question: who wrote were going on a bear hunt

answers: Michael Rosen

title: Michael Rosen

text: enthuse and engage school children about poetry in the present. "We're Going on a Bear Hunt" is a children's novel written by Rosen and illustrated by Helen Oxenbury. The book won the overall Nestlé Smarties Book Prize in 1989 and also won the 0-5 years category. The publisher, Walker Books, celebrated the Work's 25th anniversary in 2014 by breaking a "Guinness World Record" for the 'Largest Reading Lesson'. In 1993, Rosen gained an MA in Children's Literature from the University of Reading. He holds a PhD from the University of North London. Rosen is well established as a broadcaster, presenting

title: Theodore Lukens

text: "Town Talk". Highlights of the expedition included trail-building into steep Tehipite Valley, which Richardson named "Lukens Trail". (A young hiker by the name of Amy Racina would write a non-fiction book of her fall, survival and rescue in this same valley in 2003.) They had special permission to carry firearms for "personal protection" only, as no hunting was allowed in the park. While the men stayed at a private cattlemen's cabin, five bears were killed. No guilty conscience appears in Lukens' journals, possibly because he was on private land. The United States Army was the park's law enforcement and viewed

title: Mike Tomkies

text: tracking grizzly bears, cougars, caribou, bald eagles and killer whales, which over three years developed into the book "Alone in the Wilderness", which was snapped up by Reader's Digest and became a critically acclaimed best seller. Running short on funds, Tomkies returned to writing in Hollywood, accompanied by Booto, a stray wild dog who had adopted him in Canada and who enjoyed the attention of stars such as Cary Grant, Omar Sharif and Peter Finch during interviews. The two also travelled around Mexico and Belize, where Tomkies spent hours with Dean Martin on the outdoor location of 5 Card Stud,

title: Pedals (bear)

text: Pedals being killed by a hunter received widespread attention. On October 17, 2016, the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection announced they believed Pedals had been killed during the officially sanctioned hunt. The October 10–15 hunt was New Jersey's first sanctioned bow and arrow hunt since the 1960s. During the hunt, which also permitted muzzle-loading rifles, a total of 562 bears were killed. In response to the killing, State Senator Raymond Lesniak introduced a bill dubbed "Pedals' Law" that would ban black bear hunting in New Jersey for five years. In December 2016, a hunter filed a defamation lawsuit in

title: The Bear (1988 film)

text: the two bears enter a cave together for hibernation. Before the end credits a quote by J.O Curtwood comes up saying "The greatest thrill is not to kill but to let live." American author James Oliver Curwood's novella "The Grizzly King" was published in 1916. The story was based on several trips he took to British Columbia, and the young hunter, called Jim in the book, is based on Curwood himself. However, many of its plot elements—mainly dealing with the friendship between the cub and the eponymous grizzly bear—were fabricated. Curwood's biographer, Judith A. Eldridge, believes that the incident in

title: Jeremiah Johnson (film)

text: bear hunt of the elderly and eccentric Chris Lapp, nicknamed 'Bear Claw', who mentors him on living in the high country. After a brush with Crow Indians, including Lapp's friend Paints-His-Shirt-Red, and learning the skills required to survive, Johnson sets off on his own. He comes across a cabin whose inhabitants were apparently attacked by Blackfoot warriors, leaving only a woman and her uncommunicative son alive. The woman, maddened by grief, forces Johnson to adopt her son. He and the boy, whom Johnson dubs "Caleb", come across Del Gue, a mountain man who has been robbed by the Blackfeet, who

title: Great Bear Lake (novel)

text: Great Bear Lake (novel) Great Bear Lake is the second novel in the "Seekers" series written by Erin Hunter, which is a pseudonym used by authors Cherith Baldry, Kate Cary, Tui Sutherland and editor Victoria Holmes. This specific novel was written by Cherith Baldry. The novel follows the adventures of three bears, Toklo, Kallik, and Lusa. Each bear finds the other by coincidence and form a bond. The declining environment and racism among the bears are two of the themes present in the novel. The novel was released in the US on 10 February 2009 and has also been released

title: Bear Hunter

text: Bear Hunter Bear Hunter (died January 29, 1863), "also known as Wirasuap (bear spirit)" was a Shoshone chief of the Great Basin in the 1860s. On January 29, 1863, he and his Shoshone band (Northwestern Band) were attacked by the US Army in what is known as the Bear River Massacre in an act of Collective Punishment. These Shoshone were allegedly mistaken for a different, warring band. In 1862, a Californian volunteer infantry led by Patrick Edward Connor established a fort on the Wasatch Range near Salt Lake City. In January 1863, they attacked Bear Hunter's village in an action

title: The Bear (1988 film)

text: which the hunter is spared by a bear is based on truth, a fact that was later related to Jean-Jacques Annaud. He stated during an interview that he "was given a letter from Curwood's granddaughter revealing that what happened in the story happened to him. He was hunting bear, as he had done often, and lost his rifle down a cliff. Suddenly, a huge bear confronted him and menaced him, but for reasons Curwood could never know, spared his life." Shortly after the book's publication, Curwood—once an adamant hunter—became a supporter of wildlife conservation. Brach and Annaud decided to set

title: Holt Collier

text: Greenville for the funeral and resided there for the remainder of his life. He killed more than three thousand bears during his lifetime, more than those taken by Davy Crockett and Daniel Boone combined. Such was Collier's fame among big-game hunters that Major George M. Helm asked him to serve as President Theodore Roosevelt's tracker during his famous Mississippi bear hunt of 1902. The hunt was very high profile, attended by noted big-game hunters, among whom was John Avery McIlhenny of Avery Island, Louisiana, who had served with Roosevelt in the Rough Riders during the Spanish–American War. Numerous reporters were

title: Harriman Alaska expedition

text: Alaska to hunt Kodiak bears. But rather than go alone, he conceived of the idea of taking with him a scientific community to explore and document the coast of Alaska. He contacted Clinton Hart Merriam, the head of the Division of Economic Ornithology and Mammalogy at the United States Department of Agriculture, and one of the founders of the National Geographic Society. Harriman told Merriam that he would cover the expenses of scientists, artists, and other experts who would join the voyage. He asked Merriam to choose the scientific party. Historians question why Harriman wanted to go to Alaska. Some

title: Paul Schullery

text: issues that involved Yellowstone and alerted the public. His main goals were to write educational stories that would better inform people about the place he loves. In fact, one of his books in particular "Mark of the Bear" was written to support a movement protecting north american bears. Not only did his writing help spread knowledge about Yellowstone, but he also contributed many books about fly fishing which were commonly written including in-depth information with regard to the sport. He wrote "American Fly Fishing: A History" which was intended to be a very informative story about the evolution of fly

title: The Quest Begins

text: The company and Victoria Holmes agreed to write about bears after discarding dogs, horses and dolphins. The novel was released in the US on 27 May 2008 and has also been released in the UK, Canada and translated into Russian. Critical reception was positive with reviewers praising the realistic behaviour of the bears. "The Quest Begins" began as a request from HarperCollins who wanted Victoria Holmes, editor and creator of the "Warriors" series which followed the adventures of feral cats, to write another series about animals. The company suggested dogs to Holmes, but the idea was rejected since dogs behave

title: Stalking horse

text: in the 1972 film "Jeremiah Johnson", when Johnson and Chris Lapp ("Bear Claw") are hunting elk in the Rockies: <poem>"Jeremiah": Wind's right, but he'll just run soon as we step out of these trees. "Bear Claw": Trick to it. Walk out on this side of your horse. "Jeremiah": What if he sees our feet? "Bear Claw": Elk don't know how many feet a horse have!</poem> The term began appearing in Anglophone newspapers in the late 18th century. It was used to describe the Protestant branch of Christianity as "a stalking horse to power" in Ireland in 1785. Early examples of

title: Timothy Treadwell

text: the "Late Show with David Letterman," and "Dateline NBC" to discuss his experiences. He also co-authored "Among Grizzlies: Living with Wild Bears in Alaska" with Jewel Palovak (his co-worker with whom he lived for 20 years), which describes Treadwell's adventures on the Alaska Peninsula. Treadwell and Palovak founded Grizzly People, an organization devoted to protecting bears and preserving their wilderness habitat. Charlie Russell, who studied bears, raised them, and lived with them in Kamchatka, Russia, for a decade, worked with Treadwell. Russell wrote a lengthy critique of Treadwell's lack of basic safety precautions, such as pepper spray and electric fences.

title: Canned hunt

text: in Duluth, Minnesota charged with canned hunting. Federal prosecutors allege that Gentry bought a bear named "Cubby" from Lee Marvin Greenly, then shot the tame bear while it was in an enclosed pen, tagged the bear as if it had been killed in the wild, then arranged for the editing of a videotape of the alleged "wild" kill. Gentry and Greenly are said to face a maximum penalty of five years in federal prison and a $20,000 fine if convicted. On November 27, 2006, Gentry pleaded guilty to a charge of falsely tagging the bear. Under the plea agreement, he

title: Bear Hunter

text: known as the Bear River Massacre today. Bear Hunter was among those tortured and killed. Bear Hunter Bear Hunter (died January 29, 1863), "also known as Wirasuap (bear spirit)" was a Shoshone chief of the Great Basin in the 1860s. On January 29, 1863, he and his Shoshone band (Northwestern Band) were attacked by the US Army in what is known as the Bear River Massacre in an act of Collective Punishment. These Shoshone were allegedly mistaken for a different, warring band. In 1862, a Californian volunteer infantry led by Patrick Edward Connor established a fort on the Wasatch Range

title: W. Ben Hunt

text: a regular member of its staff, ultimately writing "over 1,000 articles, an average of three to four per issue." Hunt's work for "Boys' Life," led him to serve on the staff of the National Boy Scout Jamboree in 1950, 1953, 1957, and 1960. W. Ben Hunt Walter Bernard "Ben" Hunt (March 13, 1888 – March 30, 1970) was an American artist, outdoor educator and author whose books and articles covered topics such as Native American arts and performance, woodworking, whittling, scoutcraft, pioneering, jewelry making, metalworking, and calligraphy. Hunt was born in Greenfield, Wisconsin and grew up in a log cabin.

title: The Bear Went Over the Mountain (novel)

text: The Bear Went Over the Mountain (novel) The Bear Went Over the Mountain (1996) is a novel by William Kotzwinkle. The movie rights for the book were sold to Jim Henson. Arthur Bramhall isolates himself a forest cabin to write a novel; once it is complete, he goes off to buy champagne in celebration, after first burying the manuscript to protect it from fire. In his absence, a bear digs up his manuscript. The bear reads the manuscript, decides it is good, and brings it to New York City, where he is accepted as a talented author and desirable party

title: We're Going on a Bear Hunt

text: We're Going on a Bear Hunt is a 1989 children's picture book written by Michael Rosen and illustrated by Helen Oxenbury.  It has won numerous awards and was the subject of a Guinness World Record for "Largest Reading Lesson" with a book-reading attended by 1,500 children, and an additional 30,000 listeners online, in 2014.

title: Hunter S. Thompson

text: subjects. One story told of his 1964 visit to Ketchum, Idaho, to investigate the reasons for Ernest Hemingway's suicide. While there, he stole a pair of elk antlers hanging above the front door of Hemingway's cabin. Thompson severed his ties with the "Observer" after his editor refused to print his review of Tom Wolfe's 1965 essay collection "The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby", and moved to San Francisco. He immersed himself in the drug and hippie culture that was taking root in the area, and soon began writing for the Berkeley underground paper "Spider". In 1965 Carey McWilliams, editor of "The

title: Shikellamy

text: panther hunter, who lived a mile up the river. I hunted elk with the famous Jim Jacobs many times. I was taught to hunt by my grandfather, who died in 1820. He was a very old man when I was very young, but I recall what he looked like. I killed hundreds of elk, many bear and deer, and quite a few panthers, the last in 1860. I have always been fond of sports. I walk two miles to town (Corydon) every time there is a baseball game. As a boy I excelled at the Indian games of long ball

title: The Big Honey Hunt

text: where the bears jump in to avoid them. After the bees leave and the bears exit the water, Papa Bear gives up and decides to buy the honey from the store, as Mama Bear suggested before. Stan and Jan Berenstain, a husband and wife team from Pennsylvania, were already successful illustrators and cartoonists by the time "The Big Honey Hunt" was published, with their work appearing in magazines like "The Saturday Evening Post" and "Good Housekeeping" throughout the 1940s and 1950s. By the early 1960s, partly influenced by their son Leo's love for Dr. Seuss books, the Berenstains decided to

title: August Sangret

text: dating local women. As had been the case when he corresponded via letter with Joan Wolfe, he asked his army colleagues to compose his replies due to his illiteracy. One of these colleagues to compose letters for Sangret was a sapper named Clarence Bear, whom Sangret asked to write a letter to a woman with whom he intended to spend an upcoming period of leave. When Bear voiced his concerns as to the implications this behaviour may have upon his relationship with Joan Wolfe, Sangret had replied, "She'll never find out." At 10:20 a.m. on 7 October 1942, two Royal

title: We're Going on a Bear Hunt

text: best selling books. The publisher has stated that the book has attained worldwide sales of more than 9 million copies. The book won the overall Nestlé Smarties Book Prize in 1989 and also won the 0–5 years category. In 1989 it was an 'Honor Book' in the Boston Globe–Horn Book Awards. The book also won the 'School Library Journal Best Book of the Year' and the 'Mainichi Newspapers Japanese Picture Book Award, Outstanding Picture Book from Abroad' award. It was highly commended for the 1989 Kate Greenaway Medal. The publisher, Walker Books, celebrated the work's 25th anniversary in 2014 by

title: Minnie Peterson

text: Horseman and other publications tell how she often ignored warnings of bears. During one notable camping trip, Peterson camped near two concerned hikers, whom had been advised a bear was in the area and they were concerned for their safety. Peterson offered to sleep by the door to ward off any intruders. Later that night, a bear showed at the camp. The story published in "Peninsula Daily News Magazine" recounts the tale of how the bear came up to the camp, then Minnie Peterson chased it off until it changed its mind and ran straight at her. Peterson quoted before

title: James Beckwourth

text: of his time on the move exploring and trapping beaver and bear. Beckwourth recounted his life history to Thomas D. Bonner, who wrote the book "The Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwourth: Mountaineer, Scout, Pioneer and Chief of the Crow Nation". Beckwourth's language and style (as written by Bonner) were as notable as the reported adventures. The book provides historical information on how US government officials used alcohol; how occupations affect those who work in the field; the historical relationship among diseases, wildlife, and the environment; as well as reports dealing with massacres and war. Jim Beckwourth, who knew,

title: The Big Honey Hunt

text: sentences, word/picture clues, rollicking rhythm, resolute rhyme... shameless slapstick and outrageous jokes." Like later books in the series, "The Big Honey Hunt" focuses on a family of anthropomorphic bears: Papa Bear, Mama Bear, and Small Bear, who was later renamed Brother Bear when Sister Bear arrived in 1974. The Berenstains described the characters thusly: "a bluff, overenthusiastic Papa Bear who wore bib overalls and a plaid shirt and... a wise Mama Bear who wore a blue dress with white polka dots... and a bright, lively little cub." Like other "Berenstain Bears" books, especially other early books in the series, "The

title: Gladys Fries Harriman

text: mile in two minutes in Goshen, New York. She was one of the earliest female big game hunter. She often hunted deer near her estate in Arden, New York state. In the 1930s, she went goat hunting near the Salmon River in Idaho and in the Rocky Mountains of Wyoming with her husband. She went grouse-hunting in Scotland in 1934. She also went chamois-hunting in the Austrian Alps. In 1937, she went bighorn sheep-hunting near Crystal Creek in Wyoming. She then went caribou-hunting in British Columbia, Canada in 1938. She later published non-fiction books about her big game hunting experiences.

title: Bear-baiting

text: killed 3,903 bears in 2001, and baiters took 3,173 of the animals. Author Washington Irving described vaqueros setting a bear against a bull, in his 1837 book "The Adventures of Captain Bonneville." In this "favorite, though barbarous sport" in Monterey, a bear and a bull would be caught from the wild and put together in an arena in a fight to the death. Bear-baiting Bear-baiting is a blood sport involving the worrying or tormenting (baiting) of bears. It may involve pitting a bear against another animal. Bear-baiting was popular in England, until the 19th century. From the sixteenth century, many

title: We're Going on a Bear Hunt


question: what is the revolution period of venus in earth years

answers: 224.7 Earth days

answers: 0.615198 yr

title: Elongation (astronomy)

text: Earth's angular velocity and "ω" the planet's angular velocity. Then where "T" and "T" are Earth's and the planet's years (i.e. periods of revolution around the Sun, called sidereal periods). For example, Venus's year (sidereal period) is 225 days, and Earth's is 365 days. Thus Venus's synodic period, which gives the time between two subsequent eastern (or western) greatest elongations, is 584 days. These values are approximate, because (as mentioned above) the planets do not have perfectly circular, coplanar orbits. When a planet is closer to the Sun it moves faster than when it is further away, so exact determination

title: Transit of Venus

text: 88,756.9 Earth days. This period of time corresponds to 152 synodic periods of Venus. The pattern of 105.5, 8, 121.5 and 8 years is not the only pattern that is possible within the 243-year cycle, because of the slight mismatch between the times when the Earth and Venus arrive at the point of conjunction. Prior to 1518, the pattern of transits was 8, 113.5 and 121.5 years, and the eight inter-transit gaps before the AD 546 transit were 121.5 years apart. The current pattern will continue until 2846, when it will be replaced by a pattern of 105.5, 129.5 and

title: Orbit of Venus

text: Earth varies from about 42 million miles (at inferior conjunction) to about 258 million miles (at superior conjunction). The average period between successive conjunctions of one type is 584 days – one synodic period of Venus. Five synodic periods of Venus is almost exactly 13 sidereal Venus years and 8 Earth ones, and consequently the longitudes and distances almost repeat. The 3.4° inclination of Venus's orbit is great enough to usually prevent the inferior planet from passing directly between the Sun and Earth at inferior conjunction. Such solar transits of Venus rarely occur, but with great predictability and interest. In

title: Commentariolus

text: of the Earth, the "Commentariolus" gives 1 for Mars, 5 for Jupiter, and 9 for Saturn. For the ratios of the radii of their deferents to the radii of the larger of their epicycles, it gives 6 for Mars, 12 for Jupiter, and 11 for Saturn. In the last two sections Copernicus talks about Venus and Mercury. The first has a system of circles and takes 9 months to complete a revolution. Mercury's orbit is harder than any of the other planets' to study because it is visible for only a few days a year. Mercury, just like Venus, has

title: VSOP (planets)

text: the revolution periods of these planets, one may notice that 8×(period of Earth) is almost equal to 13×(period of Venus) and 5×(period of Jupiter) is about 2×(period of Saturn). A practical problem with the VSOP82 was that since it provided long series only for the orbital elements of the planets, it was not easy to figure out where to truncate the series if full accuracy was not needed. This problem was fixed in VSOP87, which provides series for the positions as well as for the orbital elements of the planets. In VSOP87 especially these long period terms were addressed, resulting

title: Transit of Venus

text: 8 years. Thus, the 243-year cycle is relatively stable, but the number of transits and their timing within the cycle will vary over time. Since the 243:395 Earth:Venus commensurability is only approximate, there are different sequences of transits occurring 243 years apart, each extending for several thousand years, which are eventually replaced by other sequences. For instance, there is a series which ended in 541 BC, and the series which includes 2117 only started in AD 1631. Ancient Indian, Greek, Egyptian, Babylonian and Chinese observers knew of Venus and recorded the planet's motions. The early Greek astronomers called Venus by

title: Venus

text: sidereal day has increased by 6.5 minutes in that time span. Because of the retrograde rotation, the length of a solar day on Venus is significantly shorter than the sidereal day, at 116.75 Earth days (making the Venusian solar day shorter than Mercury's 176 Earth days). One Venusian year is about 1.92 Venusian solar days. To an observer on the surface of Venus, the Sun would rise in the west and set in the east, although Venus's opaque clouds prevent observing the Sun from the planet's surface. Venus may have formed from the solar nebula with a different rotation period

title: Phases of Venus

text: is on the opposite side of the Sun. It shows a "quarter phase" when it is at its maximum elongation from the Sun. Venus presents a "thin crescent" in telescopic views as it comes around to the near side between the Earth and the Sun and presents its "new phase" when it is between the Earth and the Sun. Since the planet has an atmosphere it can be seen at "new" in a telescope by the halo of light refracted around the planet. The full cycle from "new" to "full" to "new" again takes 584 days (the time it takes

title: Venus

text: crescent phase about one month before or after inferior conjunction. Venus fades to about magnitude −3 when it is backlit by the Sun. The planet is bright enough to be seen in a clear midday sky and is more easily visible when the Sun is low on the horizon or setting. As an inferior planet, it always lies within about 47° of the Sun. Venus "overtakes" Earth every 584 days as it orbits the Sun. As it does so, it changes from the "Evening Star", visible after sunset, to the "Morning Star", visible before sunrise. Although Mercury, the other inferior

title: Phases of Venus

text: Venus to overtake the Earth in its orbit). The planet also changes in apparent size from 9.9 arc seconds at "full" (superior conjunction) up to a maximum of 68 arc seconds at "new" (inferior conjunction). Venus reaches its greatest magnitude of −4.5 when it is an intermediate crescent shape at the point in its orbit, when it is 68 million km away from the Earth (a combination of its closeness and the fact that it is 28% illuminated). The first known observations of the full planetary phases of Venus were by Galileo at the end of 1610 (though not published

title: Commentariolus

text: Jove et Marte" (""The outer planets: Saturn, Jupiter and Mars""), "De Venere" (""Venus"") and "De Mercurio" (""Mercury""). In this section, the heavenly spheres are given in order from outermost to innermost. The outermost sphere is that of the fixed stars, which remains perfectly stationary. Then follow those of Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Earth, Venus and Mercury, which each revolve about the Sun from west to east with successively shorter periods of revolution, Saturn's being between 29 and 30 years, Jupiter's between 11 and 12, Mars's between 2 and 3, Earth's exactly one, Venus's between 8 and 9 months, and Mercury's between

title: Venus

text: Venus's orbit is the closest to circular, with an eccentricity of less than 0.01. When Venus lies between Earth and the Sun in inferior conjunction, it makes the closest approach to Earth of any planet at an average distance of . The planet reaches inferior conjunction every 584 days, on average. Because of the decreasing eccentricity of Earth's orbit, the minimum distances will become greater over tens of thousands of years. From the year 1 to 5383, there are 526 approaches less than 40 million km; then there are none for about 60,158 years. All the planets in the Solar

title: Sidereal time

text: but the second was 21.1060. If a certain interval "I" is measured in both mean solar time (UT1) and sidereal time, the numerical value will be greater in sidereal time than in UT1, because sidereal days are shorter than UT1 days. The ratio is formula_4 where "t" represents the number of Julian centuries elapsed since noon 1 January 2000 Terrestrial Time. Of the eight solar planets, all but Venus and Uranus have prograde rotation—that is, they rotate more than once per year in the same direction as they orbit the Sun, so the Sun rises in the east. Venus and

title: Apsidal precession

text: the eccentricity of its orbit is 0.206 and the period of revolution 87.97 days or . From these and the speed of light (which is ~), it can be calculated that the apsidal precession during one period of revolution is = radians ( degrees or 0.104″). In one hundred years, Mercury makes approximately 415 revolutions around the Sun, and thus in that time, the apsidal perihelion due to relativistic effects is approximately 43″, which corresponds almost exactly to the previously unexplained part of the measured value. The Earth's apsidal precession slowly increases its argument of periapsis; it takes about years

title: Copernican Revolution

text: Earth is a planet like all others. In 1610, Galileo observed that Venus had a full set of phases, similar to the phases of the moon we can observe from Earth. This was explainable by the Copernican system which said that all phases of Venus would be visible due to the nature of its orbit around the Sun, unlike the Ptolemaic system which stated only some of Venus's phases would be visible. Due to Galileo's observations of Venus, Ptolemy's system became highly suspect and the majority of leading astronomers subsequently converted to various heliocentric models, making his discovery one of

title: Transit of Venus

text: can be as far as 9.6° from the Sun when viewed from the Earth at inferior conjunction. Since the angular diameter of the Sun is about half a degree, Venus may appear to pass above or below the Sun by more than 18 solar diameters during an ordinary conjunction. Sequences of transits usually repeat every 243 years. After this period of time Venus and Earth have returned to very nearly the same point in their respective orbits. During the Earth's 243 sidereal orbital periods, which total 88,757.3 days, Venus completes 395 sidereal orbital periods of 224.701 days each, equal to

title: Mercury (planet)

text: may appear as a bright star-like object, but is often far more difficult to observe than Venus. The planet telescopically displays the complete range of phases, similar to Venus and the Moon, as it moves in its inner orbit relative to Earth, which reoccurs over the so-called synodic period approximately every 116 days. Mercury is tidally locked with the Sun in a 3:2 spin-orbit resonance, and rotates in a way that is unique in the Solar System. As seen relative to the fixed stars, it rotates on its axis exactly three times for every two revolutions it makes around the

title: Transit of Venus

text: of the Moon, Venus appears smaller, and travels more slowly across the face of the Sun, because it is much farther away from Earth. Transits of Venus are among the rarest of predictable astronomical phenomena. They occur in a pattern that generally repeats every 243 years, with pairs of transits eight years apart separated by long gaps of 121.5 years and 105.5 years. The periodicity is a reflection of the fact that the orbital periods of Earth and Venus are close to 8:13 and 243:395 commensurabilities. The last transit of Venus was on 5 and 6 June 2012, and was

title: Geodynamics of Venus

text: Geodynamics of Venus NASA's Magellan spacecraft mission discovered that Venus has a geologically young surface with a relatively uniform age of 500±200 Ma (million years). The age of Venus was revealed by the observation of over 900 impact craters on the surface of the planet. These impact craters are nearly uniformly distributed over the surface of Venus and less than 10% have been modified by plains of volcanism or deformation. These observations indicate that a catastrophic resurfacing event took place on Venus around 500 Ma, and was followed by a dramatic decline in resurfacing rate. The radar images from the

title: Venus

title: Parker Solar Probe

text: Venus for the seventh and last time, decreasing its period to 88 or 89 days and allowing it to approach closer to the Sun. The perihelion distances above are from the center of the Sun. For altitude above the surface, subtract one solar radius ≈ 0.7 Gm.<br> By way of comparison, the planet Mercury orbits the Sun at a distance varying from about 46.0 Gm (46,001,200 km) at its closest to about 69.8 Gm (69,816,900 km) at its farthest. Parker Solar Probe Parker Solar Probe (previously Solar Probe, Solar Probe Plus, or Solar Probe+, abbreviated PSP) is a NASA robotic

title: Extraterrestrial skies

text: thick that the Sun is not distinguishable in the daytime sky, and the stars are not visible at night. Color images taken by the Soviet Venera probes suggest that the sky on Venus is orange. If the Sun could be seen from Venus's surface, the time from one sunrise to the next (a solar day) would be 116.75 Earth days. Because of Venus's retrograde rotation, the Sun would appear to rise in the west and set in the east. An observer aloft in Venus's cloud tops, on the other hand, would circumnavigate the planet in about four Earth days and

title: Venus

text: observed from Earth. Successive inferior conjunctions of Venus repeat very near a 13:8 orbital resonance (Earth orbits 8 times for every 13 orbits of Venus), shifting 144° upon sequential inferior conjunctions. The resonance 13:8 ratio is approximate. 8/13 is approximately 0.615385 while Venus orbits the Sun in 0.615187 years. Naked eye observations of Venus during daylight hours exist in several anecdotes and records. Astronomer Edmund Halley calculated its maximum naked eye brightness in 1716, when many Londoners were alarmed by its appearance in the daytime. French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte once witnessed a daytime apparition of the planet while at a

title: Venus

text: and obliquity, reaching its current state because of chaotic spin changes caused by planetary perturbations and tidal effects on its dense atmosphere, a change that would have occurred over the course of billions of years. The rotation period of Venus may represent an equilibrium state between tidal locking to the Sun's gravitation, which tends to slow rotation, and an atmospheric tide created by solar heating of the thick Venusian atmosphere. The 584-day average interval between successive close approaches to Earth is almost exactly equal to 5 Venusian solar days, but the hypothesis of a spin–orbit resonance with Earth has been

title: Atmosphere of Venus

text: day to last 116.5 Earth days. The surface of Venus spends 58.3 days in darkness before the sun rises again behind the clouds. The troposphere on Venus contains 99% of the atmosphere by mass. Ninety percent of the atmosphere of Venus is within 28 km of the surface; by comparison, 90% of the atmosphere of Earth is within 10 km of the surface. At a height of 50 km the atmospheric pressure is approximately equal to that at the surface of Earth. On the night side of Venus clouds can still be found at 80 km above the surface. The

title: Orbit of Venus

text: that after more than 400,000 years. Mercury comes closer to Venus than Earth does, and those distances will become smaller over time primarily because of Mercury's increasing eccentricity. The discovery of phases of Venus by Galileo in 1610 was important. It contradicted the model of Ptolemy which considered all celestial objects to revolve around the Earth and was consistent with others, such as those of Tycho and Copernicus. In Galileo’s day the prevailing model of the universe was based on the assertion by the Greek astronomer Ptolemy almost 15 centuries earlier that all celestial objects revolve around Earth (see Ptolemaic

title: Parker Solar Probe

text: of Venus. This encounter shortens its period to half of that of Venus, or about 112.5 days. After two orbits it meets Venus a fourth time at about the same place, shortening its period to about 102 days. After 237 days it meets Venus for the fifth time and its period is shortened to about 96 days, three-sevenths that of Venus. It then makes seven orbits while Venus makes three. The sixth encounter, almost two years after the fifth, brings its period down to 92 days, two-fifths that of Venus. After five more orbits (two orbits of Venus) it meets

title: Formation and evolution of the Solar System

text: it achieves conditions parallel to Earth today, providing a potential future abode for life. By 3.5 billion years from now, Earth's surface conditions will be similar to those of Venus today. Around 5.4 billion years from now, the core of the Sun will become hot enough to trigger hydrogen fusion in its surrounding shell. This will cause the outer layers of the star to expand greatly, and the star will enter a phase of its life in which it is called a red giant. Within 7.5 billion years, the Sun will have expanded to a radius of 1.2 AU—256 times

title: Colonization of Venus

text: communications easier than for most other locations in the Solar System. With current propulsion systems, launch windows to Venus occur every 584 days, compared to the 780 days for Mars. Flight time is also somewhat shorter; the Venus Express probe that arrived at Venus in April 2006 spent slightly over five months en route, compared to nearly six months for Mars Express. This is because at closest approach, Venus is from Earth (approximated by perihelion of Earth minus aphelion of Venus) compared to for Mars (approximated by perihelion of Mars minus aphelion of Earth) making Venus the closest planet to

title: Geology of solar terrestrial planets

text: million years, while Venus' surface is estimated to be about 500 million years old. Venusian craters range from to in diameter. There are no craters smaller than 3 km, because of the effects of the dense atmosphere on incoming objects. Objects with less than a certain kinetic energy are slowed down so much by the atmosphere that they do not create an impact crater. The Earth's terrain varies greatly from place to place. About 70.8% of the surface is covered by water, with much of the continental shelf below sea level. The submerged surface has mountainous features, including a globe-spanning

title: Venus

long_answer: Venus is the second planet from the Sun, orbiting it every 224.7 Earth days. It has the longest rotation period (243 days) of any planet in the Solar System and rotates in the opposite direction to most other planets (meaning the Sun would rise in the west and set in the east). It does not have any natural satellites. It is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty. It is the second-brightest natural object in the night sky after the Moon, reaching an apparent magnitude of −4.6 – bright enough to cast shadows at night and, rarely, visible to the naked eye in broad daylight. Orbiting within Earth's orbit, Venus is an inferior planet and never appears to venture far from the Sun; its maximum angular distance from the Sun (elongation) is 47.8°.


question: who has the power to approve or veto legislation constitution

answers: the President

title: Arkansas General Assembly

text: responsible for making and amending the laws of Arkansas. The legislative process is similar to that of other state legislatures in the United States. Bills undergo committee review and three readings on the floor of each house of the legislature. The governor has veto power, but a simple majority of both houses of the legislature can override that veto. Legislators also select 20 state representatives and 16 state senators to serve on the Arkansas Legislative Council, which oversees the Bureau of Legislative Research and acts as an organizing committee for the legislature. Amendment 73 of the Arkansas Constitution, approved by

title: Constitution of Maine

text: resolve or resolution passed by the joint action of both branches of the Legislature, and the style of their laws and Acts shall be, 'Be it enacted by the people of the State of Maine.'" "Legislative Powers" describes when the Legislature shall meet and allows the Governor 10 days to approve legislation. The Governor is also granted the "line-item veto of dollar amounts appearing in appropriation or allocation sections of legislative documents." Also duties of the Legislature are described, however "all bills for raising a revenue shall originate in the House of Representative." This means if the Senate passes legislation

title: Maine Legislature

text: interpreted. The Governor of Maine may also call the Legislature into a special session for "extraordinary occasions." The Governor and the Senate President may also call the Senate into session to confirm gubernatorial appointments. As the legislative branch of the Maine state government, the Legislature has the power to make laws, subject to a veto by the Governor. The Legislature, however, by a vote of two-thirds in each house, may override the veto. The Legislature also has the power to propose constitutional amendments by a vote of two-thirds in each house; the proposal must be approved by a majority of

title: Michigan Senate

text: to the Governor's power to veto legislation. To do so, legislators propose legislation in the forms of bills drafted by a nonpartisan, professional staff. Successful legislation must undergo committee review, three readings on the floor of each house, with appropriate voting majorities, as required, and either be signed into law by the Governor or enacted through a veto override approved by two-thirds of the membership of each legislative house. The Michigan Senate is headed by the Lieutenant Governor of Michigan, who serves as President of the Senate but may only cast a vote in the instance of a tie. The

title: Government of South Dakota

text: power to either sign into law or veto bills passed by the state legislature, to serve as commander-in-chief of the state's armed forces, to appoint a cabinet, and to commute criminal sentences or to pardon those convicted of crimes. The governor serves for a four-year term, and may not serve more than two consecutive terms. The state legislature is made up of two bodies, the Senate, which has 35 members, and the House of Representatives, with 70 members. South Dakota is divided into 35 legislative districts, with voters electing two representatives and one senator per district. The legislature meets for

title: Nebraska Legislature

text: referenced and may attempt re-refer the bill to a different committee by a majority vote. Senators are classified into three geographically based "caucuses." Each caucus elects two board members who serve on the Executive Board and four members who serve on the Committee-on-Committees. The Legislature is responsible for law-making in the state, but the Governor has the power to veto any bill. The Legislature may override the governor's veto by a vote of three-fifths (30) of its members. The Legislature also has the power, by a three-fifths vote, to propose a constitutional amendment to the voters, who then pass or

title: Parliament of Jordan

text: where the review and voting process is repeated. If both houses pass the bill by a two-thirds majority it becomes an Act of Parliament overriding the King’s veto. Article 95 of the Constitution empowers both houses to submit legislation to the government in the form of a draft law. The Constitution does not provide a strong system of checks and balances within which the Jordanian Parliament can assert its role in relationship to the Monarch. During the suspension of Parliament between 2001 and 2003, the scope of King Abdullah II’s power was demonstrated with the passing of 110 temporary laws.

title: Congress of the Dominican Republic

text: Constitution vests all legislative power in the Congress. The Chamber and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process (legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers); however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate is empowered to approve treaties and presidential appointments. Revenue-raising bills must originate in the Chamber of Deputies, which also has the sole power of impeachment, while the Senate has the sole power to try impeachment cases. The Congress meets in the Palace of Congress in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. The term Congress actually refers to a particular meeting of the

title: New Jersey Legislature

text: Alternatively, it may propose an amendment by a majority vote two consecutive years. In either case, the amendment is placed on the ballot and must be approved in a referendum to become valid as a part of the constitution. The Legislature is also empowered to ratify amendments to the U.S. Constitution, appoint the State Auditor, judge the elections and qualifications of its members, and institute and conduct impeachment proceedings against State officials. The Senate has the sole authority to confirm or reject gubernatorial nominees for judicial and some executive positions. The current organization of the Legislature is outlined by Article

title: Michigan Legislature

text: office continues and carries over to the next Legislative Session. The Michigan Legislature is authorized by the Michigan Constitution to create and amend the laws of the U.S. state of Michigan, subject to the Governor's power to veto legislation. To do so, legislators propose legislation in the forms of bills drafted by a nonpartisan, professional staff. Successful legislation must undergo committee review, three readings on the floor of each house, with appropriate voting majorities, as required, and either be signed into law by the Governor or enacted through a veto override approved by two-thirds of the membership of each legislative

title: Senate of Puerto Rico

text: which were chosen from each of the seven senatorial districts, and five elected at-large. The Senate, along with the House of Representatives, are in charge of the legislative power of the Government of Puerto Rico. The Senate has exclusive power to try and to decide impeachment cases, and in meeting for such purposes, the Senators act in the name of the people of Puerto Rico. The Constitution also establishes that all Secretaries appointed by the Governor to the different executive departments, as well as all judges, require the advice and consent of the Senate. Justices of the Supreme Court can

title: State governments of Malaysia

text: to give their approval or assent to every legislation passed by the state legislature. The Head of Government for the 13 states in Malaysia is ruled by either a Minister (Menteri Besar) or Chief Minister (Ketua Menteri), depending on whether their Head of Government is a Sultan or Yang di-Pertua Negeri. Pursuant to Article 73-79 of the Federal Constitution, the state legislature is empowered to legislate on matters such as land matters, public works, local government, agriculture and forestry, Islamic law and public holidays. Pursuant to Article 80 of the Federal Constitution, the state executive in turn has administrative power

text: Article One of the United States Constitution Article One of the United States Constitution establishes the legislative branch of the federal government, the United States Congress. Under Article One, Congress is a bicameral legislature consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate. Article One grants Congress various enumerated powers and the ability to pass laws "necessary and proper" to carry out those powers. Article One also establishes the procedures for passing a bill and places various limits on the powers of Congress and the states. Article One's Vesting Clause grants all federal legislative power to Congress and establishes that

title: Jordan

text: made up of two chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The judiciary is independent according to the constitution. The king is the head of state and commander-in-chief of the army. He can declare war and peace, ratify laws and treaties, convene and close legislative sessions, call and postpone elections, dismiss the government and dissolve the parliament. The appointed government can also be dismissed through a majority vote of no confidence by the elected House of Representatives. After a bill is proposed by the government, it must be approved by the House of Representatives then the Senate, and becomes

title: Constitution of North Carolina

text: The Council of State, a cabinet-like body, is filled with eight popularly elected officials, in addition to the governor and lieutenant governor. This article also defines and mandates a balanced budget. Article IV defines the make-up the judicial branch of the state and prohibits the legislature from inhibiting its function. Similar to the federal government, the power to impeach state officials and judges, in the cross-hairs, are given to the state House of Representatives. The Senate can remove a person from office with a 2/3 majority vote after an impeachment. This article also deals with the necessary qualifications of a

title: New Jersey Legislature

text: legislative districts were reapportioned into the current arrangement. Two more modern developments have also helped shape the Legislature: the increase in importance of legislative committees and the development of longer tenures for the legislative leadership. The Legislature has the power to enact laws by a majority vote of both houses, subject to the Governor of New Jersey's ability to veto a bill. A veto may be overridden by the Legislature if there is a two-thirds majority in favor of overriding in each House. By a three-fifths vote of each house, the Legislature may propose an amendment to the State Constitution.

title: Politics of Cambodia

text: secretaries of state. Legislative power is vested in a bicameral legislature composed of the National Assembly, which has the power to vote on draft law, and the Senate that has the power of review. Upon the passage of legislation through the two chambers, the draft law is presented to the King for signing and promulgation. The judiciary is tasked with the protection of the rights and liberties of the citizens, and for being an impartial arbiter of disputes. The constitution provides for the independence of the judiciary and prohibits the delegation of its powers to the executive or the legislature.

title: Free State Provincial Legislature

text: confidence to force the Premier to change the composition of the Council. The legislature also appoints Free State's delegates to the National Council of Provinces, allocating delegates to parties in proportion to the number of seats each party holds in the legislature. The legislature has the power to pass legislation in numerous fields specified in the national constitution; in some fields the legislative power is shared with the national parliament, while in other fields it is solely reserved to the Free State alone. The fields include health, education (except universities), agriculture, housing, environmental protection, and development planning. The legislature oversees

text: states plus the District of Columbia. Article One of the United States Constitution Article One of the United States Constitution establishes the legislative branch of the federal government, the United States Congress. Under Article One, Congress is a bicameral legislature consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate. Article One grants Congress various enumerated powers and the ability to pass laws "necessary and proper" to carry out those powers. Article One also establishes the procedures for passing a bill and places various limits on the powers of Congress and the states. Article One's Vesting Clause grants all federal legislative

title: Veto

title: Parliament of Fiji

text: Council of Chiefs (14), the Prime Minister (9), the Leader of the Opposition (8), and the Rotuman Islands Council (1). The Senate was less powerful than the House of Representatives; the Senate could not initiate legislation, but it could reject or amend it. The Senate's powers over financial bills were more restricted: it could veto them in their entirety, but could not amend them. The House of Representatives could override a Senatorial veto by passing the bill a second time in the parliamentary session immediately following the one in which it was rejected by the Senate, after a minimum period

title: Oklahoma Legislature

text: the Governor of Oklahoma who may choose to sign the bill, thereby making it law, or veto it, returning it to the Legislature with his objections. In such a case, the bill only becomes law if each house of the Legislature votes to override the veto with a two-thirds majority. Finally, the Governor may choose to take no action, neither signing nor vetoing the bill. In such a case, the Constitution states that the bill automatically becomes law after five days (excluding Sundays). However, if the Legislature adjourns (ends a legislative session) during the five-day period, then the bill does

title: Constitution of Wisconsin

text: is given command of the state's military forces and empowered to pardon convicts. The Wisconsin Constitution also allows the governor to veto bills passed by the state legislature. The governor is also given line-item veto power over bills of appropriation, allowing the executive to cut out certain parts of legislation. The constitution does, however, prohibit the governor to create a new word in a bill by objecting to certain letters. Rejected bills or portions of bills are then returned to the legislative house where the bill originated, where a vote from two thirds of the members can override the veto.

title: Parliament of Grenada

text: powers on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Cabinet. The passage of legislation depends on the participation of all three component parts of Parliament. A bill must be agreed to by both Houses and receive the Royal Assent before it can become an Act of Parliament. The powers of the Senate and the House of Representatives are constitutionally equal except that financial legislation may not be introduced in the Senate. All Senators are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition. The House of Representatives is directly elected

title: Government of Indiana

text: Attorney General. The Constitution of Indiana has several checks and balances built into its clauses to prevent any one branch of the government from becoming dominant. The governor has the power to veto any bill passed by the General Assembly. The General Assembly has the power to override a veto with a simple majority. The courts have the authority to declare laws unconstitutional and repeal them, while the General Assembly has the power to initiate an amendment to the constitution to override the decision of the courts. Indiana judges are appointed by a commission made up of representatives of the

title: 1997 Constitution of Fiji: Chapter 6

text: of bills. All bills are to originate in the House of Representatives; the Senate has the power, with some limitations, to review, amend, or veto such bills. Senatorial amendments must be agreed to by the House of Representatives. The House of Representatives may override a Senate veto, provided that the same bill was passed by two consecutive sessions of the House of Representatives with an interval of at least six months. There are three exceptions to these rules. Greater powers given to the House of Representatives because it is popularly elected. The Senate's absolute veto over constitutional amendments, however, reflects

title: Politics of Jordan

text: signs, executes, and vetoes all laws. The king may also suspend or dissolve parliament, and shorten or lengthen the term of session. A veto by the king may be overridden by a two-thirds vote of both houses of parliament at his discretion, most recently in November 2009. The king appoints and may dismiss all judges by decree, approves amendments to the constitution after passing by both parliaments, declares war and acts as the supreme leader of the armed forces. Cabinet decisions, court judgments, and the national currency are issued in his name. The Cabinet, led by a prime minister, was

title: Government of Rivers State

text: the governance of the state. As in most presidential systems, the governor is both the head of government and head of state. He or she is empowered by the Constitution to preside over the Executive Council, as well as to appoint, dismiss or reappoint its members–excluding the deputy governor–at will. In addition the governor may sign legislation passed by the House into law or may veto it, however, if he or she does not make a decision to sign or veto a bill, it automatically becomes law after 30 days. A vote by a two-thirds majority in the House can

title: Michigan

text: and to enact and reject laws, called the initiative, and the power to approve or reject laws enacted by the legislature, called the referendum. The power of initiative extends only to laws which the legislature may enact under this constitution"). Lansing is the state capital and is home to all three branches of state government. The governor and the other state constitutional officers serve four-year terms and may be re-elected only once. The governor is Rick Snyder. Michigan has two official Governor's Residences; one is in Lansing, and the other is at Mackinac Island. The other constitutionally elected executive officers

title: Constitution of Texas

text: 2 provides for the separation of powers of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of the state government, prohibiting each branch from encroaching on the powers of the others. Article 3 vests the legislative power of the state in the "Legislature of the State of Texas", consisting of the state's Senate and House of Representatives. It also lists the qualifications required of senators and representatives, and regulates many details of the legislative process. The article contains many substantive limitations on the power of the legislature and a large number of exceptions to those limitations. As with the United States Constitution,

title: Veto

long_answer: If the President approves of the legislation, then the President signs it into law. According to Article 1. Section 7 of the Constitution, when the President chooses not to sign or does not approve of the bill, the President must return the bill, unsigned, within ten days, excluding Sundays, to the house of the United States Congress in which it originated, while the Congress is in session. The President is constitutionally required to state any objections to the bill in writing, and the Congress is constitutionally required to consider them, and to reconsider the legislation. This action, in effect, is a veto.


question: when was the taming ofthe shrew first performed

answers: prior to June 1592

title: The Taming of the Shrew in performance

text: at newing ton my Lord Admeralle men & my Lorde chamberlen men as ffolowethe [...] 11 of June 1594 Rd at the tamynge of A Shrowe." This could have been either "A Shrew" or "The Shrew", but as the Lord Chamberlain's Men were sharing the theatre at the time, and as such Shakespeare himself would have been there, scholars tend to assume it was "The Shrew". The earliest definite performance of "The Shrew" was at court before Charles I and Henrietta Maria on 26 November 1633, where it was described as being "likt". Aside from the court performance, evidence of

title: The Taming of the Shrew

text: based on the 1623 First Folio. Under this referencing system, 1.2.51 means Act 1, Scene 2, line 51. The Taming of the Shrew The Taming of the Shrew is a comedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1590 and 1592. The play begins with a framing device, often referred to as the induction, in which a mischievous nobleman tricks a drunken tinker named Christopher Sly into believing he is actually a nobleman himself. The nobleman then has the play performed for Sly's diversion. The main plot depicts the courtship of Petruchio and Katherina, the headstrong, obdurate shrew.

title: The Taming of the Shrew in performance

text: strong reviews, but by 1910, the political climate had changed somewhat; the 1909 Stratford by-election had seen suffragette protests, and henceforth some critics expressed discomfort with Benson's use of farce to depict what had now become a socially relevant situation. Indeed, in the 1912 season, suffragette activist Violet Vanbrugh replaced Constance Benson in the role of Katherina, although her performance was roundly criticised for failing to bring the anticipated political edge to the character. Another husband and wife team who had a long and successful run with the play was Oscar Asche and Lily Brayton. First staged in 1899 in

title: The Taming of the Shrew in performance

text: modern dress productions were still rare enough to elicit a great deal of attention, and the production ran for 175 performances, a record for the theatre at the time. The production was remounted in England in 1928, first at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre, and subsequently at the Royal Court Theatre, starring Eileen Beldon and Scott Sunderland. In this production, the Induction was kept, with Sly moving from the front of the stage to one of the boxes after the first act. Barry Jackson, who co-directed the Birmingham performances, was initially keen to use the epilogue from "A Shrew", but he

title: The Taming of the Shrew in performance

text: London. One, by Christopher Bullock, opened at Lincoln's Inn Fields in January 1716, and the other, by Charles Johnson, opened at Drury Lane the following month. Both concentrated on the practical joke element of the Induction and omitted entirely the Petruchio/Katherina story. Bullock renamed the character Sir Toby Guzzle, and Johnson called him Kit Sly. Both plays were short farces, designed to fill one half of a play bill. Bullock's play proved more popular, being printed four times, and performed as late as 1759. The most successful adaptation was David Garrick's "Catharine and Petruchio", which was first performed at Drury

title: The Taming of the Shrew in performance

text: "First Folio" text throughout the play, he "much abbreviated" Katherina's final speech. In the United States, Shakespeare's "The Shrew" was first performed in 1887, directed by Augustin Daly at Daly's Theatre in New York, starring Ada Rehan and John Drew. Despite claims the production was pure Shakespeare, Daly made several alterations. For example, the Bianca subplot was heavily cut to allow more focus on the taming storyline. Daly also reorganised Act 4 so that Scene 2 (the arrival of the pedant in Padua) was followed by Scene 4 (the pedant confirms the dowry for Bianca), and Scene 1 (Petruchio and

title: The Taming of the Shrew in performance

text: The play ends with her thoroughly tamed. Lacy's work premiered at Drury Lane in 1667, starring Susanna Verbruggen and George Powell. Samuel Pepys saw it on 9 April and again on 1 November, enjoying it on both occasions. The play was popular enough that it was still being performed as late as 1732, when it was staged at Goodman's Fields Theatre, and it seems to have supplanted "Shrew"s place on the English stage for the rest of the seventeenth century and the first half of the eighteenth. In 1716, two rival adaptations, both named "The Cobler of Preston", opened in

title: The Taming of the Shrew in performance

text: seventeenth century. The original play seems not to have been performed at all during the eighteenth century, and instead a range of adaptations held the stage, most notably David Garrick's 1754 adaptation, "Catharine and Petruchio". Shakespeare's "The Shrew" was not performed again until 1844, the last of his plays restored to the repertory, 211 years since the last definite performance. That year, Benjamin Webster directed a production designed by J.R. Planché at the Haymarket Theatre. Starring Louisa Cranstoun Nisbett as Katherina and Webster himself as Petruchio, the production was staged in a minimalist Elizabethan manner, with only two simple locations;

title: The Taming of the Shrew in performance

text: 1890s that the dominance of "Catharine and Petruchio" began to wain, and productions of "The Shrew" become more regular. Moving into the twentieth century, the play's popularity increased considerably, and it became one of Shakespeare's most frequently staged plays, with productions taking place all over the world. This trend has continued into the twenty-first century, with the play as popular now as it was when first written. The earliest known performance of the play is recorded in Philip Henslowe's diary on 11 June 1594, performed by the Lord Admiral's Men and the Lord Chamberlain's Men at Newington Butts Theatre; "begininge

title: The Taming of the Shrew in performance

text: the play's stage history during the seventeenth century is relatively sparse. The title page of the 1631 quarto states the play had been acted by the King's Men at both the Globe and Blackfriars. The King's Men only began performing at Blackfriars in 1610, suggesting the play was still popular enough to be performed at least sixteen years after its debut. However, there is no further information available. Apart from a possible production at Drury Lane in 1663 or 1664, the play's place on the stage was taken by John Lacy's adaptation, "Sauny the Scot" at some point during the

title: The Taming of the Shrew in performance

text: Act 2, Scene 1, after she has tied Bianca's hands together. Critics praised this alteration, feeling it was a more explosive introduction to the character. The production was hugely successful and ran for 121 performances. It subsequently toured internationally, and was performed to critical acclaim at the Gaiety Theatre, London in March 1888 and the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in August. It was also chosen as the inaugural performance at Daly's Theatre in London on 12 March 1893. Most critics consider the success of Daly's production as critical in breaking the dominance of "Catharine and Petruchio" on both sides of the

title: The Taming of the Shrew

text: The Taming of the Shrew The Taming of the Shrew is a comedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1590 and 1592. The play begins with a framing device, often referred to as the induction, in which a mischievous nobleman tricks a drunken tinker named Christopher Sly into believing he is actually a nobleman himself. The nobleman then has the play performed for Sly's diversion. The main plot depicts the courtship of Petruchio and Katherina, the headstrong, obdurate shrew. Initially, Katherina is an unwilling participant in the relationship; however, Petruchio "tames" her with various psychological torments, such

title: The Taming of the Shrew in performance

text: only began to dwindle in popularity when afterpieces became less fashionable in the mid-eighteenth century. Prior to that, however, it was a huge success on both sides of the Atlantic; it was first staged in North America in 1768 at the John Street Theatre, starring Margaret Cheer and Lewis Hallam. It was performed at John Philip Kemble's benefit in 1788, with a text he had prepared himself, which deviated slightly from Garrick's, starring Sarah Siddons and Kemble himself. Kemble continued to play the role for many years, including a run opposite his wife, Priscilla Kemble, in 1810. Previously, Kemble's brother,

title: The Taming of the Shrew

text: Oxford Shakespeare, H.J. Oliver suggests the play was composed no later than 1592. He bases this on the title page of "A Shrew", which mentions the play had been performed "sundry times" by Pembroke's Men. When the London theatres were closed on 23 June 1592 due to an outbreak of plague, Pembroke's Men went on a regional tour to Bath and Ludlow. The tour was a financial failure, and the company returned to London on 28 September, financially ruined. Over the course of the next three years, four plays with their name on the title page were published; Christopher Marlowe's

title: The Taming of the Shrew in performance

text: The Taming of the Shrew in performance "The Taming of the Shrew" in performance has had an uneven history. Popular in Shakespeare's day, the play fell out of favour during the seventeenth century, when it was replaced on the stage by John Lacy's "Sauny the Scott". The original Shakespearean text was not performed at all during the eighteenth century, with David Garrick's adaptation "Catharine and Petruchio" dominating the stage. After over two hundred years without a performance, the play returned to the British stage in 1844, the last Shakespeare play restored to the repertory. However, it was only in the

title: The Taming of the Shrew

text: performances. As well as being a box office hit, the musical was also a critical success, winning five Tony Awards; Best Authors (Musical), Best Original Score, Best Costume Design, Best Musical and Best Producers (Musical). The play has since been revived numerous times in various countries. Its 1999 revival at the Martin Beck Theatre, directed by Michael Blakemore and starring Marin Mazzie and Brian Stokes Mitchell, was especially successful, winning another five Tonys; Best Actor (Musical), Best Costume Design, Best Director (Musical), Best Orchestrations, and Best Revival (Musical). The first ballet version of the play was Maurice Béjart's "La mégère

title: The Taming of the Shrew in performance

text: dialogue). In an "extremely conventional production" at the Shakespeare Memorial Theater in 1919, starring Ethel Warwick and Edmund Willard, William Bridges-Adams stuck rigidly to the "First Folio" text, but completely removed the Induction and all references to Sly. In a 1922 production at The Old Vic starring Florence Buckton and Rupert Harvey, director Robert Atkins was the first to graft the "A Shrew" epilogue onto a performance of "The Shrew", with Hay Petrie playing Sly. In 1927, H.K. Ayliff directed a modern dress production at the Garrick Theatre in New York, with Mary Ellis and Basil Sydney. At the time,

title: The Taming of the Shrew on screen

text: heart admired the man whose temper is greater than her own." The first sound adaptation of the play was in 1929; Sam Taylor's "The Taming of the Shrew", starring Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks (the first sound adaptation of any Shakespeare play). This version was simultaneously shot as a silent film, and, depending on whether a given theatre was equipped to screen sound films, was released both as a "talkie" and a silent. Using only 500 lines from the original play, and a few lines from David Garrick's 1754 adaptation of "Shrew", "Catharine and Petruchio", the film is primarily known

title: The Taming of the Shrew in performance

text: Lane in March 1754, starring Hannah Pritchard and Henry Woodward, although Pritchard was replaced by Kitty Clive in 1756. This adaptation dominated the stage for almost a century, with Shakespeare's play not returning to the English stage until 1844, although Garrick's version was still being performed as late as 1879, when Herbert Beerbohm Tree staged it. In "Catharine and Petruchio", the subplot is entirely omitted; Bianca is married to Hortensio when the play opens. Consequently, it is not a full-length play, and was often performed with Garrick's shorter version of "The Winter's Tale" or as an afterpiece. Indeed, the play

title: The Taming of the Shrew

title: The Taming of the Shrew in performance

text: the Theatre Royal in Wigan, the play became more prominent when performed at the Adelphi in 1904, directed by Otho Stuart. It subsequently went on a world tour, beginning in Australia, and Asche estimates it was performed about 1,500 times all over the world. Although a financial success, the production received mixed reviews. Many critics commented on the size difference between the large and imposing Asche and the diminutive Brayton, feeling the disparity lent the production an uncomfortable tone, especially insofar as Asche rejected Benson's farcical production in favour of a more psychologically real representation. In the wake of the

title: The Taming of the Shrew (ballet)

text: The Taming of the Shrew (ballet) The Taming of the Shrew is a ballet in two acts choreographed by John Cranko to keyboard works by Domenico Scarlatti arranged and orchestrated by Kurt-Heinz Stolze. With scenery and costumes designed by Elizabeth Dalton, it was first presented as "Der Widerspenstigen Zähmung" by the Stuttgart Ballet at the Wṻrtembergische Staatstheater in Stuttgart on 16 March 1969. Cranko's ballet is a dance version of William Shakespeare's play "The Taming of the Shrew" (1590–1592). The story is a comedy about Petruchio's determination to subdue the irascible Katherine; he woos her, marries her, and makes her

title: The Taming of the Shrew on screen

text: adaptations using relatively complete texts intended for use as educational tools in schools, with the primary aim being to show how the plays would have looked when originally performed. The production starred Karen Austin and Franklyn Seales. Other film versions (which are loose adaptations as opposed to straight translations from stage to screen) include: The earliest screening of the play is often inaccurately reported to have been broadcast on BBC Television Service in 1939, directed by Dallas Bower and starring Margaretta Scott and Austin Trevor. However, this was an adaptation of Garrick's "Catharine and Petruchio", not Shakespeare's "Shrew". The first

title: The Taming of the Shrew (Giannini)

text: in the United States on March 13, 1954 and was notably the first opera to be telecast in color. The production was an award from the New York Film Critics Circle for this technical achievement. In 1958 the New York City Opera became the first company to stage a full production of the opera with director Margaret Webster and Adler as conductor. Phyllis Curtin and Walter Cassel led the cast. In 1971 the Lyric Opera of Kansas City staged and recorded the opera for New World Records under music director Russell Patterson. In 1979 the Wolf Trap Opera staged the

title: The Taming of the Shrew (ballet)

text: an obedient wife. Shakespeare chose his title to signify to his audiences that the play was about the marriage of a man to an ill-tempered woman given to scolding, nagging, and aggression. Such a woman, especially a wife, was known in the sixteenth century as a shrew, so called after a tiny rodent with a notoriously hostile and unpleasant nature. A woman convicted in court for being a shrew was often punished in Shakespeare's day by being confined to stocks on the village green or repeatedly dunked in a nearby pond or lake. The setting is Padua, a city in

title: The Taming of the Shrew in performance

text: it became one of the most popular and often performed plays in Benson's repertory. The play was regularly performed there until the 1920s and was revived at theatres around the country up to 1932. Starring Benson's wife, Constance Benson and Benson himself as Petruchio, Benson followed Daly's example in rewriting and restructuring, such as truncating the Bianca subplot. Unlike Daly, however, Benson also removed the Induction. The production was very much a farce, with the emphasis on broad physical comedy in which Petruchio athletically leaps about the stage terrorizing a relatively passive Katherina. In its early days, it received generally

title: The Taming of the Shrew (Giannini)

text: The Taming of the Shrew (Giannini) The Taming of the Shrew is an opera in three acts by composer Vittorio Giannini. The work uses an English language libretto by Dorothy Fee and the composer which is based on William Shakespeare's play of the same name. The opera premiered at the Cincinnati Music Hall on January 31, 1953 in a concert performance starring Dorothy Short as Katharina, Robert Kircher as Petruchio, the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, and conductor Thor Johnson. Considered Giannini's most popular work, it was one of three finalists named for the Pulitzer Prize for Music in 1953. Giannini began

title: The Taming of the Shrew

text: fights became legendary. The musical tells the story of a husband and wife acting duo (Fred and Lilli) attempting to stage "The Taming of the Shrew", but whose backstage fights keep getting in the way. The musical opened on Broadway at the New Century Theatre in 1948, running for a total of 1,077 performances. Directed by John C. Wilson with choreography by Hanya Holm, it starred Patricia Morison and Alfred Drake. The production moved to the West End in 1951, directed by Samuel Spewack with choreography again by Holm, and starring Patricia Morrison and Bill Johnson. It ran for 501

title: The Taming of the Shrew (Shebalin)

text: stroptivoy" had its world premiere in a concert version at the Central House of Artists in Moscow on 1 October 1955. The opera was first staged at the Samara Opera and Ballet Theatre (then known as the Kuybïshev Opera) on 25 May 1957 under the baton of conductor S. S. Bergolts. Unhappy with the final scene between Katherine and Petruchio, Shebalin completely re-wrote the ending of the opera for the work's first staging at the Bolshoi Theatre in August 1957. In subsequent months the work was performed in Leningrad, Kiev and other cities. The success of the opera enabled Shebalin

title: The Taming of the Shrew

text: by Modest Mussorgsky, Sergei Prokofiev and some of his father's pieces. In 1924, extracts from the play were broadcast on BBC Radio, performed by the Cardiff Station Repertory Company as the eight episode of a series of programs showcasing Shakespeare's plays, entitled "Shakespeare Night". Extracts were also broadcast in 1925 as part of "Shakespeare: Scene and Story", with Edna Godfrey-Turner and William Charles Macready, and in 1926 as part of "Shakespeare's Heroines", with Madge Titheradge and Edmund Willard. In 1927, a forty-three-minute truncation of the play was broadcast on BBC National Programme, with Barbara Couper and Ian Fleming. In 1932,

title: The Taming of the Shrew

long_answer: However, it is possible to narrow the date further. A terminus ante quem for A Shrew seems to be August 1592, as a stage direction at 3.21 mentions "Simon," which probably refers to the actor Simon Jewell, who was buried on 21 August 1592. Furthermore, The Shrew must have been written earlier than 1593, as Anthony Chute's Beauty Dishonoured, written under the title of Shore's wife (published in June 1593) contains the line "He calls his Kate, and she must come and kiss him." This must refer to The Shrew, as there is no corresponding "kissing scene" in A Shrew. There are also verbal similarities between both Shrew plays and the anonymous play A Knack to Know a Knave (first performed at The Rose on 10 June 1592). Knack features several passages common to both A Shrew and The Shrew, but it also borrows several passages unique to The Shrew. This suggests The Shrew was on stage prior to June 1592.


question: where do the events in the story take place geographically

answers: Persia

title: Betrayal at Krondor

text: triangular marker. The overworld is completely mapped, but other locations are automatically mapped in the top-down view as the player explores them. The player can also view the full map of Midkemia and see their location. Each chapter's main plot usually takes place completely within one or two regions of the game world. However, the player is given enormous freedom to explore the world however they wish, with ample opportunity to perform optional sub-quests and enhance their characters' abilities, gain cash, upgrade weapons and armor, and so on. Only certain locations are accessible in each chapter, though the player is

title: The Named

text: The description of the high schools implies that the town is smaller than average. The story is set in the present or near-present time. Some of the story takes place in the past, in a variety of times and places. For example, one of the earlier missions that Isabel takes with Ethan is to Medieval England, as well as colonial America. "The Named" opens with a prologue in which two children, Sera and Ethan, are running to witness a rare flower bloom. Ethan, at age four, recognizes his older sister's love for all things strange and otherworldly, and loves being

title: The Vaporization Enthalpy of a Peculiar Pakistani Family

text: obstacles, and once reconnected, they finally reach equilibrium. This story takes place in Pakistan, but does not specify where. The characters often mention places vaguely using phrases such as, "the City", or "the Mountains". The main character Tara also enrolls in Punjab University located in Lahore, Pakistan. Details in the story describing terrorist attacks and suicide bombings, suggest the story takes place during a time period of last 70 years in Pakistan. Because Malik's story is published worldwide, there is a broad range of readers. Overall many readers enjoyed the story, but there was some controversy about the genre. Some

title: Fictional location

text: castle is north or south of the river, and how long it takes to get between valleys. This can be very helpful in preventing snags when dealing directly with fictional geography. Sometimes an actual geographic corner is used as a model for "getting it right", and identifying these can become a game for readers. Authors may turn an island into a continent or vice versa, rotate orientation, or combine two similar locales to get the best (for the story) of both. Fictional location Fictional locations are places that exist only in fiction and not in reality, such as the Negaverse

title: TPR Storytelling

text: that statement and then wait while the teacher continues with the circling questions. Ideally, the actors will act in a humorous, emotional, or otherwise memorable way. This helps students to make visual and emotional connections to the new language structures they are hearing. The story will often take place in distinct locations. The main character in the story may start off in one location with a problem that they need to solve. They may move to a second location, where they try to solve the problem, but fail. Then they may move to a third location where they resolve the

title: Where the Rivers Flow North

text: Where the Rivers Flow North Where the Rivers Flow North is a 1978 novel, written by Howard Frank Mosher, and a 1993 film, based on the novel and directed by Jay Craven. Set in the late 1920s, its main characters are Noel Lord and Bangor, a couple that live together in the wilderness of Vermont living off the land and using the trees in their numerous acreage as a way to make their money. A major company comes through and tries their best to take Noel's land from him through money and then finally trying to kill him in the

title: The Mongoliad

text: flora and fauna of the great Eurasian Steppe; and especially medieval European and Asian martial arts. A parallel plot line takes place in Rome, and includes highly detailed depictions of a papal conclave. The novels incorporate historical events in Poland, Rome, Russia and central Asia that ran concurrently with the last major events of the Mongol invasion. The authors construct a fictional narrative that connects all these events of the year 1241, describing some earlier historical events and adding other entirely fictional events and characters. Some medieval mythology is also included in the later books, especially the Holy Grail and

title: Setting (narrative)

text: Setting (narrative) The setting is both the time and geographic location within a narrative, either nonfiction or fiction. A literary element, the setting helps initiate the main backdrop and mood for a story. Setting has been referred to as story world or "milieu" to include a context (especially society) beyond the immediate surroundings of the story. Elements of setting may include culture, historical period, geography, and hour. Along with the plot, character, theme, and style, setting is considered one of the fundamental components of fiction. Setting is an important element in a narrative and in some works the setting becomes

title: It Came from the Desert

text: it depends which location Dr. Bradley visits at what time, and whether he meets certain characters and whether he advances their story in time. The plot also involves making decisions which characters to meet, and support. At certain places or due to events, the game world switches into a top-down perspective and the player assumes control of Dr. Bradley to navigate him around in a finer detail (in the adventure mode he can only drive to a discrete locations shown by name on the overview). The entire game world is reproduced from this perspective, however earlier in the game only

title: Fictional geography

text: Fictional geography Fictional geography is the use of maps, text and imagery to create lands and territories to accompany works of fiction. Depending on the completeness and complexity of the work, varying media, levels of collaboration and a number of other factors, the depiction of geographical components to works of fiction can range from simple drawings of a small area as in "The Twenty-One Balloons" by William Pène du Bois to an entire fictional world as in "The Lord of the Rings" by Tolkien or even an entire galaxy as in "Star Trek" and its variants. One of the most

title: Setting (narrative)

text: a character itself. The term setting is often used to refer to the social milieu in which the events of a novel occur and novelist Donna Levin has described how this social milieu shapes the characters’ values. The elements of the story setting include the passage of time, which may be static in some stories or dynamic in others with, for example, changing seasons. Setting may take various forms: Setting (narrative) The setting is both the time and geographic location within a narrative, either nonfiction or fiction. A literary element, the setting helps initiate the main backdrop and mood for

text: Proposed Book of Mormon geographical setting The geographical setting of the Book of Mormon is the set of locations of the events described in the Book of Mormon. There is no universal consensus among Mormon scholars regarding the placement of these locations in the known world, other than somewhere in the Americas. A popular "traditional" view among many Latter-day Saint faithful covers much of North and South America; while many Book of Mormon scholars, particularly in recent decades, believe the text itself favors a limited Mesoamerican or other limited setting for most of the Book of Mormon events. The largest

title: Fictional location

text: great use of the map, but applies equally to science fiction and mysteries: earlier, in mainstream novels by Anthony Trollope, William Faulkner, etc. Fantasy and science fiction novels often also provide sections which provide documentation of various aspects of the environment of the fiction, including languages, character lists, cultures and, of course, locations. In an online article on writing Dawn Arkin writes about the importance of location to the author's art: Maps are an immediate necessity for some works, as they do not take place on our Earth. Writers need working maps to keep straight at a glance whether the

title: The War of Don Emmanuel's Nether Parts

text: 1960s to 1980s in Southern and Central America. The main action of the story takes place in the small town of Chiriguaná, whose population is richly drawn in affectionate character portraits that make up a large part of the novel. Other parts of the novel take place in the capital city of the fictional nation, in the clubs of the corrupt military commanders, and the palace of the distracted, amoral president. Although the name of the country of the trilogy is never directly disclosed, several reasons cause it to most resemble Colombia. De Bernières' experiences from spending time living in

title: A Maggot

text: historical novel, it does take place during a precise historical timeframe, May 1736 to February 1737, in England. It might be variously classified as historical fiction, mystery, or science fiction. Because of the narrative style and various metafictional devices, most critics classify it as a postmodern novel. The book opens with an objective narration about a group of five travellers travelling through Exmoor in rural England. They arrive at an inn in a small village, and soon it becomes clear that they are not who they seem to be. The "maid" Louise casually rebuffs the sexual advances of the servant,

title: A Distant Episode

text: and tribes (especially the Reguibat and Ouled Nail) suggest that the events take place in Morocco, Algeria, or possibly Western Sahara. Extremely short, the piece is a study of many things, most notably the cultural divisions between Europe and the North African Islamic world, the role of language (emphasized viscerally) in defining identity and narration, and the various and shifting natures of cultural supremacy. Among twentieth-century short stories, it has a strong reputation and is a favorite of authors such as Tobias Wolff and Jay McInerney. Francine Prose mentioned Bowles's work and "A Distant Episode" specifically as some of the

title: Milly-Molly-Mandy

text: girl who First appears in Milly-Molly-Mandy gets a New Dress and Jessamine, a wealthy girl who’s family often vacations at The House with the Iron Railings. The stories take place in south east England, and because of the proximity to the sea and downs, and the chalk roads in the village, they would appear to take place near to the south coast. There are map illustrations inside the front covers of each book, each differs slightly to signify the different events in the stories. When they take a trip to the seaside by train another illustration has white cliffs which

title: Caedmon's Song

text: reader slowly gets the pieces of information he needs to understand the story. Just as Kirsten herself discovers what happened to her. The story is revealed bit by bit, and therefore it is thrilling until the end. The two most important locations of the story are Bath and Whitby. Bath is described as a rather peaceful and idyllic place for wealthy people. Conversely, Whitby, fishing port and famous tourist destination, represents the rough life on the Yorkshire coast. And the landfall for Count Alucard's undead cargo, according to Bram Stoker. Since this was the home town of "England's first poet"

title: New York (novel)

text: helps the reader follow the action as the city develops. A fourth map of the New York City region provides a larger geographical context. Brigitte Weeks of "The Washington Post" praised the novel and advised readers against trying to determine the accuracy of every name or event: But analyzing the veracity of every incident will spoil the fun, and what makes this novel so entertaining is the riotous, multilayered portrait of a whole metropolis. Rutherfurd offers the reader a chance to watch a rural outcrop grow into one of the world's greatest cities in a mere 350 years. He delivers

title: Book of Esther

title: Historical fiction

text: such as the Polish novelist Bolesław Prus in his sole historical novel, "Pharaoh", to distance themselves from their own time and place to gain perspective on society and on the human condition, or to escape the depredations of the censor. In some historical novels, major historic events take place mostly off-stage, while the fictional characters inhabit the world where those events occur. Robert Louis Stevenson's "Kidnapped" recounts mostly private adventures set against the backdrop of the Jacobite troubles in Scotland. Charles Dickens's "Barnaby Rudge" is set amid the Gordon Riots, and "A Tale of Two Cities" in the French Revolution.

title: SaGa Frontier

text: SaGa style and began to focus on several different character on their own journeys. Nine stories were crafted, but two of them were dropped for being too comedic. The plot of "SaGa Frontier" takes place in a science fantasy universe called "The Regions", a group of worlds with varying degrees of culture, unique races, technology, and magic. The game allows the player to follow the exploits of one of seven protagonists, each with his or her own storyline and goal. The game's "Free Scenario System" offers a large amount of non-linear gameplay, allowing the player to freely travel between many

title: The Salt Roads

text: place in multiple settings, switching from character to character as well as place to place. Mer's story takes place in Saint-Domingue, during the late 17th century. It is a time when French colonization was taking place and slaves were used on plantations to harvest crops for trade. Jeanne's story takes place in Paris and Neuilly, France during the 1840s. Thais' story is set in Alexandria, Egypt and Aelia Capitolina, or Jerusalem, during 345 C.E.. The novel is broken up into pseudo-chapters with the headings below: BEAT..., BREAK/ BEAT! ONE- DROP BLUES SISTER SOUL THROWING WORD SLIDE SLIP RATTLE CHAIN BREAK

title: Fictional geography

text: notable examples of fictional geography is that created by J. R. R. Tolkien to produce the Shire and its expansion to include all of Middle-earth. Fictional geography Fictional geography is the use of maps, text and imagery to create lands and territories to accompany works of fiction. Depending on the completeness and complexity of the work, varying media, levels of collaboration and a number of other factors, the depiction of geographical components to works of fiction can range from simple drawings of a small area as in "The Twenty-One Balloons" by William Pène du Bois to an entire fictional world

title: The Strands Series

text: The Strands Series The Strands Series is a series of books and short stories written by Gael Baudino between 1981 and 1994 and published between 1989 and 1997. The majority of the plot occurs in a fictional land named Adria, which is based on Medieval Western Europe, with parts of later books occurring in 1990s Denver, USA. Though many of the locations in Adria are fictional, the geography, culture, and language are realistic depictions of Europe during the 14th-15th centuries. The author describes Adria's placement in this way: "Imagine a slash between France and Germany, and then insert about 300

title: Eudora Welty

text: customs, feelings, and associations. Place answers the questions, "What happened? Who's here? Who's coming?" Place is a prompt to memory; thus the human mind is what makes place significant. This is the job of the storyteller. “A Worn Path” is one short story that proves how place shapes how a story is perceived. Within the tale, the main character, Phoenix, must fight to overcome the barriers within the vividly described Southern landscape as she makes her trek to the nearest town. "The Wide Net" is another of Welty’s short stories that uses place to define mood and plot. The river

title: Andre Norton

text: whether science fiction or fantasy, the plot takes place in the open countryside, with only short episodes in a city environment. Protagonists usually move about singly or in small groups, and in conflict situations they are more often scouts, spies or guerrillas rather than regular soldiers in large military formations. As could be expected of such characters, they tend to be resourceful and capable of taking independent initiative. In some books, protagonists are introduced already in possession of such characteristics. In others the protagonists (often young) are thrust into situations where they must develop them quickly, and invariably succeed at

title: Worldbuilding

text: of the Rings", for example, include maps of Middle-earth. Cartography of fictional worlds is sometimes called "geofiction". The physical geography of a fictional world is important in designing weather patterns and biomes such as deserts, wetlands, mountains, and forests. These physical features also affect the growth and interaction of the various societies, such as the establishment of trade routes and locations of important cities. Desire for control of natural resources in a fictional world may lead to war among its people. Geography can also define ecosystems for each biome. Often, Earth-like ecology is assumed, but designers can vary drastically from

title: Patterns of Childhood

text: of memory, Nazism, and guilt. Thus it provides insight into the upbringings of those who lived under totalitarian regimes, and problems that arise from such a childhood. The novel's main settings relate to major historical events during and following World War II. The sections recounting the earlier parts of the narrator's childhood are set in Landsberg an der Warthe (referred to as “L”), now Gorzów Wielkopolski in Poland. During the course of the book her family was forced to leave due to the invading Soviet army. After the war, Landsberg became Polish territory as a part of the post World

title: In High Places (Hailey novel)

text: the diplomatic events set into motion between Canada and the USA as a result of their efforts to coordinate their defense against Russia and its satellite states. During the course of the novel, it becomes increasingly clear that Howden's premiership is gravely threatened by the consequences of an amoral political pact that Howden was forced to make with an erstwhile ally in order to gain the party leadership. The deteriorating relationship between Howden and this former ally forms one of the key plot movements of the novel. Another major plot element is the destabilisation of the internal political situation in

title: Book of Esther

long_answer: The Book of Esther, also known in Hebrew as "the Scroll" (Megillah), is a book in the third section (Ketuvim, "Writings") of the Jewish Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible) and in the Christian Old Testament. It is one of the five Scrolls (Megillot) in the Hebrew Bible. It relates the story of a Hebrew woman in Persia, born as Hadassah but known as Esther, who becomes queen of Persia and thwarts a genocide of her people. The story forms the core of the Jewish festival of Purim, during which it is read aloud twice: once in the evening and again the following morning. The books of Esther and Song of Songs are the only books in the Hebrew Bible that do not explicitly mention God.