question: when does the 2017 college football season end

answers: December 9, 2017

title: 2016–17 NCAA football bowl games

text: least a 6–6 record. 2016–17 NCAA football bowl games The 2016–17 NCAA football bowl games were a series of college football bowl games which completed the 2016 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The games began on December 17, 2016, and aside from the all-star games ended with the 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship which was played on January 9, 2017. The total of 41 team-competitive postseason games, including the national championship game, was unchanged from the previous year. While bowl games had been the purview of only the very best teams for nearly a century, this was the

title: 2016–17 NCAA football bowl games

text: 2016–17 NCAA football bowl games The 2016–17 NCAA football bowl games were a series of college football bowl games which completed the 2016 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The games began on December 17, 2016, and aside from the all-star games ended with the 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship which was played on January 9, 2017. The total of 41 team-competitive postseason games, including the national championship game, was unchanged from the previous year. While bowl games had been the purview of only the very best teams for nearly a century, this was the eleventh consecutive year that

text: 2016 NCAA Division I FBS football season The 2016 NCAA Division I FBS football season was the highest level of college football competition in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The regular season began on August 26, 2016 and ended on December 10, 2016. The postseason concluded on January 9, 2017 with the 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship, where the Clemson Tigers defeated the Alabama Crimson Tide for their second national title in school history. The championship game was a rematch of the 2016 edition won by Alabama. The following rule changes were voted

title: 2017 U Sports football season

text: on Saturdays, and two are on Sundays. With the changes to the other conferences, the Canada West Universities Athletic Association was left as the only conference with an even number of teams and there were no major format changes when the schedule was unveiled on April 18, 2017. All six teams will play on September 1, 2017 and conclude their seasons on October 28, 2017. As usual, all teams will have a bye week on Thanksgiving Day weekend. In total, eight regular season games will be played on Fridays and 16 will be played on Saturdays. Similar to the other

title: 2017 NCAA Division III football season

text: 2017 NCAA Division III football season The 2017 NCAA Division III football season was the portion of the 2017 college football season organized by the NCAA at the Division III level in the United States. Under Division III rules, teams were eligible to begin play on August 31, 2017. The season ended with the NCAA Division III Football Championship, also known as the Stagg Bowl, on December 15, 2017 at Salem Football Stadium in Salem, Virginia. Mount Union earned their 13th national title, defeating defending national champions Mary Hardin–Baylor. The 2017 season saw several significant changes to the landscape of

title: 2017–18 NCAA football bowl games

text: 2017–18 NCAA football bowl games The 2017–18 NCAA football bowl games was a series of college football bowl games which completed the 2017 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The games began on December 16, 2017, and aside from the all-star games ended with the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship which was played on January 8, 2018. The total of 40 team-competitive bowls, including the national championship game, was one less than the previous year, with the folding of the Poinsettia Bowl. To fill the 78 available bowl slots, a total of 15 teams (19% of all participants) with

title: 2016–17 NCAA football bowl games

text: a Mountain West/Pac-12 bowl in Melbourne, Australia. The Sun Belt subsequently announced that it would become a new primary tie-in for the Arizona Bowl. The FCS has one bowl game; they also have a championship bracket that began on November 26 and ended on January 7. On December 4, 2016, the College Football Playoff selection committee announced their final team rankings for the year: In the third year of the College Football Playoff era, this was the first time that one of the four semifinalists (Ohio State) was not a conference champion. Only the Peach Bowl featured two conference champions

text: to change. Sources: 2016 Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association football season The 2016 Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association football season is made up of 12 United States collegiate athletic programs that compete in the Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association (MIAA) under the NCAA Division II for the 2016 college football season. The season began on Thursday, September 1, 2016. Northwest Missouri State enters the season as the Conference and National Champions. "Please note that the information listed is the information before the season started." "Sporting News" released their Top-25 on May 25, 2016. Two teams from the conference were ranked in the top

text: 2017 Southeastern Conference football season The 2017 Southeastern Conference football season was the 85th season of SEC football and took place during the 2017 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The season began on August 31 and will end with the 2017 SEC Championship Game on December 2. The SEC is a Power Five conference under the College Football Playoff format along with the Atlantic Coast Conference, the Big 12 Conference, the Big Ten Conference, and the Pac–12 Conference. For the 2017 season, the SEC has 14 teams divided into two divisions of seven each, named East and West. The

text: 2018 NCAA Division I FBS football season The 2018 NCAA Division I FBS football season is the 150th season of college football competition in the United States at the highest level organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The regular season began on August 25, 2018 and ended on December 8, 2018. The postseason began on December 15, 2018 and will conclude on January 7, 2019 with the 2019 College Football Playoff National Championship at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California. The following rule changes were approved by the NCAA Playing Rules Oversight Panel for the 2018 season: Major

text: games for football. The Big 12 reinstated its championship game for the 2017 season, while the Sun Belt determined its 2017 football champion solely by regular-season records before launching a championship game starting in 2018. Rankings reflect the Week 14 AP Poll before the conference championship games were played. College Football Playoff participant There were 39 post-season bowl games, with two teams advancing to a 40th – the CFP National Championship game. Normally, a team is required to have a .500 minimum winning percentage during the regular season to become bowl eligible. If there are not enough winning teams to

title: 2017 NCAA Division II football season

text: 2017 NCAA Division II football season The 2017 NCAA Division II football season, part of college football in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) at the Division II level, began on August 31, 2017 and ended with the Division II championship on December 16, 2017 at Children's Mercy Park in Kansas City, Kansas. Northwest Missouri State were the defending champions from the previous season. Texas A&M–Commerce won the school's first Division II National Championship and second overall. Coverage of the Division 2 Playoffs were on ESPN 3, ESPN's streaming service up until the championship in

title: 2017 NCAA Division II football season

text: which was broadcast on ESPN 2. 2017 NCAA Division II football season The 2017 NCAA Division II football season, part of college football in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) at the Division II level, began on August 31, 2017 and ended with the Division II championship on December 16, 2017 at Children's Mercy Park in Kansas City, Kansas. Northwest Missouri State were the defending champions from the previous season. Texas A&M–Commerce won the school's first Division II National Championship and second overall. Coverage of the Division 2 Playoffs were on ESPN 3, ESPN's streaming

text: 2017, when South Florida visits San Jose State. The first conference games played on September 9. The conference season ended with the AAC Championship game on December 2, 2017. 2017 records against other college football conferences. American Athletic Conference bowl games for the 2017 season are: The following list includes all AAC players who were drafted in the 2018 NFL draft. 2017 American Athletic Conference football season The 2017 American Athletic Conference football season is the 26th NCAA Division I FBS Football season of the American Athletic Conference (The American). The season is the fifth since the former Big East

text: 2017 American Athletic Conference football season The 2017 American Athletic Conference football season is the 26th NCAA Division I FBS Football season of the American Athletic Conference (The American). The season is the fifth since the former Big East Conference dissolved and became the American Athletic Conference, and the fourth season with the College Football Playoff in place. The American is considered a member of the "Group of Five" (G5), meaning that the conference shares with the other G5 conferences one automatic spot in the New Year's Six bowl games. The conference game schedule for the 2017 season was released

text: late August or early September and ends in January with the College Football Playoff National Championship game. Most FBS teams play 12 regular season games per year, with eight or nine of those games coming against conference opponents. As of the 2018 season, all conferences will hold a conference championship game; the Big 12 reinstated its championship game in 2017, and the Sun Belt will hold its first championship game in 2018. Between conference games, non-conference games, a conference championship game, and one bowl game, a top FBS team could play 14 games in a season. A team that plays

text: coaching changes announced during the season that did not take effect until the end of the season. 2018 NCAA Division I FBS football season The 2018 NCAA Division I FBS football season is the 150th season of college football competition in the United States at the highest level organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The regular season began on August 25, 2018 and ended on December 8, 2018. The postseason began on December 15, 2018 and will conclude on January 7, 2019 with the 2019 College Football Playoff National Championship at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California. The

text: 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship The 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship was a bowl game that was used to determine a national champion of college football in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2016 season. The game was played at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida, on January 9, 2017. It was the culminating game of the 2016–17 bowl season. The game was played between the winners of two pre-designated bowl games played on December 31, 2016: the Clemson Tigers, who defeated the Ohio State Buckeyes in the Fiesta Bowl, and the Alabama Crimson Tide,

title: 2017 Conference USA football season

text: CFP Poll; All times Eastern) †Played at Legion Field in Birmingham, AL ‡ Conference Championship Game 2017 Conference USA football season The 2017 Conference USA football season was the 22nd season of Conference USA football and part of the 2017 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The season began on August 26 with Rice facing Stanford in Sydney, Australia. This season was the third season for C-USA under realignment that took place in 2014, which added the 14th member Charlotte from the Atlantic 10 Conference. C-USA is a "Group of Five" conference under the College Football Playoff format along with

text: The 2017 NCAA Division I FBS football season was the highest level of college football competition in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in 2017. The regular season began on August 26, 2017 and ended on December 9, 2017.

text: 2017 NCAA Division I FCS football season The 2017 NCAA Division I FCS football season, part of college football in the United States, was organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) at the Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) level. The 2017 National Championship game was played on January 6, 2018 in Frisco, Texas. The North Dakota State Bison beat the James Madison Dukes, 17–13 to capture their 6th title in 7 years. In addition, this was the final year for Campbell in the Pioneer Football League. In November 2016, the school announced that it would transition to scholarship

text: the 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida. The Heisman Trophy is given to the year's most outstanding player. Quarterback Running back Wide receiver Tight end Lineman Defensive line Defensive back This is restricted to coaching changes taking place on or after May 1, 2016. For coaching changes that occurred earlier in 2016, see 2015 NCAA Division I FBS end-of-season coaching changes. 2016 NCAA Division I FBS football season The 2016 NCAA Division I FBS football season was the highest level of college football competition in the United States organized by the National Collegiate

title: 2017 U Sports football season

text: following day. The regular season will conclude on October 21, 2017 with the Yates Cup championship game taking place three weeks later on November 11, 2017. On January 23, 2017, the schedule changes for the AUS were revealed, with the conference opening the season two weeks earlier than usual on Friday August 25 with the St. Francis Xavier X-Men visiting the Saint Mary's Huskies. Each team will play the other four teams twice with each team also having two bye weeks over the ten-week schedule. With these changes, the AUS will also now permit teams to play one out-of-conference exhibition

title: 2017 Conference USA football season

text: 2017 Conference USA football season The 2017 Conference USA football season was the 22nd season of Conference USA football and part of the 2017 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The season began on August 26 with Rice facing Stanford in Sydney, Australia. This season was the third season for C-USA under realignment that took place in 2014, which added the 14th member Charlotte from the Atlantic 10 Conference. C-USA is a "Group of Five" conference under the College Football Playoff format along with the American Athletic Conference, the Mid-American Conference, the Mountain West Conference, and the Sun Belt Conference.

title: 2017 U Sports football season

text: game, in lieu of interlock play with the RSEQ being eliminated. There are three Friday night regular season games in the AUS with the remaining 17 games being played on Saturday afternoons. The regular season will conclude on October 28, 2017 and playoff format will remain the same despite an additional team; the second place team will host the third place team in the semi-final and the first place team will host the Loney Bowl championship game on November 11, 2017. The Quebec Student Sport Federation released their schedule on February 21, 2017. Following the aforementioned departure of Bishop's, the

text: 2017 NCAA Division I FBS football rankings Two human polls and a committee's selections comprised the 2017 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) football rankings, in addition to various publications' preseason polls. Unlike most sports, college football's governing body, the NCAA, does not bestow a national championship, instead that title is bestowed by one or more different polling agencies. There are two main weekly polls that begin in the preseason—the AP Poll and the Coaches' Poll. One additional poll, the College Football Playoff (CFP) ranking, is released midway through the season after the ninth week.

text: 2017 Atlantic Coast Conference football season The 2017 Atlantic Coast Conference football season was the 65th season of College Football play for the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC). It was played from August 31, 2017 to January 1, 2018. The Atlantic Coast Conference consisted of 14 members in two divisions. It was part of the 2017 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The entire 2017 schedule was released on January 24, 2017. The defending ACC Champions were the Clemson Tigers. The Atlantic Division regular season champions were Clemson, and the Coastal Division regular season champions were Miami. The 2017 ACC Championship

title: 2017 NAIA football rankings

text: 2017 NAIA football rankings One human poll made up the 2017 National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) football rankings, sometimes called the NAIA Coaches' Poll or the football ratings. When the regular season was complete, the NAIA conducted a playoff to determine the year's national champion. A final poll was taken after completion of the 2017 NAIA Football National Championship. The poll released a spring edition of the rankings on April 10, 2017. A complete schedule of poll release dates will be: Since the inception of the Coaches' Poll in 1999, the #1 ranking in the various weekly polls has

text: 2016 Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association football season The 2016 Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association football season is made up of 12 United States collegiate athletic programs that compete in the Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association (MIAA) under the NCAA Division II for the 2016 college football season. The season began on Thursday, September 1, 2016. Northwest Missouri State enters the season as the Conference and National Champions. "Please note that the information listed is the information before the season started." "Sporting News" released their Top-25 on May 25, 2016. Two teams from the conference were ranked in the top 25: #1 Northwest

title: 2017 NCAA Division I baseball season

text: 2017 NCAA Division I baseball season The 2017 NCAA Division I baseball season, play of college baseball in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) at the Division I level, began in February 2017. The season progressed through the regular season, many conference tournaments and championship series, and concluded with the 2017 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament and 2017 College World Series. The College World Series, consisted of the eight remaining teams in the NCAA Tournament and held annually in Omaha, Nebraska at TD Ameritrade Park Omaha, ended June 27, 2017. The 2017 season was also


question: when was the last time astros was in the world series

answers: 2017

answers: 2005

title: 2005 National League Championship Series

text: Rodriguez in the fifth. The Astros scored one run in the sixth on Adam Everett's sacrifice bunt off of Jason Marquis and another in the seventh on Morgan Ensberg's RBI single off of Julian Tavarez. This was the final game at Busch Stadium (II). This would also be the Astros' last postseason win as a member of the NL, as they would get swept in the World Series, move to the AL in 2013, and would not win another postseason game until the 2015 American League Wild Card Game. Roy Oswalt was named the series MVP. In two starts, he

title: 1980 National League Championship Series

text: run in the bottom of the inning on an error by Reynolds at shortstop. But Astros reliever Joaquín Andújar came in and held on for the save to tie the series at 1-1. Houston's Astrodome was always known as a pitcher's park, and the domed stadium lived up to its reputation when the series moved there for Game 3. The two teams' pitching staffs combined to yield only thirteen hits and one run in the game's eleven innings. Houston's Joe Niekro pitched ten strong innings but missed out on what would have been a win, while Phillies closer Tug McGraw

title: 2001 National League Division Series

text: With that record, 2001 was also the Braves' worst season since 1990, when they had the worst record in baseball. The Houston Astros were in the playoffs for the seventh time, hoping to avenge two postseason losses in the 1990s to the Braves. At 93–69, and having home field advantage throughout the playoffs, the Astros were heavily favored to win this series. Enron Field in Houston In Game 1, Greg Maddux of Atlanta faced Wade Miller of Houston. Brian Jordan drove in the first two runs of the game, hitting a sacrifice fly in the first with runners on first

title: 2010 Houston Astros season

text: last 8 games and were 8–10, in 3rd place in the NL Central, and only 3 games back from the Cardinals. Unfortunately for the Astros, this hot streak would end soon. In the next game against the Cincinnati Reds, the Astros lost 6–2. In the next game, the Astros rallied for 3 in the 9th but still lost 6–4. In the series finale, the Astros lost 4–2, being swept for the third time in seven series this season. Going to Turner Field to face the Atlanta Braves, and lost 4–2 again to conclude April with an 8–14 mark, and a

text: until April 30. They were not as successful over the remainder of the season, only occasionally taking the division lead and last holding it on August 16. The Astros held the lead for the majority of the season thereafter, including a three-game lead over Los Angeles entering the final series of the season. The series matched the Astros with the Dodgers for three games at Dodger Stadium. The Dodgers won all three games, all by a single run, stopping the Astros from clinching a division championship as the two teams sat tied at 92–70. Kindred described the Astros as losing

text: Forsch took the loss. The Astros arrived in Philadelphia only hours before the first pitch after defeating the Los Angeles Dodgers at Dodger Stadium in a one-game playoff the previous afternoon to win the Western Division championship. It was the fourth consecutive game in Los Angeles for the club, as the Dodgers swept Houston in the final three games of the regular season to force the playoff. This was the first home postseason win for the Phillies since the 1915 World Series. Houston evened the series in Game 2, a seesaw contest that would prove typical of the series as

title: History of the Houston Astros

text: for the first time in team history. They have played Boston previously in 2003, but they were swept when they played in Fenway Park. On September 14, the Astros lost a no-hitter to the Chicago Cubs while playing in Milwaukee due to Hurricane Ike. The 2010 season was the first season as Astros manager for Brad Mills, who was previously the bench coach of the Boston Red Sox. The Astros struggled throughout a season that was marked by trade-deadline deals that sent long time Astros to other teams. On July 29, the Astros' ace starting pitcher, Roy Oswalt, was dealt

title: 2004 Houston Astros season

text: 6, for a 6–4 final score and forcing a Game 7. It was the third game Miceli lost of the 2004 postseason. 2004 Houston Astros season The Houston Astros' 2004 season was the 43rd in club history, their 43rd in the National League (NL), eleventh in the National League Central division, and fifth at Minute Maid Park. They hosted that year's All-Star Game, the first at Minute Maid Park. Despite a 44–44 record, Phil Garner replaced Jimy Williams as manager during the season. The Astros finished second in the Central division and captured the NL wild card. The Astros won

title: Houston Astros

text: Astros won the National League Division Series against the Atlanta Braves, 3–1, with a game four that set postseason records for most innings (18), most players used by a single team (23), and longest game time (5 hours and 50 minutes). Trailing by a score of 6–1, Lance Berkman hit an eighth-inning grand slam to narrow the score to 6–5. In the bottom of the ninth, catcher Brad Ausmus hit a game-tying home run that allowed the game to continue in extra innings. In the bottom of the tenth inning, Luke Scott hit a blast to left field that had

title: 2017 World Series

text: first team from Texas to do so. It was the first time since 2001-2002 when two consecutive World Series went to seven games. Both teams set a World Series record with a combined total of 25 home runs throughout the entire series, including a team record 15 home runs by the Astros, and hit a combined total of eight home runs in Game 2 to set the single game World Series mark. Houston outfielder George Springer was named as the World Series Most Valuable Player (MVP) after hitting five home runs in the series to tie a World Series record

title: 1986 Houston Astros season

text: 1986 Houston Astros season The Houston Astros' 1986 season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Houston Astros attempting to win the National League West, which they did for their third time in seven seasons. Scott was the first pitcher in the National League and the second overall to throw a no-hitter to clinch a pennant. The first was New York Yankees pitcher Allie Reynolds, who accomplished the feat on September 18, 1951. The 1986 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 57th playing of the midsummer classic between the all-stars of the American League (AL) and National

title: 1980 Houston Astros season

text: the Phillies had won their first pennant since 1950. They went on to defeat the Kansas City Royals four games to two in the World Series. 1980 Houston Astros season The 1980 Houston Astros season was a season in American baseball. The team finished in a tie for first place in the National League West with a record of 92-70 with the Los Angeles Dodgers. The teams played a one-game playoff to determine the division champion, which the Astros won, marking the first time in franchise history that the team qualified for the postseason. They went on to face the

title: 2005 World Series

text: the same game. Game 3 was the first World Series game played in the state of Texas. Before the game, it was ruled by Commissioner Bud Selig that the retractable roof would be open at Minute Maid Park, weather permitting. The Astros objected, citing that their record in games with the roof closed was better than with the retractable roof open. Selig's office claimed that the ruling was based on the rules established by Houston and were consistent with how the Astros organization treated the situation all year long, as well as the weather forecasts for that period of time.

title: 2010 Houston Astros season

text: fine, after being hospitalized. The Astros would win that game 5–2. In the final game of the series, the Astros put up 10 runs and won 10–3, despite Pittsburgh outhitting the Astros 14–10, to secure the Astros first series sweep of the season, and their third consecutive series win. The Astros outscored the Pirates 19–8 on the backs of great pitching by Roy Oswalt, Wandy Rodríguez, and Brett Myers, who combined to give up only 5 earned runs over 20.1 innings pitched over the course of the series. After the last game, the Astros had won 7 out of their

title: 2001 National League Division Series

text: In all but two innings the Astros had a hit and stranded five in the game. Glavine pitched eight innings and Smoltz recorded his second consecutive postseason save. Turner Field in Atlanta In Game 3, Shane Reynolds of Houston faced John Burkett of the Braves. In the bottom of the second, Rey Sanchez doubled with two outs before Paul Bako's two-run homer put the Braves up 2–0. In the third, Julio Franco homered to make it 3–0. Then a squeeze play sacrifice bunt by Bako in the fourth with runners on first and third made it 4–0. Reynolds only lasted

title: Houston Astros

text: Field in Chicago and the final two in Houston. Game 3 marked the first World Series game held in the state of Texas, and was the longest game in World Series history, lasting 5 hours and 41 minutes. This World Series was marked by a controversy involving the Minute Maid Park roof. MLB & Commissioner Bud Selig insisted that the Astros must play with the roof open, which mitigated the intensity and enthusiasm of the cheering Astros fans. In the 2006 offseason, the team signed Preston Wilson and moved Berkman to first base, ending the long tenure of Jeff Bagwell.

title: 1986 National League Championship Series

text: and second and New York advanced to its third World Series in franchise history. Houston took a 3–0 lead in the first inning against Bob Ojeda with an RBI double by Phil Garner, plus RBI singles from Glenn Davis and Jose Cruz, giving Astros' starter Bob Knepper an early advantage. They were unable to add more runs as Bass was thrown out at third base following Alan Ashby's botched attempt to lay down a suicide-squeeze bunt and then Ashby lined out to shortstop to end the inning. That lead held up for most of the game as Knepper was dominant,

title: 2005 World Series

text: Astros on the verge of clinching their first ever National League pennant in Game 5, Albert Pujols hit a mammoth three-run home run off Brad Lidge in the top of the ninth inning to take the lead, and subsequently stave off elimination. However, behind NLCS MVP Roy Oswalt, the Astros were able to defeat the Cards 5–1 in Game 6 and earned a trip to the World Series. This was the Astros' first World Series appearance in franchise history. Playing in their first World Series home game since 1959, the White Sox took an early lead with a home run

title: 2013 Houston Astros season

text: continued their exceptionally poor records of 2011 and 2012, winning only 51 games, the fewest by any Major League Baseball team since the 2004 Arizona Diamondbacks finished with an identical record; the last worse record was by the 2003 Detroit Tigers. Perhaps the lowest point of the season came when the Astros finished with a 15-game losing streak. Other lowlights included winning only 12 series (only 2 of which were sweeps, none outside of the AL West), getting swept 18 times, winning just 2 games against Texas, getting shut out 18 times (twice in a row against the Rangers and

title: Houston Astros

text: by rule at the time, awarded them home field for the game. The Astros won the game, 7–1, with Houston starter Joe Niekro throwing a complete game. This victory advanced the Astros to the 1980 NL Championship Series (NLCS), in which they lost to the Philadelphia Phillies, ending the Astros' season. In baseball statistics, the tie-breaker counted as the 163rd regular season game for both teams, with all events in the game added to regular season statistics. The Cincinnati Reds won the West division the previous season with the Astros finishing 1.5 games back in second, and the Dodgers 11.5

title: Matt Cain's perfect game

text: Padres at AT&T Park. The Astros were no-hit for the fifth time in franchise history, and the first time since Carlos Zambrano threw a no-hitter for the Chicago Cubs on September 14, 2008 at Miller Park (Milwaukee) (moved from Minute Maid Park because of Hurricane Ike). It was the second time the Astros were no-hit by the Giants; Juan Marichal did it on June 15, 1963. It was also the first time in Astros history that no one reached base safely. Cain surpassed his previous personal best of 12 strikeouts in a single game, which he set in 2006. Cain's

title: Bud Selig

text: held by the Astros. The roof was closed for all prior playoff games and similar weather conditions. For Hurricane Ike in 2008, Selig mandated that the Astros play two home games against the Chicago Cubs in his hometown of Milwaukee despite proximity to the visiting Cubs; the home ballparks for the Texas Rangers and Atlanta Braves were both available to host the games. The Astros subsequently were victims of a no-hitter by Carlos Zambrano and recorded a single hit in the following game. In the midst of the playoff race, this decision and its impact deeply affected the playoff race

title: George Springer

text: by making a leaping catch by the wall in the 10th inning. The Astros would go on to win over the Rangers 6–4 in 14 innings. Springer, along with José Altuve, Carlos Correa and Dallas Keuchel, became a key figure in the 2015 Houston Astros playoff run. The Astros won the MLB wild card, making the MLB postseason for the first time in 10 years. They lost to the future World Champion Kansas City Royals in the 2015 American League Division Series. After consistently cutting down on his strikeout rate from his rookie year, Springer improved the quality of his

title: History of the Houston Astros

text: However, they would lose to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games, most dramatically on a walk-off home run by Jim Edmonds in the twelfth inning of Game 6. The Astros' 2004 success had much to do with the postponed retirement of star pitcher Roger Clemens (a Houston resident), who ended 2004 with a record seventh Cy Young Award (his first in the NL). Clemens had previously announced that he was retiring after the season from the New York Yankees. However, after the Astros signed his former Yankee teammate Andy Pettitte and offered Clemens a number of perquisites (including the

title: 2017 World Series

text: 6, and 7; and the Astros hosting Games 3, 4, and 5. This was the first World Series matchup, and second postseason meeting overall, between the Astros and Dodgers. Los Angeles defeated Houston in the 1981 National League Division Series in five games en route to its World Series championship that year. The teams also met in the 1980 National League West tie-breaker game. This was the first Fall Classic since , and the eighth overall, in which both participants had 100 or more wins during the regular season. The two teams did not meet in interleague play during the

title: 2004 National League Championship Series

text: off Dan Miceli, sending the series to a Game 7 showdown. Thursday, October 21, 2004 at Busch Stadium (II) in St. Louis, Missouri The final, deciding Game 7 started off with Astros' leadoff man Craig Biggio smacking a home run in the game's first at-bat off Cardinals' starter Jeff Suppan to make it 1–0. The Astros' threat continued in the second by putting two men on, but, thanks to a tremendous catch by center fielder Jim Edmonds, the Cardinals were able to get out of the inning unscathed. In the third, however, the Astros made it 2–0 with Carlos Beltrán,

title: History of the Houston Astros

text: team for the ages, destined to win a World Championship. To add a hint of flavor to the matchup, both teams were celebrating their 25th season as MLB franchises that season. The 1986 NLCS was noted for great drama and is considered one of the best postseason series ever. In Game 3, the Astros were ahead at Shea Stadium, 5–4, in the bottom of the 9th when closer Dave Smith gave up a two-run home run to Lenny Dykstra, giving the Mets a dramatic 6–5 win. A historic bet on the series was made on live television between talk show

title: Houston Astros

text: lost their ace pitcher after a 10–4 start with a stingy 1.89 ERA. Richard attempted a comeback, but would never again pitch a big league game. After the loss of Richard and some offensive struggles, the Astros slipped to third place in the division behind the Dodgers and the Reds. They bounced back to first with a ten-game winning streak, but the Dodgers had regained a two-game lead when they arrived in Houston on September 9. The Astros won the first two games of that series and the two teams were tied for the division lead. The Astros held a

text: took the loss. Both teams did get men to third on a few occasions: Houston in the first and fourth and Philadelphia in the third. But the staffs held firm until the bottom of the eleventh. Joe Morgan led off the inning for the Astros with a triple to right. After two intentional walks Denny Walling hit a sacrifice fly to bring home the game's only run and give Houston the victory. The Astros were now just one win away from the franchise's first-ever appearance in the World Series. In what was by now a familiar pattern, Game 4 turned

title: Houston Astros

long_answer: The Astros played in the NL from 1962 to 2012. They played in the West Division from 1969 to 1993, and the Central Division from 1994 to 2012. While a member of the NL, the Astros played in one World Series, in 2005, against the Chicago White Sox, in which they were swept in four games. In 2017, they became the first franchise in MLB history to have won a pennant in both the NL and the AL, when they defeated the New York Yankees in the ALCS. They subsequently won the 2017 World Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers, winning four games to three, earning the team, and Texas, its first World Series title.


question: what size engine does a 2005 honda civic have

answers: 1169 cc

title: Honda Civic GX

text: I4 engine. The 2001 model make-over carried a 1.7 liter engine. Beginning in model-year 2006, the 1.8 liter inline four-cylinder engine was introduced to the civic lineup. The compression ratio in the Civic GX is 12.5:1, higher than that of most US pump gasoline-powered automobiles. The significantly higher compression ratio is usable without detonation due to the 120-octane natural gas that powers the car. Acceleration of the 2012 Civic Natural Gas is less than that of the comparable 4-door 2012 LX model due to both lower power (110 hp vs. 140 hp) and heavier weight (2848 lbs vs 2705 lbs).

title: Honda Accord

text: 2005–2007 models) K24A1 2397 cc 4-cylinder engine mated to a 5-speed automatic or 5-speed manual. The 4-cylinder engine also utilized a timing chain instead of a timing belt. For 2003, Honda began to offer a more aggressive Accord Coupe, equipped with the and ( and for 2006–2007 models) J30A4 2997cc V6 mated to a 6-speed manual transmission borrowed from the Acura TL Type S (without a limited slip differential). This coupe came with 17-inch wheels (that varied between the 03-05 and 06-07 models), strut tower bar, perforated leather seating, carbon fiber dash pieces, and an upgraded 180-watt stereo system. Because

title: Honda Life

text: Engine is rated at 6,700 rpm and at 3,800 rpm for non-turbo model, and at 6,000 rpm and at 4,000 rpm for the turbo model. The was a kei car manufactured from 2002-2006 by Honda for the Japanese market only. The vehicle has a five-door "tall wagon" hatchback body, with considerable height given its limited length and width, limited by "kei car" regulations limits. It was sold at Honda Japanese dealerships Honda Verno and "Honda Clio", whereas the "Life" was sold at "Honda Primo". That's is based on the Series JB5-8 Honda Life "kei car" platform, and comes in both

title: Honda Civic (fifth generation)

text: VX had the "D15Z1" ("VTEC-E engine") capable of . The USDM EX / CDM EX-V, and the Si had the "D16Z6" SOHC VTEC engine (125 hp (93 kW)). All weights listed in this table are in lbs. In Europe the DX has the D13B2 (hatchback EG3), the LSI has the D15B2 (hatchback EG4, sedan EG8) and D15B7 (coupé EJ2), the VEi has the D15Z1 VTEC-E (hatchback EG4 and sedan), the ESi has the D16Z6 (hatchback EG5 and sedan), and the VTi had the B16A2 (EG6/EG9). In Japan, as well as a few other export locations, the SIR was offered the

title: Honda Civic (ninth generation)

text: inches of elbowroom in the front and about two more inches of legroom in the back. The piston assembly was the source of the most significant losses in an engine. To reduce friction loss in the engine, pistons in the 1.8 litre engine have a molybdenum treatment applied in a polka-dot pattern. A HF model, the most fuel-efficient gasoline-only powered Civic in the lineup, gets (17.54 km/L) under EPA highway test cycle, compares with (15.38 km/L) for previous generation, increasing the combined fuel economy rating to (14.08 km/L). The Civic hybrid, with a larger 1.5-liter i-VTEC engine that produces 90

title: Honda Civic (seventh generation)

text: 13.6 s 0–100 km/h sprint. The Sport Hatchback is also available with a 2.2 L I-CTDI diesel engine from the Accord, Edix/FR-V and CR-V, rated at 140 PS (138 hp/103 kW) and is capable of 205 km/h (127 mph) and accelerating from 0-60 mph in 8.4 seconds. Starting with this generation, cabin air filters (also known as pollen filters) were installed as standard equipment and are located behind the glove compartment internationally. Coupe: Trims available in North America for the coupe body style were the VP, DX (up to 2003), EX, HX, LX (EM2), LX Special Edition or EX Special

title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: the 2006 Honda Civic Hybrid, which gains more power and a mileage boost to a United States Environmental Protection Agency estimated / (city/highway). It achieves an AT-PZEV emission rating. The 1.3 L L13A i-DSI engine (in Europe marketed as 1.4 L engine) has been upgraded to achieve , instead of in earlier model. Accompanied by the electric engine with 15 kW (20 hp) which gives in total for the Hybrid vehicle. Top speed is rated at 186 km/h (116 mph), CO emission is 109 g/km and the mass of the car is —not much for a car equipped with IMA

title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: regular Type R. It's rated at at 8,000 rpm and at 7,000 rpm. Complementing the added power and decreased weight are a new bodykit, upgraded brakes all around, a retuned suspension, new wheels and tires, and logo-emblazoned Recaro sport buckets. Availability is limited to 300 cars, all in the Milan Red finish shown, and the pricing in Japan has been set at ¥4,777,500 ($38,750 USD). Mugen's official website has a video of the car lapping Japan's Tsukuba circuit in 1:06:68. Honda Civic (eighth generation) The eighth generation of the Honda Civic was introduced in September 2005, for the 2006 model

title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: more compact suspension of the European Civic allows it to keep its large interior space, while reducing its length compared to its predecessor. Engines include a 1.4-litre i-DSI,1.4-litre i-vtec, the 1.8-litre i-VTEC(R18A2) shared with the American and JDM models (although the American and JDM cars have this engine available as R18A1), and a 2.2-litre i-CTDi N22A2 turbodiesel. A 6-speed manual transmission is available across the range. An automated manual transmission, known as i-SHIFT is available for models with 1.4- and 1.8-litre petrol engines. A 2.0-litre i-VTEC (K20Z4) petrol Type-R high-performance version is also available. Si and the Type-S models were

title: Honda Accord (North America seventh generation)

text: which increases fuel economy. Together with other improvements, this change effected an increase from the previous generation's (with VTEC 4-cylinder F23A1 engine and the manual transmission) 22mpg city/29 hwy rating, to 23mpg city/31 hwy, according to 2008 EPA ratings. The 4-cylinder engine could be mated to a 5-speed manual transmission or to a 5-speed automatic transmission with overdrive (also new for 2003). A specific 4-cylinder model was the first production car in the world to meet California's Super Ultra Low Emissions standards. The 6-cylinder models had the same J-series V6 as the sixth generation's, but revisions to the intake and

title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: Philippines, the Civic is offered in 3 grades; the entry-level 1.8 V, producing at 6300 rpm, and mated to either a 5-speed manual transmission or 5-speed automatic transmission. The 1.8 S has the same features as the V, however, it had different wheels, which is a 15" alloy, and equipment level such as ABS Brakes and SRS Airbags (2) while the S has a 16" alloy, 5-spoke wheels. The 2.0 S (dubbed by Honda Philippines as the 2.0 S-L, though on its badge, only the 2.0 is shown) produces at 6000 rpm. The S-L is only mated to a 5-speed

title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: Fuel injection was multi-point. The EX trim (Canadian Si trim) had the SOHC 16v "D16Y8" engine with VTEC. It produced at 6,600 RPM and of torque at 5,500 RPM, with a compression ratio of 9.6:1. Fuel injection was multi-point. The Si trim (Canadian SiR trim) used the DOHC 16v "B16A2" engine with VTEC. It produced at 7,600 RPM and of torque at 7,000 RPM, with a compression ratio of 10.2:1. Fuel injection was multi-point. The GX trim had the "D16B5" engine designed to run on compressed natural gas. It had a compression ratio of 12.5:1. In Japan, the least expensive

title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: Civics are being sold for about 10% more than the recommended price. The Si sedan was announced at Salão do Automóvel in São Paulo, featuring a 2.0 L i-VTEC DOHC at 192 PS (143 kW) (195 PS (145 kW) when using premium unleaded gasoline). For the 2007 model, Honda introduced a new Flexible Fuel version, featuring the same 1.8 L engine, having 140 PS (103 kW) when running only on ethanol or 138 PS (101 kW) when running on gasoline. Argentina, Uruguay and Chile also receive Brazilian models (Perú previously received the Brazilian model, however it is now receiving the

title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: Type R concept for the European Civic at the 2006 Geneva Motor Show; the Type R, basing on the three-door hatchback developed for the European market, has a 2.0-litre 201 bhp (150 kW) at 7800 rpm inline 4 cylinder engine. The suspension uses MacPherson struts up front and a torsion beam in the back, while the car itself was initially thought to be lighter than the standard Civic as dictated by Honda Type R philosophy. Sophisticated handling aids such as traction control were initially thought to be completely eschewed for a purer, more soulful driving character. In the end, Honda

title: Honda Accord (sixth generation)

text: engine rated at 7200 rpm ( automatic) and at 6600 rpm, 11.0.1 compression, 85 mm X 88 mm (Bore and Stroke) 7800 rpm redline. The H-series DOHC VTEC engines were limited to 7800 rpms. The F20B had a unique blue valve cover and like all the larger displacement Honda engines, the F20B was mounted with a tilt towards the driver. F20B engines could rev at higher rpms than H22As because it had a shorter stroke. The F20B had an 85 mm x 88 mm bore and stroke when compared to an H22A which had an 87 mm x 90.7 mm

title: Honda Civic (fifth generation)

text: as reduced trim and molding, aluminum alloy wheels, only small drum brakes on the rear wheels, lightweight 155/80 R13 tires, and a gas tank with only an 8 gallon capacity versus the standard civic 10 gallon, and through a 1.5 L (D15Z1) VTEC-E engine yielding 48/55 mpg (city/hwy) ["revised to 2008 EPA rating: 39/49 mpg city/hwy"] or 44/51 mpg (city/hwy) ["revised to 2008 EPA rating: 36/46 mpg city/hwy"]. The D15Z1 engine's efficiency was enhanced by placing cam followers(bearings) at every cam lobe, to reduce friction, the use of only two piston rings per cylinder, to reduce friction, and the ability

title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: 6300 rpm. Both models might be equipped with a 5-speed manual or a 5-speed automatic transmission, but only the EXS has the paddle shift controls on the steering wheel. A special trim level for handicapped individuals (LX), based on the LXS, was available in the first year but due to some changes in tax-break laws it's no longer available. It was equipped with automatic transmission and limited to . The 2006 Civic received the "Best Buy" award from "Quatro Rodas" magazine. The recommended prices for 2006 Civics in Brazil range from R$61,745.00 to 80,750.00, but due to high demand, new

title: Honda Civic (fifth generation)

text: B16A2/3 (160 PS DOHC VTEC) and VTI with D15B (130 PS SOHC VTEC). The D15B shares the same head as the US Civic Si (D16Z6) but features a unique block, crank, and rods. the car shared the 1.5 L displacement of the other D15 blocks, but the rods were the same length as the D16's (137mm) and a better rod to stroke ratio (1.63) rather than the normal D15's ratio of 1.59. Despite this, the crank and bearing sizes were not the same. In the Middle East the EX has the D16Z9 (sedan EH5) and the VTi (hatchback & coupé,

title: Honda Civic (fifth generation)

text: tachometer with a 7,200 rpm redline, plastic wheel covers on 14 inch wheels, power side mirrors (body coloured, beginning in 1993), body-coloured door handles, and a 1.6 L single-overhead cam D16Z6 VTEC engine with manual transmission. It enabled the car to hit 0–60 mph (97 km/h) in 7.5 seconds and a quarter-mile time of 16.3 seconds at . VTEC activated on the intake side and not the exhaust side, which was the result of the spark plug blocking the area where the cam follower would be. In 1994, rear speakers and optional ABS were also added. In other markets (Australia,

title: Honda Civic

text: The first Civic was introduced in July 1972 as a two-door model, followed by a three-door hatchback that September. With an 1169 cc transverse engine and front-wheel drive like the British Mini, the car provided good interior space despite overall small dimensions.  Initially gaining a reputation for being fuel-efficient, reliable, and environmentally friendly, later iterations have become known for performance and sportiness, especially the Civic Type R, Civic VTi, Civic GTi and Civic SiR/Si.

title: Honda Civic (seventh generation)

text: powered by a 1.7 litre engine with two variants: EX-i and VTi. In November 2001, a thrid variant known as VTi (SRS) was introduced. This variant came with dual front airbags, something lacking from the EX-i and VTi variants. In August 2003, the Civic was updated in Malaysia. The Civic was now only available with a sole 1.7L VTi-S variant. In May 2004, alongside the introduction of a 2.0L i-VTEC variant, a 1.7L VTEC variant unofficiaclly replaced the 1.7L VTi-S variant. A couple of limited edition seventh generation Honda Civic was available once in April 2003 with 60 units known

title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: a 5-speed manual or 5-speed automatic (with paddle shifting available on the 2.0 L model) with drive by wire throttles. There is a 1.6-litre variant available in Singapore and Turkey. A (1,600 cc and below) vehicles in the vehicle numbers curbing system in Singapore, while maintaining a higher standard than the 1.3 L variant. It uses an SOHC i-VTEC engine, similar to that of the 1.8-litre variant. It produces at 6500 rpm. For the hybrid, there is the 1.3-litre SOHC i-VTEC with the IMA (Integrated Motor Assist). In Israel, South Africa, Australia, Turkey (4-door sedan variant – very similar appearance

title: Honda Civic (sixth generation)

text: litre (B18C4) petrol engines were available. These came with five-door body and fifty-five litre fuel tank, ABS, driver and passenger air bags, power steering and electric door mirrors, amongst other things. The later models came with air conditioning as standard. The 1.8 VTi model was the flagship model (explained in detail below) with the biggest petrol engine to be given to MA MB MC Civics. The Domani-based Civics were also available with the Rover L-Series diesel engine which was a 2-litre, eight-valve, direct-injection turbocharged unit (20T2N, 20T2R); an essential addition in the European market. Later diesel engines came with intercoolers.

title: Honda Fit

text: regulations when the Civic exceeded the 1700mm width dimension. Like Japan, the European market also has two engines available. The European-only 1.2 i-DSI is offered as the base model in many countries, and can be purchased only with a five-speed manual transmission. The 1.4 i-DSI is identical to the 1,339 cc 1.3 i-DSI sold in Japan, but marketed as a 1.4 L to differentiate it from the smaller 1.2 L engine (at 1,244 cc, it is closer to 1.3 L than the bigger one is to 1.4 L). 1.4 L models started out well-equipped with the 5-speed manual standard and

title: Honda F engine

text: vibration. Big end-bearing journal diameter has been reduced from 48 mm to 45 mm. Rod thickness is down from 24 mm to 20 mm and the bolt size is smaller. Like the V-6 rod bolts, those of the 4-cylinder engine are torqued to the plastic region of the bolt material in order to ensure a solid union between the bearing cap and the connecting rod. The engine block incorporates the Honda-designed second-order balance system that cancels the inertial forces common to large-displacement 4-cylinder engines. The system consists of two parallel shafts on either side of the crank-shaft, 81 mm (3.19

title: Honda Type R

text: Integra Type R is equipped with a 1.8-liter DOHC VTEC in-line 4-cylinder (B18C) engine. In the JDM Type R this engine produces at 8,000 rpm, whereas in the US models it produces at 8,000 rpm and of torque at 5,700 rpm. JDM cars and cars sold in other international markets came with an 11:1 compression ratio whereas the US Integra Type R has a compression ratio of 10.6:1. There were numerous differences between the Type R engine and the DOHC VTEC engine available in other Integra models (GS-R) but the increased power was primarily due to the higher compression, larger

title: Honda R engine

text: Honda R engine The Honda R engine is an inline-four engine launched in 2006 for the Honda Civic (non-Si). It is fuel injected, has an aluminum-alloy cylinder block and cylinder head, is a SOHC 16-valve design (four valves per cylinder) and utilizes Honda's i-VTEC system. The R series engine has a compression ratio of 10.5:1, features a "drive by wire" throttle system which is computer controlled to reduce pumping losses and create a smooth torque curve. The engine uses many advanced technologies to improve fuel economy and reduce friction. Piston rings are given an ion plating and weight is reduced

title: Honda Civic (fifth generation)

text: U.S., it came with the 8-valve 1.5L D15B8 engine and manual transmission. With 42/48 miles per gallon (mpg) (city/hwy) ["revised to 2008 EPA rating: 35/43 mpg city/hwy"] or 40/47 mpg (city/hwy) ["revised to 2008 EPA rating: 33/42 mpg city/hwy"], the CX was the second most fuel-efficient Civic model of the fifth generation, after the VX. CX models in Canada came with the same 16-valve 102 hp 1.5L D15B7 engine as in the DX -model, but could also be ordered with automatic transmission which also came with power steering. The 1995 CDM CX models (sometimes colloquially referred to as the "CX-Plus")

title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: with a 160 watt stereo system), exterior temperature indicator, a foldable rear arm rest with integrated cupholders (sedan only), and an optional voice-activated navigation system. This trim was sold in Canada in the 2006/2007 model year, until it was replaced with the LX-SR and EX-L models. The EX-L model adds a leather interior with heated front seats, heated exterior mirrors, leather-wrapped steering wheel, and a center console. All coupes come standard with a rear lip-spoiler, while EX models have round chrome finish on the exhaust pipe. Coupes are intended to be sportier than their sedan counterparts, they have a more

title: Honda D engine

text: Honda D engine The Honda D series inline-four cylinder engine is used in a variety of compact models, most commonly the Honda Civic, CRX, Logo, Stream, and first-generation Integra. Engine displacement ranges between 1.2 and 1.7 liters. The D Series engine is either SOHC or DOHC, and might include VTEC variable valve timing. Power ranges from in the Logo to in the Civic Si. D-series production commenced 1984 and ended 2005. D-series engine technology culminated with production of the D15B 3-stage VTEC (D15Z7) which was available in markets outside of the United States. Earlier versions of this engine also used

title: Honda Civic


question: what happened to western rome after it fell

answers: divided into several successor polities

text: Rome was no longer the capital in the West, it remained the West's largest city and its economic center. But the city was sacked by rebellious Visigoths in 410 and by the Vandals in 455, events that shocked contemporaries and signaled the disintegration of Roman authority. Saint Augustine wrote "The City of God" partly as an answer to critics who blamed the sack of Rome by the Visigoths on the abandonment of the traditional pagan religions. In June 474, Julius Nepos became Western Emperor but in the next year the "magister militum" Orestes revolted and made his son Romulus Augustus

text: returned the Imperial insignia to Constantinople and ruled as King in Italy. Following Nepos' death Theodoric the Great, King of the Ostrogoths, conquered Italy with Zeno's approval. Meanwhile, much of the rest of the Western provinces were conquered by waves of Germanic invasions, most of them being disconnected politically from the East altogether and continuing a slow decline. Although Roman political authority in the West was lost, Roman culture would last in most parts of the former Western provinces into the 6th century and beyond. The first invasions disrupted the West to some degree, but it was the Gothic War

title: Ancient Rome

text: from Dalmatia even after the deposition of Romulus Augustus until his death in 480. Some historians consider him to be the last emperor of the Western Empire instead of Romulus Augustus. After some 1200 years of independence and nearly 700 years as a great power, the rule of Rome in the West ended. Various reasons for Rome's fall have been proposed ever since, including loss of Republicanism, moral decay, military tyranny, class war, slavery, economic stagnation, environmental change, disease, the decline of the Roman race, as well as the inevitable ebb and flow that all civilizations experience. At the time

title: Western Roman Empire

text: western capital 74 years until the deposition of Romulus Augustulus and would later be the capital of both the Ostrogothic Kingdom and the Exarchate of Ravenna. Despite the moved capital, economic power remained focused on Rome and its rich senatorial aristocracy which dominated much of Italy and Africa in particular. After Emperor Gallienus had banned senators from army commands in the mid-3rd century, the senatorial elite lost all experience of—and interest in—military life. In the early 5th century the wealthy landowning elite of the Roman Senate largely barred its tenants from military service, but it also refused to approve sufficient

text: launched by the Eastern Emperor Justinian in the 6th century, and meant to reunite the Empire, that eventually caused the most damage to Italy, as well as straining the Eastern Empire militarily. Following these wars, Rome and other Italian cities would fall into severe decline (Rome itself was almost completely abandoned). Another blow came with the Persian invasion of the East in the 7th century, immediately followed by the Muslim conquests, especially of Egypt, which curtailed much of the key trade in the Mediterranean on which Europe depended. The Empire was to live on in the East for many centuries,

text: argues that the severe fall in population left the state apparatus and army too large for the population to support, leading to further economic and social decline that eventually killed the Western Empire. The Eastern half survived due to its larger population, which even after the plagues was sufficient for an effective state apparatus. Archaeology has revealed that from the 2nd century onward, the inhabited area in most Roman towns and cities grew smaller and smaller. Imperial laws concerning "agri deserti", or deserted lands, became increasingly common and desperate. The economic collapse of the 3rd century may also be evidence

title: Michael Arnheim

text: Roman Empire", offered a new explanation of the "decline and fall" of the Roman Empire in the West. Arnheim contended that the reason the Western Empire fell was that the central government in the West was sapped from within by the senatorial aristocracy, who now again dominated the top administrative posts while building up their own countervailing local power through the spread of large estates. As a result, the central government proved unable to withstand the "barbarian" incursions. The same rise of the senatorial aristocracy did not occur in the Eastern half of the Empire, which therefore survived for another

text: Empire of Late Antiquity already looked very different from classical Rome. The Roman Empire emerged from the Roman Republic when Julius Caesar and Augustus Caesar transformed it from a republic into a monarchy. Rome reached its zenith in the 2nd century, then fortunes slowly declined (with many revivals and restorations along the way). The reasons for the decline of the Empire are still debated today, and are likely multiple. Historians infer that the population appears to have diminished in many provinces—especially western Europe—from the diminishing size of fortifications built to protect the cities from barbarian incursions from the 3rd century

title: State church of the Roman Empire

text: by now already diminished Roman Empire. In the 5th century, the Western Empire rapidly decayed and by the end of the century was no more. Within a few decades, Germanic tribes, particularly the Goths and Vandals, conquered the western provinces. Rome was sacked in 410 and 455, and was to be sacked again in the following century in 546. By 476 the Germanic chieftain Odoacer had conquered Italy and deposed the last western emperor, Romulus Augustus, though he nominally submitted to the authority of Constantinople. The Arian Germanic tribes established their own systems of churches and bishops in the western

title: Fall of the Western Roman Empire

text: Nepos in 480. Gibbon gave a classic formulation of reasons why the Fall happened. He began an ongoing controversy by attributing a significant role to Christianity in the Western Roman Empire's fall, which is no longer accepted by modern Roman historians. However, he did give great weight to other causes of internal decline as well and to the attacks from outside the Empire. Alexander Demandt enumerated 210 different theories on why Rome fell, and new ideas have emerged since. Historians still try to analyze the reasons for loss of political control over a vast territory (and, as a subsidiary theme,

title: Christianity in the 6th century

text: Christianity in the 6th century In 6th-century Christianity, Roman Emperor Justinian launched a military campaign in Constantinople to reclaim the western provinces from the Germans, starting with North Africa and proceeding to Italy. Though he was temporarily successful in recapturing much of the western Mediterranean he destroyed the urban centers and permanently ruined the economies in much of the West. Rome and other cities were abandoned. In the coming centuries the Western Church, as virtually the only surviving Roman institution in the West, became the only remaining link to Greek culture and civilization. In the East, Roman imperial rule continued

title: Western Roman Empire

text: the 6th century, inasmuch as gifts from the senate were received by Emperor Tiberius II in 578 and 580. The traditional senate building, Curia Julia, was rebuilt into a church under Pope Honorius I in 630, probably with permission from the eastern emperor, Heraclius. Marcellinus Comes, a sixth-century Eastern Roman historian and a courtier of Justinian I, mentions the Western Roman Empire in his "Chronicle", which primarily covers the Eastern Roman Empire from 379 to 534. In the "Chronicle", it is clear that Marcellinus made a clear divide between East and West, with mentions of a geographical east (""Oriens"") and

title: Fall of the Western Roman Empire

text: reinstated no later than 25 August 410 and the overall trend of repression of paganism continued. Procopius mentions a story in which Honorius, on hearing the news that Rome had "perished", was shocked, thinking the news was in reference to his favorite chicken he had named "Roma". On hearing that Rome itself had fallen he breathed a sigh of relief: Alaric then moved south, intending to sail to Africa, but his ships were wrecked in a storm and he shortly died of fever. His successor Ataulf, still regarded as an usurper and given only occasional and short-term grants of supplies,

title: State church of the Roman Empire

text: schisms surrounding the issues of Arianism, Nestorianism, and Miaphysitism. In the 5th century the Western Empire decayed as a polity: invaders sacked Rome in 410 and in 455, and Odoacer, an Arian barbarian warlord, forced Romulus Augustus, the last nominal Western Emperor, to abdicate in 476. However, apart from the aforementioned schisms, the church as an institution persisted in communion, if not without tension, between the east and west. In the 6th century the Byzantine armies of the Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I recovered Italy and other sections of the western Mediterranean shore. The Eastern Roman Empire soon lost most

title: Western Roman Empire

text: since before the fall of the Western Roman Empire and retains it to this day; this title formerly used by the high priest of the Roman polytheistic religion, one of whom was Julius Caesar. The Roman Senate survived the initial collapse of the Western Roman Empire. Its authority increased under the rule of Odoacer and later the Ostrogoths, evident by the Senate in 498 managing to install Symmachus as pope despite both Theoderic of Italy and Emperor Anastasius supporting another candidate, Laurentius. Exactly when the senate disappeared is unclear, but the institution is known to have survived at least into

title: Western world

text: Roman civilization shifted from a small monarchy (753 – 509 BC), to a republic (509 – 27 BC), to an autocratic empire (27 BC – AD 476). It came to dominate Western, Central and Southeastern Europe and the entire area surrounding the Mediterranean Sea through conquest using the Roman legions and then through cultural assimilation by eventually giving Roman citizenship privileges to the whole population. Nonetheless, despite its great legacy, a number of factors led to the eventual decline and fall of the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire succeeded the approximately 500-year-old Roman Republic ( 510 BC – 30 BC),

title: Roman Empire

text: to Rome that the empire started to dismember itself. Most chronologies place the end of the Western Roman Empire in 476, when Romulus Augustulus was forced to abdicate to the Germanic warlord Odoacer. By placing himself under the rule of the Eastern Emperor, rather than naming himself Emperor (as other Germanic chiefs had done after deposing past emperors), Odoacer ended the Western Empire by ending the line of Western emperors. The empire in the East—often known as the Byzantine Empire, but referred to in its time as the Roman Empire or by various other names—had a different fate. It survived

title: Western Roman Empire

text: Empire. On the death of Theodosius I in 395, he divided the empire between his two sons, with Honorius as his successor in the West, governing from Mediolanum, and Arcadius as his successor in the East, governing from Constantinople. In 476, after the Battle of Ravenna, the Roman Army in the West suffered defeat at the hands of Odoacer and his Germanic "foederati". Odoacer forced the deposition of emperor Romulus Augustulus and became the first King of Italy. In 480, following the assassination of the previous Western emperor Julius Nepos, the Eastern emperor Zeno dissolved the Western court and proclaimed

title: Fall of the Western Roman Empire

text: throughout and beyond the political collapse. The Fall of the Western Roman Empire was the process in which it failed to enforce its rule. The loss of centralized political control over the West, and the lessened power of the East, are universally agreed, but the theme of decline has been taken to cover a much wider time span than the hundred years from 376. For Cassius Dio, the accession of the emperor Commodus in 180 CE marked the descent "from a kingdom of gold to one of rust and iron"., while Gibbon also began his narrative of decline from rule

title: Fall of the Western Roman Empire

title: Roman Empire

text: his adviser Mardonius attempted to restore Classical Roman and Hellenistic religion, only briefly interrupted the succession of Christian emperors. Theodosius I, the last emperor to rule over both East and West, died in 395 AD after making Christianity the official religion of the empire. The Western Roman Empire began to disintegrate in the early 5th century as Germanic migrations and invasions overwhelmed the capacity of the Empire to assimilate the migrants and fight off the invaders. The Romans were successful in fighting off all invaders, most famously Attila, though the empire had assimilated so many Germanic peoples of dubious loyalty

text: on. Some historians even have suggested that parts of the periphery were no longer inhabited because these fortifications were restricted to the center of the city only. Tree rings suggest "distinct drying" beginning in 250. By the late 3rd century, the city of Rome no longer served as an effective capital for the Emperor and various cities were used as new administrative capitals. Successive emperors, starting with Constantine, privileged the eastern city of Byzantium, which he had entirely rebuilt after a siege. Later renamed Constantinople, and protected by formidable walls in the late 4th and early 5th centuries, it was

title: Western world

text: However, the Pope would be spearing slaughter and destruction by the followed sack of AD 455 lasted 14 days this time conducted by the Vandals, retaining Rome's ethernal spirit through the Holy See of Rome (the Latin Church) for centuries to come. The ancient Barbarian tribes, often composed of well-trained Roman soldiers paid by Rome to guard the extensive borders, had become militarily sophisticated 'romanized barbarians', and mercilessly slaughtered the Romans conquering their Western territories while looting their possessions. The Roman Empire is where the idea of ""the West"" began to emerge. By Rome's central location at the heart of

title: Western Roman Empire

text: of the devastated peninsula in the late 500s, establishing the Lombard Kingdom. They were in constant conflict with the Exarchate of Ravenna, a polity established to replace the old Praetorian Prefecture of Italy and enforce Roman rule in Italy. The wealthiest parts of the province, including the cities of Rome and Ravenna, remained securely in Roman hands under the Exarchate throughout the seventh century. Although other Eastern emperors occasionally attempted to campaign in the West, none were as successful as Justinian. After 600, events conspired to drive the Western provinces out of Constantinople's control, with imperial attention focused on the

title: Western Roman Empire

text: region, Manuel dreamed of a restored Roman Empire and a union between the churches of Rome and Constantinople, separated since the schism of 1054. Despite initial successes and Papal support, the campaign was unsuccessful and Manuel was forced to return east. As the Western Roman Empire crumbled, the new Germanic rulers who conquered its constituent provinces maintained most Roman laws and traditions. Many of the invading Germanic tribes were already Christianized, although most were followers of Arianism. They quickly changed their adherence to the state church of the Roman Empire. This helped cement the loyalty of the local Roman populations,

title: Fall of the Western Roman Empire

text: the seat of the heir of Saint Peter, Pope Innocent I, the most authoritative bishop of the West. Rome had not fallen to an enemy since the Battle of the Allia over eight centuries before. Refugees spread the news and their stories throughout the Empire, and the meaning of the fall was debated with religious fervour. Both Christians and pagans wrote embittered tracts, blaming paganism or Christianity respectively for the loss of Rome's supernatural protection, and blaming Stilicho's earthly failures in either case. Some Christian responses anticipated the imminence of Judgement Day. Augustine in his book "City of God" ultimately

title: History of Western civilization before AD 500

text: marble pillars, it was so richly decorated that the Emperor Justinian, the last emperor to speak Latin as a first language, is said to have proclaimed upon its completion in 562: "Solomon, I have surpassed thee!". The city of Rome itself never regained supremacy and was sacked by the Visigoths in 410 and the Vandals in 455. Although cultural continuity and interchange would continue between these Eastern and Western Roman Empires, the history of Christianity and Western culture took divergent routes, with a final Great Schism separating Roman and Eastern Christianity in 1054. When the Western Roman Empire was starting

text: the religion, the art, the technology. Historians of Late Antiquity, a field pioneered by Peter Brown, have turned away from the idea that the Roman Empire fell at all – refocusing instead on Pirenne's thesis. They see a transformation occurring over centuries, with the roots of Medieval culture contained in Roman culture and focus on the continuities between the classical and Medieval worlds. Thus, it was a gradual process with no clear break. Brown argues in his book that: Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire The causes and mechanisms of the Fall of the Western Roman Empire

title: Western Roman Empire

text: experienced an economic decline throughout the Late Empire in some provinces. Southern Italy, northern Gaul (except for large towns and cities), and to some extent Spain and the Danubian areas may have suffered. The East fared better economically, especially as Emperors such as Constantine the Great and Constantius II had invested heavily in the eastern economy. As a result, the Eastern Empire could afford large numbers of professional soldiers and to augment them with mercenaries, while the Western Roman Empire could not afford this to the same extent. Even after major defeats, the East could, although not without difficulties, buy

text: provinces, and the situation of the Western Empire generally worsened thereafter, with recoveries being incomplete and temporary. Significant events include the Battle of Adrianople in 378, the death of Theodosius I in 395 (the last time the Roman Empire was politically unified), the crossing of the Rhine in 406 by Germanic tribes, the execution of Stilicho in 408, the sack of Rome in 410, the death of Constantius III in 421, the death of Aetius in 454, and the second sack of Rome in 455, with the death of Majorian in 461 marking the end of the last opportunity for

title: Fall of the Western Roman Empire

long_answer: The Fall of the Western Roman Empire (also called Fall of the Roman Empire or Fall of Rome) was the process of decline in the Western Roman Empire in which it failed to enforce its rule, and its vast territory was divided into several successor polities. The Roman Empire lost the strengths that had allowed it to exercise effective control; modern historians mention factors including the effectiveness and numbers of the army, the health and numbers of the Roman population, the strength of the economy, the competence of the Emperor, the religious changes of the period, and the efficiency of the civil administration. Increasing pressure from barbarians outside Roman culture also contributed greatly to the collapse. The reasons for the collapse are major subjects of the historiography of the ancient world and they inform much modern discourse on state failure.


question: how many indian astronauts have gone to space

answers: 2

title: Astronaut training

text: Once cleared the mission is expected to take two Indians in a Soyuz-type orbital vehicle into low earth orbit. The training for these astronauts should be based on the lessons learned from training India’s only Cosmonaut Wing Commander Rakesh Sharma ("See Salyut-7 1984") and through India’s international co-operation with NASA and Roscosmos. This would allow India to gain insights from their rich experiences in human spaceflight. There also lies a possibility that India may go proceed through its human spaceflight program individually, necessitating the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to develop its own training program. For astronaut training, India is

title: Indian Space Research Organisation

text: and China, to successfully carry out crewed missions indigenously. Prime Minister of India, Sri Narendra Modi, announced in his Independence Day address of August 15, 2018 that India will send astronauts into space by 2022 through the "Gaganyaan" mission. After the announcement, ISRO chairman, Sivan, said ISRO has developed most of the technologies needed such as crew module and crew escape system, and that the project would cost less than Rs. 10,000 crore and would include sending at least 3 Indians to space, 300–400 km above in a spacecraft for at least 7 days using a GSLV Mk-III launch vehicle.

title: Indian Human Spaceflight Programme

text: The centre will train the selected astronauts in rescue and recovery operations, operate in zero gravity environment, and monitoring of the radiation environment. In spring 2009 a full-scale mock-up of the crew capsule was built and delivered to Satish Dhawan Space Centre for training of astronauts. India will be short listing 200 Indian Air Force pilots for this purpose. The selection process would begin by the candidates having to complete an ISRO questionnaire, after which they would be subjected to physical and psychological analyses. Only 4 of the 200 applicants will be selected for the first space mission training. While

title: Thekkethil Kochandy Alex

text: in which the first Indian astronaut, Rakesh Sharma, squadron leader, flew aboard Soyuz T-11, launched on 3 April 1984. He contributed to India to the first Indian Moon mission, "Chandrayaan-1" in 2008. He provided guidance to the inter-planetary mission, Mars Orbiter mission, "Mangalyaan". Alex was awarded the Padma Shri in 2007, and the Distinguished Achievement Award of ISRO in 1976 for his contributions for the first Indian satellite. Other awards received include the IMDA award for the development of Infrared sensors and the Hari Om Ashram Vikram Sarbhai award (1987). He received the Aryabhata Award( 2015) of the Astronautical Society

title: Human spaceflight

text: space missions," though because of gender specificity this is no longer official parlance according to NASA style guides. India has declared it will send humans to space on its orbital vehicle "Gaganyaan" by 2022. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) began work on this project in 2006. The objective is to carry a crew of two to low Earth orbit (LEO) and return them safely for a water-landing at a predefined landing zone. The program is proposed to be implemented in defined phases. Currently, the activities are progressing with a focus on the development of critical technologies for subsystems such

title: Astronaut training

text: deciding a place which is at a distance of 8 to 10 km from Kempegowda international airport. This land is under the ownership of ISRO. Astronaut training and biomedical engineering centers will be built on it. Though India’s first man mission training will take place in USA or in Russia, this place can be used for future training. Moreover, center will have chambers for radiation regulation, thermal cycling and centrifugal for the acceleration training. . While it is likely that the first generation of non-government spaceflight astronauts will perform suborbital trajectories, currently some companies like Virgin Galactic and Xcor Aerospace

title: Raman Science Centre

text: along with local NGO Hirwai gives the "Green Finger Award" to create awareness about the environment amongst school children. In August 2007, the information and communication technology gallery was opened where ISRO Chairman Madhavan Nair declared that India will send astronauts in space by 2015. The centre currently has 4 different interactive galleries, an Innovation Centre, a Science on a Sphere Show and a 133-seat planetarium, fun science, a prehistoric Animal Park and more. The centre also holds science lectures, science film shows and 3-dimensional science shows. The centre also organises activities like planet watching and other celestial phenomena for

title: India as an emerging superpower

text: to found a National Space Agency called ISRO, after the USSR and the U.S. It was the third Asian nation to send satellites into space after China and Japan in 1970, starting with Aryabhata in 1975. In January 2007, India became the fourth nation to complete atmospheric reentry In October 2008, India launched its first unmanned lunar probe, Chandrayaan 1, which operated until August 2009. On 14 November 2008, the Moon Impact Probe separated from the Chandrayaan orbiter at 20:06 and was deliberately made to strike the Moon near the south pole, making India the fourth country to reach the

title: Chandrayaan-1

text: of its orbit which varies between in altitude every two years. Prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee announced the "Chandrayaan" project on course in his Independence Day speech on 15 August 2003. The mission was a major boost to India's space program. The idea of an Indian scientific mission to the Moon was first mooted in 1999 during a meeting of the Indian Academy of Sciences. The Astronautical Society of India carried forward the idea in 2000. Soon after, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) set up the National Lunar Mission Task Force which concluded that ISRO has the technical expertise

title: Indian Human Spaceflight Programme

text: Minister on 15 August 2018. In March 2008 it was proposed that Russia would provide assistance in crew selection and training aboard a Soyuz capsule in preparation for the Indian mission. However, in October 2010 this option was discarded. MC Dathan, director of Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) stated that ISRO will set up a facility in Bangalore for training astronauts (Vyomanauts). ISRO is planning to build a third launch pad at Sriharkota for crewed missions with extra facilities like entry into the crew capsule and an escape chute. A site of nearby the Kempegowda International Airport has been identified.

title: Indian Space Research Organisation

text: Vikram Sarabhai, considered the father of the Indian Space Programme. As he said in 1969: Former President of India, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, said: India's economic progress has made its space program more visible and active as the country aims for greater self-reliance in space technology. In 2008, India launched as many as elevensatellites, including nine from other countries and went on to become the first nation to launch tensatellites on onerocket." ISRO has put into operation two major satellite systems: Indian National Satellites (INSAT) for communication services and Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites for management of natural resources.

title: Anil Bhardwaj

text: by US National Academy of Sciences in 2003. He worked at Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama, from January 2004 to October 2005. He was awarded a fellowship by the United Nations Office of Outer Space Affairs, Vienna, Austria, in 1996. He is a Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore; Indian National Science Academy; National Academy of Sciences, India; Indian Geophysical Union; and Kerala Academy of Sciences. He was awarded ISRO Team Excellence Award for Chandrayaan-1 Science and Mission in 2008 and ISRO Merit award in 2012. He is a member of International Academy of Astronautics and International

title: Indian Space Research Organisation

text: ISRO will set up an astronaut training centre in Bangalore to prepare personnel for flights on board the crewed vehicle. The centre will use simulation facilities to train the selected astronauts in rescue and recovery operations and survival in zero gravity, and will undertake studies of the radiation environment of space. ISRO will build centrifuges to prepare astronauts for the acceleration phase of the mission. It also plans to build a new Launch pad to meet the target of launching a crewed space mission in 7 years of funding clearance. This would be the third launchpad at the Satish Dhawan

title: Kalpana Chawla

text: 1996. Her first space mission began on November 17, 1997, as part of the six-astronaut crew that flew the [[Space Shuttle Columbia|Space Shuttle "Columbia"]] flight [[STS-87]]. Chawla was the first Indian woman to fly in space. She spoke the following words while traveling in the weightlessness of space, "You are just your intelligence." On her first mission, Chawla traveled over 10.4 million miles (16737177.6 km) in 252 orbits of the earth, logging more than 372 hours (15 Days and 12 Hours) in space. During STS-87, she was responsible for deploying the Spartan satellite which malfunctioned, necessitating a spacewalk by [[Winston

title: Nandini Harinath

text: on the Mars Orbiter Mission, also called Maangalyaan. Nandini Harinath Nandini Harinath is a rocket scientist at ISRO’s (Indian Space Research Organisation) Satellite Centre in Bengaluru. Nandini’s first exposure to science was the popular series Star Trek on television. Her mother is a maths teacher and her father is an engineer and as a family, they were all interested in science fiction and Star Trek. She has two daughters. ISRO was the first job that Nandini applied to and now it’s been 20 years. She has worked on 14 missions over 20 years at ISRO. She is the Project Manager,

title: Astronaut

text: after participation on a spaceflight. The United States Air Force also presents an Astronaut Badge to its pilots who exceed in altitude. Eighteen astronauts (fourteen men and four women) have lost their lives during four space flights. By nationality, thirteen were American (including one born in India), four were Russian (Soviet Union), and one was Israeli. Eleven people (all men) have lost their lives training for spaceflight: eight Americans and three Russians. Six of these were in crashes of training jet aircraft, one drowned during water recovery training, and four were due to fires in pure oxygen environments. The Space

title: History of the Republic of India

text: A further 280 people died in the neighbouring Pakistani regions, particularly in Pakistani Punjab. In August - September 2013, clashes between Hindus and Muslims in Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, resulted in at least 62 deaths, injured 93, and left more than 50,000 displaced. In November 2013, India launched its first interplanetary mission, the Mars Orbiter Mission, popularly known as "Mangalyaan", to Mars and, was successful, so ISRO on 24 September 2014, became the fourth space agency to reach Mars, after the Soviet space program, NASA, and the European Space Agency. ISRO also became the first space agency and India the first

title: India as an emerging superpower

text: Moon's surface. Among its many achievements was the discovery of the widespread presence of water molecules in lunar soil. On 24 September 2014 India became the fourth nation to have a satellite orbiting Mars. India is the first Asian nation to achieve this and the first to do so in its first try. India and the United States have increased mutual cooperation in space-travel related technologies, such as increasing the interoperability between Indian and US systems, and prospects for a commercial space launch agreement with India that would allow US satellites to be launched on Indian vehicles. India is among

title: Indian Human Spaceflight Programme

text: two will fly, two shall act as reserve. ISRO signed an Memorandum of understanding with Institute of Aerospace Medicine to conduct preliminary research on psychological and physiological needs of crew and development of training facilities. The main objective of this programme is to develop and fly the 3.7-ton spaceship called "Gaganyaan" that will carry a 3-member crew to low Earth orbit and safely return to Earth after a mission duration of a few orbits to two days. The launch is planned for December 2021. The extendable version of the spaceship will allow flights up to seven days, rendezvous and docking

title: Category:Indian astronauts

text: The following 2 pages are in this category, out of  2 total.  This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).

title: Indian Human Spaceflight Programme

text: As of August 2018, ISRO plans to launch its crewed orbiter "Gaganyaan" atop a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk III (GSLV Mk III). About 16 minutes after lift-off, the rocket will inject the orbital vehicle into an orbit 300 to 400 km above Earth. The capsule would return for a splashdown in the Arabian Sea near the Gujarat coastline as a primary recovery location. Indian Human Spaceflight Programme The Indian Human Spaceflight Programme (HSP) was created by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to develop the technology needed to launch crewed orbital spacecraft into low Earth orbit. The first crewed

title: Indian Human Spaceflight Programme

text: Indian Human Spaceflight Programme The Indian Human Spaceflight Programme (HSP) was created by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to develop the technology needed to launch crewed orbital spacecraft into low Earth orbit. The first crewed flight is planned with a spacecraft called "Gaganyaan" for December 2021 on a home-grown GSLV-III rocket. Previously, human spaceflight was not the priority for ISRO, though most of the capability for the same had been realised. ISRO has already developed most of the technologies for crewed flight and it performed a Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment and a Pad Abort Test for the mission.

title: Science and technology in India

text: space science, electronics, computer science and other medical science related research and development are occurring on a large scale in the country. The southern part of India is responsible for the majority of technology and advancements the country has made. The golden triangle of IT and technology (Hyderabad, Bangalore and Chennai) forms the backbone of Indian manufacturing, R&D, science and technology. In 2017, India became an associate member of European Organization for Nuclear Research. The Mars Orbiter Mission, also called "Mangalyaan", was launched on 5 November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It is India's first interplanetary mission,

title: Indian Human Spaceflight Programme

text: The project will cost less than Rs. 10,000 crore. On 9 August 2007 the then Chairman of the ISRO, G. Madhavan Nair, indicated the agency is "seriously considering" the creation of the Human Spaceflight Programme. He further indicated that within a year ISRO would report on its development of new space capsule technologies. Development of a fully autonomous orbital vehicle to carry a two-member crew into a low-Earth orbit (LEO) began a few months after that when the government allocated for pre-project initiatives for 2007 through 2008. A crewed mission into space would require about and a period of seven

title: Minal Rohit

text: one of ten women out of 500 scientists to bring India to Mars. She helped India become the first country to orbit Mars with a satellite on the first try. Rohit won the "Young Scientist Merit Award" from the ISRO in 2007 for her contributions to their Telemedicine program and the "ISRO Team Excellence Award" in 2013 for her work on INSAT 3D meteorological payloads. Regarding the MOM project, Rohit and her colleges were praised in a speech from Prime Minister Manmohan Singh over their work on the mission with the 15 month time constraint. She graduated Gujarat University with

title: Science in newly industrialized countries

text: and some of them e.g. China and India have launched fairly successful space programs, (for example, Chandrayaan I ("Sanskrit" चंद्रयान-1), which literally means "Moon Craft," is an unmanned lunar mission by the Indian Space Research Organisation and it hopes to land a motorised rover on the moon in 2010 or 2011 as a part of its second Chandrayaan mission; Chang'e I, China's moon probing project is proceeding in full swing in a well-organized way), the fact remains that most of the scientists responsible for these deeds had received their terminal education from some institution or university in US or Europe.

title: Rakesh Sharma

text: as part of a joint program between the Indian Space Research Organisation and the Soviet Intercosmos space program. In 1984, he became the first Indian citizen to enter space when he flew aboard the Soviet rocket Soyuz T-11 launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic on the second of April 1984. The Soyuz T-11 docked and transferred the three member Soviet-Indian international crew which also included the ship's commander, Yury Malyshev, and flight engineer, Gennadi Strekalov, to the Salyut 7 Orbital Station. Sharma spent 7days, 21hours and 40minutes aboard the Salyut 7 during which his team conducted scientific

title: K. Radhakrishnan

text: achieve 37 space missions including several historic feats including Mars Orbiter Mission; flying Indian Cryogenic Engine on GSLV; the first experimental flight of the GSLV Mk III; a re-entry experiment of an un-manned crew module; and new space capabilities through IRNSS (1A, 1B, 1C) for navigation; GSAT-7 for strategic communication; and RISAT-1 for microwave radar imaging. ISRO completed two joint satellite missions (Megha Tropiques and SARAL) with the French National Space Agency and inked another agreement with NASA to jointly build an advanced Radar Imaging Satellite. India's standing in the global space market was enhanced as PSLV launched 18 commercial

title: Tagore Baal Niketan Sr. Sec. School, Karnal

text: as officers and justifying the NCC Motto of ‘Unity and Discipline’. Dr. Kalpana Chawla, the first Indian American astronaut and first Indian born woman in space is perhaps Tagore Baal Niketan's most famous alumni. Born in Karnal, India in 1962, she completed her schooling from Tagore Baal Niketan in 1976. She was one of the 7 crew members aboard the ill-fated space shuttle Columbia when it disintegrated upon re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere over Texas in 2003 killing all crew members. Scholarships are awarded to the meritorious students and financial help is also provided to needy students. Merit certificates and

title: Ritu Karidhal

text: Kalam, then president of India. Mangalyan was one of the greatest achievement of ISRO. It made India the fourth country in the world to reach Mars. It was done in 10 months time and at far lesser cost to the taxpayers-450 crores only. Her job was to conceptualize and ensure the execution of the craft's onward autonomy system which is basically the brain of the satellite. Ritu Karidhal Ritu Karidhal is an Indian scientist working with the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). She was a Deputy Operations Director to India's Mars orbital mission, Mangalyaan. She has been referred to as

title: Category:Indian astronauts