question: which state was returned to spain after the revolutionary war

answers: Florida

answers: Menorca

title: Spain–United States relations

text: recaptured Mobile and in 1781 took by land and by sea Pensacola, leaving the British with no bases in the Gulf of Mexico. In recognition for his actions to the American cause, George Washington took him to his right in the parade of July 4 and the American Congress cited Gálvez for his aid during the Revolution. Another notable contributor was Don Diego de Gardoqui, who was appointed as Spain's first ambassador to the United States of America in 1784. Gardoqui became well acquainted with George Washington, and also marched in the newly elected President Washington's inaugural parade. King Charles

title: New Mexico

text: Louisiana was admitted as a state. The US then reclassified this area as part of the Missouri Territory. This region of the state (along with territory that makes up present-day southeastern Colorado, the Texas and Oklahoma Panhandles, and southwestern Kansas) was ceded to Spain under the Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819. The independent Republic of Texas also claimed this portion of New Mexico. By 1800, the Spanish population had reached 25,000, but Apache and Comanche raids on Hispanic settlers were common until well into the period of U.S. occupation. Following the victory of the United States in the Mexican–American War (1846–48),

text: company that had greatly assisted the rebels during the war, was appointed as Spain's first ambassador to the United States of America in 1784. Gardoqui became well acquainted with George Washington, and marched in the newly elected President Washington's inaugural parade. King Charles III of Spain continued communications with Washington, sending him livestock from Spain that Washington had requested for his farm at Mount Vernon. Klotz, Edwin F., (1959). Los Corsarios Americanos Y España (1776-1786) (Ph.D.). Seminario de Estudios Americanistas, Universidad de Madrid. Worldcat. http://www.worldcat.org/title/corsarios-americanos-y-espana-1776-1786/oclc/857221 Spain and the American Revolutionary War Spain's role in the independence of the United States

title: Louisiana (New Spain)

text: the transfer and outlining the conditions. However, Spain agreed to continue administering the colony until French officials arrived and formalized the transfer (1803). The ceremony was conducted at the Cabildo in New Orleans on 30 November 1803, just three weeks before the formalities of cession from France to the United States pursuant to the Louisiana Purchase. Spain was largely a benign absentee landlord administering it from Havana, Cuba, and contracting out governing to people from many nationalities as long as they swore allegiance to Spain. During the American War of Independence, the Spanish funneled their supplies to the American revolutionists

title: Charles Pinckney (governor)

text: States. He facilitated Spanish acquiescence in the transfer of Louisiana from France to the United States in 1803 by the Louisiana Purchase. (Spain had already returned rule of this territory to France under Napoleon.) Pinckney returned from Spain to Charleston and to leadership of the state Democratic-Republican Party. He served in the legislature in 1805–06, and was elected again as governor (1806–08). In this position, he favored legislative reapportionment, in order to give more fair representation to back-country districts. He also advocated universal white manhood suffrage. He served again in the legislature from 1810 to 1814, and then temporarily withdrew

title: Spain–United States relations

text: ally of France, and provided supplies and munitions to the American forces. However Spain was not an ally of the Patriots. It was reluctant to recognize the independence of the United States, because it distrusted revolutionaries. Historian Thomas A. Bailey says of Spain: Among the most notable Spaniards that fought during the American Revolutionary War were Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez, who defeated the British colonial forces at Manchac, Baton Rouge, and Natchez in 1779, freeing the lower Mississippi Valley of British forces and relieved the threat to the capital of Louisiana, New Orleans. In 1780, he

title: New Madrid County, Missouri

text: to Spain following its loss in the Seven Years' War. The Spanish governor, Bernardo de Gálvez, appointed American colonel William Morgan, a Revolutionary War veteran from New Jersey, as empresario to recruit new settlers for the area. Morgan attracted about 2,000 settlers before Spain returned this territory to France in the late 18th century. They settled mostly in the area of what is now the city of New Madrid, Missouri. After failing to regain control of its colony of Saint-Domingue, where a slave rebellion had been raging, France gave up on North America, selling its large territory west of the

title: Spanish Texas

text: as the eastern boundary of Spanish Texas and western boundary of the Missouri Territory. The United States relinquished their claims on the vast Spanish territories west of the Sabine River and extending into Santa Fe de Nuevo México province (New Mexico). During the Mexican War of Independence of 1810 to 1821 Texas experienced much turmoil. Rebels overthrew the Spanish Governor Manuel María de Salcedo in 1810, but he persuaded his jailer to release him and to assist him in organizing a counter-coup. Three years later the Republican Army of the North, consisting primarily of Indians and of citizens of the

title: New Madrid, Missouri

text: make a more direct channel, leaving the Kentucky territory as an island. New Madrid was the epicenter of the very powerful 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes. New Madrid was founded in about 1778 by Spanish Governor Bernardo de Gálvez, who was appointed to rule Spanish Louisiana (the land west of the Mississippi River). He welcomed settlers from the United States, but required them to become citizens of Spain. In addition, they had to agree to live under the guidance of his appointed empresario, Colonel William Morgan, an American Revolutionary War veteran from New Jersey. Morgan recruited a number of American families

title: History of Natchez, Mississippi

text: years later, the area was under Spanish colonial rule. After defeat in the American Revolutionary War, Great Britain ceded the territory to the United States under the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1783). Spain was not a party to the treaty, and it was their forces who had taken Natchez from British troops. Although Spain had been allied with the American colonists, they were more interested in advancing their power at the expense of Britain. Once the war was over, they were not inclined to give up that which they had acquired by force. A census of the Natchez

title: José Joaquín de Arredondo

text: Cuba, and died in 1837 shortly after Texas had gained its independence. José Joaquín de Arredondo José Joaquín de Arredondo y Mioño (also known as Jose Arredondo y Miono Pelegrin y Oceja) (1776–1837) was a 19th-century Spanish and Mexican soldier who served during the last two decades of Spanish rule in New Spain. He was military commandant of the Texas province during the first Texas revolutions against Spanish rule. Jose de Arredondo was born in Barcelona, Spain, in 1776 to Nicolás Antonio de Arredondo y Pelegrín and Josefa Rosa de Mioño. His father served as Governor of Cuba and as

title: Juan de Miralles

text: Carolina. Miralles met Washington at a Christmas party and presented a letter of introduction from Navarro. While in Philadelphia, Miralles became affiliated with the prominent shipping-banking firm of Willing, Morris & Co. During the Seven Years' War, France had ceded Spain its Louisiana territory west of the Mississippi under the Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762). In 1779, the two countries signed the Treaty of Aranjuez by which Charles III of Spain agreed to assist his first cousin, Louis XV of France in his conflict with the British. In September 1779, the Governor of Spanish Louisiana, Bernardo de Galvez launched a pre-emptive

title: Spanish language in the United States

text: territory, including the French colony of Louisiana that was under Spanish occupation from 1769 to 1800, and then part of the United States since 1803. When Louisiana was sold to the United States, its Spanish, Louisiana Creole people and Cajun French inhabitants became U.S. citizens, and continued to speak Spanish or French. In 1813, George Ticknor started a program of Spanish Studies at Harvard University. In 1821, after Mexico's War of Independence from Spain, Texas was part of the United Mexican States as the state of Coahuila y Tejas. A large influx of Americans soon followed, originally with the approval

title: Bryan v. Kennett

text: to avoid imprisonment for debt. He relocated to upper Spanish Louisiana, an area then controlled by Spain (which later became the U.S. state of Missouri), due to rich lead deposits in the region. Austin arranged with the Spanish government to receive a large tract of land in return for his swearing allegiance to the Spanish Crown and agreeing to settle some families in the area. In 1797, the Spanish governor directed that Austin be placed in possession of land "one league square" (approximately 4,428 acres). Austin subsequently took possession of the land, moved his family onto it and built a

text: from the warehouses in Havana, and from Bilbao, through the Gardoqui family trading company. Smuggling from New Orleans began in 1776, when General Charles Lee sent two Continental Army (the army of the United States) officers to request supplies from the New Orleans Governor, Luis de Unzaga. Unzaga, concerned about overtly antagonizing the British before the Spanish were prepared for war, agreed to assist the rebels covertly. Unzaga authorized the shipment of desperately needed gunpowder in a transaction brokered by Oliver Pollock, a Patriot (Revolutionary) and financier. When Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez was appointed Governor of

title: Three Flags Day

text: the lands had been formally turned over to the United States. On November 30, 1803, Spain formally transferred the territory in a ceremony at the Cabildo and Plaza de Armas in New Orleans attended by Spanish Governors Juan Manuel de Salcedo and Sebastián Calvo de la Puerta y O'Farrill and new French Governor Pierre Clement de Laussat. On December 20, 1803, New Orleans and the rest of Louisiana were transferred to the United States in a ceremony with Laussat and incoming United States governor William C.C. Claiborne, with Gen. James Wilkinson in attendance. However, with navigation on the Mississippi halted

title: Manuel María de Salcedo

text: French ancestry, Maria Guadalupe Prietto y la Ronde. They returned to Spain the following year after Napoleon transferred Louisiana to the United States through the Louisiana Purchase. While living in Spain, Salcedo was appointed the governor of Spanish Texas. At this time, Texas was a sparsely populated province consisting of three primary settlements connected by the Camino Real, with a few presidios and over a dozen missions scattered throughout the wilderness. The province was bordered on the south and west by the Nueces and Medina Rivers, with the Red River comprising its northern and eastern border. The capital was the

title: Sebastián Calvo de la Puerta, 1st Marquess of Casa Calvo

text: Juan Manuel de Salcedo, whose arrival was delayed by ill health until 1801. When Salcedo returned Louisiana to the French in 1803, Casa Calvo was there to assist in the transition, making him the only one of the Spanish governors of Louisiana to have been present at both the beginning and end of Spanish rule. Before Spain returned Louisiana to France, the latter had promised to keep the colony from falling into American hands, but in reality, France had already sold it to the United States. Casa Calvo remained in Louisiana after the transition to American rule, ostensibly to help

title: Diego de Gardoqui

text: Spain), to the City of Philadelphia. The statue currently stands in Logan Square. Diego de Gardoqui Diego María de Gardoqui y Arriquibar (born November 12, 1735, Bilbao, Spain – d. 1798, Madrid, Spain) was a Spanish politician and diplomat. Diego de Gardoqui, the fourth of eight children, was the financial intermediary between the Spanish Court and the Colonies during the American Revolutionary War, meeting with John Jay on various occasions. He was a Basque and a member of the wealthy Gardoqui family of Bilbao, Spain. The mercantile business of "José de Gardoqui e Hijos" in Bilbao (of which Diego was

title: Bryan v. Kennett

text: house, blacksmith shop, and other improvements. In 1799, Spanish officials conducted a survey of the land and in 1802, the Spanish governor at New Orleans granted Austin the surveyed land. However, in the meantime Spain had returned Louisiana to France by operation of the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1800, although Louisiana remained nominally under Spanish control until 1803, just before France sold it to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase. The land granted to Austin by the Spanish governor was therefore owned by France at the time of the 1802 grant and came under the jurisdiction of

title: 1797 State of the Union Address

text: American Revolutionary War, due to various unstated causes, and the unfulfilled obligations of the Spanish regarding compensation for American ships stolen or destroyed in recent Franco-Spanish hostilities, will continue without offending citizens of any country. He deplores the impressing of American soldiers by French and Spanish forces and criticizes the legal framework concerning the proper reaction to such action; how to guarantee the safe return of captured seamen from foreign territories, and the inability of consuls to "demand an inspection of the registers and sea letters." Adams directly addresses the House of Representatives in regard to the national debt and

title: Mexico–United States relations

text: the United States and the Spanish Empire and its viceroyalty of New Spain. Modern Mexico formed the core area of the Viceroyalty of New Spain at the time the United States gained independence from Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783). Spain had served as an ally to the American colonists in that war. The aspect of Spanish-American relations that would bear most prominently on later relations between the U.S. and Mexico was the ownership of Texas. In the early 19th century the United States claimed that Texas was part of the territory of Louisiana, and therefore had been

title: Battle of Arkansas Post (1783)

text: post's fort and a subsequent sortie by the Spanish defenders, causing the British forces to rout. The battle actually took place three months after the preliminary peace treaty between Spain and Great Britain was signed on January 20, but word of the treaty had not yet reached the Lower Mississippi region. It was the only battle of the Revolutionary War fought in what is now the state of Arkansas. In the years prior to the battle, Spanish forces had won several victories in the Lower Mississippi region, driving out the British from Manchac and Baton Rouge and taking many British

title: Spanish Texas

text: United States, overthrew the Spanish government in Tejas and executed Salcedo in 1813. The Spanish responded brutally, and by 1820 fewer than 2000 Hispanic citizens remained in Texas. The Mexican independence movement forced Spain to relinquish its control of New Spain in 1821, with Texas becoming in 1824 part of the state of Coahuila y Tejas within the newly-formed Mexico in the period in Texas history known as Mexican Texas (1821-1836). The Spanish left a deep mark on Texas. Their European livestock caused mesquite to spread inland, while farmers tilled and irrigated the land, changing the landscape forever. The Spanish

text: The reforms made by Spanish authorities as a result of Spain's poor performance in the Seven Years' War had proved generally successful. As a result, Spain retained Menorca and West Florida in the Treaty of Paris and also regained East Florida.  The lands east of the Mississippi, however, were recognized as part of the newly independent United States of America.

title: Louisiana Purchase

text: 1801, Spanish Governor Don Juan Manuel de Salcedo took over from the Marquess of Casa Calvo, and restored the American right to deposit goods. However, in 1800 Spain had ceded the Louisiana territory back to France as part of Napoleon's secret Third Treaty of San Ildefonso. The territory nominally remained under Spanish control, until a transfer of power to France on November 30, 1803, just three weeks before the formal cession of the territory to the United States on December 20, 1803. A further ceremony was held in St. Louis, Upper Louisiana regarding the New Orleans formalities. The March 9–10,

title: Diego de Gardoqui

text: the first permanent structure for a Catholic church erected in the State of New York, on October 5, 1785. The church first opened on November 4, 1786. Because Spain was in control of the Louisiana Territory, Gardoqui worked to protect the King's interests on the Mississippi River. Various factions in Kentucky were frustrated with congress' refusal to allow them statehood. Gardoqui worked with John Brown and General James Wilkinson in 1788 to procure a treaty between Kentucky and Spain concerning navigation on the River. In the end, of course, Kentucky joined the United States and there was no separate treaty.

title: Diego de Gardoqui

text: governor at New Orleans, although somewhat in favor of the project, refused to allow self-government and required that all settlers be Catholic, and the settlement never saw fruition as a Spanish colony. George Washington said of Gardoqui on August 10, 1790, "... no man in his most Catholic Majesty's dominions could be more acceptable to the Inhabitants of these States." Gardoqui gave Washington a four-volume edition in the original Spanish of "Don Quixote" as a present. The set of volumes still exists and is preserved at Washington's personal library, which opened as a museum on September 27, 2013. He married

title: Spain–United States relations

text: III of Spain continued communications with Washington, sending him gifts such as livestock from Spain that Washington had requested for his farm at Mount Vernon. The United States' first ambassador to Spain was John Jay (but was not formally received at court). Jay's successor, William Carmichael, married a Spanish woman and is buried in the Catholic cemetery in Madrid. Some friendly ties were established: George Washington had established the United States’ mule-raising industry with high-quality large donkeys sent to him by the King of Spain (as well as Lafayette). Pinckney's Treaty, also known as the "Treaty of San Lorenzo" or

title: Louisiana State Capitol

text: and the remaining territory east of the Mississippi was turned over to Great Britain. The French reclaimed Louisiana from the Spanish in 1803 after the Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1800; the territory was then sold as the Louisiana Purchase to the United States. The ceremonial transfers of Louisiana from Spain to France took place in front of the colonial seat of government, the Cabildo, in November 1803, with the transfer from France to the U.S. occurring there, as well, less than a month later. New Orleans continued to be the location of the capital of the Territory of Orleans,


question: when did we find out the smoking man was mulder's father

answers: Later in the sixth season

answers: in the sixth season

title: Demons (The X-Files)

text: Mulder's apparent father, and Cigarette-Smoking Man and Mulder's mother; then we started backfilling with an historical connection." Carter explained that the episode was the start of the series' greater conspiracy: "It's an interesting development because it really was the development of the conspiracy. The elements of the conspiracy were part of his development. But [The Smoking Man's] back story, of course, intertwined with Mulder's." For this episode, actor Chris Owens reprised his role as The Smoking Man; he had previously played him in the season's earlier episode "Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man". The episode is based around the idea

title: Fox Mulder

text: hovers over the trio, which is where season ten ends. The beginning of season eleven reveals this vision came from Scully's son, William. Over the course of season eleven, Scully and Mulder search for William. Skinner learns from the Smoking Man, that the Smoking Man, who is Mulder's father, also artificially impregnated Scully, and thus is William's father as well. In the third episode of the eleventh season, "Plus One", Scully and Mulder are intimate again. In the season 11 finale, "My Struggle IV", she reveals to Mulder that she is pregnant with his child. Despite his aloofness and cynical

title: Paper Clip

text: come after him. The Smoking Man lies to the rest of the Syndicate, telling them that Scully's would-be assassin was killed in the car bombing and that the tape has been destroyed with him. Mulder and Scully return to Klemper's greenhouse, finding the Well Manicured Man there. He admits to knowing Mulder's father and states that he helped gather genetic data for post-apocalyptic identification, data Klemper used to work on alien-human hybrids. Samantha was taken to ensure Bill Mulder's silence after he learned of the experiments. Mulder confronts his mother, who tells him that his father chose that Samantha be

title: My Struggle III

text: Carter had already planned the solution to "My Struggle II", while it was in production. The episode is notorious for completely changing a respective part of the show's mythology: revealing that Mulder is not William's father, but that Cigarette Smoking Man had drugged and raped ("artificially impregnated") Scully years ago. This also answers a respective scene from season 7 episode "En Ami" in which Scully woke up in a room in pajamas during a road trip with the Cigarette Smoking Man, accusing him of drugging her. The dialogue in the scene was slightly altered. According to Chris Carter, he planned

title: Dana Scully

text: William. Over the course of season eleven, Scully and Mulder search for William. Skinner learns from the Smoking Man, that the Smoking Man, who is Mulder's father, also artificially impregnated Scully, and thus is William's father as well. In the third episode of the eleventh season, "Plus One", Scully and Mulder are intimate again. In the season 11 finale, "My Struggle IV", she reveals to Mulder that she is pregnant with his child. Chris Carter named Scully after his favorite sportscaster, Vin Scully of the Los Angeles Dodgers. John Doggett was likewise named after Vin Scully's longtime broadcasting partner, Jerry

title: Cigarette Smoking Man

text: It is revealed that the Smoking Man is trying to find Scully's son William in order to fulfill his plans, and that he is in conflict with a group led by two other surviving Syndicate members, who want the Smoking Man dead in order to carry out their own agenda. The Smoking Man approaches Walter Skinner to make him a deal, and offers him a chance to survive the end of humanity in exchange for Skinner helping him find William. The Smoking Man also reveals he was responsible for the creation of William, as he impregnated Scully with the use

title: Cigarette Smoking Man

text: the eleventh-season episode "My Struggle III," the Cigarette-Smoking Man reveals his name to be Carl Gerhard Busch (the name of series creator Chris Carter's grandfather). In his first appearance in the series, he oversees FBI agent Dana Scully's (Gillian Anderson) briefing and debriefing, and later disposes of evidence Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Scully had brought back from their investigation of an alien abduction. With the Smoking Man hiding truth from the public, Mulder seeks to reveal it to the public and the truth about the disappearance of his sister, Samantha. This leads to a rivalry that lasts until the

title: One Son

text: Dr. Openshaw, the Elders, and many others. However, this idea never panned out, and Carter and Spotnitz reframed the episode around narration, courtesy of the Smoking Man, whose scenes were completed under extreme pressure near the end of production. While the title of the previous episode, "Two Fathers", referred to both Bill Mulder and The Smoking Man, this episode was titled "One Son" to reflect the fact that Mulder was the only remaining son of either of these men, after the presumed death of Jeffrey Spender and the rejection of Alex Krycek. Several of the plot elements self-reference other episodes

title: Demons (The X-Files)

text: he has not met Mulder before. Mulder has another painful flashback of The Smoking Man arguing with his mother, Teena Mulder. Mulder declines Scully's request that he go to the hospital and goes to visit his mother, demanding she explain what really happened when they had to make a choice between him and Samantha. Mulder believes that The Smoking Man forced them to take Samantha. Mulder also questions who his father really is. Mulder's mother gets upset and refuses to provide him answers. Later Mulder visits Goldstein, and convinces him to again treat him so he will remember what really

title: Cigarette Smoking Man

text: and he begins using a wheelchair and has a tracheotomy. In the end, Alex Krycek and Marita Covarrubias betray him in the episode "Requiem", throwing him down a flight of stairs, where they presume him to be dead. Until the ninth season episode "William", the Smoking Man is presumed dead. It is learned that his attempted murder of his son failed, which led him to subject his son to terrible experiments. In the series finale, "The Truth", Mulder and Scully travel through remote New Mexico and reach a pueblo where a "wise man" reputedly lives: he is, in fact, the

title: The Blessing Way (The X-Files)

text: that the data from Soona's death can clear Mulder in his father's murder. Skinner, however, refuses to do any follow-up on it. After Scully leaves it is revealed that the Smoking Man was waiting in an adjacent room to question Skinner about the exchange. Leaving the building, Scully has a hunch upon seeing the metal detector again that leads to locating metal in the back of her neck. Scully sees a doctor, who removes a small metal implant. Scully's sister Melissa urges her to see a hypnotherapist to recover lost memories of her abduction. Scully heads there, but becomes scared

title: Cigarette Smoking Man

text: end of the series. In later seasons, it is revealed that he is a member of a group known as the Syndicate, a shadowy organization within the United States government. The episode "Two Fathers" reveals his birthname or alias as C.G.B. Spender, and that he was formerly married to Cassandra Spender, with whom he had a son, Jeffrey Spender. He recruits FBI Special Agent Diana Fowley to be a subordinate of his because she has a close relationship with Mulder. In "One Son", Jeffrey finds out that his father, the Smoking Man, forced his mother Cassandra to undergo medical treatments

title: Two Fathers

text: the X-Files office is discovered by Agent Spender, resulting in both agents' immediate suspension from the FBI. Agent Spender, who then reports to the Cigarette Smoking Man demanding the truth. Scully meets with Mulder, telling him that C.G.B. Spender is likely another alias and that the man is linked with Mulder's father, William, who he had worked with on the secret state project. The Cigarette Smoking Man decides to give Agent Spender more responsibility by having him kill the alien rebel masquerading as a Syndicate elder. Spender fails in his task, but Krycek comes to his aid and finishes. Krycek

title: The X-Files (season 7)

text: out that he has disappeared. She contacts Kritschgau and Skinner to find her partner. Cigarette Smoking Man has taken Mulder to a place where all his problems seem to have disappeared. Fowley helps Scully locate Mulder, which leads to her death at the hands of Cigarette Smoking Man. While investigating a bizarre disappearance of a young girl from her home, Mulder becomes obsessed with the number of children who have vanished in similar circumstances. Scully fears that he is emotionally involved due to his sister's disappearance. At the same time it is revealed to him that his mother, Teena Mulder

title: Anasazi (The X-Files)

text: inside the boxcar, finding a pile of the dead creatures, each with smallpox vaccination scars on their arms. The Smoking Man arrives by helicopter with eight armed commandos and, not finding Mulder inside, orders the boxcar to be burned. Series creator Chris Carter noted that the episode's creation "was the culmination of a lot of ideas. Generally, when we pitch stories to the staff everyone comments on them, and Darin Morgan called this the kitchen sink episode, because it had so much in it, he didn't know how we would pull it off. But I'm very proud of the script.

title: One Son

text: was necessary to explain the show's mythology; he called the episode the "biggest chapter we had time to explore in the nine years we were on the air". Writers for the series often struggled with writing "mytharc" episodes because there was a need to force as much material into them as possible, given their relative paucity compared to the "Monster of the week" episodes. Originally, a large portion of the episode was supposed to reveal the history of the Syndicate via flashback. Reportedly, these scenes would have featured younger versions of Bill Mulder (played by Peter Donat), The Smoking Man,

title: The Sixth Extinction II: Amor Fati

text: a hospital. After administering a drug that cures his paralysis, The Smoking Man reveals himself to be Mulder's father and takes him from the hospital. Meanwhile, Kritschgau visits Scully and claims that Mulder's contact with the shard of an alien spaceship has reawakened the extraterrestrial black oil with which he was infected three years previously; because he is infected with the virus, Mulder is proof of alien life. Skinner, who has been looking for Mulder, tells Scully that Mulder's mother signed him out of the hospital. The Smoking Man takes Mulder to an unfamiliar neighborhood; inside a new home, he

title: The X-Files (season 9)

text: tried before a military tribunal. With the help of Kersh, Scully, Reyes, Doggett, Spender, Marita Covarrubias (Laurie Holden) and Gibson Praise (Jeff Gulka), Mulder breaks out, and Mulder and Scully travel to New Mexico to find an old "wise man", later revealed to be the "Cigarette Smoking Man" (William B. Davis). He tells the two that aliens will begin colonizing the planet on December 22, 2012. Cigarette Smoking Man appears to be killed by a missile, launched under the command of Knowle Rohrer (Adam Baldwin), who is revealed to be alive and well. Mulder and Scully escape, but become fugitives

title: One Breath (The X-Files)

text: Smoking Man's address inside. Mulder bursts into the Cigarette Smoking Man's home and holds him at gunpoint, demanding to know why Scully was taken instead of him. The Cigarette Smoking Man claims he likes the both of them, which is why she was returned; he reveals that he told Skinner it was Mulder who shot the man in the parking lot, although he didn't believe this to be true, incidentally revealing himself as unaware of who did shoot the man, namely X. He tells Mulder that he'll never know the truth if he kills him, and Mulder decides not to.

title: One Breath (The X-Files)

text: When Assistant Director Walter Skinner (Mitch Pileggi) calls Mulder to his office regarding the incident, Mulder denies any involvement and claims that the Cigarette Smoking Man is responsible for what happened to Scully. Mulder demands to know where he is but Skinner refuses to tell him. In another vision Scully lies on a table and is visited by her deceased father. Mulder, sitting with Melissa in the hospital cafeteria, is asked by a woman for change for the cigarette machine. When she says that a pack of Morleys is already there and leaves, Mulder opens it and finds the Cigarette

title: One Son

text: family. Meghan Deans of Tor.com wrote that the Syndicate handing over their family and loved ones to save the world was evidence of this permeating theme. She also highlighted the duality of fathers and sons. The Smoking Man is both a father to Mulder and Spender, but he favors Mulder. At the same time, both Spender and Krycek vie for the position of "son," with the former falling from The Smoking Man's grace, and the latter playing the role of "prodigal son". However, both Spender and Krycek eventually fail, leaving Mulder as the titular "one son". Neal Justin of the

title: Fox Mulder

text: season seven the romantic undertones were confirmed when the two shared a kiss. In the series finale, the very last scene depicted Mulder and Scully after running away together, in bed together, contemplating what the future held. In the season 11 finale Scully revealed to be pregnant with his unborn child. Mulder's greatest nemesis was The Smoking Man, who, despite his obvious ill-intent, seemed to hold Mulder in special regard. Though he mocked Mulder to his face for his foolishness and the futility of his quest, in "Two Fathers", he told his son Jeffrey Spender, "You pale to Fox Mulder."

title: One Son

text: abruptly leaving the room. Heading to the X-Files office in the basement, Spender finds The Smoking Man, who first berates Spender for not being like Mulder and then shoots him in the head. "One Son" concluded not only the story that had begun in the preceding episode, "Two Fathers", but also a large portion of the series' mythology, much of which had been centered around the Syndicate. The producers felt this was necessary as the Syndicate's story arc was becoming a "narrative drag" on the series, and that many questions from the past five seasons were still unanswered. Another impetus

title: Cigarette Smoking Man

text: of alien technology. In the season 11 finale "My Struggle IV", the Smoking Man and Reyes follow Mulder, Scully and Skinner to an abandoned factory where they are chasing down William. Skinner points a gun at them and shoots Reyes dead, and the Smoking Man runs Skinner over in his car. The Smoking Man confronts "Mulder" (who is actually William in disguise) by a waterfront, and during the standoff shoots him in the head and causes him to fall into the water. The real Mulder appears and shoots the Smoking Man, who realizes that he has killed William, and he

title: Cigarette Smoking Man

title: The X-Files (season 11)

text: to negotiate with Mulder into turning over his son but Mulder refuses. Walter Skinner (Mitch Pileggi) tries to meet with Scully, but can't find her. As he goes to his car, he is met inside by The Smoking Man and Reyes. Meanwhile, Scully tries to leave the hospital but her seizures return causing her to crash her car. She is rescued by Agent Einstein and Agent Miller, and is readmitted to the hospital. Both agents leave the room. An assassin sent by Mr. Y and Erika enters and tries to suffocate Scully, but Mulder steps in and saves her by

title: Cigarette Smoking Man

text: he had no surviving family, he became a ward of the state and was sent to various orphanages in the Midwest. He made no friends and spent most of his time reading. The same episode reveals that by the early 1960s he was a US Army captain involved in black ops and intelligence, and that he served alongside Fox Mulder's father, Bill. The Smoking Man was already involved in the arming of anti-Castro rebels in Cuba and the assassinations of Patrice Lumumba and Rafael Trujillo before he was enlisted by a secret cabal to assassinate President John Fitzgerald Kennedy in

title: Cigarette Smoking Man

text: Smoking Man. His condition has worsened since his disappearance, and he lives a primitive life in hiding from the "New" Syndicate. After taunting Mulder and Scully, he reveals to Scully what Mulder already knew, that the alien re-colonization of Earth is set for December 22, 2012. Shortly after, Smoking Man is again apparently killed by a rocket shot from a helicopter ordered by Knowle Rohrer. For the next 14 years, he is presumed dead. However, he appears again alive but seriously burned and disfigured at the end of "My Struggle" (2016), the first episode of "The X-Files" miniseries, stating that

title: Zero Sum (The X-Files)

text: Mulder tells Skinner that Scully is undergoing tests regarding her cancer. Later that night Skinner meets with The Smoking Man, who is accompanied by Thomas' murderer, the Gray Haired Man (Morris Panych). Skinner is angry that Thomas was killed and wants to end their arrangement, which The Smoking Man refuses to allow. Mulder calls Skinner, telling him about the woman's body being burned and the blood evidence being tampered with. Mulder tells Skinner that he is trying to match the bullet that killed Thomas to a gun issued to a federal agent or local officer. Skinner searches his drawer and

title: Fox Mulder

text: suicide, when the stress of Samantha's abduction finally becomes too painful. During the last years of his work on the X-Files, Mulder was even forced to doubt that Bill was his true father. He is led to consider the possibility that his mother had had an affair with the Smoking Man, a connection which may have resulted in the birth of either Samantha or Mulder himself. The possibility was hinted at later in the series, and Jeffrey Spender, who certainly was the Smoking Man's son, said that Mulder was his half-brother. In the ninth season, "William" explains that Spender and

title: Cigarette Smoking Man

long_answer: In later seasons, it is revealed that he is a member of a group known as the Syndicate, a shadowy organization within the United States government. The episode "Two Fathers" reveals his birthname or alias as C.G.B. Spender, and that he was formerly married to Cassandra Spender, with whom he had a son, Jeffrey Spender. He recruits FBI Special Agent Diana Fowley to be a subordinate of his because she has a close relationship with Mulder. In "One Son", Jeffrey finds out that his father, the Smoking Man, forced his mother Cassandra to undergo medical treatments that led to several nervous breakdowns during his childhood years. When the Smoking Man finds out, he seemingly kills Jeffrey. Knowing of the colonization plan, the Alien rebels return to Earth to try to persuade the Syndicate to join their side against their war with the Colonists. Not believing in the strength of the Alien rebels, the Syndicate members meet at El Rico Air Base to be transported to a spaceship to survive the colonization. However, the rebels appear instead of the Colonists and kill all remaining chief members of the Syndicate. Together with Fowley, the Smoking Man escapes the destruction of the Syndicate. Later in the sixth season, there is more evidence that suggested that the Smoking Man is Mulder's biological father. Eventually in "The Sixth Extinction II: Amor Fati", Fowley comes in disagreement with him. Because of his plans to kill Mulder, Fowley helps Scully in her investigation to locate Mulder, which leads to her death. After the destruction of the Syndicate, the Smoking Man starts to operate as he wishes. However, his cancer resurfaces, and he begins using a wheelchair and has a tracheotomy. In the end, Alex Krycek and Marita Covarrubias betray him in the episode "Requiem", throwing him down a flight of stairs, where they presume him to be dead.

short_answers:
Later in the sixth season
in the sixth season


question: how did leo dalton die in silent witness

answers: in an explosion

title: Silent Witness

text: as a police officer. The programme followed the activities of pathologist Sam Ryan, played by Amanda Burton, until she departed early in the eighth series. There was a succession of regular supporting characters, changing almost every series, but Dr Leo Dalton (William Gaminara) and Dr Harry Cunningham (Tom Ward), who were introduced in the sixth series, continued as lead characters following Ryan's departure, with Dalton replacing her as professor. A new character, Dr Nikki Alexander (Emilia Fox), was introduced in the eighth series. While working as a forensic anthropologist, she appropriates facilities and software in the pathology department to analyse

title: Silent Witness

text: an Iron Age find, with the belated, bemused and begrudging approval of Dalton. Dr Alexander is able to assist in a set of cases being investigated by the team, as it turns out she has "worked in forensic pathology in Johannesburg for six months" and is certified by the Home Office to practise. She eventually overcomes Leo's reluctance and, with Harry's support, is offered and accepts a position on the team. During the fifteenth series Dr Cunningham leaves to accept a position in New York City. He is replaced by forensics expert Jack Hodgson (David Caves) and his assistant Clarissa

title: William Gaminara

text: William Gaminara William Gaminara (born 1956) is an English actor and screenwriter, probably best known for playing pathologist Professor Leo Dalton on the television series "Silent Witness", from 2002 - 2013. Gaminara grew up in Zambia and contracted polio as a child. Gaminara was educated at Winchester College, Winchester, Hants., UK followed by Lincoln College at the University of Oxford. He is married to English actress, Kate Lock, and together they have two sons, Joe and Fred. They live in London. Gaminara plays Dr Richard Locke in the long-running radio soap opera, "The Archers". He also voices audiobooks, including Bernard

title: William Gaminara

text: Cornwell's "Sharpe" novels. His other television credits include Will Newman in "Attachments" and Dr Andrew Bower in "Casualty". Away from acting, he wrote the screenplay for the BBC adaptation of Rachel Morris's novel, "Ella and the Mothers". His most notable role was Professor Leo Dalton in the BBC crime drama series Silent Witness, playing the part from 2002 until the death of his character in 2013. He played the part once more in 2017 in the final episode of series 20. In 2015 Gaminara appeared as Samuel Harrogate in the BBC TV series "Father Brown" episode 3.13 "The Paradise of

title: Silent Witness (1985 film)

text: being teased because she, unlike Jean Dunne, hasn't ever got pregnant. They try to convince the judges that Anna's testimony is false and that she is only trying to take revenge against the family. One night, Anna receives a visit from Joey Caputo, an old friend who left the bar shortly before the rape occurred. They have sex that night and the next day, Joey gives a false testimony in which he claims that Anna only cares about the publicity. Kevin notices how his relatives are destroying Anna and finally decides to denounce his family. He tries to convince Anna

title: William Gaminara

text: Thieves". William Gaminara and his wife, Kate Lock, have two sons, Joe and Fred. Joe Gaminara is also an actor, following his father into Casualty, in the role of junior doctor Eddie McAllister. William Gaminara William Gaminara (born 1956) is an English actor and screenwriter, probably best known for playing pathologist Professor Leo Dalton on the television series "Silent Witness", from 2002 - 2013. Gaminara grew up in Zambia and contracted polio as a child. Gaminara was educated at Winchester College, Winchester, Hants., UK followed by Lincoln College at the University of Oxford. He is married to English actress, Kate

title: Irene Dalton

text: in 1934. She was buried in Mt. Calvary Cemetery in Chicago, Illinois. Irene Dalton Irene Dalton (September 1, 1901 - August 15, 1934) was an American silent film actress. A Chicago native, Irene died at the age of 32. Dalton came to prominence in motion pictures through her appearances in Christie comedies produced by Charles Christie. Dalton was charged with violation of the Mann Act in 1924. A wealthy and retired Toledo, Ohio businessman, Raymond Owens, was indicted with her. He was the son of Michael Joseph Owens, the millionaire inventor of the Owens Bottle Machine. She was married to

title: Fred Quilt inquiry

text: RCMP said Thursday." "The new information is that Quilt was urinating behind the truck when his wife backed up the truck and knocked him down. Then she put Fred back in the cab of the truck before the RCMP arrived." "RCMP Chief Supt. Gordon Dalton said Mrs. Quilt, who died of cancer last September, also confessed to the fatal shooting of Rose Setah on the Stone Lake Indian reserve near Williams Lake in 1968. The confessions could lead... to a pardon and possible compensation for Stephen Hink, who served a three-year prison term for manslaughter in the Setah case. [Dalton

title: Irene Dalton

text: Irene Dalton Irene Dalton (September 1, 1901 - August 15, 1934) was an American silent film actress. A Chicago native, Irene died at the age of 32. Dalton came to prominence in motion pictures through her appearances in Christie comedies produced by Charles Christie. Dalton was charged with violation of the Mann Act in 1924. A wealthy and retired Toledo, Ohio businessman, Raymond Owens, was indicted with her. He was the son of Michael Joseph Owens, the millionaire inventor of the Owens Bottle Machine. She was married to comedian Lloyd Hamilton before she divorced him in 1929. Dalton died suddenly

title: Frank Dalton

text: left of Frank's grave about 30 yards back with the original hitching post that they tied their horses to) The actor Robert Lansing played Frank Dalton in the NBC television series "The Outlaws" in a two-part episode "The Daltons Must Die", which aired early in 1961. Don Collier was cast as Frank Dalton in the 1964 "Death Valley Days" episode, "There Was Another Dalton Brother". In the story line, while starting his job as a deputy U.S. Marshal, Dalton must question Frank Johnson (Bill Zuckert), a suspect in a missing persons case. Johnson is the father of Dalton's girlfriend, Emmy

title: Silent Witness

text: Silent Witness Silent Witness is a British television crime drama series, produced by the BBC, which focuses on a team of forensic pathology experts and their investigations into various crimes. First broadcast in 1996, the series was created by Nigel McCrery, a former murder squad detective based in Nottingham. (He later went on to create the series "New Tricks", with writer Roy Mitchell) Twenty-one series of "Silent Witness" have been broadcast since 1996. Amanda Burton starred as primary character Dr. Sam Ryan before leaving the show during the eighth series. Since her departure the series has featured an ensemble cast,

title: Leo Glynn

text: motivated killing of two African American girls in 1963. This trial causes a race riot in the city's African American neighborhoods and a lockdown of Oz whose Black inmates are angered at the mere presence of the trial. As the SORT team locks the prison down, they discover the dead body of Tobias Beecher's father who died at the hands of Franklin Winthrop. The trial of Wilson Loewen ends with him being found guilty of murder in the second degree. Loewen is a key politician that helped Governor Devlin get elected so Devlin is very insistent on how Loewen will

title: Kerry Lyn Dalton

text: no physical evidence of any kind for the jury to consider (trial transcripts: p. 2738–70, CR NO. 135002). On February 14, 1995, on the 6th day of Dalton's trial, the presiding judge, Thomas J. Whelan, made this statement, "I think the record is clear that no body has ever been found in this case. The record is equally clear that there is circumstantial evidence that there was a homicide. There's also conflicting circumstantial evidence that it may not be a homicide; in fact, she may still be alive ..." Whelan went on to say, "My reason for making these statements

title: Silent Witness

text: the start of the fourth series, following Sam as she took up an academic position. Each series is typically made up of a series of two-part stories. The first nine series typically featured eight episodes (four two-part stories), increased to ten episodes (five two-part stories) from the tenth series onwards. In 1998 the writer John Milne received an Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for the second series episode "Blood, Sweat and Tears". In the United States the series airs during 'Mystery Monday' on BBC America. The series airs in Norway under the title "Tause vitner" on the

title: Silent Witness (1985 film)

text: to run away with him, but she is determined to stay to serve justice. She goes back on stand, but once again, the defense is able to twist her words. In the end, Kevin comes to the rescue, finally giving a testimony. Afterwards, Anna and Kevin are reunited. Silent Witness (1985 film) Silent Witness is a 1985 television film directed by Michael Miller which aired October 14, 1985 on NBC. The film is based on a true rape case in Massachusetts. Anna and Kevin Dunne are a newlywed couple who have recently moved to Pittsburgh. She is working in a

title: Kerry Lyn Dalton

text: jury's foreman, John Castleman, said they based the verdict of death on "the type of murder it was," although there was no physical evidence to support the prosecution's story that there even was a murder. No one was declared deceased during this Capital Trial. To this day, there is no death certificate. Dalton's case was featured on the Discovery Channel series "Deadly Women" (Season 5, Episode 14, "Pleasure from Pain"), which first aired December 2, 2011. Her 1995 trial is also documented in a book, "Cages", written and published by Dalton's sister in 2012. Kerry Lyn Dalton Kerry Lyn Dalton

title: Ordeal by Innocence (TV series)

text: was a cruel and unloving mother who alienated all her children, leaving any of them with motive to murder her. As Calgary returns to the Argyll estate, a car tries to run him down but it crashes, killing the driver. The driver was Bellamy Gould, the police detective who investigated Rachel's murder. Calgary meets with Leo and admits that he had lied before about his background. He was a scientist who had worked on the atomic bomb and suffered a mental breakdown because of the guilt. The night of the murder he had escaped from a mental asylum and was

title: The Silent Speaker

text: dictation cylinders. It becomes clear when listening to them that none of them are the real confidential cylinders, however. When Wolfe calls another meeting of the principal witnesses, Phoebe once again fails to appear -- but this time, her body is discovered by the front step of Wolfe's home, brutally bludgeoned with a length of rusty pipe. It is clear that Phoebe’s murderer is one of the principal witnesses, and that this person is likely to have also murdered Boone. After nine of the ten cylinders are discovered in Phoebe's apartment, both Wolfe and Inspector Cramer become convinced that the

title: Ordeal by Innocence

text: Jack is depicted as having no involvement with Rachel's murder and is the biological son of Leo and Kirsten, resulting in Leo having him beaten to death in prison when he threatens to reveal his true parentage. The series also portrays Calgary as a former mental patient, which causes doubts toward his testimony as Jack's alibi. The novel was also adapted into a stage play by Mary Jane Hansen performed for the first time by the New York State Theatre Institute in Troy, New York. The original run lasted from 4 to 17 February 2007, and included 14 performances. "Ordeal

title: Mark Fuhrman

text: then-unsolved 1975 murder of Martha Moxley and presented his theory that the murderer was Michael Skakel, nephew of Ethel Kennedy, the widow of Senator Robert Kennedy. Skakel was convicted of Moxley's murder in June 2002. The book was adapted for a 2002 television movie starring Christopher Meloni as Fuhrman. In 2001, Fuhrman published "Murder in Spokane: Catching a Serial Killer" (), which investigated a serial killer's spree on the West Coast. In 2003, he published "Death and Justice: An Expose of Oklahoma's Death Row Machine" (), on the subject of capital punishment. In 2005, Fuhrman published "Silent Witness: The Untold

title: The Silent Speaker

text: to meet Wolfe. Phoebe claims that she was given a leather case full of confidential dictation cylinders shortly before Boone's death, but has misplaced them. The next day, Wolfe receives a telegram informing him that surveillance of Don O’Neill, the chairman of the NIA’s dinner committee, will have to be suspended—surveillance that neither he nor Archie ordered. Archie therefore follows O’Neill to Grand Central Station, where O’Neill retrieves the leather case from the parcel room, and intercepts him. Faced with the choice of going to the police or to Wolfe, O’Neill is forced to surrender the case, which contains ten

title: J. Frank Dalton

text: Dalton was the older brother to the infamous Dalton Gang members and a touring member of Wild Bill Hickok’s Wild West show. The real Frank Dalton was believed to have died Nov. 27, 1887 while in the line of duty. In "The Crittenden Memoirs" (1936), a man who refers to himself as "Frank Dalton" writes in detail about the death of Jesse James, claiming that he (Dalton) was present when reporters, law enforcement officers, and locals gathered to witness the scene, and where Bob Ford confessed. Dalton demonstrates an awareness of the general lack of understanding surrounding the details of

title: Outlaws (1960 TV series)

text: Carlson, Robert Lansing, and Larry Pennell played the Dalton brothers, Grat, Frank, and Robert Dalton, respectively. In December 1960, Clegg Hoyt played the role of Isham Dart in "The Quiet Killer." In the 1961 episode "The Brathwaite Brothers", Conlan Carter, later on ABC's "Combat!", appeared as the outlaw Perry Brathwaite. Barbara Stuart appeared as Juno in the 1961 episode "Roly".John M. Pickard, formerly of "Boots and Saddles", appeared as Wick Boley in the 1961 episode, "Return to New March." On May 4, 1961, the series aired the episode "Sam Bass" about the outlaw Sam Bass, with Jack Chaplain in the

title: J. Frank Dalton

text: the death: "Why was Jesse James killed? Why was it thought by many that the man killed by Bob Ford was not Jesse James? Why did Aunt Zerelda (Jesse's mother) at first deny that the murdered man was her boy? These things have never been told at all, or grossly misrepresented in the telling." Dalton goes on to say that he is aware of others' efforts to pose as Jesse, saying: "Of course, Jesse has been seen alive from time to time by cheap notoriety seekers. Once a cowboy came up from the Argentine and said that Jesse was ranching

title: Silent Witness

text: During the fifteenth series Dr Cunningham leaves to accept a position in New York City. He is replaced by forensics expert Jack Hodgson (David Caves) and his assistant Clarissa Mullery (Liz Carr). During the sixteenth series Dr Dalton is killed in an explosion.  His replacement, Dr Thomas Chamberlain (Richard Lintern), is introduced at the start of the seventeenth series.

title: The Innocent Man: Murder and Injustice in a Small Town

text: mission of the Ada police department and Pontotoc County District Attorney Bill Peterson to solve the mystery of Carter's murder. The police and prosecutor used forced "dream" confessions, unreliable witnesses, and flimsy evidence to convict Williamson and Fritz. Since a death penalty conviction automatically sets in motion a series of appeals, the Innocence Project aided Williamson's attorney, Mark Barrett, in exposing several glaring holes in the prosecution's case and the credibility of the prosecution's witnesses. Frank H. Seay, a U.S. District Court judge, ordered a retrial. After suffering through a conviction and eleven years on death row, Williamson and Fritz

title: Nigel McCrery

text: "Silent Witness" (five books), "The Detective Inspector Lapslie Books" (five books with two more to come). He wrote "Under the Guns of the Red Baron", "History of the VC", "History of the SAS", "All the King's Men (The Vanished Battalion)". A "Silent Witness" short story also appeared in the "Mail On Sunday" over three parts. He has also written, "Silent Witness, a History of Forensic Science" (Random House August 2013) "Into Touch' international Rugby players killed 1914-18. January 1915. "The Final Season" footballers killed in the Great War, Random House. "The Final Wicket" First Class Cricketers killed in action during

title: Richard Rankin

text: approximately £900 and starred many of his old "Burnistoun" colleagues, including Kirsty Strain and Louise Stewart. Rankin joined the cast of the BBC One crime drama series "Silent Witness" in January 2015, starring as Detective Inspector Luke Nelson in series eighteen's two-part story "Falling Angels". He went on to guest star in two episodes of NBC's conspiracy thriller "American Odyssey", which was cancelled after one season, as corporate hit man Haney. Writer Kay Mellor tailored the role of Sean McGary, changing the character from a Northerner to a Scot specifically for Rankin, in the third series of her anthology drama

title: Silent Witness

text: Sam Ryan (Amanda Burton) and Trevor Stewart (William Armstrong), as well as former main character Superintendent Tom Adams (John McGlynn), and brand new character DS Stanley Sharman, with Burton generally appearing on the front cover of each novel. The fifth novel, due to be published in 2003, was placed on indefinite hold, and has never been released. The use of forensic pathology in the investigation of crime has been the central theme of several TV mystery-suspense dramas, including: Silent Witness Silent Witness is a British television crime drama series, produced by the BBC, which focuses on a team of forensic

title: Clifford Dalton

text: acknowledged as cancer, Catherine Dalton has alleged that he was murdered; in her book 'Without Hardware', she claims that the Bogle-Chandler murders were intended to prevent Bogle from investigating her husband's death. Clifford Dalton Dr. Clifford Dalton (1916–1961) was a New Zealand nuclear scientist and inventor of the fast breeder reactor. During the Second World War in 1942 he married scientist and author Catherine Graves (daughter of the writer Robert Graves) at Aldershot Register Office in Manor Park. In 1947, he joined the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell in England. They subsequently emigrated to Australia, where he worked as

title: Silent Witness


question: public companies are part of what economic sector

answers: public sector

answers: The public sector

title: Private sector

text: Private sector The private sector is the part of the economy, sometimes referred to as the citizen sector, which is run by private individuals or groups, usually as a means of enterprise for profit, and is not controlled by the State. The private sector employs most of the workforce in some countries. In private sector, activities are guided by the motive to earn money. A 2013 study by the International Finance Corporation (part of the World Bank Group) identified that 90 percent of jobs in developing countries are in the private sector. In free enterprise countries, such as the United

title: Privately held company

text: such as publicly owned enterprises and government agencies. Private enterprises comprise the private sector of an economy. An economic system that 1) contains a large private sector where privately run businesses are the backbone of the economy, and 2) business surplus is controlled by the owners, is referred to as capitalism. This contrasts with socialism, where industry is owned by the state or by all of the community in common. The act of taking assets into the private sector is referred to as privatization. The goal of private enterprise differs from other institutions, the major difference being private businesses exist

title: Socialist market economy

text: sector firms that operate in industries targeted for growth often receive favorable loans and preferential government treatment while SOEs in non-strategic sectors might be exempt from subsidies. As an example, ZTE Corporation is a majority state-owned enterprise that was forced to rely on equity markets whereas its employee-owned private sector competitor Huawei is viewed as a "national champion" and therefore received major state funding from state banks. Like their state-owned counterparts POEs are expected to follow state policies and are subject to party control, suggesting that the distinction between public and private ownership is not a meaningful distinction to make

title: Private sector

text: This has resulted in many human rights violations across the United States. Private sector The private sector is the part of the economy, sometimes referred to as the citizen sector, which is run by private individuals or groups, usually as a means of enterprise for profit, and is not controlled by the State. The private sector employs most of the workforce in some countries. In private sector, activities are guided by the motive to earn money. A 2013 study by the International Finance Corporation (part of the World Bank Group) identified that 90 percent of jobs in developing countries are

title: Établissement public à caractère industriel et commercial

text: every company whose capital is held by the state or a state-owned entity is an EPIC. An EPIC is under special laws which do not apply to enterprises under private company law, even if the capital of those companies is held by the state. Former public service operations which have been turned into companies governed by private law include: Établissement public à caractère industriel et commercial An établissement public à caractère industriel et commercial or EPIC is a category of public undertaking in France. It includes state-controlled entities of an industrial or commercial nature, including some research institutes and infrastructure

title: State-owned enterprises of South Africa

text: State-owned enterprises of South Africa In South Africa the Department of Public Enterprises is the shareholder representative of the South African Government with oversight responsibility for state-owned enterprises in key sectors. Some companies are not directly controlled by the Department of Public Enterprises, but by various other departments. State-owned enterprises play a significant role in the South African economy. In key sectors such as electricity, transport (air, rail, freight, and pipelines), and telecommunications, SOEs play a lead role, often defined by law, although limited competition is allowed in some sectors (i.e., telecommunications and air). The government’s interest in these sectors

title: Socialist market economy

text: or public service entities, with the former being required to distribute a higher proportion of their profits as dividends. Dividend payments are set to rise from 5-15% to 30% by 2020. Privately owned enterprises (POEs) are recognized as one of the components of the socialist market economy alongside state, collective and individually owned enterprises. The private sector has played an increasingly large role since the adoption of the 1994 Company Law. Additionally, the boundary between public and private enterprises have blurred in China as many publicly listed firms are under mixed ownership by various state and non-state entities. Additionally, private

title: State-owned enterprises of South Africa

text: companies exist in South Africa. State-owned enterprises of South Africa In South Africa the Department of Public Enterprises is the shareholder representative of the South African Government with oversight responsibility for state-owned enterprises in key sectors. Some companies are not directly controlled by the Department of Public Enterprises, but by various other departments. State-owned enterprises play a significant role in the South African economy. In key sectors such as electricity, transport (air, rail, freight, and pipelines), and telecommunications, SOEs play a lead role, often defined by law, although limited competition is allowed in some sectors (i.e., telecommunications and air). The

title: Gjakova

text: these subsequent shifts in transitional societies are escorted with shifts in the economic structure of the city. Therefore, Gjakova has an economic structure that is based on two pillars: in the private business sector and social business sector which is currently being privatized. Private business sector is in expansion and the main indicators qualify it as the main component of Gjakova’s economy. According to official sources identified in the Ministry of Trade and Industry, by the end of 2005 there were about 3,200 registered businesses that exercise activity in different areas of Gjakova, such as enterprise manufacturing, construction, service, trade,

title: Processo Revolucionário Em Curso

text: core companies of the Companhia União Fabril (CUF) conglomerate, radio and TV networks (except that of the Roman Catholic Church), and important companies in the glass, mining, fishing, and agricultural sectors. Because of the key role of the domestic banks as holders of stock, the government indirectly acquired equity positions in hundreds of other firms. An Institute for State Participation was created to deal with the many disparate and often tiny enterprises in which the state had thus obtained a majority shareholding. Another 300 small to medium enterprises came under public management as the government "intervened" to rescue them from

title: Private sector development

text: conditions for innovation, and the development of innovative capacities of companies. This may include business advisory and support services, finance and skills development; business incubators and technology extension services, as well as value chain and cluster approaches. For many people, the global financial crisis has raised questions about the ways in which markets should be regulated in order to ensure long-term, sustainable development. At the same time, with many countries now faced with slower growth and higher unemployment, reviving economies by kick-starting the private sector is seen by many as at the heart of a global response. Private sector development

title: Japanese public corporations

text: major issue in Japanese politics. Other categories of corporations included those charged with special government projects, loans and finance, and special types of banking. Local public corporations were involved with utilities. Public corporations benefited the economy in several ways. Some, like Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation before privatization, were important sources of technology development funds or centers around which private industry could cluster. Others provided vital public services that private industry would find impossible to finance. The development banks, particularly the Japan Development Bank, were sources of long-term investment funds and instrumental in shaping the pattern of industry, especially in

title: Japanese public corporations

text: Japanese public corporations Although the Japanese economy is largely based on private enterprise, it has a number of government-owned (public) corporations, which are more extensive and, in some cases, different in function from what exists in the United States. In 1988 there were ninety-seven public corporations, reduced from 111 in the early 1980s as a result of administrative reforms. Public companies at the national level were normally affiliated with one of the economic ministries, although the extent of direct management and supervision varied. The government divided the national-level corporations into several categories. The first included the main public service and

title: Water supply and sanitation in Chile

text: the private sector occurred in two different ways. From 1998 to 2001, when the biggest companies were privatized, the majority of their shares were sold to the private actors. The government then decided to not continue to sell parts of the companies, but to transfer the operation rights of the companies to private actors for 30 years between 2001 and 2004. This latter way of private sector participation, also known as concession, differs substantially from selling shares of the companies because the infrastructure remains property of the Chilean state. All seven companies which were privatized in the second way merged

title: Public/social/private partnership

text: lack of public funds is often put forward as a limit on state activities. Instead of financing infrastructure projects alone, the government increasingly looks to cooperations with private investors. Also, the EU policy on competitive tendering of public works and services has forced changes towards a more market-oriented approach to delivering tasks for which the state is responsible. Another relevant factor are the arguments in debates on privatisation that state bodies are inefficient and that management concepts typical in the commercial sector should be used to achieve more cost-effective provision of public services. All these factors taken together result in

title: State ownership

text: market or mixed economy. Reasons for state ownership of commercial enterprises are that the enterprise in question is a natural monopoly or because the government is promoting economic development and industrialization. State-owned enterprises may or may not be expected to operate in a broadly commercial manner and may or may not have monopolies in their areas of activity. The transformation of public entities and government agencies into government-owned corporations is sometimes a precursor to privatization. State capitalist economies are capitalist market economies that have high degrees of government-owned businesses. Public ownership of the means of production is a subset of

title: Socialist market economy

text: for understanding China's economic model. As of 2015, state control and state-directed development (in both public and private sectors) is the overriding feature of the Chinese economic system that plays a more substantial role than the public ownership of assets. While the private sector has been accorded a role in the socialist market economy and has greatly increased in size and scope since the 1990s, the private sector does not dominate the Chinese economy. The exact size of the private sector is difficult determine in part because private enterprises may have a minority of their stock owned by state entities

title: Socialist market economy

text: state, causing some analysts question the rationale for public ownership in the first place. As part of SASAC's ongoing reforms, SOEs will now be encouraged and required to pay a higher portion of their profits as dividends to the state, with some state-owned assets being transferred to social security funds to help finance pensions for China's aging population. This is part of a broader reform effort of restructuring the state sector to become a source of finance for public services. As part of the SOE reform goals outlined in 2015 by SASAC, SOEs are to be classified as either commercial

title: Public finance

text: Public finance Public finance is the study of the role of the government in the economy. It is the branch of economics which assesses the government revenue and government expenditure of the public authorities and the adjustment of one or the other to achieve desirable effects and avoid undesirable ones. The purview of public finance is considered to be threefold: governmental effects on (1) efficient allocation of resources, (2) distribution of income, and (3) macroeconomic stabilization. The proper role of government provides a starting point for the analysis of public finance. In theory, under certain circumstances, private markets will allocate

title: Ali Haddad

text: private sector a larger role in the management of the industrial areas and parks to offer more assistance to companies and boost economic development in the country, and to draft regulatory texts to enable more public-private partnerships. The FCE laid out a 2020-2030 plan with the government of Algeria to drive the economic development of the country. Ali Haddad also has the mission to promote the Algerian economy and its private sector with foreign interlocutors and to foster partnerships. In November 2017, the former U.S State Secretary Rex Tillerson gave Ali Haddad a copy of the Peace and Friendship Treaty

title: Economic history of Portugal

text: that of the Roman Catholic Church), and important companies in the glass, mining, fishing, and agricultural sectors. Because of the key role of the domestic banks as holders of stock, the government indirectly acquired equity positions in hundreds of other firms. An Institute for State Participation was created to deal with the many disparate and often tiny enterprises in which the state had thus obtained a majority shareholding. Another 300 small to medium enterprises came under public management as the government "intervened" to rescue them from bankruptcy following their takeover by workers or abandonment by management. Although foreign direct investment

title: Remunicipalization

text: sectors Hospitals and electricity services have also been taken back into public hands, at all levels of government, and there are vibrant debates around the world about how various services can be returned to public ownership and control. Each service sector offers its own managerial, technical, geographic and political challenges, but there is much to be learned from inter-sectoral debate and dialogue. Corporate Europe Observatory and the Transnational Institute have jointly developed a tracker to showcase cities, regions and countries that have rolled back privatisation and embarked on securing public water for all. This initiative mirrors the private water industry

title: Socialism

text: characteristics. It combines a large state sector that comprises the commanding heights of the economy, which are guaranteed their public ownership status by law, with a private sector mainly engaged in commodity production and light industry responsible from anywhere between 33% to over 70% of GDP generated in 2005. Although there has been a rapid expansion of private-sector activity since the 1980s, privatisation of state assets was virtually halted and were partially reversed in 2005. The current Chinese economy consists of 150 corporatised state-owned enterprises that report directly to China's central government. By 2008, these state-owned corporations had become increasingly

title: Ori Yogev

text: companies. The purpose of the reform, which is based on the OECD's concept of managing government companies, is to transform government companies into a property for them, while improving the efficiency and level of service they provide to citizens in Israel. The government companies that lost NIS 600 million in 2013 went to an aggregate profit of NIS 2.6 billion in 2016 and are expected to earn more than NIS 3 billion in 2017, with all major government companies earning the first time. In November 2013, the Directors' team was launched, which was aimed at ending the political involvement in

title: Public sector

text: The public sector (also called the state sector) is the part of the economy composed of both public services and public enterprises.

title: Voluntary sector

text: commonly called the "joint sector", and includes the industries run in partnership by the state and Private Sector. In a wider sense the initial investment is made by the state and later the handling is done by the private sector. But here the private sector is responsible to the state when it comes to handling. In Israel this sector is commonly called the "Third Sector", () and generally refers to non-profit organizations (NPOs) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) with the line between the two quite fine. These organizations generally fill a gap in the existing government or municipal service provision. Examples

title: Sociedad Estatal de Participaciones Industriales

text: food sector investments; the TRAGSA Group for rural and agricultural development; and the Alimentos y Aceites, a producer of fine foods and olive oil. Alimentos y Aceites has shares in Ebro Foods which produces and sells rice and pasta sauces. The communication industry division included the Agencia EFE, a news entity; the RTVE corporation, the state broadcaster; the Ente Publico RTVE; a public information service promoting citizen participation; and the Correos Group, the national postal service. The SEPI Group has overview of the social trust fund, Fundacion SEPI which arranges internships, student loans, and grants for technical training and business

title: Public service company

text: Public service company A public service company (or public utility company) is a corporation or other non-governmental business entity (i.e. limited partnership) which delivers public services - certain services considered essential to the public interest. The ranks of such companies include public utility companies like natural gas, pipeline, electricity, and water supply companies, sewer companies, telephone companies and telegraph companies. They also include public services such as transportation of passengers or property as a common carrier, such as airlines, railroads, trucking, bus, and taxicab companies. Public service (or utility) companies may operate under certificates of public convenience and necessity which

title: Business

text: portfolio companies" and restricted purpose companies. There are, however, many, many sub-categories of types of company that can be formed in various jurisdictions in the world. Companies are also sometimes distinguished for legal and regulatory purposes between public companies and private companies. Public companies are companies whose shares can be publicly traded, often (although not always) on a stock exchange which imposes listing requirements/Listing Rules as to the issued shares, the trading of shares and future issue of shares to help bolster the reputation of the exchange or particular market of an exchange. Private companies do not have publicly traded

title: Poverty trap

text: ecosystems), public institutional capital (a well-run public administration, judicial system, police force), and parts of knowledge capital (scientific research for health, energy, agriculture, climate, ecology). Sachs leaves business capital investments to the private sector, which he claims would more efficiently use funding to develop the profitable enterprises necessary to sustain growth. In this sense, Sachs views public institutions as useful in providing the public goods necessary to begin the Rostovian take-off model, but maintains that private goods are more efficiently produced and distributed by private enterprise. This is a widespread view in neoclassical economics. Another theory for the perpetual poverty

title: Public sector

short_answers:
The public sector
public sector


question: who played young clark kent in 1978 superman

answers: Jeff East

title: Superman (1978 film)

text: or Jor-El for $4 million, turning down all three roles. When it was next decided to cast an unknown actor, casting director Lynn Stalmaster first suggested Christopher Reeve, but Donner and the producers felt he was too young and skinny. Over 200 unknown actors auditioned for Superman. Olympic champion Bruce (Caitlyn) Jenner had auditioned for the title role. Patrick Wayne was cast, but dropped out when his father John Wayne was diagnosed with stomach cancer. Both Neil Diamond and Arnold Schwarzenegger lobbied hard for the role, but were ignored. James Caan, James Brolin, Lyle Waggoner, Christopher Walken, Nick Nolte, Jon

title: Happy Birthday to Me (film)

text: Birthday to Me". Hollywood actor Glenn Ford, who played Jonathan Kent in Richard Donner’s "Superman" (1978), was less-than-thrilled to be in a slasher film. Apparently Ford was unpleasant on set, reportedly throwing tantrums...and even punches. His caliber of actor brought a bit of Hollywood glamor to the film, a rare thing for most slashers, which kept costs to a minimum with largely unknown actors. Only "The Fan" (1981), which starred Lauren Bacall and James Garner, and "Alone in the Dark" (1982), with Donald Pleasence and Jack Palance, could compare as old-Hollywood stars in a slasher film. The film's make-up effects

title: Holly Palance

text: from "Superman 2" (1980), where Reeve played Clark Kent; this footage was released to the public as an extra feature on a special edition DVD release of the film in the early 2000s. Palance is notable for her role as an ill-destined young nanny in "The Omen" (1976), alongside Gregory Peck and Lee Remick. Palance co-hosted the television version of "Ripley's Believe It or Not!" with her father for one season, replacing Jack's former co-host, Catherine Shirriff; Holly would later be replaced as co-host by singer Marie Osmond. Holly Palance Holly Palance (born August 5, 1950) is an American actress.

title: Superman (1978 film)

text: Kal-El of Krypton and his youthful years in the rural town of Smallville. Disguised as reporter Clark Kent, he adopts a mild-mannered disposition in Metropolis and develops a romance with Lois Lane, while battling the villainous Lex Luthor. Several directors, most notably Guy Hamilton, and screenwriters (Mario Puzo, David and Leslie Newman, and Robert Benton), were associated with the project before Richard Donner was hired to direct. Tom Mankiewicz was drafted in to rewrite the script and was given a "creative consultant" credit. It was decided to film both "Superman" and its sequel "Superman II" (1980) simultaneously, with principal photography

title: Superman (1978 film)

text: a planet with a suitable atmosphere where his dense molecular structure will give him superhuman strength and other powers. Shortly after the launch, Krypton's sun explodes, destroying the planet. The ship crash lands on Earth near Smallville, Kansas. Kal-El, who is now three years old, is found by Jonathan and Martha Kent, who are astonished when he lifts their truck. They take him to their farm and raise him as their own, naming him Clark after Martha's maiden name. At 18, soon after Jonathan's death from a heart attack, Clark hears a psychic "call" and discovers the glowing green crystal

title: Clark Kent (Smallville)

text: the role of Clark Kent, would go on to play Jason Teague as a season four regular. Besides Welling, four other actors have portrayed Clark as young boy/teenager: Malkolm Alburquenque portrayed a three-year-old Clark in the pilot, and season two episode "Lineage"; Brandon Fonseca played young Clark in the season five episode "Vengeance"; and in the season eight episode "Abyss", Jackson Warris would fill the role. In addition, in an alternate reality in the seventh season episode "Apocalypse", a teenaged Clark Kent was portrayed by Brett Dier. The pilot director, David Nutter, was looking through pictures of actors and stumbled

title: Kirk Alyn

text: company's 50th anniversary publication "Fifty Who Made DC Great". Kirk Alyn Kirk Alyn (born John Feggo Jr., October 8, 1910 – March 14, 1999) was an American actor, best known for being the first actor to play the DC Comics character Superman in live-action for the 1948 movie serial "Superman" and its 1950 sequel "Atom Man vs. Superman", as well as Blackhawk from the "Blackhawk" movie serial in 1952, and General Sam Lane in 1978's "Superman: The Movie". Kirk Alyn was born as John Feggo Jr. on October 8, 1910 in Oxford, New Jersey, to Hungarian immigrant parents. In his

title: Tom Welling

text: Tom Welling Thomas Joseph Welling (born April 26, 1977) is an American actor, director, producer, and model best known for his role as Clark Kent in The WB/CW superhero drama "Smallville" (2001–2011). He also co-starred in the Fox fantasy comedy-drama "Lucifer" as Lt. Marcus Pierce / Cain (2017–2018). A high school athlete, Welling initially worked in construction and, in 1998, he successfully modeled men's clothing for several popular brands. In 2000, he made a successful transition to television. He has been nominated for and received several awards for his role as Clark Kent. In 2001, he had a recurring role

title: Kirk Alyn

text: Kirk Alyn Kirk Alyn (born John Feggo Jr., October 8, 1910 – March 14, 1999) was an American actor, best known for being the first actor to play the DC Comics character Superman in live-action for the 1948 movie serial "Superman" and its 1950 sequel "Atom Man vs. Superman", as well as Blackhawk from the "Blackhawk" movie serial in 1952, and General Sam Lane in 1978's "Superman: The Movie". Kirk Alyn was born as John Feggo Jr. on October 8, 1910 in Oxford, New Jersey, to Hungarian immigrant parents. In his youth he lived in Wharton, New Jersey. A plaque

title: Superman (1978 film)

text: sunrise for further adventures. Kirk Alyn and Noel Neill have cameo appearances as Lois Lane's father and mother in a deleted scene that was restored in later home media releases. Alyn and Neill portrayed Superman and Lois Lane in the film serials "Superman" (1948) and "Atom Man vs. Superman" (1950), and were the first actors to portray the characters onscreen in a live-action format. Neill reprised her role in the 1950s "Adventures of Superman" TV series. Larry Hagman and Rex Reed also make cameos; Hagman plays an army major in charge of a convoy that is transporting one of the

title: Christopher Reeve

text: disaster movie "Gray Lady Down". He then acted in the play "My Life" at the Circle Repertory Company with friend William Hurt. During "My Life", Stark Hesseltine told Reeve that he had been asked to audition for the leading role as Clark Kent/Superman in the big budget film, "Superman" (1978). Lynn Stalmaster, the casting director, put Reeve's picture and résumé on the top of the pile three separate times, only to have the producers throw it out each time. Through Stalmaster's persistent pleading, a meeting between director Richard Donner, producer Ilya Salkind, and Reeve was set in January 1977 at

title: Adventures of Superman (TV series)

text: truly over. Another spin-off idea was a pilot Whitney Ellsworth produced in 1961: "The Adventures of Superboy". Johnny Rockwell starred as a young Clark Kent in Smallville, and as Superboy, he wore a suit similar in design to George Reeves' suit. Although thirteen scripts had been written, only the pilot was filmed. Neill and her original 1948 "Superman" serial co-star, Kirk Alyn, enjoyed cameos in the 1978 film "Superman" as Lois Lane's parents. Their dialogue scene was cut for theatrical release, but played in its entirety when the film was broadcast on TV, and later in the 2001 director's cut

title: Kirk Alyn

text: Lois Lane for the 1978 feature movie, "Superman". In a brief on-set interview, he explains his method of portraying Superman and Clark Kent, contained in a documentary narrated by Ernie Anderson, "The Making of Superman: The Movie" (1978). In 1981, Alyn appeared as "Pa Cant" in the parody movie "Superbman: The Other Movie", a role that lasted only seconds, as Cant dies from heart failure immediately after discovering the strange visitor from the planet "Krapton". Alyn made his final movie, the horror movie "Scalps", In 1983. In 1988, he participated in the 1988 TV special "Superman 50th Anniversary Special" as

title: Superman in film

text: with Superman flying off to Krypton in a spaceship. Brett Ratner was hired to direct in September 2002, originally expressing an interest in casting an unknown for the lead role, while filming was to start sometime in late 2003. Christopher Reeve joined as project consultant, citing Tom Welling, who portrayed the teenage Clark Kent in "Smallville", as an ideal candidate. Reeve added "the character is more important than the actor who plays him, because it is an enduring mythology. It definitely should be an unknown." Ratner approached Josh Hartnett, Jude Law, Paul Walker and Brendan Fraser for Superman, but conceded

title: Clark Kent

text: a third persona as Kal-El. The first film is in three sections: Kal-El's infancy on Krypton (shot in London on the 007 stage), Clark Kent's teen years in Smallville, and Kent/Superman's adult life in Metropolis (shot in New York City). In earlier sections of the film, Reeve's Kent interacts with both his earthly parents and the spirit of his Kryptonian father through a special crystal, in a way George Reeves never did. The film has a fair amount of quasi-Biblical imagery suggestive of Superman as a sort of Christ-figure sent by Jor-El "to show humans the way". (See also Superman

title: Superman (1978 film)

text: Voight, and Perry King were approached. Kris Kristofferson and Charles Bronson were also considered for the title role. James Caan said he was offered the part but turned it down. "I just couldn't wear that suit." "We found guys with fabulous physique who couldn't act or wonderful actors who did not look remotely like Superman," creative consultant Tom Mankiewicz remembered. The search became so desperate that producer Ilya Salkind's wife's dentist was screen tested. Stalmaster convinced Donner and Ilya to have Reeve screen test in February 1977. Reeve stunned the director and producers, but he was told to wear a

title: Aaron Smolinski

text: Aaron Smolinski Aaron Smolinski is a Canadian actor. His first acting role was as at the age of two in the 1978 film "Superman" as the infant Clark Kent. He has also appeared in "Superman II" and in different roles in "Superman III" and "Man of Steel". Aaron grew up in Calgary, Alberta, Canada with his parents (Leslie and Susanne) and brother (Travis). He performed in multiple movies, "Superman", "Superman II", and "Superman III", as well as many TV commercials. At primary school, Aaron was very athletic, participating in soccer, ice hockey and gymnastics. When his family moved to southern

title: Margot Kidder

text: close friendship with her "Superman" co-star Christopher Reeve, which lasted from 1978 until his death in 2004: "When you're strapped to someone hanging from the ceiling for months and months, you get pretty darned close," Kidder told CBS. "He was such a huge part of my life... He was complicated, very smart, really smart, and he knew he'd done something meaningful. He was very aware of that and very happy with that role." In 1979, she starred as Kathy Lutz in the supernatural horror film "The Amityville Horror" (1979), which further cemented her status as one of Hollywood's leading ladies.

title: Charles Bronson

text: director John Carpenter thought he was too tough looking and too old for the part, and decided to cast Kurt Russell instead. Bronson auditioned for the role of Superman for the 1978 film adaptation, but producer Ilya Salkind turned him down for being too earthy and decided to cast Christopher Reeve. His first marriage was to Harriet Tendler, whom he met when both were fledgling actors in Philadelphia. They had two children before divorcing in 1965. She wrote in her memoir that she "was an 18-year-old virgin when she met the 26-year-old Charlie Buchinsky at a Philadelphia acting school in

title: Superman (1978 film)

text: of a full-scale set and matte paintings. Young Clark Kent's long-distance football punt was executed with a wooden football loaded into an air blaster placed in the ground. The Superman costume was to be a much darker blue, but the use of blue screen made it transparent. The first test for the flying sequences involved simply catapulting a crash test dummy out of a cannon. Another technique had a remote control cast of Superman flying around. Both were discarded due to lack of movement. High-quality, realistic-looking animation was tried, with speed trails added to make the effect more convincing. As

title: Superman curse

text: hosting the game show "To Tell the Truth". He returned to Superman by voicing "The New Adventures of Superman" for CBS in 1966. Three years later, he was dead of a circulatory ailment at the age of 61. Lee Quigley, who played Superman as a baby in the 1978 film, died in 1991 at age 14 of solvent abuse. George Reeves played Superman in the 1951 film "Superman and the Mole Men" and the ensuing television series "Adventures of Superman." Like Alyn and Reeve, he was too closely associated with the role to find further work. On June 16, 1959,

title: Clark Kent (Smallville)

text: a more ideal actor to play this superpowered farm boy than Tom Welling, with his wholesome, honest face and heroic good looks—Welling not only resembles Christopher Reeve physically, but has all of the earnest charm that made Reeve the quintessential Superman." "The Free Lance–Star"s Ron Hedelt likened Welling's performances as Clark Kent to that of Christopher Reeve's performances in the "Superman" films, stating that Welling manages to portray a "... sweet, unassuming teenager ..." while showing Clark struggle with the truth about himself. Comics2Film's Rob Worley also wrote of the physical resemblance Welling has to Christopher Reeve, noting that the

title: Sarah Douglas (actress)

text: Sarah Douglas (actress) Sarah Douglas (born 12 December 1952) is an English actress. She is perhaps best known for playing the Kryptonian supervillain Ursa in "Superman" (1978), "Superman II" (1980) and one episode of "Supergirl" in 2018. Her other prominent roles include that of the evil Queen Taramis in the 1984 film "Conan the Destroyer", and Pamela Lynch in the 1980s primetime drama series "Falcon Crest" (1983–85). Douglas was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, the second daughter of Beryl (née Smith), a physiotherapist who often worked upon RSC actors, and of Edward Douglas, a career member of the Royal Air Force.

title: Superboy

text: are several reports of Superman's activities prior to his first appearance in Metropolis. Later comics expanded upon Luthor's observation. A year after "Infinite Crisis", a cinematic Superman retrospective states that young Kal-El gave rise to "a rarely-glimpsed American myth—the mysterious Super-Boy." Fourteen-year-old Clark Kent is depicted using his superpowers to save lives in secret, wearing no costume, only his everyday clothes, much like the Clark Kent of the "Smallville" TV series. Several concepts associated with the original Superboy and "Smallville" were reintroduced into post-"Infinite Crisis" continuity as part of Superman's earlier years. Krypto was revealed as a companion to Clark

title: Jeff East

text: Jeff East (born October 27, 1957) is an American actor.  Beginning his professional acting career at the age of fourteen, East is known for his portrayal of Huckleberry Finn in the United Artists feature films Tom Sawyer (1973) and Huckleberry Finn (1974), as well as for his portrayal of a teenage Clark Kent in Alexander Salkind's Superman: The Movie (1978).

title: Noel Neill

text: Noel Neill Noel Darleen Neill (November 25, 1920 – July 3, 2016) was an American actress. She is known for playing Lois Lane in the film serials "Superman" (1948) and "Atom Man vs. Superman" (1950), as well as the 1950s television series "Adventures of Superman". She appeared in 80 films and television series in her career spanning 66 years. Following high school graduation in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Neill took up professional acting and modeling in the early 1940s before landing the role of Lois Lane. She later appeared in various productions of the Superman franchise. Frequently cast as the parent or

title: Noel Neill

text: and "Atom Man vs. Superman" (1950), with Kirk Alyn portraying Superman/Clark Kent. When "Adventures of Superman" came to television in 1951, veteran movie actors George Reeves and Phyllis Coates took the leading roles for the first season. By the time the series found a sponsor and a network time slot, Coates had committed herself to another production, so the producers called on Noel Neill, who had played Lois Lane in the movies. She continued in the role for five seasons until the series went off the air in 1958. She was scheduled to appear in the seventh season with co-star

title: Jack Larson

text: the TV series "Superboy", alongside Noel Neill, who played Lois Lane in "Adventures of Superman", and an episode of "" as an aged Jimmy Olsen in the episode "Brutal Youth", first broadcast on October 20, 1996. Larson had a cameo in a late-1990s American Express card commercial with Jerry Seinfeld and an animated Superman, directed by David Kellogg. He and Neill provided commentary on several "Adventures of Superman" episodes for the January 2006 DVD release of the 1953 season, and in 2006, he appeared in Bryan Singer's film "Superman Returns" in a cameo role as "Bo the Bartender". Larson and

title: David Wilson (actor)

text: David Wilson (actor) David Patrick Wilson (born February 26, 1949) is an American actor and director, probably best known for playing Superman in the 1975 TV musical special "It's a Bird...It's a Plane...It's Superman" an adaptation of the 1966 Broadway musical. David was born and raised in New York City, to Scottish/Irish parents. He attended public schools in Northport, New York, on Long Island and graduated from Northport High School there in 1967. A scholar athlete, he forsook sports in his senior year to star in his school's production of "South Pacific," opposite future Hollywood actress/entertainer Patti Lupone. He then

title: Kirk Alyn

text: for the first serial but the wires turned out to be clearly visible and that footage was scrapped.) After playing Superman, he again suffered casting problems. Apart from featuring in some similar comic book-type serials, he had few roles in television series and movies, some even uncredited, until he retired. Alyn was reportedly offered the part of Superman for the television version of 1951, but refused it. In 1971, he published an autobiography entitled "A Job for Superman". Alyn shared a very brief cameo with his serial co-star, Noel Neill, as Sam and Ellen Lane, the parents of the young

title: Jeff East