question: who has hosted the most fifa world cups

answers: Italy

answers: Germany

answers: France

answers: Brazil

answers: Mexico

title: FIFA World Cup hosts

text: the top four at home. Only South Africa in 2010 managed to not go past the group stage. FIFA World Cup hosts Seventeen countries have been FIFA World Cup hosts in the competition's twenty tournaments since the inaugural World Cup in 1930. The organization at first awarded hosting to countries at meetings of FIFA's congress. The choice of location was controversial in the earliest tournaments, given the three-week boat journey between South America and Europe, the two centers of strength in football at the time. The decision to hold the first cup in Uruguay, for example, led to only four

title: 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids

text: Bin Hammam threw his weight behind his country's campaign. Speaking in Singapore, Bin Hammam said: "I have one vote and, frankly speaking, I will vote for Qatar but if Qatar is not in the running I will vote for another Asian country." Qatar has already hosted the AFC Asian Cup in 1988, FIFA U-20 World Cup 1995 and the 2011 AFC Asian Cup. South Korea bid only for the 2022 World Cup. They were bidding to become the first Asian country to host the World Cup twice; however, the fact that they were co-hosts so recently in 2002 was expected

title: FIFA World Cup hosts

text: geographically to host the World Cup. Qatar was selected to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup, making it the first time a World Cup will be held in the Arab World and the second time in Asia since the 2002 tournament in South Korea and Japan. Also, the decision made it the smallest country geographically to host the World Cup. Bids: Under FIFA rules as of 2016, the 2026 Cup could not be in either Europe (UEFA) or Asia (AFC), leaving an African (CAF) bid, a North American (CONCACAF) bid, a South American (CONMEBOL) bid or an Oceanian (OFC) bid

title: Carlos Vera

text: FIFA World Cup Final. Carlos Vera Carlos Alfredo Vera Rodríguez (born 25 June 1976) is an Ecuadorian football referee. He has been an international referee since 2006. He has officiated matches in FIFA World Cup qualifiers, the Copa Libertadores, the Copa Sudamericana and the South American Youth Football Championship. He was selected as a referee for the 2011 Copa América in Argentina and the 2015 Copa America in Chile. In addition, he was appointed by FIFA to take charge of matches at the 2012 FIFA Club World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup. He was selected as the fourth

title: 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids

text: bid: Spain would lead a twelve-stadium project with eight of the venues, and the opening and final games would be held in Lisbon and Madrid, respectively. Spain has previously hosted the 1982 World Cup, while Portugal organised the Euro 2004. Russia announced its intent to bid in early 2009, and submitted its request to FIFA in time. Russia's President Vladimir Putin took a keen interest in the bid and ordered Vitaly Mutko, the Minister of Sports, to "prepare a bid for Russia to hold the 2018 World Cup". According to a report earlier submitted by Vitaly Mutko, who also served

title: FIFA World Cup hosts

text: jointly hosted a football event before during the 2007 AFC Asian Cup. If the FAM agrees to rejoin the project, they would be the first to submit a four-country joint bid in the FIFA World Cup history. The second bid is from Egypt. Its Sports and Youth Minister Ashraf Sobhy said that Egypt has considered a bid to host the 2034 FIFA World Cup. Such a bid should be prepared by the national football association rather than the country. An overview of expressed interest in bidding is shown below: World Cup-winning bids are bolded. Planned but not-yet-official bids for 2030

title: 2012 FIFA Club World Cup Final

text: tournament, having won the competition in 2000, following a 4–3 penalty shoot-out win over Vasco da Gama. The International Stadium Yokohama had hosted the FIFA Club World Cup finals five times, with the 2009 and 2010 finals being held at the Zayed Sports City Stadium in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Brazilian sides have been the most dominant side of any other South American teams, with the first dating back in 2000, where Corinthians won the competition for the first time, then known as FIFA Club World Championship, where they beat Vasco da Gama 4–3 in a penalty shoot-out. This

title: Benito Archundia

text: the most matches officiated in a single World Cup (5 in 2006). The only others who have achieved this feat are Horacio Elizondo in 2006, and Ravshan Irmatov in 2010. In addition, he has supervised the final of the FIFA Club World Cup twice, in 2005 and 2009. He originally planned to retire at the end of the 2010 FIFA World Cup, but decided to continue for at least another year. He was the referee in the grand opening of the Estadio Omnilife, which featured Guadalajara vs Manchester United. In addition to working as a professional referee, Archundia is a

title: FIFA World Cup hosts

text: On 10 July 2018, Egypt's Sports Minister expressed interest in bidding to host. Cameroonian presidential candidate Joshua Osih’s political program includes nominating his country along with two sub-Saharan African countries to host the 2030 World Cup, according to Cameroonian channel CRTV. On 12 September 2018, Prime Minister of Spain Pedro Sánchez discussed about the possibility for Spain to bid for the 2030 FIFA World Cup with FIFA President Gianni Infantino and Royal Spanish Football Federation President Luis Rubiales. On 2 November 2018, Prime Minister of Bulgaria Boyko Borisov stated that his Greek counterpart Alexis Tsipras proposed a joint bid by

title: FIFA World Cup

text: who will host the World Cup is usually made six or seven years in advance of the tournament. However, there have been occasions where the hosts of multiple future tournaments were announced at the same time, as was the case for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups, which were awarded to Russia and Qatar, with Qatar becoming the first Middle Eastern country to host the tournament. For the 2010 and 2014 World Cups, the final tournament is rotated between confederations, allowing only countries from the chosen confederation (Africa in 2010, South America in 2014) to bid to host the tournament.

title: Cape Verde national football team

text: host venue for the 2010 World Cup Final. Pulled from the fourth pot during the group stage drawing of the tournament, Cape Verde actually had the highest FIFA ranking of any team in their group at the time of the drawing, ranking at 51st overall, followed by Morocco (71st), South Africa (72nd) and Angola (83rd). Cape Verde also had the 10th highest FIFA ranking in the CAF zone at the time of the drawing as well. Cape Verde drew with South Africa 0–0 in the tournament's first match, before drawing with Morocco 1–1. Platini scored Cape Verde's first ever goal

title: FIFA World Cup hosts

text: and Togo. After it was confirmed by FIFA that joint bidding would not be allowed in the future, Libya and Tunisia withdrew both of their bids on 8 May 2004. On 15 May 2004 in Zürich (the seventh consecutive time that a host selection has been made there), South Africa, after a narrow loss in the 2006 bidding, defeated perennial candidate Morocco to host, 14 votes to 10. Egypt received no votes. On 28 May 2015, media covering the 2015 FIFA corruption case reported that high-ranking officials from the South African bid committee had secured the right to host the

title: 1954 FIFA World Cup

text: Spain, and were ranked best in the world. This is the only time a team has won the World Cup with amateur footballers. Six venues in six cities (1 venue in each city) hosted the tournament's 26 matches. The most used stadium was the St. Jakob stadium in Basel, which hosted 6 matches. The venues in Bern, Zurich and Lausanne each hosted 5 matches, the venue in Geneva hosted 4 matches and the venue in Lugano only hosted 1 match. For a list of all squads that appeared in the final tournament, see "1954 FIFA World Cup squads". ---- ----

title: FIFA World Cup hosts

text: FIFA World Cup hosts Seventeen countries have been FIFA World Cup hosts in the competition's twenty tournaments since the inaugural World Cup in 1930. The organization at first awarded hosting to countries at meetings of FIFA's congress. The choice of location was controversial in the earliest tournaments, given the three-week boat journey between South America and Europe, the two centers of strength in football at the time. The decision to hold the first cup in Uruguay, for example, led to only four European nations competing. The next two World Cups were both held in Europe. The decision to hold the

title: 1982 FIFA World Cup

text: Cup. This was the first World Cup in which teams from all six continental confederations participated in the finals, something that did not happen again until 2006. 17 stadiums in 14 cities hosted the tournament, a record that stood until the 2002 tournament, which was played 20 stadiums in two countries. The most used venue was FC Barcelona's Camp Nou stadium, which hosted five matches, including a semi-final; it was the largest stadium used for this tournament. With Sarrià Stadium also hosting three matches, Barcelona was the Spanish city with the most matches in Espana '82 with eight; Madrid, the

title: 2010 FIFA World Cup

text: consideration. Six of the ten venues were over 1200m above sea level, with the two Johannesburg venues – the FNB Stadium (also known as Soccer City) and Ellis Park Stadium – the highest at approximately 1750m. The FNB Stadium, the Cape Town Stadium and the Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium in Port Elizabeth were the most-used venues, each hosting eight matches. Ellis Park Stadium and the Moses Mabhida Stadium in Durban hosted seven matches each, while the Loftus Versfeld Stadium in Pretoria, the Free State Stadium in Bloemfontein and the Royal Bafokeng Stadium in Rustenburg hosted six matches each. The Peter

title: Russia 2018 FIFA World Cup bid

text: is cited, Yekaterinburg. The other cities are: Kaliningrad in the north cluster, Rostov-on-Don and Krasnodar in the south cluster and Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Saransk, Samara and Volgograd in the Volga River cluster. The country does not currently have a stadium with 80,000 capacity, but the bid calls for the expansion of Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow, already a UEFA Elite stadium with a capacity of slightly over 78,000, to over 89,000 seats. Russia hopes to have five stadiums fit to host World Cup matches ready by 2013 — two in Moscow and one stadium each in St. Petersburg, Kazan and

title: 2014 FIFA World Cup bids

text: Blatter appeared to discard any Colombian chances of hosting the event, saying, "Colombia's bid is more of a public relations presentation of the country to say that we are alive not only in other headlines but also in football." In June 2006, South Australian premier Mike Rann put forward a proposal for Australia to host the 2014 FIFA World Cup. He was backed by then Prime Minister John Howard, who said that Australia has proven it can host world sporting events. Football Federation Australia President, Frank Lowy who has also expressed considerable interest in the proposal and is amid negotiations

title: 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids

text: FIFA's headquarters in Zurich. Russia was chosen to host the 2018 World Cup, and Qatar was chosen to host the 2022 World Cup. This made Russia the first Eastern European country to host the World Cup, while Qatar would be the first Middle Eastern country to host the World Cup. Blatter noted that the committee had decided to "go to new lands" and reflected a desire to "develop football" by bringing it to more countries. In each round a majority of twelve votes was needed. If no bid received 12 votes in a round, the bid with the fewest votes

title: 2010 FIFA World Cup

text: Morocco's Abdelmajid Oulmers in a friendly game in 2004, and from English club Newcastle United for an injury to England's Michael Owen in the 2006 World Cup. In 2005, the organisers released a provisional list of 13 venues to be used for the World Cup: Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg (two venues), Kimberley, Klerksdorp, Nelspruit, Orkney, Polokwane, Port Elizabeth, Pretoria, and Rustenburg. This was narrowed down to the ten venues that were officially announced by FIFA on 17 March 2006. The altitude of several venues affected the motion of the ball and player performance, although FIFA's medical chief downplayed this

title: Saudi Arabia at the FIFA World Cup

text: tournaments, which were in 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006 and 2018. Sami Al-Jaber is not only the most successful Saudi striker at the FIFA World Cup to date, he also managed to score in World Cups 12 years apart (1994 and 2006). He shares this record with eight other players, among them Pelé, Diego Maradona and Miroslav Klose. Saudi Arabia at the FIFA World Cup This is a record of Saudi Arabia's results at the FIFA World Cup. The FIFA World Cup, sometimes called the Football World Cup or the Soccer World Cup, but usually referred to simply as the World

title: 2013 AFC Champions League Final

text: World Cup. It is the third largest soccer stadium in Asia after Azadi Stadium and Salt Lake Stadium. Guangzhou Evergrande's home venue, Tianhe Stadium, is a 58,500 seated stadium located in the city of Guangzhou. It hosted the 1991 FIFA Women's World Cup and the football matches of the 2010 Asian Games. In the history of the competition, five finals have been held in South Korea but this was the first one in Seoul. Neither FC Seoul nor Guanghzhou Everard had won the AFC club premiership before. The predecessors of FC Seoul, the Anyang LG Cheetahs, finished as runners-up of

title: Santiago Bernabéu Stadium

text: Santiago Bernabéu Stadium The Santiago Bernabéu Stadium ( ) is a football stadium in Madrid, Spain. With a current seating capacity of 81,044, it has been the home stadium of Real Madrid since its completion in 1947. The Santiago Bernabéu is one of the world's most famous football venues. It has hosted the final of the European Cup/UEFA Champions League on four occasions: in 1957, 1969, 1980 and 2010 and hosted the second leg of the 2018 Copa Libertadores Final. The final matches for the 1964 European Nations' Cup and the 1982 FIFA World Cup, were also held at the

title: 2022 FIFA World Cup controversies

text: the region during the tournament. At the time of being awarded the tournament, Qatar were ranked 113 in the world, and had never qualified for the World Cup before. The furthest the team had ever progressed in the AFC Asian Cup was to the quarter-finals in 2000 (repeated in 2011, as hosts). The most prestigious accolade the team had won was the Arabian Gulf Cup twice, both times hosting (won once again in 2014, in Saudi Arabia). Qatar will be the smallest country to host the World Cup (smaller than 1954 hosts Switzerland) and, as of 2010, had a permanent

title: FIFA World Cup hosts

text: Only Mexico, Italy, France, Germany (West Germany until shortly after the 1990 World Cup) and Brazil have hosted the event on two occasions. Mexico City's Estadio Azteca and Rio de Janeiro's Maracanã are the only venues ever to have hosted two FIFA World Cup finals.  Only the 2002 FIFA World Cup had more than one host, being split between Japan and South Korea.

title: Rio de Janeiro

text: which is used during Carnival; and Maracanã Stadium, one of the world's largest football stadiums. Rio de Janeiro was the host of the 2016 Summer Olympics and the 2016 Summer Paralympics, making the city the first South American and Portuguese-speaking city to ever host the events, and the third time the Olympics were held in a Southern Hemisphere city. The Maracanã Stadium held the finals of the 1950 and 2014 FIFA World Cups, the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, and the XV Pan American Games. Europeans first encountered Guanabara Bay on 1 January 1502 (hence Rio de Janeiro, "January River"), by

title: 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids

text: to work against them in their bid. Han Seung-joo, a former South Korean Minister of Foreign Affairs, was appointed as the Chairman of the Bidding Committee in August 2009. He met with FIFA President Sepp Blatter in Zürich, Switzerland. In January 2010, President Lee Myung-bak visited the headquarters of FIFA in Zurich, Switzerland to meet Sepp Blatter in support of the South Korean bid. Although South Korea did not have an 80,000 capacity stadium, it planned to upgrade an existing venue to meet that capacity. There are three grounds which can seat over 60,000 people—Seoul Olympic Stadium, Seoul World Cup

title: FNB Stadium

text: Cup were housed. Designed as the main association football stadium for the World Cup, the FNB Stadium became the largest stadium in Africa with a capacity of 94,736. However, its maximum capacity during the 2010 FIFA World Cup was 84,490 due to reserved seating for the press and other VIPs. The stadium is also known by its nickname "The Calabash" due to its resemblance to the African pot or gourd. It was the site of Nelson Mandela's first speech in Johannesburg after his release from prison in 1990, and served as the venue for a memorial service to him on

title: 2026 FIFA World Cup

text: be hosted by one of the remaining four confederations: CONCACAF (North America; last hosted in 1994), CAF (Africa; last hosted in 2010), CONMEBOL (South America; last hosted in 2014), or OFC (Oceania, never hosted before), or potentially by UEFA in case no bid from those four met the requirements. Co-hosting the FIFA World Cup—which had been banned by FIFA after the 2002 World Cup—was approved for the 2026 World Cup, though not limited to a specific number but instead evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Also by 2026, the FIFA general secretariat, after consultation with the Competitions Committee, will have the

title: 2014 FIFA World Cup preparations

text: numerous construction projects to facilitate hosting the 2014 FIFA World Cup Football's governing body, FIFA, will also spend an estimated $2 billion on staging the final tournament. Although organisers originally estimated costs of US$1.1 billion, a reported US$3.6 billion has ultimately been spent on stadium works. Five of the chosen host cities have brand new venues built specifically for the World Cup, while the Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha in the capital Brasilia was demolished and rebuilt, with the remaining six being extensively renovated. The Estádio do Maracanã in Rio de Janeiro, which already holds the record attendance for a FIFA

title: FIFA World Cup hosts

short_answers: Brazil France Germany Italy Mexico


question: which is the lion's mane jellyfish's species within its genus

answers: C. capillata

answers: capillata

answers: Cyanea capillata

title: Lion's mane jellyfish

text: Lion's mane jellyfish The lion's mane jellyfish, also known as the giant jellyfish or the hair jelly, is the largest known species of jellyfish. Its range is confined to cold, boreal waters of the Arctic, northern Atlantic, and northern Pacific Oceans. It is common in the English Channel, Irish Sea, North Sea, and in western Scandinavian waters south to Kattegat and Øresund. It may also drift into the southwestern part of the Baltic Sea (where it cannot breed due to the low salinity). Similar jellyfish – which may be the same species – are known to inhabit seas near Australia

title: Lion's mane jellyfish

text: is a balance organ at each of the eight indentations between the lobes – the rhopalium – which helps the jellyfish orient itself. From the central mouth extend broad frilly oral arms with many stinging cells. Closer to its mouth, its total number of tentacles is around 1200. The long, thin tentacles which emanate from the bell's subumbrella have been characterised as “extremely sticky”; they also have stinging cells. The tentacles of larger specimens may trail as long as or more, with the tentacles of the longest known specimen measured at in length. This unusual length – longer than a

title: Lion's mane jellyfish

text: and New Zealand. The largest recorded specimen, found washed up on the shore of Massachusetts Bay in 1870, had a bell with a diameter of and tentacles long. Lion's mane jellyfish have been observed below 42°N latitude for some time in the larger bays of the east coast of the United States. The lion's mane jellyfish uses its stinging tentacles to capture, pull in, and eat prey such as fish, sea creatures, and smaller jellyfish. The taxonomy of the "Cyanea" species is not fully agreed upon; some zoologists have suggested that all species within the genus should be treated as

title: Lion's mane jellyfish

text: showy, trailing tentacles reminiscent of a lion's mane. They can vary greatly in size: although capable of attaining a bell diameter of over , those found in lower latitudes are much smaller than their far northern counterparts, with a bell about in diameter. Size seems to dictate coloration: larger specimens are a vivid crimson to dark purple while smaller specimens grade to a lighter orange or tan, occasionally colorless. The bell of the lion's mane jellyfish is scalloped into eight lobes (lappets), each lobe containing from 70 to 150 tentacles, arranged in four fairly distinct rows. Along the bell margin

title: Lion's mane jellyfish

text: shore. Like other jellyfish, lion's manes are capable of both sexual reproduction in the medusa stage and asexual reproduction in the polyp stage. Lion's mane jellyfish have four different stages in their year-long lifespan: a larval stage, a polyp stage, an ephyrae stage, and the medusa stage. The female jellyfish carries its fertilized eggs in its tentacle, where the eggs grow into larva. When the larva are old enough, the female deposits them on a hard surface, where the larva soon grow into polyps. The polyps begin to reproduce asexually, creating stacks of small creatures called ephyrae. The individual ephyrae

title: Lion's mane jellyfish

text: lion's mane jellyfish. This was later corrected – in 1864, a bootlace worm ("Lineus longissimus") was found washed up on a Scottish shore that was long. ("That" claim has its critics: because bootlace worms can easily stretch to several times their natural length, it is possible the worm did not actually grow to be that length.) Lion's mane jellyfish The lion's mane jellyfish, also known as the giant jellyfish or the hair jelly, is the largest known species of jellyfish. Its range is confined to cold, boreal waters of the Arctic, northern Atlantic, and northern Pacific Oceans. It is common

title: Lion's mane jellyfish

text: remains of a lion's mane jellyfish that had broken up into countless pieces in Wallis Sands State Beach, Rye, New Hampshire, in the United States. Considering the size of the species, it is possible that this mass incident was caused by a single specimen. The lion's mane jellyfish appears in the Sherlock Holmes short story "The Adventure of the Lion's Mane" published in "The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes". Holmes discovers at the end of the story that the true killer of a professor who died shortly after going swimming (shouting "the lion's mane" before he succumbed) was actually this jellyfish.

title: Lion's mane jellyfish

text: blue whale – has earned it the status of one of the longest known animals in the world. As coldwater species, these jellyfish cannot cope with warmer waters. The jellyfish are pelagic for most of their lives but tend to settle in shallow, sheltered bays towards the end of their one-year lifespan. In the open ocean, lion's mane jellyfish act as floating oases for certain species, such as shrimp, medusafish, butterfish, harvestfish, and juvenile prowfish, providing both a reliable source of food and protection from predators . Predators of the lion's mane jellyfish include seabirds, larger fish such as ocean

title: Jellyfish

text: always much greater than the Lion's Mane, whose bell diameter can reach . The rarely encountered deep-sea jellyfish "Stygiomedusa gigantea" is another candidate for "largest jellyfish", with its thick, massive bell up to wide, and four thick, "strap-like" oral arms extending up to in length, very different from the typical fine, threadlike tentacles that rim the umbrella of more-typical-looking jellyfish, including the Lion's Mane. Jellyfish have a complex life cycle which includes both sexual and asexual phases, with the medusa being the sexual stage in most instances. Sperm fertilize eggs, which develop into larval planulae, become polyps, bud into ephyrae

title: Rhopilema esculentum

text: Rhopilema esculentum Rhopilema esculentum, the flame jellyfish, is a species of jellyfish native to the warm temperate waters of the Pacific Ocean. It is a popular seafood in southeastern Asia. In the 1980s, research was undertaken in China into its aquaculture, and it is now bred in ponds in that country before being released into the sea to grow to a mature size suitable for the fishery. Like other members of the order Rhizostomae, the medusa stage of "Rhopilema esculentum" has no tentacles at the margin of the bell. Instead, underneath the bell it has eight highly branched oral arms,

title: Carybdea branchi

text: Carybdea branchi Carybdea branchi, the South African box jellyfish, is a venomous species of cnidarian, in the small family Carybdeidae within the class Cubozoa. This small box jellyfish grows up to across and may have tentacles of up to in total length. It has a transparent box-shaped bell with a very long tentacle trailing from each corner. This jellyfish is found from the north of Namibia and around the South African coast to Port Elizabeth from the surface to a depth of at least underwater. This jellyfish is often seen in swarms. The tentacles have a painful sting, although the

title: Tentacle

text: The tentacles of the Lion's mane jellyfish may be up to 120 feet (37 meters) long. They are hollow and are arranged in 8 groups of between 70 and 150. The longer tentacles are equipped with cnidocytes whose venom paralyses and kills prey. The smaller tentacles guide food into the mouth. Bryozoa (moss animals) are tiny creatures with tentacles around their mouths. The tentacles are almost cylindrical and have bands of cilia which create a water current towards the mouth. The animal extracts edible material from the flow of water. Trypanorhynch cestodes are parasitic in fish. Their scolex shows four

title: Lion's mane jellyfish

text: warmer and somewhat effervescent water. Some minor pains will though soon follow. Normally there is no real danger to humans (with exception of people suffering from special allergies). But in cases when someone has been stung over large parts of their body by not just the longest tentacles but the entire jellyfish (including the inner tentacles, of which there are around 1200), a visit to a health care centre or similar is recommendable. Although rare, at deep water severe stings can also cause panic followed by drowning. On a July day in 2010, around 150 beachgoers were stung by the

title: Spotted jelly

text: Spotted jelly The spotted jelly ("Mastigias papua"), lagoon jelly, golden medusa, or Papuan jellyfish, is a species of jellyfish from the Indo-Pacific oceans. Like corals, sea anemones, and other sea jellies, it belongs to the phylum Cnidaria. "Mastigias papua" is one of the numerous marine animals living in symbiosis with zooxanthellae, a photosynthetic alga. They have a lifespan of approximately 4 months and are active primarily in mid-summer to early autumn. The spotted jelly is so named because of the little dots that garnish its jelly. It usually measures between in length and between in diameter but some individuals can

title: Atolla jellyfish

text: Atolla jellyfish Atolla wyvillei, also known as the Atolla jellyfish or Coronate medusa, is a species of deep-sea crown jellyfish (Scyphozoa: Coronatae). It lives in oceans around the world. Like many species of mid-water animals, it is deep red in color. This species was named in honor of Sir Charles Wyville Thomson, chief scientist on the Challenger expedition. It typically has 20 marginal tentacles and one hypertrophied tentacle which is larger than the rest. This long trailing tentacle is thought to facilitate prey capture. This species is bioluminescent. When attacked, it will launch a series of flashes, whose function is

title: Chrysaora hysoscella

text: Chrysaora hysoscella The compass jellyfish (Chrysaora hysoscella) is a very common species of jellyfish that lives in coastal waters of the Atlantic and Mediterranean, including near the United Kingdom, Ireland and Turkey. It is also known from the southern Atlantic Ocean from the west coast of South Africa and False Bay It has a diameter of up to 30 cm. Its 24 tentacles are arranged in eight groups of three. It is usually colored yellowish white, with some brown. It usually has 16 markings on the bell resembling elongated v's, surrounding a central brown spot. Its mouth is located at

title: Lion's mane jellyfish

text: sunfish, other jellyfish species, and sea turtles. The leatherback sea turtle feeds almost exclusively on them in large quantities during the summer season around Eastern Canada. The jellyfish themselves feed mostly on zooplankton, small fish, ctenophores, and moon jellies. Lion's mane jellyfish remain mostly very near the surface, at no more than 20 m depth. Their slow pulsations drive them forwards weakly, so they depend on ocean currents to travel great distances. The jellyfish are most often spotted during the late summer and autumn, when they have grown to a large size and the currents begin to sweep them to

title: Helmet jellyfish

text: Helmet jellyfish The helmet jellyfish ("Periphylla periphylla") is a luminescent, red-colored jellyfish of the deep sea, belonging to the order Coronatae of the phylum Cnidaria. It is the only species in the monotypic genus "Periphylla." "P. periphylla" represents an exception, very rarely found in the phylum "Cnidaria": the medusae do not go through a polyp stage, thus presenting a "holopelagic" life cycle. The medusae strew fertilized eggs in open water and these develop directly into medusae, whose development rests entirely upon the egg's high yolk supply. The ephyra stage common among other jellyfish is not observed in "P. periphylla". The

title: Aurelia aurita

text: Aurelia aurita Aurelia aurita (also called the common jellyfish, moon jellyfish, moon jelly or saucer jelly) is a widely studied species of the genus "Aurelia". All species in the genus are closely related, and it is difficult to identify "Aurelia" medusae without genetic sampling; most of what follows applies equally to all species of the genus. The most common method used to identify the species consists of selecting a jellyfish from a harbour using a device, usually a drinking glass and then photographing the subject. This means that they can be released in to the harbour shortly afterwards and return

title: Flower hat jelly

text: Its diet consists mostly of small fish, which are caught with the tentacles. Its sting is painful, but is not deadly to humans. It is powerful enough to leave a rash. Flower hat jelly The flower hat jelly ("Olindias formosus") is a species of hydrozoan in the family Olindiidae. Although they look like a jellyfish, they actually belong in the class Hydrozoa, while true jellyfish belong in class Scyphozoa. Flower hat jellies occur in the western Pacific off southern Japan. Characterized by lustrous tentacles that coil and adhere to its rim when not in use, the flower hat jelly's bell

title: Flower hat jelly

text: Flower hat jelly The flower hat jelly ("Olindias formosus") is a species of hydrozoan in the family Olindiidae. Although they look like a jellyfish, they actually belong in the class Hydrozoa, while true jellyfish belong in class Scyphozoa. Flower hat jellies occur in the western Pacific off southern Japan. Characterized by lustrous tentacles that coil and adhere to its rim when not in use, the flower hat jelly's bell is translucent and pinstriped with opaque bands, making it easily recognizable. The flower hat jelly can grow to be about 15 cm (6 in) in diameter. It lives around 4–6 months.

title: Lychnorhiza lucerna

text: edge of the bell are darker brown and the lower parts of the oral tentacles may be brown as well, the upper parts being colourless. "Lychnorhiza lucerna" is found in tropical waters in the western Atlantic Ocean. Its range extends from French Guyana to Buenos Aires Province in Argentina. It occurs in shallow coastal habitats and estuaries and is the most abundant jellyfish in its order (Rhizostomeae) in these waters. It often becomes stranded on beaches. "Lychnorhiza lucerna" has a complex life cycle with an alternation of sexual and asexual stages. An adult jellyfish is known as a medusa and

title: Jellyfish Lake

text: the name) because the "Mastigias papua" local to Palauan lagoons may be only one of several cryptic species that make up the "M. papua" group, and in the future, the "M. papua" local to Palau may be identified as a separate species from other "M. papua". He also proposed that the jellyfish living in four other Palauan marine lakes were distinctive enough to deserve recognition as unique subspecies. The moon jellyfish were identified as "Aurelia aurita" by Hamner. However, since the release of that report in 1981, genetic testing has been done on specimens of "Aurelia" collected from locations throughout

title: Marivagia

text: of sexually mature specimens, in both winter and summer, and at sites nearly 90 km apart, suggests a local population has been established. Reports of a new and previously unknown type of jellyfish near the southern Lebanese port of Sidon have also appeared in the Lebanese press, though these have yet to be explicitly linked to "M. stellata". Marivagia Marivagia is a monotypic genus of jellyfish, containing only the species, Marivagia stellata, that was first described in 2010 following the discovery of several specimens on the Mediterranean coast of Israel. The genus name, "Marivagia", is derived from the Latin 'mari'

title: Lion's mane jellyfish

title: Lion's mane jellyfish

text: Suspicion was originally laid upon the professor's rival in love, until the latter was similarly attacked (he survived, although badly stung). In the context of the story, it is only because the school professor has a weak heart that he succumbs, as is confirmed by the survival of the second victim. A photograph widely distributed on the internet appears to show an anomalously large lion's mane dwarfing a nearby diver by several times. The photo was subsequently shown to be a hoax. On the popular television program "QI" the show claimed that the longest animal in the world was the

title: Aurelia aurita

text: to their natural habitat. The jellyfish is translucent, usually about in diameter, and can be recognized by its four horseshoe-shaped gonads, easily seen through the top of the bell. It feeds by collecting medusae, plankton, and mollusks with its tentacles, and bringing them into its body for digestion. It is capable of only limited motion, and drifts with the current, even when swimming. The genus "Aurelia" is found throughout most of the world's oceans, from the tropics to as far north as latitude 70°N and as far south as 40°S. The species "Aurelia aurita" is found along the eastern Atlantic

title: Cassiopea xamachana

text: Cassiopea xamachana Cassiopea xamachana, commonly known as the upside-down jellyfish, is a species of jellyfish in the family Cassiopeidae. It is found in warm parts of the western Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. It was first described by the American marine biologist Henry Bryant Bigelow in 1892. The medusa phase of "Cassiopea xamachana" can grow to a diameter of about . Compared to most species of jellyfish it is upside-down, that is to say the bell, which is saucer-shaped, is underneath and acts like a suction cup to stabilise the jellyfish on the seabed. The

title: Sanderia malayensis

text: Sanderia malayensis Sanderia malayensis is a species of jellyfish in the family Pelagiidae, native to the tropical Indo-Pacific. It has a complex life cycle and is thought to be venomous and to have caused injuries to humans. The medusa phase of "Sanderia malayensis" is distinguished from other related species by having 32 marginal lappets at the edge of the transparent bell, and 16 tentacles alternating with 16 rhopalia. The edge of the bell has a short vertical "skirt", about as wide as one sixth of the bell. The stomach has four heart-shaped radial pouches each edged with up to 40

title: Lion's mane jellyfish

text: break off the stacks, where they eventually grow into the medusa stage and become full-grown jellyfish. Most encounters cause temporary pain and localized redness. In normal circumstances, and in healthy individuals, their stings are not known to be fatal. Vinegar can be used to deactivate the nematocysts, but due to the large number of tentacles, medical attention is recommended after exposure. There may be a significant difference between touching a few tentacles with finger tips at a beach, compared to accidental swimming into one. The initial sensation is more strange than painful, it feels like swimming in to a bit

title: Lion's mane jellyfish

long_answer: The lion's mane jellyfish (Cyanea capillata), also known as the giant jellyfish or the hair jelly, is the largest known species of jellyfish. Its range is confined to cold, boreal waters of the Arctic, northern Atlantic, and northern Pacific Oceans. It is common in the English Channel, Irish Sea, North Sea and in western Scandinavian waters south to Kattegat and Øresund. It may also drift in to the south-western part of the Baltic Sea (where it cannot breed due to the low salinity). Similar jellyfish – which may be the same species – are known to inhabit seas near Australia and New Zealand. The largest recorded specimen found washed up on the shore of Massachusetts Bay in 1870, had a bell with a diameter of 2.3 metres (7 ft 6 in) and tentacles 37.0 m (121.4 ft) long. Lion's mane jellyfish have been observed below 42°N latitude for some time in the larger bays of the east coast of the United States.

short_answers:
Cyanea capillata
capillata


question: who was the buccaneers qb when they won the superbowl

answers: Brad Johnson

title: 2006 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: game against the Dallas Cowboys. In the first quarter, the Bucs capped off their opening driver with FB Mike Alstott getting a 1-yard TD run. However, the Cowboys responded with QB Tony Romo getting a 30-yard TD pass to WR Terry Glenn. In the second quarter, Romo and Glenn hooked up with each other again on a 2-yard TD pass. The Bucs could only respond with kicker Matt Bryant getting a 46-yard field goal. Dallas would respond with Romo getting a 1-yard TD pass to RB Marion Barber. In the third quarter, Romo and Barber would hook up with each

title: Tampa Bay Buccaneers

text: beer and did not pay them. After the conclusion of the 2014 season, Tampa Bay hired Ben Steele to become the team's new offensive quality control coach as well as former Atlanta Falcons offensive coordinator, Dirk Koetter, to be their new offensive coordinator after parting ways with QB coach and interim offensive coordinator Marcus Arroyo. Having a 2–14 record, tied for the worst record in the NFL in 2014, Tampa gained the 1st overall pick in the 2015 NFL draft. They also made some headlines when they released QB Josh McCown on February 11, 2015 to save $5.25 million in

title: Tampa Bay Buccaneers

text: Sims. The offseason changes resulted in the Buccaneers winning the NFC South title in the 2007 season, finishing with a 9–7 record, and the 4th seed in the conference. The division crown was the second one in three seasons under Gruden. In the Wild Card round of the playoffs held on January 6, 2008, the Buccaneers lost to the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants by a final score of 24–14. During the 2008 offseason, the Bucs re-signed head coach Gruden and general manager Allen through the 2011 season. They also acquired former players Warrick Dunn, who had spent

title: Keyshawn Johnson

text: with Gruden (illustrated by a video clip of him yelling at Gruden on the sidelines) led to his de-activation for the final 7 games of the 2003 season. The following offseason, he was traded to the Dallas Cowboys, where he was reunited with Bill Parcells, his coach while he was with the New York Jets. On March 19, 2004, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers traded him to the Dallas Cowboys for Joey Galloway, who the Cowboys had also traded two first round picks to acquire. Reunited with his former coach Bill Parcells, Johnson lived up to his advance billing for the

title: History of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers

text: coordinator, Dirk Koetter, to be their new offensive coordinator after parting ways with QB coach and interim offensive coordinator Marcus Arroyo. Having a 2–14 record, tied for worst in the NFL, Tampa gained the 1st overall pick in the 2015 NFL draft. They also made some headlines when they released QB Josh McCown on February 11, 2015 to save $5.25 million in cap space. With the first overall pick in the NFL draft, the Buccaneers selected Jameis Winston from Florida State. Throughout the offseason, there was much debate whether the Buccaneers should pick Jameis, or Oregon QB Marcus Mariota. On

title: 2010 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: NFL Draft, with which they selected Gerald McCoy. John McKay, the team's first head coach, became the second inductee into the Ring of Honor on December 5 during a game against Atlanta. McKay's son Rich, a former Buccaneers general manager, and current president of the Falcons, accepted the award for his late father. The Buccaneers wore throwback uniforms for the Falcons game. Despite finishing the season with a 10–6 record (a seven-game improvement from the year before), the team failed to sell out any of its home games at Raymond James Stadium. It is the second NFL stadium that failed

title: 2006 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: completed a 3-yard TD pass to TE Chris Cooley. Tampa Bay would respond with QB Bruce Gradkowski completed a 2-yard TD pass to TE Anthony Becht. In the fourth quarter, the Bucs managed to wrap-up the game with Gradkowski completing a 34-yard TD pass to WR Joey Galloway, while Bryant kicked a 31-yard field goal. Even though the Redskins would get a 4-yard TD pass from Campbell to TE Todd Yoder, the Bucs held on to win and advance to 3–7. Hoping to build on their home win over the Redskins, the Buccaneers flew to Texas Stadium for a Thanksgiving

title: 2009 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: finalized by mid-February. The first regular season game for head coach Raheem Morris saw the Buccaneers fall to the Dallas Cowboys by a score of 34–21. Running back Cadillac Williams returned as a starter, and rushed for 97 yards and one touchdown. Quarterback Byron Leftwich threw for 276 yards, one touchdown, and no interceptions. The Buccaneer defense, however, gave up three big plays in the loss. Dallas quarterback Tony Romo threw for a career-best 353 yards. Three long touchdown passes (66, 80, 44 yards respectively) put the game out of reach. Early in the fourth quarter, Tampa Bay closed the

title: History of Tampa, Florida

text: Roy Selmon. The team was again the worst in the league from 1983 to 1996, until they hired Hall of Fame coach Tony Dungy who pioneered the Tampa 2 defense. In 1998, the team moved to Raymond James Stadium. In 2002, the team was moved to the NFC South, and under head coach Jon Gruden the team won Super Bowl XXXVII. Super Bowls XVIII, XXV, XXXV and XLIII were hosted in Tampa, and LV is scheduled to be. Tampa also hosts the Outback Bowl. There also used to be the Tampa Bay Bandits of the United States Football League and

title: 2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: NFC Championship on the road against the Eagles in the last NFL game ever played at Veterans Stadium. Cornerback Ronde Barber capped off the win by intercepting a Donovan McNabb pass and returning it 92 yards for a touchdown late in the fourth quarter. The Buccaneers went on to rout Gruden’s former team, the Oakland Raiders, by a score of 48–21 in Super Bowl XXXVII. Gruden's familiarity with the Raiders’ players and playbook paid off, as John Lynch and other Buccaneer players recognized some of Oakland's formations and plays at crucial points in the game. The Bucs became the first

title: Dirk Koetter

text: Dirk Koetter Dirk Jeffrey Koetter ( ; born February 5, 1959) is an American football coach who is head coach of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League (NFL). He was the head coach at Boise State University from 1998 to 2000 and at Arizona State University from 2001 to 2006, compiling a career college football record of . Koetter was also the offensive coordinator for the Jacksonville Jaguars, Atlanta Falcons, and Buccaneers. Koetter grew up in Pocatello, Idaho, the son of a football coach. A quarterback, he graduated from Highland High School in 1977 and stayed in

title: Mike Shula

text: with the Chicago Bears and the Buccaneers, where he was offensive coordinator from 1996 to 1999. As offensive coordinator under Tony Dungy with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, the team enjoyed success and narrowly missed the Super Bowl after losing the NFC Championship Game against eventual Super Bowl champion St. Louis Rams. Following that 1999 NFC Championship Game, he was fired as offensive coordinator after the Bucs finished no higher than 22nd in total offense during his tenure. After his firing from Tampa, Shula went on to be the quarterbacks coach of the Miami Dolphins from 2000-2002, then left to become

title: Tampa Bay Buccaneers

text: cap space. With the first overall pick in the NFL draft, the Buccaneers selected Jameis Winston from Florida State. Throughout the offseason, there was much debate whether the Buccaneers should pick Jameis, or Oregon QB Marcus Mariota. On January 6, 2016, Smith was fired by the Buccaneers after posting a record of 8–24 in his two seasons, including a 6–10 record in the 2015 season. On January 15, 2016, Dirk Koetter was promoted from offensive coordinator to become the new head coach of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The teams' record sat at 3-5 following a blowout loss to the Atlanta

title: Bruce Allen (American football)

text: to replace McKay, as Allen had previously worked with Gruden in Oakland. Allen immediately began looking for a more youthful team in Tampa Bay. This included releasing long-time Buccaneer John Lynch and allowing Warren Sapp to leave for free agency, along with drafting Auburn running back Carnell "Cadillac" Williams in the 2005 draft. The Buccaneers performance during Allen's tenure was mixed. His first year there, the team went 5-11. The next year however, they were 11-5 and won the NFC South division in 2005, but went 4-12 in 2006. The team rebounded to a 9-7 record and another NFC South

title: 1985 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: He turned down a contract offer from the Los Angeles Dodgers to sign with Tampa Bay. Phil Freeman was the University of Arizona starting tailback until suffering a broken leg in 1982, but was projected as a wide receiver with what Bennett called "rare speed". Steve Calabria was the leading quarterback in Colgate history, with a strong arm and the ability to throw while rolling out. He claimed to already have signed a letter of agreement with Tampa Bay Bandits owner John Bassett, although it was unclear whether the Bandits would still be in existence, or whether they would be

title: History of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers

text: to win the Super Bowl without any picks in the first two rounds of the previous spring's NFL Draft, having traded these picks to the Oakland Raiders for the rights to acquire Gruden. Gruden became the youngest head coach to win a Super Bowl. Soon after the Super Bowl victory, a growing number of press reports indicated Gruden's lack of patience with general manager McKay. McKay was a major architect of the Bucs rebuilding effort over the previous ten years, and he, like Gruden, had long-established ties to the Tampa Bay area. However, during the 2003 season, the Gruden-McKay relationship

title: Jameis Winston

text: Winston lead Buccaneers began playing efficient offense as well as exceptional defense and special teams play, resulting in the Buccaneers' first 5-game winning streak since the Super Bowl winning 2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season. The win streak gave the Buccaneers possession of the 6th seed in the NFC playoff race, which they quickly lost after back-to-back losses to the Dallas Cowboys and New Orleans Saints. Winston led the Buccaneers to their first winning season in 6 years after defeating the Carolina Panthers in the regular season finale, during which he broke the franchise records for passing yards and passing touchdowns

title: Super Bowl XXXVII

text: picks, two second-round picks and $8 million to the Raiders to get Gruden. Tampa Bay was desperate to have someone rebuild their offense so it would complement their powerful defense in an attempt to win the Super Bowl. For most of their history, the Buccaneers were regarded as losers, making the playoffs only three times in their first 20 seasons. But that changed when the team hired Tony Dungy as head coach in 1996. Dungy, along with his defensive coordinator Monte Kiffin, rebuilt the defense around a core group of players, such as defensive lineman Warren Sapp, linebacker Derrick Brooks,

title: 2000 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: had a 6-yard touchdown run, as Tampa Bay beat Detroit at the Silverdome. The Buccaneers defense held the Lions to only 17 yards rushing, and made two interceptions. Tampa Bay entered week four undefeated at 3–0. Wide receiver Keyshawn Johnson had been traded to the Buccaneers over the offseason, and for the first time, would meet his former club, the New York Jets. Johnson was vocal in the days leading up to the game, publicly ripping former teammate Wayne Chrebet by contrasting himself as "a star while (Chrebet) is a flashlight." In the rain, quarterback Shaun King struggled, but led

title: 2009 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: deficit to 20–14, but Romo's 80-yard catch & run to Patrick Crayton put the Cowboys ahead for good. On specials teams, kicker Mike Nugent had one field goal attempt blocked, and shanked another. The Buccaneers made their first regular season trip in franchise history to Ralph Wilson Stadium to meet the Bills. The Buccaneers had played only one time at Buffalo, a preseason game in 1977. Byron Leftwich threw for 296 yards and three touchdowns, but the Bills held Tampa Bay to only 57 yards rushing, and the Buccaneers had 13 penalties for 112 yard in the loss. Leading 20–7

title: 2006 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: the Bucs got their only score of the game with QB Tim Rattay completing a 4-yard TD pass to WR Joey Galloway. Afterwards, Seattle continued its dominance with QB Matt Hasselbeck completing a 5-yard TD pass to WR D.J. Hackett. After that, the Seahawks wrapped up the game in the second half with Brown getting a 30-yard field goal in the third quarter and a 23-yard field goal in the fourth quarter. With the loss, the Buccaneers ended their year at 4–12. 2006 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season The 2006 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season was the franchise's 31st season in the

title: Super Bowl XXXVII

text: and defensive backs Ronde Barber and John Lynch. By 1997, Tampa Bay ranked 3rd in the league in total yards allowed, 2nd in 1998, and 3rd in 2000. With one of the best defenses in the league, Dungy helped guide the Buccaneers to four playoff appearances in his six years as the team's head coach. But the team always had one of the worst offenses in the league, and this was a major factor in their playoff losses. Thus, Dungy was fired and replaced by Gruden. Still, even Gruden had trouble getting the offense in sync during his first year

title: Tampa Bay Buccaneers

text: Round of 2001 and soon thereafter hired as the head coach of the Indianapolis Colts, while the Bucs mounted a prolonged and much-maligned search for his replacement. Several potential candidates were offered the job, including University of Florida head coach (and former Buccaneers quarterback) Steve Spurrier, former New York Giants head coach Bill Parcells, and Baltimore Ravens defensive coordinator Marvin Lewis. Spurrier jumped to the Redskins when he was offered the most lucrative salary package ever offered to an NFL head coach, and Parcells eventually passed on the Bucs' offer—the second time he had done so in the history of

title: Rich McKay

text: Rich McKay Rich McKay (born March 16, 1959) is the president, CEO, and former general manager of the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League. He was the general manager of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers when they won Super Bowl XXXVII. McKay is the youngest son of the late John McKay, who was the Buccaneers' first head coach. McKay was a ball boy for the Buccaneers when his father was the head coach. While his father was head coach at USC in Los Angeles, McKay played quarterback at Bishop Amat High School in La Puente, CA. When John McKay took

title: Super Bowl XXXVII

text: The Raiders had a great chance to score a touchdown early in the game after cornerback Charles Woodson intercepted Buccaneers quarterback Brad Johnson's pass on the third play of the game and returned it 12 yards to the Tampa Bay 36-yard line.  However, six plays later, Tampa Bay defensive end Simeon Rice sacked Raiders quarterback Rich Gannon on third down, forcing Oakland to settle for kicker Sebastian Janikowski's 40-yard field goal to give them a 3–0 lead.

title: 2003 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: growing number of press reports had indicated Gruden’s lack of patience with general manager Rich McKay. McKay was a major architect of the Buccaneers rebuilding effort over the previous ten years, and he, like Gruden, had long-established ties to the Tampa Bay-area. However, as the 2003 season wore on, the Gruden/McKay relationship deteriorated as the Buccaneers struggled on the field. In November, Keyshawn Johnson was deactivated by the team ten games into the season for his conduct, which included sideline arguments with coaches and players. Johnson was eventually traded to the Dallas Cowboys for wide receiver Joey Galloway. Along with

title: Tim Rattay

text: from the San Francisco 49ers. This trade has been criticized by many, including former NFL quarterback Terry Bradshaw. Late in the 2006 season, Rattay stepped in as the starting quarterback for the Buccaneers due to the poor play of Bruce Gradkowski. In the week 15 game against the Chicago Bears, he entered the game with Tampa Bay losing 14-3. Due to his strong performance, Tampa Bay tied the game at 31, but they eventually lost in overtime 34-31. This performance led coach Jon Gruden to name Rattay as the team's third different starting quarterback in the 2006 season. On May

title: Steve DeBerg

text: 24, 1984, DeBerg was traded to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers for a fourth-round pick (#89, Randy Robbins) and a 1985 conditional pick who ended up being a second-round selection (#36, Richard Byrd). He arrived at the club when Steve Young and Vinny Testaverde (1987) were drafted. DeBerg was the central starter for the 1984 Buccaneers, who posted one of the league's more productive offensive attacks when he was the starting quarterback. The 1984 Bucs ranked 10th in the league in total offensive yards, and eighth in passing yards. DeBerg appeared in all 16 games, starting 13 and winning five of

title: Tampa Bay Buccaneers

text: January 1, 2014, Lovie Smith was hired as the new head coach of the Buccaneers, replacing Greg Schiano. Smith had previously spent 5 seasons with the Buccaneers from 1996 to 2001 coaching the linebackers under Tony Dungy. During his first news conference with the Bucs, Smith talked about restoring the quality of the team from the late 1990s and early 2000s: "There was a certain brand of football you expected from us," Smith said. "You know we would be relentless. There was a brand of football that you got from us each week at Raymond James Stadium. It was hard

title: History of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers

text: the last NFL game ever played at Veterans Stadium. Cornerback Ronde Barber capped off the win by intercepting a Donovan McNabb pass and returning it 92 yards for a touchdown late in the fourth quarter. Philadelphia fans could only watch in stunned silence. The Bucs went on to rout Gruden’s former team, the Oakland Raiders, by a score of 48–21 in Super Bowl XXXVII. Gruden’s familiarity with the Raiders’ players and playbook paid off, as John Lynch and other Bucs players recognized some of Oakland's formations and plays at crucial points in the game. The Bucs became the first team

title: Super Bowl XXXVII


question: who did the central powers defeat on the eastern front before concentrating back on france

answers: the Russian army

title: Central Powers

text: French and US forces in north-eastern France and Belgium. There was no unified treaty ending the war; the Central Powers were dealt with in separate treaties. Central Powers The Central Powers (; ; / ; ), consisting of Germany, , the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria—hence also known as the Quadruple Alliance ()—was one of the two main coalitions that fought World War I (1914–18). It faced and was defeated by the Allied Powers that had formed around the Triple Entente. The Powers' origin was the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1879. Despite having joined the alliance before, Italy refused

title: World War I

text: Council to co-ordinate planning. Previously, British and French armies had operated under separate commands. In December, the Central Powers signed an armistice with Russia, thus freeing large numbers of German troops for use in the west. With German reinforcements and new American troops pouring in, the outcome was to be decided on the Western Front. The Central Powers knew that they could not win a protracted war, but they held high hopes for success based on a final quick offensive. Furthermore, both sides became increasingly fearful of social unrest and revolution in Europe. Thus, both sides urgently sought a decisive

title: Max Hoffmann

text: Czernin found that "The General [Hoffmann] combined expert knowledge and energy with a good deal of calm and ability, but also not a little of Prussian brutality..." The negotiations dragged on; the major sticking point was that the Russians would not be given back Poland, Lithuania, or Courland, which the Central Powers maintained had opted for independence. In December 1917 he was summoned to Berlin, where at lunch the Kaiser ordered him, despite his objections, to give his opinion regarding the post-war German–Polish border. He favored taking from Poland a modest defensive strip, so they would acquire as few new

title: Eastern Front (World War I)

text: the Germans. In September 1916, German troops were mobilized to the Eastern Front. Additionally, the German Chief of the General Staff, General Erich Von Falkenhayn was forced to resign from office though his successor appointed him to command the combined Central Powers forces against Romania, along with General August von Mackensen. Kaiser Wilhelm II immediately replaced Falkenhayn with Paul von Hindenburg. Von Hindenburg's deputy, the more adept Erich Ludendorff, was given effective control of the army and ordered to advance on Romania. On September 3, the first troops of the Central Powers marched into Romanian territory. Simultaneously, the Bulgarian Air

title: Central Powers

text: United Kingdom in the west. Finland, Azerbaijan, and Lithuania joined them in 1918 before the war ended and after the Russian Empire collapsed. The Central Powers were composed of the following nations: In early July 1914, in the aftermath of the assassination of Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and the immediate likelihood of war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia, Kaiser Wilhelm II and the German government informed the Austro-Hungarian government that Germany would uphold its alliance with Austria-Hungary and defend it from possible Russian intervention if a war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia took place. When Russia enacted a general mobilization, Germany viewed

title: Henri Mathias Berthelot

text: choice to head the French military mission was General de Langle de Cary, but the suggestion was rejected by the French Minister there, Charles de Saint Aulaire. Instead, Berthelot was appointed, arriving at Iași on 15 October and formally taking up his position the next day. Central Powers forces under General von Falkenhayn had already broken through the Transylvanian passes on 11 October, and swiftly conquered Wallachia and Dobruja. Just as France had reconstituted the Serbian Army (now based at Salonika) after her conquest in the winter of 1915-16, between January and June 1917 Berthelot supervised the reorganisation and retraining

title: Eastern Front (World War I)

text: that war with either of these combatants would result in war with the other, which meant that there would be war in both the west and the east. Therefore, the German General Staff, Alfred von Schlieffen, planned a quick, all-out ground war on the Western Front to take France and, upon victory, Germany would turn its attention to Russia in the east. Von Schlieffen believed Russia would not be ready or willing to move against and attack Germany due to the huge losses of military equipment that Russia suffered in the Russo-Japanese war, her low population density and lack of

title: Curious Notions

text: travel technology. The Central Powers win by managing to knock out France and the British Expeditionary Force in the west towards the beginning of the war. Then they defeat Russia before the United States can intervene. A few years later, the German Empire intervenes in the Russian Revolution and defeats the Bolsheviks, but the Russian Empire is mostly divided and therefore no longer a great power. Britain and France tried to stop Germany's power again in the late 1930s, but since the United States does not intervene, they lose and Germany gains control over Europe and its sphere of influence.

title: Great Retreat (Russian)

text: the Central Powers. Four new German armies, the 11th, 12th, Army of the Niemen and Army of the Bug were formed. Given the steady erosion of the Russian armies' combat power due to a poorly administered system of reinforcement, particularly of officers, this dramatically shifted the balance of power in the eastern theatre to the Central powers as 13 Central Powers armies faced 9 under-strength Russian armies. Under pressure from the Kaiser, Falkenhayn gave in to Hindenburg and Ludendorff's insistence on an offensive in the region. Although Ludendorff and Austro-Hungarian General Staff Chief Conrad von Hötzendorf favored an encirclement operation

title: Inter-Allied Socialist Conferences of World War I

text: but he was subsequently able to have it published in the March 1915 issue of the "Socialist Standard" of the Socialist Party of Great Britain Reports were made by Vailant, Vandervelde and one of the Social Revolutionaries enthusiastically supporting the war. The British apparently abstained from making a report. There was apparently much debate in the drafting commission and the subsequent plenary session on the war responsibility of the Central Powers and the position of Belgium and Serbia. The Belgian and French delegates are reported as taking a harder line on this point than their British comrades. The attitude of

title: French military mission to Romania (1916-1918)

text: but the suggestion was rejected by the French Minister there, Charles de Saint Aulaire. Instead, Berthelot was appointed, arriving at Iași on 15 October and formally taking up his position the next day. Central Powers forces under General von Falkenhayn had already broken through the Transylvanian passes on 11 October, and swiftly conquered Wallachia and Dobruja. Just as France had reconstituted the Serbian Army (now based at Salonika) after her conquest in the winter of 1915-16, between January and June 1917 Berthelot supervised the reorganisation and retraining of the Romanian Army. The men travelled through Norway, Sweden an Russia by

title: European theatre of World War I

text: Western Front involved the allied powers of France, the British Empire, Belgium, and America fighting against the armed forces of the German Empire. The fighting on the Eastern Front was primarily contested by the German army and the Austro-Hungarian army on one side and the forces of the Russian Empire and Romania on the other. The Eastern front covered a very large territory, from the Baltic in the north to the Black Sea in the south and from Prussia and Galicia in the west to Latvia and Minsk to the east. The fighting on this front ended early, with the

title: Max Hoffmann

text: The crisis worsened when Romania entered the war. Hindenburg and Ludendorff became the Supreme Commanders. Field Marshal Prince Leopold of Bavaria, who Hoffmann regarded as "a clever soldier and a distinguished superior officer", took command of three army groups that included both German and Austro-Hungarian troops and Hoffmann was elated to become his chief of staff with promotion to major general: "I shall actually become an Excellenz!". He was supported by a highly competent staff. Eventually they commanded all of the forces of the Central Powers on the Eastern front: German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Bulgarian. Since he was no longer

title: German invasion of Belgium

text: on the common border. A corollary to the emphasis on the Western Front was a lack of troops for the Eastern Front against Russia. In the east the Germans planned a defensive strategy and relied on the Austro-Hungarian Army ("Landstreitkräfte Österreich-Ungarns/Császári és Királyi Hadsereg") to divert the Russians from East Prussia, while France was crushed. Divisions from the German army in the west ("Westheer") would be redeployed to the East to deal with the Russians as soon as a breathing-space was gained against the French. Under Plan XVII the French peacetime army was to form five field armies, with a

title: Erich von Falkenhayn

text: by far of the German generals in World War I. Dupuy also ranked him near the top of the German commanders, just below Hindenburg and Ludendorff. Foley wrote that Germany's enemies were far more able to apply a strategy of attrition, because they had greater amounts of manpower, industry and economic control over the world, resorting to many of the methods used by Falkenhayn in Russia in 1915 and France in 1916. As the cost of fighting the war increased, the war aims of the Entente expanded, to include the overthrow of the political elites of the Central Powers and

title: Central Powers

text: Central Powers The Central Powers (; ; / ; ), consisting of Germany, , the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria—hence also known as the Quadruple Alliance ()—was one of the two main coalitions that fought World War I (1914–18). It faced and was defeated by the Allied Powers that had formed around the Triple Entente. The Powers' origin was the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1879. Despite having joined the alliance before, Italy refused to take part in World War I on the side of the Central Powers; the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria did not join until after World War

title: H. H. Asquith

text: of Lancaster of Churchill, who wrote, "I could not accept a position of general responsibility for war policy without any effective share in its guidance and control." Further reverses took place in the Balkans: the Central Powers overran Serbia, forcing the Allied troops which had attempted to intervene back towards Salonika. Early 1916 saw the start of the German offensive at Verdun, the "greatest battle of attrition in history". In late May, the only significant Anglo-German naval engagement of the War took place at The Battle of Jutland. Although a strategic success, the greater loss of ships on the Allied

title: Battle of the Somme

text: abandoned. Only four more divisions were sent to the Somme front before the Anglo-French offensive began, bringing the total to divisions. Falkenhayn, and then Hindenburg and Ludendorff, were forced to send divisions to Russia throughout the summer to prevent a collapse of the Austro-Hungarian army and then to conduct a counter-offensive against Romania, which declared war against the Central Powers on 27 August. In July there were divisions on the Western Front and in Russia and in November there were in the west and in the east. The original British Expeditionary Force (BEF) of six divisions and the Cavalry Division,

title: Joseph Conrad

text: (the Austro-Hungarian and German Empires), and the Central Powers must in turn be beaten by France and Britain. After many travails and vicissitudes, at the beginning of November 1914 Conrad managed to bring his family back to England. On his return, he was determined to work on swaying British opinion in favour of restoring Poland's sovereignty. Jessie Conrad would later write in her memoirs: "I understood my husband so much better after those months in Poland. So many characteristics that had been strange and unfathomable to me before, took, as it were, their right proportions. I understood that his temperament

title: Western Front (World War I)

text: Cologne, Koblenz and Mainz, with restoration dependent on payment of reparations. In Germany a Stab-in-the-back myth ("Dolchstoßlegende") was propagated by Hindenburg, Ludendorff and other defeated generals, that the defeat was not the fault of the 'good core' of the army but due to certain left-wing groups within Germany who signed a disastrous armistice; this would later be exploited by nationalists and the Nazi party propaganda to excuse the overthrow of the Weimar Republic in 1930 and the imposition of the Nazi dictatorship after March 1933. France lost more casualties relative to its population than any other great power and the

title: Chantilly Conferences

text: of the Allied powers, France, Britain, Russia, Serbia and Italy, to form a common strategy for 1916 against the Central Powers. The British representatives were the commander-in-chief Sir John French and Sir Archibald Murray. General Carlo Porro represented Italy. Joffre proposed and his Allied counterparts concurred that the offensives of the Allied armies on the Western Front should be delivered simultaneously or close enough so that the Central Powers would be unable to transport reserves from one front to another". The coordinated offensives were planned to commence as soon as possible, with local, limited attacks taking place in between, further

title: Oberste Heeresleitung

text: Marshal Paul von Hindenburg a popular hero and contrasted starkly with the stalemate in the west. Hindenburg and his supporters sought to shift Germany's main effort to the eastern front in hopes of knocking Russia out of the war. Falkenhayn resisted this, believing that France and Great Britain were the true opponents and that a decisive victory against the Russians was impossible. The second concern was the Battle of Verdun, the centrepeice of Falkenhayn's western strategy. Writing after the war, Falkenhayn stated that his intention was to draw the French Army into a battle of attrition and wear them down.

title: History of Germany during World War I

text: Staff. The Central Powers were thereby denied a quick victory and forced to fight a war on two fronts. The German army had fought its way into a good defensive position inside France and had permanently incapacitated 230,000 more French and British troops than it had lost itself. Despite this, communications problems and questionable command decisions cost Germany the chance of obtaining an early victory. 1916 was characterized by two great battles on the Western front, at Verdun and the Somme. They each lasted most of the year, achieved minimal gains, and drained away the best soldiers of both sides.

title: Verdun

text: Falkenhayn, the chief of the German General Staff (1914–1916) made plans for a large offensive on the Western Front that ultimately aimed to break the French Army through the application of firepower at a point that the French had to hold for reasons of national prestige. As Falkenhayn recalled it, his so-called "Christmas memorandum" to Kaiser Willhelm II envisioned a massive but limited attack on a French position 'for the retention of which the French Command would be compelled to throw in every man they have'. Once the French army had bled to death, Britain could be brought down by

title: Bulgaria during World War I

title: Eastern Front (World War I)

text: Chief of Staff Major Guse absence. Coupled with an imbalance of forces – the Russians had 325 000 troops, while the Turks only 78 000 – the situation appeared grim for the Central Powers. After three months of fighting, the Russians captured the city of Trabzon on April 18, 1916. Allied operations in 1916 were dictated by an urgent need to force Germany to transfer forces from its Western to Eastern fronts, to relieve the pressure on the French at the Battle of Verdun. This was to be accomplished by a series of Russian offensives which would force the Germans

title: British Army during World War I

text: of the lost ground. The final year of the war—1918—started with disaster and ended in triumph. On 21 March 1918, General Erich Ludendorff, Chief of the German General Staff, launched the Spring Offensive, which was intended to defeat the Allies on the Western Front before the strength of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) could become overwhelming. The main weight of the first blow—Operation "Michael"—fell on General Gough' s Fifth Army which was forced to retreat. In response to the crisis facing the Allies, French "Generalissimo" Ferdinand Foch was made Supreme Commander of the Allied forces on the Western Front, placing

title: French entry into World War I

text: but often was indecisive. René Viviani became Prime Minister and Foreign Minister in spring 1914. He was a cautious moderate, but was profoundly ignorant of foreign affairs, and was baffled by what was going on. The main decisions were made by the foreign office and increasingly by the president. Jules Cambon, the French ambassador to Berlin (1907-1914), was the one major French leader who worked for détente with Germany. The ambassador to Russia Maurice Paléologue hated Germany and reassured Russia that France would fight alongside her against Germany. The central policy goal for Poincaré was maintaining the close alliance with

title: Capture of Gueudecourt

text: opposite the British was essential and stripped the other armies on the Western Front of fresh divisions and units, moving the 85th Reserve Brigade and the 45th Reserve Division from the 4th Army in Flanders, into the area between Thiepval and Martinpuich. After the sacking of Erich von Falkenhayn, the German Chief of the General Staff on 29 August, his successors General Paul von Hindenburg and General Erich Ludendorff visited the Western Front, ordered an end to offensive operations at the Battle of Verdun and the reinforcement of the Somme front. Tactics were reviewed and a more "elastic" defence was

title: Greece during World War I

text: commander Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf pressed to complete the victory in Serbia by clearing Albania and evicting the Allies from Thessaloniki, and forcing Greece and Romania to enter the war on the Central Powers' side, the German high command, under Erich von Falkenhayn, was eager to end operations so as to focus on his plan to win the war by bleeding the French army dry at the Battle of Verdun. In the meantime, Greece descended further into political crisis: on the night of 3/4 November, the Zaimis government was voted down in Parliament, in a session in which the Minister

title: Bulgaria during World War I

long_answer: The military convention between Bulgaria and the Central Powers laid down the general plan for its campaign against the Kingdom of Serbia. It severely limited the control of the Bulgarian High Command over the Bulgarian 1st Army, which was designated part of a combined German, Bulgarian and Austro-Hungarian force commanded by Field Marshal August von Mackensen. He had recently led the German and Austro-Hungarian armies in the highly successful and victorious Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive of the Central Powers against the Russian army on the Eastern Front. His army group was created specifically to wage war against the Serbian army in the pre-1913 borders of the country ("Old Serbia"), to defeat it wherever it found it and to open the land route between Hungary and Bulgaria. As commander, Mackensen acted independently and received his directives only from the German High Command. However, the field marshal's orders to his Bulgarian forces had to be relayed to the commander of the 1st Army by the Bulgarian General Staff, which left room for the latter to intervene when needed. According to the convention, the Bulgarian commander-in- chief retained full and direct control over the Bulgarian 2nd Army and its operations in Vardar Macedonia.


question: what kind of fish live in the salton sea

answers: tilapia

title: Salton Sea

text: catfish, largemouth bass, mosquitofish, sailfin molly, and the vulnerable desert pupfish. The California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment has developed a safe eating advisory for fish caught in the Salton Sea based on levels of mercury or PCBs found in local species. The Salton Sea has been termed a "crown jewel of avian biodiversity" by Dr. Milt Friend of the Salton Sea Science Office. Over 400 species have been documented at the Salton Sea. The most diverse and probably the most significant populations of bird life in the continental United States are hosted, rivaled only by Big Bend National

title: Salton Sea

text: body was initially a freshwater lake, but by the 1960s, its rising salinity had begun to jeopardize some of its species. With a salinity now exceeding 5.0% w/v (saltier than seawater), most species of fish can no longer survive. A freshwater fish notable for its ability to withstand the rising salinity of the Salton Sea, the desert pupfish, can survive salinities ranging from 0.0% to 7.0%. Fertilizer runoffs have resulted in eutrophication, with large algal blooms and elevated bacterial levels. By 2014, large swaths of lake bed were exposed and salt levels drastically increased due to mandated water transfers to

title: Salton Sea

text: of fish that lived in the sea have been killed off by the combination of pollutants, salt levels, and algal blooms. Dead fish have been known to wash up in mass quantities on the beaches. The smell of the lake, combined with the stench of the decaying fish, also contributed to the decline of the tourist industry around the Salton Sea. Many people now visit the Salton Sea and the surrounding settlements to explore the abandoned structures. The town of Niland is southeast of the sea, with a population of 1,006. Evidence of geothermal activity is also visible. Mudpots and

title: Salton Sea

text: River under the Quantification Settlement Agreement of 2003, the overall water level of the sea is expected to decrease significantly between 2013 and 2021. The lake's salinity, about , is greater than that of the Pacific Ocean (), but less than that of the Great Salt Lake (which ranges from ). Recently, the concentration has been increasing at a rate of about 3% per year. About of salt are deposited in the valley each year. The area was once part of a vast inland sea that covered a large area of Southern California. Geologists estimate that for three million years,

title: Salton Sea

text: Salton Sea The Salton Sea is a shallow, saline, endorheic rift lake located directly on the San Andreas Fault, predominantly in the U.S. state of California's Imperial and Coachella valleys. The lake occupies the lowest elevations of the Salton Sink in the Colorado Desert of Imperial and Riverside counties in Southern California. Its surface is below sea level as of January 2018. The deepest point of the sea is higher than the lowest point of Death Valley. The sea is fed by the New, Whitewater, and Alamo Rivers, as well as agricultural runoff, drainage systems, and creeks. Over millions of

title: Quantification Settlement Agreement

text: If upheld by the courts, the conditions will remain in force for up to 75 years. Starting in 1901, farmers in the Imperial Valley were using the Colorado River for irrigation water, with drainage water going to a very small Salton Sea. The surrounding ecosystem changed somewhat rapidly, and "by 1929, the combination of evaporation and agricultural drainage water increased the Sea's salinity, eliminating most of the fresh water fish species." In addition to fish, migratory birds have long inhabited the region, and there is concern that pollutants are damaging the population. Most notably, "salt, selenium and pesticides are carried

title: New River (Mexico–United States)

text: the lack of an outlet, salinity has increased by approximately 1% per year. Due to high selenium levels, the public was strictly advised to limit fish consumption from the Salton Sea in 1986, after which any amount was likely a health risk. Increasing water temperature, salinity and bacterial levels led to massive fish die-offs (1992, 1994, 1996, 1999, 2006, 2008), and created the ideal breeding grounds for avian botulism, cholera and Newcastle disease, which also led to massive avian epizootics from 1992–2008. Currently, the Salton Sea has a salinity of 4.4% (4.4 parts per 100), making it saltier than ocean

title: Sonny Bono Salton Sea National Wildlife Refuge

text: species include the gopher snake, western diamondback snake, coachwhip, common kingsnake, whiptail lizard, desert spiny lizard and side-blotched lizard. The spiny soft-shell turtle and the desert tortoise are also found on the refuge. Spiny soft-shell turtles are found in freshwater drains and ponds, while the desert tortoise, although rarely seen, can be found in the upland desert areas. Fish populations thrive in the Salton Sea. The aquatic ecosystem is extremely productive because of the large amounts of nutrients it receives. The nutrients stimulate growth of phytoplankton and algae, which in turn, support zooplankton and worms. All of this provides a

title: Salton Sea

text: of its allotment from the Colorado River for 45 years to the San Diego County Water Authority. The California State Legislature, by legislation enacted in 2003 and 2004, directed the Secretary of the California Resources Agency to prepare a restoration plan for the Salton Sea ecosystem, and an accompanying Environmental Impact Report. As part of this effort, the Secretary for Resources has established an advisory committee to provide recommendations to assist in the preparation of the Ecosystem Restoration Plan, including consultation throughout all stages of the alternative selection. The California Department of Water Resources and California Department of Fish and

title: Salton Sea

text: boulders, gravel, and stone columns—would be erected, along with earthen berms to corral the water into a horseshoe shape along the northern shoreline of the sea from San Felipe Creek on the west shore to Bombay Beach on the east shore. The central portion of the sea would be allowed to evaporate almost completely and would serve as a brine sink, while the southern portion of the sea would be constructed into a saline habitat complex. Construction on the project would be completed by 2035. The sale of the Imperial water to San Diego County resulted in a reduction in

title: Salton Sea

text: canal, and the river flowed into the Salton Basin for two years, filling the historic dry lake bed and creating the modern sea, before repairs were completed. While it varies in dimensions and area with fluctuations in agricultural runoff and rainfall, the Salton Sea is about . With an estimated surface area of or , the Salton Sea is the largest lake in California. The average annual inflow is less than , which is enough to maintain a maximum depth of and a total volume of about . However, due to changes in water apportionments agreed upon for the Colorado

title: Quantification Settlement Agreement

text: vital avian habitats and-until recently-one of its most productive fisheries, the Salton Sea is in a state of wild flux." At one time a thriving ecosystem formed following an irrigation accident in 1905, the Salton Sea has increasingly faced higher levels of salinity in addition to shrinking water volume. The Quantification Settlement Agreement intended to provide a pathway for restoring this ecosystem. In addition to the purported environmental benefits, the Quantification Settlement Agreement is of particular importance to the Imperial Valley region due to the economic conditions of the area. In a recent article for the "New Yorker", Dana Goodyear

title: Salton Sea

text: tribe) and "Cabazon Valley" (after a local Native American chief – Chief Cabazon). "Salt Creek" first appeared on a map in 1867 and "Salton Station" is on a railroad map from 1900, although this place had been there as a rail stop since the late 1870s. Until the advent of the modern sea, the Salton Sink was the site of a major salt-mining operation. In 1900, the California Development Company began construction of irrigation canals to divert water from the Colorado River into the Salton Sink, a dry lake bed. After construction of these irrigation canals, the Salton Sink became

title: Salton Sea

text: occur. However, other factors such as hydrothermal vents, diffusion of salt from minerals and sediment, including concentrated brine, and evaporites are another contributor to salinity, as is the recent lowering of lake levels raising the salinity, though sedimentary records show the lake surface elevation reached levels 10–12 m above world sea level in the 1500s. The temperature of the surface water changes with the seasonally varying air temperature. Winter lows can reach temperatures as low as and summer highs can reach . http://water.ca.gov/LegacyFiles/pubs/conservation/salton_sea_history/history.pdf Salton Sea The Salton Sea is a shallow, saline, endorheic rift lake located directly on the San

title: Saltwater fish

text: called estuaries, areas when oceans and rivers meet creating a mixture of salt water and freshwater making a different habitat for different types of fish and creatures to live in. The ocean is home to organisms as large as whales and as small as microscopic marine organisms such as phytoplankton. However, the vast majority of ocean life that humans are exposed to is simple saltwater fish. Saltwater fish can live in the deepest depths of the ocean where no sunlight can penetrate, but they can also live on the surface of the water. Saltwater fish Saltwater fish, also called marine

title: Salton Sea

text: the Imperial Valley from the Colorado River led to the idea of the need for a dam on the Colorado River for flood control. The Salton Sea had some success as a resort area, with Salton City, Salton Sea Beach, and Desert Shores, on the western shore and Desert Beach, North Shore, and Bombay Beach, built on the eastern shore in the 1950s. However, many of the settlements substantially shrank in size, or have been abandoned, mostly due to the increasing salinity and pollution of the lake over the years from agricultural runoff and other sources. Many of the species

title: Quantification Settlement Agreement

text: a transfer of water from the Salton Sea. The salinity of the lake has increased substantially, and conservationists argue that this has damaged the surrounding ecosystem. Restoration efforts have been championed by local politicians, as the Salton Sea is prominent for being the largest man-made lake in California. Along with environmentalists and farmers, local journalists have noted the negative effects that the QSA may have on the communities in the Salton Sea vicinity. In an article in the "Desert Sun", Colt Stewart notes that "We are told the price to manage the death or shrinking of the sea is too

title: Salton Sea Beach, California

text: is surrounded by salt flats which can easily be broken using one's hand. The 2010 United States Census reported that Salton Sea Beach had a population of 422. The population density was 1,400.9 per square mile (540.9/km²). The racial makeup of Salton Sea Beach was 309 (73.2%) White, 6 (1.4%) African American, 4 (0.9%) Native American, 2 (0.5%) Asian, 2 (0.5%) Pacific Islander, 82 (19.4%) from other races, and 17 (4.0%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 229 persons (54.3%). The census reported that 422 people (100% of the population) lived in households and

title: Salton Sea Authority

text: water. This newly pumped water will come from two sources, the Alamo River and the current salinated water of the Sea. This mixing of the two types of water will dilute the Sea's salinization levels to create a mixture capable of stabilizing and restoring the bay's natural habitat. The Red Hill Bay project will be used as an example to monitor the amount of time it takes for wildlife and fish to re-establish themselves back into this natural habitat in order to predict the ecological success for future potential Salton Sea restoration projects. Salton Sea Authority The Salton Sea Authority

title: Longjaw mudsucker

text: They feed on nearly anything they can find in the mud, including small fish such as California killifish, but mostly live on invertebrates, the main choices depending on seasonal availability. Their range extends from Tomales Bay in the north to Bahia Magdalena in the south. A population in the Salton Sea was introduced in 1950, and now thrives there. They are considered good bait fish for freshwater fishing, such as on the Colorado River, because they can be kept alive packed in moist algae, and will not reproduce in fresh water if they happen to escape. Longjaw mudsucker The longjaw

title: Salton Sea

text: intermittently as recently as a few hundred years ago. The last of the Pleistocene lakes to occupy the basin was Lake Cahuilla, also periodically identified on older maps as Lake LeConte or the Blake Sea, after American professor and geologist William Phipps Blake. Throughout the Spanish period of California's history, the area was referred to as the "Colorado Desert" after the Colorado River. In a railroad survey completed in 1855, it was called "the Valley of the Ancient Lake". On several old maps from the Library of Congress, it has been found labeled "Cahuilla Valley" (after the local Native American

title: Gulf of California

text: fisheries of the southern Gulf. Many marine organisms can only survive within a particular salinity range, which makes salinity a notable factor in determining the types of potentially commercial organisms found in the Gulf of California. The mean annual ranges of salinity of the Sea of Cortez are between 3.5 and 3.58% at the surface. Furthermore, the salinity of the water of the Northern Gulf of California is generally higher than the Central and Southern faunal regions due to the increased amount of evaporation that occurs in that region. Gulf of California The Gulf of California (also known as the

title: Saltwater fish

text: Saltwater fish Saltwater fish, also called marine fish, are fish that live in ocean water. Saltwater fish can swim and live alone or live in a large group together, called a school of fish. Saltwater fish are very popular among deep sea fishermen and aquariums all over the country. Saltwater fish are very commonly kept in aquariums for entertainment. Many saltwater fish are also caught to be eaten. Fish that live in the ocean can be carnivores, herbivores, or omnivores. Herbivores in the ocean eat things such as algae and flowering seagrasses. Many herbivores' diets consist of primarily algae. Most

title: Salton Sea State Recreation Area

text: part of a deficit reduction program, not enacted then. The Recreation Area continues to be open to the public. The Salton Sea Recreation Area is in the Colorado Desert section of the Sonoran Desert, in the Lower Colorado River Valley geographic region. The Salton Sea is a stop on a major flyway for migrating birds. Salton Sea State Recreation Area Located on the northeastern side of the Salton Sea, the Salton Sea State Recreation Area offers hunting, fishing, swimming, and camping to visitors. The Salton Sea State Recreation Area is run by the California Department of Parks and Recreation. The

title: Salton Sea

text: Due to the high salinity, very few fish species can tolerate living in the Salton Sea. Introduced tilapia are the main fish that can tolerate the high salinity levels and pollution.  Other freshwater fish species live in the rivers and canals that feed the Salton Sea, including threadfin shad, carp, red shiner, channel catfish, white catfish, largemouth bass, mosquitofish, sailfin molly, and the vulnerable desert pupfish.

title: Salton Sea

text: showed, in the Los Angeles area, shaking and thus damage would be more severe for a San Andreas earthquake that propagated along the fault from the south, rather than from the north. Such an earthquake also raises the risk for soil liquefaction in the Imperial Valley region. The effective drainage divide that separates the Salton Sea from the Gulf of California is about in elevation and is located near Delta, northeastern Baja California State, Mexico, south-southeast of Mexicali. Past sea level rise may partially be responsible for the salinity of the lake, while potential future changes in sea levels could

title: Death Valley pupfish

text: is 4 times more saline than the ocean, hot water up to , and cold water down to . This species is known from only two locations in Death Valley: Salt Creek (subspecies "salinus") at about 49 meters below sea level, and Cottonball Marsh (subspecies "milleri"), at about 80 meters below sea level. They are thought to be the remainders of a large ecosystem of fish species that lived in Lake Manly, which dried up at the end of the last ice age leaving the present day Death Valley. The Salt Creek subspecies is also found at River Springs and

title: Salton Sea Beach, California

text: age 18 and 4.6% of those age 65 or over. In the California State Legislature, Salton Sea Beach is in , and . Federally, Salton Sea Beach is in . Salton Sea Beach, California Salton Sea Beach is a census-designated place (CDP) in Imperial County, California, located southeast of Desert Shores. The population was 422 at the 2010 census, up from 392 at the 2000 census. It is part of the El Centro, California Metropolitan Statistical Area. It was the location of the Salton Sea Naval Auxiliary Air Station. Salton Sea Beach is located along the western shore of the

title: Salton Sea Beach, California

text: Salton Sea Beach, California Salton Sea Beach is a census-designated place (CDP) in Imperial County, California, located southeast of Desert Shores. The population was 422 at the 2010 census, up from 392 at the 2000 census. It is part of the El Centro, California Metropolitan Statistical Area. It was the location of the Salton Sea Naval Auxiliary Air Station. Salton Sea Beach is located along the western shore of the Salton Sea, to the north of Salton City and to the south of Desert Shores along California State Route 86. The Salton Sea has an extremely high salt content and

title: Salton Sea

text: alternately a freshwater lake, an increasingly saline endorheic lake, and a dry desert basin, depending on river flows and the balance between inflow and evaporative loss. A lake exists only during times it is replenished by the rivers and rainfall, a cycle that has repeated many times over hundreds of thousands of years, perhaps cycling every 400 to 500 years. Evidence that the basin was occupied periodically by multiple lakes includes wave-cut shorelines at various elevations preserved on the hillsides of the east and west margins of the present lake, the Salton Sea. These indicate that the basin was occupied

title: Salton Sea