question: who led the conquest of the incas in south america

answers: Francisco Pizarro

answers: conquistador Francisco Pizarro

title: Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire

text: from a cave in a region called Pacariqtambo. Huayna Capac was the son of the previous ruler, Túpac Inca, and the grandson of Pachacuti, the Emperor who, by conquest, had commenced the dramatic expansion of the Inca Empire from its cultural and traditional base in the area around Cusco. On his accession to the throne, Huayna Capac had continued the policy of expansion by conquest, taking Inca armies north into what is today Ecuador. While he had to put down a number of rebellions during his reign, by the time of his death, his legitimacy was as unquestioned as was

title: Quilago

text: Quilago Quilago (1485–1515) was a chieftainess or queen regnant of the Cochasquí in Ecuador, famed for her defense of the Cochasquí against the expansion of the Inca Empire. She was a chieftainess or queen of the Cochasquí around the city of Tabacundo in Ecuador. From 1513 to 1515, she defended her chiefdom against the expansionism of the Inca Empire under Huayna Capac. She was finally defeated and placed under house arrest in her city in 1515. She was possibly placed in the harem of the Inca after her defeat and has been singled out as one of the possible mothers

title: Inca Garcilaso de la Vega

text: a Spanish conqueror and encomendero and a royal Inca mother. He was born during the early years of the Spanish conquest. His father was Spanish captain and conquistador Sebastián Garcilaso de la Vega y Vargas (d. 1559). His mother was an Inca princess, Palla Chimpu Ocllo, who was baptized after the fall of Cuzco as Isabel Suárez Chimpu Ocllo. She was descended from Inca nobility, a daughter of Túpac Huallpa and a granddaughter (not a niece) of the powerful Inca Tupac Yupanqui. Because his parents were not married in the Catholic Church, he was illegitimate and the boy was given

title: Philip Ainsworth Means

text: Philip Ainsworth Means Philip Ainsworth Means (1892–1944) was an American born anthropologist and historian. He was most well known for his study of South America, specifically Peru. Means made a total of 5 extended trips to Peru where he studied the Inca's of the Cuzco area, published multiple books, supervised excavations, and held the position of Director of Peru's national museum of Archeology. His book "Ancient Civilization of the Andes" was one of the first to explain Incan history and culture. His works include "History of the Spanish Conquest of Yucatan and of the Itzas" (1917), "Fall of the Inca

title: Quilago

text: of the Inca Atahualpa, Huayna Capac's heir, although this has never been confirmed. According to legend, she attempted to murder the Inca by setting a trap; however, he was alerted to her plans by spies and instead he had her thrown down the trap she had set for him. Quilago Quilago (1485–1515) was a chieftainess or queen regnant of the Cochasquí in Ecuador, famed for her defense of the Cochasquí against the expansion of the Inca Empire. She was a chieftainess or queen of the Cochasquí around the city of Tabacundo in Ecuador. From 1513 to 1515, she defended her

title: Quispe Sisa

text: their veins, at least three governed Latin American nations during the 19th and early 20th centuries, Dominican President José Desiderio Valverde and Bolivian Presidents Pedro José Domingo de Guerra and Jose Gutierrez Guerra. Quispe Sisa Quispe Sisa (ca. 1518 – 1559), also known as Inés Huaylas Yupanqui, was an Inca princess who played a role in the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire. The Palace of the conquest in Trujillo, Spain features busts of her, Francisca Pizarro Yupanqui, and others. She was the daughter of the Sapa Inca Huayna Capac and the curaca Contarhucho. She was baptized as Inés Huaylas

title: Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire

text: his forces south under the command of two of his leading generals, Challcuchima and Quisquis, who won an uninterrupted series of victories that soon brought them to the very gates of Cuzco. On the first day of the battle for Cuzco, the forces loyal to Huáscar gained an early advantage. However, on the second day, Huáscar personally led an ill-advised "surprise" attack, of which the generals Challcuchima and Quisquis had advance knowledge. In the ensuing battle, Huáscar was captured, and resistance completely collapsed. The victorious generals sent word north by "chasqui" messenger to Atahualpa, who had moved south from Quitu

title: Inca Empire

text: conquest the local rulers were executed. The ruler's children were brought to Cusco to learn about Inca administration systems, then return to rule their native lands. This allowed the Inca to indoctrinate them into the Inca nobility and, with luck, marry their daughters into families at various corners of the empire. Traditionally the son of the Inca ruler led the army. Pachacuti's son Túpac Inca Yupanqui began conquests to the north in 1463 and continued them as Inca ruler after Pachacuti's death in 1471. Túpac Inca's most important conquest was the Kingdom of Chimor, the Inca's only serious rival for

title: María Rostworowski

text: María Rostworowski María Rostworowski Tovar de Diez Canseco (8 August 1915 – 6 March 2016) was a Peruvian historian known for her extensive and detailed publications about Peruvian Ancient Cultures and the Inca Empire. Rostworowski was born in the Barranco district of Lima, Peru. Her father was Jan Jacek Rostworowski, a Polish aristocrat, and her mother, Rita Tovar del Valle, was from Puno. Her grandfather, Agustín Tovar Aguilar, was president of the Senate and her uncle, Karol Hubert Rostworowski, was a playwright. She studied at various boarding schools in Poland, Belgium, France and England, where she learned French, English, and

title: Juan de Betanzos

text: Juan de Betanzos Juan Diez de Betanzos wrote one of the most important sources on the conquest of the Incan civilization, Narrative of the Incas. He based this account of the Incas on the testimony of his wife, who had been previously married to Incan King Atahualpa as well as conducting interviews of Incans who had taken part in the Battle of Cajamarca or been in Atahualpa's camp. The "Narrative of the Incas" is rare in coming from the Indian perspective. In the absence of written Incan sources, it is also relatively unique in providing us with an insight into

title: John Hemming (explorer)

text: as the definitive work on the Spanish conquistadors' conquest of Peru. This book won the Robert Pitman Literary Prize and the Christopher Award in New York. Hemming had spent the year 1960 travelling to every part of Peru, was for years chairman of the Anglo-Peruvian Society, and has been awarded Peru's two highest civilian honours: El Sol del Peru ('The Sun of Peru', South America's oldest order of chivalry) and the Grand Cross of the Orden al Merito Publico (Order of Merit). He has also written, with the American photographer Edward Ranney, an account of Inca architecture of Peru, "Monuments

title: Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire

text: sister-wife, under the Inca system), two sons are historically important. Prince Túpac Cusi Hualpa, also known as Huáscar, was the son of Coya Mama Rahua Occllo of the royal line. The second was Atahualpa, an illegitimate son who was likely born of a daughter of the last independent King of Quitu, one of the states conquered by Huayna Capac during the expansion of the Inca Empire. These two sons would play pivotal roles in the final years of the Inca Empire. The Spanish conquistador Pizarro and his men were greatly aided in their enterprise by invading when the Inca Empire

title: Francisco de Toledo

text: the reductions of the Indian population, expanding the forced labor demanded of the Indians under the mita of the Inca Empire, and executing Túpac Amaru, the last Inca of the Neo-Inca State in Vilcabamba. Francisco de Toledo was born on 15 July 1515 in Oropesa, Castile belonging to the noble family Álvarez de Toledo, while his mother died, which would influence his mood serious and taciturn. Her aunts Mary and Elizabeth were responsible for their upbringing. It was the fourth and last child of II Count of Oropesa, Francisco Álvarez de Toledo y Pacheco and María Figueroa y Toledo, eldest

title: History of the Incas

text: corners of the empire. It was traditional for the Inca's son to lead the army; Pachacuti's son Túpac Inca began conquests to the north in 1463 and continued them as Inca after Pachucuti's death in 1471. His most important conquest was the Kingdom of Chimor, the Inca's only serious rival for the coast of Peru. Túpac Inca's empire stretched north into modern-day Ecuador and Colombia. Tu;pac Inca's son hyena cape added significant territory to the south. At its height, Tahuantinsuyu included Peru and Bolivia, most of what is now Ecuador, a large portion of modern-day chilli, and extended into corners

title: Manco Cápac

text: Manco Cápac Manco Cápac (Quechua: "Manqu Qhapaq", "the royal founder"), also known as Manco Inca and Ayar Manco was, according to some historians, the first governor and founder of the Inca civilization in Cusco, possibly in the early 13th century. He is also a main figure of Inca mythology, being the protagonist of the two best known legends about the origin of the Inca, both of them connecting him to the foundation of Cusco. His main wife was Mama Uqllu, also mother of his son and successor Sinchi Ruq'a. Even though his figure is mentioned in several chronicles, his actual

title: Inca Empire

text: expansion under the command of Sapa Inca (paramount leader) Pachacuti-Cusi Yupanqui, whose name literally meant "earth-shaker". The name of Pachacuti was given to him after he conquered the Tribe of Chancas (modern Apurímac). During his reign, he and his son Tupac Yupanqui brought much of the Andes mountains (roughly modern Peru and Ecuador) under Inca control. Pachacuti reorganized the kingdom of Cusco into the Tahuantinsuyu, which consisted of a central government with the Inca at its head and four provincial governments with strong leaders: Chinchasuyu (NW), Antisuyu (NE), Kuntisuyu (SW) and Qullasuyu (SE). Pachacuti is thought to have built Machu

title: History of the Incas

text: History of the Incas The Incas were most notable for establishing the Inca Empire in pre-Columbian America, which was centered in what is now Peru from 1438 to 1533 C.E. and represented the height of the Inca civilization. The Inca state was known as the Kingdom of Cusco before 1438. Over the course of the Inca Empire, the Inca used conquest and peaceful assimilation to incorporate in their empire a large portion of western South America, centered on the Andean mountain ranges. However, shortly after the Inca Civil War, the last Sapa Inca (emperor) of the Inca Empire was captured

title: Diego Centeno

text: Diego Centeno Diego Centeno, Spanish conquistador, born in Ciudad Rodrigo in Spain 1514, died at Chuquisaca, Peru in 1549. He arrived to South America and the recently conquered Inca Empire in 1534 at the age of 20, followed by, among others, Pedro de Alvarado, conqueror of Guatemala. In the ensuring battles between the Pizarro brothers and the Almagristas led by Diego de Almagro and, after his defeat and execution in 1538, by his son, Centeno took the party of Pizarro and New Castile. After the downfall of both parties, Diego fought with the Spanish royal forces of Pedro de la

title: History of Peru

text: The Incas built the largest empire and dynasty of pre-Columbian America. The Tahuantinsuyo—which is derived from Quechua for "The Four United Regions"—reached its greatest extension at the beginning of the 16th century. It dominated a territory that included (from north to south): Ecuador, part of Colombia, the northern half of Chile, and the northwest part of Argentina; and from east to west, from Bolivia to the Amazonian forests and Peru. The empire originated from a tribe based in Cusco, which became the capital. Pachacutec wasn't the first Inca, but he was the first ruler to considerably expand the boundaries of

title: Micaela Bastidas Puyucahua

text: Micaela Bastidas Puyucahua Micaela Bastidas Puyucahua (born in Tamburco, 1744; died in Cusco, May 18, 1781), was a pioneering indigenous leader against Spanish rule in South America, and a martyr for Peruvian independence. With her husband Túpac Amaru II, she led a rebellion against the Spanish and like him, suffered martyrdom of execution by the Spaniards when the revolt failed. She was a full partner in her husband's enterprises before the revolt, and "an exceptionally able leader of the rebellion." She has been described as the "celebrated wife of José Gabriel Condorcanqui (Túpac Amaru II)... who played a paramount role

title: Diego de Almagro

text: an indigenous woman, as a common-law wife. In this period, his first son, el "Mozo", was born to them. By 1524 an association of conquest regarding South America was formalized among Almagro, Pizarro and Luque. By the beginning of August 1524, they had received the requisite permission to discover and conquer lands further south. De Almagro would remain in Panama to recruit men and gather supplies for the expeditions led by Pizarro. After several expeditions to South America, Pizarro secured his stay in Peru with the "Capitulation" on 6 July 1529. During Pizarro's continued exploration of Incan territory, he and

title: Inca Empire

text: western South America, centered on the Andean Mountains, using conquest and peaceful assimilation, among other methods. At its largest, the empire joined Peru, large parts of modern Ecuador, western and south central Bolivia, northwest Argentina, north and central Chile and a small part of southwest Colombia into a state comparable to the historical empires of Eurasia. Its official language was Quechua. Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred "Huacas", but the Inca leadership encouraged the sun worship of Inti – their sun god – and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such

title: Inca Garcilaso de la Vega

text: Inca Garcilaso de la Vega Garcilaso de la Vega (12 April 1539 – 23 April 1616), born Gómez Suárez de Figueroa and known as El Inca or Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, was a chronicler and writer born in the Spanish Empire's Viceroyalty of Peru. Sailing to Spain at 21, he was educated informally there, where he lived and worked the rest of his life. The natural son of a Spanish conquistador and an Inca noblewoman born in the early years of the conquest, he is recognized primarily for his chronicles of Inca history, culture, and society. His work was

title: Pedro de Valdivia

text: Peru (currently Bolivia). As compensation for his help in conquering these lands, he was awarded a silver mine and became a wealthy man. Valdivia had married Marina Ortíz de Gaete in Spain, but in Peru he became attached to the widow Inés de Suárez, who was to accompany him to Chile as his mistress. After the failure of the expedition of Diego de Almagro in 1536, the lands to the south of Peru (then known as "Nueva Toledo", extending from the 14° — close to modern day Pisco, Peru — to the 25° latitude — close to Taltal, Chile) had

title: Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire

title: Carmen Bernand

text: Inca Empire. Carmen Bernand Carmen Bernand (born Carmen Muñoz on 19 September 1939) is a French historian and anthropologist. Carmen Bernand was born in France to Spanish refugee parents, she lived in Argentina for 25 years, where she studied Ethnology at University of Buenos Aires. At the end of 1964, she moved to Paris and prepared a postgraduate thesis under the direction of Claude Lévi-Strauss. In 1966, she married the epigraphist (1923–2013). Bernand is a specialist on the history of New World and Latin America, she conducted field surveys of Andean populations in Argentina, Peru and Ecuador. Since the late

title: Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa

text: Francisco de Toledo, the fifth Viceroy of Peru, to write a history of the Incas. Toledo hoped such a history would justify Spanish colonisation by revealing the violent history of the Incas. Sarmiento collected oral accounts first hand from Inca informants and produced a history (commonly titled "The History of the Incas") that chronicles their violent conquest of the region. Written in Cuzco, the capital of the Inca Empire, just forty years after the arrival of the first Spaniards in the city, Sarmiento's "The History of the Incas" contains extremely detailed descriptions of Inca history and mythology. The royal sponsorship

title: Huayna Capac

text: Confederation into the Inca Empire after marrying the Quito Queen Paccha Duchicela Shyris XVI in order to halt a long protracted war. From this marriage Atahualpa was born (1502 AD) in Caranqui, Ecuador. Atahualpa was to inherit the Kingdom of Quito, by the will of his father Huayna Capac, and later Inca Emperor after defeating his brother, the Inca Emperor Huascar in the Inca Civil War, where the Inca Huascar attempted to conquer the Kingdom of Quito after 7 years of peace. Huayna Capac spent most of his time in Ecuador which he became fond of and as a result

title: Rodrigo Orgóñez

text: Gonzalo Pizarro. He later led an army against the Pizarros but was killed in 1538 during the Battle of Las Salinas. American historian William H. Prescott wrote: "Thus perished as loyal a cavalier, as decided in council, and as bold in action, as ever crossed to the shores of America." Rodrigo Orgóñez Rodrigo Orgóñez (1490 – 26 April 1538) was Spanish captain under Diego de Almagro. Born in Oropesa, Rodrigo participated in the Italian Campaigns. He accompanied Francisco de Godoy from Nicaragua when they joined Diego's men in reinforcing Pizarro during the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire. He proved

title: History of the Incas

text: to indicate that the Inca were a relatively unimportant tribe until the time of Sinchi Roca, also called Cinchi Roca, who is the first figure in Inca mythology whose existence can be supported historically. The Inca people began as a tribe in the Cusco area around the 12th century AD. Under the leadership of Manco Cápac, they formed the small city-state of Cusco Quechua "Qosqo". In 1438 AD, under the command of Sapa Inca (paramount leader) Pachacuti, whose name meant "world-shaker", they began a far-reaching expansion. The land Pachacuti conquered was about the size of the Thirteen Colonies of the

title: Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire

long_answer: The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire was one of the most important campaigns in the Spanish colonization of the Americas. After years of preliminary exploration and military skirmishes, 180 Spanish soldiers under conquistador Francisco Pizarro, his brothers, and their native allies captured the Sapa Inca Atahualpa in the 1532 Battle of Cajamarca. It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory in 1572 and colonization of the region as the Viceroyalty of Peru. The conquest of the Inca Empire (called "Tahuantinsuyu" or "Tawantinsuyu" in Quechua, meaning "Realm of the Four Parts"), led to spin-off campaigns into present-day Chile and Colombia, as well as expeditions towards the Amazon Basin.

short_answers:
Francisco Pizarro
conquistador Francisco Pizarro


question: who sings the pokemon theme song season 1

answers: Jason Paige

title: Noel Pix

text: Noel Pix Jochen "Noel Pix" Seibert (March 25, 1972 in Munich, West Germany) is a German rock and house musician. He is the lead guitarist and programmer of the German Neue Deutsche Härte band Eisbrecher. Pix formerly belonged also to the band Megaherz as the band's keyboardist. He releases his house tracks under the alias "Housemaster Kinky J". Noel Pix sings the German translations of theme songs for anime series like Pokémon, Digimon or Dragon Ball Z. He had one hit in the German, Austrian, and Swiss singles chart: The theme song for the second season of Pokémon ("Pokémon Welt")

title: Megan Hollingshead

text: Megan Hollingshead Megan T.D. Hollingshead (born September 22, 1968), also known as Karen Thompson or Kelli Kassidi, is an American voice actress, best known for her roles as Nurse Joy in "Pokémon", Mai Valentine in "Yu-Gi-Oh!", Shizune in "Naruto", Caster in "Fate/stay night", Rangiku Matsumoto in "Bleach", and Re-l Mayer in "Ergo Proxy". Best known for her anime dubbing work, Megan's most famous roles include Nurse Joy, Cassidy in the first 6 seasons of the "Pokémon" anime series and Mai Valentine in the first 3 seasons of "Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters". She also lent her voice to the Enix role-playing game

title: Erin Bowman

text: approached Bowman. She agreed to sing the opening theme song ""Battle Cry (Stand Up!)"" along with "Black and White" for , and "I Believe In You" for "". These Pokémon episodes are aired regularly on national TV through the Cartoon Network. Erin Bowman launched her solo career on November 1, 2011 by releasing her debut single "Problem" to top 40 radio in the United States. The first radio station to play “Problem” on a full-time basis was Sirius XM channel 3, 20 on 20, where it became a top 5 requested song in less than 4 weeks. In early 2012

title: Norman J. Grossfeld

text: Grossfeld co-wrote most of the Pokémon films, which grossed over $600 million worldwide. Grossfeld is credited with writing the "Pokémon" franchise's tagline, "Gotta catch 'em all!" An accomplished lyricist and musician, Grossfeld contributed to several tracks on the Pokémon 2.B.A. Master soundtrack album, the first released for the English localization of the "Pokémon" anime. The album was a commercial success, rising to the top of the US "Billboard" Kids Albums Chart and garnering RIAA Gold certification with over 500,000 units sold.He also wrote both the main and ending theme songs for "Sonic X" and "", and the English ending theme

title: One (Crystal Kay song)

text: the single. Regular edition Pokémon edition One (Crystal Kay song) "One" is Crystal Kay's 24th single, it was released on July 16, 2008. On March 3, 2008, it was revealed that Kay was chosen to sing the theme song to the eleventh Pokémon film "". Kay also played the voice of Lucky, Nurse Joy's Chansey, in the film. The film's producers had apparently been considering the singer since 2001, when she sang "Lost Child" with Shinichi Osawa and Hiroshi Fujiwara for the soundtrack of the drama "Satorare". "Giratina to Sora no Hanataba: Sheimi" was released in Japan on July 19,

title: Pokémon Theme

text: the song in four hours, he received a large one-time payment for the song in 2000. Paige also performed another parody of the song, featuring Dwayne Johnson as a Pokémon as well as YouTube stars MatPat and Ali-A. In December 2016, the song reached spot 232 on the Dutch Top 2000, a difference of over 1400 spots compared to its ranking in the previous year. On November 16, 2018, an official trailer for featured the original theme song. Pokémon Theme The "Pokémon Theme" (also known as "Gotta Catch 'Em All") is a song written by John Siegler and John Loeffler

title: Meowth's Party

text: who created "Pokémon Stadium" for the Nintendo 64. Meowth is seen dancing with his associates, Team Rocket members Jessie (Musashi in the original Japanese version) and James (Kojiro), and their two Pokémon, Arbok and Weezing (Matadogasu). In both the ending sequence, and the tech demo, he is voiced by Inuko Inuyama, who voices the character in the Japanese version of the anime series (where the character is known as "Nyarth"). In the United States, Kids' WB! aired the ending in its original Japanese after one episode, and aired an English dub of the song in the next. The English dub

title: Crystal Kay

text: starred in the commercial, in which she was seen "flying" on a reindeer. On March 3, 2008, it was revealed that Crystal Kay was chosen to sing the theme song to the 2008 Pokémon film "". She also played the voice of "Nurse Joy's Chansey" in the film. The film's producers had apparently been considering the singer since 2001, when she sang "Lost Child" with Shinichi Osawa and Hiroshi Fujiwara for the soundtrack of the film "Satorare". As expected a single was released. However, it was not the recently announced Pokémon theme song, but a different single entitled "Namida no

title: Cristina D'Avena

text: Cristina D'Avena Cristina D'Avena (born 6 July 1964 in Bologna) is an Italian singer and actress. She sings for television and animation series, and has recorded numerous albums, selling nearly 7 million copies. D'Avena is well known in Italy for performing theme songs to hundreds of Italian dubs of Japanese and American animated TV series. In all, she has sung 721 songs, including theme songs for "Sailor Moon", "Kimagure Orange Road", "Ai Shite Knight", "Marmalade Boy", "Ace o Nerae!", "Touch", "Pokémon", "Attack No. 1", "One Piece", "Candy Candy", "La Seine no Hoshi", "Magic Knight Rayearth", "Dr. Slump", "", "Himitsu no

title: Jason Paige

text: episode of the YouTube series "Hellbenders." He is a long time member of Broadway Inspirational Voices and has appeared at Mandalay Bay's LIGHT in "For The Record" Baz named after the director Baz Luhrmann. In response to the massive popularity of the "Pokémon Go" mobile game, Paige re-recorded the theme during the height of the game's popularity in July 2016. Later that month, Paige sang another parody of the theme song featuring Dwayne Johnson as a Pokémon. He performed the song in Los Angeles as well. In October 2016 He released his anthem "a tribute to Pokemon Go" as a

title: Image song

text: However, the characters Kyon, Itsuki Koizumi, Tsuruya-san, Ryōko Asakura, Kyon's sister, and Emiri Kimidori features remixed versions of the ending. Similarly, a character song can also be a song about a character, but not necessarily sung by the character's portrayer. For example, while "Mazinger Z" includes songs about Kouji Kabuto and his friends, they are not sung by their voice actors. Nevertheless, they still provide some insight into the character's persona. In the "Pokémon" anime, Dawn and Serena's image song were not sung by their voice actors originally either, although later introduced their voice actors' version. Image song An image

title: Misty (Pokémon)

text: Adventures". Her Japanese voice actress is Mayumi Iizuka, while her English voice was supplied by Rachael Lillis and Michele Knotz. Misty's character design was overseen by Ken Sugimori and Atsuko Nishida, and for the anime the design was overseen by Sayuri Ichishi. Her Japanese voice actress, Mayumi Iizuka, stated that during her audition the director asked her to act like herself, and in doing so she landed the role. As a result, she considers Misty to be the one character she has voiced who most represents herself. Mayumi keeps track of her character's promotional appearances in merchandise and other material,

title: Pokémon (anime)

text: reruns of old episodes as well as a number of 'Research' episodes involving live-action elements. Regular guests include Golgo Matsumoto and Red Yoshida of TIM; Hiroshi Yamamoto, Ryūji Akiyama, and Hiroyuki Baba of Robert; Becky (through September 2006), and Shoko Nakagawa (starting October 2006). is the successor to the "Pokémon Sunday" series. It aired from October 3, 2010, to September 28, 2013. Like its predecessors, "Pokémon Smash!" is a variety show that features live-action segments and reruns of old anime episodes. The theme song is "Endless Fighters" by AAA. Regular guests include Golgo Matsumoto and Red Yoshida of TIM; Shoko

title: Ash Ketchum

text: Veronica Taylor provided the voice of Ash in the first eight seasons of the English adaption of the "Pokémon" anime, which was dubbed by 4Kids Entertainment. At the time of her audition, Taylor stated that the character was temporarily named Casey, which was the name later given to a recurring character in Johto. After the script was translated from Japanese, the lines were adapted to fit the movements of the character's mouth (called "lip flap"). All the voices were recorded separately, so Taylor was the only one in the booth when she recorded her lines, which took approximately six to

title: Michele Knotz

text: in "Pokémon". Michele Knotz Michele Knotz is an American voice actress who works for New York-based studios such as TAJ Productions, Headline Sound, and Central Park Media. She is currently recording at DuArt Film and Video, where she provides the voices for various characters in the "Pokémon" franchise. Knotz was the winner of the 2003 Anime Idol voice acting contest held at the now defunct Big Apple Anime Fest convention in New York City and debuted in the role of Hajime Yagi in "The World of Narue". Since 2006, she has been the voices of May, Nurse Joy and Team

title: Pokémon Theme

text: for the English broadcast of "". Ben Dixon once again covered it for . Others who have covered the theme song included Postmodern Jukebox, Kurt Hugo Schneider with Lindsey Stirling, Eric Calderone, Baracksdubs, Tay Zonday, Powerglove, Xander Mobus in character as the announcer from "Super Smash Bros.", Nathan Sykes, and Anthony Vincent. In 2014, Electric Six recorded a cover of the song as part of a pledge package for their "Absolute Treasure" Kickstarter campaign. The theme song was also featured in the 2000 video game, "Pokémon Puzzle League", as well as the 2004 video game, "Donkey Konga". In July 2016,

title: Pokémon: The Movie 2000

text: to "". In Japan, J-pop artist Namie Amuro sang the ending song "toi et moi". A soundtrack containing Shinji Miyazaki's original score for the film was released on September 9, 1999 along with two original songs sung by Rika Matsumoto and Akiko Hiramatsu. For the English dub, Donna Summer sings the closing song, also titled "The Power of One". "Weird Al" Yankovic also provided an original song, "Polkamon", which is played during the ending credits. The last song played during the credits was "Flying Without Wings" by Westlife. Italian singer Laura Pausini sings the ballad "The Extra Mile", written, among

title: Pokémon the Movie: Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice

text: and they all say the oath together, after that Ash and the Swords of Justice part ways. As in the previous "Pokémon" films and its anime series, the music is composed by Shinji Miyazaki. The movie's theme song is titled , which is performed by the Bengali-Japanese-Russian model-turned-singer Rola. The film's director Kunihiko Yuyama thinks the song will work perfectly for the film itself after he first heard it. Rola also voiced a character in the film named Marin. The single itself was released on July 11, 2012. And the English ending for this movie is "It's All Inside of

title: Foreigners in Korea

text: and dubbing. Multi-genre performers such as Canadian Jesse Day, Kelly Frances, Stephen Revere, French DJ-actor Julian Quintart, and French performer-model-MC Fabien Yoon contribute through content, voice and live performances. Singer-actress Samia Mounts is credited for her role in Pokemon and American-Korean voice acting, having spent her youth in Korea. Ih the classical music genre, Dr. Ryan Goessl has built the Camarata Music Company, one of the world’s most diverse music organizations, in Seoul. The organization, which boasts members from 97 different countries, can be seen in concert up to 40 times per year. Dr. Goessl can also be seen performing

title: Rica Matsumoto

text: Rica Matsumoto After early stage work, she began both voice acting and singing careers. The most popular role by Rica is Satoshi (Ash Ketchum in English translations), the main character of the anime series "Pokémon". She also had a role in the "Yu-Gi-Oh" series as Ryo Bakura and Yami Bakura. As such, Matsumoto has taken on roles for young boys. Matsumoto also performs the songs for many of the openings for the Japanese "Pokémon" anime. Matsumoto has had lead or supporting roles in dozens of series. She has also had a radio show in Japan and does some dubbing work

title: Megan Hollingshead

text: William Esper Studio, and is a founding member of the Adirondack Theatre Festival. She serves as a yoga instructor in her spare time. Megan Hollingshead Megan T.D. Hollingshead (born September 22, 1968), also known as Karen Thompson or Kelli Kassidi, is an American voice actress, best known for her roles as Nurse Joy in "Pokémon", Mai Valentine in "Yu-Gi-Oh!", Shizune in "Naruto", Caster in "Fate/stay night", Rangiku Matsumoto in "Bleach", and Re-l Mayer in "Ergo Proxy". Best known for her anime dubbing work, Megan's most famous roles include Nurse Joy, Cassidy in the first 6 seasons of the "Pokémon" anime

title: Pokémon, I Choose You!

text: for the episode was "really great" for her. "Playing a 10-year-old boy with that energy and excitement, and the battles that he's in, and his low, husky voice was really terrific," she said. Taylor explained the process of recording an episode in an interview with "Animerica Magazine"; first, the script is translated from Japanese into English, it is then adapted to fit the lip flap (movement of the mouth). Taylor said that she is the only one in the recording booth when she works, as they record each voice separately throughout each episode. Taylor added that she is often the

title: Pokémon Live!

text: Pokémon Live! Pokémon Live! was a musical stage show that toured the United States on September 22, 2000 to January 19, 2001. The musical was based on the "Pokémon" anime series, using similar characters, clothing, and story elements. The show uses songs previously released on the "Pokémon" anime soundtracks "Pokémon 2BA Master" and "Totally Pokémon" as well as original songs. Approximately 90 minutes in length, it told the story of Ash Ketchum, Misty and Brock as they travel to a contest to win the much sought-after Diamond Badge. The event turns out to be part of a plan by the

title: Pokémon (anime)

text: (Misty) and Yūji Ueda as Takeshi (Brock). They were regularly joined by Kaba-chan, Manami Aihara, Bernard Ackah and Rex Jones as the comedy team "Shio Koshō", Megumi Hayashibara as Musashi (Jessie), Shin-ichiro Miki as Kojirō (James), and Inuko Inuyama as Nyarth (Meowth). The show ran from October 15, 2002, to September 28, 2004, when it was replaced by "Pokémon Sunday". was broadcast on TV Tokyo from October 3, 2004, to September 26, 2010. The show is the successor to the "Pocket Monsters Encore" and the "Weekly Pokémon Broadcasting Station]". Like the shows before it, "Pokémon Sunday" is variety show featuring

title: Jason Paige

text: Jason Paige (born January 6, 1969) is an American singer, writer, record producer, stage, film, and television actor.  Paige is best known for singing the first theme song for the English version of the Pokémon television series.

title: Pokémon: Jirachi—Wish Maker

text: (due to Miramax being owned by Disney at the time), being the first "Pokémon" film to air on Toon Disney. The events of the film take place during the sixth season of . The featured song in this movie is Asuca Hayashi's in the Japanese version while the English version, "Make a Wish", was sung by Cindy Mizelle. The tune of this song is also used as the lullaby May and Max's mother used to sing to them when they were children. This is the first movie in which the original Japanese song is also clearly used in the English

title: Pikachu

text: by a group of alternating friends, including Misty, Brock, Tracey, May, Max, Dawn, Iris, Cilan, Bonnie, Serena, and Clemont. In the first episode, Ash Ketchum, a young boy from Pallet Town, turns 10 years old and is ready to acquire his first Pokémon. Hopeful to become a Pokémon Master, the night before he receives his starter Pokémon (either Squirtle, Charmander or Bulbasaur) he has a dream where he is catching a Pokémon and actually, while sleeping, physically breaks his alarm clock. Ash quickly runs to Professor Oak's lab, where he finds out all the starter Pokémon have been given away.

title: Sarah Natochenny

text: Sarah Natochenny Sarah Natochenny is an American voice actress most known for providing the English dub voice of Ash Ketchum in the "Pokémon" anime series since 2006. Natochenny is a native of Forest Hills, Queens in New York City. When she was 12, she participated in the Junior Olympics where she won a bronze medal in rhythmic gymnastics. She has worked with the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute's Young Actors Program, Upright Citizens Brigade and Magnet Theatres. Natochenny recalled that she was 11 when the "Pokémon" anime started airing in English. She auditioned and landed the lead role of Ash Ketchum

title: Pokémon Theme

text: as well as peaking at number three on the "Hot Dance Singles Sales" chart. Despite the resurgence, Paige did not receive any royalties from the song. In response to the success of the mobile app "Pokémon Go", Paige re-recorded the theme. In an interview with the "New York Post", Paige claimed that he did not originally expect the song to become popular when he first recorded it, stating that he "didn’t really know much about "Pokémon"" when he did the demo, other than a scene in the animated series that caused bouts of epileptic seizures in Japan. Although Paige recorded

title: Pokémon the Movie: I Choose You!

text: In Australia, the film was also confirmed to be released by Event Cinemas across November 11 and 12, 2017. Some fans also requested that voice actress Veronica Taylor should reprise her role as the English voice of Ash Ketchum for the film, but it was later confirmed that the current set of voice actors would stay on. The title of the film is also a reference to the first episode of the anime, "Pokémon, I Choose You!". Regular series composer Shinji Miyazaki wrote the film's score for its original release. The film's opening song is titled by Rica Matsumoto while

title: Jason Paige


question: where was the rise of the planet of the apes filmed

answers: Oahu, Hawaii

answers: Vancouver, British Columbia

answers: San Francisco, California

title: Planet of the Apes (1968 film)

text: beach scenes were filmed on a stretch of California seacoast between Malibu and Oxnard with cliffs that towered 130 feet above the shore. Reaching the beach on foot was virtually impossible, so cast, crew, film equipment, and even horses had to be lowered in by helicopter. The home movies of Roddy McDowall (on YouTube) show makeup, the Ape Village set and the beach site/set - a wooden ramp was built around the point from Westward Beach to Pirates Cove for access to the beach set. The remains of the Statue of Liberty were shot in a secluded cove on the

title: Dawn of the Planet of the Apes

text: Apes". In September 2015, it was announced that Woody Harrelson had been cast as the film's antagonist. In October 2015, Steve Zahn was cast as a new ape in the film, retitled as "War for the Planet of the Apes". Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Dawn of the Planet of the Apes is a 2014 American science fiction film directed by Matt Reeves and written by Mark Bomback, Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver. It stars Andy Serkis, Jason Clarke, Gary Oldman, Keri Russell, Toby Kebbell, and Kodi Smit-McPhee. It is the sequel to the 2011 film "Rise of

title: Rise of the Planet of the Apes

text: Rise of the Planet of the Apes Rise of the Planet of the Apes is a 2011 American science fiction film directed by Rupert Wyatt and starring James Franco, Freida Pinto, John Lithgow, Brian Cox, Tom Felton, David Oyelowo, and Andy Serkis. Written by Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver, it is 20th Century Fox's reboot of the "Planet of the Apes" series, intended to act as an origin story for a new series of films. Its premise is similar to the fourth film in the original series, "Conquest of the Planet of the Apes" (1972), but it is not a

title: Rise of the Planet of the Apes

text: direct remake of that film. In the film, a substance designed to help the brain repair itself gives advanced intelligence to a chimpanzee named Caesar, who leads an ape uprising. "Rise of the Planet of the Apes" was released on August 5, 2011, to critical and commercial success. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects. It was also nominated for five Saturn Awards including Best Director for Wyatt and Best Writing for Jaffa and Silver, winning Best Science Fiction Film, Best Supporting Actor for Serkis and Best Special Effects. Serkis's performance as Caesar was widely

title: Rise of the Planet of the Apes

text: 2017. On May 14, 2015, the title was given as "War of the Planet of the Apes", later re-titled to "War for the Planet of the Apes". Rise of the Planet of the Apes Rise of the Planet of the Apes is a 2011 American science fiction film directed by Rupert Wyatt and starring James Franco, Freida Pinto, John Lithgow, Brian Cox, Tom Felton, David Oyelowo, and Andy Serkis. Written by Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver, it is 20th Century Fox's reboot of the "Planet of the Apes" series, intended to act as an origin story for a new series

title: Dawn of the Planet of the Apes

text: Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Dawn of the Planet of the Apes is a 2014 American science fiction film directed by Matt Reeves and written by Mark Bomback, Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver. It stars Andy Serkis, Jason Clarke, Gary Oldman, Keri Russell, Toby Kebbell, and Kodi Smit-McPhee. It is the sequel to the 2011 film "Rise of the Planet of the Apes", which began 20th Century Fox's reboot of the original "Planet of the Apes" series. "Dawn" is set ten years after the events of "Rise", and follows a group of people in San Francisco who struggle

title: Rise of the Planet of the Apes

text: the screenplay, with rewrites from Scott Z. Burns and Mark Bomback. Taking place ten years after "Rise", "Dawn" follows Caesar's growing nation of evolved apes. Andy Serkis, Terry Notary and Karin Konoval reprise their roles as Caesar, Rocket and Maurice. James Franco returned as Will Rodman in a "cameo via video". "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes" was released July 11, 2014. On January 6, 2014, 20th Century Fox announced a third installment with Reeves returning to direct and co-write along with Bomback, with a planned July 2016 release. In January 2015, Fox delayed the release to July 14,

title: Planet of the Apes (1968 film)

text: who designed prosthetic make up in the film, held training sessions at 20th Century-Fox studios, where he mentored other make-up artists of the film. Filming began on May 21, 1967, and ended on August 10, 1967. Most of the early scenes of a desert-like terrain were shot in northern Arizona near the Grand Canyon, the Colorado River, Lake Powell, Glen Canyon and other locations near Page, Arizona Most scenes of the ape village, interiors and exteriors, were filmed on the Fox Ranch in Malibu Creek State Park, northwest of Los Angeles, essentially the backlot of 20th Century Fox. The concluding

title: Dawn of the Planet of the Apes

text: the locations depicted in the film, the forests, and the variety of landscapes. Filming in New Orleans started in May 2013 and continued in July 2013 at various locations such as the former Six Flags park Six Flags New Orleans. Like "Rise", visual effects for "Dawn" were done by Weta Digital. In addition to the apes, Weta created other digital animals, such as a herd of elk, a grizzly bear, and CG doubles of the live horses. The elk were created using key-frame animation and the digital crowd enhancement software MASSIVE, the bear through key-frame animation, and the horses with

title: Conquest of the Planet of the Apes

text: references to the racial conflicts in North America during the early 1970s, and Thompson further highlighted by shooting some scenes in a manner similar to a news broadcast. The primary location was Century City, Los Angeles, that had previously been part of the 20th Century Fox backlot and translated well the bleak future with monochromatic buildings in a sterile ultramodern style. Also used as a shooting location was the University of California, Irvine, in Orange County. In addition, TV producer Irwin Allen contributed props and clothes to the film: he let the makers of 'Conquest' borrow his Seaview jumpsuits from

title: Rise of the Planet of the Apes

text: to use actors in ape suits. After considering real apes, instead Weta Digital created the apes digitally in almost every case through performance capture. Advances in the technology allowed the use of performance capture in an exterior environment, affording the film-makers the freedom to shoot much of the film on location with other actors, as opposed to the confines of a soundstage. The main breakthrough was a camera that enabled viewing the motion capture dots in daylight, employed mostly for the Golden Gate Bridge battle. A maximum of six actors could have their movements captured, with larger ape crowds using

title: Planet of the Apes

text: the film was very well received by critics, who found it a strong follow-up to "Rise" and lauded the combination of an engaging script with impressive special effects. It also performed very strongly at the box office, taking in $707 million in worldwide grosses. Its special effects received several honors, including three Visual Effects Society Awards and an Oscar nomination at the 87th Academy Awards. Fox was confident enough in "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes" that the studio started planning for the next installment months before the film debuted. After Fox and Chernin Entertainment screened Matt Reeves' cut

title: Matt Reeves

text: to develop in summer 2013, but Reeves left the project in order to direct the science fiction film "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes", the sequel to "Rise of the Planet of the Apes", released in 2014. He returned to direct the third film in the series, "War for the Planet of the Apes", which was released on July 14, 2017. Since 2011, Reeves has been working on the script of "8 O'Clock in the Morning", a science fiction film based on the short story of same name written by Ray Nelson, previously adapted by John Carpenter as "They

title: War for the Planet of the Apes

text: War for the Planet of the Apes War for the Planet of the Apes is a 2017 American science fiction film directed by Matt Reeves and written by Mark Bomback and Reeves. A sequel to "Rise of the Planet of the Apes" (2011) and "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes" (2014), it is the third installment in the "Planet of the Apes" reboot series. The film stars Andy Serkis, Woody Harrelson and Steve Zahn, and follows a confrontation between the apes, led by Caesar, and the humans for control of Earth. Like its predecessor, its premise shares several similarities

title: Planet of the Apes

text: from the project due to production and scheduling issues, and was replaced by Matt Reeves. Set ten years after "Rise", the film establishes that the "simian flu" that increased the intelligence of the apes has killed most humans. Caesar struggles to maintain peace as his ape community is drawn into violent clashes with nearby human survivors. Weta Digital again provided special effects work, which combined practical sets, digitally manipulated backgrounds, and performance capture ape characters. The lead human characters were played by Jason Clarke, as Malcolm; Keri Russell, as Ellie; and Gary Oldman, as Dreyfus. Released on July 11, 2014,

title: Rise of the Planet of the Apes

text: a platform for future films. We're trying to plant a lot of the seeds for a lot of the things you are talking about in terms of the different apes and so forth." On May 31, 2012, 20th Century Fox announced that the sequel would be named "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes". Reports said that Wyatt was leaving the sequel due to his concern that a May 2014 release date would not give him enough time to properly make the film; he was replaced by "Cloverfield" director Matt Reeves. Jaffa and Silver returned as producers and to pen

title: Planet of the Apes (2001 film)

text: active development. Lawrence Konner and Mark Rosenthal rewrote the script, and filming took place from November 2000 to April 2001. "Planet of the Apes" was released to mixed reviews, but was a financial success. Much criticism focused on the confusing plot and ending, although Rick Baker's prosthetic makeup designs were praised. Despite its financial success, 20th Century Fox chose not to produce a sequel, and later rebooted the franchise in 2011 with "Rise of the Planet of the Apes". In 2029, aboard the United States Air Force space station "Oberon", Leo Davidson works closely with primates who are trained for

title: Dawn of the Planet of the Apes

text: on June 26, 2014. The film closed the 36th Moscow International Film Festival on June 28. In Hungary, the largest cinema chain called Cinema City could not agree with the film's distributor, InterCom, and as a result it opened on July 17, 2014 on 45 screens, significantly fewer than similar big-budget productions. However, the film still managed to top the weekend box office chart of the country beating "", which had been leading the chart for three weeks (on 105 screens distributed by UIP Duna). A viral marketing campaign for the film launched in July 2013 included a "simian flu"

title: Dawn of the Planet of the Apes

text: as a deliberate hint to a possible sequel. In November 2011, Andy Serkis was the first to be announced as having closed a deal for a sequel to "Rise". It was reported to be a "healthy seven-figure deal" for him to reprise his role as Caesar, the ape leader. On May 15, 2012, it was announced Scott Z. Burns had been hired to do rewrites on the original screenplay by "Rise" writers Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver. On May 31, 2012, 20th Century Fox announced that the sequel would be titled "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes". On September

title: Dawn of the Planet of the Apes

text: Kodi Smit-McPhee were cast in lead roles for the sequel, set ten years after the events from the first film. In March 2013, actress Keri Russell was cast in a role. That same month, Judy Greer was cast as Cornelia, a female chimp and love interest for Caesar. Toby Kebbell, Enrique Murciano and Kirk Acevedo joined the cast during filming. On May 15, 2013, Jocko Sims was cast in a supporting role of military operative Werner. Filming began in April 2013 around the town of Campbell River, British Columbia. The location of Vancouver Island was chosen for its similarity to

title: Dawn of the Planet of the Apes

text: He then stands before a kneeling mass of apes, preparing for war. After the release of "Rise of the Planet of the Apes," director Rupert Wyatt commented on possible sequels: "I think we're ending with certain questions, which is quite exciting. To me, I can think of all sorts of sequels to this film, but this is just the beginning." Screenwriter and producer Rick Jaffa also stated that "Rise" featured several clues as to future sequels: "I hope that we're building a platform for future films. We're trying to plant a lot of the seeds for a lot of the

title: Planet of the Apes

text: at the 84th Academy Awards, among other accolades. The strength of Serkis's performance also inspired Fox to promote him for Oscar consideration; he was not nominated by Academy voters. Following the movie's success, Fox immediately planned for a sequel. Producers Peter Chernin and Dylan Clark started planning the film eventually titled "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes" just after "Rise"s release in 2011. Fox allocated a budget of $170 million. Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver returned to pen the script and produce, and the studio quickly signed Andy Serkis to reprise his role as Caesar. Director Rupert Wyatt withdrew

title: Rise of the Planet of the Apes

text: nose begins to drip blood onto the floor. A graphic traces the spread of the humanity-ravaging virus around the globe via international flight routes. In 2006, screenwriter-producer Rick Jaffa was searching for a script idea. As Jaffa searched a newspaper articles clipping, one about pet chimpanzees that become troublesome to their owners and heartbroken for not adapting well to the human environment intrigued him. As Jaffa eventually realized it fit the "Planet of the Apes" series, he called his wife and screenwriting partner Amanda Silver to express his ideas of such a chimpanzee eventually starting the ape revolution, and then

title: Planet of the Apes (1968 film)

text: Planet of the Apes (1968 film) Planet of the Apes is a 1968 American science fiction film directed by Franklin J. Schaffner. It stars Charlton Heston, Roddy McDowall, Kim Hunter, Maurice Evans, James Whitmore, James Daly and Linda Harrison. The screenplay by Michael Wilson and Rod Serling was loosely based on the 1963 French novel "La Planète des Singes" by Pierre Boulle. Jerry Goldsmith composed the groundbreaking avant-garde score. It was the first in a series of five films made between 1968 and 1973, all produced by Arthur P. Jacobs and released by 20th Century Fox. The film tells the

title: Rise of the Planet of the Apes

text: Filming began in July 2010 in Vancouver, British Columbia. Filming also happened in San Francisco, California (the primary setting of the film), and around Oahu, Hawaii, which doubled for the African jungle as the schedule and budget did not allow for location shooting in Africa.

title: Dawn of the Planet of the Apes

text: things you are talking about in terms of the different apes and so forth." In an interview recorded after the release of "Rise", Wyatt stated, "We want to grow and evolve, in the films that will [hopefully] come after this, to the '68 original." Wyatt also stated that he wants it to take place eight years after "Rise", as a whole new ape generation can be born, and explore the dynamics of Caesar and Koba's relationship. According to screenwriter Rick Jaffa, a version of the spaceship from the 1968 "Planet of the Apes" under the name "Icarus" was in "Rise"

title: Dawn of the Planet of the Apes

text: website and mock PSA videos. 20th Century Fox and Vice Media's Motherboard released three short films online in July 2014 which document the ten-year gap between the events of "Rise of the Planet of the Apes" and "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes". A novel titled "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes: Firestorm" which is also set between the events of the first two films was published in May 2014 by Titan Books. A partnership with 20th Century Fox and Ndemic Creations saw mobile/PC game "Plague Inc." get a "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes"-themed update on

title: Dawn of the Planet of the Apes

text: 2014. According to Nielsen VideoScan, it subsequently became the best-selling home video release for the week. After seeing his cut of "Dawn", 20th Century Fox and Chernin Entertainment signed Matt Reeves to return as director for a third installment of the reboot series. On January 6, 2014, Fox announced Reeves to direct as well as co-write along with Bomback, with a planned July 2016 release. Peter Chernin, Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver will produce. In January 2015, Fox delayed the release to July 14, 2017. On May 14, 2015, the title was given as "War of the Planet of the

title: Planet of the Apes (2001 film)

text: pump in extra water. The film was mostly shot at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City, California, while other filming locations included lava plains in Hawaii and Trona Pinnacles at Ridgecrest. To preserve secrecy, the shooting script did not include the ending. Stan Winston was the original makeup designer but left because of creative differences. Fox considered using computer-generated imagery to create the apes, but Burton insisted on using prosthetic makeup designed by Rick Baker. Baker was previously involved with Adam Rifkin's unproduced remake. Burton commented, "I have a relationship with both of them [Winston and Baker], so that decision

title: Rise of the Planet of the Apes

text: "Rise of the Planet of the Apes" breathes unlikely new life into a long-running franchise." Another review aggregator, Metacritic, gave the film a score of 68 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and praised the role of Caesar and Andy Serkis by stating it was a "wonderfully executed character" and "one never knows exactly where the human ends and the effects begin, but Serkis and/or Caesar gives the best performance in the movie." Giving the film 5 out of 5 stars, Joe Neumaier of "Daily

title: Rise of the Planet of the Apes

short_answers:
Oahu, Hawaii
San Francisco, California
Vancouver, British Columbia


question: where does wild caught sockeye salmon come from

answers: the Northern Pacific Ocean

title: Sockeye salmon

text: ground outside of Alaska. Illegal fishing in Kamchatka is subject to environmental concern. Sockeye is almost never farmed. A facility in Langley, BC harvested its first salmon in March 2013, and continues to harvest farmed salmon from its inland facility. United States sockeye salmon populations are currently listed under the US Endangered Species Act by the National Marine Fisheries Service as an endangered species in the Snake River and as a threatened species in Lake Ozette, Washington. The Snake River sockeye salmon was listed as endangered in November 1991, after the Shoshone-Bannock Tribe at Fort Hall Indian Reservation petitioned the

title: Sockeye salmon

text: in northern Hokkaidō Island in Japan in the western Pacific. They range as far north as the Bathurst Inlet in the Canadian Arctic in the east and the Anadyr River in Siberia in the west. The farthest inland sockeye salmon travel is to Redfish Lake, Idaho, over from the ocean and in elevation. Completely landlocked populations of the same species also are known. Some sockeye live and reproduce in lakes and are commonly called "kokanee", which is red-fish name in the Sinixt Interior Salish language and silver trout in the Okanagan language. They are much smaller than the anadromous variety

title: Sockeye salmon

text: net this species using seines and gillnets for fresh or frozen fillet sales and canning. The annual catch can reach 30 million fish in Bristol Bay, Alaska, which is the site of the world's largest sockeye harvest. Sockeye salmon have long been important in the diet and culture of the Coast Salish people of British Columbia. The largest spawning grounds in Asia are located on the Kamchatka Peninsula of the Russian Far East, especially on the Ozernaya River of the Kurile Lake, which accounts for nearly 90% of all Asian sockeye salmon production, and is recognized as the largest spawning

title: Sockeye salmon

text: ocean and live their entire lives in freshwater. Sockeye salmon is the third-most common Pacific salmon species, after pink and chum salmon. "Oncorhynchus" comes from the Greek ὄγκος (onkos) meaning "barb", and ῥύγχος (rhynchos) meaning "snout". "Nerka" is the Russian name for the anadromous form. The name "sockeye" is an anglicization of "suk-kegh" (sθə́qəy̓), its name in Halkomelem, the language of the indigenous people along the lower reaches of the Fraser River (one of British Columbia's many native Coast Salish languages). "Suk-kegh" means "red fish". The sockeye salmon is sometimes called red or blueback salmon, due to its color. Sockeye

title: Sockeye salmon

text: are blue tinged with silver in color while living in the ocean. When they return to spawning grounds, their bodies become red and their heads turn green. Sockeye can be anywhere from in length and weigh from . Two distinguishing features are their long, serrated gill rakers that range from 30 to 40 in number, and their lack of a spot on their tail or back. Sockeye salmon range as far south as the Columbia River in the eastern Pacific (although individuals have been spotted as far south as the 10 Mile River on the Mendocino Coast of California) and

title: Sockeye salmon

text: can also occur and can lead to interactive segregation, which is when species emphasize their differences in diet and habitat to avoid competition. Interspecific competition can affect the growth rates of the salmon if their access to resources is limited. The total registered fisheries harvest of the sockeye in 2010 was some 170,000 tonnes, of which 115,000 tonnes were from the United States and the rest was equally divided between Canada and Russia. This corresponds to some 65 million fish in all, and to some 19% of the harvest of all Pacific salmon species by weight. Commercial fishermen in Alaska

title: Bristol Bay

text: salmon species, sockeye harvests fluctuate but comprise 4 to 7 percent of global salmon production and 13 to 20 percent of native salmon harvests. Between 2011 and 2014, sockeye accounted for 5 percent of the world’s salmon harvest by volume and 15 percent of the world’s wild salmon harvest. Bristol Bay is home to the world's largest salmon run. All five Eastern Pacific species spawn in the bay's freshwater tributaries. Commercial fisheries include the world's largest sockeye salmon fishery. The Kvijack drains from Lake Iliamna, which is downstream of the deposit. Along with herring and other fisheries, salmon account for

title: Sockeye salmon

text: Pacific salmon, feed extensively on zooplankton during both freshwater and saltwater life stages. They also tend to feed on small aquatic organisms such as shrimp. Insects are part of their diets at the juvenile stage. Sockeye salmon exhibit many different life histories with the majority being anadromous where the juvenile salmon migrate from freshwater lakes and streams to the ocean before returning as adults to their natal freshwater to spawn. Similar to most Pacific salmon, sockeye salmon are semelparous, meaning they die after spawning once. Some sockeye, called kokanee, do not migrate to the ocean and live their entire lives

title: Sockeye salmon

text: over Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River. Lower temperatures in 2008 North Pacific waters brought in fatter plankton, which, along with greater outflows of Columbia River water, fed the resurgent populations. Proposed legislative efforts, such as the Northern Rockies Ecosystem Protection Act, are attempting to protect the headwaters of the sockeye salmon by preventing industrial development in roadless areas. Record numbers of a once-waning population of sockeye salmon have been returning to the Northwest's Columbia Basin (as of June 2012), with thousands more crossing the river's dams in a single day than the total numbers seen in some previous years.

title: Sockeye salmon

text: The conservation status of sockeye populations in Canada is under review by Fisheries and Oceans Canada as part of its Wild Salmon Policy strategy to standardize monitoring of wild salmon status. Salmon runs of particular note are the Skeena and Nass river runs, and the most famous is the Fraser River sockeye run. The Fraser River salmon run has experienced declines in productivity since the 1990s, mirroring a similar decline in the 1960s. The return abundance (population) of Fraser River sockeye in 2009 was estimated at a very low 1,370,000, 13% of the pre-season forecast of 10,488,000. That represented a

title: Oncorhynchus

text: the salmon population. This means that multiple species of salmon would be looked at when it comes to conservation as well as multiple areas that each species live in. COSEWIC, a Canadian organization for the conservation of species, has named the Interior Fraser River Coho, the Cultus Lake Sockeye, and the Sakinaw Lake Sockeye to all be endangered. In British Columbia sockeye salmon in four different watersheds were certified by the Marine Stewardship Council, or MSC, as sustainable fisheries in July 2010 and the certification is good for a period of five years. In 2011 MSC also certified the Pink

title: Chilkoot Lake

text: conditions for locating a hatchery. According to the studies carried out by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 25% spawn of sockeye is from the sensitive habitat of the upper watershed above the Chilkoot Lake. These studies also indicated that anadromous fish, coho, Dolly Varden, and an occasional chum salmon were found above the Chilkoot Lake in the spawning and rearing grounds. The fauna found in abundance in the lake area, as one approaches along the Luktak Channel and the outlet stream from the lake, are Bald eagles, harbor seals, bears feeding on salmon and mountain goats on the

title: Houston, British Columbia

text: Trout, and Dolly Varden (Bull Trout). Pacific Salmon species include Spring salmon (A.K.A. Chinook/King), Sockeye salmon, Pink salmon (A.K.A. Humpies or Humpbacks), Coho salmon, and Steelhead salmon. The area is also rich in wildlife as it is not uncommon to spot moose, deer, black bear, grizzly bear, cougars and so on. Nanika River feeds Morice Lake and produces sockeye salmon. In the 1970s, the proposed Kemano Completion project threatened to dam Nanika River. The project was eventually shelved. Morice River is a tributary of the Skeena River system, which is the second-largest system in BC that enters the Pacific Ocean

title: Sockeye salmon

text: and are rarely over long. In the Okanagan Lake and many others, there are two kinds of kokanee populations – one spawns in streams and the other near lake shores. Landlocked populations occur in the Yukon Territory and British Columbia in Canada, as well as, in Alaska, Washington, Oregon, California, New York, Utah, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Colorado, New Mexico, and Wyoming in the United States. Nantahala Lake is the only place in North Carolina where kokanee salmon are found. The fish, which is native to western North America, was stocked in Nantahala Lake in the mid-1960s by the NC Wildlife

title: Redfish Lake

text: Redfish Lake Redfish Lake is an alpine lake in the western United States in central Idaho. It is located in the Sawtooth National Recreation Area, at the base of the Sawtooth Mountains in Custer County, south of Stanley. It is named for the brilliant sockeye salmon that once returned from the Pacific Ocean in such massive quantities that the lake shimmered red during spawning season. Currently, only a small percentage of the wild sockeye succeed in making through the several hydroelectric dams along their route back to the lake to spawn. Sockeye must not be targeted while fishing and must

title: Chilkoot River

text: The fish species that are found in the Chilkoot River below the lake outlet are generally the sockeye salmon and Oncorhynchus nerka. In order to enumerate the salmon that pass down the river, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Commercial Fisheries established a weir on the river, in 1976, a few hundred yards downstream from the outlet of the river from the lake, to carry out visual count of “the total sockeye escapement (postseason).” A report for the period 1996-2003 gives the counts done at the weir and also quantity estimates of the sockeye fishes. Chilkoot Lake

title: Kokanee salmon

text: of landlocked sockeye has occurred more than once with different kokanee populations, showing genetic differences between populations. Most evidence points to events that land-locked the lake-type sockeye (which spawns in streams and lakes, rather than tributaries like the sea-type sockeye, but is still anadromous and spends most of its adult life out at sea), which evolved into the non-anadromous form. Genetic evidence from kokanee in the Fraser River drainage and Columbia River drainage shows that ancestors of the kokanee came from the lake-type sockeye. The data also suggests that the kokanee may have evolved back into a lake-type anadromous form

title: Marine Stewardship Council

text: for certifying the British Columbia sockeye salmon fishery when stocks in the Fraser River (a part of the fishery) had been in decline since the early 1990s. The year before, the salmon run of the Fraser River (a part of the fishery) was only 1.4 million (M) of a predicted 11 M salmon and had prompted the Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper to launch a judicial enquiry. The 2010 run was 30 M and the 2011 run is estimated to be greater than 4 M. The Fraser Sockeye 2010 think tank at Simon Fraser University stated that the large 2010

title: Kokanee salmon

text: melt created a series of freshwater lakes and rivers across the northern part of North America. While some members of the salmon family (salmonids) went out to sea (anadromous), others stayed behind in fresh water (non-anadromous). The separation of the sockeye and the kokanee created a unique example of sympatric speciation that is relatively new in evolutionary terms. While they occupy the same areas and habitats during the breeding season, when ocean-going sockeye salmon return to freshwater to spawn, the two populations do not mate with each other in some regions, suggesting speciation. The kokanee species can be found in

title: Sockeye salmon

text: National Marine Fisheries Service. Other sockeye populations in the upper Columbia River and in Puget Sound are not listed under the Act. Sockeye is an exception to 2010's forecast resurgence of Oregonian fish stocks. Spring Chinook, summer steelhead, and Coho are forecast to increase by up to 100% over 2008 populations. The sockeye population peaked at over 200,000 in 2008 and were forecast to decline to just over 100,000 in 2010. As an early indication of the unexpectedly high sockeye run in 2010, on July 2, 2010, the United States Army Corps of Engineers reported over 300,000 sockeye had passed

title: Kokanee salmon

text: at some point in recent history, although there is a lack of interbreeding between it and sockeye in the drainage systems. It is also important to note that genetic distinction between sockeye and kokanee that cohabitate varies from region to region, with some populations showing distinct divergence, but others showing very little divergence. Studies done in Okanagan Lake in British Columbia and Lake Sammamish in Washington State suggested that the genetic diversity between the lake-type sockeye and the kokanee marks the divergence of two species because cohabitating sockeye and kokanee did not interbreed, despite the fact that interbreeding was possible.

title: Sockeye salmon

text: in freshwater lakes. The majority of sockeye spawn in rivers near lakes and juveniles will spend one to two years in the lake before migrating to the ocean, although some populations will migrate to saltwater in their first year. Adult sockeye will spend two to three years in the ocean before returning to freshwater. Females will spawn in 3–5 redds over a period of several days. The eggs usually hatch within six to nine weeks and the fry typically rear in lakes before migrating to the ocean. Males partake in competitive and sneaking tactics, formation of hierarchies, and non-hierarchical groupings

title: Baker River (Washington)

text: only known sustaining population of Sockeye salmon in the Skagit River drainage basin. The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) has determined the Baker River sockeye to be genetically distinct from other sockeye salmon. As of 1992 the condition of the population was listed as "critical". In 1985 only 92 adults were found to return to the river. Since the 1990s, however, the population has recovered somewhat, in part due to improvements in the smolt trapping and transportation system. 20,235 fish were counted in 2003 and since 2010, the numbers have been between 10,000 & 30,000 fish counted per

title: Chilkoot River

text: Game, 25% spawn of sockeye is from the sensitive habitat of the upper watershed in the upper reaches of the river, above the Chilkoot Lake. These studies also indicated that anadromous fish, coho, Dolly Varden, and an occasional chum salmon were found above the Chilkoot Lake in the spawning and rearing grounds. Bald Eagles are seen on trees, on rocks and in flight, which are a popular sight during May through September. Apart from the bald eagles, Brown Bears are seen feeding in the river on salmons, mostly in spring and early summer. A plaque displayed on the right bank

title: Sockeye salmon

title: Coho salmon

text: backbone of the Alaskan troll fishery; however, the majority are caught by the net fishery (gillnet and seine). Coho salmon average 3.5% by fish and 5.9% by weight of the annual Alaska salmon harvest. The total North Pacific yields of the pink salmon, chum salmon and sockeye salmon are some 10–20 fold larger by weight. In North America, coho salmon is a game fish in fresh and salt water from July to December, especially with light fishing tackle. It is one of the most popular sport fish in the Pacific Northwest of the United States and Canada. Its popularity is

title: Sockeye salmon

text: to the terms of reference, During the commission, hundreds of thousands of documents and scientific research papers were reviewed. Twelve technical reports were published using that information, looking at the possible impacts of diseases and parasites, hatchery diseases, contaminants, marine ecology, salmon farms, fisheries, predators, climate change and government management on the productivity of Fraser River sockeye runs. The commission submitted its final report on October 29, 2012. While the commission was holding public hearings, in the late summer of 2010, the largest run of sockeye since 1913 returned to the Fraser River system. Final counts show that approximately 30

title: Environmental issues with salmon

text: 59 years of catch and escapement data of Bristol Bay sockeye to determine age and size at maturity trends attributable to the selectivity of commercial gillnet harvests. The study found that the larger females (>550 mm) of all age classes were most susceptible to harvest. The study suggests that smaller, younger fish were more likely to successfully traverse the gillnet fishery and reproduce than the larger fish. The study also found that the average length of sockeye harvested from 1946–2005 was 8 mm larger than the sockeye who escaped the gillnet fishery to spawn, reducing the fecundity of the average

title: Oncorhynchus

text: sizes throughout Pacific salmon species. Today, it seems that population numbers of Pacific salmon are on the rise, however the consequences from the overfishing in the 70s and 80s are still being reflected with the average body size of salmon being smaller than before the event of overfishing. There has been evidence that the sockeye salmon are affected by thermal conditions and their responses to temperature are relatively strong and tend to vary from region to region. Canada has also used the Species at Risk Act to recognize the importance of biological diversity when it come to the conservation of

title: Pre-spawn mortality in coho salmon

text: pre-spawn mortality in these fish in the Fraser River (sockeye salmon) and Klamath River (Chinook salmon and steelhead trout) differ than that observed in the coho salmon. The cause of pre-spawn mortality for the sockeye salmon in the Fraser River, BC, and Bristol Bay, Alaska, can be attributed to factors such as fish returning to spawn too early, warmer water temperatures, low dissolved oxygen and disease or parasites. In the Klamath River, mortality before spawning was due to disease, thermal stress, a low water flow and increasing numbers of salmon migrating within the same time period. Pre-spawn mortality in coho

title: Sockeye salmon

long_answer: Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), also called red salmon, kokanee salmon, or blueback salmon, is an anadromous species of salmon found in the Northern Pacific Ocean and rivers discharging into it. This species is a Pacific salmon that is primarily red in hue during spawning. They can grow up to 84 cm (2 ft 9 in) in length and weigh 2.3 to 7 kg (5.1–15.4 lb). Juveniles remain in freshwater until they are ready to migrate to the ocean, over distances of up to 1,600 km (990 mi). Their diet consists primarily of zooplankton. Sockeye salmon are semelparous, dying after they spawn. Some populations, referred to as kokanee, do not migrate to the ocean and live their entire lives in freshwater.


question: who added a press room to the white house

answers: Richard Nixon

answers: President Richard Nixon

title: James S. Brady Press Briefing Room

text: press staff. James S. Brady Press Briefing Room The James S. Brady Press Briefing Room is a small theater in the West Wing of the White House where the White House Press Secretary gives briefings to the news media and the President of the United States sometimes addresses the press and the nation. It is located between the workspace assigned to the White House press corps and the office of the Press Secretary. The first presidential press conference was held on 15 March 1913 in the Oval Office, during the presidency of Woodrow Wilson. Subsequently, through to 1969, communications from

title: James S. Brady Press Briefing Room

text: James S. Brady Press Briefing Room The James S. Brady Press Briefing Room is a small theater in the West Wing of the White House where the White House Press Secretary gives briefings to the news media and the President of the United States sometimes addresses the press and the nation. It is located between the workspace assigned to the White House press corps and the office of the Press Secretary. The first presidential press conference was held on 15 March 1913 in the Oval Office, during the presidency of Woodrow Wilson. Subsequently, through to 1969, communications from the President

title: James S. Brady Press Briefing Room

text: shot and permanently disabled during an assassination attempt on President Ronald Reagan in 1981. In December 2005, the White House announced the intention to renovate the aging Press Briefing Room and cramped press corps offices. On August 2, 2006, the final briefing was held, and President George W. Bush hosted several previous press secretaries at a closing ceremony and there was some hesitation and concern about whether the press would be allowed to return to the White House. In the interim, the White House Conference Center was used as temporary location for press conferences. President Bush reopened the renovated room

title: White House Press Secretary

text: duties. Reporters working in the White House did, however, honor an unspoken rule and refrain from asking the president himself a question if he happened to walk through their working area. The long-term presence of the White House Press Corps in the White House was cemented by Theodore Roosevelt, who asked that planners include permanent space for the press corps in the executive office building now called the West Wing, which he had ordered built in the early 1900s. It is the West Wing that ultimately housed the Office of the Press Secretary and the now-famous James S. Brady press

title: James S. Brady Press Briefing Room

text: in a ribbon-cutting ceremony on the morning of July 11, 2007. He held his first formal press conference in the new briefing room the next day, following the release of a report on the progress of the Iraqi government. The modernization cost nearly US$8.5 million. Of that sum, $2.5 million was funded by the media, and the remainder was funded by tax dollars. Each correspondent's seat was priced at $1,500. Beneath the current press room lies the former White House swimming pool that has since become a computer server room. The most noticeable change to the briefing room was a

title: White House

text: business meetings and where the Cabinet meets, as well as the White House Situation Room, James S. Brady Press Briefing Room, and Roosevelt Room. In 2007, work was completed on renovations of the press briefing room, adding fiber optic cables and LCD screens for the display of charts and graphs. The makeover took 11 months and cost of $8 million, out of which news outlets paid $2 million. In September 2010, a two-year project began on the West Wing, creating a multistory underground structure; this will be followed with additional renovation of the wing. The Oval Office, Roosevelt Room, and

title: White House press corps

text: White House press corps The White House press corps is the group of journalists, correspondents, or members of the media usually stationed at the White House in Washington, D.C., to cover the President of the United States, White House events, and news briefings. Their offices are located in the West Wing. The White House Press Secretary or a deputy generally holds a weekday news briefing in the James S. Brady Press Briefing Room. The room currently seats 49 reporters. Each seat is assigned to a news gathering organization, with the most prominent organizations occupying the first two rows. Reporters who

title: Nancy Reagan

text: White House aide Michael Deaver described the second and third floor family residence as having "cracked plaster walls, chipped paint [and] beaten up floors"; rather than use government funds to renovate and redecorate, she sought private donations. In 1981, Reagan directed a major renovation of several White House rooms, including all of the second and third floors and rooms adjacent to the Oval Office, including the press briefing room. The renovation included repainting walls, refinishing floors, repairing fireplaces, and replacing antique pipes, windows, and wires. The closet in the master bedroom was converted into a beauty parlor and dressing room,

title: James S. Brady Press Briefing Room

text: different backdrop for the press conferences, which now featured a softly lit screen flanked by mock columns, instead of the previous blue curtain. The new podium contained video screens for teleconferencing and multimedia displays. For safety reasons, the trapdoor which provided access to the old swimming pool (a popular stop for visitors) was replaced by a discreet staircase. Despite complaints about the previous briefing room's lack of space, the current briefing room has only one more press seat than it did prior to renovation. The seating assignments are organized by the White House Correspondents' Association, not by the White House

title: White House Press Secretary

text: White House "beat" concept that had been started during the Cleveland administration by reporter William Price was continued during the McKinley administration. Around the time of the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in 1898, the reporters covering the White House were invited into the mansion itself and provided with space to write, conduct interviews, and generally cover the White House. Now reporting from inside the White House, the reporters used their new location to interview guests entering or leaving the White House or confirm pieces of information from the president's secretaries as they passed through in the course of their

title: Red Room (White House)

text: of Jackson. President Ulysses S. Grant, fearing disruption of the transition of power to Rutherford B. Hayes (because of the latter's contested Election of 1876) had the new president-elect secretly sworn into office in the Red Room the evening before the inauguration. The Grants used the Red Room as a family living room. Eleanor Roosevelt used the Red Room for meeting with women members of the press. Following the State Funeral for President John F. Kennedy, Mrs. Kennedy received foreign heads of state in the Red Room. The Reagans frequently used this room for official photographs with visiting heads of

title: West Wing

text: for the White House press corps. Before construction of the West Wing, presidential staff worked on the western end of the second floor of what is now the Executive Residence. However, when Theodore Roosevelt became president, he found that the existing offices in the mansion were insufficient to accommodate his family of six children as well as his staff. A year later in 1902, First Lady Edith Roosevelt hired McKim, Mead & White to separate the living quarters from the offices, to enlarge and modernize the public rooms, to re-do the landscaping, and to redecorate the interior. Congress approved over

title: Diplomatic Reception Room (White House)

text: lead to the Map Room, the Center Hall, the China Room, and a vestibule that leads to the South Lawn. For its first hundred years, the ground floor of the White House was used as a service and work area. Domestic staff used it for storage, kitchens, and maintenance. White House domestic staff gathered in this room to do mending and to polish silver. In 1837, the Van Buren administration installed a furnace here for the White House's first central heating system. Later steam boilers replaced the gravity system, remaining until the 1902 renovation by McKim, Mead, and White. The

title: White House press corps

text: House press corps had their first duties in the White House in the early 1900s. An urban legend exists of President Theodore Roosevelt noticing a group of correspondents in the rain looking for sources for their stories and inviting them into the White House. Subsequent historical research outlines how reporters were able to start with small stories in the White House and then grew their presence and influence over a span of many years. White House press corps The White House press corps is the group of journalists, correspondents, or members of the media usually stationed at the White House

title: White House Communications Director

text: usually given an office in the West Wing of the White House. The White House Office of Communications was established by Herbert G. Klein in January 1969 during the Nixon administration. It was separate from the Office of the Press Secretary from 1969 to 1974. Historically, the position of White House Communications Director is given to a senior public relations staff member of the candidate's campaign staff. Often this is either the deputy campaign manager or the campaign communications director. The communications director works closely with the White House Press Secretary, who is typically a co-worker in the President's campaign.

title: White House

text: some rooms with the assistance of Arkansas decorator Kaki Hockersmith, including the Oval Office, the East Room, Blue Room, State Dining Room, Lincoln Bedroom, and Lincoln Sitting Room. During the administration of George W. Bush, First Lady Laura Bush refurbished the Lincoln Bedroom in a style contemporary with the Lincoln era; the Green Room, Cabinet Room, and theater were also refurbished. The White House became one of the first wheelchair-accessible government buildings in Washington when modifications were made during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who used a wheelchair because of his paralytic illness. In the 1990s, Hillary Clinton, at

title: White House Press Secretary

text: briefing room, which was redone by the George W. Bush administration in 2007. When Woodrow Wilson was elected Governor of New Jersey in 1910, he asked Joseph P. Tumulty to serve as his Private Secretary. When he was elected president two years later, he brought Tumulty with him to the White House, where Tumulty served as Private Secretary to the President. As private secretary, Tumulty dealt extensively with the press. At the outset of the administration, Tumulty convinced Wilson, who was known for his distaste of the press, to hold news conferences on a regularized schedule, sometimes as much as

title: White House Press Secretary

text: He gave daily briefings to the press in the morning, which were attended by as many as thirty reporters. By formalizing the press briefing process, Tumulty laid the groundwork for what would later be called the White House Press Briefing. Tumulty also worked to clarify embargo rules for the press, ordering that the exact time a press embargo was lifted be noted on the confidential information that was being released. Despite being nicknamed "Silent Cal", many reporters covering the White House found President Calvin Coolidge to be fairly accessible once he took office in 1923 following the death of President

title: White House

text: the Yellow Oval Room, East and West Sitting Halls, the White House Master Bedroom, President's Dining Room, the Treaty Room, Lincoln Bedroom and Queens' Bedroom, as well as two additional bedrooms, a smaller kitchen, and a private dressing room. The third floor consists of the White House Solarium, Game Room, Linen Room, a Diet Kitchen, and another sitting room (previously used as President George W. Bush's workout room). The West Wing houses the President's office (the Oval Office) and offices of his senior staff, with room for about 50 employees. It also includes the Cabinet Room, where the president conducts

title: Executive Residence

text: President Taft), Joseph P. Lash (a close friend of First lady Eleanor Roosevelt), Reathel Odum (private secretary First Lady Bess Truman), John F. Kennedy Jr.; and Chuck and Lynda Bird Johnson Robb and their daughter. The room was converted into a playroom for First Daughter Amy Carter in 1977, and President Ronald Reagan had it set up as a fitness room. The North Hall was where President Abraham Lincoln stood as he delivered speeches to crowds on the North Lawn. It was used as a schoolroom for Fanny and Scott Hayes, youngest children of President Rutherford B. Hayes. The served

title: White House Press Secretary

text: dedicated to covering the "White House beat." Some point to this as the early origins of a more formal White House Press Corps. When President Cleveland was elected to a second, non-consecutive term in 1893, George B. Cortelyou, formally trained as a stenographer, was named confidential stenographer at the White House and later named executive clerk. Though he was not given the formal title of private secretary to the president until later and the term "press secretary" had not yet been conceived, Cortelyou was highly respected by the press and William McKinley's biographer, Margaret Leach, called Cortelyou "the first of

title: White House Press Secretary

text: number of journalists and media entities that were covering him. It was not until after President Abraham Lincoln's administration that Congress formally appropriated funds for a White House Staff, which at first consisted merely of a Secretary. Ulysses S. Grant's White House Staff officially numbered six people at a cost of $13,800, though he supplemented with personnel from the War Department. Fifty years later under the Coolidge Administration, the staff had increased to just fewer than fifty people at a cost of nearly $100,000. As presidents increasingly hired more staff to support them in the execution of their duties, some

title: White House Press Secretary

text: He was occasionally asked to verify stories or information that various members of the press had heard. Though the title and establishment of the roles and responsibilities of the press secretary job was still decades in the future, the small and growing White House staff was increasingly interacting with a growing number of professional journalists and mass media entities covering the president and the White House. Andrew Johnson was the first president to grant a formal interview request to a reporter, sitting down with Col. Alexander K. McClure from Pennsylvania. Although various presidents and reporters had participated in conversations or

title: C&O desk

text: Presidents Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, and Ronald Reagan all used the desk there. On May 2, 1985 the desk was moved, and then Vice President George H. W. Bush started using the desk as his main work space in the White House. When Marlin Fitzwater, White House Press Secretary under both presidents Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush, was asked about Bush's use of the C&O desk, he stated that "...he got used to it, found it comfortable, [and] thought it was attractive." After his presidential inauguration on January 20, 1989 the C&O desk was used in the residential

title: James S. Brady Press Briefing Room

text: In 1969, to accommodate the growing number of reporters assigned to the White House, President Richard Nixon had the indoor swimming pool, which had been installed by the March of Dimes for Franklin D. Roosevelt, covered and turned into press offices and a lounge that could double as a briefing room.

title: President's Dining Room

text: Franklin D. Roosevelt administration, when it was occupied by Lorena Hickok (journalist and aide to First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt). After Roosevelt's death in 1945, it became the bedroom of Margaret Truman, daughter of President Harry S. Truman. Major architectural changes were made to the Lincoln Bedroom when the White House was gutted and renovated in 1952. In the smaller eastern chamber, the bathroom was removed, the stairs were widened, and the stairs moved into the middle of the space (which allowed an enclosed storage space to be created south of the stairs). The passage from the eastern chamber to the

title: White House Press Secretary

text: showed a tendency to pick aides and confidantes who had backgrounds in the field of journalism. One of Abraham Lincoln's private secretaries, John G. Nicolay, had been an editor and owner of a newspaper in Illinois before he worked for the President in the White House. While the modern equivalent of a private or personal secretary to the President of the United States would be more narrowly concerned with the care and feeding of the president, the small size of the White House staff at that point meant that Nicolay interacted with the press occasionally in carrying out his duties.

title: White House Press Secretary

text: Kissinger during the Nixon administration. When Herbert Hoover assumed the presidency in 1929, he brought his longtime aide George E. Akerson to Washington with him as his private secretary. Akerson did not have the formal title of "press secretary", but was the designated person to speak on behalf of President Hoover. Hoover asked the White House Correspondents Association to form a committee to discuss matters pertaining to coverage of the White House and formalized news conferences, dividing presidential news into three different categories: George Akerson continued the tradition of meeting daily with reporters, and though usually of jovial temperament, was

title: Joe Lockhart

text: was later revealed that the Obamas purchased the house from the Lockharts in May 2017, saying that it made sense to own the property since they would remain in Washington for at least another two years. Joe Lockhart Joseph Patrick "Joe" Lockhart (born July 13, 1959) is a spokesman and communications consultant, best known for being the nineteenth White House Press Secretary from October 5, 1998 to September 29, 2000, during the administration of U.S. President Bill Clinton. Afterwards, he worked as press secretary for several Democratic politicians, including Walter Mondale, Paul Simon, and Michael Dukakis, and he was an

title: Executive Residence

text: 1952 renovation turned the winding staircase into a steep, straight stairs and added an elevator in this space. As of 2010, a pantry-sized refrigerator also occupied a portion of this space. The oval space beneath what is now the Blue Room was originally a Servants' Hall, but was turned into a furnace room in 1837. During the White House's 1902 renovation, the room was turned into a sitting room. President Franklin D. Roosevelt used it for his "fireside chat" radio broadcasts in the 1930s. Rebuilt (along with the rest of the gutted White House) during the 1948-to-1952 renovation, the room

title: James S. Brady Press Briefing Room

short_answers:
President Richard Nixon
Richard Nixon