question: if a piece of music is perceived to have changed key then we say the piece has

answers: transposed

answers: transposition

title: Key (music)

text: the tonic note or chord returns. The key may be in the major or minor mode, though musicians assume major in a statement like, "This piece is in C." Popular songs are usually in a key, and so is classical music during the common practice period, around 1650–1900. Longer pieces in the classical repertoire may have sections in contrasting keys. Methods that establish the key for a particular piece can be complicated to explain and vary over music history. However, the chords most often used in a piece in a particular key are those that contain the notes in the

title: Key (music)

text: Key (music) In music theory, the key of a piece is the group of pitches, or scale, that forms the basis of a music composition in classical, Western art, and Western pop music. The group features a "tonic note" and its corresponding "chords", also called a "tonic" or "tonic chord", which provides a subjective sense of arrival and rest, and also has a unique relationship to the other pitches of the same group, their corresponding chords, and pitches and chords outside the group. Notes and chords other than the tonic in a piece create varying degrees of tension, resolved when

title: Key (music)

text: always, uses music written in the same key (see trombone for an exception). However, some instruments, such as the diatonic harmonica and the harp, are in fact designed to play in only one key at a time: accidentals are difficult or impossible to play. The highland bagpipes are built in B major, though the music is written in D major with implied accidentals. In Western musical composition, the key of a piece has important ramifications for its composition: Key coloration is the difference between the intervals of different keys in a single non-equal tempered tuning, and the overall sound and

title: Key (music)

text: More elaborate pieces may establish the main key, then modulate to another key, or a series of keys, then back to the original key. In the Baroque it was common to repeat an entire phrase of music, called a ritornello, in each key once it was established. In Classical sonata form, the second key was typically marked with a contrasting theme. Another key may be treated as a temporary tonic, called tonicization. In common practice period compositions, and most of the Western popular music of the 20th century, pieces always begin and end in the same key, even if (as

title: Key (music)

text: Pieces in modes not corresponding to major or minor keys may sometimes be referred to as being in the key of the tonic. A piece using some other type of harmony, resolving e.g. to A, might be described as "in A" to indicate that A is the tonal center of the piece. An instrument is "in a key", an unrelated usage that means the pitches considered "natural" for that instrument. For example, modern trumpets are usually in the key of B, since the notes produced without using the valves correspond to the harmonic series whose fundamental pitch is B. (Such

title: Key (music)

text: in some Romantic-era music) the key is deliberately left ambiguous at first. Some arrangements of popular songs, however, modulate sometime during the song (often in a repeat of the final chorus) and thus end in a different key. This is an example of modulation. In rock and popular music some pieces change back and forth, or modulate, between two keys. Examples of this include Fleetwood Mac's "Dreams" and The Rolling Stones' "Under My Thumb". "This phenomenon occurs when a feature that allows multiple interpretations of key (usually a diatonic set as pitch source) is accompanied by other, more precise evidence

title: Theoretical key

text: the signature this leads to a key whose key signature has an additional sharp. A piece in C that performs this modulation would lead to the theoretical key of G major, requiring eight sharps, meaning an F in place of the F already present. To write that passage with a new key signature would require recasting the new section using the enharmonically equivalent key signature of A major. An example of such recasting is Claude Debussy's "Suite bergamasque": in the third movement "Clair de lune" the key shifts for a few measures from D major to D minor (eight flats),

title: Key (music)

text: in support of each possible interpretation (such as the use of one note as the root of the initiating harmony and persistent use of another note as pitch of melodic resolution and root of the final harmony of each phrase)." Certain musical instruments play in a certain key, or have their music written in a certain key. Instruments that do not play in the key of C are known as transposing instruments. The most common kind of clarinet, for example, is said to play in the key of B. This means that a scale written in C major in sheet

title: Music

text: the same time, although harmony may also be implied by a melody that outlines a harmonic structure (i.e., by using melody notes that are played one after the other, outlining the notes of a chord). In music written using the system of major-minor tonality ("keys"), which includes most classical music written from 1600 to 1900 and most Western pop, rock and traditional music, the key of a piece determines the scale used, which centres around the "home note" or tonic of the key. Simple classical pieces and many pop and traditional music songs are written so that all the music

title: Modulation (music)

text: in a major key, while a minor march will typically move to the relative major. Changes of key may also represent changes in mood. In many genres of music, moving from a lower key to a higher often indicates an increase in energy. Change of key is not possible in the full chromatic or the twelve tone technique, as the modulatory space is completely filled; i.e., if every pitch is equal and ubiquitous there is nowhere else to go. Thus other differentiating methods are used, most importantly ordering and permutation. However, certain pitch formations may be used as a "tonic"

title: Musical syntax

text: the relationship between keys in a piece of music. Usually, not only one key is used to build up a composition, but also so-called key "modulations" (in other words the alteration of keys) are utilized. In these modulations a certain recurring pattern can be perceived. Switches from one key to another are often found between related keys. Three general principles for relationship between keys can be postulated on the basis of perceptual experiments and also neural evidence for implicit knowledge of key structure. Looking at the C-major key as an example, there are three close related keys: G-major, A-minor and

title: Music

text: is in a single key. More complex Classical, pop and traditional music songs and pieces may have two keys (and in some cases three or more keys). Classical music from the Romantic era (written from about 1820–1900) often contains multiple keys, as does jazz, especially Bebop jazz from the 1940s, in which the key or "home note" of a song may change every four bars or even every two bars. Rhythm is the arrangement of sounds and silences in time. Meter animates time in regular pulse groupings, called measures or bars, which in Western classical, popular and traditional music often

title: Harrison Birtwistle

text: distorted as the piece of music progresses. The core music forms a reference point to which everything else is directed, even when we are walking in a completely different direction. Sometimes we will be less aware that it is the same musical material we are hearing; sometimes we may have been listening for a while before realising that we have heard this music before (just as one might have been looking up the street before realising that it is the town square that can be glimpsed through the traffic). He is "not", therefore, suggesting that we imagine this walk through

title: Key (music)

text: instruments are called "transposing" when their written notes differ from concert pitch.) A key relationship is the relationship between keys, measured by common tone and nearness on the circle of fifths. See closely related key. The key usually identifies the tonic note and/or chord: the note and/or major or minor triad that represents the final point of rest for a piece, or the focal point of a section. Though the key of a piece may be named in the title (e.g., Symphony in C major), or inferred from the key signature, the establishment of key is brought about via functional

title: Key (music)

text: "feel" the key created by the tuning of its intervals. Historical irregular musical temperaments usually have the narrowest fifths between the diatonic notes ("naturals") producing purer thirds, and wider fifths among the chromatic notes ("sharps and flats"). Each key then has a slightly different intonation, hence different keys have distinct characters. Such "key coloration" was an essential part of much eighteenth- and nineteenth-century music and was described in treatises of the period. For example, in tunings with a wolf fifth, the key on the lowest note of the fifth sounds dramatically different from other keys (and is often avoided). In

title: Key signature

text: may consist of one or more sharps combined with one or more flats (such as a signature containing both F and B). Key signatures of this kind can be found in the music of Béla Bartók, for example. The effect of a key signature continues throughout a piece or movement, unless explicitly cancelled by another key signature. For example, if a five-sharp key signature is placed at the beginning of a piece, every A in the piece in any octave will be played as A sharp, unless preceded by an accidental (for instance, the A in scale 2 illustrated –

title: Numbered musical notation

text: previous and present key signatures. The time signature is written as a horizontal fraction: codice_6, codice_7, codice_8, codice_9, etc. It is usually placed after the key signature. Change of time signature within the piece of music may be marked in-line or above the line of music. Some pieces that start with cadenza passages are not marked with time signatures until the end of that passage, even if the passage uses dotted barlines (in which case time is usually implied). Sometimes a piece is written with multiple time signatures simultaneously. For example, it might specify codice_10, meaning that the length of

title: Atonality

text: in one key or another" . Composer Walter Piston, on the other hand, said that, out of long habit, whenever performers "play any little phrase they will hear it in some key—it may not be the right one, but the point is they will play it with a tonal sense. ... [T]he more I feel I know Schoenberg's music the more I believe he thought that way himself. ... And it isn't only the players; it's also the listeners. They will hear tonality in everything" . Donald Jay Grout similarly doubted whether atonality is really possible, because "any combination of

title: Off-key

text: some portion of notes have well defined intervals to. In jazz and blues music, certain notes called "blue note"s are deliberately sung somewhat flat for expressive effect. Examples include the words "Thought He Was a Goner" in the song "And the Cat Came Back" and the words "Yum Yum" in the children's song "Five Green and Speckled Frogs." Off-key Off-key is musical content that is not at the expected frequency or pitch period, either with respect to some absolute reference frequency, or in a ratiometric sense (i.e. through removal of exactly one degree of freedom, such as the frequency of

title: Key (music)

text: corresponding scale, and conventional progressions of these chords, particularly cadences, orient the listener around the tonic. The key signature is not always a reliable guide to the key of a written piece. It does not discriminate between a major key and its relative minor; the piece may modulate to a different key; if the modulation is brief, it may not involve a change of key signature, being indicated instead with accidentals. Occasionally, a piece in a mode such as Mixolydian or Dorian is written with a major or minor key signature appropriate to the tonic, and accidentals throughout the piece.

title: Music of Changes

text: standard notation are used to indicate unconventional performance techniques: some notes are depressed but not sounded, some are played on the strings rather than the keys, occasionally the pianist hits various parts of the instrument with specially provided beaters, or snaps the lid to produce a sharp percussive sound. Cage remarks in the foreword to the score that in many places "the notation is irrational; in such instances the performer is to employ his own discretion." The dynamics of the piece range from ffff to pppp. Music of Changes Music of Changes is a piece for solo piano by John

title: Dynamics (music)

text: change these as needed. Apple's Logic Pro 9 (2009-2013) and Avid's Sibelius 5 (2007-2009) use the following values: Sibelius 5 defines the following values, though these may be adjusted in Sibelius, within the range 0-127: The two basic dynamic indications in music are: More subtle degrees of loudness or softness are indicated by: Use of up to three consecutive s or s is also common: Three Italian words are used to show gradual changes in volume: Signs sometimes referred to as "hairpins" are also used to stand for these words (See image). If the angle lines open up (), then

title: Key signature

text: be changed at any time in a piece, usually at the beginning of a measure, simply by notating the new signature, although if the new signature has no sharps or flats, a signature of naturals, as shown, is needed to cancel the preceding signature. If a change in signature occurs at the start of a new line on the page, where a signature would normally appear anyway, the new signature is customarily repeated at the end of the previous line to make the change more conspicuous. In traditional use, when the key signature change goes from sharps to flats or

title: Key (music)

text: Pythagorean tuning on C (C, E+, G: 4, 5, 6), the major triad on C is just while the major triad on E+++ (F) is noticeably out of tune (E+++, A+, C: , 5, 6) due to E+++ (521.44 cents) being a Pythagorean comma (23.46 cents) larger sharp compared to F. Modern music lacks key coloration because it uses equal temperament, in which all keys have the same pattern of intonation, differing only in pitch. Key (music) In music theory, the key of a piece is the group of pitches, or scale, that forms the basis of a music composition

title: Music theory

title: Compositions 1960

text: keyboard cover without making, from the operation, any sound that is audible to you. Try as many times as you like. The piece is over either when you succeed or you decide to stop trying. It is not necessary to explain to the audience. Simply do what you do and, when the piece is over, indicate it in a customary way. The entirety of this piece consists of the text: Most of them were very old grasshoppers. In this way, the piece is more like a poem, where it is up to the performer to decide how to perform the

title: Music

text: hold the bow differently). The physical characteristics of sound that determine the perception of timbre include the spectrum, envelope and overtones of a note or musical sound. For electric instruments developed in the 20th century, such as electric guitar, electric bass and electric piano, the performer can also change the tone by adjusting equalizer controls, tone controls on the instrument, and by using electronic effects units such as distortion pedals. The tone of the electric Hammond organ is controlled by adjusting drawbars. Expressive qualities are those elements in music that create change in music without changing the main pitches or

title: Music

text: piece can evolve and change. In classical music, instrumental performers, singers or conductors may gradually make changes to the phrasing or tempo of a piece. In popular and traditional music, the performers have a lot more freedom to make changes to the form of a song or piece. As such, in popular and traditional music styles, even when a band plays a cover song, they can make changes to it such as adding a guitar solo to or inserting an introduction. A performance can either be planned out and rehearsed (practiced)—which is the norm in classical music, with jazz big

title: Off-key

text: Off-key Off-key is musical content that is not at the expected frequency or pitch period, either with respect to some absolute reference frequency, or in a ratiometric sense (i.e. through removal of exactly one degree of freedom, such as the frequency of a keynote), or pitch intervals not well-defined in the ratio of small whole numbers. The term may also refer to a person or situation being out of step with what is considered normal or appropriate. A single note deliberately played or sung off-key can be called an "off-note". It is sometimes used the same way as a blue

title: Key (music)

text: music actually sounds as a B major scale when played on the B-flat clarinet—that is, notes sound a whole tone lower than written. Likewise, the horn, normally in the key of F, sounds notes a perfect fifth lower than written. Similarly, some instruments are "built" in a certain key. For example, a brass instrument built in B plays a fundamental note of B, and can play notes in the harmonic series starting on B without using valves, fingerholes, or slides to alter the length of the vibrating column of air. An instrument built in a certain key often, but not

title: Music theory

long_answer: In traditional Western notation, the scale used for a composition is usually indicated by a key signature at the beginning to designate the pitches that make up that scale. As the music progresses, the pitches used may change and introduce a different scale. Music can be transposed from one scale to another for various purposes, often to accommodate the range of a vocalist. Such transposition raises or lowers the overall pitch range, but preserves the intervallic relationships of the original scale. For example, transposition from the key of C major to D major raises all pitches of the scale of C major equally by a whole tone. Since the interval relationships remain unchanged, transposition may be unnoticed by a listener, however other qualities may change noticeably because transposition changes the relationship of the overall pitch range compared to the range of the instruments or voices that perform the music. This often affects the music's overall sound, as well as having technical implications for the performers.

short_answers: transposed transposition


question: who was allowed to vote in the roman republic

answers: unknown

answers: citizens

title: Ballot laws of the Roman Republic

text: Gabinius, the first person of that name known to hold political office in Rome, was from a family that had low-status (possibly slave origins) in Cales, and was able to enter politics due to the military success of his father. The reasons behind the law are unclear, as are the circumstances surrounding its passage. It is thought that this law was adopted following the acquittal that L. Aurelius Cotta obtained by corrupting the judges in 138 BC. According to the Cambridge Ancient History, the law was undoubtedly justified as giving freedom to the people, but may have also have been

title: Elections in the Roman Republic

text: hands with the eligible voters. Whispering into the ear of some candidates would be a "nomenclator", a slave who had been trained to memorize the names of all the voters, so that the candidate could greet them all by name. The person running for office would wear an especially whitened toga, known as the "toga candida". It is from this term that we get the modern word candidate. Some candidates may have extended their canvassing to the rural markets around Rome, once those outside the city were allowed to vote. Political rallies were not permitted in Roman elections. To attract

title: Ballot laws of the Roman Republic

text: was political support, which included campaigning for the patron and voting for him in elections. Another major source of influence was largess (largitio), also called ambitus. In an attempt to buy votes, candidates would hold lavish banquets and games, or even directly bribe voters with wine, oil, or money. For example, Titus Annius Milo, when canvasing for the consulate in 53 BC, promised each voter in the tribes 1000 asses. In the course of the second century BC, a long series of laws were passed to crack down on ambitus. This included the "lex Orchia" of 182 BC, which restricted

title: Ballot laws of the Roman Republic

text: Ballot laws of the Roman Republic The ballot laws of the Roman Republic (Latin: "leges tabellariae") were four laws which introduced the secret ballot to all popular assemblies in the republic. They were all introduced by tribunes, and consisted of the "lex Gabinia tabellaria" (or "lex Gabinia") of 139 BC, applying to the election of magistrates; the "lex Cassia tabellaria" of 137 BC, applying to juries except in cases of treason; the "lex Papiria" of 131 BC, applying to the passing of laws; and the "lex Caelia" of 107 BC, which expanded the "lex Cassia" to include matters of treason.

title: Ballot laws of the Roman Republic

text: intended to curb bribery of voters by candidates. Ursula Hall believes that the law "was undoubtedly largely supported by men of substance wanting to challenge aristocratic control of office. In purpose this law was not, in a modern sense, 'democratic', not designed to give more power to voters, much less candidates, from lower ranks in the Roman system." Hall and Harris both claim because literacy was uncommon in ancient Rome and the written ballot would have required literacy, the Gabinian law must have restricted voting to a small and prosperous minority, with Harris suggesting that this was intentional. However, Alexander

title: Ballot laws of the Roman Republic

text: under Augustus this power was exercised more and more rarely. Rome became an autocratic state in all but name, and the ballot laws became irrelevant to the running of the state. Ballot laws of the Roman Republic The ballot laws of the Roman Republic (Latin: "leges tabellariae") were four laws which introduced the secret ballot to all popular assemblies in the republic. They were all introduced by tribunes, and consisted of the "lex Gabinia tabellaria" (or "lex Gabinia") of 139 BC, applying to the election of magistrates; the "lex Cassia tabellaria" of 137 BC, applying to juries except in cases

title: Ballot laws of the Roman Republic

text: law that the optimates dreaded the "impetuosity of the masses and the licence accorded by the ballot" on matters affecting their safety, wrote: "as long as he [Coelius] lived he repented of having injured the republic, for the purpose of oppressing Caius Popilius". The ballot itself was a small wooden tablet covered with wax, called a "tabella cerata". Voters would walk across a narrow causeway, called the "pons", and be handed a ballot by an attendant ("rogator"). The voter would mark the ballot and deposit it into a ballot box ("cista") made of wicker. The "cista" was watched over by

title: Ballot laws of the Roman Republic

text: Italy. In 145 BC, a bill by the tribune L. Licinius Crassus proposed that priesthoods be elected instead of co-opted. While advocating for his proposal, he pointedly turned his back on the senators in the comitium and spoke directly to the people in the Roman Forum. The only detailed ancient account of the ballot laws is Cicero's De Legibus (III. 33-9). Written in the last years of the Republic, De Legibus is a fictional dialogue between Cicero, his brother Quintus, and their mutual friend Atticus. In the dialogue, the three discuss their conception of the ideal Roman constitution. In Book

title: Ballot laws of the Roman Republic

text: peace. Voting by the Roman people, therefore, was critical to the functioning of the Republic. It was necessary not only for elections, but also for legislative and judicial reasons. Before the ballot laws were introduced, votes were conducted by voice. Voters in a certain century or tribe would gather together in a venue and express their preference, one by one, to a teller ("rogator"). The teller would tabulate the votes and announce the result to the presiding official. Votes were therefore impossible to keep secret. Although there are few recorded instances of direct voter intimidation, a variety of social pressures

title: Publius Furius Medullinus Fusus

text: Publius Furius Medullinus Fusus Publius Furius Medullinus Fusus (d. 464 BC). was a Roman politician during the 5th century BC, and was consul in 472 BC. He was a member of the "gens Furia", and was the brother of Spurius Furius Medullinus Fusus (consul 464 BC). In 472 BC he was elected consul with Lucius Pinarius Mamercinus Rufus. During their consulship, tribune of the plebs Volero Publilius proposed a law ("Rogato Publilia") that plebeian tribunes should be elected by the Tribal Assembly; Volero Pubilius proposed this new system so that patricians and their clients would be excluded from the voting,

title: Ballot laws of the Roman Republic

text: guards ("custodes"). It was a great honor to be asked to be a "rogator" or "custos", and only distinguished men were assigned to these roles. In addition to the guards appointed by the presiding officer, each candidate was entitled to a guard at each ballot box. To elect magistrates, voters expressed their preference by inscribing the initials of their preferred candidate with a stylus. They were expected to write in their own hand, and discovering multiple ballots with the same handwriting was considered evidence of fraud. When voting to fill multiple positions, such as the ten tribunes, it is unclear

title: Gnaeus Flavius (jurist)

text: regarded merely as "libertini". His election shocked the traditional governing elite into enacting voter registration "reforms" designed to curtail the growing voting power of freedmen in Rome. As aedile, Flavius also displayed in the Forum a calendar indicating the "dies fasti," those days on which legal business was permitted. Gnaeus Flavius (jurist) Gnaeus Flavius ("fl." 4th century BC) was the son of a freedman ("libertinus") and rose to the office of aedile in the Roman Republic. Flavius was secretary ("scriba") to the consul Appius Claudius, a civil service job paid from the public treasury. The position allowed him to gain

title: Lex Licinia Mucia

text: thwarted in the past. In the mid-2nd century Gaius Gracchus had attempted to grant rights to Latin allies: “He also called on the Latin allies to demand the full rights of Roman citizenship, since the Senate could not with decency refuse this privilege to men who were of the same race. To the other allies, who were not allowed to vote in Roman elections, he sought to give the right of suffrage, in order to have their help in the enactment of laws which he had in contemplation. The Senate was very much alarmed at this.”The result of this attempt

title: Elections in the Roman Republic

text: voters candidates instead held banquets and gave away free tickets to the games. To pay for these either a candidate had to be wealthy, or rely on the sponsorship of wealthy friends. There are cases of people going ruinously into debt to fund their campaigns. There were no attempts to restrict who could donate or how much, but there were several laws passed attempting to limit candidate spending on banquets and games. Public voting in Rome was originally a process that did not allow for a true choice from the people. After the Senate prepared a list of candidates, it

title: Ballot laws of the Roman Republic

text: threat of veto was unusual, since it was not customary for it to be applied on matters held to be in the plebeians' interest. Briso was apparently dissuaded from doing to by Scipio Aemilianus, perhaps displaying populares sentiments. Cassius was a noble Plebeian who would become consul in 127 BC and censor in 125 BC. Cicero writes of the opposition to this law: 133 BC was a turning point in Roman politics, marking the beginning of the crisis of the Roman Republic. In that year, Tiberius Gracchus was elected tribune and forced through a land redistribution law without consulting the

title: Elections in the Roman Republic

text: history of the Republic running and winning office was dominated by the elite families. The plebeian group, consisting mostly of rural farmers, gained greater political representation only slowly over time. By the middle of the 5th century BCE, the plebeians had gained enough political power that an assembly of them called the Concilium (a consolidation of a number of other disjointed plebeian assemblies) was able to elect ten tribunes, or representatives, annually. The Concilium was notable in that it was the first to represent all plebeians, not just those in the city. It was also one of few assemblies of

title: Elections in the Roman Republic

text: then counted and announced in an order determined by lot. Once a candidate had reached a majority of 18 tribes, counting would stop. Voting itself was originally oral and initiated via a magistrate’s call for public meeting. Candidates would stand before the electorate, without having prepared any sort of formal speech, and voters would separate to different sections of the saepta (a large unroofed wooden structure with 35 divisions) according to tribe. Each division was connected to the magistrate’s tribunal by a pons (plank) over which the voters would pass to cast their ballots. Each compartment had their votes taken

title: Ballot laws of the Roman Republic

text: The 130s and 120s BC were a turning point for Roman politics. The ballot laws were introduced at a time of rising popular sentiment that saw the rise of populares politicians, who gained power by appealing to the lower classes. Most notably, these included Tiberius Gracchus in 133 BC and Gaius Gracchus a decade later. The resulting conflict between populares and optimates would lead to the dissolution of political norms and the rise of political violence. Within decades, mob violence, political assassination, and even civil war would become routine. These conflicts would cause the end of the republic in 27

title: Ballot laws of the Roman Republic

text: reduced voter freedom. For example, both centuries and tribes were based on geographic location, so voters voted with the people most likely to know them. The "rogator" himself was a man of distinction, such as a Senator. Voters might be reluctant to offend their family, their landlords, or their military commanders. More significantly, Rome had a strong system of patronage. In this system, a wealthy patron would support his less wealthy client with food, money, business advice, and legal assistance. In exchange, the client would grant the patron favors in his personal and public life. One of the most significant

title: Socii

text: citizenship. But annexations outside Latium Vetus soon gathered pace. The Romans then encountered the problem that their new subjects could, if granted full Roman citizenship, outnumber original Latins in the citizen body, threatening Rome's ethnic and cultural integrity. The problem as solved by introducing "civitas sine suffragio" ("non-voting citizenship"), a second-class status which carried all the rights and obligations of full citizenship except the right to vote. By this device, the Roman republic could enlarge its territory without losing its character as a Latin city-state. The most important use of this device was the incorporation of the Campanian city-states into

title: Ballot laws of the Roman Republic

text: a ballot inscribed with "V" into a cista, indicating approval of a proposal. The ballot laws had various effects on the republic. In the traditional view, they were a democratic reform that increased voter choice and reduced the influence of the upper classes. This is the view taken by Cicero, an aristocrat and opponent of the ballot laws: This reduction in influence was especially true for patrons and clients, as clients were expected to do favors for their patrons in return for financial support. With the secret ballot, clients could simply vote for the candidate of their choice without losing

title: Ballot laws of the Roman Republic

text: by promising payment upon receiving their vote. With the secret ballot, this was no longer possible, making it necessary to bribe potential as well as actual voters. Furthermore, voters had the option of accepting bribes from every candidate and voting for the highest bidder, or voting their conscience. This made bribery a more competitive affair as candidates attempted to outbid each other, either by holding lavish games and feasts or by directly promising money to voters. Despite the expansion in voter freedom, the ballot laws did not reduce the aristocratic dominance of elections. The list of consuls and other elected

title: Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex

text: BC and consul in 95 BC. As consul, together with his relative Lucius Licinius Crassus he had a law (the "Lex Licinia Mucia") passed in the Senate that denied Roman citizenship to certain groups within the Roman sphere of influence ("Italians" and "Latins"). The passage of this law was one of the major contributing factors to the Social War. Scaevola was next made governor of Asia, a position in which he became renowned for his harsh treatment of corrupt tax collectors, and for publishing an edict that later became a standard model for provincial administration. Cicero, for instance, modelled his

title: Lucius Sextius

text: were to be plebeians. The law was passed, and five patrician priests and five plebeian ones were duly elected. According to Livy, "Satisfied with their victory, the plebs gave way to the patricians, and relinquishing for the moment discussion about the consuls, permitted the election of military tribunes [with consular power]." Still in 367 BC, Marcus Furius Camillus was appointed dictator because of an attack by the Gauls of northern Italy. According to Livy, on his return to Rome after defeating the Gauls, Camillus "was confronted with a fiercer opposition in the City. After desperate struggles the senate and the

title: Elections in the Roman Republic

text: During the Roman Republic the citizens would elect almost all officeholders annually.  Popular elections for high office were largely undermined and then brought to an end by Augustus (r. 27 BC - 14 AD), the first Roman emperor (earlier known as Octavian). However, Roman elections continued at the local, municipal level.

title: Ballot laws of the Roman Republic

text: Yakobson argues that the Gabinian law was a genuine piece of popular legislation benefiting a broad section of the electorate. He points out that the law applied equally to the Tribal Assembly, which had no property qualification, as it did to the Centuriate Assembly. He additionally claims that the level of literacy necessary for voting was low as voters only had to write the initials of the preferred candidate. The assumption that literacy was low is itself controversial. In fact, Edward Best flipped the argument around, using the ballot laws as evidence that literacy was widespread in Rome. Subsequent improvements

title: Elections in the Roman Republic

text: itself occurred either in the capital’s forum before the temple of Castor and Pollux or before the Rostra, although limited space prevented all the tribes from voting at once. A campaign would begin when the election day was announced by the magistrate in charge of elections. In 98 BCE the "Lex Caecilia Didia" set the campaign length between 17 and 25 days. A core campaign activity was canvassing in the Forum. The candidate would walk to the forum surrounded by a group of supporters, to meet another cluster of allies in the Forum. At the forum the candidate would shake

title: Ballot laws of the Roman Republic

text: Cassian law to cases of treason. In 107 BC, a Roman army under the consul Lucius Cassius Longinus was dealt a crushing defeat by the Tigurini at the Battle of Burdigala. His legate Gaius Popilius Laenas negotiated a humiliating agreement to save the lives of the soldiers. The agreement was considered unacceptable at Rome, and Coelius planned to prosecute him in an assembly of the people. Before he did so, he introduced the final ballot law. The law was passed and the prosecution was successful, resulting in Popilius being sentenced to exile. Cicero, who wrote in relation to the Cassian

title: Gaius Asinius Pollio (consul 40 BC)

text: history with young Claudius and Titus Livius. <BR> Gaius Asinius Pollio (consul 40 BC) Gaius Asinius Pollio (sometimes wrongly called Pollius or Philo; 75 BC – AD 4) was a Roman soldier, politician, orator, poet, playwright, literary critic and historian, whose lost contemporary history provided much of the material used by the historians Appian and Plutarch. Pollio was most famously a patron of Virgil and a friend of Horace and had poems dedicated to him by both men. Asinius Pollio was born in "Teate Marrucinorum", the modern current Chieti in Abruzzi, central Italy. According to an inscription his father was

title: Ballot laws of the Roman Republic

text: or extensions to the law were the "lex Papiria"(131 BC), the "lex Maria" and "lex Caelia" (107 BC), all aimed at limiting corruption. Together these laws are called "leges tabellariae". The second law was introduced by Lucius Cassius Longinus Ravilla in 137 BC; It extended the secret ballot for trials in the popular assembly. it mandated the secret ballot for judicial votes, with the exception of cases on treason. The passing of the law was resisted by the tribune M. Antius Briso who threatened to apply his veto, with the support of one of the consuls of the year. The

title: Elections in the Roman Republic


question: when does the next warrior book come out

answers: April 10, 2018

title: Warrior's Return

text: turned to the third volume. On the "Warriors" website, an excerpt was released, but later removed. "Warrior’s Return" was released as a paperback on April 22, 2008, the same day "Outcast" was released, a novel in the "Warriors: Power of Three" series. To promote these two stories, Erin Hunter went on tour in the US. She visited several bookstores across the states. "Warrior’s Return" was also published in the UK and Canada. At the back of "Warrior's Return" were promotions for "The Rise of Scourge", "Cats of the Clans", "Secrets of the Clans", and "", all from the "Warriors" series,

title: Warriors (novel series)

text: by Kate Cary under the pseudonym "Erin Hunter" and was completed in about three months. Holmes then began to work behind the scenes, editing and supervising details. Cherith Baldry joined the team to write the third book, "Forest of Secrets". Later, after she wrote the first "Warriors" field guide, Tui Sutherland became the fourth Erin Hunter., there was also some rumors that said "Warriors" where also based of off a children's book from the 60's called: "Forest dogs" that had almost the same plot origins. The authors have named several other authors as sources of inspiration when writing the novels.

title: Warriors (novel series)

text: Warriors (novel series) Warriors is a series of novels published by HarperCollins. It is written by authors Kate Cary, Cherith Baldry, and Tui Sutherland, with the plot developed by editor Victoria Holmes, who collectively use the pseudonym Erin Hunter. The series follows the adventures of four, later five, clans of wild cats—ThunderClan, ShadowClan, WindClan, RiverClan, and SkyClan, who will not be introduced into the territories until "A Vision of Shadows" —in their forest and lake homes, who look up to StarClan, the spirits of their warriors ancestors, who guide the four clans. They also follow the warrior code, a set

title: Warriors (novel series)

text: prophecies will be interpreted and as always, cats will die before the Clans know peace again. The fourth book, "Darkest Night," was released on 7 November 2017. The fifth book, "River of Fire", was released on 10 April 2018. The sixth book, "The Raging Storm", was released on 6 November 2018. "Warriors: The Broken Code" is the seventh sub-series. The first book, "Lost Stars" will be released on 9 April 2019. Super Editions are stand alone books in the "Warriors" series that are approximately double the length of a normal "Warriors" book, about 500 pages long. Six field guides have

title: Warrior's Return

text: Warrior's Return Warrior’s Return is an original English-language manga volume written by Erin Hunter as part of the "Warriors" series. It is the third and final in a trilogy following Graystripe, a fictional wild cat trying to find his Clan. It was released on April 22, 2008. It is drawn by James Barry. The three-part Graystripe manga series was announced as the first part of a partnership between TokyoPop and HarperCollins. Erin Hunter and Dan Jolley would write the stories and James L. Barry (artist's portfolio) would illustrate it. After the release of "The Lost Warrior" and "Warrior's Refuge", focus

title: Warriors (novel series)

text: an official iOS application and Android application was released on the iTunes App Store and Play store. It contains information about the books in the series, profiles of the Clans and major characters (including app-exclusive information such as the name of Firestar's mother), an interactive timeline and maps, two application-exclusive short stories, a trivia game, and even an amino. The app has been taken off the Google Play store. Warriors (novel series) Warriors is a series of novels published by HarperCollins. It is written by authors Kate Cary, Cherith Baldry, and Tui Sutherland, with the plot developed by editor Victoria

title: Warrior's Refuge

text: Hunter and Dan Jolley, and illustrated by James L. Barry Artist's Portfolio. "Warrior's Refuge" was launched on December 26, 2007. Released on the same day was Dark River, the second book in the "Warriors: Power of Three" series. "Warrior's Refuge" has only been published as a paperback. School Library Journal gave the book a mixed review praising "Millie's bravery", but also criticizing how scratchy text used when humans talk seems very odd when used with the toddlers. The review also criticized how the "artwork is merely competent and the story (which was not written by Hunter) is slight". Warrior's Refuge

title: Warrior's Return

text: confusing for new readers, but would still be able to understand what is going on after reading through the book. Warrior's Return Warrior’s Return is an original English-language manga volume written by Erin Hunter as part of the "Warriors" series. It is the third and final in a trilogy following Graystripe, a fictional wild cat trying to find his Clan. It was released on April 22, 2008. It is drawn by James Barry. The three-part Graystripe manga series was announced as the first part of a partnership between TokyoPop and HarperCollins. Erin Hunter and Dan Jolley would write the stories

title: Gerri Russell

text: Title II contest, sponsored by "Romantic Times Bookreviews" magazine and Dorchester Publishing in 2006. Russell began writing when her daughter was three years old. Prior to selling "The Warrior Trainer" to Dorchester Publishing, Russell wrote seven novels, several partials and sought publication for thirteen years. For the November 2009 issue of "RT Book Reviews Magazine" (issue #309), Russell interviewed Diana Gabaldon about her seventh book in the "Outlander" series, An Echo in the Bone. A history buff from a young age, Russell's novels are based on real-life historic people from the early 14th century. Her goal is to not leave

title: Victoria Holmes

text: Victoria Holmes Victoria "Vicky" Holmes is an English author. She is better known as Erin Hunter, a pseudonym under which she and many others wrote the New York Times Bestselling "Warriors" books. The books consisting of six miniseries: "Warriors", "Warriors: The New Prophecy", "Warriors: Power of Three", "Warriors: Omen of the Stars", "Warriors: Dawn of the Clans" and "Warriors: Vision of Shadows" as well as several short plays, novels, and special editions, written by Kate Cary, Cherith Baldry, Tui Sutherland, Gillian Phillip, and newest addition Inbali Iserles under the pen name Erin Hunter, and published by HarperCollins. Holmes creates the

title: Warriors (novel series)

text: with the exception of the manga, has been released in e-book format for popular e-readers such as the Barnes & Noble Nook and Amazon Kindle. The series has also been translated into several languages. In addition, the series has a website featuring games, promotional videos, quizzes, and news. The official message boards closed on 12 August 2016. Major themes in the series deal with adventure, forbidden love, the concept of nature vs. nurture, the reactions of different faiths meeting each other, and characters being a mix of good and bad. The authors draw inspiration from several natural locations and other

title: Warrior of Light (novel)

text: Warrior of Light (novel) Warrior of Light is a 2016 fantasy novel by William Heinzen. It takes inspiration from high fantasy novels, especially the Lord of the Rings Trilogy. The book itself consisted of an elapse of almost 20 years, as Heinzen began writing in the sixth grade, and finished the book in his last year of college, and would not publish it for years after. The book is sold at multiple bookstores, and Heinzen also attends conventions like Comic-Con to sell books in person. Tim Matthias is the son of Rosalie and Daniel and is the chosen hero who

title: Warriors (novel series)

text: books have been published in Poland. The "Warriors" website features "Warriors" screensavers, along with videos on the process of writing a manga book and a video promoting "The Last Hope". There is also a "How To Draw Manga" page. In addition, there are games, including quizzes, the "New Prophecy Adventure", and the "Warriors Adventure Game". On the Frequently Asked Questions section of the site, Erin Hunter said that they are working on an online game that would be released in late 2010. It finished the first round of testing in summer 2010, but has not been released. Whether it will

title: Warrior's Refuge

text: Warrior's Refuge Warrior’s Refuge is the second in an original English-language manga trilogy based on the best-selling book series "Warriors" by Erin Hunter. The manga was published by the distributor Tokyopop, and was released on December 26, 2007 along with Dark River, the second book in "Warriors: Power of Three". It follows Graystripe and Millie as they journey to find ThunderClan. It is drawn by James Barry. The book opens with a short summary of the past events of the previous book, The Lost Warrior. Coming to the current time, Graystripe and his traveling companion, Millie, can see Highstones in

title: Young Samurai: The Way of the Warrior

text: a month. As of 2017,"The Way of the Warrior" has been reprinted 26 times. Seven further books followed, with a ninth - "The Return of the Warrior" - being published for the series' tenth anniversary in 2018. The series has sold in excess of 1 million copies worldwide. "The Way of the Warrior" has garnered more than 20 children's book award nominations and wins, including the Northern Ireland Book Award 2011. For the 70th anniversary of Puffin Books, "The Way of the Warrior" was deemed one of Puffin's 70 Best Ever Books, alongside Treasure Island and Robin Hood. Since publication,

title: The Warrior Prophet

text: review, writing that the book suffered from Bakker having only one year to write the novel and that ""The Warrior Prophet" is a good book; with more stringent editing, it could have brilliant. That said, it still leaves most of the competition trailing." The Warrior Prophet The Warrior Prophet is the second book in the "Prince of Nothing" series by R. Scott Bakker. It was first published in hardback on January 13, 2005 through The Overlook Press and was released in paperback in 2008. It was preceded by the 2003 book "The Darkness That Comes Before" and the trilogy concluded

title: Warriors (novel series)

text: was nominated for the best Middle Readers book in Amazon's Best Books of the Year (2007) and placed sixth out of the ten nominees, with six percent of the total votes. It was also nominated for the Children's Choice Book Awards. In 2006, "Warriors" also received an honorable mention for the best book series for "Publisher Weekly's" "On the Cuff" awards. Themes in the series often revolve around forbidden love. These relationships are not allowed for various reasons: some involve medicine cats, who are not allowed to have mates according to the warrior code, while others develop between cats in

title: Warriors (novel series)

text: third story arc left off. The fifth sub-series "Warriors: Dawn of the Clans", was published from 2013 to 2015. The sub-series acts as a prequel series, detailing the formation of the Clans. The sixth and most recent sub-series, "Warriors: A Vision of Shadows," had its final book released on 6 November 2018, completing the "A Vision of Shadows" series. The first book of the sixth series, "The Apprentice's Quest", was released on 15 March 2016, and the second book, "Thunder and Shadow", was released on 6 September 2016. Chronologically, "Warriors: A Vision of Shadows" follows "Warriors: Omen of the Stars,"

title: Holy Warrior

text: it’s a darn sight better than a lot of rubbish that is passed off as a book these days". In a review for "Falcata Time", Gareth Wilson states that the Outlaw Chronicles are "a great series to use as a bridging gap between the Young adult and Adult market and one that will definitely become a firm fav.". Holy Warrior Holy Warrior is the second novel of the eight-part "Outlaw Chronicles" series by British writer of historical fiction, Angus Donald, released on 22 July 2010 through Little, Brown and Company. The novel was well received. This novel continues the story

title: Terry Irving (producer)

text: his intended series “Freelancer.” He wrote an accompanying screenplay to Courier, which reportedly piqued the interests of several Hollywood production firms. The book's follow-up, "Warrior", was published under Ronin Robot Press on July 1, 2015. In April 2015, he published his second novel, "Day of the Dragonking", on Amazon. He plans to make this novel the first entry in a series entitled “The Last American Wizard.” Terry Irving (producer) Terry Irving is a producer, consultant, and author. He has spent decades in the media industry and, within the last few years, has expanded his talents to the writing world. Irving's

title: Warriors: The New Prophecy

text: twolegs by the clans) destroy their original territories. The arc's major themes deal with forbidden love, the concept of nature versus nurture, and characters being a mix of good and bad. Though the novels have appeared on the "New York Times" Bestseller List and have been nominated for several awards, none of the novels in "Warriors: The New Prophecy" have won a significant literary award. The series was written by Erin Hunter, a pseudonym used by authors Cherith Baldry, Kate Cary, Tui Sutherland, and series editor Victoria Holmes. The pseudonym is used so that the individual novels in the series

title: Warriors (novel series)

text: leader Firestar, who discover that they have a special power. The fourth series, "Warriors: Omen of the Stars", was released from 2009 to 2012 and consists of six books: "The Fourth Apprentice" "(November 24, 2009)", "Fading Echoes" "(March 23, 2010)", "Night Whispers" "(November 23, 2010)", "Sign of the Moon" "(April 5, 2011)", "The Forgotten Warrior" "(November 22, 2011)", and "The Last Hope" "(April 3, 2012)". It is a direct continuation of "", wherein Hollyleaf dies and Dovewing replaces her. The fifth series, "Warriors: Dawn of the Clans", was released from 5 March 2013 to 1 September 2015 and consists of

title: Warrior (TV series)

text: daughter, Shannon Lee announced that the series would be produced and would air on the Cinemax and the filmmaker Justin Lin was chosen to direct the series. Production began on October 22, 2017 in Cape Town, South Africa. The first season will contain 10 episodes. Warrior (TV series) Warrior is an upcoming American action television series created by Jonathan Tropper and Justin Lin set to air on Cinemax beginning in 2019. It is based on an original idea by Bruce Lee. Set at the times of the Tong Wars in the late 1800s in San Francisco, the series follows a

title: Firestar's Quest

text: Hunter has said the novel was a chance to explore the old territories, which had been left behind in the "Warriors: The New Prophecy" series. To promote the book, an excerpt was released online on the Warriors website, and later at the back of the "Warriors" manga volume "Warrior's Refuge". AuthorTracker emails mentioned increasingly "Firestar’s Quest" as the launch date approached. The book was also commonly mentioned in the author chats on Wands and Worlds. All of the "Warriors" novels are listed as being written by Erin Hunter. Erin Hunter is a pen name for four people, Victoria Holmes, who

title: Warriors (novel series)

text: The fifth book, River of Fire, is scheduled to be released on April 10, 2018.

title: Warriors (novel series)

text: series, "Warriors: Power of Three", was released from 2007 to 2009 and consists of six books: "The Sight" "(April 24, 2007)", "Dark River" "(December 26, 2007)", "Outcast" "(April 22, 2008)", "Eclipse" "(September 2, 2008)", "Long Shadows" "(November 25, 2008)", and "Sunrise" "(April 21, 2009)". The plot is centered on the prophecy, ""There will be three, kin of your kin, who hold the power of the stars in their paws"", which was given to Firestar in "Firestar's Quest" by Skywatcher. The series revolves around the lives of Jayfeather, Lionblaze and Hollyleaf, kits of Crowfeather and Leafpool and grandchildren of the ThunderClan

title: Warrior (2011 film)

text: his second tour to Afghanistan, when another Marine told him a "heroic story" of the way Pennington saved his life during a night raid. Hardy went through a demanding training routine for gaining muscle during the film's pre-production, gaining around 28 pounds (13 kg) of muscle (a physique which he also used to portray Bane in "The Dark Knight Rises"). The "Men of Warrior" book was released on July 19, 2011. Lionsgate's "We Are All Warriors" project to support the release of "Warrior" by highlighting everyday heroes was launched August 1, 2011. "Warrior" debuted in third place in its first

title: Young Samurai: The Way of the Warrior

text: to the first three books in the "Young Samurai" series were acquired by Puffin Books in a three-way auction in 2007. Disney then bought the US publishing rights in the same year in a pre-emptive deal prior to the Frankfurt Book Fair. The translation rights to the series have since been sold to over 20 different territories, including Germany, Vietnam, Poland, Netherlands and Serbia. The first book, "The Way of the Warrior", was published in the UK in August 2008 and in the USA in early March 2009. The first print run in the UK sold out in less than

title: Warrior Nun Areala

text: Warrior Nun Areala Warrior Nun Areala is a manga-style American comic book character created by Ben Dunn and published by Antarctic Press, first appearing in "Warrior Nun Areala" Vol. 1 #1 in December 1994. The story revolves around Sister Shannon Masters, a Joan of Arc like heroine of the Order of the Cruciform Sword, a fictional military order of Warrior Nuns and Magic Priests in service of the Catholic Church. The order was created in 1066 when a Valkyrie named Auria renounced her pagan ways and turned to Jesus Christ for salvation; ever since then, Auria, now Areala, has chosen

title: Warriors (novel series)

text: be a role-playing game is unknown. Erin Hunter has stated on the official "Warriors" website that there is still no plan for an official video game, but if there was, it would probably be based on a movie version of the "Warriors" series, which was at the time not under consideration. Many fans have resorted to making their own games and websites, many of these sites being Play-by-post role-playing game forums. On 20 October 2016, Victoria Holmes announced that Alibaba Pictures had bought the production rights for a film adaptation with David Heyman as producer. On 14 May 2018 it

title: Warriors (novel series)


question: blood alcohol concentration means the parts of alcohol in the blood in relation to what

answers: volume of blood

answers: ethanol

title: Blood alcohol content

text: per mass of blood (never a volume per volume). 1 milliliter of blood has a mass of approximately 1.06 grams. Because of this, units by volume are similar but not identical to units by mass. In the U.S. the concentration unit 1% w/v (percent mass/volume, equivalent to 10 g/l or 1 g per 100 ml) is in use. This is not to be confused with the amount of alcohol measured on the breath, as with a breathalyzer. The amount of alcohol measured on the breath is generally accepted as proportional to the amount of alcohol present in the blood at

title: Blood alcohol content

text: To calculate estimated peak blood alcohol concentration (EBAC), a variation, including drinking period in hours, of the Widmark formula was used. The formula is: where: Regarding metabolism (MR) in the formula; females demonstrated a higher average rate of elimination (mean, 0.017; range, 0.014–0.021 g/210 L) than males (mean, 0.015; range, 0.013–0.017 g/210 L). Female subjects on average had a higher percentage of body fat (mean, 26.0; range, 16.7–36.8%) than males (mean, 18.0; range, 10.2–25.3%). Additionally, men are, on average, heavier than women but it is not strictly accurate to say that the water content of a person alone is responsible

title: Beer

text: on the amount an individual has drunk, the percentage of alcohol in the beer and the timespan over which the consumption has taken place, the amount of food eaten and whether an individual has taken other prescription, over-the-counter or street drugs, among other factors. Drinking enough to cause a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.03%–0.12% typically causes an overall improvement in mood and possible euphoria, increased self-confidence and sociability, decreased anxiety, a flushed, red appearance in the face and impaired judgement and fine muscle coordination. A BAC of 0.09% to 0.25% causes lethargy, sedation, balance problems and blurred vision. A

title: Blood alcohol content

text: a rate of 1:2100. Therefore, a breathalyzer measurement of 0.10 mg/L of breath alcohol converts to 0.0001×2100 g/10dL, or 0.021 g/dL of blood alcohol (the units of the BAC in the United States). While a variety of units (or sometimes lack thereof) is used throughout the world, many countries use the g/L unit, which does not create confusion as percentages do. Usual units are highlighted in the table below. For purposes of law enforcement, blood alcohol content is used to define intoxication and provides a rough measure of impairment. Although the degree of impairment may vary among individuals with the

title: Drug–impaired driving

text: concentration of eight one-hundredths percent (.08%) or more for persons who are above the legal age to purchase alcoholic beverages under state law, or two one-hundredths percent (.02%) or more for persons who are below the legal age to purchase alcoholic beverages under state law, in the person's blood based upon grams of alcohol per one hundred (100) milliliters of blood or grams of alcohol per two hundred ten (210) liters of breath as shown by a chemical analysis of such person's breath, blood or urine administered as authorized by this chapter; (d) is under the influence of any drug

title: Liquor

text: in the human body have different effects on a person. The effects of alcohol depend on the amount an individual has drunk, the percentage of alcohol in the spirits and the timespan that the consumption took place, the amount of food eaten and whether an individual has taken other prescription, over-the-counter or street drugs, among other factors. Drinking enough to cause a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.03%-0.12% typically causes an overall improvement in mood and possible euphoria, increased self-confidence, and sociability, decreased anxiety, a flushed, red appearance in the face and impaired judgment and fine muscle coordination. A BAC

title: Breathalyzer

text: beer, or of wine.) Breath alcohol is a representation of the equilibrium of alcohol concentration as the blood gases (alcohol) pass from the (arterial) blood into the lungs to be expired in the breath. Arterial blood distributes oxygen throughout the body. Breath alcohol concentrations are generally lower than blood alcohol concentrations, because a true representation of blood alcohol concentration is only possible if the lungs were able to completely deflate. Vitreous (eye) fluid provides the most accurate account of blood alcohol concentration. A common defense to an impaired driving charge (in appropriate circumstances) is that the consumption of alcohol occurred

title: Blood alcohol content

text: slightly higher than zero to account for false positives and naturally occurring alcohol in the body. Some of the following jurisdictions have a general prohibition of alcohol. In certain countries, alcohol limits are determined by the breath alcohol content (BrAC), not to be confused with blood alcohol content (BAC). Blood alcohol tests assume the individual being tested is average in various ways. For example, on average the ratio of blood alcohol content to breath alcohol content (the "partition ratio") is 2100 to 1. In other words, there are 2100 parts of alcohol in the blood for every part in the

title: Alcohol intoxication

text: person having an impulsive personality. Diagnosis is usually based on the history of events and physical examination. Verification of events by the people a person was with may be useful. Legally, alcohol intoxication is often defined as a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of greater than 5.4-17.4 mmol/L (25–80 mg/dL or 0.025-0.080%). This can be measured by blood or breath testing. Alcohol is then broken down at a rate of about 3.3 mmol/L (15 mg/dL) per hour. Management of alcohol intoxication involves supportive care. Typically this includes putting the person in the recovery position, keeping them warm, and making sure they

title: Driving under the influence

text: of alcohol in the blood by weight. Research shows an exponential increase of the relative risk for a crash with a linear increase of BAC as shown in the illustration. BAC does not depend on any units of measurement. In Europe it is usually expressed as milligrams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood. However, 100 milliliters of blood weighs essentially the same as 100 milliliters of water, which weighs precisely 100 grams. Thus, for all practical purposes, this is the same as the simple dimensionless BAC measured as a percent. The per mille ("promille") measurement, which is equal to

title: Blood alcohol content

text: by projecting backwards from a later chemical test. This involves estimating the absorption and elimination of alcohol in the interim between driving and testing. The rate of elimination in the average person is commonly estimated at .015 to .020 grams per deciliter per hour (g/dl/h), although again this can vary from person to person and in a given person from one moment to another. Metabolism can be affected by numerous factors, including such things as body temperature, the type of alcoholic beverage consumed, and the amount and type of food consumed. In an increasing number of states, laws have been

title: Driving under the influence

text: the term to refer to any generic device for estimating blood alcohol content . With the advent of a scientific test for BAC, law enforcement regimes moved from sobriety tests (e.g., asking the suspect to stand on one leg) to having more than a prescribed amount of blood alcohol content while driving. However, this does not preclude the simultaneous existence and use of the older subjective tests in which police officers measure the intoxication of the suspect by asking them to do certain activities or by examining their eyes and responses. BAC is most conveniently measured as a simple percent

title: Breathalyzer

text: BAC, then it measures weight of alcohol to volume of breath, so it will effectively measure grams of alcohol per 2100 ml of breath given. This measure is in direct proportion to the amount of grams of alcohol to every 1 ml of blood. Therefore, there is a 2100-to-1 ratio of alcohol in blood to alcohol in breath. However, this assumed partition ratio varies from 1300:1 to 3100:1 or wider among individuals and within a given individual over time. Assuming a true (and US legal) blood-alcohol concentration of .07%, for example, a person with a partition ratio of 1500:1 would

title: Drug–impaired driving

text: combination of such drugs, to a degree which impairs his ability to drive or operate any motor vehicle, engine or train safely, (iv) while such person is under the combined influence of alcohol and any drug or drugs to a degree which impairs his ability to drive or operate any motor vehicle, engine or train safely, or (v) while such person has a blood concentration of any of the following substances at a level that is equal to or greater than: (a) 0.02 milligrams of cocaine per liter of blood, (b) 0.1 milligrams of methamphetamine per liter of blood, (c)

title: Blood alcohol content

text: physiologically active materials are removed from the bloodstream (whether by metabolism or excretion) at a rate proportional to the current concentration, so that they exhibit exponential decay with a characteristic halflife (see pharmacokinetics). This is not true for alcohol, however. Typical doses of alcohol actually saturate the enzymes' capacity, so that alcohol is removed from the bloodstream at an approximately constant rate. This rate varies considerably between individuals. Another sex based difference is in the elimination of alcohol. People under 25, women or with liver disease may process alcohol more slowly. False High (BAC) readings are related to patients with

title: Wine

text: chemical that is present in beer and distilled spirits and as such, wine consumption has short-term psychological and physiological effects on the user. Different concentrations of alcohol in the human body have different effects on a person. The effects of alcohol depend on the amount an individual has drunk, the percentage of alcohol in the wine and the timespan that the consumption took place, the amount of food eaten and whether an individual has taken other prescription, over-the-counter or street drugs, among other factors. Drinking enough to cause a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.03%-0.12% typically causes an overall improvement

title: Blood alcohol content

text: same blood alcohol content, it can be measured objectively and is therefore legally useful and difficult to contest in court. Most countries disallow operation of motor vehicles and heavy machinery above prescribed levels of blood alcohol content. Operation of boats and aircraft is also regulated. The alcohol level at which a person is considered legally impaired varies by country. The list below gives limits by country. These are typically blood alcohol content limits for the operation of a vehicle. It is illegal to have any measurable alcohol in the blood while driving in these countries. Most jurisdictions have a tolerance

title: Drug–impaired driving

text: or controlled substance, the possession of which is unlawful under the Mississippi Controlled Substances Law; or (e) has an alcohol concentration of four one-hundredths percent (.04%) or more in the person's blood, based upon grams of alcohol per one hundred (100) milliliters of blood or grams of alcohol per two hundred ten (210) liters of breath as shown by a chemical analysis of such person's blood, breath or urine, administered as authorized by this chapter for persons operating a commercial motor vehicle.” Nevada - "1. It is unlawful for any person who: 2. It is unlawful for any person who:

title: Driving under the influence

text: the specific threshold level, such as 0.08%, defines the criminal offense with no need to prove impairment. In some jurisdictions, there is an aggravated category of the offense at a higher BAC level, such as 0.12%, 0.15% or 0.25%. In many jurisdictions, police officers can conduct field tests of suspects to look for signs of intoxication. The US state of Colorado has a maximum blood content of THC for drivers who have consumed cannabis. Drinking enough alcohol to cause a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.03–0.12% typically causes a flushed, red appearance in the face and impaired judgment and fine

title: Binge drinking

text: Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) defines the term "binge drinking" as a pattern of drinking that brings a person’s blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 grams percent or above. Whatever the numerical definition used, heavy drinking or rapid consumption over a short period of time with the intention of becoming intoxicated is often implied when the term is used colloquially, since four or five drinks consumed over the course of a whole day and as an accompaniment to meals will not have the same effects as the same amount consumed over a couple of hours on an empty stomach. An

title: Alcoholic drink

text: short-term psychological and physiological effects on the user. Different concentrations of alcohol in the human body have different effects on a person. The effects of alcohol depend on the amount an individual has drunk, the percentage of alcohol in the wine, beer or spirits and the timespan that the consumption took place, the amount of food eaten and whether an individual has taken other prescription, over-the-counter or street drugs, among other factors. Alcohol in carbonated drinks is absorbed faster than alcohol in non-carbonated drinks. Drinking enough to cause a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.03%-0.12% typically causes an overall improvement

title: Blood alcohol content

text: breath. However, the actual ratio in any given individual can vary from 1300:1 to 3100:1, or even more widely. This ratio varies not only from person to person, but within one person from moment to moment. Thus a person with a true blood alcohol level of .08% but a partition ratio of 1700:1 at the time of testing would have a .10 reading on a Breathalyzer calibrated for the average 2100:1 ratio. Alcohol is absorbed throughout the gastrointestinal tract, but more slowly in the stomach than in the small or large intestine. For this reason, alcohol consumed with food is

title: Driving under the influence

text: the blood alcohol level at which impairment is presumed is 0.08, although it is possible to be convicted of impaired driving with a lower blood alcohol level. For example, the state of California has two basic drunk driving laws with nearly identical criminal penalties: Under the first law, you may be convicted of impaired driving based upon your inability to safely operate a motor vehicle, no matter what your blood alcohol level. Under the second law, it is "per se" unlawful to drive with a blood alcohol level of .08 or greater. For commercial drivers, a BAC of 0.04 can

title: Alcohol tolerance

text: a buildup of fat and scar tissue. The reduced ability of such a liver to metabolize or break down alcohol means that small amounts can lead to a high blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and more rapid intoxication. Direct alcohol tolerance is largely dependent on body size. Large-bodied people will require more alcohol to reach insobriety than lightly built people. Thus men, being larger than women on average, will have a higher alcohol tolerance. The alcohol tolerance is also connected with activity of "alcohol dehydrogenases" (a group of enzymes responsible for the breakdown of alcohol) in the liver, and in the

title: Blood alcohol content

text: Blood alcohol concentration is usually expressed as a percentage of ethanol in the blood in units of mass of alcohol per volume of blood or mass of alcohol per mass of blood, depending on the country.  For instance, in North America a BAC of 0.1 (0.1% or one tenth of one percent) means that there are 0.10 g of alcohol for every 100 mL of blood.

title: Unit of alcohol

text: Unit of alcohol Units of alcohol are used in the United Kingdom (UK) as a measure to quantify the actual alcoholic content within a given volume of an alcoholic beverage, in order to provide guidance on total alcohol consumption. A number of other countries (including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the US) use the concept of a "standard drink", the definition of which varies from country to country, for the same purpose. "Standard drinks" were referred to in the first UK guidelines (1984) that published "safe limits" for drinking, but these were replaced by references to "alcohol units" in the

title: Blood alcohol content

text: enacted to facilitate this speculative task: the blood alcohol content at the time of driving is legally presumed to be the same as when later tested. There are usually time limits put on this presumption, commonly two or three hours, and the defendant is permitted to offer evidence to rebut this presumption. Forward extrapolation can also be attempted. If the amount of alcohol consumed is known, along with such variables as the weight and sex of the subject and period and rate of consumption, the blood alcohol level can be estimated by extrapolating forward. Although subject to the same infirmities

title: Alcoholism

text: respiratory infections, or increased anxiety. Drinking enough to cause a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.03–0.12% typically causes an overall improvement in mood and possible euphoria (a "happy" feeling), increased self-confidence and sociability, decreased anxiety, a flushed, red appearance in the face and impaired judgment and fine muscle coordination. A BAC of 0.09% to 0.25% causes lethargy, sedation, balance problems and blurred vision. A BAC of 0.18% to 0.30% causes profound confusion, impaired speech (e.g. slurred speech), staggering, dizziness and vomiting. A BAC from 0.25% to 0.40% causes stupor, unconsciousness, anterograde amnesia, vomiting (death may occur due to inhalation of

title: Standard drink

text: (i.e. 12 ounces of 4.5% beer, 5 ounces of 11% wine, or 1.5 ounces of 35% liquor). However, this can vary with body weight, sex, age, personal metabolic rate, recent food intake, the type and strength of the alcohol, and medications taken. Alcohol may be metabolised more slowly if liver function is impaired. Explanatory notes Citations Standard drink A standard drink is a measure of alcohol consumption representing a hypothetical beverage which contains a fixed amount of pure alcohol. A standard drink varies in volume depending on the alcohol concentration of the beverage (for example, a standard drink of spirits

title: Drunk driving law by country

text: Drunk driving law by country The laws of driving under the influence vary between countries. One difference is the acceptable limit of blood alcohol content before a person is charged with a crime. The "Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968–69" made it a per se offense to drive with a BAC in excess of 80 mg/100 ml of blood. Refusal of a police officer's demand to provide a breath sample was made an offence at the same time and both began as summary conviction offenses, with a mandatory minimum $50 fine. In the United States, the blood alcohol level at which

title: Blood alcohol content

short_answers:
ethanol
volume of blood


question: which greek god flew too close to the sun

answers: Icarus

title: Too Close to the Sun

text: Too Close to the Sun Too Close to the Sun is a musical with a book by Roberto Trippini and music and lyrics by Trippini and John Robinson, based on a play by Ron Read. The musical is a fictionalized account of the last days in the life of Ernest Hemingway. "Too Close to the Sun" began previews at the Comedy Theatre in the West End on 16 July 2009 and officially opened on 24 July. It received uniformly unfavourable reviews and closed on 8 August, bringing its planned eight-week run to an end six weeks early. Directed by Pat

title: Helios

text: Helios Helios (; "Hēlios"; Latinized as "Helius"; in Homeric Greek) is the god and personification of the Sun in Greek mythology. He is the son of the Titan Hyperion and the Titaness Theia (according to Hesiod), also known as Euryphaessa (in "Homeric Hymn 31") and brother of the goddesses Selene, the moon, and Eos, the dawn. Helios was described as a handsome young man crowned with the shining aureole of the Sun, who drove the chariot of the sun across the sky each day to earth-circling Oceanus and through the world-ocean returned to the East at night. In the "Homeric

title: Too Close to the Sun

text: on 'formulas which have proved capable of attracting a steady flow of ... customers.' There seems little danger of anyone taking "Too Close to the Sun" for one of these." Ben Dowell of "thelondonpaper" commented, "Even literary giant Ernest Hemingway would be hard pressed to summon words damning enough to capture quite how appalling, risible and offensively drab John Robinson's musical – yes musical ... is." Dowell gave it a no-star rating. Too Close to the Sun Too Close to the Sun is a musical with a book by Roberto Trippini and music and lyrics by Trippini and John Robinson,

title: Dyeus

text: late development exclusive to Mediterranean traditions, probably derived from syncretism with Canaanite deities and Perkwunos. The deity's original domain was over the daylight sky, and indeed reflexes emphasise this connection to light: Istanu ("Tiyaz") is a solar deity (though this name may actually refer to a female sun goddess), Helios is often referred to as the "eye of Zeus", in Romanian paganism the Sun is similarly called "God's eye" and in Indo-Iranian tradition Surya/Hvare-khshaeta is similarly associated with Ahura Mazda. Even in Roman tradition, Jupiter often is only associated with diurnal lightning at most, while Summanus is a deity responsible

title: Cygnus (constellation)

text: sky next to his lyre (Lyra); and the King Cygnus was transformed into a swan. The Greeks also associated this constellation with the tragic story of Phaethon, the son of Helios the sun god, who demanded to ride his father's sun chariot for a day. Phaethon, however, was unable to control the reins, forcing Zeus to destroy the chariot (and Phaethon) with a thunderbolt, causing it to plummet to the earth into the river Eridanus. According to the myth, Phaethon's brother, Cygnus, grieved bitterly and spent many days diving into the river to collect Phaethon's bones to give him a

title: Helios

text: among Hellenic peoples. The female offspring of Helios were called Heliades. The Greek sun god had various bynames or epithets, which over time in some cases came to be considered separate deities associated with the Sun. Most notably, Helios is closely associated with, and sometimes consciously identified with, Apollo. Among these is Hyperion ("superus", "high up"), "Elektor" (of uncertain derivation, often translated as "beaming" or "radiant", especially in the combination "elektor Hyperion"), Phaëton "the radiant", "Hekatos" (of Apollo, also "Hekatebolos" "far-shooter", i.e. the sun's rays considered as arrows). Diodorus Siculus of Sicily reported that the Chaldeans called Cronus (Saturn) by

title: Helios

text: mainstream traditional religious veneration of Helios, which had become enriched with ethical values and poetical symbolism in Pindar, Aeschylus and Sophocles, and the Ionian proto-scientific examination of Helios the Sun, a phenomenon of the study Greeks termed "meteora", clashed in the trial of Anaxagoras c. 450 BC, a forerunner of the culturally traumatic trial of Socrates for irreligion, in 399 BC. In Plato's "Republic" (516 B), Helios, the Sun, is the symbolic offspring of the idea of the Good. While the predominance of Helios in Sparta is currently unclear, it seems Helen was the local solar deity. The Etruscan god

title: Anemoi

text: Latin poets the name Eurus is used for the east or southeast wind, as in Greek. Four lesser wind deities appear in a few ancient sources, such as at the Tower of the Winds in Athens: Kaikias was the Greek deity of the northeast wind. He is shown on the monument as a bearded man with a shield full of hailstones. Apeliotes (or Apheliotes) (the name means 'from the (rising) sun') was the Greek deity of the east wind. As this wind was thought to cause a refreshing rain particularly beneficial to farmers, he is often depicted wearing high boots

title: Bennu

text: the sun resemble those of the Bennu bird, although Egyptian sources do not mention the bird's death. Bennu The Bennu is an ancient Egyptian deity linked with the sun, creation, and rebirth. It may have been the inspiration for the phoenix in Greek mythology. According to Egyptian mythology, the Bennu was a self-created being said to have played a role in the creation of the world. It was said to be the "ba" of Ra and enabled the creative actions of Atum. It was said to have flown over the waters of Nun that existed before creation, landing on a

title: A Man Was Going Down the Road

text: father’s warning, and flies too close to the sun. The heat melts the waxed wings, and he falls into the sea and drowns. What follows Parnaoz’s disillusionment with his wife, and his constant pining for Ino, is the tragedy that comes from not heeding any warning, and from idealistic and obsessive love. Aeëtes - he was a King of Colchis in Greek mythology, son of the sun-god Helios and the Oceanid Perseis (a daughter of Oceanus), brother of Circe and Pasiphaë, and father of Medea, Chalciope and Absyrtus. The name means "eagle" (aietos). His consorts were Idyia and either Asterodia

title: Talos

text: we have detailed images of the episode, 150 years earlier, dated to around 400 BCE." In the Cretan dialect, "talôs" was the equivalent of the Greek "hêlios", the Sun: the lexicon of Hesychius of Alexandria notes simply "Talos is the Sun". In Crete, Zeus was worshipped as "Zeus Tallaios", "Solar Zeus", absorbing the earlier god as an epithet in the familiar sequence. The god was identified with the "Tallaia", a spur of the Ida range in Crete. On the coin from Phaistos ("illustration") he is winged; in Greek vase-paintings and Etruscan bronze mirrors he is not. The ideas of Talos

title: Theia

text: later Theia is referred to as the "cow-eyed Euryphaessa" who gave birth to Helios in myths dating to Classical Antiquity. Once paired in later myths with her Titan brother Hyperion as her husband, "mild-eyed Euryphaessa, the far-shining one" of the Homeric Hymn to Helios, was said to be the mother of Helios (the Sun), Selene (the Moon), and Eos (the Dawn). Pindar praises Theia in his Fifth Isthmian ode: She seems here a goddess of glittering in particular and of glory in general, but Pindar's allusion to her as "Theia of many names" is telling, since it suggests assimilation, referring

title: Helios

text: he will take the Sun and shine it in the Underworld. Zeus destroys the ship with his lightning bolt, killing all the men except for Odysseus. In one Greek vase painting, Helios appears riding across the sea in the cup of the Delphic tripod which appears to be a solar reference. Athenaeus in "Deipnosophistae" relates that, at the hour of sunset, Helios climbed into a great golden cup in which he passes from the Hesperides in the farthest west to the land of the Ethiops, with whom he passes the dark hours. While Heracles traveled to Erytheia to retrieve the

title: Greek mythology in popular culture

text: bodies have been named after elements of Greek mythology. The constellation of Scorpius represents the scorpion that attacked Hercules and the scorpions that frighted the horses when Phaëton was driving the sun-chariot; while Capricorn may represent Pan in a myth that tells of his escape from Typhon by jumping into the water while turning into an animal - the half in the water turned into a fish and the other half turned into a goat. 1108 Demeter, a main-belt asteroid discovered by Karl Reinmuth on May 31, 1929, is named after the Greek goddess of fruitful soil and agriculture. The

title: Odyssean gods

text: sent to Olympus where he married Hebe. Keeper of the Winds, Aeolus gives Odysseus a tightly closed bag full of the captured winds so he could sail easily home to Ithaca. After their failure, Aeolus refused to provide any further help, because he believed that their short and unsuccessful voyage meant that the gods did not favor them. God of the Sun, Helios' cattle are impiously killed and eaten by Odysseus' crew. The guardians of the island, Helios' daughters, tell their father about this. Helios appeals to Zeus telling him to dispose of Odysseus' men or he will take the

title: Solstice

text: distances of those bodies from Earth or from each other, the sphere can be accepted as real and is in fact still in use. The Ancient Greeks use the term" "ηλιοστάσιο" (heliostāsio)", meaning "stand of the Sun". The stars move across the inner surface of the celestial sphere along the circumferences of circles in parallel planes perpendicular to the Earth's axis extended indefinitely into the heavens and intersecting the celestial sphere in a celestial pole. The Sun and the planets do not move in these parallel paths but along another circle, the ecliptic, whose plane is at an angle, the

title: Cattle of Helios

text: feast on the kine of Helios. On the seventh day, the wind changes. After they set sail, Zeus keeps his word and the ship is destroyed by lightning during a storm and all of his men die. Odysseus escapes by swimming to Calypso's island. Cattle of Helios In Greek mythology, the Cattle of Helios (, "Ēelíoio bóes"), also called the Oxen of the Sun, are cattle pastured on the island of Thrinacia (believed to be modern Sicily). Helios, also known as the sun god, is said to have had seven herds of oxen and seven flocks of sheep, each numbering

title: Herse of Athens

text: flew away to tell Athena, who fell into a rage and dropped the mountain (now Mt. Lykabettos). Once again, Herse and Aglauros went insane and threw themselves to their deaths off the cliffs of the Acropolis. This story supposedly inspired an ancient ritual in Athens: "The Festival of the Dew Carriers" or Arrhephoria. Some authors, such as Ovid in his "Metamorphoses" and "Ars Amatoria", wrote a different end for Herse and Aglauros. Ovid tells in Book 2 of his "Metamorphoses" that Erichthonius was born without a mother. Pallas Athena (better known as Athena, Minerva is her Roman name) placed him

title: Sky

text: was deified as the goddess Nut and as the god Horus. Dyeus is reconstructed as the god of the sky, or the sky personified, in Proto-Indo-European religion, whence Zeus, the god of the sky and thunder in Greek mythology and the Roman god of sky and thunder Jupiter. In Australian Aboriginal mythology, Altjira (or Arrernte) is the main sky god and also the creator god. In Iroquois mythology, Atahensic was a sky goddess who fell down to the ground during the creation of the Earth. Many cultures have drawn constellations between stars in the sky, using them in association with

title: Winged sun

text: Winged sun The winged sun is a symbol associated with divinity, royalty and power in the Ancient Near East (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and Persia). In ancient Egypt, the symbol is attested from the Old Kingdom (Sneferu, 26th century BC ), often flanked on either side with a uraeus. In early Egyptian religion, the symbol Behedeti represented Horus of Edfu, later identified with Ra-Harachte. It is sometimes depicted on the neck of Apis, the bull of Ptah. As time passed (according to interpretation) all of the subordinated gods of Egypt were considered to be aspects of the sun god, including e.g.

title: Sun

text: the Greeks, he was Helios, carried by a chariot drawn by fiery horses. From the reign of Elagabalus in the late Roman Empire the Sun's birthday was a holiday celebrated as Sol Invictus (literally "Unconquered Sun") soon after the winter solstice, which may have been an antecedent to Christmas. Regarding the fixed stars, the Sun appears from Earth to revolve once a year along the ecliptic through the zodiac, and so Greek astronomers categorized it as one of the seven planets (Greek "planetes", "wanderer"); the naming of the days of the weeks after the seven planets dates to the Roman

title: Elagabalus

text: has been found as far away as Woerden (Netherlands), near the Roman "limes". The god was later imported and assimilated with the Roman sun god known as Sol Indiges in republican times and as Sol Invictus during the second and third centuries CE. In Greek the sun god is Helios, hence "Heliogabalus", a hybrid conjunction of "Helios" and "Elagabalus". When the Emperor Macrinus came to power, he suppressed the threat against his reign from the family of his assassinated predecessor, Caracalla, by exiling them—Julia Maesa, her two daughters, and her eldest grandson Elagabalus—to their estate at Emesa in Syria. Almost

title: Helios

text: of the Sun, equivalent to Helios, was "Usil". His name appears on the bronze liver of Piacenza, next to "Tiur", the moon. He appears, rising out of the sea, with a fireball in either outstretched hand, on an engraved Etruscan bronze mirror in late Archaic style, formerly on the Roman antiquities market. On Etruscan mirrors in Classical style, he appears with a halo. In Late Antiquity a cult of "Helios Megistos" ("Great Helios") (Sol Invictus) drew to the image of Helios a number of syncretic elements, which have been analysed in detail by Wilhelm Fauth by means of a series

title: Phoenix (mythology)

text: of these sources may have actually been influenced by Greek notions of the phoenix, rather than the other way around. Herodotus, writing in the 5th century BC, gives a somewhat skeptical account of the phoenix: The phoenix is sometimes pictured in ancient and medieval literature and medieval art as endowed with a nimbus, which emphasizes the bird's connection with the Sun. In the oldest images of phoenixes on record these nimbuses often have seven rays, like Helios (the sun Titan of Greek mythology). Pliny the Elder also describes the bird as having a crest of feathers on its head, and

title: Icarus

text: In Greek mythology, Icarus (the Latin spelling, conventionally adopted in English; Ancient Greek: Ἴκαρος, Íkaros, Etruscan: Vikare) is the son of the master craftsman Daedalus, the creator of the Labyrinth. Often depicted in art, Icarus and his father attempt to escape from Crete by means of wings that his father constructed from feathers and wax. Icarus' father warns him first of complacency and then of hubris, asking that he fly neither too low nor too high, so the sea's dampness would not clog his wings or the sun's heat melt them. Icarus ignored his father's instructions not to fly too close to the sun; when the wax in his wings melted he tumbled out of the sky and fell into the sea where he drowned.

title: Cancer (constellation)

text: Sun's most northerly position in the sky (the summer solstice) in ancient times, though this position now occurs in Taurus due to the precession of the equinoxes, around June 21. This is also the time that the Sun is directly overhead at 23.5°N, a parallel now known as the Tropic of Cancer. In Greek mythology, Cancer is identified with the crab that appeared while Hercules was fighting the many-headed Hydra. The crab bit Hercules on the foot, Hercules crushed it and then the goddess Hera, a sworn enemy of Hercules, placed the crab among the stars. The modern symbol for

title: Helios

text: drives the sun chariot across the sky each day. Helios is also sometimes conflated in classical literature with another Olympian god, Zeus. Helios is referred either directly as Zeus' eye, or clearly implied to be. For instance, Hesiod effectively describes Zeus's eye as the sun. This perception is possibly derived from earlier Proto-Indo-European religion, in which the sun is believed to have been envisioned as the eye of *"Dyḗus Pḥtḗr" (see Hvare-khshaeta). L. R. Farnell assumed "that sun-worship had once been prevalent and powerful among the people of the pre-Hellenic culture, but that very few of the communities of the

title: Cloud

text: of a "pillar of cloud" by day and a "pillar of fire" by night. In the ancient Greek comedy "The Clouds", written by Aristophanes and first performed at the City Dionysia in 423 BC, the philosopher Socrates declares that the Clouds are the only true deities and tells the main character Strepsiades not to worship any deities other than the Clouds, but to pay homage to them alone. In the play, the Clouds change shape to reveal the true nature of whoever is looking at them, turning into centaurs at the sight of a long-haired politician, wolves at the sight

title: Alectryon (mythology)

text: corrupted from Halaka, one of the old Persian appellations of the sun. In the 'Vendidad' it is said that the sacred bird Parodars, called by men "kahrkatak", raises its voice at the dawn; and in the "Bundehasb", the sun is spoken of as Halaka, the cock, the enemy of darkness and evil, which flee before his crowing. Alectryon (mythology) Alectryon (Ancient Greek: ἀλεκτρυών) is the Ancient Greek word for "rooster". In Greek mythology, Alectryon was a young soldier who was assigned by Ares to stand guard outside his door while the god indulged in illicit love with Aphrodite. He fell

title: The Greek Myths

text: Hyperion for the Sun; Phoebe and Atlas for the Moon; Metis and Coeus for Mercury; Tethys and Oceanus for Venus; Dione and Crius for Mars; Themis and Eurymedon for Jupiter; and Rhea and Cronus for Saturn. Graves's retellings have been widely praised as imaginative and poetic, but the scholarship behind his hypotheses and conclusions is generally criticised as idiosyncratic and untenable. Ted Hughes and other poets have found the system of "The White Goddess" congenial; "The Greek Myths" contains about a quarter of that system, and does not include the method of composing poems. "The Greek Myths" has been heavily

title: Icarus