Jennifer Jareau

text: homicide, who lured Technical Analyst Penelope Garcia onto a date, and then shot her, in an attempt to keep his crimes from being discovered). During season six, JJ is given a promotion to the Pentagon; however, she returns in season seven as a full-time profiler, having received the necessary training. In season 9 ("200"), she is then kidnapped, and it is revealed that her year as the DOD Liaison at the Pentagon was a cover story. It turns out she was on a task force in Afghanistan, in search for Bin Laden. The team saves her, and in season 10,

title: 200 (Criminal Minds)

text: of Askari's “signature” was JJ’s informant overseas and he’s been killing ever since. The BAU classified him as a serial killer with a pattern. Askari will do everything in his power to break his victim within the first 24 hours. If they somehow hold off and continue to fight him then he’s forced to move away from his usual pattern and turns to rape. On the plane, Prentiss communicates with the BAU to find out that JJ is being tortured for information (along with Cruz), the information being the security codes for project “Integrity”. And they find out that Askari

title: JJ (Skins series 3)

text: Freddie Mclair (Luke Pasqualino) over their shared love interest, Effy Stonem (Kaya Scodelario). "JJ" was filmed in November 2008. Barbieri undertook various measures to get into his character's mindset, including research, creating part of the set himself, and later destroying it. The episode featured numerous cameo appearances by the series' crew members. "JJ" drew just under one million viewers on its first broadcast and was E4's highest-rated programme of the week. It was received generally well by critics, though the writers' decision for Emily to have sex with JJ drew criticism from the lesbian community. JJ visits his psychiatrist, Dr

title: Jennifer Jareau

text: Jennifer Jareau Jennifer "JJ" Jareau is a fictional character from the CBS crime drama "Criminal Minds", portrayed by A. J. Cook. During various episodes, Jareau has described growing up in a small town near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. When she was eleven, her seventeen-year-old sister Rosaline committed suicide by cutting. Rosaline's death was a particularly painful topic for her and she initially chose not to tell her young son about Rosaline, until her mother Sandy reminded her that avoidance was not the solution to dealing with the pain. A high school athlete, Jareau graduated valedictorian from East Allegheny High School, where she

title: Spencer Reid

text: Spencer Reid Spencer Reid is a fictional character from the CBS crime drama "Criminal Minds", portrayed by Matthew Gray Gubler. Reid is a genius with an IQ of 187 and can read 20,000 words per minute with an eidetic memory (meaning that he can remember an exceedingly large amount of information with extraordinary detail). He is the youngest member of the FBI's Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU), has three BAs and three PhDs (in Mathematics, Chemistry, and Engineering), and specializes in statistics and geographic profiling. Reid was born on October 28th, 1981 and is a genius and autodidact who graduated from

title: 200 (Criminal Minds)

text: It's revealed that JJ was sent there to be the intermediary for female suspects. Her job is to crack them without the normal brutality saved for their male counterparts. Cruz then introduces her to Tivon Askari (Faran Tahir), her interpreter. Back in the preset day, the BAU receives word of her disappearance from Will Lamontagne Jr. (Josh Stewart), her husband, and information that she had worked with their new Section Chief Mateo Cruz in the past. JJ told Will that if anything seemed off or wrong that he was to go to Cruz. However neither he nor the team can

title: 200 (Criminal Minds)

text: reinforcements. Hotch then calls Emily Prentiss (Paget Brewster), former BAU agent, now head of Interpol and asks her for help. Prentiss, hearing that JJ had been kidnapped by terrorist Tivon Askari, is rushed directly onto her private jet to help out the BAU. Askari was using all the data he managed to obtain on their task force as a commodity to sell to whoever wished to hire him. A man for hire means no allegiance to anyone. Once his true agenda was revealed back in 2011; he immediately went underground to never be seen again. The first record they have

title: Criminal Minds (season 9)

text: Criminal Minds (season 9) The ninth season of "Criminal Minds" premiered on CBS and CTV, on September 25, 2013. The series was officially renewed for a ninth season on May 9, 2013. The season consists of 24 episodes with the 200th episode being episode 14 of the season, and the finale on 14 May. This new season is said to reveal more on the past of Agent Jennifer "JJ" Jareau. "We're going to use the serendipitous gift of Season 6 to explain with flashbacks what happened when she was working for the Pentagon and why she came back as a

title: Criminal Minds (season 11)

text: Hewitt left the show because of her pregnancy, and her character Kate Callahan, handed in her resignation at the end of the season ten finale, due to her pregnancy and decision to devote the next year to her baby. It was announced that Aisha Tyler will replace Hewitt in a recurring role as Dr. Tara Lewis. A.J. Cook revealed herself to be pregnant, and it was later revealed in the tenth-season finale that her character Jennifer "JJ" Jareau was also pregnant. She did not appear in the first six episodes (except the season premiere). Showrunner Erica Messer expressed her desire

title: Alex Blake (Criminal Minds)

text: resurfaces and orders them to "shoot everywhere", but when they can't find a body, Blake gets worried. She dries off, and talks with JJ about how she's doing. JJ insists that the unsub is dead, and Blake repeats this to herself. However, the unsub is shown to be alive and well, attacking a couple in Kentucky. In the season 9 two-part finale, "Angels" and "Demons", Blake becomes distraught and depressed when Reid is shot in the neck by the unsub after pushing Blake out of the way and nearly dies, even commenting that it should have been her who was

title: 200 (Criminal Minds)

text: find Cruz because Cruz has also gone missing. race against the clock and against forces trying to stop them from saving both JJ, and the Section Chief’s lives. The team tries to gather intel but is met with many obstacles along the way. Garcia (Kirsten Vangsness) tries to use many of her skills to go through security clearances to find out the reason why they might have been taken. The team is split up and tries to gather more information. Rossi (Joe Mantegna) and Blake (Jeanne Tripplehorn) search through JJ's old office and find documents about her secret mission, code-named

title: JJ (Skins series 3)

text: JJ (Skins series 3) "JJ" is the seventh episode of the of the British teen drama "Skins", which first aired on 5 March 2009 on E4 in both Ireland and the United Kingdom. The episode was written by the series' co-creator, Bryan Elsley, and was directed by Charles Martin. The episode focuses on the character of JJ Jones (Ollie Barbieri), who has Asperger syndrome, and his confusion about his life and his desire to be normal. He strikes up a friendship with Emily Fitch (Kathryn Prescott) and attempts to solve the dispute between his friends James Cook (Jack O'Connell) and

title: 200 (Criminal Minds)

text: never got high clearance to access "Integrity", meaning that there was another person on the inside to go to bat for him. The team begin to think that person is Cruz. Which makes JJ is an even more dangerous position. The team discover that Hastings staged his own kidnapping to escape persecution. He escaped by setting off a road side bomb. Hastings knew JJ was pregnant but didn’t care. All that mattered was he escaped. Due to the bombing, JJ miscarries and loses her baby. Askari continues to torture and interrogate JJ and Cruz. Askari the tells Cruz the he

title: Aaron Hotchner

text: he shares with Penelope Garcia. Former Media Communications Officer Jennifer "JJ" Jareau has moved on to become an official full-time profiler. Hotchner requested to run the psych review on his team following Prentiss' "death". This request was granted by Strauss, and saw the different reactions from his team. Strauss questioned why he had not submitted a psych report for himself, he made an excuse. Hotch is also very protective of Spencer Reid, which is shown in small ways throughout the episodes. In the pilot episode "Extreme Aggressor", Hotch explains that they introduce him as Dr. Spencer Reid instead of Special

title: Criminal Minds (franchise)

text: "Criminal Minds" which premiered on September 22, 2005 is set primarily at the BAU based in Quantico, Virginia, and focuses on profiling the criminal, called the unsub (unknown subject), rather than the actual crime itself. The focal point of the series follows a group of FBI profilers who set about catching various criminals through behavioral profiling. The plot focuses on the team working cases and the personal lives of the characters, depicting the hardened life and statutory requirements of a profiler. In early 2009, Michael Ausiello from "Entertainment Weekly" said that he and studios were discussing the possibility of a

title: Jennifer Jareau

text: The season seven premiere reveals that JJ has returned to the Behavioral Analysis Unit, having received the training to become a full-time profiler, instead of the Media Liaison, a position which has been split between Hotch and Garcia.

title: Criminal Minds (season 7)

text: Criminal Minds (season 7) The seventh season of "Criminal Minds" premiered on CBS in the United States on September 21, 2011. Both A. J. Cook and Paget Brewster were rehired by CBS to reprise their roles as Jennifer Jareau and Emily Prentiss. On February 15, 2012, "Deadline Hollywood" reported that Paget Brewster (Emily Prentiss) would leave the series, definitively, once season seven was over. All the other main actors on the show secured deals to return for the eighth season. The two-hour season finale, which took place on May 16, 2012, reveals Prentiss making the decision to leave the BAU.

title: Criminal Minds

text: Criminal Minds Criminal Minds is an American police procedural crime drama television series created and produced by Jeff Davis. It premiered on September 22, 2005 and has run for fourteen seasons on CBS. It tells the story of a group of behavioral profilers who work for the FBI as members of its Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU). The team focuses on profiling criminals, called the "unsub" or "unknown subject", as well as victimology, in investigation of crimes. The show follows the team as they work various cases and tackle their personal struggles. The show has an ensemble cast, with Jason Gideon

title: Criminal Minds

text: series premiered in September 2005, it featured FBI agents Jason Gideon, Aaron Hotchner, Elle Greenaway, Derek Morgan, Spencer Reid, Jennifer "JJ" Jareau, and Penelope Garcia. For season 1, Garcia was not a main cast member but rather had a recurring role, although she appeared in most episodes. In 2006, at the start of season 2, Lola Glaudini announced her departure from the show, as she wanted to return home to New York City. Paget Brewster replaced her in the role of Emily Prentiss. At the start of season 3, Mandy Patinkin announced his departure from the show because he was

title: Criminal Minds (season 10)

text: work lands her a job with the Behavioral Analysis Unit. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Criminal Minds (season 10) The tenth season of "Criminal Minds" premiered on CBS on October 1, 2014. The series was officially renewed for a tenth season on March 13, 2014. It consists of 23 episodes. This season features Jennifer Love Hewitt playing an undercover agent who joins the BAU. The entire main cast returned for the season, except Jeanne Tripplehorn (Alex Blake), who left the show in the season nine finale. On July 1, 2014, it was announced that Jennifer Love Hewitt would join the show as a series

title: Criminal Minds (season 5)

text: Criminal Minds (season 5) The fifth season of "Criminal Minds" premiered on CBS on September 23, 2009 and ended May 26, 2010. Episode 18 was a pilot episode for the spin-off series "". In the season premiere "Nameless, Faceless", D. B. Sweeney guest-starred as Sam Kassmeyer, a U.S. Marshal who is assigned to protect Aaron Hotchner's family until George Foyet is caught. Christopher Cousins guest-starred as Dr. Tom Barton, a trauma surgeon whose son is targeted by the father of a teenage boy Barton tried to save. In the episode "Haunted", Sean Patrick Flanery guest-starred as Darren Call, a spree

title: Criminal Minds (season 12)

text: Dr. Diana Reid, Spencer Reid's schizophrenic mother after eight years. She appeared in the second half of the season in a multi-episode arc. To fill the void after Gibson's firing, Damon Gupton was cast in the series regular role of Special Agent Stephen Walker, a profiler from the Behaviorial Analysis Program in the FBI. He will make his first appearance in the eighth episode. Shemar Moore reprised his role as Derek Morgan in the season finale as his character tried to help catch Mr. Scratch after bringing the BAU a lead in the case against him. During April 2017, it

title: A. J. Cook

text: September 2008 their son, Mekhai, was born. Mekhai makes a brief appearance as Henry LaMontagne in "Criminal Minds", when Cook's character is buying children's medicine from a pharmacy. He reprised the role in the two-hour season seven finale in 2012 and several other episodes throughout the series. The couple's second son, Phoenix Sky, was born in July 2015. He also appears in "Criminal Minds" as JJ's second son, Michael. A. J. Cook Andrea Joy Cook (born July 22, 1978) is a Canadian actress best known for her role as Supervisory Special Agent Jennifer "JJ" Jareau in the CBS crime drama

title: Criminal Minds

text: & iOS devices. Criminal Minds Criminal Minds is an American police procedural crime drama television series created and produced by Jeff Davis. It premiered on September 22, 2005 and has run for fourteen seasons on CBS. It tells the story of a group of behavioral profilers who work for the FBI as members of its Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU). The team focuses on profiling criminals, called the "unsub" or "unknown subject", as well as victimology, in investigation of crimes. The show follows the team as they work various cases and tackle their personal struggles. The show has an ensemble cast,

title: Criminal Minds (season 7)

text: a job as Chief of the Interpol office in London, which she accepts, causing her departure from the BAU. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Criminal Minds (season 7) The seventh season of "Criminal Minds" premiered on CBS in the United States on September 21, 2011. Both A. J. Cook and Paget Brewster were rehired by CBS to reprise their roles as Jennifer Jareau and Emily Prentiss. On February 15, 2012, "Deadline Hollywood" reported that Paget Brewster (Emily Prentiss) would leave the series, definitively, once season seven was over. All the other main actors on the show secured deals to return for the eighth season.

title: Alex Blake (Criminal Minds)

text: or even gave them a phone call because she felt that by doing so, she would be reminded of their late mother and brother. The two then make amends as they have a barbecue with Damon and the entire BAU team. In the episode "200", she assisted the rest of the team in finding JJ and FBI Section Chief Director Mateo Cruz when both go missing. During the search, the BAU resorts to the help of Prentiss, whom Blake replaced, and the two of them met for the first time. At the end of the episode, Blake expresses her happiness

title: Jennifer Jareau

short_answers:
The season seven premiere
season seven premiere


question: who discovered that neural communication between cells occurs through chemicals

answers: Charles Sherrington

title: Neurotransmitter

text: the synaptic cleft, was discovered. The presence of such a gap suggested communication via chemical messengers traversing the synaptic cleft, and in 1921 German pharmacologist Otto Loewi (1873–1961) confirmed that neurons can communicate by releasing chemicals. Through a series of experiments involving the vagus nerves of frogs, Loewi was able to manually slow the heart rate of frogs by controlling the amount of saline solution present around the vagus nerve. Upon completion of this experiment, Loewi asserted that sympathetic regulation of cardiac function can be mediated through changes in chemical concentrations. Furthermore, Otto Loewi is credited with discovering acetylcholine (ACh)—the

title: Theodore Holmes Bullock

text: that neurons can communicate not just via action potential and chemical synapse, but through non-synaptic interactions without such impulses. Today we know that this type of electrical interaction is mediated by gap junctions. This idea, that electrical synapses couple groups of cells into functional units, lead to Bullock’s lifelong interest in field potentials, which are generated by the summated electrical activity of millions of brain cells. Bullock was a respected teacher who taught many courses while at UCLA, such as zoology and advanced invertebrate biology. He spent the summers of 1955-1957 at Woods Hole as the director of the Invertebrate

title: Nervous system

text: would not exist without the human brain. Most neurons send signals via their axons, although some types are capable of dendrite-to-dendrite communication. (In fact, the types of neurons called amacrine cells have no axons, and communicate only via their dendrites.) Neural signals propagate along an axon in the form of electrochemical waves called action potentials, which produce cell-to-cell signals at points where axon terminals make synaptic contact with other cells. Synapses may be electrical or chemical. Electrical synapses make direct electrical connections between neurons, but chemical synapses are much more common, and much more diverse in function. At a chemical

title: Stephen J Smith

text: Stephen J Smith Stephen J Smith is a Senior Investigator at the Allen Institute for Brain Science. Previously, Dr. Smith was Professor of Molecular and Cellular Physiology at the Stanford University School of Medicine. In 1990, Smith published an article in the journal "Science", which proposed that certain glial cells in the human brain known as astrocytes would be able to communicate through chemical signals, rather than electrical. By utilizing the neurotransmitter glutamate, he was able to show that these cells, which had once been perceived as inert tissue between neurons, in fact were actively communicating with the rest of

title: Vagusstoff

text: discussion among scientists whether communication between nerves and muscles was chemical or electrical by nature. Experiments by Luigi Galvani in the 18th century had demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the frog sciatic nerve resulted in twitching of the leg muscles, and from this he developed the concept of bioelectricity. This led to the idea that direct electrical contact between nerves and muscles mediated transmission of excitation. However, work by John Newport Langley had suggested that in the autonomic nervous system communication in the ciliary ganglion was chemical. Loewi's experiments, published in 1921 , finally settled the issue, proving that synaptic

title: Carla J. Shatz

text: She found that the spontaneous activity of neurons "in utero" is critical for the formation of precise and orderly neural connections in the central nervous system. She discovered that waves of spontaneous activity in the retina can alter gene expression and the strength of synaptic connections. In 2000, Shatz and colleagues identified Class I MHC molecules as important in neuronal plasticity, a surprising new role for molecules previously thought to have only immune system function. Shatz is credited with coining the sentence summarizing the Hebbian theory: "Cells that fire together, wire together." Although a similar phrase might first have appeared

title: Electrical synapse

text: suggests that both models are physiologically significant; it could be said that the Nobel committee acted with great foresight in awarding the Prize jointly. There was substantial debate on whether the transmission of information between neurons was chemical or electrical in the first decades of the twentieth century, but chemical synaptic transmission was seen as the only answer after Otto Loewi's demonstration of chemical communication between neurons and heart muscle. Thus, the discovery of electrical communication was surprising. Electrical synapses were first demonstrated between escape-related giant neurons in crayfish in the late 1950s, and were later found in vertebrates. Electrical

title: Charles Scott Sherrington

text: law). Through his seminal 1906 publication, "The Integrative Action of the Nervous System", he had effectively laid to rest the theory that the nervous system, including the brain, can be understood as a single interlinking network. His alternative explanation of synaptic communication between neurons helped shape our understanding of the central nervous system. Official biographies claim Charles Scott Sherrington was born in Islington, London, England, on 27 November 1857 and that he was the son of James Norton Sherrington, a country doctor, and his wife Anne Thurtell. However James Norton Sherrington was an ironmonger and artist's colourman in Great Yarmouth,

title: Max Bennett (scientist)

text: on muscle cells. In 2001 Bennett and colleagues showed that once a nerve terminal is established the glial ensheathing cells can guide the formation of new synapses on mature muscle cells in a matter of minutes. In 2007 he observed that microglial cells of the brain can conduct calcium waves that are mediated by the release of NANC transmitters (purines), opening up the study of the interaction of the immune and nervous systems at the level of the synapse. The main theme of Bennett’s philosophical work is that brain scientists have misused language in attributing our psychological capacities as in

title: Gerald Crabtree

text: put together like letters in a word to give a wide variety of different biological meanings. In 2009 he worked with post doctoral fellow, Andrew Yoo to discover a genetic circuitry controlling the assembly of specialized, brain-specific chromatin regulatory complexes necessary for the development of the mammalian nervous system and demonstrated that recapitulating this circuitry in mammalian cells converts human skin cells to neurons. Crabtree, with graduate student Cigall Kadoch (now at Harvard Medical School) completed the characterization of the subunits of BAF (mSWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complexes, and found that these complexes contribute to the cause of over 20% of

title: Bernard Katz

text: practising doctor, while Jonathan is Public Orator of The University of Oxford. His research uncovered fundamental properties of synapses, the junctions across which nerve cells signal to each other and to other types of cells. By the 1950s, he was studying the biochemistry and action of acetylcholine, a signalling molecule found in synapses linking motor neurons to muscles, used to stimulate contraction. Katz won the Nobel for his discovery with Paul Fatt that neurotransmitter release at synapses is "quantal", meaning that at any particular synapse, the amount of neurotransmitter released is never less than a certain amount, and if more

title: Andrea Brand

text: Cambridge. During these years Brand has performed work on nervous-system development that the Royal Society has described as “pioneering.” According to the Royal Society, her study of the fruit fly's embryonic nervous system “has led to new insights into the biology of neural stem cells, and the ability of neurons to regenerate after damage.” Moreover, Brand “identified a novel role for a key regulator in cell division in controlling the strength of neuronal connections,” which “could help uncover new drug targets in the search for treatments for neural disorders such as Parkinson's and Huntington's disease.” As one source explains, “Brand

title: Nervous system

text: other cells. They send these signals in the form of electrochemical waves traveling along thin fibers called axons, which cause chemicals called neurotransmitters to be released at junctions called synapses. A cell that receives a synaptic signal from a neuron may be excited, inhibited, or otherwise modulated. The connections between neurons can form neural pathways, neural circuits, and larger networks that generate an organism's perception of the world and determine its behavior. Along with neurons, the nervous system contains other specialized cells called glial cells (or simply glia), which provide structural and metabolic support. Nervous systems are found in most

title: Wiley Prize

text: Francisco for explaining how cargo is moved by molecular motors along two different systems of tracks within cells. Dr. Lily Jan and Dr. Yuh Nung Jan of Howard Hughes Medical Institute at the University of California, San Francisco for their molecular identification of a founding member of a family of potassium ion channels that control nerve cell activity throughout the animal kingdom. Dr. Peter Hegemann, Professor of Molecular Biophysics, Humboldt University, Berlin; Dr. Georg Nagel, Professor of Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Botany, University of Würzburg; and Dr. Ernst Bamberg, Professor and Director of the Dept of Biophysical Chemistry, Max

title: Mary B. Kennedy

text: fellowships at Harvard Medical School with Edward Kravitz, and then at Yale University with Paul Greengard. In 1981, she moved to Caltech as an assistant professor and was promoted to professor in 1992. She was named Allen and Lenabelle Davis Professor of Biology in 2002. Her laboratory purified and characterized the synaptic signaling protein Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in 1983 and showed that it is 1-2% of forebrain protein, is a major constituent of the postsynaptic density, and is regulated by autophosphorylation following activation by synaptic activity. Her lab later used micro-sequencing, molecular cloning, and immunocytochemistry to identify the

title: Cell–cell interaction

text: attached to the plasma membrane of different cell. In eukaryotes, many of the cells during early development communicate through direct contact. Synaptic signaling, an integral part of nervous system activity, occurs between neurons and target cells. These target cells can also be neurons or other cell types (i.e. muscle or gland cells). Protocadherins, a member of the cadherin family, mediate the adhesion of neurons to their target cells at synapses otherwise known as synaptic junctions. In order to for communication to occur between a neuron and its target cell, a wave of depolarization travels the length of the neuron and

title: Cecilia Bouzat

text: Biochemical Sciences at the Universidad Nacional del Sur of Bahía Blanca in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Following the completion of her advanced degrees, Bouzat completed a postdoctorate study in the United States of America at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, in 1994. Bouzat's research has been focused on the nervous system and how the brain and muscle cells communicate. Her first studies revolved around how Cys-loop receptors are involved in the synapses and enable rapid communications between the neurons and how drugs and compounds may modify the operation of the membrane proteins specific to the nervous system. Alterations to neuronal

title: John Eccles (neurophysiologist)

text: in neuroscience. Until around 1949, Eccles believed that synaptic transmission was primarily electrical rather than chemical. Although he was wrong in this hypothesis, his arguments led him and others to perform some of the experiments which proved chemical synaptic transmission. Bernard Katz and Eccles worked together on some of the experiments which elucidated the role of acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter in the brain. He was appointed a Knight Bachelor in 1958 in recognition of services to physiological research. He won the Australian of the Year Award in 1963, the same year he won the Nobel Prize. In 1964 he became

title: Chemical synapse

text: and Paul Fatt observed spontaneous miniature synaptic currents at the frog neuromuscular junction. Based on these observations, they developed the 'quantal hypothesis' that is the basis for our current understanding of neurotransmitter release as exocytosis and for which Katz received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1970. In the late 1960s, Ricardo Miledi and Katz advanced the hypothesis that depolarization-induced influx of calcium ions triggers exocytosis. Chemical synapse Chemical synapses are biological junctions through which neurons' signals can be exchanged to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons

title: Synapse

title: Krešimir Krnjević

text: Mcgill's Director of Anesthesia Research Department until 1999 and professor of physiology from 1978 to 1987. He gained worldwide recognition early, clarifying the role of chemical control processes in the brain. Especially important are his discoveries of the nature of chemical neurotransmitters. For research he used techniques and knowledge he acquired during his stay in Canberra. John W. Phillis and Krnjević discovered inhibitory action of gamma-aminobutyric acid and excitatory action of glutamate in the mammalian brain and made important contributions to the clarification of the role which glutamic acid and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have for the signal processing in the

title: Lateral grey column

text: cells, that relay electrical signals through the brain and body. A nerve cell receives signals from other nerve cells through tree-branch-like extensions called dendrites and passes signals on through a long extension called an axon (or nerve fiber). Synapses are places where one cell's axon passes information to another cell's dendrite by sending chemicals called neurotransmitters across a small gap called a synaptic cleft. Synapses occur in various locations, including ganglia (singular: ganglion), which are masses of nerve cell bodies. Preganglionic nerve cells in the sympathetic nervous system (all of which come from the lateral grey column), use the neurotransmitter

title: Cellular neuroscience

text: between two cells in close apposition to one another. In a synapse, the neuron that sends the signal is the presynaptic neuron and the target cell receives that signal is the postsynaptic neuron or cell. Synapses can be either electrical or chemical. Electrical synapses are characterized by the formation of gap junctions that allow ions and other organic compound to instantaneously pass from one cell to another. Chemical synapses are characterized by the presynaptic release of neurotransmitters that diffuse across a synaptic cleft to bind with postsynaptic receptors. A neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger that is synthesized within neurons themselves

title: Nervous system

text: became possible to examine them using a microscope. The author Michael Nikoletseas wrote: "It is difficult to believe that until approximately year 1900 it was not known that neurons are the basic units of the brain (Santiago Ramón y Cajal). Equally surprising is the fact that the concept of chemical transmission in the brain was not known until around 1930 (Henry Hallett Dale and Otto Loewi). We began to understand the basic electrical phenomenon that neurons use in order to communicate among themselves, the action potential, in the 1950s (Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, Andrew Huxley and John Eccles). It was in

title: Howard Sachs (scientist)

text: in secretory granules and ultimately secreted into the blood. He also showed that brain tissue could be kept intact and functional for two months in tissue culture, and contributed to the understanding of the interactions between the neuroendocrine neurons and neuroglial cells in the hypothalamal-neurohypophysial system (HNS). At the height of his research career, Sachs left The Roche Institute of Molecular Biology to go to medical school. In 1976 he received an M.D. from Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine. Howard Sachs (scientist) Howard Sachs (July 12, 1926 – December 6, 2011), was a biochemist who helped pioneer the

title: Rüdiger Klein

text: In 2001, he was appointed director at the Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology. Rüdiger Klein’s scientific research is focused on the molecular mechanisms which allow nerve cells to communicate. Rüdiger Klein’s work led to a number of scientific findings. Among these were Rüdiger Klein Rüdiger Klein (born March 24, 1958 in Nickenich) is a German neurobiologist. He is director at the Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology and head of the department Molecules - Signaling - Development. Rüdiger Klein studied biology at the universities of Marburg and Tübingen and at the Juniata College (USA). He gained his PhD at the University

title: Ben Barres

text: in journals such as "Nature" "Neuroscience" and "Cell". His research involved studying mammalian glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS), including the exploration of their function and development. Some of his earliest work studied vertebrate nervous system development, including how and why many neurons fail to survive shortly after forming connections with their targets. These studies investigated how this programmed cell death, apoptosis, occurred in such a tremendous scale. Additionally, he studied processes such as the prerequisites for and consequences of axon myelination, and the interactions of various signaling molecules such as thyroid-hormone and retinoic acid within the formation

title: Julian Jack

text: cells do not actually touch each other. Instead, when the end of a nerve is activated it releases ions or chemicals known as neurotransmitters. Subsequently, these move across the gap, or synapse, between the neuron and the adjacent cell in the network, activating its receptors and perpetuating the signal. Jack applies theoretical and experimental approaches to research this process of synaptic transmission. This includes the use of neurophysiology methods to record bioelectrical activity and mathematical models to analyse the central and peripheral nervous systems. His work on neurotransmission is offering insight into disorders of the nervous system, such as Alzheimer’s

title: Gerald Edelman

text: professor at the school in 1966. In 1992, he moved to California and became a professor of neurobiology at The Scripps Research Institute. After his Nobel prize award, Edelman began research into the regulation of primary cellular processes, particularly the control of cell growth and the development of multi-celled organisms, focussing on cell-to-cell interactions in early embryonic development and in the formation and function of the nervous system. These studies led to the discovery of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), which guide the fundamental processes that help an animal achieve its shape and form, and by which nervous systems are built.

title: Otto Loewi

text: physiological responses could be caused by applying an electrical impulse, which suggested that electrical transmission may be the only mode of endogenous signaling. In the early 20th century the controversy of whether cells used chemical or electrical transmission divided even the most prominent scientists. Loewi's famous experiment, published in 1921, largely answered this question. According to Loewi, the idea for his key experiment came to him in his sleep, causing him to go directly to the laboratory in the middle of the night. He dissected out of frogs two beating hearts: one with the vagus nerve which controls heart rate

title: Synapse

long_answer: Santiago Ramón y Cajal proposed that neurons are not continuous throughout the body, yet still communicate with each other, an idea known as the neuron doctrine. The word "synapse" – from the Greek synapsis (συνάψις), meaning "conjunction", in turn from συνάπτεὶν (συν ("together") and ἅπτειν ("to fasten")) – was introduced in 1897 by the English neurophysiologist Charles Sherrington in Michael Foster's Textbook of Physiology. Sherrington struggled to find a good term that emphasized a union between two separate elements, and the actual term "synapse" was suggested by the English classical scholar Arthur Woollgar Verrall, a friend of Michael Foster. Some authors generalize the concept of the synapse to include the communication from a neuron to any other cell type, such as to a motor cell, although such non-neuronal contacts may be referred to as junctions (a historically older term).