question: when did one child policy end in china

answers: January 1, 2016

title: Health in China

text: resisted the policy, offering birth control/ contraceptives, and in some cases forced abortions. The policy was unevenly implemented throughout China and was easier established in urban areas rather than rural, because of ideals about family size and gender preferences. Prior to the One-Child Policy, the Chinese government had encouraged families to have more children in order to increase the future workforce, however, this promotion made the population of China in the 1970s increase at an alarming rate. Additionally, voluntary programs, involving family planning and contraceptive use, were proposed before the One-Child Policy was fully enforced. The One-Child Policy was successful

title: One-child policy

text: billion by 2080. In spite of some criticism inside the party, the plan (also referred to as the Family Planning Policy) was formally implemented as a temporary measure on 18 September 1980. The plan called for families to have one child each in order to curb a then-surging population and alleviate social, economic, and environmental problems in China. Although a recent and often-repeated interpretation by Greenhalgh claims that Song Jian was the central architect of the one-child policy and that he "hijacked" the population policymaking process, that claim has been refuted by several leading scholars, including Liang Zhongtang, a leading

title: One-child policy

text: One-child policy China's one-child policy was part of a birth planning program designed to control the size of its population. Distinct from the family planning policies of most other countries (which focus on providing contraceptive options to help women have the number of children they want), it set a limit on the number of children parents could have, the world's most extreme example of population planning. It was introduced in 1979 (after a decade-long two-child policy), modified in the mid 1980s to allow rural parents a second child if the first was a daughter, and then lasted three more decades

title: One-child policy

text: sign of the relaxation of authoritarian control in China. A reporter for CNN said, "It was not a sign that the party will suddenly start respecting personal freedoms more than it has in the past. No, this is a case of the party adjusting policy to conditions. ... The new policy, raising the limit to two children per couple, preserves the state's role." The abolition may not achieve a significant benefit, as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation analysis indicated: "Repealing the one-child policy may not spur a huge baby boom, however, in part because fertility rates are believed to be declining

title: One-child policy

text: just to the one-child policy, but includes births prevented by predecessor policies implemented one decade before, stating that "there are many different numbers out there but it doesn't change the basic fact that the policy prevented a really large number of births". This claim is disputed by Wang Feng, director of the Brookings-Tsinghua Center for Public Policy, and Cai Yong from the Carolina Population Center at University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Wang claims that "Thailand and China have had almost identical fertility trajectories since the mid 1980s", and "Thailand does not have a one-child policy." China's Health Ministry has

title: Health in China

text: smaller, which indicates health in children has been promoted. Maternal Mortality Ratio isn't showed in the graph due to having insufficient data, but it did go down from 164.5(1980) to 26.5(2011). Created in 1979, under Deng Xiaoping, the One-Child Policy incentivized families to have children later and to only have one child or risk penalization. The One-Child Policy was a program created by the Chinese government as a reaction to the increasing population during the 1970s, that was thought to have negatively impacted China's economic growth. Implementation of the program included rewarding families who followed the program, fining families who

title: Demographics of China

text: did not. Through this policy, the increasing population got temperate after the penalties were made. Couples with only one child were given a "one-child certificate" entitling them to such benefits as cash bonuses, longer maternity leave, better child care, and preferential housing assignments. In return, they were required to pledge that they would not have more children. In the countryside, there was great pressure to adhere to the one-child limit. Because the rural population accounted for approximately 60% of the total, the effectiveness of the one-child policy in rural areas was considered the key to the success or failure of

title: Human rights in China

text: was told that "I could torture you to death and no one could help you." China's birth control policy, known widely as the one-child policy, was implemented in 1979 by chairman Mao Zedong's government to alleviate the overpopulation problem. Having more than one child was illegal and punishable by fines. This policy has begun to be phased out, beginning in 2015. Voice of America cites critics who argue that the policy contributes to forced abortions, human rights violations, female infanticide, abandonment and sex-selective abortions, which are believed to be relatively commonplace in some areas of the country. Sex-selective abortions are

title: One-child policy

text: yet been birthed. In response to this, the Chinese government made sex-selective abortions illegal in 2005. The policy is controversial outside China for many reasons, including accusations of human rights abuses in the implementation of the policy, as well as concerns about negative social consequences. The Chinese government, quoting Zhai Zhenwu, director of Renmin University's School of Sociology and Population in Beijing, estimates that 400million births were prevented by the one-child policy as of 2011, while some demographers challenge that number, putting the figure at perhaps half that level, according to CNN. Zhai clarified that the 400million estimate referred not

title: One-child policy

text: in 1979 (already a sharp reduction from more than five births per woman in the early 1970s) to 1.5 by the mid 1990s. Some scholars claim that this decline is similar to that observed in other places that had no one-child restrictions, such as Thailand as well as Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, a claim designed to support the argument that China's fertility might have fallen to such levels anyway without draconian fertility restrictions . According to a 2017 study in the Journal of Economic Perspectives, "the one-child policy accelerated the already-occurring drop in fertility for a few

title: China

text: resulting in what was actually a "1.5"-child policy from the mid 1980s to 2015 (ethnic minorities were also exempt from one child limits). The next major loosening of the policy was enacted in December 2013, allowing families to have two children if one parent is an only child. In 2016, the one-child policy was replaced in favor of a two-child policy. Data from the 2010 census implies that the total fertility rate may be around 1.4, although due to underreporting of births it may be closer to 1.5-1.6. According to one group of scholars, one-child limits had little effect on

title: One-child policy

text: it is that policy which has been misnomered since as the "one-child policy." Thus, it is misleading to suggest that Song Jian was either the inventor or architect of the policy that China had in place from 1985-2015. The one-child policy was originally designed to be a One-Generation Policy. It was enforced at the provincial level and enforcement varied; some provinces had more relaxed restrictions. The one-child limit was most strictly enforced in densely populated urban areas. Beginning in 1980, the official policy granted local officials the flexibility to make exceptions and allow second children in the case of "practical

title: One-child policy

text: before being eliminated at the end of 2015. The policy also allowed exceptions for some other groups, including ethnic minorities. The term one-child policy is thus a misnomer, because for nearly 30 years of the 36 years that it existed (1979-2015) about half of all parents in China were allowed to have a second child. Provincial governments could (and did) require the use of contraception, sterilizations and abortions to ensure compliance and imposed enormous fines for violations. Local and national governments created commissions to raise awareness and carry out registration and inspection work. According to the Chinese government, 400million births

title: One-child policy

text: significant gender imbalance or skewing of the sex ratio. As reported by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, China has between 32million and 36million more males than would be expected naturally, and this has led to social problems. "Because of a traditional preference for baby boys over girls, the one-child policy is often cited as the cause of China's skewed sex ratio ... Even the government acknowledges the problem and has expressed concern about the tens of millions of young men who won't be able to find brides and may turn to kidnapping women, sex trafficking, other forms of crime or social

title: Son preference in China

text: can have one child, and family will get the financial penalty if they violate the policy. To be clear, one child policy implemented by Chinese central government from late 1970s to 2016. The original intention of this policy was to control the growth rate of Chinese large population. Although this policy was introduced as a long term and temporary policy and aim to reduce the number of family members, this measure was not uniform to some extent. In the early 1980s, the sex ratio of births was 108 (the ratio of male to female was 108:100), slightly higher than the

title: One-child policy

text: earlier than would be expected given its level of development, and that more than 500 million births were prevented between 1970 and 2015 (a calculation based on an alternate model of fertility decline proposed by the scholars themselves), some 400 million of which may have been due to one-child restrictions. In addition, by 2060 China's birth planning policies may have averted as many as 1 billion people in China when one adds in all the eliminated descendants of the births originally averted by the policies. Although 76% of Chinese people said that they supported the policy in a 2008 survey,

title: One-child policy

text: a meeting in Chengdu to discuss the speed and scope of one-child restrictions. One participant at the Chengdu meeting had read two influential books about population concerns, "The Limits to Growth" and "A Blueprint for Survival" while visiting Europe in 1979. That official, Song Jian, along with several associates, determined that the ideal population of China was 700million, and that a universal one-child policy for all would be required to meet that goal. Moreover, Song and his group showed that if fertility rates remained constant at 3 births per woman, China's population would surpass 3 billion by 2060 and 4

title: One-child policy

text: even without the policy's enforcement. Previous easings of the one-child policy have spurred fewer births than expected, and many people among China's younger generations see smaller family sizes as ideal." The CNN reporter adds that China's new prosperity is also a factor in the declining birth rate, saying, "Couples naturally decide to have fewer children as they move from the fields into the cities, become more educated, and when women establish careers outside the home." The one-child policy was managed by the National Population and Family Planning Commission under the central government since 1981. The Ministry of Health of the

title: Forced abortion of Feng Jianmei

text: the township leadership and relevant staff all went [to get Feng to the hospital]." He concluded that the way the case was handled provides strong evidence that at least some of China's leaders are anxious to end the one-child policy. In contrast, an editorial published in "The Peninsula" argued that the case showed China's leaders were losing their ability to control local authorities. He Yafu says the controversy has damaged the public image of one-child policy in China. Journalist Fareed Zakaria suggested there were signs that the Chinese government was softening its rules, noting the large number of prominent citizens

title: One-child policy

text: On October 29, 2015, it was reported that the existing law would be changed to a two-child policy, citing a statement from the Communist Party of China. The new law became effective on January 1, 2016, following its passage in the standing committee of the National People's Congress on December 27, 2015.

title: Only child

text: policy has also been speculated to be the underlying cause of forced abortions, female infanticide, underreporting of female births, and has been suggested as a possible cause behind China's increasing number of crimes and gender imbalance. Regardless, a 2008 survey given by the Pew Research Center reports that 76% of the Chinese population supports the policy. The popular media often posit that it is more difficult for only children to cooperate in a conventional family environment, as they have no competitors for the attention of their parents and other relatives. It is suggested that confusion arises about the norms of

title: Heihaizi

text: allowed to attend school and that he was never openly confronted by Chinese government officials, his evidence of persecution was not strong enough to merit any protection from the United States. Enacted at the beginning of 2014, changes to the One-Child policy have the potential to greatly change the population demographics of China. Under the new regulations “couples will be allowed to have two children if one of the parents was an only child.” Prior to this development, only families where both of the parents were only children had the opportunity to have a second child. This change in policy

title: One-child policy

text: were prevented, starting from 1970 a decade before the start of the one child policy. Some scholars have disputed this claim, with Martin King Whyte and Wang "et al" contending that the policy had little effect on population growth or the size of the total population. China has been compared to countries with similar socioeconomic development like Thailand and Iran, along with the Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, which achieved similar declines of fertility without a one-child policy. However, a recent demographic study challenged these scholars by showing that China's low fertility was achieved two or three decades

title: Sex-selective abortion

text: one child policy, which, within the country's deeply patriarchal culture, resulted in an unbalanced birth sex ratio. The one child policy was enforced very aggressively throughout the years, including through forced abortions and forced sterilizations, but it has been gradually loosened in recent years, and formally abolished in 2015. China's strong son preference is well documented in documentaries such as "The Dying Rooms" (1995) and "" (2012). When sex ratio began being studied in China in 1960, it was still within the normal range. However, it climbed to 111.9 by 1990 and to 118 by 2010 per its official census.

title: Human rights in China

text: thought to have been a significant contribution to the gender imbalance in mainland China, where there is a 118:100 ratio of male to female children reported. Forced abortions and sterilizations have also been reported. It has also been argued that the one-child policy is not effective enough to justify its costs, and that external factors caused a dramatic decrease in Chinese fertility rates to begin even before 1979. The policy seems to have had little impact on rural areas (home to about 80% of the population), where birth rates never dropped below 2.5 children per female. Nevertheless, the Chinese government

title: One-child policy

text: meaning of informed consent in China. Furthermore, in 2003, China revised its marriage registration regulations and couples no longer have to submit to a pre-marital physical or genetic examination before being granted a marriage license. The United Nations Population Fund's (UNFPA) support for family planning in China, which has been associated with the One-Child policy in the United States, led the United States Congress to pull out of the UNFPA during the Reagan administration, and again under George W. Bush's presidency, citing human rights abuses and stating that the right to "found a family" was protected under the Preamble in

title: One-child policy

text: Chinese academia and popular discussions. Being over-indulged, lacking self-discipline and having no adaptive capabilities are traits that are highly associated with Chinese singletons. Some 30 delegates called on the government in the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference in March 2007 to abolish the one-child rule, citing "social problems and personality disorders in young people". One statement read, "It is not healthy for children to play only with their parents and be spoiled by them: it is not right to limit the number to two children per family, either." The proposal was prepared by Ye Tingfang, a professor at the Chinese

title: One-child policy

text: was an only child. This mainly applied to urban couples, since there were very few rural only children due to long-standing exceptions to the policy for rural couples. The coastal province of Zhejiang, one of China's most affluent, became the first area to implement this "relaxed policy" in January 2014. The relaxed policy has been implemented in 29 out of the 31 provinces, with the exceptions of Xinjiang and Tibet. Under this policy, approximately 11million couples in China are allowed to have a second child; however, only "nearly one million" couples applied to have a second child in 2014, less

title: One-child policy

text: the number of twins born per year was estimated to have doubled. The one-child policy has played a major role in improving the quality of life for women in China. With the one-child policy, the gender equality start to be emphasized in China. Women have the same opportunity to be educated like men. For thousands of years, girls have held a lower status in Chinese households. However, the one-child policy's limit on the number of children has prompted parents of women to start investing money in their well-being. As a result of being an only child, women have increased opportunity

title: One-child policy

text: the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. President Obama resumed U.S. government financial support for the UNFPA shortly after taking office in 2009, intending to "work collaboratively to reduce poverty, improve the health of women and children, prevent HIV/AIDS and provide family planning assistance to women in 154 countries". Sex-selected abortion, abandonment, and infanticide are illegal in China. Nevertheless, the United States Department of State, the Parliament of the United Kingdom, and the human rights organization Amnesty International have all declared that infanticide still exists. A writer for the Georgetown Journal of International Affairs wrote, "The 'one-child' policy has also led

title: One-child policy


question: who is the designer in devil wears prada

answers: Valentino Garavani

title: The Devil Wears Prada (film)

text: Liz Jones, former editor of British "Marie Claire", said it was "a rare glimpse at the way in which even the most outlandish and extreme exponents of fashion ... influence and enrich all our lives, even if we only ever shop at Marks & Spencer or Gap." Once the script was finished, the filmmakers and Fox focused on getting Meryl Streep to play Miranda; Hacken recalled she was seen as so perfect for the part that no one had discussed any alternatives (although McKenna recalls writing provisional dialogue should the producers have had to settle for another actress). Weisberger, who

title: The Devil Wears Prada (film)

text: movies about fashion in general. Charla Krupp, the executive editor of SHOP, Inc., says "It's the first film I've seen that got it right ... [It] has the nuances of the politics and the tension better than any film—and the backstabbing and sucking-up." Joanna Coles, the editor of the U.S. edition of "Marie Claire", agreed: The film brilliantly skewers a particular kind of young woman who lives, breathes, thinks fashion above all else ... those young women who are prepared to die rather than go without the latest Muse bag from Yves Saint Laurent that costs three times their monthly

title: The Devil Wears Prada (film)

text: The Devil Wears Prada (film) The Devil Wears Prada is a 2006 American comedy-drama film directed by David Frankel and produced by Wendy Finerman. The screenplay, written by Aline Brosh McKenna, is based on Lauren Weisberger's 2003 novel of the same name. The film adaptation stars Meryl Streep as Miranda Priestly, a powerful fashion magazine editor, and Anne Hathaway as Andrea "Andy" Sachs, a college graduate who goes to New York City and lands a job as Priestly's co-assistant. Emily Blunt and Stanley Tucci co-star as co-assistant Emily Charlton and art director Nigel, respectively. Adrian Grenier, Simon Baker, and Tracie

title: Valentino (fashion designer)

text: nominated Pierpaolo Piccioli its sole Creative Director of the Maison. In 2006 Valentino appeared in a cameo role, as himself, in the hit movie "The Devil Wears Prada". "" a feature-length documentary film on the designer, premiered at the 2008 Venice International Film Festival. Produced and directed by Matt Tyrnauer, special correspondent for "Vanity Fair" magazine, the film follows Valentino and his inner circle throughout various events, including last year's anniversary show celebrating his 45-year career. During the movie's production from June 2005 to July 2007, the filmmakers shot more than 250 hours of footage with exclusive, unprecedented access to

title: Anne Hathaway

text: kind of stories she wanted to tell as an actress. At that point, she realized that she wanted to play roles to move her audiences or otherwise entertain them so much that they forget about their own lives. In 2006, she starred in David Frankel's comedy film "The Devil Wears Prada", as an assistant to the powerful fashion magazine editor Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep. Hathaway said that working on the film made her respect the fashion industry a great deal more than she had previously, though she claimed that her personal style is something she "still can't get

title: The Devil Wears Prada (film)

text: job as a reporter or writer somewhere else. At first, Andy fumbles with her job and fits in poorly with her gossipy, fashion-conscious co-workers, especially Miranda's senior assistant, Emily Charlton. However, she does find an ally in art director Nigel, and gradually learns her responsibilities and begins to dress more stylishly to show her effort and commitment to the position. She also meets an attractive young writer, Christian Thompson, who offers to help her with her career. As she spends increasing amounts of time at Miranda's beck and call, problems arise in her relationships with her college friends and her

title: The Devil Wears Prada (film)

text: which was provided primarily by the white wig and forelock she wore as well as the clothes the two spent much time poring over look-books for. "[I]n choosing her wardrobe my idea was that she's a chief fashion editor, she has her own style," Fields told "Women's Wear Daily" in 2016. "We're creating an original character." Field said she avoided prevailing fashion trends for Miranda during production in favor of a more timeless look based on Donna Karan archives and pieces by Michaele Vollbracht for Bill Blass. She did not want people to easily recognize what Miranda was wearing. She

title: The Devil Wears Prada (film)

text: the works. In 2017, it was announced that Elton John and Shaina Taub would write the music and lyrics, respectively, with Paul Rudnick penning the book. The Devil Wears Prada (film) The Devil Wears Prada is a 2006 American comedy-drama film directed by David Frankel and produced by Wendy Finerman. The screenplay, written by Aline Brosh McKenna, is based on Lauren Weisberger's 2003 novel of the same name. The film adaptation stars Meryl Streep as Miranda Priestly, a powerful fashion magazine editor, and Anne Hathaway as Andrea "Andy" Sachs, a college graduate who goes to New York City and lands

title: Prada

text: But I love my Skechers. Bianca: That’s because you don’t have a Prada backpack." The 2006 feature film The Devil Wears Prada (based on the book of the same name) earned Meryl Streep an Oscar nomination for her role. Her shoe wardrobe for the film was said to be "at least 40% Prada" by the costume designer Patricia Field. Anna Wintour, editor-in-chief of American Vogue and the supposed inspiration for Meryl Streep's character, wore Prada to the film's premiere. In 2005 a false Prada boutique was built as an art installation 26 miles away from Marfa, Texas. Called "Prada Marfa,"

title: Meryl Streep

text: "The Devil Wears Prada" (also 2006), a loose screen adaptation of Lauren Weisberger's 2003 novel of the same name. Streep portrayed the powerful and demanding Miranda Priestly, fashion magazine editor (and boss of a recent college graduate played by Anne Hathaway). Though the overall film received mixed reviews, her portrayal, of what Ebert calls the "poised and imperious Miranda", drew rave reviews from critics, and earned her many award nominations, including her record-setting 14th Oscar bid, as well as another Golden Globe. On its commercial release, the film became Streep's biggest commercial success to this point, grossing more than US$326.5

title: The Devil Wears Prada (film)

text: the editor would be "an idiot" if he didn't hire her. Emily is offered her Paris wardrobe by Andy and the two leave on good terms. Andy passes the "Runway" office building and sees Miranda get into a car. Andy gives a wave, but Miranda does not acknowledge her. Andy is used to this and instead walks further into the crowd. Once inside the car, however, Miranda smiles and then orders her chauffeur to drive. Director David Frankel and producer Wendy Finerman had originally read "The Devil Wears Prada" in book proposal form. It would be Frankel's second theatrical feature,

title: The Devil Wears Prada (film)

text: the inspiration for Priestly. Still, many allowed their clothes and accessories to be used in the film, making it one of the most expensively costumed films in history. Wintour later overcame her initial skepticism, saying she liked the film and Streep in particular. Andy is an aspiring journalist fresh out of Northwestern University. Despite her ridicule for the shallowness of the fashion industry, she lands a job as junior personal assistant to Miranda Priestly, the editor-in-chief of "Runway" magazine. Andy plans to put up with Miranda's excessive demands and humiliating treatment for one year in the hopes of getting a

title: The Devil Wears Prada (film)

text: different aspects of Blunt's and Hathaway's character: Paris's Arc de Triomphe on Blunt's suggests her aspirations to accompany Miranda to the shows there, while the floral image on Andy's suggests the natural, unassuming qualities she displays at the outset of her tenure with the magazine. For the photo of Andrea with her parents, Hathaway posed with her own mother and David Marshall Grant. The Dengel twins recalled being asked every day for three years straight if the Harry Potter advance copies were real; to their great disappointment they were not and in fact were "all gibberish". They eventually auctioned them

title: The Devil Wears Prada (film)

text: the film as a chance to "skewer the doyennes of the fashion world." She has three daughters, and as an ardent feminist, felt that fashion magazines "twisted the minds of young women around the world and their priorities. This was an interesting way to get back at them." Also, she said, the film passed the Bechdel test. She insisted on the scenes where she explains to Andy the connection between the blue sweater she is wearing and the "haute couture" industry, and the scene where Miranda briefly opens up to Andy, without makeup, about her divorce. "I wanted", she explained,

title: The Devil Wears Prada (film)

text: live-in boyfriend, Nate, a chef working his way up the career ladder. Miranda is impressed by Andy and allows her to be the one to bring the treasured "Book", a mock-up of the upcoming edition, to her home, along with her dry cleaning. She is given instructions by Emily about where to leave the items and is told not to speak with anyone in the house. Andy arrives at Miranda's home only to discover that the instructions she received are vague. As she tries to figure out what to do, Andy begins to panic. Miranda's twins, Caroline and Cassidy, falsely

title: The Devil Wears Prada (novel)

text: The Devil Wears Prada (novel) The Devil Wears Prada is a 2003 best-selling novel by Lauren Weisberger about a young woman who is hired as a personal assistant to a powerful fashion magazine editor, a job that becomes nightmarish as she struggles to keep up with her boss's grueling schedule and demeaning demands. It spent six months on the "New York Times" bestseller list and became the basis for the 2006 film of the same name, starring Meryl Streep, Anne Hathaway, and Emily Blunt. The novel is considered by many to be an example of the "chick lit" genre. A

title: The Devil Wears Prada (film)

text: singled out for praise. This earned her many award nominations, including an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress, as well as the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical. Blunt also drew favorable reviews and nominations for her performance. The film grossed over $300 million worldwide, against its $41 million budget, and was the 12th highest grossing film worldwide in 2006. Although the movie is set in the fashion world, most designers and other fashion notables avoided appearing as themselves for fear of displeasing U.S. "Vogue" editor Anna Wintour, who is widely believed to have been

title: The Devil Wears Prada (film)

text: similarities to the real office of Anna Wintour, down to an octagonal mirror on the wall, photographs and a floral arrangement on the desk Gonchor later told "Women's Wear Daily" that he had based the set on a photo of Wintour's office he found online; the similarity led Wintour to have her office redecorated after the movie's release. The magazine itself is very similar to "Vogue", and one of the covers on the wall of the office, showing three models, is a direct homage to the August 2004 cover of that magazine. She even chose separate computer wallpaper to highlight

title: The Devil Wears Prada (film)

text: Moore at "Los Angeles Times" chided Field for creating a "fine fashion fantasy with little to do with reality," a world that reflects what outsiders think fashion is like rather than what the industry actually is. Unlike the movie, in her experience fashionistas were less likely to wear makeup and more likely to value edgier dressing styles (that would not include toe rings). "If they want a documentary, they can watch the History Channel", retorted Field. Another newspaper fashion writer, Hadley Freeman of "The Guardian", likewise complained the film was awash in the sexism and clichés that, to her, beset

title: The Devil Wears Prada (film)

title: The Devil Wears Prada (novel)

text: materials that Priestly's demands are partial fiction and a composite of actual experiences she and her friends had in their first jobs. Some reviewers state that Anna Wintour, editor-in-chief of "Vogue", was the inspiration for Priestly. After the film was released, another one of Wintour's assistants was identified as the model for Emily. Kate Betts, a former editor of "Harper's Bazaar" who also worked for Wintour at one point in her career, spared no barb in the "Times Book Review", stressing the main character's ingratitude at the unique opportunity of working at "Vogue": "[I]f Andrea doesn't ever realize why she

title: The Devil Wears Prada (film)

text: is now a vision of aristocratic, purposeful and surprisingly human grace." Kyle Smith agreed at the "New York Post": "The snaky Streep wisely chooses not to imitate "Vogue" editrix Anna Wintour, the inspiration for the book, but creates her own surprisingly believable character." David Edelstein, in "New York" magazine, criticized the film as "thin", but praised Streep for her "fabulous minimalist performance." J. Hoberman, Edelstein's onetime colleague at "The Village Voice", called the movie an improvement on the book and said Streep was "the scariest, most nuanced, funniest movie villainess since Tilda Swinton's nazified White Witch [in 2005's ""]." Blunt,

title: The Devil Wears Prada (film)

text: a job as Creative Director with rising fashion star James Holt at Miranda's recommendation. Andy finally succumbs to Christian's charms and, after spending the night with him, learns from him about a plan to replace Miranda with Jacqueline Follet as editor of "Runway". Despite the suffering she has endured at her boss's behest, she attempts to warn Miranda. At a luncheon later that day, however, Miranda announces that it is Jacqueline instead of Nigel who will leave "Runway" for Holt. Nigel remarks to a stunned Andy that, though disappointed, he has to believe that his loyalty to Miranda will one

title: The Devil Wears Prada (novel)

text: be produced. Sir Elton John (who also wrote the scores for "Billy Elliot" and "The Lion King" amongst others) was announced as the composer for the project and Paul Rudnick (most notable for writing the film "Sister Act") would write the lyrics and story. The casting and production schedule is still to be announced but it is aimed to play on Broadway. The Devil Wears Prada (novel) The Devil Wears Prada is a 2003 best-selling novel by Lauren Weisberger about a young woman who is hired as a personal assistant to a powerful fashion magazine editor, a job that becomes

title: The Devil Wears Prada (film)

text: putting ensembles together that were not only stylish but helped him develop his character: She just sort of sits there with her cigarette and her hair, and she would pull stuff — these very disparate elements — and put them together into this ensemble, and you'd go, "Come on, Pat, you can't wear that with that." She'd say, "Eh, just try it on." So you'd put it on, and not only did it work, but it works on so many different levels — and it allows you to figure out who the guy is. Those outfits achieve exactly what I

title: The Devil Wears Prada (film)

text: about the fun of fashion, it was about marketing and business." McKenna recalls that she kept expanding it to suit Streep and Frankel, but even a few days before it was scheduled to be filmed she was unsure if it would be used or even shot. She was revising it at a nearby Starbucks when she realized that Miranda would describe something not as just blue—chosen as the color for Andy's sweater since it would work best on screen—but would instead use an exact shade. From a list of shades McKenna sent, Streep picked cerulean; the final speech takes up

title: The Devil Wears Prada (novel)

text: sequel, "Revenge Wears Prada: The Devil Returns", was published in 2013. Andrea Sachs, a recent graduate of Brown University with a degree in English, moves to New York City with her best friend, Lily, a graduate student at Columbia. Andrea hopes to find a career in publishing and blankets the city with her résumé. She believes she'll be closer to her dream of working for "The New Yorker" if she can get a job in the magazine industry. She gets a surprise interview at the Elias-Clark Group and is hired as junior assistant for Miranda Priestly, editor-in-chief of the fashion

title: The Devil Wears Prada (film)

text: the screenplay in progress. Most took their inspiration from the 2001 Ben Stiller film "Zoolander" and primarily satirized the fashion industry. But it was still not ready to film. Elizabeth Gabler, later head of production at Fox, noted that the finished novel did not have a strong narrative. "Since there wasn't a strong third act in the book," she said later, "we needed to invent that." In the meantime, the studio and producer Wendy Finerman sought a director. Out of many candidates with experience in comedy, David Frankel was hired despite his limited experience, having only made one feature, "Miami

title: The Devil Wears Prada (film)

text: Thoms play key supporting roles. In 2003, 20th Century Fox bought the rights to a film adaptation of Weisburger's novel before it was completed for publication. However, the project was not greenlit until Streep was cast in the lead role. Principal photography ran for 57 days, primarily taking place in New York from October 2005 to December later that year. Additional filming also occurred in Paris. After premiering at the LA Film Fest on June 22, 2006, the film was theatrically released in the United States on June 30. The film received positive reviews from critics, with Streep's performance being

title: The Devil Wears Prada (film)

text: character, but then read the Holt part and asked if he could audition for it. Simon Baker auditioned by sending a video of himself, wearing the same self-designed green jacket he has on when he and Andrea meet for the first time. Weisberger is widely believed to have based Miranda on Anna Wintour, the powerful editor of "Vogue". Wintour reportedly warned major fashion designers who had been invited to make cameo appearances as themselves in the film that they would be banished from the magazine's pages if they did so. "Vogue" and other major women's and fashion magazines have avoided

title: The Devil Wears Prada (film)

long_answer: Frankel, who had worked with Patricia Field on his feature-film debut Miami Rhapsody as well as Sex and the City, knew that what the cast wore would be of utmost importance in a movie set in the fashion industry. "My approach was to hire her and then leave the room," he joked later. While only Valentino Garavani appeared onscreen, many other designers were helpful to Field. Her $100,000 budget for the film's costumes was supplemented by help from friends throughout the industry. Ultimately, she believes, at least $1 million worth of clothing was used in the film, making it one of the most expensively costumed movies in cinema history. The single priciest item was a $100,000 Fred Leighton necklace on Streep.


question: who won the world cup in cricket 2017

answers: Pakistan

title: Punam Raut

text: the 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup where the team lost to England by nine runs. Punam Raut Punam Ganesh Raut (born 14 October 1989) is a cricketer who has played in one Test cricket, 28 women's one-day internationals and 27 t20 internationals for India. On 15 May 2017, in a ODI verses Ireland, Raut set a world record opening partnership of 320 runs with Deepti Sharma, contributing 109. This beat both the standing women's record of 229 (by Sarah Taylor and Caroline Atkins of England) and the standing men's record in ODIs of 286 (by Upul Tharanga and Sanath Jayasuriya

title: Mahipal Lomror

text: January 2018, he was bought by the Rajasthan Royals in the 2018 IPL auction. Mahipal Lomror Mahipal Lomror (born 16 November 1999) is an Indian cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Rajasthan in the 2016–17 Ranji Trophy on 6 October 2016. Prior to his debut, he was named in India's squad for the 2016 Under-19 Cricket World Cup. He made his Twenty20 debut for Rajasthan in the 2016–17 Inter State Twenty-20 Tournament on 30 January 2017. He made his List A debut for Rajasthan in the 2016–17 Vijay Hazare Trophy on 25 February 2017. He was the joint-leading wicket-taker

title: Iqra Rasool

text: under Cricket Association of Bengal (CAB). As a tie-up deal between Michael Clarke Cricket Academy and newly opened Aditya School of Sports, cricketer Micheal Clarke announced that there will be young talented cricketers travelling to Sydney on a 12-day programme. This team also includes Iqra Rasool. Iqra Rasool Iqra Rasool (born 15 August 2000) is an Indian cricketer and also known as 'Baramulla's supergirl'. She hails from Dangiwacha, Rafiabad located in North Kashmir and represented Jammu and Kashmir at the U-19 and U-23 level. In 2017, at a session of ‘We The Women’ in Mumbai, Mithali Raj, the captain of

title: 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup Final

text: 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup Final The 2017 ICC Women's World Cup Final was a one-day international cricket match played between England and India to decide the winner of the 2017 Women's World Cup. England won the game by nine runs to secure their fourth World Cup title, with Anya Shrubsole named player of the match. It was one of the closest finals in tournament history, with only the 2000 final being decided by a narrower margin. The final was played at Lord's Cricket Ground, London, on 23 July 2017. Lord's had been announced as the host on 8 February

title: Michael Leask

text: ICC Intercontinental Cup on 1 October 2017. Michael Leask Michael Alexander Leask (born 29 October 1990) is a Scottish cricketer. He played for Scotland in the 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier tournament. On 9 May 2014 at Aberdeen, he scored 42 off 16 balls in an ODI against England and was named as the man of the match, despite Scotland losing the game. Ahead of the 2016 season, Leask signed for Somerset. In September 2017, after two seasons with Somerset, it was announced that Leask was to be leave the county at the end of the season. He made his

title: Sushma Verma

text: Punam Raut. Verma was part of the Indian team to reach the final of the 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup where the team lost to England by nine runs. Sushma Verma Sushma Verma (born 3 November 1992) is an Indian cricketer. She started her national-level career as a wicket-keeper and right hand batswoman in the India women's national cricket team. She has played 30 ODI, 19 T20 and 01 Test matches till now. After the 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup game, the Himachal Pradesh chief minister Virbhadra Singh offered her a post of Deputy Superintendent of Police. Sushma Verma born

title: Ramesh Powar

text: of Ruparel College of Science, Commerce and Arts in Matunga, Mumbai. His brother Kiran Powar also played cricket and is current under-19s coach of Vidarbha cricket team. In 2018 Women World Cup, Ramesh had some argument with experienced batsman Mithali Raj, and because of that he didn't give a chance for her to play in the semifinal. It is said by the Indian fans that this decision cost them the world cup. His arrogance didn't stop. The fans trolled him for abusing Mithali on Twitter. Ramesh Powar Ramesh Rajaram Powar (born 20 May 1978) is a former Indian cricketer. He

title: Sarah Taylor (cricketer)

text: her cricket performance. She announced a break from playing in order to 'prolong her career'. She resumed playing in April 2017 and in June she was selected for the 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup, at which she and Tammy Beaumont set the record for the highest 2nd-wicket partnership in Women's Cricket World Cup history (275) in a 68-run victory over South Africa. Taylor's innings of 147 was her career best in ODIs. Taylor was a member of the winning women's team at the 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup held in England. In December 2017, she was named as one of

title: 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup Final

text: Cup final – Mithali Raj and Jhulan Goswami for India, and Katherine Brunt, Laura Marsh, and Sarah Taylor for England. England's captain Heather Knight won the toss and elected to bat. Their openers, Lauren Winfield (24 runs) and Tammy Beaumont (23), made steady progress, putting on 47 runs before Winfield was bowled by Rajeshwari Gayakwad. Beaumont was out three overs later, caught in the deep off the bowling of Poonam Yadav. This brought Heather Knight (1) to the crease, but she lasted just seven balls before also being dismissed by Yadav, leg before wicket (lbw; via DRS). Sarah Taylor (45)

title: Tanveer Ahmed (cricketer)

text: 2018, he was named in Hong Kong's team for the 2018 ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup. Tanveer Ahmed (cricketer) Tanveer Ahmed (born 18 September 1997) is a Hong Kong cricketer. He made his Twenty20 International debut against Afghanistan in the 2016 Asia Cup Qualifier on 22 February 2016. Before making his international debut, he was named in Hong Kong's squad for the 2016 ICC World Twenty20 tournament. He made his first-class cricket debut against Ireland in the 2015–17 ICC Intercontinental Cup on 30 August 2016. He made his One Day International (ODI) debut against Scotland on 8 September 2016. In

title: Sadeera Samarawickrama

text: Sadeera Samarawickrama Sadeera Samarawickrama () (born 30 August 1995) is a professional Sri Lankan cricketer who represents the national team in all formats of the game. He was part of Sri Lanka's squad for the 2014 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup. He is a past pupil of St. Josephs College, Colombo. He made the most runs in the 2016–17 Premier League Tournament, with a total of 1,016 from 10 matches and 19 innings. In November 2017, he was named the best batsman in domestic cricket for the 2016–17 season at Sri Lanka Cricket's annual awards. In March 2018, he was

title: Sikandar Raza

text: was awarded the Player of The Tournament award for his 319 runs and 15 wickets during the Cricket World Cup Qualifiers though Zimbabwe failed to qualify for the 2019 Cricket World Cup. Sikandar Raza Sikandar Raza Butt (; born 24 April 1986) is a Pakistani-born Zimbabwean international cricketer, who plays all formats primarily as a batsman. Born in Sialkot, Raza emigrated to Zimbabwe in 2001 along with his family. He soon became one of the best batsman in the domestic competition and caught the eye of the Zimbabwe selectors. The only problem was citizenship issues, which was granted in 2011.

title: Kamlesh Nagarkoti

text: Under-19 Cricket World Cup. In January 2018, he was bought by the Kolkata Knight Riders in the 2018 IPL auction for ₹3.2 crores. Kamlesh Nagarkoti Kamlesh Nagarkoti (born 28 December 1999) is an Indian cricketer. He made his List A debut for Rajasthan in the 2016–17 Vijay Hazare Trophy on 26 February 2017. Two days later, he took the first-ever hat-trick for Rajasthan in List A cricket, in the Vijay Hazare Trophy match against Gujarat. Nagarkoti's father was a subedar in the Indian Army. He utilized his retirement corpus to buy a one-bedroom apartment in Jaipur so his son could

title: 2016 ICC World Twenty20 Final

text: and had won Ashes series such as batsman Joe Root, wicketkeeper Jos Buttler and fast bowler Liam Plunkett. After their loss to the West Indies, England beat South Africa with the highest successful run chase (229) in World T20 history before beating Afghanistan and then Sri Lanka to reach the semifinal. In the semifinal they came up against unbeaten New Zealand in Delhi. New Zealand made a strong start to be 89 for 1 after 10 overs, before tight bowling by Chris Jordan and Ben Stokes kept them to 153. English opener Jason Roy scored 78 off 44, a Man

title: Deepti Sharma

text: Bengaluru. In October 2018, she was named in India's squad for the 2018 ICC Women's World Twenty20 tournament in the West Indies. The Indian team lost in the semi-finals against England by 8 wickets.She took only 5 wickets in the tournament with her best being 2 for 15 in 3 overs against Ireland. In June 2018, she was awarded with the Jagmohan Dalmiya Trophy For Best Domestic Senior Women's Cricketer by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI). Deepti Sharma Deepti Bhagwan Sharma (born on 24 August 1997 in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India) is an international cricketer who

title: Dushmantha Chameera

text: In January 2018, he was bought by the Rajasthan Royals in the 2018 IPL auction. However, he missed the first weeks of the tournament with a back injury. In May 2018, he was one of 33 cricketers to be awarded a national contract by Sri Lanka Cricket ahead of the 2018–19 season. Dushmantha Chameera Pathira Vasan Dushmantha Chameera (; born 11 January 1992), commonly Dushmantha Chameera, is a professional Sri Lankan cricketer who plays for all three international formats for Sri Lanka. A right hand fast bowler, Chameera bowls fast swinging balls generally around 145kmh. Chameera was educated at Maris

title: Mohammad Saifuddin

text: Mohammad Saifuddin Mohammad Saifuddin (born 1 November 1996) is a Bangladeshi first-class cricketer. A Bowling All-rounder, in December 2015 he was named in Bangladesh's squad for the 2016 Under-19 Cricket World Cup. He made his Twenty20 (T20) debut on 13 November 2016 playing for Comilla Victorians in the 2016–17 Bangladesh Premier League. He was the leading wicket-taker for Shinepukur Cricket Club in the 2017–18 Dhaka Premier Division Cricket League, with 14 dismissals in 10 matches. In April 2018, he scored his maiden century in first-class cricket, scoring 100 not out for East Zone in the final round of the 2017–18

title: Kamal Passi

text: Kamal Passi Kamal Passi is a cricketer from India. He is a part of the Indian Under-19 Cricket Team, the current champion of Under-19 Cricket World Cup. His name came to limelight when he performed exceptionally well against Zimbabwe in Under-19 Cricket World Cup 2012 and bagged the player of the match award. He made his first class debut for Services on 7 November 2015 in the 2015–16 Ranji Trophy. On 14 August 2012 Kamal Passi took 6 wickets for 23 runs and made 24 runs off just five balls with 1 fours and 3 six against Zimbabwe in Group

title: 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup Final

text: and Natalie Sciver (51) steadied the ship somewhat, putting on 83 runs for the fourth wicket whilst light rain fell. With the score at 146, Taylor was caught behind from the bowling of Jhulan Goswami. Goswami then had Fran Wilson out next ball, for a golden duck. Sciver also fell to Goswami a few overs later, unsuccessfully challenging an lbw decision. Katherine Brunt (34) and Jenny Gunn (25 not out) put on 32 runs for the seventh wicket before Brunt was run out by Goswami with a direct hit. Gunn continued on with Laura Marsh (14 not out) for the

title: 2017 ICC Champions Trophy

text: The 2017 ICC Champions Trophy was the eighth ICC Champions Trophy, a cricket tournament for the eight top-ranked One Day International (ODI) teams in the world. It was held in England and Wales from 1 June to 18 June 2017. Pakistan won the competition for the first time with a 180-run victory over India in the final at The Oval.  The margin of victory was the largest by any team in the final of an ICC ODI tournament in terms of runs.

title: Niall O'Brien (cricketer)

text: 2015, he smashed unbeaten 79 runs off 60 balls with 11 fours, guided Ireland to the victory against another Test match playing nations, the West Indies. This was Ireland's third consecutive victory over test playing nations in three consecutive world cups. O'Brien's score was helped to beat mighty West Indian pace attack and finally Irish won their first match of 2015 ICC Cricket World Cup. On 23 March 2018, in Ireland's match against Afghanistan in the 2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier, O'Brien played in his 100th ODI match. In May 2018, he was named in a fourteen-man squad for Ireland's

title: 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup Final

text: last four overs, with England finishing on 228/7 from their 50 overs. Jhulan Goswami was the pick of the Indian bowlers, finished with 3/23. India lost a wicket in their second over, with Smriti Mandhana bowled by Anya Shrubsole for a duck. Poonam Raut (86 runs) and Mithali Raj (17) then put on 38 runs before Raj was run out by Natalie Sciver. Raut and Harmanpreet Kaur (51) compiled a 95-run fourth-wicket partnership, lasting just over 20 overs, before Kaur was caught in the deep off the bowling of Alex Hartley. Raut then combined with Veda Krishnamurthy (35) for an

title: Tammy Beaumont

text: for any wicket in Women's World Cup history During the same world cup series she along with Natalie Sciver set the record 4th wicket partnership(170) in Women's Cricket World Cup history Beaumont was a member of the winning women's team at the 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup held in England, and was voted player of the tournament after scoring 410 runs throughout the tournament. Her contribution to England's success was recognised by the award of an MBE in the Queen's 2018 New Year Honours list. In December 2017, she was named as one of the players in the ICC Women's

title: Akhona Mnyaka

text: with 9 wickets. Akhona Mnyaka Akhona Mnyaka (born 22 June 1999) is a South African cricketer. He made his List A debut for Border in the 2016–17 CSA Provincial One-Day Challenge on 12 March 2017. In August 2017, he was named in Bloem City Blazers' squad for the first season of the T20 Global League. However, in October 2017, Cricket South Africa initially postponed the tournament until November 2018, with it being cancelled soon after. In December 2017, he was named in South Africa's squad for the 2018 Under-19 Cricket World Cup. He was the leading wicket-taker for South Africa

title: Carlos Brathwaite

text: in Ireland, with Dublin-based Leinster Cricket Club, with whom in 2009 he won the Bob Kerr Irish Senior Cup, defeating Donemena CC in the final. In January 2018, he was bought by the Sunrisers Hyderabad in the 2018 IPL auction. In May 2018, he was signed by Kent County Cricket Club to play in the 2018 Vitality Blast tournament in England. In October 2018, Cricket West Indies (CWI) awarded him a white-ball contract for the 2018–19 season. Later the same month, he was named in the squad for the Khulna Titans team, following the draft for the 2018–19 Bangladesh Premier

title: Rishabh Pant

text: October 2018. In December 2018, during the first Test against Australia, he took eleven catches, the most by a wicket-keeper for India in a Test. Rishabh Pant Rishabh Rajendra Pant (born 4 October 1997) is a professional Indian cricketer who plays for India, Delhi, and the Delhi Capitals. In December 2015, he was named in India's squad for the 2016 Under-19 Cricket World Cup. On 1 February 2016, during the tournament, he hit an 18-ball fifty, the fastest at this level. He made his Twenty20 International (T20I) debut for India in January 2017, his Test debut in August 2018, and

title: Keshav Maharaj

text: a South African spinner in Tests against New Zealand. In April 2017, he was named in South Africa's One Day International (ODI) squad for their series against England and the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy. He made his ODI debut for South Africa against England on 27 May 2017. In May 2017, he was named International Newcomer of the Year at Cricket South Africa's annual awards. In October 2017, he took his 50th wicket in Tests, during the first Test against Bangladesh. In July 2018, during the second test match against Sri Lanka, he registered his best Test bowling figures in

title: Christopher Carter (cricketer)

text: won the qualifier tournament, and he was then named in Hong Kong's squad for the 2018 Asia Cup. In October 2018, Carter announced that he was quitting international cricket to become a pilot in Australia. Christopher Carter (cricketer) Christopher Carter (born 9 September 1997) is a Hong Kong former cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Hong Kong against the United Arab Emirates in the 2015–17 ICC Intercontinental Cup tournament on 11 November 2015. He made his One Day International debut for Hong Kong against the United Arab Emirates in the 2015–17 ICC World Cricket League Championship on 16 November

title: Niroshan Dickwella

text: after a Code of Conduct breach during the second T20I against Australia at Kardinia Park. He was fined with 30% of his match fees and was given two more demerit points. Niroshan Dickwella Dickwella Patabendige Dilantha Niroshan Dickwella, popularly as Niroshan Dickwella () (born 23 June 1993) is a professional Sri Lankan cricketer, who plays all formats of the game for Sri Lanka. A left arm batsman, he also plays as a wicket-keeper of the team. Dickwella is known for hitting left hand dilscoops. In November 2017, he was named the emerging cricketer of the year for the 2016–17 season

title: Virat Kohli

text: the Year) in 2017; ICC ODI Player of the Year in 2012, 2017 and Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World in 2016, 2017. He was given the Arjuna Award in 2013, the Padma Shri under the sports category in 2017 and the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, the highest sporting honour in India, in 2018. Alongside his cricket career, Kohli co-owns FC Goa in the ISL, the IPTL franchise UAE Royals and the PWL team Bengaluru Yodhas. He also has other business ventures and over 20 brand endorsements. Kohli is ranked as one of the world's most famous athletes by ESPN

title: 2017 ICC Champions Trophy


question: how many episodes are there in season six of nashville

answers: 16

answers: 16 episodes

title: Nashville (2012 TV series)

text: "The Bobby Bones Show", Amy Brown. "NashChat" did not return for season six. The first season received critical acclaim. Metacritic gave the show a rating of 84 out of 100 or "universal acclaim" based on 32 reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a rating of 92% based on 49 reviews, and the average rating is 8.6/10. The consensus on the site reads ""Nashville" promotes catchy pop-western tunes and plays to non-fans of the genre with its sharp atmosphere and its stellar narratives." Season one was called one of the most exciting new series of the 2012 Fall season. Alan Sepinwell

title: Nashville (season 6)

text: the initial airing on CMT. TVLand discontinued reruns of the series after episode five, but returned for the second half of the season. The season, like season five, was aired in two parts with the final eight episodes airing in the summer. The final eight episodes returned on June 7 and the season wrapped on July 26, 2018. The season wrap party was held on April 7, 2018. Filming wrapped on the finale three days later. The series received $5.7million in tax incentives from the state of Tennessee, the lowest of all seasons. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Nashville (season 6) The sixth and

title: Nashville (2012 TV series)

text: "the greatest modern soap the world has ever seen". The season five premiere was well received. Most critics praised the season premiere, stating "The original tenor of the series is one of the things that made it so appealing in the first place. Add to this that the tempo of the narrative is ideal, and episodes never drag.", though Gwen Ihnat from "The A.V. Club" criticized the season, stating ""Nashville" now almost always bums me out, even more so because it used to be a show I once looked forward to every week. But I haven't felt that way in

title: Nashville (2012 TV series)

text: ABC, on October 10, 2012, and had more than 8.93 million viewers. In May 2016, ABC cancelled the show. In June 2016, it was picked up by CMT for a fifth season. On December 1, 2016, it was announced that a preview of episode one would air on December 15, 2016, with the season starting on January 5, 2017, along with a set of new producers, writers, and showrunners. A live aftershow, "NashChat", began airing live across social media platforms on Thursday, January 5, and aired immediately after every new episode during season five. On April 10, 2017, CMT renewed

title: Nashville (season 3)

text: by ABC. The series was renewed after prolonged negotiations for a full 22-episode season. This season will receive a combined $8 million incentive package from the state of Tennessee, Metro Nashville and other local groups, lower than the Season 2 incentives — which totaled $13.25 million. On March 11, 2014, before the show was renewed, it was announced that Oliver Hudson and Will Chase are being promoted to regulars for season three, contingent on the ABC series getting a renewal. The series creator and executive producer later said that "a lot of our characters may not be in every episode

title: Nashville (season 6)

text: the fifth season finale, Marshall Herskovitz confirmed that actor Jeffrey Nordling would return as Jessie Caine's ex-husband Brad and that the new season would see the introduction of two new characters. Filming began on September 27, 2017. Five new major recurring cast members were announced in November 2017. On November 17, 2017, it was confirmed that it would be the series's final season. The sixth season premiere was available on Hulu in the evening hours of December 19, 2017, and removed 24 hours later. Episodes aired an hour and two hours later on the Paramount Network and TV Land, following

title: Nashville (season 5)

text: Sara Evans ("A Little Bit Stronger"), Garth Brooks ("If Tomorrow Never Comes"), Carrie Underwood ("The Night Before (Life Goes On)"), Sheryl Crow ("A Change Would Do You Good"), and Dixie Chicks ("Not Ready to Make Nice"). On May 12, 2016, ABC cancelled the series after four seasons. On June 10, 2016, it was announced that CMT had picked up the series for a fifth season of 22 episodes. The pick-up was assisted by $11 million in economic incentives: $8.5 million comes via the State of Tennessee Film Office, $1 million from the City of Nashville, $1 million from the Nashville

title: Nashville (2007 TV series)

text: second half-hour in the 18-49 demo. This is lower than any show received in this time slot for Fox during the 2006-2007 TV season, including repeats. In its second airing on September 21, the show received a rating of 1.3/3 (2.14 million viewers). On September 24, 2007, Nashville was put on hiatus, and its place was filled by repeats of "K-Ville", followed by three episodes of "The Next Great American Band" on October 19 and 26 and November 2. The show was initially scheduled to return November 9, but Fox subsequently decided to cancel the series. Though production was shut

title: Nashville (2012 TV series)

text: quite a while now." Reviews for the sixth season were generally positive. "Entertainment Weekly"s Kristen Baldwin gave the season a B+, and stated "In the end, "Nashville" remained true to its central love story." Ken Tucker of "Yahoo! TV" gave a positive review, and wrote "When you combine this bubbly soap opera material with amusingly lively scenes of Will, Avery, and Gunnar getting together to form the band you didn't know you'd always wanted, "Nashville" seems to be going out with an enjoyable blast." "New York Magazine" gave the season premiere a 3/5. Conversely, Savannah Brooks of "The Young Folks"

title: Nashville (season 5)

text: was held on June 4, 2017. Filming wrapped on June 8, 2017. On December 1, 2016, it was announced that the first hour of the two-hour season premiere would premiere December 15, 2016. The sneak peek airing of the first episode aired simultaneously on CMT, MTV, and TV Land. The double episode season premiere totaled a 0.8 demo as it aired across two networks, CMT and Nick at Night. New episodes first air on CMT, and then air again on Nick at Night, the same day. The fifth season featured two main cast members see their exit. Will Chase and

title: Nashville (season 4)

text: Nashville (season 4) The fourth season of the American television musical drama series "Nashville", created by Callie Khouri, premiered on September 23, 2015, on ABC and concluded on May 25, 2016. The show features an ensemble cast with Connie Britton and Hayden Panettiere in the leading roles as two country music superstars, Rayna Jaymes and Juliette Barnes. The season consisted of 21 episodes and was the last season to air on ABC before the series moved to CMT As with season three, the episodes are named after songs from a variety of country artists, including Lucinda Williams ("Can't Let Go"),

title: Nashville (2012 TV series)

text: claims that "the characters used to be happy and have a purpose. It's time to stop letting one character's death dictate the rest of the series", in regards to the sixth season, rating it a 4/10. In June 2012, "Nashville" was one of five honorees in the Most Exciting New Series category at the Critics' Choice Television Awards, voted by journalists who had seen the television pilots for the 2012–13 season. The pilot episode received critical acclaim, specifically praising Callie Khouri's writing, casting, and the performances of Connie Britton and Hayden Panettiere. At the 70th Golden Globe Awards, Britton was

title: Nashville (2012 TV series)

text: were the first two cast members to be cut as producers tried to bring down production costs. Britton chose to leave the series halfway through the fifth season. Later series regulars included Rachel Bilson, as Alyssa Greene who joined halfway through season five, and Cameron Scoggins as Zach Welles, who was promoted to a series regular halfway through the season. Kaitlin Doubleday was added to the main cast partway through the fifth season, as Jessie Caine, a mother and singer who returns to the scene. Jeffrey Nordling, who recurred during season five, was upped to a series regular for the

title: Nashville (season 5)

text: Nashville (season 5) The fifth season of the American television musical drama series "Nashville", created by Callie Khouri, it premiered on December 15, 2016, on CMT, the first on the network. The show features an ensemble cast with Connie Britton and Hayden Panettiere in the leading roles as two country music superstars, Rayna Jaymes and Juliette Barnes. The season consisted of 22 episodes that were aired in two parts of eleven episodes each, with Britton appearing in the first part only. As with seasons three and four, the episodes are named after songs from a variety of country artists, including

title: Nashville (season 4)

text: 2015. The third episode was shot on August 7, 2015. Filming for Season 4 was completed on April 4, 2016. The third season was the last to feature Eric Close as a series regular; he will no longer appear in the show as a main cast member. On July 25, 2015 Riley Smith was cast as Markus Keen, for a season long arc. Keen will be the newest Highway 65 artist, and Rayna promises to help him strip down his sound. When he realizes how much the label needs his album to be a hit, he begins to control Rayna.

title: Nashville (season 4)

text: Conway Twitty ("'Til The Pain Outwears The Shame"), Waylon Jennings ("Stop the World (And Let Me Off)"), Patty Loveless ("How Can I Help You Say Goodbye"), Reba McEntire ("How Does It Feel To Be Free") and LeAnn Rimes ("What I Cannot Change"). On May 7, 2015, "Nashville" was renewed for a fourth season by ABC. The writers began work on the season on May 26, 2015. This season will receive a $10 million incentive package from the state of Tennessee, and other local groups, more than the Season 3 incentives — which totaled $8 million. Filming began on July 17,

title: Nashville (2012 TV series)

text: of season five, Cameron Scoggins, who plays Zach Welles, a wealthy tech-billionaire would be upgraded to series regular. Scoggins exited in season six. Kaitlin Doubleday, who portrays Jessie Caine—a musician who returns to town to focus on her career and take back the son who was taken from her—was upped from recurring to series regular near the end of season five, and she returned as a regular for the sixth season. Another season five recurring player, Jeff Nordling, was also upped to series regular for season six. Nordling plays Brad Maitland, the charming and narcissistic owner of the most successful

title: Nashville (season 5)

text: Aubrey Peeples were announced to not be returning to the series in June 2016, although Chase did make a guest appearance. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Nashville (season 5) The fifth season of the American television musical drama series "Nashville", created by Callie Khouri, it premiered on December 15, 2016, on CMT, the first on the network. The show features an ensemble cast with Connie Britton and Hayden Panettiere in the leading roles as two country music superstars, Rayna Jaymes and Juliette Barnes. The season consisted of 22 episodes that were aired in two parts of eleven episodes each, with Britton appearing in the

title: Nashville (season 3)

text: Nashville (season 3) The third season of the American television musical drama series "Nashville", created by Callie Khouri, began on September 24, 2014, on ABC. The show features an ensemble cast with Connie Britton and Hayden Panettiere in the leading roles as two country music superstars, Rayna Jaymes and Juliette Barnes. The episodes are named after country songs from a variety of artists, like Webb Pierce ("That's Me Without You"), Willie Nelson (a number of songs, like "The Storm Has Just Begun") and Loretta Lynn ("You're Lookin' at Country"). On May 9, 2014, "Nashville" was renewed for a third season

title: Nashville (season 6)

text: The sixth and final season of the American television drama series Nashville, created by Callie Khouri, premiered on January 4, 2018, on CMT. The season will consist of 16 episodes.

title: Nashville (2012 TV series)

text: season two until Deacon found out that she cheated on him with Teddy. Also appearing in many episodes are several background characters, including Ed Amatrudo as Glenn Goodman (seasons 1–present), Juliette Barnes's protective manager and father-figure, often tasked with cleaning up the messes that Juliette leaves behind; David Alford as Bucky Dawes (seasons 1–present), Rayna's long-time seasoned and caring manager; Todd Truly as Marshall Evans (season 1; 11 episodes), former president and CEO of Edgehill Republic Records. In the beginning of season two he gets fired by the board of Edgehill Records and is replaced by Jeff Fordham; Kourtney Hansen

title: Nashville (2012 TV series)

text: a multi-episode arc. on May 31, 2015 it was announced Eric Close would not be returning for the fourth season, his character was sent to prison. On July 22, 2015, it was announced that Aubrey Peeples was promoted to regular, and Oliver Hudson moved from regular to recurring. On October 13, 2015, it was announced that Panettiere was taking medical leave from the series for treatment for postpartum depression, which her character was also suffering from. In June 2016, it was announced that Aubrey Peeples and Will Chase would not continue on the series after its shift to CMT. They

title: Nashville (2007 TV series)

text: down, the show's producers unsuccessfully tried to sell the series to another channel. Nashville (2007 TV series) Nashville is an American reality television/soap opera series featuring several aspiring country music artists. The show, which was based in Nashville, Tennessee, aired on Fox Broadcasting Company for two episodes prior to its cancellation. Nashville premiered on the Fox network on September 14, 2007 at 9/8c. The docu-soap did not fare well, with a total of 2.72 million viewers for a 1.7/3 (1,916,600 households, 3% of total watching) rating during in its first telecast, and a 1.0/3 (1,310,500 18- to 49-year-olds watching) in

title: Nashville (2012 TV series)

text: 25, 2018. On May 12, 2016 ABC cancelled the country music drama after a season of flagging ratings. The cancellation came as a surprise due to the fact that the network had named new show runners Marshall Herskovitz and Ed Zwick prior to the cancellation, and previous network president Paul Lee had stated that ""Nashville" has a lot more story to tell" during the TCA winter press tour. Amidst the cancellation, Lionsgate TV was so confident in its efforts to find a new home for "Nashville" that the studio opted to forgo the happily-ever-after alternative series ending it had planned

title: Nashville (season 2)

text: Nashville (season 2) The second season of the American television musical drama series, "Nashville", began on September 25, 2013 and concluded on May 14, 2014, on ABC. The series was renewed for a second season on May 10, 2013. With the exceptions of "Tomorrow Never Comes" and "On the Other Hand", the episodes are named after songs by female country artists such as Patsy Cline, Emmylou Harris, and Kitty Wells. On May 10, 2013, "Nashville" was renewed for a second season by ABC. Season 2 began on September 25, 2013, at 10/9c. Chris Carmack, Lennon Stella, and Maisy Stella were

title: R. J. Cutler

text: to series on May 11, 2012. "Nashville" premiered on ABC on October 9, 2012. Reviewing it in Entertainment Weekly, critic Ken Tucker wrote, "Rarely does a pilot present a world as completely as "Nashville" does in its first hour… One of the great pleasures of "Nashville" is that it arrived fully formed, with a sure sense of what it wants to accomplish dramatically, and with a masterful command of atmosphere and setting. No other new show this season projects such effortless assurance, hits so many notes of emotion." On May 10, 2013 "Nashville" was renewed for a second season by

title: Nashville (2012 TV series)

text: Office, $1 million from the City of Nashville, $1 million from the Nashville Convention & Visitor Corp., and $500,000 from Ryman Hospitality. It was announced on June 29, 2016 that all cast members with the exception of Will Chase and Aubrey Peeples would return for season 5. On January 4, 2017, CMT announced that there would be a Nashville aftershow entitled "NashChat". "Nashchat" aired live across social media platforms immediately following every new episode. It was interactive with the fans, and featured a cast member appearing each week. The host of "Nashchat" is a co-host of the morning radio show

title: Nashville (2012 TV series)

text: recurring characters were announced for season six; part one, in addition to the returning recurring characters from the series' fifth season. Josh Stamberg will play Darius, an extremely charismatic founder of a self-actualization movement that has transformed many lives. Jake Etheridge will play Sean, a recent military veteran suffering from severe PTSD who has yet to embrace his talent and passion for music. Rainee Lyleson will play Alannah, who is a newcomer to the Nashville music scene, and a beautiful singer-songwriter who starts out as a backup singer but will soon be discovered for the star that she actually is

title: Nashville (season 4)

text: On October 13, 2015, it was announced that Hayden Panettiere would be temporarily leaving the series to receive treatment for post-partum depression; at the time she had completed seven episodes. Panettiere returned to the set on January 8, 2016 to begin work on the fourteenth episode. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Nashville (season 4) The fourth season of the American television musical drama series "Nashville", created by Callie Khouri, premiered on September 23, 2015, on ABC and concluded on May 25, 2016. The show features an ensemble cast with Connie Britton and Hayden Panettiere in the leading roles as two country music superstars, Rayna

title: Nashville (2012 TV series)

text: be filmed on location in Nashville. "Nashville" budget hovered in the neighborhood of $4 million per episode in season one. The budget for each season of the series was roughly $39.7million, $90.2million, $91.7million, $85.6million, $86.6 million, and $62.4million respectively, with the series' budget as a whole totaling $456million. British actor Sam Palladio was the first regular member to be cast, being announced on February 14, 2012. Australian actress and singer Clare Bowen was the next addition to the pilot, as Scarlett O'Connor, on February 17, 2012. On February 22, "General Hospital" cast member Jonathan Jackson joined the cast in the

title: Nashville (season 6)


question: how many pitchers does a major league team have

answers: five starting pitchers

answers: seven relief pitchers

text: Major league pitchers beating all 30 teams Since 1998, there have been 30 teams in Major League Baseball (MLB). It is very rare for a pitcher to record a win against every team. In earlier times, two factors made it nearly impossible to defeat all teams in both leagues (even before expansion increased the number to 30): In any case, defeating all teams is more likely only if a pitcher has a long career. Assuming a top notch pitcher manages to win against every team in a season, it will still only be 19 teams, unless he was traded. It

text: of January 16, 2017, the following active pitchers have defeated 26 teams. Major league pitchers beating all 30 teams Since 1998, there have been 30 teams in Major League Baseball (MLB). It is very rare for a pitcher to record a win against every team. In earlier times, two factors made it nearly impossible to defeat all teams in both leagues (even before expansion increased the number to 30): In any case, defeating all teams is more likely only if a pitcher has a long career. Assuming a top notch pitcher manages to win against every team in a season,

text: is far more likely that his wins will come against 10 to 12 teams, most of which he has already beaten. As of August 20, 2017, there have been 18 pitchers who have beaten all 30 teams. The San Francisco Giants are the only franchise with three players who accomplished the feat while on their roster: Randy Johnson, Barry Zito, and Tim Hudson. As of August 20, 2017, nine active pitchers have defeated 29 teams. As of January 16, 2017, four active pitchers have defeated 28 teams. As of January 16, 2017, three active pitchers have defeated 27 teams. As

title: Baseball rules

text: to throw fractions of a game (typically six or seven innings, depending on their performance) about every five days (though a few complete games do still occur each year). Multiple pitchers are often needed in a single game, including the starting pitcher and relief pitcher(s). Pitchers are substituted for one another like any other player (see above), and the rules do not limit the number of pitchers that can be used in a game; the only limiting factor is the size of the squad, naturally. In general, starting pitchers are not used in relief situations except sometimes during the post-season

title: Liván Hernández

text: pitches many innings, and makes every start he needs to provide his team's bullpen much rest. Between 1998 and 2007, he never pitched fewer than 199 innings in any given season (in 1999 he threw only 199 innings). Hernández led the National League in innings pitched in three consecutive seasons, 2003 through 2005, and led the league in complete games for the first two of those years. In 2005, he once threw 150 pitches in nine innings, although the game went into extra innings after he left. In 2004 and 2005, he led the major leagues with 3,927 and 4,009

title: Innings pitched

text: is possible for a pitcher to enter a game, give up several hits and possibly even several runs, and be removed before achieving any outs, thereby recording a total of zero innings pitched. The only active players in the top 100 all-time at the end of the season were Tom Glavine (ranked 30th with IP), Randy Johnson (ranked 38th with ), Jamie Moyer (ranked 45th with ) and John Smoltz (ranked 74th with 3473). By the end of the season, only two active players were in the top 100 all-time: CC Sabathia (ranked 73rd with 3470), and Bartolo Colón (ranked

title: Complete game

text: for most good Major League Baseball (MLB) pitchers to pitch a complete game almost every start, barring injury or ejection. Pitchers were expected to complete games they started. Over the course of the 20th century, complete games became less common, to the point where a good modern pitcher typically achieves only 1 or 2 complete games per season. (In the 2012 MLB season, 2.6% of starts were complete games.) To put this in perspective, as recently as the 1980s, 10–15 complete games a year by a star pitcher was not unheard of, and in 1980, Oakland Athletics pitcher Rick Langford

title: Starting pitcher

text: or five days after pitching a game before pitching another. Therefore, most professional baseball teams have four, five or six starting pitchers on their rosters. These pitchers, and the sequence in which they pitch, is known as the "rotation". In modern baseball, a five-man rotation is most common. Under ideal circumstances, a manager of a baseball team would prefer a starting pitcher to pitch as many innings as possible in a game. Most regular starting pitchers pitch for at least five innings on a regular basis, and if a pitcher is unable to do so, there is a high probability

title: Pitcher

text: pitcher is throwing with maximum effort. A full game usually involves 120–170 pitches thrown by each team, and most pitchers begin to tire before they reach this point. As a result, the pitcher who starts a game often will not be the one who finishes it, and he may not be recovered enough to pitch again for a few days. The act of throwing a baseball at high speed is very unnatural to the body and somewhat damaging to human muscles; thus pitchers are very susceptible to injuries, soreness, and general pain. Teams have devised two strategies to address this

title: Pitcher

text: plate. When there is a throw from the outfield to third base, he has to back up the play to third base as well. The physical act of overhand pitching is complex and unnatural to the human anatomy. Most major league pitchers throw at speeds between 70 and 100 mph, with fastballs, the most common pitch, generally ranging from 86-102mph, putting high amounts of stress on the pitching arm. Pitchers are by far the most frequently injured players and many professional pitchers will have multiple surgeries to repair damage in the elbow and shoulder by the end of their careers.

title: Pitch count

text: current half-inning ends, whichever comes first, upon reaching the pitch count per day. Once a pitcher throws 21 pitches (under 14) or 31 pitches (15–18) in a game, the pitcher must rest and not participate in pitching. Furthermore, pitchers may not be catchers if more than 40 pitches were thrown by the player. Before pitch counts became prominent in the 1980s, a pitcher primarily "pitched until he could no longer get anyone out or the game was over." As pitch counts have become more prominent, pitchers are often removed from games independent of whether or not they are tired or

title: Starting pitcher

text: that he will, in the future, be relegated to duty in the bullpen. In modern baseball, a starting pitcher is rarely expected to pitch for more than seven or eight innings, at which point, responsibility for the game is passed to "relief" pitchers, including "specialist" pitchers such as setup pitchers and closers. Often, a starting pitcher is subject to a pitch count, meaning the manager will remove him from the game once he has thrown a specific number of pitches. The most common pitch count for a modern pitcher is in the neighborhood of 100, and it is now rare

title: Innings pitched

text: 74th with ). This is because over time, innings pitched has declined. Several factors are responsible for this decline: Per Baseball Reference: Innings pitched In baseball, innings pitched (IP) are the number of innings a pitcher has completed, measured by the number of batters and baserunners that are put out while the pitcher is on the pitching mound in a game. Three outs made is equal to one inning pitched. One out counts as one-third of an inning, and two outs counts as two-thirds of an inning. Sometimes, the statistic is written 34.1, 72.2, or 91.0, for example, to represent

title: Sandy Koufax

text: and Juan Marichal are the only two pitchers in the post-war era (1946-date) to have more than one 25-win season, with each pitcher recording three. Among NL pitchers with at least 2,000 innings pitched who have debuted since , he has the highest career winning percentage (.655) and had the lowest career ERA (2.76) until surpassed by Tom Seaver, whose NL career mark is 2.73. While Seaver ended his career with an overall career ERA of 2.86, this included three seasons in the American League. Seaver passed Koufax's record in 1974 when he ended the season with more than 2,000

title: Power pitcher

text: Power pitcher Power pitcher is a term in baseball for a pitcher who relies on the velocity of his pitches, sometimes at the expense of accuracy. Power pitchers usually record a high number of strikeouts, and statistics such as strikeouts per 9 innings pitched are common measures of power. An average pitcher strikes out about 5 batters per nine innings while a power pitcher will often strike out one or more every inning. The prototypical power pitcher is National Baseball Hall of Fame member, Nolan Ryan, who struck out a Major League Baseball record 5,714 batters in 5,386 innings. Ryan

title: Pitch count

text: or pitchers in constant trouble in a game with lower pitch counts. Others feel the count is a self-fulfilling prophecy, where a pitcher can feel great until learning of his pitch count. However, author Peter Morris noted that "a lot more guys hit 10 homers a season these days", and pitchers need to throw their best stuff more often. "Guys who throw 100 pitches now are working harder than guys who threw 120 pitches a generation ago." Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher Dennis Eckersley said hitters are "bigger, stronger, better, and they hit better. And parks are smaller now, let

title: 3,000 strikeout club

text: 3,000 strikeout club In Major League Baseball (MLB), the 3,000 strikeout club is the group of pitchers who have struck out 3,000 or more batters in their careers. Walter Johnson was the first to reach 3,000, doing so in 1923, and was the only pitcher at this milestone for 50 years until Bob Gibson recorded his 3,000th strikeout in 1974. In total, 16 pitchers have reached 3,000 strikeouts with John Smoltz, the most recent club member, joining in 2008. Steve Carlton and Randy Johnson are the only left-handed pitchers in this group. Randy Johnson was the quickest pitcher to 3,000

title: Games pitched

text: a relief pitcher has pitched in. Listed are all Major League Baseball players with at least 1000 games pitched. LaTroy Hawkins is the most recent player to reach the 1,000 games mark. Games pitched In baseball statistics, games pitched (denoted by GP, or GamesG in tables of only pitching statistics) is the number of games in which a player appears as a pitcher; a player who is announced as the pitcher must face at least one batter, although exceptions are made if the pitcher announced in the starting lineup is injured before facing a batter, perhaps while batting or running

title: Relief pitcher

text: managers to ensure that opposing lefty hitters face as many lefty pitchers as possible, and that the same occur with respect to righty hitters and pitchers. Tony La Russa was particularly well known for making frequent pitching changes on this basis. When Mike Marshall set the all-time record with 106 games pitched in 1974, he threw 208.1 innings. Currently, although some relievers still do appear in a large number of games per season, the workload for each individual pitcher has been much reduced. Since 2008, Pedro Feliciano has three of the top four seasons in games pitched, with 92, 88

title: Major League Baseball rosters

title: Félix Hernández

text: they would limit the number of innings Hernández pitched to 200 (counting both the regular season and spring training). This required them to skip his turn in the rotation a couple times as the season went on, after the Mariners fell out of contention. To allow him to make one last start at the end of the year, the team decided to raise the limit to 205. His 191 regular-season innings were still the most on the team, and he finished 12–14 with a 4.52 ERA. His 12 victories and 176 strikeouts also led the Mariner pitching staff. He also

title: Baseball rules

text: single game each team will frequently use from two to five pitchers. In the 2005 ALCS, all four of the Chicago White Sox victories were complete games by the starters, a highly noteworthy event in the modern game. While delivering the ball, the pitcher has a great arsenal at his disposal in the variation of location, velocity, movement, and arm location (see types of pitches). Most pitchers attempt to master two or three types of pitches; some pitchers throw up to 6 types of pitches with varying degrees of control. Common pitches include a fastball, which is the ball thrown

title: Starting pitcher

text: Starting pitcher In baseball (hardball or softball), a starting pitcher or starter is the first pitcher in the game for each team. A pitcher is credited with a game started if they throw the first pitch to the opponent's first batter of a game. A pitcher who enters the game after the first pitch of the game is a relief pitcher. Starting pitchers are expected to pitch for a significant portion of the game, although their ability to do this depends on many factors, including effectiveness, stamina, health, and strategy. A starting pitcher in professional baseball usually rests three, four,

title: Baseball

text: in Major League baseball was 3 hours and 35 minutes. This was up 10 minutes from 2015 and 21 minutes from 2014. Although baseball is a team sport, individual players are often placed under scrutiny and pressure. In 1915, a baseball instructional manual pointed out that every single pitch, of which there are often more than two hundred in a game, involves an individual, one-on-one contest: "the pitcher and the batter in a battle of wits". Contrasting the game with both football and basketball, scholar Michael Mandelbaum argues that "baseball is the one closest in evolutionary descent to the older

title: Innings pitched

text: Innings pitched In baseball, innings pitched (IP) are the number of innings a pitcher has completed, measured by the number of batters and baserunners that are put out while the pitcher is on the pitching mound in a game. Three outs made is equal to one inning pitched. One out counts as one-third of an inning, and two outs counts as two-thirds of an inning. Sometimes, the statistic is written 34.1, 72.2, or 91.0, for example, to represent innings, innings, and 91 innings exactly, respectively. Runners left on base by a pitcher are not counted in determining innings pitched. It

title: First-pitch strike

text: two pitchers, both of whom are otherwise perfectly average but one of whom always throws a strike on the first pitch, while the other always throws a ball. The first pitcher, the "strike one" pitcher, has an expected ERA (earned run average) of about 3.60. The second one, the otherwise perfectly average one who always throws a ball on pitch one, has an expected ERA of about 5.50. He'll also pitch about 12% fewer innings (without taking into account the higher pitch counts that would result from starting 1-0)." While there are some players in the game who are notorious

title: Pitch (baseball)

text: pitchers typically throw more pitches than relievers. The fastball is the most common pitch in baseball, and most pitchers have some form of a fastball in their arsenal. Most pitchers throw four-seam fastballs. It is basically a pitch thrown very fast, generally as hard as a given pitcher can throw while maintaining control. Some variations involve movement or breaking action, some do not and are simply straight, high-speed pitches. While throwing the fastball it is very important to have proper mechanics, because this increases the chance of getting the ball to its highest velocity, making it difficult for the opposing

title: Starting pitcher

text: of the game. Due to their lighter workload and conditioning, openers are able to pitch more frequently than a traditional starter. In the early decades of baseball, it was not uncommon for a starting pitcher to pitch three hundred innings or more, over the course of a season. In addition, there are accounts of starting pitchers pitching on consecutive days, or even in both games of a doubleheader. It is believed that these feats were only possible because pitchers in the early years of the game, unlike modern starters, rarely threw the ball with maximum effort. A starting pitcher who

title: Nolan Ryan's Baseball

text: impressive 100 games per team). Unusual for a game at that time, it allowed a position player to be chosen as a relief pitcher or even as a starting pitcher. There is no designated hitter rule in this game so that the pitchers must go up to bat with their .150 batting average (which is below the Mendoza Line). While pitchers are not expected to hit above the Mendoza Line, having a hitter (or a group of hitters) go through a season with a batting average below .200 could indicate a lack of player skill. There is no playoffs mode

title: History of baseball in the United States

text: thing in baseball's history. Now pitching coaches watched to see how many pitches a player had thrown over the game. At anywhere from 100 to 125, pitchers increasingly would be pulled out to preserve their arms. Bullpens began to specialize more, with more pitchers being trained as middle relievers, and a few hurlers, usually possessing high velocity but not much durability, as closers. Along with the expansion of teams, the addition of more pitchers needed to play a complete game stressed the total number of quality players available in a system that restricted its talent searches at that time to

title: Major League Baseball rosters

long_answer: Typically, in modern-day play, an active roster will consist of five starting pitchers, seven relief pitchers, two catchers, six infielders, and five outfielders. Teams can vary this somewhat according to preference and circumstance, and indeed the "typical" roster makeup has changed somewhat over the years. (Starting rotations used to consist of four pitchers, not five, well into the 1970s; third-string catchers used to be much more common; many other minor variations exist.) In the American League, a full-time designated hitter is usually classified as either an infielder or an outfielder, not a DH, because most DHs do play defensive positions from time to time.

short_answers:
five starting pitchers
seven relief pitchers