question: how long has tom brady been playing professional football

answers: 18-season career

title: Tom Brady

text: Tom Brady Thomas "Tom" Edward Patrick Brady Jr. (born August 3, 1977) is an American football quarterback for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). He is one of only two players in NFL history to have won five Super Bowls (along with defensive player Charles Haley), and he is the only player to have won them all with a single franchise. Because of his numerous accomplishments and accolades, many analysts and sportswriters consider Brady to be among the greatest quarterbacks of all time. After playing college football for the University of Michigan, Brady was drafted by

title: Tom Brady

text: passed for 283 yards, with two touchdowns and no interceptions and a 115.4 passer rating in a 27-13 victory. ‡ Career totals accurate as of the end of the 2017 regular season. ‡ Career totals accurate through the end of the 2017-18 playoffs. On January 20, 2016, Brady announced the launch of his peak performance website TB12Sports.com. The site features information on Brady's training regimen and includes a store to purchase TB12 equipment and merchandise. Later in the year, on August 23, 2016, the TB12 brand then expanded to offer a snack line. The snacks contain raw, vegan, and organic

title: Tom Brady

text: ever by a single player, has won three league MVP awards (2007, 2010, 2017), has been selected to 14 Pro Bowls, and has led his team to more division titles (15) than any other quarterback in NFL history. Brady is fourth all-time in total career passing yards in regular season play, is tied for third in career touchdown passes, and fourth in career passer rating. He is first all-time in career passing yards (regular season and postseason combined). His career postseason record is 27–10, winning more playoff games than any other quarterback, and he has appeared in more playoff games

title: Tom Ramsey

text: 1998, Ramsey was inducted into the UCLA Hall of Fame, and in 2007, Ramsey was inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame. He is also an analyst for college football on ESPN TV & ESPN Radio. Ramsey was the last quarterback of the New England Patriots to wear jersey #12 prior to the legendary Tom Brady. Tom Ramsey Tom Ramsey (born July 9, 1961) is a former professional American football quarterback, who played five seasons in the NFL for the New England Patriots and one season for the Indianapolis Colts. Earlier he played for the Los Angeles Express and

title: Tom Brady

text: in his career. Earning 40 of 50 votes, Brady was named the NFL Most Valuable Player for the third time in his career. Brady and the Patriots began their postseason run by hosting the Tennessee Titans in the Divisional Round of the playoffs. Brady completed 35 passes out of 53 attempts for 337 yards, 3 touchdowns, and no interceptions in a 35-14 Patriots victory. With the win, the Patriots advanced to the AFC Championship Game for the seventh straight year. Days after the divisional round, it was revealed that Brady had a minor cut on his right hand, which required

title: Tom Brady

text: throwing for 154 passing yards, two touchdowns, and three interceptions in a Wild Card Round loss to the Baltimore Ravens, 33–14, his first career home playoff loss, and the first playoff loss at home by a Patriots quarterback since 1978 (Steve Grogan). On September 10, 2010, Brady signed a four-year, $72 million contract extension, making him the highest-paid player in the NFL. The extension included $48.5 million in guaranteed money. Brady became the quickest quarterback to achieve 100 regular season wins by helping his team defeat the Miami Dolphins 41–14 on October 4, 2010. In a 31–28 win over the

title: 2016 New England Patriots season

text: 200th career win, tying him with Peyton Manning and surpassing Brett Favre, who had 199 wins. In addition to this, Tom Brady also surpassed the 60,000-yard career passing mark. Tom Brady was making his 231st career start, tying John Elway for the 5th-most all-time. The Patriots marched 80 yards right down the field on their opening possession, scoring on a 43-yard burst by Blount. The next four possessions of the game were punts, but Butler intercepted Jared Goff on the last play of the first quarter and returned it 7 yards to the Rams 30. It only took four plays

title: Tom Brady

text: to the Philadelphia Eagles, denying Brady his sixth Super Bowl ring. Over his career, Brady has won three league MVP awards, five Super Bowls, and four Super Bowl MVP Awards. A 13-time Pro Bowler, Brady has also twice led the NFL in passing yardage. As of November 2017, he currently owns the third-highest career passer rating (97.9) among quarterbacks with at least 1,500 career passing attempts. He has thrown for more passing yards and touchdowns than any quarterback in NFL postseason history; he also has won more playoff games than any other quarterback. As a result of his highly successful

title: Tom Brady

text: The Patriots opened up their 2017 season in the NFL Kickoff Game on September 7 at home against the Kansas City Chiefs. Brady had 267 passing yards in the game, which the Patriots lost 42–27. In Week 2, Brady threw three touchdown passes in the first quarter of a game for the first time in his career in a 36–20 win over the New Orleans Saints. He finished the game with 447 passing yards and three touchdowns, earning him his 28th AFC Offensive Player of the Week award. This broke the record previously held by Peyton Manning for the most

title: Tom Brady

text: it was revealed that Brady had been playing with a sports hernia since December. Linebacker Willie McGinest commented on it and said he knew, but Brady continued playing. Brady led the Patriots to a 12–4 record and the fourth seed in the AFC playoffs. In the regular season, Brady threw for 3,529 yards and 24 touchdowns. He was not among the players initially selected to the Pro Bowl, although he was offered an injury-replacement selection when San Diego Chargers Philip Rivers was forced to withdraw (which he declined). In the postseason, the Patriots first hosted their division rivals, the New

title: Tom Brady

text: a narrow 19–14 win against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on "Thursday Night Football", Brady completed 30 out of 40 passes for 303 yards, one touchdown, and one interception. With this victory, Brady became the third quarterback in NFL history to record 186 career regular season victories, tying Peyton Manning and Brett Favre for the most such wins of any quarterback in NFL history. On October 10, it was unveiled that Brady was diagnosed with an AC joint sprain in his left (non-throwing) shoulder. During Week 6 against the New York Jets, Brady threw for 257 passing yards, two touchdowns, and

title: Tom Brady

text: was announced as the cover athlete for "Madden NFL 18." In a CBS interview on May 17, 2017, Charlie Rose asked Brady's wife, Gisele Bündchen, if she wanted Brady to retire, despite the fact that he was playing at a high level. Bündchen mentioned that Brady suffered from a concussion in the 2016 season, saying, "I mean he has concussions pretty much every—I mean we don't talk about—but he does have concussions. I don't really think it's a healthy thing for anybody to go through.” Following the Bündchen interview, the NFL released a statement: "We have reviewed all reports relating

title: Tom Brady

text: than any player at any position. Brady has never had a losing season as a starting quarterback in the NFL. His combined regular-season and postseason wins are also the most of any quarterback in NFL history. Brady is the first and only quarterback to reach 200 regular season wins. Brady also holds the record of being the oldest player to win the Super Bowl MVP at 39 years of age, and the oldest player to win the regular season MVP at the age of 40. For his alleged involvement in the highly publicized Deflategate football tampering scandal, Brady was suspended

title: Tom Brady

text: to lead the Patriots to a 25–24 win. Brady was named the AFC Offensive Player of the Week for the 13th time in his career for his performance. On October 18, 2009, in an early season snowstorm, Brady set an NFL record against the Tennessee Titans for most touchdowns in a single quarter, throwing five in the second quarter. Brady finished the game with six touchdowns, tying his career best, and 380 yards, completing 29-of-34 attempts, finishing with a nearly perfect passer rating of 152.8. He earned his second AFC Offensive Player of the Week nod for his efforts against

title: Tom Brady

text: as Offensive Player of the Year. He was also honored by the Associated Press as their Male Athlete of the Year, the first time an NFL player has been so honored since Joe Montana won the award in 1990. He was named as a First Team All-Pro and to his fourth career Pro Bowl as a result of his historic season. In the Patriots' first playoff game, an AFC Divisional Round game against Jacksonville, Brady began the game with an NFL postseason record 16 consecutive completed passes, and finished the game with 26 completions in 28 attempts, a completion rate

title: Tom Brady

text: football and baseball. Brady's football career started as the backup quarterback on the Padres junior varsity team. At first, Brady was not good enough to start on the 0–8 JV team that had not scored a touchdown all year. However, when the starting quarterback went down with an injury, he ascended to the starting position. He became the varsity starter his junior year and held the position until he graduated. By Brady's senior year, he struggled getting on the radar of college coaches. He created highlight tapes and sent them out to schools he would consider attending. This led to

title: Tom Brady

text: for fourth place all time, and the following week he defeated the Buffalo Bills to tie John Elway for third place. Brady was named to the Pro Bowl for the ninth time in career and was ranked third on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2014 players' list in the offseason. Brady's Patriots finished the season 12–4, to earn the second seed in the AFC and a first-round bye. In the Divisional Round matchup against the Indianapolis Colts, Brady made his 25th playoff appearance, breaking Brett Favre's career record for playoff appearances by a quarterback (Jerry Rice appeared in 29

title: Tom Brady

text: AP All-Pro Second Team, behind Matt Ryan of the Atlanta Falcons, who was named to the AP All-Pro First Team. Brady was also ranked first on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017 as the best player in the league, becoming the first player to be named as #1 twice since the listing started. Brady and the Patriots began their postseason run in the Divisional Round, hosting the Houston Texans, who had the league's No. 1 total defense. Brady completed 18-of-38 passes for 287 yards, two touchdowns, and two interceptions as the Patriots won 34–16, clinching a record sixth consecutive

title: Tom Brady

text: Achieve a Lifetime of Sustained Peak Performance". Within 48 hours, it had become a number one best-seller on Amazon.com. The book also reached #1 on the New York Times' weekly Best Sellers list, to be featured in the edition of October 8, 2017. Filmmaker Gotham Chopra filmed Brady during the 2017 offseason and regular season for a Facebook Watch documentary series entitled "Tom vs Time". According to "The New York Times", the documentary follows Brady as he "conducts his ongoing subversion campaign against the actuarial tables of quarterback longevity." Brady dated actress Bridget Moynahan from 2004 until late 2006. On

title: Tom Brady

text: Players of 2013, Brady was ranked fourth by his fellow players for the second consecutive time. Brady started both Patriots playoff games, winning 41–28 against the Houston Texans. With the victory, Brady surpassed Joe Montana for most career playoff wins, with 17. The Patriots were then upset by the eventual Super Bowl XLVII champion Baltimore Ravens, 28–13 in the AFC Championship. On February 25, 2013, Brady and the Patriots agreed on a three-year contract extension, which kept him with the team through 2017. Peter King called it an "amazing" deal, as Brady took just $27 million in new money over

title: Tom Brady

text: Super Bowl, as well as the first time he had lost a Super Bowl to a team and a quarterback other than the New York Giants and Eli Manning, respectively. Brady started his 19th professional season with 277 passing yards, three touchdowns, and one interception in a 27–20 victory over the Houston Texans in the season opener. After losses to the Jacksonville Jaguars and Detroit Lions over the next two games, Brady had 274 passing yards, three touchdowns, and two interceptions in a 38–7 victory over the Miami Dolphins in Week 4. In the following game, a 38–24 victory over

title: 2014 New England Patriots season

text: Tom Brady’s status as one of the greatest quarterbacks of all time. In 2007, the Patriots completed only the second undefeated regular season in the history of the modern NFL (the first being the 1972 Miami Dolphins), as well as the first in since the league expanded its seasons to sixteen games. It was achievements such as these that made the Patriots a particularly intriguing target of interest to the media. A miserable loss in week four against the Kansas City Chiefs where they dropped to 2-2, the frequent off-field antics of tight-end Rob Gronkowski and the highly publicized Deflategate

title: Tom Brady

text: at the next level. He was always more passionate about football, and when he found that there was significant interest in him, he decided to take the road of football. Brady was recruited by Michigan assistant Bill Harris, and he signed to play for the University of Michigan in 1995. He finished his high school football career completing 236 of 447 passes for 3,702 yards and 31 touchdowns. He also won All-State and All-Far West honors as well as the team's Most Valuable Player Award. During the summers of 1998 and 1999, Brady was an intern at Merrill Lynch. He

title: Tom Brady

text: was inducted into the Junipero Serra High School Hall of Fame in 2003, joining fellow Serra High graduates Barry Bonds, Lynn Swann, Gregg Jefferies, Jim Fregosi, and his older sister Maureen, among many others. When Brady revisited two weeks after Super Bowl XLVI in 2012, school administrators announced that they had named the football stadium Brady Family Stadium. Brady played college football for the University of Michigan from 1995 to 1999. He was a backup quarterback for his first two years, while teammate and future NFL quarterback Brian Griese led the 1997 Wolverines to an undefeated season, which was capped

title: Tom Brady

title: Tom Brady

text: with no timeouts remaining. Sportscaster and former Super Bowl-winning coach John Madden said he thought the Patriots should run out the clock and try to win the game in overtime. Instead, Brady drove the Patriots' offense down the field to the Rams' 31-yard line before spiking the ball with seven seconds left. Then kicker Adam Vinatieri converted a 48-yard field goal as time expired to give the Patriots a 20–17 win and their first ever league championship. Brady was named MVP of Super Bowl XXXVI while throwing for 145 yards, one touchdown, and no interceptions. At the age of 24

title: Tom Brady

text: suspension, he had not missed a single regular season or postseason game since the start of the 2009 season. After serving his four-game suspension, Brady made his 2016 season debut on October 9 on the road against the Cleveland Browns; he completed 28-of-40 passes for 406 yards and three touchdowns in a 33–13 victory to earn AFC Offensive Player of the Week. In his home debut the following week, Brady completed 29-of-35 passes for 376 yards and three touchdowns in a 35–17 victory over the Cincinnati Bengals. In Week 7, Brady completed 19 of 26 passes for 222 yards and

title: Tom Brady

text: a career-low four times. He and the Patriots finished with a 10–6 record, winning their third straight AFC East title. He was named to his third Pro Bowl at the end of the season. In the playoffs, Brady led the Patriots to a 28–3 victory over the Jacksonville Jaguars in the Wild Card Round; however, on January 14, 2006, the Patriots lost 27–13 to the Denver Broncos at INVESCO Field. Brady threw for 341 yards in the game with one touchdown and two interceptions, in the first playoff loss of his career after ten playoff victories. After the season's end,

title: Tom Brady

text: AFC Offensive Player of the Week awards in a career. In Week 3, Brady threw for 378 passing yards and five touchdowns as he led the Patriots to a 36–33 comeback win against the Houston Texans, a performance that earned him AFC Offensive Player of the Week honors for the second straight week, and the 29th for his career. In Week 4, Brady played well again, throwing for 307 yards, two touchdowns, and no interceptions, but the Carolina Panthers upset the Patriots 33–30 on a last second field goal from Graham Gano as time expired. In the Patriots' next game,

title: Tom Brady

text: and an interception. Brady struggled in his final two games, throwing for only 182 yards, a touchdown, and an interception in 17–16 victory against the Jets, and 80 yards in one half of the final regular season game against the Buffalo Bills, a 17–9 loss, though Julian Edelman, Rob Gronkowski, and three starting offensive linemen did not play either the entirety or the majority of the final game, and Brady only played in the first half. Brady was named to his tenth career Pro Bowl and was ranked third by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of

title: Tom Brady

long_answer: A lightly regarded prospect coming out of college, Brady was selected by the New England Patriots with the 199th overall pick in the sixth round of 2000 NFL Draft and has since spent his entire 18-season career with the Patriots. Since Brady became their starting quarterback in 2001, the Patriots have never had a losing season and have won 14 division titles. The Patriots played in eleven AFC Championship Games from 2001 to 2016—including six in a row from 2011 to 2016—and won seven of them. Brady and Patriots head coach Bill Belichick have combined to form the most successful quarterback-head coach tandem in NFL history, winning more regular season games and postseason games than any other such duo as well as appearing in seven Super Bowls. All of these events set new NFL records.


question: is parallax more pronounced with nearby stars or with distant stars

answers: nearby objects

answers: nearby

title: V529 Andromedae

text: have been observed, and three of them could arise from a previously unknown stellar pulsation mode. V529 Andromedae has a 13th magnitude companion about away. It is a far more distant star than V529 And, only coincidentally aligned in the sky. V529 Andromedae V529 Andromedae, also known as HD 8801, is a variable star in the constellation of Andromeda. It has a 13th magnitude visual companion star 15" away, which is just a distant star on the same line of sight. It is also an Am star with a spectral classification Am(kA5/hF1/mF2), meaning that it has the calcium K line

title: Theta Leonis

text: Theta Leonis Theta Leonis, Latinized from θ Leonis, also named Chertan, is a star in the constellation of Leo. With an apparent visual magnitude of +3.324 it is visible to the naked eye and forms one of the brighter stars in the constellation. The distance from the Sun can be directly determined from parallax measurements, yielding a value of about . This is a large star with 2.5 times the mass of the Sun. The spectrum matches a stellar classification of A2 V, making this a seemingly typical A-type main sequence star. However, the spectrum shows enhanced absorption lines of

title: Delta1 Canis Minoris

text: instead an evolved giant star. The spectrum displays a higher than solar metallicity – a term indicating the abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium compared to the Sun. The star is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 50 km/s and is radiating 319 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 7,623 K. Delta1 Canis Minoris Delta Canis Minoris, Latinized from δ Canis Minoris, is a solitary, yellow-white hued star in the constellation Canis Minor. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +5.25. Based upon an

title: Iota Aquilae

text: Iota Aquilae Iota Aquilae, Latinized from ι Aquilae, is the Bayer designation for a star in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. It has the traditional name Al Thalimain, which it shares with λ Aquilae. The name is derived from the Arabic term الظليمان "ath-thalīmain" meaning "The Two Ostriches". With an apparent visual magnitude of 4.364, this star is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of , it is located at a distance of around from Earth. At that distance, the visual magnitude of the star is diminished by 0.15 from extinction

title: Iota Draconis

text: Allen with the same meaning Edasich is larger and more massive than the Sun, with 1.8 times the mass and nearly 12 times the radius. The spectrum matches a stellar classification of K2 III, indicating this is an evolved star that has exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core and left the main sequence of stars like the Sun. With an expanded outer envelope, this giant star is radiating over 55 times the luminosity of the Sun at an effective temperature of 4,545 K. This temperature gives it an orange hue that is a characteristic of K-type stars. It

title: 16 Librae

text: 16 Librae 16 Librae is a star in the constellation Libra. It is a faint star but visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.49. An annual parallax shift of 37.17 mas yields a distance estimate of 87.7 light years. It is moving further from the Sun with a radial velocity of +26 km/s. This is an ordinary F-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of F2 V. It is an estimated 660 million years old and is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 113 km/s. The star has 1.47 times the mass of

title: HD 215152

text: HD 215152 HD 215152 is the Henry Draper Catalogue designation for a star in the zodiac constellation of Aquarius. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 8.13, meaning it is too faint to be seen with the naked eye. Parallax measurements made by the Hipparcos and Gaia spacecraft provide distance estimates of around 70 light years. The star has a relatively high proper motion, moving across the sky at an estimated 0.328 arc seconds per year along a position angle of 205°. This star has a stellar classification of K3 V, which indicates that it is an ordinary K-type main

title: Y Centauri

text: of 8.9 - 10.0. A study of Hipparcos satellite photometry found a small amplitude range of 0.2 magnitudes at a visual magnitude of 8.53. The distance of the star is poorly known. The revised Hipparcos annual parallax of 3.50 mas gives a distance of 900 light years. A study taking into account the variability of the star found a parallax of 5.57 mas, corresponding to a distance of 585 light years. It is an asymptotic giant branch star over five thousand times as luminous as the sun. Its spectral type varies between M4 and M7 as it pulsates. The star

title: Lambda Aurigae

text: is known as (, .) Lambda Aurigae Lambda Aurigae (λ Aur, λ Aurigae) is the Bayer designation for a solar analog star in the northern constellation of Auriga. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.71. Based upon parallax measurements made during the Hipparcos mission, it is approximately distant from the Earth. This is a G-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of G1 V. In terms of composition it is similar to the Sun, while the mass and radius are slightly larger. It is 73% more luminous than the Sun and radiates

title: 40 Leonis

text: a main sequence star and a more evolved subgiant star. It is a suspected Delta Scuti variable and shows a depleted lithium abundance. The star is about 2.6 billion years old with a relatively high rate of spin for its age, showing a projected rotational velocity of about 17 km/s. It has 1.35 times the mass of the Sun and 1.68 times the Sun's radius. 40 Leonis is radiating around 4.4 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of roughly 6,450 K. An X-ray emission with a luminosity of has been detected from this position, which

title: 17 Lyrae

text: AB and C is increasing rapidly, from less than 2' in 1881 to nearly 5' in 2014. A number of other visual companions have been catalogued. The closest is the 11th magnitude star at 39", and the brightest is BD+32 3325 just over 2' away. The primary component, 17 Lyrae A, is a 5th magnitude main sequence star of the spectral type F0, meaning it has a surface temperature of about 6,750 K. It is about 60% more massive than the sun and 16 times more luminous. It has been catalogued as an Am star but is now believed to

title: Psi1 Aurigae

text: Psi1 Aurigae Psi Aurigae (ψ Aur, ψ Aurigae) is the Bayer designation for a star in the northern constellation of Auriga. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.91. Based upon a measured annual parallax shift of 0.82 mas, it is approximately distant from the Earth. This is a massive supergiant star with a stellar classification of M0 I. It is a slow irregular variable of the LC type, with its brightness varying in magnitude by 0.44. The star is more than 14 times as massive as the Sun and is blazing with

title: HR 3082

text: it pegged as a subgiant star with a class of B9.5 IVs. It has an estimated 2.65 times the mass of the Sun and 2.89 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 74 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 10,795 K. The fainter component is a magnitude 9.6 star at an angular separation of along a position angle (PA) of 84°, as of 2009. This is most likely a visual companion located along the same line of sight. There is a magnitude 13.6 visual companion at a separation of along a PA of

title: 35 Aquilae

text: 35 Aquilae 35 Aquilae (abbreviated 35 Aql) is a star in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. "35 Aquilae" is its Flamsteed designation though it also bears the Bayer designation c Aquilae. The apparent visual magnitude of this star is 5.8, which means it is a faint star but visible to the naked eye from dark suburban or rural skies. It has an annual parallax shift of 16.34 mas that is caused by the Earth's orbit around the Sun. This yields a distance estimate of , give or take a 4 light-year margin of error. At this distance, the visual magnitude

title: BD+43 3654

text: BD+43 3654 BD+43 3654 is a massive luminous blue supergiant runaway star in the constellation Cygnus. BD+43 3654 has a spectral type of O4If with a mass around 65 times larger than the Sun, likely 850,000 times brighter, and very young, with an age that has been estimated to be around 2 million years. Its distance to the Solar System has been estimated to be 1.45 kiloparsecs (4,700 light-years) and it is moving at high speed through the interstellar medium, creating a bow shock. Studies of the trajectory and speed of BD+43 3654 relative to the other stars of the

title: V529 Andromedae

text: V529 Andromedae V529 Andromedae, also known as HD 8801, is a variable star in the constellation of Andromeda. It has a 13th magnitude visual companion star 15" away, which is just a distant star on the same line of sight. It is also an Am star with a spectral classification Am(kA5/hF1/mF2), meaning that it has the calcium K line of a star with spectral type A5, the Balmer series of a F1 star, and metallic lines of an F2 star. V529 Andromedae was the first star known to combine Gamma Doradus and Delta Scuti type pulsations. Nine different pulsation frequencies

title: Iota Herculis

text: more luminous than the Sun, yielding an absolute magnitude of -2.11, brighter in fact than the most of the hot B stars in the Pleiades open star cluster. The Hipparcos satellite mission estimated its distance at roughly 152 parsecs (pc) from Earth, or 496 light years (ly) away; an updated parallax measurement from Floor van Leeuwen in 2007, however, puts the distance at 455ly with a much tighter error factor of only 8ly. Iota Herculis is a multiple star system. It is a spectroscopic binary having a 113.8 day period, indicating that its closest component is separated by about 1

title: 35 Vulpeculae

text: km/s. The star has 2.15 times the mass of the Sun with 1.70 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 21.6 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of around 9,622 K. 35 Vulpeculae 35 Vulpeculae is a single, white-hued star in the northern constellation of Vulpecula. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.39. An annual parallax shift of provides a distance estimate of about 190 light years. It is moving closer with a heliocentric radial velocity of −8 km/s. This is an A-type main-sequence star with a

title: Xi1 Canis Majoris

text: Majoris forms a naked eye pairing with ξ Canis Majoris a little less than a degree away. The Washington Double Star Catalog lists two 14th magnitude companions about away. In addition, an unseen close companion is suspected due to some faint emission lines in the spectrum that are best explained by a Be star invisible against the brighter primary. Xi1 Canis Majoris Xi Canis Majoris, Latinized from ξ Canis Majoris, is a Beta Cephei variable star in the constellation Canis Major. It is approximately 1,400 light years from Earth. ξ Canis Majoris is a blue-white B-type star. It has generally

title: HD 183143

text: The parallax from the original Hipparcos catalogue was 2.70 mas, indicating a distance around 370 pc, but the revised Hipparcos parallax and the Gaia data release 1 parallax both indicate distances around 2,000 pc. Comparison of the space velocity and interstellar spectral lines produce a similar distance, with the star lying between the Orion-Cygnus Arm and the Carina–Sagittarius Arm. HD 183143 HD 183143 (HT Sagittae) is a blue hypergiant star located in the constellation of Sagitta. This star has an apparent magnitude of 6.86, meaning that can be seen with the naked eye under very dark skies and that is

title: HR 8832

text: HR 8832 HR 8832 (or HD 219134, or Gliese 892) is a main sequence star in the constellation of Cassiopeia. It is smaller and less luminous than our Sun, with a spectral class of K3V, which makes it an orange-red hued star. HR 8832 is relatively close to our system, with an estimated distance of 21.25 light years. This star is close to the limit of apparent magnitude that can still be seen by the unaided eye. The limit is considered to be magnitude 6 for most observers. This star has a magnitude 9.4 companion at an angular separation of

title: Theta Leonis

text: emission from the star and its surroundings, suggesting the presence of a circumstellar disk of dust. The temperature of this emission indicates the disk has an orbital radius of 36 AU. "θ Leonis" (Latinised to "Theta Leonis") is the star's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional names "Chertan", "Chort" and "Coxa". "Chertan" is derived from the Arabic ' 'two small ribs', originally referring to Delta Leonis and Theta Leonis; "Chort" from Arabic ' or ' 'small rib', and ' is Latin for 'hip'. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and

title: 31 Aquilae

text: 31 Aquilae 31 Aquilae (abbreviated 31 Aql) is a star in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. "31 Aquilae" is its Flamsteed designation though it also bears the Bayer designation b Aquilae. This star has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.16 and is 49.5 light years from Earth. It has no known companions. 31 Aquilae has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.16, making it bright enough to be seen with the naked eye in dark skies. The annual parallax shift of 65.89 mas yields a distance estimate of from Earth. It is a variable star with a magnitude change of less

title: 42 Aurigae

text: 42 Aurigae 42 Aurigae is a star in the northern constellation of Auriga. The designation is from the star catalogue of English astronomer John Flamsteed, first published in 1712. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 6.53, which places it just below the visibility limit for normal eyesight under good seeing conditions. It displays an annual parallax shift of 13.24 mas, which yields a distance estimate of around 246 light years. The star is moving closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −12 km/s. It is a member of the Ursa Major Moving Group of stars that share

title: Parallax

text: Parallax is a displacement or difference in the apparent position of an object viewed along two different lines of sight, and is measured by the angle or semi-angle of inclination between those two lines. The term is derived from Ancient Greek παράλλαξις (parallaxis), meaning 'alternation'. Due to foreshortening, nearby objects show a larger parallax than farther objects when observed from different positions, so parallax can be used to determine distances.

title: Omega1 Aquilae

text: Omega1 Aquilae Omega Aquilae, Latinized from ω Aquilae, is the Bayer designation for a star in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. With an apparent visual magnitude of 5.2 it is a faint star that can be seen with the naked eye in dark skies. From the annual parallax shift of 7.86 mas, the distance to this star can be estimated as , give or take a 20 light year margin of error. The spectrum of this star fits a stellar classification of F0 IV. Typically, a luminosity class of IV means that the star is in the subgiant stage. It

title: Phi1 Hydrae

text: of +15.8 km/s. Phi1 Hydrae Phi Hydrae, Latinized from φ Hydrae, is a yellow-hued star in the constellation Hydra. Its apparent magnitude is 7.61, making it too faint to be seen with the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 13.63 mas as seen from Earth, it is located about 240 light years from the Sun. This is an ordinary G-type main-sequence star, having a Sun-like stellar classification of G2 V. However, the mass is 34% greater than the Sun, and it is radiating 4.4 times the Sun's luminosity. Phi Hydrae is moving further from the Sun with

title: Nu Aquarii

text: Nu Aquarii Nu Aquarii (ν Aqr, ν Aquarii) is the Bayer designation for a star in the equatorial constellation of Aquarius. With an apparent visual magnitude of 4.52, Nu Aquarii is visible to the naked eye. Its distance from Earth, as determined from parallax measurements, is around . At an estimated age of 708 million years, it has evolved into a giant star with a spectrum that matches a stellar classification of G8 III. It has than double the mass of the Sun and has expanded to eight times the Sun's radius. Nu Aquarii is radiating 37-fold the luminosity of

title: SX Phoenicis

text: SX Phoenicis SX Phoenicis is a variable star in the southern constellation Phoenix. With an apparent visual magnitude of 7.33, it is too faint to be seen with the naked eye. It is located 272 light years from the Sun, as determined from an annual parallax shift of . The star is moving closer with a heliocentric radial velocity of −24 km/s. This is the prototype SX Phoenicis variable, which means it is a population II, high amplitude, pulsating variable. The fundamental radial mode of pulsation has a period of with an amplitude of 0.2059 magnitude, while the first overtone

title: 3 Geminorum

text: close companions. Occultations of 3 Geminorum have been observed, but no double or diameter information has been published. 3 Geminorum 3 Geminorum is a blue supergiant star in the constellation Gemini. It is a small amplitude pulsating variable and a close double star, with a mean combined apparent visual magnitude of 5.75. 3 Geminorum was found to be an α Cygni variable in 1998 and given the designation PU Geminorum. It varies by a few tenths of a magnitude with a main period of 3.81 days. 3 Geminorum is also a close double star. The brighter component is the variable

title: Parallax

short_answers:
nearby
nearby objects


question: which two regions grow most of china’s rice

answers: provinces along the Yangtze River

answers: provinces in the south

title: Rice production in China

text: output. Intermediate and single-crop late rice grows in the southwest and along the Yangtze; it is planted in March to June and harvested in October and November and also contributed about 34 percent to total rice output in the 1980s. Double-crop late rice, planted after the early crop is reaped, is harvested in October to November and adds about 25 percent to total rice production. Rice grown in the north is planted from April to June and harvested from September to October; it contributes about 7 percent to total production. All rice cultivation is highly labour intensive. Rice is generally

title: Geography of China

text: rice. China exports about 750,000 metric tons of rice per year for about $120 per ton. Other significant agricultural exports from China are potatoes, corn, tobacco, peanuts, tea, apples, cotton, pork, mutton, eggs, fish, and shrimp. According to the World Bank, as of 2015, China’s total arable land was estimated at 119,000,000 hectares. Since 2005, arable land in China has been on the decline and the total arable land per citizen has reached .2 acres. As a percentage, agricultural land makes up about 54.7% of land. The climate of the country is difficult to describe because it varies so much

title: Paddy field

text: used for food crops. Rice is China's most important crop, raised on about 25% of the cultivated area. Most rice is grown south of the Huai River, in the Yangtze valley, the Zhu Jiang delta, and in Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan provinces. Rice appears to have been used by the Early Neolithic populations of Lijiacun and Yunchanyan in China. Evidence of possible rice cultivation from ca. 11,500 BP has been found, however it is still questioned whether the rice was indeed being cultivated, or instead being gathered as wild rice. Bruce Smith, an archaeologist at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington,

title: Rice production in China

text: grown as a wetland crop in fields flooded to supply water during the growing season. Transplanting seedlings requires many hours of labor, as does harvesting. Mechanization of rice cultivation is only minimally advanced. Rice cultivation also demands more of other inputs, such as fertilizer, than most other crops. Rice is highly prized by consumers as a food grain, especially in south China, and per capital consumption has risen through the years. Also, as incomes have risen, consumers have preferred to eat more rice and less potatoes, corn, sorghum, and millet. Large production increases in the early 1980s and poor local

title: History of agriculture in the People's Republic of China

text: it contributes about 7 percent to total production. All rice cultivation is highly labor-intensive. Rice is generally grown as a wetland crop in fields flooded to supply water during the growing season. Transplanting seedlings requires many hours of labor, as does harvesting. Mechanization of rice cultivation is only minimally advanced. Rice cultivation also demands more of other inputs, such as fertilizer, than most other crops. Rice is highly prized by consumers as a food grain, especially in south China, and per capita consumption has risen through the years. Also, as incomes have risen, consumers have preferred to eat more rice

text: February to April and harvested in June and July and contributes about 34 percent to total rice output. Intermediate and single-crop late rice grows in the southwest and along the Yangtze River; it is planted in March to June and harvested in October and November and also contributed about 34 percent to total rice output in the 1980s. Double-crop late rice, planted after the early crop is reaped, is harvested in October to November and adds about 25 percent to total rice production. Rice grown in the north is planted from April to June and harvested from September to October;

title: Rice

text: Over the period of 2007 to 2013, the Chinese government has substantially increased the price it pays domestic farmers for their rice, rising to per metric ton by 2013. The 2013 price of rice originating from other southeast Asian countries was a comparably low per metric ton. On April 30, 2008, Thailand announced plans for the creation of the Organisation of Rice Exporting Countries (OREC) with the intention that this should develop into a price-fixing cartel for rice. However, little progress had been made by mid-2011 to achieve this. As of 2009 world food consumption of rice was 531.6 million

title: Rice

text: duties (110%) open it to smuggling from neighboring countries. Parboiled rice is particularly popular in Nigeria. Although China and India are the two largest producers of rice in the world, both countries consume the majority of the rice produced domestically, leaving little to be traded internationally. The average world yield for rice was 4.3 tonnes per hectare, in 2010. Australian rice farms were the most productive in 2010, with a nationwide average of 10.8 tonnes per hectare. Yuan Longping of China National Hybrid Rice Research and Development Center, China, set a world record for rice yield in 2010 at 19

title: Yuan Longping

text: Hybrid Rice." At present, as much as 50 percent of China's total number of rice paddies grow Yuan Longping's hybrid rice species and these hybrid rice paddies yield 60 percent of the total rice production in China. Due to Yuan's hard work, China's total rice output rose from 56.9 million tons in 1950 to 194.7 million tons in 2017; about 300 billion kilograms of rice has been produced over the last twenty years, compared to the estimate amount that would have been produced without the hybrid rice species. The annual yield increase is enough to feed 60 million additional people.

title: Agriculture in China

text: itself in the 1960s and 1970s. Recently, with relative food security in China, periurban agriculture has led to improvements in the quality of the food available, as opposed to quantity. One of the more recent experiments in urban agriculture is the Modern Agricultural Science Demonstration Park in Xiaotangshan. About 75% of China's cultivated area is used for food crops. Rice is China's most important crop, raised on about 25% of the cultivated area. The majority of rice is grown south of the Huai River, in the Zhu Jiang delta, and in the Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan provinces. Wheat is the

text: a large proportion of chemical nutrients) supports high yields. Frequently two or even three crops a year are cultivated on the same land. Food crops other than rice are also grown, most frequently in hilly areas or during the winter. These include potatoes and winter wheat. The highest grain yields in the country in the mid-1980s were generally found in the Sichuan Basin, the lower Yangtze River Valley, and Guangdong and Fujian provinces, where multiple cropping of rice and other crops was the typical pattern. Cotton, tea, and industrial crops were also produced there. Wheat has traditionally been the main

title: Food

text: struggling to keep up the pace. The past five years have seen rapid growth in the contribution of Asian nations to the global fluid and powdered milk manufacturing industry, which in 2008 accounted for more than 30% of production, while China alone accounts for more than 10% of both production and consumption in the global fruit and vegetable processing and preserving industry. In 2013 Overseas Development Institute researchers showed that rice has more than doubled in price since 2000, rising by 120% in real terms. This was as a result of shifts in trade policy and restocking by major producers.

title: Economy of China

text: Qinling forests are not worked extensively, and much of the country's timber comes from Heilongjiang, Jilin, Sichuan, and Yunnan. Western China, comprising Tibet, Xinjiang, and Qinghai, has little agricultural significance except for areas of floriculture and cattle raising. Rice, China's most important crop, is dominant in the southern provinces and many of the farms here yield two harvests a year. In the north, wheat is of the greatest importance, while in central China wheat and rice vie with each other for the top place. Millet and kaoliang (a variety of grain sorghum) are grown mainly in the northeast and some

title: Agriculture in China

text: second most-prevalent grain crop, grown in most parts of the country but especially on the North China Plain, the Wei and Fen River valleys on the Loess plateau, and in Jiangsu, Hubei, and Sichuan provinces. Corn and millet are grown in north and northeast China, and oat is important in Inner Mongolia and Tibet. Other crops include sweet potatoes in the south, white potatoes in the north (China is the largest producer of potatoes in the world), and various other fruits and vegetables. Tropical fruits are grown on Hainan Island, apples and pears are grown in northern Liaoning and Shandong.

title: Agriculture in China

text: the leading producer of cotton, which is grown throughout, but especially in the areas of the North China Plain, the Yangtze river delta, the middle Yangtze valley, and the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Other fiber crops include ramie, flax, jute, and hemp. Sericulture, the practice of silkworm raising, is also practiced in central and southern China. China has a large livestock population, with pigs and fowls being the most common. China’s pig population and pork production mainly lie along the Yangtze River. In 2011, Sichuan province had 51 million pigs (11% of China’s total supply). In rural western China, sheep,

text: and less potatoes, corn, sorghum, and millet. Large production increases in the early 1980s and poor local transportation systems combined to induce farmers to feed large quantities of lower quality rice to livestock. In 1987 China ranked third in the world as a producer of wheat. Winter wheat, which in the same year accounted for about 88 percent of total national output, is grown primarily in the Yangtze River Valley and on the North China Plain. The crop is sown each fall from September through November and is harvested in May and June the subsequent year. Spring wheat is planted

title: Geography of China

text: split from Guangdong in 1988 and Chongqing from Sichuan in 1997. As the country continues to industrialize, the share of agriculture as a part of China's GDP has lowered to 11% in recent years. Of the enormous labor force in China, 27.7% work in agriculture. China's primary agricultural import is wheat from Argentina, Australia, Canada, and France. They import about four to five million metric tons of wheat per year and they are able to buy the wheat for about $70 per ton, making wheat China's most important agricultural import. On the other hand, China's most important agricultural export is

text: Hybrid rice is not used elsewhere because of the amount of labor it requires, but more than 6 million hectares of it were planted in the mid-1980s, accounting for 20 percent of total rice area. The China National Seed Company was established in 1978 to popularize improved seed varieties; it exported Chinese vegetable seeds and imported improved grain, cotton, forage, and oil seeds. About 5 percent of China's arable land was being used to raise seed in the mid-1980s, and the company operated more than 2,000 seed companies at provincial, prefectural, and county levels. Agricultural science suffered from changes in

title: Deepwater rice

text: valley in Assam, a state in Northeast India and other Northeast Indian states. In Southeast Asia, the main areas of cultivation are in Burma in the Irrawaddy Delta, in Thailand in the Chao Phraya and Mekong in Vietnam and Cambodia. In these countries, deepwater rice accounts for more than 25% of the land used to grow rice. Deepwater rice is cultivated less in West Africa than in Asia, with about . Areas it is grown include the Niger River basin. Some areas in Ecuador grow deepwater rice. Deepwater rice is grown in tropical monsoon climates normally around river deltas and

title: Economy of China

text: SDR currency basket. The announcement gave 'green-light' to official approval at the 30 November IMF meeting. China is the world's largest producer and consumer of agricultural products – and some 300 million Chinese farm workers are in the industry, mostly laboring on pieces of land about the size of U.S farms. Virtually all arable land is used for food crops. China is the world's largest producer of rice and is among the principal sources of wheat, corn (maize), tobacco, soybeans, potatoes, sorghum, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, oilseed, pork, and fish. Major non-food crops, including cotton, other fibers, and oilseeds, furnish

title: Rice production in India

text: irrigation water supply and mounting use of fertilizers have together led to beneficial and quick results. It is the rain fed area that cuts down average yields per hectare. In some of the states like West Bengal, Assam and Orissa two crops of rice are raised in a year. Winter season in the north western India are extremely cold for rice. Rice is considered as the master crop of coastal India and in some regions of the eastern India where during the summer monsoon rainy season both high temperature and heavy rainfall provide ideal conditions for the cultivation of rice.

text: crop in north China, a considerably drier region than south China. The winter wheat crop accounts for nearly 90 percent of China's total production. Spring wheat is grown mainly in the eastern portion of Inner Mongolia and the northeastern provinces. Other important grain crops include corn, sorghum, and millet. These are usually dryland crops. Since the late 1960s, irrigation has been greatly expanded, but water remains an important limiting factor. Compared with the south, soils in the north are generally better; however, because of the shorter growing season and colder, drier climate, yields per cultivated hectare tend to be lower

title: Koreans in China

text: a paddy field farming specifications document of a Korean immigrant farmer to the central Agriculture and Business Administration. After receiving the administration's approval, Jinlin Province started to promote rice production. Han Chinese farmer began to hire Korean emigrants to learn how to grow rice. In 1917, Korean farmers in Muling solved the problem of how to grow rice in regions with short frost-free period. Rice farming thereafter quickly expanded to the further north region of Mudan River, Muling River and Mayi River basins. Between 1921 and 192, the total areas of paddy fields in Northeast China increased from 48,000 hectare

title: Thailand

text: Rice is the most important crop in the country and Thailand had long been the world's leading exporter of rice, until recently falling behind both India and Vietnam. Thailand has the highest percentage of arable land, 27.25%, of any nation in the Greater Mekong Subregion. About 55% of the arable land area is used for rice production. Agriculture has been experiencing a transition from labour-intensive and transitional methods to a more industrialised and competitive sector. Between 1962 and 1983, the agricultural sector grew by 4.1% per year on average and continued to grow at 2.2% between 1983 and 2007. The

title: Rice production in China

title: Paddy field

text: are Yuanyang County, Yunnan, and Longsheng County, Guangxi. India has the largest paddy output in the world and is also the fourth largest exporter of rice in the world. In India, West Bengal is the largest rice producing state. Paddy fields are a common sight throughout India, both in the northern gangetic plains and the southern peninsular plateaus. Paddy is cultivated at least twice a year in most parts of India, the two seasons being known as Rabi and Kharif respectively. The former cultivation is dependent on irrigation, while the latter depends on Monsoon. The paddy cultivation plays a major

text: 1970s but rose to a peak of more than 13 million tons in 1982. Wheat imports fell as wheat output expanded rapidly, so that by 1985 imports fell to just under 5.5 million tons. Argentina, Australia, Canada, France, and the United States have been major sources of China's wheat imports. China has been one of the world's largest rice exporters, which had been annually shipping out about 1 million tons. Rice exports go primarily to Asian and East European countries and to Cuba. China has been both an importer and an exporter of coarse grains. Up to 1984 sorghum, millet,

title: Rice

text: rice in early 2000s, was a net importer of rice in 2010 and will become the largest net importer, surpassing Nigeria, in 2013. According to a USDA report, the world's largest exporters of rice in 2012 were India (9.75 million tonnes), Vietnam (7 million tonnes), Thailand (6.5 million tonnes), Pakistan (3.75 million tonnes) and the United States (3.5 million tonnes). Major importers usually include Nigeria, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Malaysia, the Philippines, Brazil and some African and Persian Gulf countries. In common with other West African countries, Nigeria is actively promoting domestic production. However, its very heavy import

title: Hybrid rice

text: hybrid rice, and was a pioneer in the research of high-altitude hybrid rice. He published the book "Dian-type Hybrid Rice" (滇型杂交水稻). In China, hybrid rice is estimated to be planted on more than 50% of rice-growing land there and it is credited with helping the country increase its rice yields, which are among the highest within Asia. Hybrid rice is also grown in many other important rice producing countries including Indonesia, Vietnam, Myanmar, Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Brazil, USA, and the Philippines. A 2010 study published by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), reports that the profitability of hybrid rice

title: Breadbasket

text: Yellow River and Yangtze River southern Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces have also been known for their rich fertility. The Al-Jazira area in northwestern Syria, and its Euphrates basin is considered the country's breadbasket due to its abundance of wheat. The plains of Java are considered the rice bowls of Indonesia. Kedah is considered the rice bowl of Malaysia, accounting for about half of Malaysia's total production of rice. In 2008, the government of Kedah banned the conversion of paddy fields to housing and industrial lots to protect the rice industry. The province of Nueva Ecija found on Luzon island is

title: Rice production in China

long_answer: China is the world's largest producer of rice, and the crop makes up a little less than half of the country's total grain output. China accounts for 30% of all world rice production. In a given year total rice output came from four different crops. The early rice crop grows primarily in provinces along the Yangtze River and in provinces in the south; it is planted in February to April and harvested in June and July and contributes about 34 percent to total rice output. Intermediate and single-crop late rice grows in the southwest and along the Yangtze; it is planted in March to June and harvested in October and November and also contributed about 34 percent to total rice output in the 1980s. Double-crop late rice, planted after the early crop is reaped, is harvested in October to November and adds about 25 percent to total rice production. Rice grown in the north is planted from April to June and harvested from September to October; it contributes about 7 percent to total production.

short_answers:
provinces along the Yangtze River
provinces in the south


question: the fertile crescent is located between what two bodies of water

answers: Tigris and Euphrates rivers

answers: Tigris

answers: Euphrates

title: Fertile Crescent

text: Crescent includes Israel, Palestine, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, and Jordan, as well as the surrounding portions of Turkey and Iran. Water sources include the Jordan River. The inner boundary is delimited by the dry climate of the Syrian Desert to the south. Around the outer boundary are the Anatolian highlands to the north, the Sahara Desert to the west and the Iranian Plateau to the east. As crucial as rivers and marshlands were to the rise of civilization in the Fertile Crescent, they were not the only factor. The area is geographically important as the "bridge" between Africa and Eurasia,

title: Fertile Crescent

text: side toward the south, having the west end at the southeast corner of the Mediterranean, the center directly north of Arabia, and the east end at the north end of the Persian Gulf (see map, p. 100). It lies like an army facing south, with one wing stretching along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean and the other reaching out to the Persian Gulf, while the center has its back against the northern mountains. The end of the western wing is Palestine; Assyria makes up a large part of the center; while the end of the eastern wing is Babylonia.This

title: Fertile Crescent

text: Fertile Crescent The Fertile Crescent is a crescent-shaped region in the Middle East where agriculture and early human civilizations such as Sumer flourished. Technological advances in the region include the development of writing, glass, the wheel, agriculture, and the use of irrigation. It has been called the "cradle of civilization". The Fertile Crescent lies in all of Iraq (Mesopotamia), and parts of Israel/Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, and Jordan as well as the southeastern fringe of Turkey and the western fringes of Iran. Some authors include Cyprus. The Fertile Crescent is an old name which was mostly only used to refer

title: Fertile Crescent

text: and into the second, several language groups already existed in the region. These included: Links between Hurro-Urartian and Hattic and the indigenous languages of the Caucasus have frequently been suggested, but are not generally accepted. Fertile Crescent The Fertile Crescent is a crescent-shaped region in the Middle East where agriculture and early human civilizations such as Sumer flourished. Technological advances in the region include the development of writing, glass, the wheel, agriculture, and the use of irrigation. It has been called the "cradle of civilization". The Fertile Crescent lies in all of Iraq (Mesopotamia), and parts of Israel/Palestine, Syria, Lebanon,

title: Dar al-Manasir

text: between the Bayudah Desert to the south and the Nubian Desert to the north, the Nile is forced by the topography to split up into a multitude of tributaries forming a fertile river oasis of small rocky islands described by the traveller GRAY (1949:120) with the following words: ""Whereas usually [agriculture] in the Nile Valley […] is confined to the belt on two banks on which the river has deposited silt, in this cataract area, where islands are scattered like a flock of goats, the number of silt-covered river banks in any given 10 kilometres may be up to a

title: Fertile Crescent

text: to Iraq due to having the most fertile lands in the region. The regions and countries east of Iraq were also included to the definition, popularized by the Fertile Crescent Plan, and other plans aimed to unify the regions of Mesopotamia and Greater Syria, not only due to their fertile lands, but the shared customs and traditions of the peoples. The term "Fertile Crescent" was popularized by archaeologist James Henry Breasted in "Outlines of European History" (1914) and "Ancient Times, A History of the Early World" (1916).<ref name="Breasted 1914/1916"></ref> Breasted wrote:This fertile crescent is approximately a semicircle, with the open

title: Jordan

text: area of the Fertile Crescent, a cradle of civilization. It is large, and long between its northernmost and southernmost points; Umm Qais and Aqaba respectively. The kingdom lies between 29° and 34° N, and 34° and 40° E. The east is an arid plateau irrigated by oases and seasonal water streams. Major cities are overwhelmingly located on the north-western part of the kingdom due to its fertile soils and relatively abundant rainfall. These include Irbid, Jerash and Zarqa in the northwest, the capital Amman and Al-Salt in the central west, and Madaba, Al-Karak and Aqaba in the southwest. Major towns

title: North Africa

text: Cyrenaica in the northeast. Most of Egypt is also desert, with the exception of the Nile River and the irrigated land along its banks. The Nile Valley forms a narrow fertile thread that runs along the length of the country. Sheltered valleys in the Atlas Mountains, the Nile Valley and Delta, and the Mediterranean coast are the main sources of fertile farming land. A wide variety of valuable crops including cereals, rice and cotton, and woods such as cedar and cork, are grown. Typical Mediterranean crops, such as olives, figs, dates and citrus fruits, also thrive in these areas. The

title: Syrian Social Nationalist Party

text: Red Sea in the south and includes the Sinai peninsula and the Gulf of Aqaba, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the west, including the island of Cyprus, to the arch of the Arabian desert and the Persian Gulf in the east. According to Saadeh, this region is also called the Syrian Fertile Crescent, the island Cyprus being its star. Greater Syria corresponds to the Mesopotamian basin of Bilad al-Sham before it was arbitrarily dissected by the colonial powers. According to Saadeh, geographical factors play an important role in setting the parameters for the process of association and thus for

title: James Henry Breasted

text: four decades later in 1934, after which Breasted married one of her sisters. Breasted popularized the term "Fertile Crescent" to describe the archaeologically important area including parts of present-day Iraq, Syria, Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine and Israel. Breasted became an instructor at the University of Chicago in 1894 soon after earning his doctorate. Five years later the university agreed to his accepting an invitation from the Prussian Academy of Sciences to work on its Egyptian dictionary project. From 1899 to 1908 he did field work in Egypt, which established his reputation. He began to publish numerous articles and monographs, as

title: Israel

text: in the Syrian Civil War from 2011 the conflict shifted from proxy warfare into direct confrontation by early 2018. Israel is located in the Levant area of the Fertile Crescent region. The country is at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea, bounded by Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank to the east, and Egypt and the Gaza Strip to the southwest. It lies between latitudes 29° and 34° N, and longitudes 34° and 36° E. The sovereign territory of Israel (according to the demarcation lines of the 1949 Armistice Agreements and excluding

title: Fertile Crescent

text: the fifth species, the horse, lived nearby. The Fertile Crescent flora comprises a high percentage of plants that can self-pollinate, but may also be cross-pollinated. These plants, called "selfers", were one of the geographical advantages of the area because they did not depend on other plants for reproduction. As well as possessing many sites with the skeletal and cultural remains of both pre-modern and early modern humans (e.g., at Tabun and Es Skhul caves in Israel), later Pleistocene hunter-gatherers, and Epipalaeolithic semi-sedentary hunter-gatherers (the Natufians); the Fertile Crescent is most famous for its sites related to the origins of agriculture.

title: Fertile Crescent

text: which has allowed it to retain a greater amount of biodiversity than either Europe or North Africa, where climate changes during the Ice Age led to repeated extinction events when ecosystems became squeezed against the waters of the Mediterranean Sea. The Saharan pump theory posits that this Middle Eastern land-bridge was extremely important to the modern distribution of Old World flora and fauna, including the spread of humanity. The area has borne the brunt of the tectonic divergence between the African and Arabian plates and the converging Arabian and Eurasian plates, which has made the region a very diverse zone

title: Tourism in the Arab world

text: the "Fertile Crescent", "Eastern Mediterranean", "Syria (region)", "Mashriq" which is the Arabic word for "Levant". The Eastern Mediterranean Muslims, Christians, Circassians and Christian Maronite Cypriots populations speak Levantine Arabic also known as Mediterranean Arabic (شامي). These populations share not only the language, but the geographic position, cuisine, some customs, and a very long history. Geographically-speaking, the Levant boasts some of the most diverse natural features in the Arab World. The Syrian Desert, a 200,000-square-miles wide rocky and flat desert, occupies the center of the Levant and is considered a continuation of the Arabian Desert. To its east lies Mesopotamia, fertile

title: Fertile Crescent

text: northern desert-bay are clothed with scanty grass, and spring thus turns the region for a short time into grasslands. The history of Western Asia may be described as an age-long struggle between the mountain peoples of the north and the desert wanderers of these grasslands—a struggle which is still going on—for the possession of the Fertile Crescent, the shores of the desert-bay. There is no name, either geographical or political, which includes all of this great semicircle (see map, p. 100). Hence we are obliged to coin a term and call it the Fertile Crescent. In current usage, the Fertile

title: Western Desert (Egypt)

text: the New Valley Governorate from there to the Sudan border, while in the east parts of the Western Desert lie in the Giza, Fayyum, Beni Suef, and Minya Governorates. The region is described by one writer as "a plateau standing on average some 500 feet above sea level, barren, rubble- and boulder-strewn, dark brown in colour, occasionally dotted with scrub, and, at first sight, flat". He also states that little of the area conforms to "the romantic view... the Hollywood scenery of wind-formed dunes with occasional oases fringed with palm"; those such areas do exist, in the Sand Sea where

title: Fertile Crescent Plan

text: continue to exist. Fertile Crescent Plan The Fertile Crescent Plan was an Iraqi Hashemite proposal for the union of the Kingdom of Iraq with Mandatory Syria (including Mandatory Lebanon), Mandatory Palestine, and Transjordan. Nuri as-Said, prime minister of Iraq, presented the plan to British officials during World War II, when it appeared that France had become too weak to hold on to Syria. The second People's Party, representing northern Syrian commercial and landholding interests, favored the Fertile Crescent Plan and initiated diplomatic steps to implement it. However, the National Party and factions in the army were determined to block any

title: Egyptian mythology

text: areas of the earth that the Egyptians could not see. These regions would then be the Duat. The fertile lands of the Nile Valley (Upper Egypt) and Delta (Lower Egypt) lie at the center of the world in Egyptian cosmology. Outside them are the infertile deserts, which are associated with the chaos that lies beyond the world. Somewhere beyond them is the horizon, the "akhet". There, two mountains, in the east and the west, mark the places where the sun enters and exits the Duat. Foreign nations are associated with the hostile deserts in Egyptian ideology. Foreign people, likewise, are

title: Geography of Syria

text: country has less than of rain a year. Fertile land is the state's most important natural resource, and efforts have been made to increase the amount of arable land through irrigation projects. Along the Mediterranean, a narrow coastal plain stretches south from the Turkish border to Lebanon. The flatness of this littoral, covered with sand dunes, is broken only by lateral promontories running down from the mountains to the sea. The major ports are Latakia and Tartous. Syria claimed a territorial limit of off its Mediterranean coastline. However, in 2003, Syria unilaterally declared its maritime zones, adhering to the 12

title: Khartoum (state)

text: where the two rivers unite to form the River Nile. The confluence of the two rivers creates a unique effect. As they join, each river retains its own color: the White Nile with its bright whiteness and the Blue Nile with its alluvial brown color. These colors are more visible in the flood season. The state lies between longitudes 31.5 to 34 °E and latitudes 15 to 16 °N. It is surrounded by River Nile State in the north-east, in the north-west by the Northern State, in the east and southeast by the states of Kassala, Qadarif, Gezira and White

title: Fertile Crescent Plan

text: Fertile Crescent Plan The Fertile Crescent Plan was an Iraqi Hashemite proposal for the union of the Kingdom of Iraq with Mandatory Syria (including Mandatory Lebanon), Mandatory Palestine, and Transjordan. Nuri as-Said, prime minister of Iraq, presented the plan to British officials during World War II, when it appeared that France had become too weak to hold on to Syria. The second People's Party, representing northern Syrian commercial and landholding interests, favored the Fertile Crescent Plan and initiated diplomatic steps to implement it. However, the National Party and factions in the army were determined to block any plans for unity

title: Canaan

text: Gaza. Nevertheless, the Egyptian and Hebrew uses of the term are not identical: the Egyptian texts also identify the coastal city of Qadesh in north west Syria near Turkey as part of the "Land of Canaan", so that the Egyptian usage seems to refer to the entire Levantine coast of the Mediterranean Sea, making it a synonym of another Egyptian term for this coastland, Retjenu. Lebanon, in northern Canaan, bordered by the Litani river to the watershed of the Orontes River, was known by the Egyptians as upper Retjenu. In Egyptian campaign accounts, the term Djahi was used to refer

title: Fertile Crescent

text: of high snow-covered mountains. The Fertile Crescent had many diverse climates, and major climatic changes encouraged the evolution of many "r" type annual plants, which produce more edible seeds than "K" type perennial plants. The region's dramatic variety in elevation gave rise to many species of edible plants for early experiments in cultivation. Most importantly, the Fertile Crescent was home to the eight Neolithic founder crops important in early agriculture (i.e., wild progenitors to emmer wheat, einkorn, barley, flax, chick pea, pea, lentil, bitter vetch), and four of the five most important species of domesticated animals—cows, goats, sheep, and pigs;

title: Geography of Tunisia

text: kilometres, of which 8,250 are water. The principal and reliable rivers rise in the north of the country with a few notable exceptions from north-east Algeria and flow through the northern plain where sufficient rainfall supports diverse plant cover and irrigated agriculture. Tunisia is on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa, midway between the Atlantic Ocean and the Nile Delta. It is bordered by Algeria on the west and Libya on the south east. It lies between latitudes 30° and 38°N, and longitudes 7° and 12°E. An abrupt southward turn of the Mediterranean coast in northern Tunisia gives the country

title: Fertile Crescent

text: The Fertile Crescent includes Mesopotamia, the land in and around the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; and the Levant, the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea.  The modern-day countries with significant territory within the Fertile Crescent are Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Cyprus, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Egypt, as well as the southeastern fringe of Turkey and the western fringes of Iran.

title: Geography of Sudan

text: Nile lies the Nubian Desert; to the west, the Libyan Desert. They are similar—stony, with sandy dunes drifting over the landscape. There is virtually no rainfall in these deserts, and in the Nubian Desert there are no oases. In the west, there are a few small watering holes, such as Bir an Natrun, where the water table reaches the surface to form wells that provide water for nomads, caravans, and administrative patrols, although insufficient to support an oasis and inadequate to provide for a settled population. Flowing through the desert is the Nile Valley, whose alluvial strip of habitable land

title: Geography of Egypt

text: other areas along the Nile are flat, with space for agricultural production. In the past, flooding of the Nile during the summer provided silt and water to make agriculture possible on land that is otherwise very dry. Since construction of the Aswan Dam, agriculture in the Nile valley depends on irrigation. The Nile delta consists of flat, low-lying areas. Some parts of the delta are marshy and water-logged, and thus not suitable for agriculture. Other areas of the delta are used for agriculture. The Nile Valley and Delta, the most extensive oasis on earth, was created by the world's longest

title: Lower Egypt

text: Lower Egypt Lower Egypt ( "") is the northernmost region of Egypt: the fertile Nile Delta, between Upper Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea — from El Aiyat, south of modern-day Cairo, and Dahshur. In ancient times, Pliny the Elder (N.H. 5.11) said that upon reaching the delta the Nile split into seven branches (from east to west): the Pelusiac, the Tanitic, the Mendesian, the Phatnitic, the Sebennytic, the Bolbitine, and the Canopic. Today there are two principal channels that the Nile takes through the river's delta: one in the west at Rashid and one in the east at Damietta. The

title: Geography of Egypt

text: for an additional 158 km within Sudan. Lake Nasser's waters fill the area through Lower Nubia (Upper Egypt and northern Sudan) within the narrow canyon between the cliffs of sandstone and granite created by the flow of the river over many centuries. Below Aswan the cultivated floodplain strip widens to as much as twenty km. North of Isna (160 km north of Aswan), the plateau on both sides of the valley rises to as much as 550 m above sea level; at Qina (some 90 km north of Isna) the 300-m limestone cliffs force the Nile to change course towards

title: Geography of Egypt

text: Lake Ontario. It is largely below sea level and is below sea level at the lowest. Badlands, salt marshes, and salt lakes cover the sparsely inhabited Qattara Depression. Limited agricultural production, the presence of some natural resources, and permanent settlements are found in the other six depressions, all of which have fresh water provided by the Nile or by local groundwater. The Siwah Oasis, close to the Libyan border and west of Qattara, is isolated from the rest of Egypt but has sustained life since ancient times. The Siwa's cliff-hung Temple of Amun was renowned for its oracles for more

title: Fertile Crescent

short_answers:
Euphrates
Tigris
Tigris and Euphrates rivers


question: who was the first british team to win the european cup

answers: Celtic

title: 1978–79 in English football

text: Malmö of Sweden 1–0 in the European Cup final. Trevor Francis scores the only goal of the game. 1 June 1979: West Bromwich Albion sell winger Laurie Cunningham to Real Madrid of Spain for £995,000. 6 June 1979: England win 3–0 away to Bulgaria to move closer to next season's European Championship Finals. Brian Clough's Nottingham Forest added the European Cup to their League Cup victory with a 1–0 win over Malmö of Sweden in the final. Arsenal won the FA Cup after surviving a late fight-back from Manchester United in the final at Wembley. Manchester United scored twice in

title: 1978 European Cup Final

text: took the lead in the second half when Kenny Dalglish scored from a Graeme Souness pass. They held this lead to win the match 1–0, securing Liverpool's second European Cup and third European trophy in succession, and they became the first English team to retain the European Cup. Liverpool were the reigning European Cup champions after defeating Borussia Mönchengladbach 3–1 to win the 1977 European Cup Final. Liverpool were also the reigning English champions, having won the English league during the 1976–77 season. As reigning European Cup champions, they received a bye in the first round. They were drawn against

title: 1981 European Cup Final

text: his team in the game. The score remained 1–0 and Liverpool won their third European Cup, the first English club to do so. Liverpool's victory meant that Bob Paisley became the first manager to win the European Cup three times. 1981 European Cup Final The 1981 European Cup Final was an association football match between Liverpool of England and Real Madrid of Spain on 27 May 1981 at the Parc des Princes, Paris, France. It was the final match of the 1980–81 season of Europe's premier cup competition, the European Cup. Liverpool were appearing in their third final, after two

title: 1978 European Cup Final

text: the final, while Liverpool were appearing in their second successive final. The two teams had met before in the final of a European competition: the 1976 UEFA Cup Final, which Liverpool won 4–3 on aggregate. Liverpool were the reigning champions and were aiming to become the first British team to win successive European Cups. Liverpool had already won the UEFA Cup twice, in the 1972–73 and 1975–76 seasons and had a chance to win two European cups as well. Brugge were the first Belgian team to reach the final of the European Cup and thus were aiming to become the

title: Timeline of association football

text: become the first British club to win the European Cup, beating Internazionale 2–1 in the final. Flórián Albert became the first Hungarian player who win the European Golden Boot. The AFC Champions League is played for the first time, won by Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C.. Manchester United win the European Cup ten years after the Munich air disaster killed eight of their players. Eusébio wins the inaugural Golden Boot award as the continent's top club scorer. 2000 die when El Salvador and Honduras declare war on each other following a World Cup qualifying match. Brazil becomes the first national side

title: Liverpool F.C. in European football

text: from a Graeme Souness pass. The 1–0 victory meant Liverpool became the first British team to retain the European Cup. They faced Anderlecht in the 1978 European Super Cup, but failed to retain the trophy, losing 4–3 on aggregate against the Belgian side. Liverpool were eliminated in the first round of the 1978–79 European Cup by English champions Nottingham Forest. Nottingham Forest won the tie 2–0 on aggregate, and went on to win the competition. Liverpool entered the 1979–80 European Cup as English champions but were again eliminated in the first round, this time beaten 4–2 on aggregate by Dinamo

title: European Cup and UEFA Champions League history

text: Stade de Reims of France, who reached two finals and several Italian clubs such as Milan and Fiorentina. Hibernian were the first British club to play in the European Cup, reaching the semi-finals of the inaugural tournament in 1955. The English league winners, Chelsea, were denied entry by the Football League's secretary Alan Hardaker, who believed it was in the best interests of English football and football in general for them not to enter. This era culminated in the famous 1960 European Cup Final, at Hampden Park, Glasgow, Scotland, where Real Madrid obliterated Eintracht Frankfurt of West Germany 7–3 in

title: Bill Nicholson (footballer)

text: games. The following year they won the FA Cup again, and narrowly missed a place in the European Cup Final, losing to Benfica in the semi-final. In the 1962–63 season, Nicholson again put Spurs in the history books when they became the first British club to win a major European trophy. In Rotterdam on 15 May 1963, Spurs defeated favourites Atlético Madrid 5–1 to win the European Cup Winners Cup. In 1966–67 Nicholson's Spurs won their third FA Cup in seven years by beating Chelsea in the first-ever all-London final. This was followed by a string of trophies in the

title: Crystal Palace National Sports Centre

text: second National Championship came only one week after the Spartans had won the European Club Championship in Italy when the Spartans defeated Dublin, Amsterdam, Berlin, and Milan to become the first British team to ever win the European Club Championship. The player/head coach of the Manchester Spartans was Terry Smith, who also was the Great Britain National Team Head Coach. With Smith at the helm of the Great Britain National Team in 1989, and with 12 Spartans players playing for Great Britain,the Spartans players and coach led Great Britain to the European Nations Championship in 1989 by defeating France, Germany,

title: Paul Lambert

text: Juve's French playmaker Zinedine Zidane. Lambert’s cross also set up Karl-Heinz Riedle's opening goal as Dortmund won 3–1. Lambert's contribution has since been lauded as a Man of the Match performance. He became the first British person to win the European Cup with a non-UK team, and the first British person to win the tournament since its reformation as the Champions League in 1992. Lambert had scored in the lead up to the final with a goal in the group stage, the first in a 2–2 draw at Widzew Łódź. Lambert's performance in the semi-final elimination of Manchester United was

title: 1977 European Cup Final

text: Simonsen equalised for Mönchengladbach early in the second half. Liverpool regained the lead midway through the second half with a goal from Tommy Smith, and Phil Neal ensured Liverpool won the match 3–1 to secure their first European Cup. The victory was a year after they had won the UEFA Cup, which meant that Bob Paisley became the first manager to win the UEFA Cup and European Cup in successive seasons. Liverpool were the reigning UEFA Cup champions, they had beaten Belgian team Club Brugge 4–3 on aggregate to win the 1975–76 UEFA Cup. Liverpool entered the competition as English

title: 1968 European Cup Final

text: first British team to do so. The win also marked the culmination of Manchester United's 10 years of rebuilding after the 1958 Munich air disaster, in which eight players had been killed and manager Matt Busby had been left fighting for his life. Captain Bobby Charlton and Bill Foulkes who had both survived the crash played in the game. 1968 European Cup Final The 1968 European Cup Final was a football match played at Wembley Stadium on 29 May 1968 to determine the winners of the 1967–68 European Cup, the 13th season of the European Cup, a tournament organised by

title: Rangers F.C.

text: 7 years 42 days. Smith won three league titles, two Scottish Cups and three League Cups in the 4 years, 126 days of his second spell. Rangers' other manager with notable success was William Waddell who won the European Cup Winner's Cup during his 2 years and 175-day stint. "As of June 2018" Rangers became the first British side to reach a UEFA-sanctioned European final in 1961. For further information, see Rangers club captains The following team was voted the greatest ever Rangers team by supporters in 1999. When the vote was launched it was feared that younger voters would

title: Football in London

text: the final. Tottenham Hotspur were the first club in Britain to win a European trophy, winning the Cup Winners Cup in 1963. Arsenal, Chelsea and Tottenham Hotspur are London's most successful teams. Between them, they have won a total of 99 titles and trophies. Wembley Stadium, England's national stadium, is in London. It is the home venue of the England national football team and has traditionally hosted the FA Cup Final since 1923. The playing of team ball games (almost certainly including football) was first recorded in London by William FitzStephen around 1174-1183. He described the activities of London youths

title: Derek Smethurst

text: with an injury, Smethurst still compiled 20 goals in 42 games with the reserves. He made his first team debut on 1 September 1970. Smethurst was the first South African to win a European championship when Chelsea won the 1970–71 European Cup Winners' Cup. He was the first foreign born player to win a European championship in England. Two games into the 1971–1972 season, Chelsea transferred Smethurst to Millwall F.C. for £35,000 at his request. He spent four seasons with Millwall. In 1975, Smethurst moved to the United States where he played for the newly established Tampa Bay Rowdies of

title: Sport in Aberdeen

text: Its major success was winning the European Cup Winners Cup in 1983 and three Scottish Premier League Championships between 1980 and 1986, under the former Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson. The club's stadium is Pittodrie which was Britain's first all-seater stadium. Aberdeen holds the distinction of being the last team to have won the Scottish Premier League Championship outside the Old Firm and is the only Scottish team to have won two European trophies adding to their European Cup Winners Cup success by winning the European Super Cup, also in 1983. Well known footballers who have played for the club

title: 1977 European Super Cup

text: minute. A hat-trick from Terry McDermott and goal each from Kenny Dalglish and Fairclough secured a 6–0 win for Liverpool. Thus, Liverpool won 7–1 on aggregate to win their first European Super Cup. The European Super Cup was founded in the early 1970s, as a means to determine the best team in Europe and serve as a challenge to Ajax, the strongest club side of its day. The proposal by Dutch journalist Anton Witkamp, a football match between the holders of the European Cup and Cup Winners' Cup, failed to receive UEFA's backing, given the recent Cup Winners' Cup winners

title: Football in England

text: 5–1 in the final. Manager Bill Nicholson then built another successful Tottenham side which lifted a further FA Cup in 1967. The most marked success of the era, however, was Alf Ramsey's England team, which won the 1966 FIFA World Cup on home soil after controversially beating West Germany 4–2 after extra time, the only time the national team has won the trophy. In the late 1960s English clubs dominated the last years of the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, with wins for Leeds United, Newcastle United and Arsenal. Manchester United became the first English club to win the European Cup in

title: 1998–99 in English football

text: Cup double on three occasions, having already won the double in 1994 and 1996. They then went on to win the European Cup to become only the second English club to win three major trophies in the same season. This made them the first English club to win the European Cup in 15 years, and manager Alex Ferguson was knighted. Chelsea's revival continued with a third-place finish in the league, although they failed to add any more silverware to the three cups won in the previous two seasons. Following the loss of manager George Graham to Tottenham in the autumn,

title: 1975 European Cup Final

text: second English club to reach the final after Manchester United in 1968 and the second team in history to reach the finals of all three European cup competitions after FC Barcelona, the game was the climax of the 'Glory Years' of the team built by former manager Don Revie. Amongst the stars of the team were the Scottish internationals Billy Bremner and Peter Lorimer. Leeds United, incidentally also had a poor season domestically. The experienced, but now ageing team had finished only 9th in the 1974–75 Football League. This would be the club's last appearance in a major cup final

title: Manchester United F.C. in European football

text: becoming the first English side to do so. Following their league title win the previous season, Manchester United first competed in European football competition in 1956–57. 1954–55 Football League winners Chelsea had been denied the opportunity to take part in the inaugural European Cup by The Football League's chairman Alan Hardaker, who feared that European football would damage the integrity of the English game. However, Matt Busby, the manager of Manchester United, was a forward-thinking man and was determined to have his team compete on the European stage. With the backing of The Football Association's chairman, Stanley Rous (who would

title: Football in England

text: 13 occasions. They have set many precedents in the process, becoming the first team to win a second double of the league title and FA Cup in 1996 (their first double being won in 1994), and in 1999 they won a unique treble of the league title, FA Cup and European Cup. English clubs have also won European tournaments since being permitted to compete after the Heysel disaster, the first English team to win the UEFA Champions League being Manchester United in 1999. The 2008 final, for the first time, was played between two English teams, Manchester United and Chelsea.

title: 1999 UEFA Champions League Final

text: extra-time and it was a shock to our team when they scored the winner two minutes later. It could take days or even weeks to recover from this but I must say that Manchester are great champions." In winning the trophy, Manchester United became the first English team to be crowned European champions since the Heysel Stadium disaster ban in 1985, which had resulted in English clubs being excluded from UEFA competitions for five years, and also the first team to achieve a unique treble of the Premier League, FA Cup and European Cup in the same season. It was

title: 1978 European Cup Final

text: first to win the trophy. As the final was held in England, at Wembley, Liverpool were clear favourites to retain the European Cup. Brugge were without a number of key players, such as Raoul Lambert, whose inclusion in the Brugge squad was rumoured before the final but never materialised. Liverpool were also without a few players. Tommy Smith, who had scored in the previous season's final, was out after dropping a pick-axe on his foot and breaking a toe. Striker David Johnson was also absent. He had strained knee ligaments during a match against Leicester City, an injury that ruled

text: In 1967, Celtic became the first British team to win the competition, coming back from 1–0 down after a Sandro Mazzola penalty to beat Internazionale 2–1 in the Estádio Nacional in Lisbon, with goals from Tommy Gemmell and Stevie Chalmers. The team, which became known as the Lisbon Lions, managed by Jock Stein, were unique as they were all born within 30 miles (48 km) of Celtic Park in Glasgow.

title: 1979–80 in English football

text: May 1980: Nottingham Forest retain the European Cup by beating Hamburg 1–0 in the final in Madrid. John Robertson scores the only goal in the first half. 13 June 1980: Clive Allen, 19, becomes the most expensive teenager in Europe when he joins Arsenal from Queens Park Rangers in a £1,250,000 deal. 12 September 1979: England move closer to the 1980 European Championship Finals with a 1–0 win at home to Denmark. 17 October 1979: England virtually guarantee their place in the summer's European Championship Finals by beating Northern Ireland 5–1 at Windsor Park. 22 November 1979: Glenn Hoddle scores

title: George Graham (footballer)

text: to get a second, and with the 90 minutes elapsed on the clock, they still needed another goal. With only seconds to go, a Smith flick-on found Michael Thomas surging through the Liverpool defence; the young midfielder calmly lifted the ball over Bruce Grobbelaar and into the net, and Arsenal were League Champions. However, there was no crack at the European Cup just yet for Graham's team, as the ban on English clubs in European competitions (which was imposed by UEFA in 1985 following the Heysel disaster) continued for another season. After finishing fourth in 1990, Graham signed goalkeeper David

title: 1979 European Cup Final

text: told. Back in February, Brian Clough had elected to spend the money that Forest had made from winning the league title in 1978 on a forward from Birmingham City. Clough made Trevor Francis Britain’s first £1 million footballer when he took him to Nottingham, but UEFA rules stipulated that he could not play European football for another three months.Therefore, the first game that Francis was eligible for was the final itself and, with Martin O'Neill injured and Archie Gemmill not selected by Clough, Francis was picked to play his first ever European club game, albeit out on the right wing.

title: English clubs in the European Cup and UEFA Champions League

text: Brugge as Liverpool became the first English club to retain the trophy. Meanwhile, Brian Clough's Nottingham Forest had succeeded Liverpool as English champions, and the two teams faced each other in the first round of the 1978–79 European Cup in the first meeting of two English clubs in the competition. Nottingham Forest won the tie on the way to reaching the final, where they beat Malmö 1–0. Forest was the third club to win the tournament at their first attempt, after Real Madrid in 1955–56 and Internazionale in 1963–64. Liverpool was again eliminated in the first round in 1979–80, while

title: Tottenham Hotspur F.C.

text: Spurs won 2–0 against Leicester City in the final of the 1960–61 FA Cup. It was the first Double of the 20th century, and the first since Aston Villa achieved the feat in 1897. The next year Spurs won their second consecutive FA Cup after beating Burnley in the 1962 FA Cup Final. On 15 May 1963, Tottenham became the first British team to win a European trophy by winning the 1962–63 European Cup Winners' Cup when they beat Atlético Madrid 5–1 in the final. Spurs also became the first British team to win two different European trophies when they