question: when did the right to buy scheme start

answers: 1980

title: Right to Buy

text: forced to sell, sometimes at many times the original price. Housing charities criticised the lack of investment in affordable housing. Right to Buy The Right to Buy scheme is a policy in the United Kingdom (with the exception of Scotland since 1 August 2016) which gives secure tenants of councils and some housing associations the legal right to buy, at a large discount, the council house they are living in. There is also a Right to Acquire for assured tenants of housing association homes built with public subsidy after 1997, at a smaller discount. About 1,500,000 homes in the UK

title: Right to Buy

text: January 2013 by London Assembly member Tom Copley, From Right to Buy to Buy to Let, showed that 36% of homes sold under Right to Buy in London (52,000 homes) were being rented by councils from private landlords, leading to criticisms that the scheme "represents incredibly poor value for money to taxpayers" since it "helped to fuel the increase in the housing benefit bill, heaped more pressure on local authority waiting lists and led to more Londoners being forced into the under-regulated private rented sector". A survey in 2013 showed around one third of Right to Buy houses were now

title: Right to Buy

text: if enacted extend right-to-buy to housing association tenants. In July 2013, the Scottish Government confirmed that Right to Buy would be abolished in Scotland from 2017. It was in the end abolished as a part of the Housing (Scotland) Act 2014 from 1 August 2016. In the summer of 2017, the Welsh Government proposed a law to abolish Right to Buy in Wales. This law was passed by the Welsh Assembly in December 2017, and the scheme will effectively end on 26 January 2019. The Right to Buy scheme has been criticised for the following reasons: A report published in

title: Right to Buy

text: However, at the 1987 general election, the Conservative government warned voters that a Labour government would still abolish the scheme. When Labour returned to power at the 1997 general election, it reduced the discount available to tenants in local authorities which had severe pressure on their housing stock; this included almost the whole of London. The Right to Buy rules were changed in 2005. Five years' tenancy was now required for new tenants to qualify, and properties purchased after January 2005 could no longer immediately be placed on the open market should the owner decide to sell. Such owners now

title: Right to Buy

text: is a maximum of £80,900.00 from April 2018 (rbcdd3117) The aim of the scheme is, for every additional home sold, a new home will be built for 'affordable rent' at up to 80% of market rent, aimed at maintaining the level of affordable housing while also increasing the number of properties available for those on the waiting list. The five year tenancy criterion will remain, and should the property be sold within the first five years of the original sale, part or all of the discount will be required to be paid back. The Housing and Planning Bill 2016 will

title: Help to Buy

text: Help to Buy could itself increase the risk of, and then help to fuel, just such a bubble. Former Chancellor, Nigel Lawson, has called for the scheme to be restricted, and says the scheme shouldn't be available in London's overheated property market. In Scotland, figures released by freedom of information showed that more than half of the homes purchased with Help to Buy were built by three volume housebuilders, prompting calls from MSPs and housing charities to scrap the 'dysfunctional' scheme. The Scheme has also earned the nickname "Help to Sell Scheme", as the increasing demand seems to benefit existing

title: Help to Buy

text: Help to Buy Help to Buy is the name of a government programme in the United Kingdom that aims to help first time buyers, and those looking to move home, purchase residential property. It was announced in Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne's 2013 budget speech, and was described as "the biggest government intervention in the housing market since the Right to Buy scheme" of the 1980s. It is an extension of a previous programme called FirstBuy that was aimed solely at first-time buyers. Help to Buy has itself been expanded and extended. Subject to restrictions, which in some cases

title: Right to Buy

text: 5 years to 3 years (edited rbcdd3117 in 2018) At the 2011 Conservative Party Conference, David Cameron proposed to increase Right to Buy discounts in order to revitalise the housing market and generate receipts which could be spent on new housing. Social housing professionals expressed concerns over the proposal. As of 2 April 2012, the Right to Buy discount was increased to a maximum of £75,000 or 60% of the house value (70% for a flat) depending on which is lower. In March 2013, the maximum discount in London was increased to £100,000. The maximum amount of discount changes annually

title: South Quay Estate

text: middle-aged and older individuals or couples. The GLC initially blocked the launch of the Right to Buy Scheme under the Thatcher Government in South Quay, although this changed around the demise of the GLC and ownership passing to Tower Hamlets Borough Council. With Right to Buy, like many social housing initiatives close to the City of London, the composition of tenants in South Quay Estate therefore changed significantly during the 1980s and 1990s. As a result, a significant proportion of the Estate's 300 apartment units were transferred into private hands during this period. This transformation from public to private housing

title: Public housing in the United Kingdom

text: on the time they had lived there. Councils were prevented from reinvesting the proceeds of these sales in new housing, and the total available stock, particularly of more desirable homes, declined. The "right to buy" was popular with many former Labour voters and, although the Labour government of Tony Blair tightened the rules (reducing the maximum discount in areas of most housing need), it did not end the right-to-buy. Labour did relax the policy forbidding reinvestment of sales proceeds. Following its election in 2015, the Conservative government has announced proposals to extend the Right to Buy to housing association tenants.

title: Right to Buy

text: solve the widespread problem of Right to Buy mis-selling from brokers and solicitors alike. Each had their own agenda and many were charging excessive fees which were then taken out of their client's discount. The above actions that have been taken coupled with the end of the boom period seem to have brought this problem under control. In 2009, the Localis think tank suggested, as part of a review of principles for social housing reform, that the right to buy should be extended into equity slivers, which could be part-earned through being a good tenant. The qualifying period changed from

title: Right to Buy

text: buy council housing a Conservative Party policy nationally. The policy was largely in place for the 1974 Conservative manifesto, but did not prove an asset in the two general elections that year because of high interest and mortgage repayment rates, as well as the growth of negative equity as house prices fell. In the meantime, council house sales to tenants began to increase. Some 7,000 were sold to their tenants during 1970; this soared to more than 45,000 in 1972. After Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister in May 1979, the legislation to implement the Right to Buy was passed in

title: Right to Buy

text: given millions of households a tangible asset, secured their families' finances and—by releasing cash to repay local authority debt—helped improve the public finances. Critics claim that the policy compounded a housing shortage for people of low income, initiated a national house price bubble, and led ultimately to what is commonly recognised as the displacement and social cleansing of traditional communities. Individual local authorities have always had the ability to sell council houses to their tenants, but until the early 1970s such sales were extremely rare. The Labour Party initially proposed the idea of the right of tenants to own the

title: Right to Buy

text: had to approach their previous landlord (council or housing association) and offer them "first right of refusal". If the previous landlord was no longer in existence, for example in cases where the former landlord was a registered social landlord that has ceased business, then the property had to first be offered to the local housing authority. The time in which a Right to Buy conveyance should take place was reduced from 12 months to 3 months. The Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) now governed and regulated most types of mortgage-selling. The FCA's governance of Right to Buy purchases was partly to

title: Help to Buy

text: to Buy was announced in the 2013 budget and launched on 1 April. Phase two was rolled out in October 2013. In the 2014 budget, phase one, which as originally intended to run till 2017, was extended until 2020, though phase two was not extended. One goal of phase one of the programme was of course to continue helping first-time buyers onto the property ladder by facilitating the purchase of new-build. By doing so, and by also helping existing home-owners to buy new-build, demand for new-build would increase. George Osborne claimed that, by increasing demand for new-build, the supply side

title: Help to Buy

text: vary by country, the types of Help to Buy scheme are: Aware of its upward effect upon house prices, George Osborne handed oversight of Help to Buy to Governor of the Bank of England Mark Carney. Carney pledged to bring the scheme to an end if the Bank deemed it to be destabilising the housing market, though it was later confirmed by Carney that the UK's central bank had not, in fact, been granted a veto by the chancellor. As part of the Bank's advisory role, its Financial Policy Committee will produce an annual report. In January 2014, Carney played

title: First televised speech in the UK Parliament

text: remember that the right-to-buy legislation was fiercely opposed by the Labour party. I was proud to have had a hand in extending the opportunities for home ownership in the Housing Act 1985. Last month, phase two of our district general hospital was opened. All the medical wards have been transferred from St. Mary's hospital, which was built in Napoleonic days, to our new hospital. I am pleased to be able to tell the House that our hospital has informed my right hon. and learned Friend the Secretary of State for Health of its intention to seek approval to become a

title: Tenants Purchase Scheme

text: Tenants Purchase Scheme Tenants Purchase Scheme (; TPS) is a scheme which allows tenants in public housing estates under Hong Kong Housing Authority to purchase their flats. The price is set to be much lower than the market prices of private flats and Home Ownership Scheme (HOS) owing to the age of flats and restriction on selling. In November 2002, in response to a weak property market which was allegedly being distorted by public housing sales schemes, it was decided to terminate the TPS after the sale of the five estates under Phase 6B. The suspension of the HOS was

title: My Home Purchase Plan

text: ten years before the closing of the pre-letting application period. People who previously joined any form of Government subsidized home purchase schemes (e.g. HOS/Private Sector Participation Scheme,Tenants Purchase Scheme, Sandwich Class Housing Scheme, and the various home purchase loan schemes) are not eligible for MHPP. Tenants who have bought a property under MHPP will not qualify for any other form of subsidy in the future housing schemes provided by the Government. However, if MHPP beneficiaries have great financial difficulties in future and are in real need of PRH, the Government may give discretion to exceptional cases. Applicants include 1) family

title: Tenants Purchase Scheme

text: Long, Nam Cheong Estate in Sham Shui Po, and Tsui Lam Estate in Tseung Kwan O would be set for sale by the end of 2006. Tenants Purchase Scheme Tenants Purchase Scheme (; TPS) is a scheme which allows tenants in public housing estates under Hong Kong Housing Authority to purchase their flats. The price is set to be much lower than the market prices of private flats and Home Ownership Scheme (HOS) owing to the age of flats and restriction on selling. In November 2002, in response to a weak property market which was allegedly being distorted by public

title: Home Ownership Scheme

text: purchase by public housing tenants. A Home Purchase Loan Scheme was introduced with, initially, a quota of 2,000 loans of HK$50,000 interest-free to make the downpayment on their new private-sector homes. In December 1991, there was a huge rush to buy 6,452 Housing Authority properties in 17 projects. Flats were to be sold at a discount of 40%, the most attractive for several years. In 2000, the scheme was caught up in a short-piling scandal which resulted in the resignation of Housing Authority Chief Rosanna Wong, and a censure for Housing Director Tony Miller. The construction of 2 blocks of

title: Home Ownership Scheme

text: low-income residents at prices below the market level, with discounts usually between 30 and 40 percent. It restricts resale of the units in the second-hand market to other families who qualify or, on the open market, after payment of a premium equal to the updated value of the discount given on the original purchase. As an ancillary scheme, the Housing Authority also entered into arrangements with local private developers to provide property for sale under the Private Sector Participation Scheme (PSPS). Between 1995 and 2000, the Hong Kong Housing Society also offered the Sandwich Class Housing Scheme for lower middle

title: Right to Buy

text: the major points of Thatcherism. The policy proved immediately popular. Some local Labour-controlled councils were opposed, but the legislation prevented them from blocking purchases, and gave them half the proceeds. Sales were much higher in the south and east of England than in inner London and northern England. Sales were restricted to general-needs housing; adapted properties and those built specifically for older people were exempted from the scheme. Half the proceeds of the sales were paid to the local authorities, but the government restricted authorities' use of most of the money to reducing their debt until it was cleared, rather

title: Public housing in the United Kingdom

text: Social housing is being sold off under right to buy, new social housing is not being built to replace it and waiting lists for social housing have become very long, up to 18 years. Over a million people are on the social housing waiting list and a quarter of people on social housing waiting lists have been there for 5 years or more. The number of social homes is at a record low, over 100,000 households were on council waiting lists for over 10 years. Council houses sold under right to buy are typically sold at half market value, some

title: Right to Buy

title: Home Ownership Scheme

text: Home Ownership Scheme The Home Ownership Scheme (HOS; ) is a subsidized-sale programme of public housing in Hong Kong managed by the Hong Kong Housing Authority. It was instituted in the late 1970s as part of the government policy for public housing with two aims - to encourage better-off tenants of rental flats to vacate those flats for re-allocation to families in greater housing need; and also to provide an opportunity for home ownership to families unable to afford to buy in the private sector. Under the scheme, the government sells apartment flats to eligible public housing tenants and to

title: Right to Buy

text: wef April 2017 it changed to £78,600.00 (edited 2018 rbc dd3117) The maximum right to buy discount increases each financial year in line with CPI as at the previous September (see separate document from the Right to Buy Team, Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government. As the CPI in September 2017 was 3% the new maximum discounts for Redditch in respect of the financial year 2018/19 will be £80,900 and applies to all applications made by the tenant on or after 6 April 2018. Any applications made before then are processed using the current discounts (£78,600). In summary discount

title: Right to Buy

text: house they live in, in their manifesto for the 1959 general election which they subsequently lost. Later, the Conservative-controlled Greater London Council (GLC) of the late 1960s was persuaded by Horace Cutler, its Chairman of Housing, to create a general sales scheme. Cutler disagreed with the concept of local authorities as providers of housing, and supported a free-market approach. GLC housing sales were not allowed during the Labour administration of the mid-1970s, but picked up again once Cutler became Leader in 1977. They proved extremely popular. Cutler was close to Margaret Thatcher (MP for Finchley) who made the right to

title: Help to Buy

text: homeowners, and property developers, rather than the buyer. In 2013, UK house prices started to take off, with some saying laying the blame at the door of Help to Buy. At the end of November that year, as Mark Carney announced that mortgages and other consumer loans would not be eligible for his Funding for Lending Scheme from the start of 2014, Nouriel Roubini warned of a housing bubble in London. Since the scheme's introduction, property developer Taylor Wimpey has reported that their average asking price has increased by 22%. This is mainly because the "help to buy equity loan"

title: Right to Buy

text: owned by private landlords, while the son of the late Ian Gow (Thatcher's sometime housing minister) owned some 40 houses. In 2015, Alan Murie concluded that "the proposed extension of right-to-buy could not easily be reconciled with the independence and charitable status of housing associations", and that "extending the right-to-buy to housing association tenants revived a previous Parliamentary debate and raised questions about the legal position of charities and the risks faced by housing associations and their funders". A 2017 BBC survey of council areas where waiting lists were rising showed the councils had bought back houses they had been

title: Right to Buy

long_answer: After Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister in May 1979, the legislation to implement the Right to Buy was passed in the Housing Act 1980. Michael Heseltine, in his role as Secretary of State for the Environment, was in charge of implementing the legislation. Some 6,000,000 people were affected; about one in three actually purchased their housing unit. Heseltine noted that "no single piece of legislation has enabled the transfer of so much capital wealth from the state to the people". He said the right to buy had two main objectives: to give people what they wanted, and to reverse the trend of ever-increasing dominance of the state over the life of the individual.


question: who issued gold coins for the first time in india

answers: Gupta Empire

title: Vijayanagara coinage

text: Vijayanagara coinage The Vijayanagara Empire from 1336–1646, was situated in Southern India and had a complex currency system that was used after the Empire ceased to exist. The standard unit of coin issued by the Vijayanagara Empire was the gold Pagoda in English or Varaha of 3.4 gr. The Varaha was also called the Hon, Gadyana or a Pon and came in the Ghattivaraha, Doddavaraha and Suddhavaraha coin. In the gold issue the different coins came in Varaha, this is used as a reference for the other coins values. 1 gold Varaha = 2 Pratapas = 4 Katis = 8

title: Indian rupee

text: of India. Coins are minted at the five India Government Mints at Mumbai, Alipore (Kolkata), Saifabad (Hyderabad), Cherlapally (Hyderabad) and NOIDA (UP). The coins are issued for circulation only through the Reserve Bank in terms of the RBI Act. After independence, the Government of India mint, minted coins imprinted with Indian statesmen, historical and religious figures. In the years 2010 and 2011 for the first time ever 75, 150 and 1000 coins were minted in India to commemorate the Platinum Jubilee of the Reserve Bank of India, the 150th birth anniversary of the birth of Rabindranath Tagore and 1000 years

title: Alupa dynasty

text: three dynasties that issued gold coins as early as 8th century CE. The gold that used to mint coins came from trade with the Romans, Arabs and from the adjacent kingdom of Gangas. No other ancient dynasties of the south have issued that many varieties of gold coins as Alupas and Gangas did. The coins of both Gangas and Alupas have inscriptions that helps in dating the period of issue. Unfortunately these coins have not drawn much attention compared to that of Chalukyas or Hoysals. But for sure, they have inspired later dynasties as a prototype or basis to issue

title: Jayasimha Siddharaja

text: Vardhamana (author of "Siddharaja-Varnana"). The gold coins attributed to Siddharaja are found in Pandwaha near Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh. The gold coins are round weights 65-66 grains and measures 0.8" to 0.9". It has legend "Shri Siddharajah" on reverse and obverse. The silver coins attributed to him are found at Vanthali, Junagadh and Pilwai in North Gujarat. On obverse of these silver coins, the three lines legend "Shri Jayasimha" in Nagari script appears; with one more word "priya" in some coins. On reverse there is an image of an elephant. These elephant either represents Laxmi or commemorates victory in war with

title: Coinage of India

text: value differential would have incentivised the exchange of gold for silver, resulting in an increasing supply of silver in India. India developed some of the world's first coins, but scholars debate exactly which coin was first and when. Sometime around 600BC in the lower Ganges valley in eastern India a coin called a punchmarked Karshapana was created. According to Hardaker, T.R. the origin of Indian coins can be placed at 575 BCE and according to Gupta in the seventh century BCE. Punch-marked coins were a type of early Coinage of India, dating to between about the 6th and 2nd centuries

title: Kalighat

text: In 1825, Marsden prepared the "Nusmiamata Orientalia", where for the first time they were mentioned as Gupta coins. The coins had been placed in a brass pot that remained submerged in water for a long time, hence the coins developed an underwater patina of clayish black, owing to the reaction of the gold and the alloys in the coin with the alluvium. The hoard contained the Archer Type coins from the reign of Chandragupta II who had probably annexed Bengal to his Empire, and Kumaragupta I with an abundance in coins from the reign of Vishnugupta and Narasimhagupta, besides a

title: Rupee

text: his brief rule between 1540 and 1545. Suri also introduced copper coins called "dam" and gold coins called "mohur" that weighed 169 grains (10.95 g). The Indian rupee was re-introduced in Medieval times, issued and termed as "rupiya", the silver coin, by Sher Shah Suri (1540–1545), continued by the Mughal rulers. The history of the rupee traces back to Ancient India circa 3rd century BC. Ancient India was one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world, along with the Lydian staters, several other Middle Eastern coinages and the Chinese wen. The term is from "rūpya", a Sanskrit term

title: Coinage of India

text: of minted coins spread to the Indo-Gangetic Plain from West Asia. The coins of this period were called "Puranas", "Karshapanas" or "Pana". These earliest Indian coins, however, are unlike those circulated in West Asia, were not disk-shaped but rather stamped bars of metal, suggesting that the innovation of stamped currency was added to a pre-existing form of token currency which had already been present in the Mahajanapada kingdoms of the Indian Iron Age. Mahajanapadas that minted their own coins included Gandhara, Kuntala, Kuru, Panchala, Shakya, Surasena and Surashtra. The tradition of Indian coinage was further influenced by the coming of

title: Madurai Nayak dynasty

text: in Tiruchi that one of the Nayak rulers, Vijayaranga Chokkanatha Nayak, launched a stiff opposition to the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. Most Nayaka coins were made of gold or copper. The design, figures, size, and weight of Nayak coins all were similar to those of Vijayanagara coins. Sadasiva Nayaka issued some beautiful Nayaka coins: one gold coin shows Shiva and Parvati seated next to one another – Shiva holds the trisula (trident) and the mriga (antelope) in his hands. Another gold coin of the same ruler features the mythical bird Gandaberunda. This coin is almost identical to the gandabherunda coins minted

title: Satavahana dynasty

text: states that the element was donated by Ananda, who was the son of Siri Satakarni's foreman of artisans. This inscription is probably from the reign of Satakarni II. The Satavahanas are among the earliest Indian rulers to issue their own coins with portraits of their rulers, starting with king Gautamiputra Satakarni, a practice derived from that of the Western Kshatrapas he defeated, itself originating with the Indo-Greek kings to the northwest. Thousands of lead, copper and potin Satavahana coins have been discovered in the Deccan region; a few gold and silver coins are also available. These coins do not feature

title: Kadamba dynasty

text: the Rashtrakutas and Kalyani Chalukyas. The successors of Mayurasharma took to the name "varma" to indicate their Kshatriya status. Kadamba coins were one the heaviest and perhaps purest of all medieval Indian gold coinage. They issued 2 types of gold coins, those which were punch-marked and others which were die-struck. During 1075-1094 CE, Shanti Varma, issued gold punch-marked coins and in 1065 CE, Toyimadeva, issued die-struck gold coins. "Punch-marked gold coins" "Die struck gold coins (Pagoda)" They have been definitively attributed to the Kadambas because they not only have various Kadamba symbols, such as conches and chakras, but one of

title: Coinage of India

text: of South India. The South Indian kings reissued Roman-like coinage in their own name, either producing their own copies or defacing real ones in order to signify their sovereignty. During the Indo-Scythians period whose era begins from 200 BCE to 400 CE, a new kind of the coins of two dynasties were very popular in circulation in various parts of the then India and parts of central and northern South Asia (Sogdiana, Bactria, Arachosia, Gandhara, Sindh, Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar). These dynasties were Saka and The Pahlavas.After the conquest of Bactria by the Sakas in 135

title: Chalukya dynasty

text: the symbol of a temple on the obverse and a 'sceptre between lamps' or a temple on the reverse. Pulakeshin II's coins had a caparisoned lion facing right on the obverse and a temple on the reverse. The coins weighed 4 grams and were called, in old-Kannada, "hun" (or "honnu") and had fractions such as "fana" (or "fanam") and the "quarter fana" (the modern day Kannada equivalent being "hana" – which literally means "money"). A gold coin called "gadyana" is mentioned in a record at the Vijayeshwara Temple at Pattadakal, which later came to be known as "varaha" (their royal

title: Kadambas of Hangal

text: to war between them, then Kalachuris helped Somadeva as per the 1159 inscription Somadeva subordinate of Kalachuris, they conquered Banavasi and handed it over to Somadeva (in 1165). The Kadambas of Uchchangi were in name only kings of Banavasi actually the power remain with Kadambas of Hangal. Kadambas coins were one the heaviest and perhaps purest of all medieval Indian gold coinage. Kadambas issued 2 types of gold coins, namely "Punch-marked gold coins" and "Die struck gold coins". During 1075-1094 CE, Shanti Varma, issued gold punch marked coin and in 1065 CE, Toyimadeva, issued die struck gold coins (Pagoda). Kadambas

title: Coinage of Asia

text: 1 hwan = 5 yang. Tibetan coins were struck in Lhasa and in the Kong-po province between 1763 and 1954. Since 1959 Chinese currency replaces that of Tibet. The first Indian coins were either round, square or long sticks of silver with punch marks issued under various kingdoms starting from around 600 BCE onwards. Issuers included Kashi, Kosala, the Magadha Empire, Kuru, Panchala, Taxila, Gandhara, Kamboja, Avanti in the Narbada Valley, Saurashtra Peninsula, and the Eastern Deccan. The first coins issued by a unified Indian empire was from the Maurya Empire, though they were similar to the older issues. During

title: History of the rupee

text: were developed in the Mughal style and those of Madras mostly in a South Indian style. The English coins of Western India developed along Mughal as well as English patterns. It was only in 1717 AD that the English obtained permission from the Emperor Farrukh Siyar to coin Mughal money at the Bombay mint. The British gold coins were termed Carolina, the silver coins Anglina, the copper coins Cupperoon and tin coins Tinny. By the early 1830, the English had become the dominant power in India. The Coinage Act of 1835 provided for uniform coinage throughout India. The new coins

title: Double-headed eagle

text: as a symbol by the Wadiyar dynasty of the Kingdom of Mysore from the 16th century. Coins (gold pagoda or gadyana) from the rule of Achyuta Deva Raya (reigned 1529–1542) are thought to be the first to use the Gandaberunda on currency. An early instance of the design is found on a sculpture on the roof of the Rameshwara temple in the temple town of Keladi in Shivamogga. The symbol was in continued use by the Maharaja of Mysore into the modern period, and was adopted as the state symbol of the State of Mysore (now Karnataka) after Indian independence.

title: Coinage of Nepal

text: struck equivalent to Indian Rupee. Some gold coins were also struck in his reign but as Nisars for use in special ceremonies. Prithivi Narayan Shah's Successor continued with his modifications in Malla currency and dating system and continued issuing similar silver and Nisar gold coins in their and their queens names. In 1789 (Sak.1711) King Rana Bahadur Shah reduced the diameter of Mohar and increased the production of smaller denomination and gold coin. Several Suki coins were issued by the Regent Queens of Shah dynasty due to power shift in the court .In Sak.1722 Queen Raj Rajeshwari Devi senior wife

title: Kalachuri dynasty

text: controlled Vidarbha, where they succeeded the Vakataka and the Vishnukundina dynasties. In addition, the Kalachuris conquered northern Konkan (around Elephanta) by the mid-6th century. Here, they succeeded the Traikutaka dynasty. The origin of the Kalachuris is uncertain. Krishnaraja (r. c. 550-575) is the earliest known ruler of the dynasty. He issued coins featuring Brahmi script legends, imitating the design of earlier coins issued by the Traikutaka and the Gupta kings. His coins featuring a bull are based on the coins issued by Skandagupta. His silver coins were circulated widely for around 150 years after his reign. Krishnaraja's coins describe him

title: History of the rupee

text: had the effigy of William IV on the obverse and the value on the reverse in English and Persian. The coins issued after 1840 bore the portrait of Queen Victoria. The first coinage under the crown was issued in 1862 and in 1877 Queen Victoria assumed the title the Empress of India. The gold silver ratio expanded during 1870-1910. Unlike India, her colonial master Britain was on gold standard. To meet the Home Charges (i.e., expenditure in England) the colonial government had to remit a larger number of rupees and this necessitated increased taxation and unrest. The 1911 accession to

title: India Government Mint

text: the mints at Mumbai, Kolkata and Hyderabad also make coin blanks. Hyderabad, Mumbai and Kolkata mints have gold assaying facilities and the Mumbai mint produces standardised weights and measures. Mumbai Mint has a state-of-the-art gold refining facility up to 999.9. Hyderabad Mint has electrolytic silver refining facility up to 999.9. Commemorative coins are made at Mumbai and Kolkata. Kolkata and Hyderabad have facilities for making medallions, too. The Noida mint was the first in the country to mint coins of stainless steel. Each currency coin minted in India (and anywhere in the world) has a special mint mark on it

title: Mohur

text: word "mudra" which also means "seal". Gold mohurs issued by the Moghul Empire, the British East India Company or the British Crown are valuable collector items and sell in auctions for high prices. The double mohur (minted between 1835 and 1918) with a value of 30 rupees is the highest denomination circulating coin issued till date. An 1835 double mohur was sold at a Bangalore auction for Rs. 11.5 lakhs making it the highest ever coin bid in India. Mohur A mohur is a gold coin that was formerly minted by several governments, including British India and some of the

title: Mohur

text: princely states issued half-mohur coins (equal to 7 rupees and 8 anna). The "mohur" coin was first introduced by Sher Shah Suri during his rule in India between 1540 and 1545 and was then a gold coin weighing 169 grains (10.95 grams). He also introduced copper coins called "dam" and silver coins called "rupiya" that weighed 178 grains (11.53 grams). Later on, the Mughal emperors standardized this coinage of tri-metallism across the sub-continent in order to consolidate the monetary system. The word "mohur" or "mohor" is from the Persian word "muhr", which means "seal" and is cognate with the Sanskrit

title: Indian rupee

text: (meaning "wrought silver, a coin of silver"). Panini characterised as a stamped (which means a form in general, but probably a silver form in this case). "Arthashastra", written by Chanakya, prime minister to the first Maurya emperor Chandragupta Maurya (c 340–290 BCE), mentions silver coins as . Other types of coins including gold coins (), copper coins () and lead coins () are also mentioned. The history of the Indian rupee traces back to Ancient India in circa 6th century BCE, ancient India was one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world, along with the Chinese wen and

title: Coinage of India

text: The Gupta Empire produced large numbers of gold coins depicting the Gupta kings performing various rituals, as well as silver coins clearly influenced by those of the earlier Western Satraps by Chandragupta II.

title: Coinage of India

text: Turkic and Mughal invaders in India. The East India Company introduced uniform coinage in the 19th century CE, and these coins were later imitated by the modern nation states of Republic of India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh. Numismatics plays a valuable role in determining certain period of Indian history. There is evidence of countable units of precious metal being used for exchange from the Vedic period onwards. A term "Nishka" appears in this sense in the Rigveda. Later texts speak of cows given as gifts being adorned with "pādas" of gold. A "pāda", literally a quarter, would have been

title: Coinage of Asia

text: time of Alexander the Great's conquest. Coinage of India began in the 7th century BCE, as small native states known as the Mahajanapadas began to mint coins of silver. The concept of coinage, and many design elements, spread across the Indian subcontinent within centuries. India subsequently absorbed and modified numerous influences, including Greek, Roman, Arabic and Persian. Some time around the 7th century BCE, coins shaped like utensils emerged in China. In most regions, spade-shaped coins were issued, while knife-shaped coins were issued in the North-East. In the state of Chu (in Southern China), small oval bronze pieces were issued.

title: Coins of British India

text: From 1621 till 1800, the English sent their precious metal bullion to the Surat mint, controlled by the "Nawab", to be coined into local gold mohurs and silver rupees. As the Surat mint was unable to meet the required production rate, silver was also sent to the Ahmadabad mint in 1636. During later years, the Ahmadabad mint also struck rupees for the Bombay Presidency in the name of Muhammad Akbar II with the dates 1233–1241 AH (1817–1825 CE). In December 1672, the East India Company started a mint in Bombay and European style gold, silver, copper, and tin coins were

title: Coins of British India

text: issues and the Mughal design in order to gain wider acceptance by the native population. Early European style coins were not popular outside jurisdiction of their respective settlements. In spite of having their own mints, the EIC either sent its bullion to the Mughal mints or forged the common coins of the contemporary Mughal Emperor. In 1717, the EIC obtained rights to strike coins in the name of the Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar on the island of Bombay. The major mints in the west responsible for issuing coins for the East India Company included Surat, Bombay (Mumbai or Munbai), and Ahmadabad.

title: Hindu Shahi

text: of Asian Civilisations, Islamabad, Veka (sic.) conquered northern region of Afghanistan ‘with eightfold forces’ and ruled there. He established a Shiva temple there which was inaugurated by "Parimaha Maitya" (the Great Minister). He also issued copper coins of the Elephant and Lion type with the legend Shri Vakkadeva. Nine principal issues of Bull and Horseman silver coins and only one issue of corresponding copper coins of Spalapatideva have become available. As many as five Elephant and Lion type of copper coins of Shri Vakkadeva are available and curiously the copper issues of Vakka are "contemporaneous" with the silver issues of

title: Coinage of India


question: how many players have scored 10000 runs in odi

answers: 11

answers: eleven

title: Sanath Jayasuriya

text: Africa scored against Australia in March 2006. Sri Lanka won the match by 195 runs. On a personal note the innings was his 4th score of over 150 in ODI cricket and he is currently the only player to do so other than Sachin Tendulkar who has achieved it five times. It was also his second successive score of 150 plus, another first in ODI cricket. He also scored 2 centuries and 2 half-centuries in the 2007 Cricket World Cup held in the West Indies.In 2008, his one-day career was all but over when he was omitted for the ODIs

title: Shahid Afridi

text: in cricket. This is reflected by the fact that he is the only player to score more than 7,000 ODI runs at an average under 25. Afridi is the only player in the world who has scored 1,000 runs and 50 wickets in the T20 format of the game. Afridi has moved about the batting order, and this lack of consistency has made it difficult for him to settle. In the Indian subcontinent, where the ball quickly loses its shine, he prefers to open the batting; however, elsewhere he prefers to bat at number six. On 22 August 2017, in

title: Sanath Jayasuriya

text: was surpassed by Shahid Afridi during the 2010 Asia Cup match against Bangladesh. He became the fourth batsman to score more than 10,000 runs and the second batsman to score more than 12,000, and 13,000 runs in the history of ODIs. He also has 28 centuries, the fourth highest in ODIs. He held the record of scoring most runs in an ODI over (30; he has achieved this twice), and first batsman to score over 30 in an over. This record is now held by South Africa's Herschelle Gibbs (36 runs in an over). During the one-day Natwest series in

title: Virender Sehwag

text: led India to win its first series win in New Zealand. On 8 December 2011, Sehwag scored his highest ODI score against West Indies at Indore slamming 219 runs off only 149 Balls. In the same innings, he also crossed 8,000 runs in ODI Cricket. Sehwag's scoring rate is extremely quick, at 103.44 runs per 100 balls (it is exceeded only by one current player: Shahid Afridi, who has a much lower average). He has had more success in run chases, scoring seven of his thirteen centuries while chasing. He has led India on seven occasions, due to the unavailability

title: Vinod Kambli

text: made his ODI debut in 1991 against Pakistan during the Wills Sharjah Trophy. He played world cup tournaments in 1992 and 1996. He has 2 ODI centuries in to his credit: 100 not out against England at Jaipur in 1993 on his birthday, setting the record for becoming the first batsman to score an ODI hundred on his birthday and 106 against Zimbabwe at Kanpur in the 1996 World Cup. Cricket lovers won't forget the picture of Kambli crying when he went back to the dressing room after Sri Lanka were awarded the semi-final match of the 1996 World Cup.

title: Virender Sehwag

text: the 15th player to do that of all time, but weeks later he again scored crucial and aggressive pair of 55 against West Indies. In eight Test matches since April 2012, he has managed to score just 408 runs at an average of 31.38, with highest being 117. In six ODIs in the same period, he scored 183 runs at an average of 30.5 and was dropped for the ODI series against England. His last ODI century was the double hundred against the West Indies in December 2011. Former England batsman Geoffrey Boycott had hinted that it might be the

title: Virat Kohli

text: Kohli became the 12th batsman and fastest player to score 10,000 ODI runs. He surpassed the milestone with 205 innings which is 54 innings less than the next quickest to the landmark, Sachin Tendulkar. In the course he scored his 37th ODI century. Kohli's average after crossing 10,000 is 59.62, which is also the best average among the 10,000 club members. On 27 October, after scoring his 38th ODI century, Kohli became the first batsman for India, first captain and tenth overall, to score three successive centuries in ODIs. He ended up scoring 453 runs in 5 innings, at an

title: Gandhi Stadium

text: stadiums in the state of Punjab will get an opportunity to host international cricket matches. The highest score in Test cricket was made by India who scored 374 against Pakistan. The most runs scored were by Anshuman Gaekwad (201 runs), Wasim Raja (125 runs) and Javed Miandad (66 runs). The most wickets taken were by Wasim Raja and Kapil Dev (4 wickets), along with Ravi Shastri (3 wickets). The highest score in ODI cricket was made by West Indies who scored 226 against Pakistan. The most runs scored were Dilip Vengsarkar (88 runs), Richie Richardson (77 runs) and Aamer Malik

title: Sourav Ganguly

text: has the most ODI runs) and the eighth overall. He has scored 16 centuries in Test matches and 22 in ODIs. He is also one of only ten batsmen to score more than 10,000 runs in ODIs. Along with Tendulkar, Ganguly has formed the most successful opening pair in One Day Cricket, having amassed the highest number of century partnerships (26) for the first wicket. Together, they have scored more than 7000 runs at an average of 48.98, and hold the world record for creating most number of 50-run partnership in the first wicket (44 fifties). Ganguly became the fourth

title: Ashish Bagai

text: took the Canadians to victory over the UAE after spending a night in hospital due to being hit in the face when keeping. He holds the Canadian record for highest ODI score after his unbeaten 137 in a losing cause against Scotland. In that same ODI he set a record in One Day International cricket for facing the most number of balls in an ODI innings when batting at number three position(172)He added 100 runs for 4th wicket with Asif Mulla which was the first ever century stand for Canada in an ODI. Bagai captained the Canadian team during the

title: Tillakaratne Dilshan

text: 9,000 runs in ODIs. He became the fourth Sri Lankan cricketer and 15th overall to achieve this landmark. He also took 3 crucial wickets in the match against England and aided Sri Lanka's title claim as the winners of the tournament. He won both man of the match award and man of the series award. On 23 January 2015, Dilshan scored his 20th One-Day International century against New Zealand, becoming the 10th batsmen to score 20 ODI centuries. On 26 February 2015, he scored an unbeaten 161 runs during the group stage match of 2015 ICC Cricket World Cup against

title: Limited overs cricket

text: a 40-overs match. The record low score in ODIs was set by Zimbabwe, who managed just 35 against Sri Lanka in Harare on 25 April 2004. The most runs scored by both sides in any List A limited overs match is 872: Australia, batting first, scored 434 for four in 50 overs, and yet were beaten by South Africa who scored 438 for nine with a ball to spare during their One Day International at Johannesburg in 2006. The highest individual innings is 268 by Ali Brown for Surrey against Glamorgan in a 50-overs match at The Oval in 2002.

title: Mithali Raj

text: She scored 100s: 1 and 50s: 4 in Test cricket, 100s: 5 and 50s: 50 with best bowling of 3/4 in ODI's and 50s: 10 in T20's. In February 2017, she became the second player to score 5,500 runs in WODIs. Raj is the first player to captain most matches for India in ODI and T20I. In July 2017, she became the first player to score 6,000 runs in WODIs. She led the Indian team to the final of the 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup where the team lost to England by nine runs. In December 2017, she was named

title: Upul Tharanga

text: of cricket, saying that he could be the next captain of the Sri Lankan cricket team. Upul Tharanga is the second batsman in the world who was involved with 7 times 200+ partnerships in ODI cricket. The only other player to achieve this feat is Ricky Ponting. On 2 July 2013, Upul Tharanga scored the second highest ODI score of 174* by a Sri Lankan only behind Sanath Jayasuriya who scored 189 against India. With that innings he became the 9th Sri Lankan player to pass 5000 runs margin. Despite of his low match participation, he has earned 13 centuries

title: Faf du Plessis

text: followed with a third consecutive ODI hundred, scoring 121 off 140 balls, this time against Zimbabwe on 4 September 2014. (South Africa were playing an ODI tri-series with Australia and Zimbabwe.) On 6 September 2014 against Australia, Du Plessis fell only 4 runs short of becoming the first batsman in history to score 4 ODI hundreds in a row. (This would also have been a record for the most ODI hundreds by a batsman in any ICC ODI tournament) He initially looked on course to achieve his 4th ODI hundred until his batting partner AB de Villiers hit 2 sixes

title: Sanath Jayasuriya

text: currently holds the fourth place for most centuries in a career, behind Indian cricketers Sachin Tendulkar (with 49 ODI centuries), Virat Kohli (35 ODI centuries) and Ricky Ponting (30 centuries). His second century, 134 against Pakistan in 1996, was scored at a strike rate of 206.15 and was the fastest century in ODI cricket at the time. This record was later broken by Pakistani cricketer Shahid Afridi. The 189 he made against India in 2000 is the sixth highest ODI score in a single innings. Making his second highest ODI score of 157 against the Netherlands in 2006, Jayasuriya paved

title: Sachin Tendulkar

text: centuries in both Tests (51) and ODIs (49) as well as in Tests and ODIs combined (100). On 16 March 2012, Tendulkar scored his 100th international hundred. It came against Bangladesh in the league matches of Asia Cup 2012. He is also the only player to score fifty centuries in Test cricket, and the first to score fifty centuries in all international cricket combined. He also holds the world record for playing the highest number of Test matches (200) and ODI matches (463). Tendulkar has been part of most wins by an Indian in both Test cricket with 72 wins

title: Tamim Iqbal

text: in ODI after Shakib Al Hasan. He jumped to the 13th position in ICC ODI Batsman Ranking with a career highest rating point of 737. After world cup 2015 till now [30th July, 2018], he has scored a total of 2180 runs in ODI with one of the highest averages by an opening batsman in this period, 62.28. In September 2018, he was named in Nangarhar's squad in the first edition of the Afghanistan Premier League tournament. List of international cricket centuries by Tamim Iqbal Tamim Iqbal Muhammad Tamim Iqbal Khan (; born 20 March 1989) is a Bangladeshi international

title: Dougie Marillier

text: the highest ODI score by a number 10 batsman in ODI history for about 7 years, later it was surpassed by Mohammad Amir. Marillier's 56* remains the third highest score at number 10 position by any batsman and the highest for Zimbabwe at no 10 in ODIs. He made the side for the World Cup but did not do well. After the World Cup however he had an excellent tournament in Sharjah, taking wickets as well as scoring 100 against Kenya, his first international hundred, as an opener. In England however Marillier had a bad form slump and lost his

title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: with 187 runs from 174 balls. A prolific run-scorer in ICC tournaments, Dhawan top-scored in the 2004 Under-19 World Cup, and the 2013 and 2017 Champions Trophy tournaments, and holds the record for the fastest to reach 1000 runs in ICC ODI tournaments. In August 2013, he recorded the then-second-highest individual score in a List A match when he scored 248 runs off 150 balls for India A against South Africa A at Pretoria. At the 2015 World Cup, he was the leading run-scorer for India and in the following year, became the fastest Indian to reach 3,000 ODI runs.

title: Tillakaratne Dilshan

text: overall and first Sri Lankan to score 1,500 runs in Twenty20 Internationals, he is also the first player to hit 200 fours in T20Is. Dilshan scored 1000 or more ODI runs in a calendar year four times and never failed to amass fewer than 800 runs in any calendar year between 2009 and 2015. Dilshan was under-estimated in the cricket world as an ordinary player when he batted at number 6 and 7, unlike his revered teammates Mahela Jayawardene and Kumar Sangakkara. When he gained the opening batting position, Dilshan became one of the finest cricketers in the world and

title: Virender Sehwag

text: for consistency in 2003 and 2003/04 ODI series where he had only one century and 3 fifties, two against minnows – Bangladesh and Zimbabwe and one against Pakistan, in 22 matches. Even with his inconsistent form, he earned 3 MoM awards in 2004/5 and 2004/05 ODI season with one award each against Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Pakistan. In the match against Pakistan in Kochi he scored 108 off 95 balls, his first century in eighteen months which set up a 95 run victory. Sehwag then started a two-year streak without a century in ODIs, as well as having his ODI

title: Tamim Iqbal

text: and scored 80 and 118 in the first and third ODIs against Afghanistan. During the first ODI against Sri Lanka on 26 March 2017, Tamim became the first Bangladeshi to score 10,000 international runs. Preparing for the 2017 Champions Trophy, Iqbal scored a hundred against Pakistan in a warm-up game at Edgbaston in Birmingham. Playing against England in the first of the league games at The Oval, he scored 128 off 142 balls taking the team's total to 305, which was later chased down by the latter. He scored 95 off 114 balls in the next game against Australia, a

title: Chamari Atapattu

text: to pass 1,000 runs in T20Is and she is also the leading runscorer for Sri Lanka in both ODIs and T20Is. At the 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup, during Sri Lanka's match against Australia, she scored the third-highest individual total in a WODI and the second-highest total in a Women's World Cup match, with 178 not out. She also scored the highest percentage of runs in a completed innings in a WODI (69.26%) and the most runs in boundaries in a WODI, with 124. It was also the record for scoring the highest individual score in an innings of a

title: List of players who have scored 10,000 or more runs in One Day International cricket

title: Andy Flower

text: only player to score an ODI hundred on debut in a world cup match. He also has the record for the most number of matches(149) to score his second ODI ton after scoring a century on debut, when he did it in only in his 150th ODI. He also holds the record for the highest ever test score posted by a wicketkeeper batsman in an innings of a test(232*). He along with Heath Streak set the record for the highest 7th wicket partnership for Zimbabwe in ODIs(130) On 7 May 2007, Flower was appointed Assistant Coach of the England team,

title: Century (cricket)

text: most ODI centuries, having scored 49 ODI Centuries. The first Twenty20 International (T20I) century was scored by Chris Gayle who amassed 117 runs against South Africa at Johannesburg in the very first match of ICC World Twenty20 tournament in 2007. Rohit Sharma currently holds the record for most T20I centuries, having scored 4 T20I Centuries. The fastest recorded century in Test cricket terms of balls faced is held by Brendon McCullum who scored 100 runs from 54 balls against Australia at Christchurch, New Zealand in 2016, beating the previous record of 56 held jointly by Viv Richards and Misbah-ul-Haq. The

title: Rohit Sharma

text: as a specialist batsman. Since then Suresh Raina, Cheteshwar Pujara and Virat Kohli overtook him and made their Test debuts in the middle order. He scored his maiden ODI century (114) against Zimbabwe on 28 May 2010 and followed it up with another century in the next match of the tri-series against Sri Lanka on 30 May 2010 by scoring 101 not out. Following the poor form in South Africa series held just before the World Cup, he was dropped from the Indian squad for 2011 World Cup. He was selected for the West Indies tour of 2011 after the

title: History of women's cricket

text: Cup and Belinda Clark, the former Australian captain, is the only female player to have scored a double hundred in an ODI, recording an unbeaten 229 in the 1997 World Cup against Denmark. Pakistan's Sajjida Shah is the youngest player to appear in international cricket, playing against Ireland four months after her 12th birthday. She also holds the record for the best bowling figures in a one-day international, taking 7 wickets for just 4 runs against Japan Women at the Sportpark Drieburg in Amsterdam in 2003. Fast bowler Cathryn Fitzpatrick of Australia took 180 wickets in her one-day international career.

title: Tillakaratne Dilshan

text: December 2015, Dilshan smashed 91 runs to reach another milestone in his career. Dilshan surpassed 1202 runs by Jayasuriya as most runs by an opening batsman for Sri Lanka in a calendar year. Dilshan scored 1207 runs in the year 2015 with 4 hundreds and 6 fifties. Dilshan finished 2015 ODI arena as the highest ODI run scorer for Sri Lanka and third highest of all-time list. During 25 ODIs played in 2015, Dilshan scored 1,207 runs with the average of 52.47 and strike rate of 90.75. The veteran of 39 years of age, Dilshan showcased incredible all-around ability and

long_answer: Scoring over 10,000 runs across a playing career in any format of cricket is considered a significant achievement. In the year 2001, Sachin Tendulkar became the first player to score 10,000 runs in ODIs, while playing a match during the bi-lateral series against Australia at home. In the chase for achieving top scores, West Indies' Desmond Haynes retired as the most prolific run-scorer in One Day Internationals (ODIs), with a total of 8,648 runs in 1994. The record stood for four years until it was broken by India's Mohammed Azharuddin. Azharuddin remained the top-scorer in the format until his compatriot Sachin Tendulkar passed him in October 2000. As of August 2016, eleven players—from six teams that are Full members of the International Cricket Council—have scored more than 10,000 runs in ODIs. Four of these are from Sri Lanka and three from India. The rest are one player each from Pakistan, Australia, West Indies, and South Africa. Bangladesh, England, New Zealand, and Zimbabwe are yet to have a player reach the 10,000-run mark in this format.


question: what do mobile numbers start with in the uk

answers: 0

title: Telecommunications in the United Kingdom

text: In addition, companies such as Virgin Mobile UK and Tesco Mobile act as mobile virtual network operators, using the infrastructure of other companies. There is a set numbering plan for phone numbers within the United Kingdom, which is regulated by the Office of Communications (Ofcom), which replaced the Office of Telecommunications (Oftel) in 2003. Each number consists of an area code—one for each of the large towns and cities and their surroundings—and a subscriber number—the individual number. Mobile IMSI is the actual number assigned to it the mobile telephone number, and provided with individual license to the MNOs. In 1998

title: Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom

text: digits. Local customer numbers are four to eight figures long. The total number of digits is ten, but in a very few areas the total may be nine digits (after the initial zero). The "area code" is also referred to as an "STD (code)" (subscriber trunk dialling) or a "dialling code" in the UK. The code allocated to the largest population is (020) for London. The code allocated to the largest area is (028) for all of Northern Ireland. The UK Numbering Plan also applies to three British Crown dependencies—Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man—even though they are not

text: PhONEday changes in 1995. Pre-existing mobile phone, non-geographic, premium rate and pager services continued to use the same 9-digit 02xx xxxxxx to 09xx xxxxxx numbers as before. It would be several more years before these would add a digit to become 10-digit numbers and move to the 07, 08 and 09 ranges in the Big Number Change in 2000-2001. From May 1997, new mobile phone services started using numbers beginning 077, 078 or 079 re-using area codes recently vacated by 9-digit geographic numbers. These new mobile numbers have 10 digits. BT Cellnet started with 07801 xxxxxx, 07803 xxxxxx, 07808 xxxxxx

title: Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom

text: as the termination points for non-geographic numbers, and by some automated systems such as alarms. As such they are not usually meant to be directly dialled. These numbers have been problematic as some mobile phone operators in the UK do not allow access to these ranges, and there may also be difficulty accessing these numbers from outside the UK. Regulator Ofcom proposes that in future these numbers be released for wider, general-purpose use in up to 70 area codes facing number shortage. In order to avoid confusion with codes beginning with these digits, the area code must always be dialled,

title: Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom

text: part of the UK itself. Possible number formats for UK telephone numbers are: Number ranges starting 01 can have National Significant Number (NSN) length as 10 or 9 digits. The 0800 range can have NSN length as 10, 9 or 7 digits. The 0845 range can have NSN length as 10 or 7 digits. The 0500 range has NSN length as 9 digits only. There are no telephone numbers in the UK with an NSN length of 8 digits. Geographic telephone numbers in the UK always have nine or ten digits. Four-digit area codes have either six-digit subscriber numbers or

title: UK Calling

text: inform the caller how much it is. The legislation applies to all consumer calls to 084, 087, 09 and 118 numbers across the UK. It doesn’t affect calls made from payphones, international calls, or calls made to the UK when roaming overseas. Before the UK Calling changes, calls to ‘Freephone’ numbers were generally free when called from a landline, however mobile users were usually charged for calling them. The 1 July legislation made all calls to 0800 and 0808 numbers free for consumers to dial from mobile phones, just as they are from landlines. Before the legislation was introduced, all

title: Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom

text: the pattern "02x", and an eight-digit subscriber number, and this is known as 2+8 format. The first four digits of the local number identifies a small area within the town or city. At the time of the change, the subscriber part of the number gained an extra digit in London, those in Northern Ireland gained two or three digits, and the subscriber part of the number in the other areas gained two digits. All of these areas were also subject to a previous code change, one that added a "1" directly after the initial zero, as a part of PhONEday

title: Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom

text: allocated different ranges within the 073xx, 074xx, 075xx, 07624, 077xx, 078xx and 079xx area codes. Changes to mobile phone numbers in the Big Number Change were mostly straight replacements, such as Vodafone customers on the 0378 block became 07778. Since the advent of Mobile number portability, mobile phone number prefixes can no longer be relied on to determine the current operator of a particular mobile phone – only the original operator. 070 and 076 numbers are often charged at a much higher rate than calling the similar-looking 07xxx mobile telephone numbers. Personal numbers beginning 070 are regulated by Phone-paid Services

title: Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom

text: a mix of five- and six-digit subscriber numbers. This is the format used by most areas. It has a four-digit area code (after the initial zero) and a six digit subscriber number, and is known as 4+6 format. These area codes were changed by adding a "1" directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995. Just short of 581 areas use this format, and the area codes range from 01200 to 01998. Almost all (01xxx) area codes now have only six digit subscriber numbers, but a small number of these areas also have some subscriber numbers

text: 5678, 0303 456789, 03873 56789, 0800 445566. The long term plan is for migration to 10 digit numbering in the UK and in 1991 this started with new 0800 numbers being allocated with 10 digits. With multiple operators joining the market, administration was passed to an independent regulator. Oftel took over administration of the UK’s telephone numbers from BT in 1994. On "PhONEday", 16 April 1995, the digit "1" was inserted into all UK geographic area codes, including those in the director, all-figure dialling, ELNS and mixed areas. Under the new changes, for example, Inner London's 071 became 0171; Outer

title: Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom

text: There is one short "special" number in this range, 0800 1111 for Childline. Additionally, numbers in the range 0808 80x xxxx are reserved for not-for-profit helplines and as such are usually free to call from most mobile telephones. A number of other numbers can also called for free from mobiles, but this varies by network. With the exception of 080x freephone numbers, 08xx numbers are charged above geographic rates, with some of the extra revenue going to the terminating telco. This additional revenue may be shared with the subscriber, but is often used instead to subsidise additional network services, such

title: Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom

text: numbers to providers would begin in March 2007. Whilst 01, 02 and 07 numbers can receive text messages, currently the majority of cellular network providers do not support the sending of text messages to 03 numbers. Three different ranges of numbers were announced; those beginning 030x are reserved for qualifying public bodies and non-profit organisations, those beginning 033x, which are available for allocation to anyone, and those beginning 034x and 037x which will be used for migration from the matching 084x and 087x number ranges respectively. Ofcom itself began using 03 numbers on 13 November 2007 for public use. Unlike

title: Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom

text: were introduced on 80X1 codes. Some mobile operators allocate other services to 123—such as customer services or voicemail etc. Short codes beginning with 1 are reserved for telecom service providers' own functionality; some of the most well-known are codes for use with Caller Display: Many fixed line telephone subscribers, e.g. of BT, Virgin Media, SkyTalk, TalkTalk, and PlusNet, have the opportunity to use an automated messaging service which takes messages when the called number is either engaged ("busy") or not answered within a given time. This can be accessed by calling 1571. For fixed line users, it is possible to

title: Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom

text: also have non-geographic numbers allocated. On the Isle of Man, both fixed (01624) and mobile phone (07624) numbers can be dialled locally in the six-digit format. Ofcom has also reserved certain number ranges for use in television dramas and films, so as to avoid the risk of people having their telephone numbers displayed, and receiving unwanted calls. This is similar to the use of fictitious telephone numbers in the United States and Canada starting with the digits 555. In most of the large cities with three-digit area codes a range of numbers is reserved, usually all the numbers starting with

title: Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom

text: the first round of five large cities moved to all figure dialling in the 1960s, and subsequently also used in the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear, eastern County Durham and south-eastern Northumberland from the 1980s onwards. These six areas have a three-digit area code matching the pattern "1x1" (after the initial zero) and a seven digit subscriber number, and this is known as 3+7 format. These area codes were changed by adding a "1" directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995. This is the geographic number format for the second round of large cities

text: July changes also saw ‘freephone numbers’ 0800 and 0808 become free to call from both mobiles and landlines. Meanwhile, 0500 numbers remain chargeable as previously from mobiles (free from landlines, also as previously). Plans are afoot to migrate these to 08085 numbers in mid-2017, whereupon they will become free from mobiles. Area codes for mobile phone, local rate, premium rate and other such special numbers originally used ordinary looking area codes in the 02xx to 09xx range. In the early 1980s only a few such codes were in use. Rapid expansion of these services in the late 1980s required many

text: place's name and the corresponding numbers on a telephone dial. For example Aylesbury was given the STD code 0AY6, where the letter A can be found on the number 2 and the letter Y on the number 9. The letter O became a zero, such as for Bournemouth: 0BO2 where BO = 20. Originally, where a place's name began with the letter "O" the code would begin with two zeros, such as Oxford: 0OX2 where OX = 09. These codes starting with "00" were later reallocated, freeing the prefix 00 for use by calls to the Republic of Ireland, to

title: Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom

text: only five digits in length (see next section). Six of the four-digit area codes are known as "mixed" areas as they share those four digits with the twelve five-digit area codes. This leads to a restriction as to which initial digits can be used for subscriber numbers within those four-digit area codes, e.g. in the 01387 four-digit area code, subscriber numbers cannot begin with a 3 because 013873 is a separate five-digit area code; likewise in the 01946 four-digit area code, subscriber numbers cannot begin with a 7 because 019467 is a separate five-digit area code. This is used for

title: Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom

text: emergency call can be made through any UK mobile network as long as there is a SIM for any valid UK network in the handset. Although UK VOIP phone providers are required to offer 999 / 112 service this is subject to a registration for the service and with a verified service address and users need to be aware such service may not work in a power blackout; However International VOIP providers may not provide this service. The chargeable number 101 was introduced for non-urgent crime and community safety calls on a trial basis in 2006. In Wales, the scheme

text: up to competition, many other companies also allocated these numbers to users. Usage of pre-existing 10- and 9-digit 0800 numbers and pre-existing 9-digit 0500 numbers continued as before. Additionally, numbers in the range 0808 80x xxxx are reserved for not-for-profit helplines and as such are usually free to call from most mobile telephones. A number of other numbers can also called for free from mobiles, but this varies by network. From 1996 onwards, Oftel brought various new 10-digit non-geographic 0845 and 0870 numbers into use. Only certain sub-parts of each code were made available for immediate use. Numbers at 0845

title: Non-geographic telephone numbers in the United Kingdom

text: 084, 087 (except 0870) and 09 numbers charge a "premium" to the caller, numbers starting 0871, 0872, 0873, 090, 091 and 098 are covered by additional Premium Rate Services (PRS) regulation, generally have the highest costs, and are heavily regulated by the Phone-paid Services Authority. New "adult" services (SES) must use 098; legacy 0908 and 0909 numbers also carry these services. With the increased price differential, the use of non-geographic telephone numbers in the United Kingdom has been a major cause of bill shock. Pollster YouGov found that 49% of mobile users have been surprised to see how much they

text: History of telephone numbers in the United Kingdom Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom have a structure that reflects their historical demands, starting from many independent companies to a system that supports many different services including cellular phones which were never initially envisaged. The telephone service in the United Kingdom was originally provided by private companies and local councils. But by 1912–13 all except the telephone service of Kingston upon Hull and Guernsey had been bought out by the Post Office. The Post Office also operated telephone services in Jersey until 1923 and the Isle of Man until 1969 when

text: radiophones and to premium rate numbers. Within a single code group area there would usually be multiple exchange buildings in various locations. The smaller exchanges might have only a few hundred lines with three-digit subscriber numbers, e.g. 200–499. Larger exchanges might have a few thousand lines with four-digit subscriber numbers, e.g. 2000–5999, or five-digit subscriber numbers, e.g. 20000–49999. Population growth over the next few decades meant there was a need for more lines. This would see an exchange with existing three-digit numbers open one or more new ranges with four-digit local numbers (e.g. 5000-6999), and exchanges with existing four-digit numbers

text: of all figure numbering. As such about 60% of current area codes are still based on the original alphabetic STD. Around 1982, the 091 code was also brought into use: Until the mid-1980s freephone numbers could be accessed only by ringing the operator on 100 and asking to be connected, e.g. Freephone 8963 for BT customer service. Later on, the 0800 code came into use for freephone services. These numbers often had only 8 digits, e.g. 0800 1111 for ChildLine. From around 1980, calls to Radiophones could also be direct dialled. These covered only a small part of the country.

title: Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom

text: Since 28 April 2001, almost all geographic numbers and most non-geographic numbers have 9 or 10 national (significant) numbers after the "0" trunk code. All mobile telephone numbers have 10 national (significant) numbers after the "0" trunk code.  The overall structure of the UK's National Numbering Plan is:

title: UK telephone code misconceptions

text: local number. For the majority of calls dialled within the same area, the trunk prefix and area code need not be dialled, but are ignored if they are. Owing to number-capacity constraints, fixed line callers in Bournemouth, Poole and Christchurch (01202) must dial the full STD code even when calling local numbers. From October 2014, similar schemes were implemented in Aberdeen (01224), Bradford (01274), Brighton (01273), Middlesbrough (01642) and Milton Keynes (01908). Specifically, the requirement to dial the full number allowed for numbers to be allocated in which the first digit after the area code begins with a zero or

text: 051 ANF 1234. After the advent of all-figure dialling the number would be 051 263 1234. In 1968, area codes beginning 00 were changed. Codes beginning 00 were also used for premium rate numbers or as a short code for dialling calls to various places in the Republic of Ireland over the next few decades. The use of names was intended to provide a mnemonic for the exchange in the same way as for the Director system, but as more and more places were given STD codes the mnemonic link became more and more obscure, and this system became unworkable.

title: Fictitious telephone number

text: in (011x) and (01x1) area codes mostly end with the digits 496 0xxx, however Tyneside uses (0191) 498 0xxx. London uses 020 7946 0xxx; Cardiff uses 029 2018 0xxx; and Belfast uses 028 9018 0xxx. The generic (and currently unused) area code 01632 is available for all other purposes. Ofcom also reserves blocks of mobile phone (07700 900xxx), freephone (0808 157 0xxx), and premium rate (0909 879 0xxx) numbers for drama use. They also recently added a UK-wide range to the list (0306 999 0xxx). Fictitious telephone number Ranges for fictitious telephone numbers are common in most telephone numbering plans.

title: Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom

text: purpose. Local electricity network operators can be reached on 105 to report power cuts. Two telephone helplines within the regular code space have only eight digits, namely 0800 1111 for ChildLine and 0845 4647 for NHS Direct in Wales. Since the mid-1990s speaking clock services have been available throughout Britain using the number 123. Before this, exchanges in "Director" areas (Birmingham, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Liverpool, London and Manchester) dialled 846 (TIM), later changing to 123, and main exchanges in "non-Director" areas originally used "952", later changing to "80" with the introduction of STD and eventually to "8081" as other recorded services

text: or 03 and should not be using numbers that begin 070, 084, 087 or 09. The 034 and 037 ranges are reserved specifically for 084 and 087 migration. GPs using 084 and 087 numbers can migrate to the equivalent 034 or 037 version of their number without ending their phone service contracts. Alternatively they can move to brand new 030 or 033 numbers or to a geographic 01 or 02 number. Only a few GPs and NHS services have chosen 03 numbers even though this should be the most obvious solution since 03 numbers allow the same call queueing and

title: Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom


question: who has won the most f1 grand prix

answers: Michael Schumacher

title: Formula One drivers from Germany

text: having by far the most victories. Vettel has wins to date. Ralf Schumacher won six Grands Prix and Heinz-Harald Frentzen won three. Wolfgang von Trips, who became the first German driver to win a Grand Prix, won two races both of which were in 1961. Nico Rosberg has won 23 races and Jochen Mass has won one. Sebastian Vettel won the World Championship in , , and . He is the youngest driver to win the title. Vettel is seen as one of the greatest qualifiers in the sport and holds the record for the most consecutive front row starts,

title: Brazilian Grand Prix

text: was a rain soaked race, there were multiple accidents and an astonishing drive from the Dutch teenager Max Verstappen, son of former F1 driver Jos Verstappen, who drove his Red Bull from 16th to 3rd in 15 laps after his team botched its tire strategy. Five Brazilian drivers have won the Brazilian Grand Prix, with Emerson Fittipaldi, Nelson Piquet, Ayrton Senna and Felipe Massa each winning twice, and Jose Carlos Pace winning once. The most wins ever is by the Frenchman Alain Prost, who has won the race 6 times (including 5 times at Jacarepaguá). Argentine driver Carlos Reutemann and

title: Formula One drivers from Colombia

text: sport when Theodore ran out of money before the final race of the season. Juan Pablo Montoya is the most successful Colombian driver to race in F1. In a career spanning five and a half seasons he won 7 Grands Prix for Williams and McLaren, including the 2003 Monaco Grand Prix, finished on the podium 30 times and finished 3rd in the championship twice, in 2002 and 2003. Having won the Indianapolis 500 twice, he is one of two active drivers one race win away from completing the Triple Crown of Motorsport. Formula One drivers from Colombia There have been

title: Formula One drivers from France

text: 2016 Belgian Grand Prix. Pierre Gasly made his debut for Scuderia Toro Rosso at the 2017 Malaysian Grand Prix. Formula One drivers from France There have been 73 Formula One drivers from France, the most successful of them being Alain Prost who won the World Drivers' Championship four times. The title has been won by a French driver on four occasions, all of which were victories for Alain Prost. Eleven other drivers have won at least one race, though they are all far behind Prost's tally of 51 wins. In the 2018 Formula One season there are three French drivers.

text: Formula One drivers from the Netherlands There have been 16 Formula One drivers from the Netherlands who have taken part in races since 1952. Max Verstappen is the most successful Dutch driver, as the only one to have won a race, one of the two to have finished on the podium of a Grand Prix (the other being his father Jos) and the one to score most career points. Max Verstappen, son of Jos, began his Formula One career in , driving for Scuderia Toro Rosso. Aged 17 years and 166 days, he became the youngest Formula One driver in

title: Formula One drivers from Germany

text: career that spanned eleven F1 seasons starting in 1997. All six wins came in the middle of his F1 career as a driver for Williams. Heinz-Harald Frentzen won three Grands Prix over ten seasons, twice finishing in third place in the drivers' championship. Nick Heidfeld has the most podium finishes without a win (13) and holds the record for the most consecutive race classifications with a tally of 41. Timo Glock was the third driver for Jordan in 2004 and was called up for racing duty when Giorgio Pantano was unable to drive due to a sponsorship dispute. Glock finished

title: Nigel Mansell

text: in 2016 with 206 races. Other Formula One records set in 1992 that he still holds are the highest percentage of pole positions in a season (88%), most wins from pole position in a season (nine) and most runner-up championship finishes before becoming World Champion (three). Mansell also holds the record for obtaining pole position and scoring the fastest lap and subsequently retiring from the race (1987 German Grand Prix, 1990 British Grand Prix, 1992 Japanese Grand Prix, and 1992 Italian Grand Prix). He is the driver having the most wins (31) without ever winning Monaco. He won the BBC

text: of a Grand Prix and the first racing under the Dutch flag. He has raced for Red Bull since the 2016 Spanish Grand Prix till and is due to race with them until . <nowiki>*</nowiki> Competed under Monegasque racing license in Formula One drivers from the Netherlands There have been 16 Formula One drivers from the Netherlands who have taken part in races since 1952. Max Verstappen is the most successful Dutch driver, as the only one to have won a race, one of the two to have finished on the podium of a Grand Prix (the other being his

title: Formula One drivers from Mexico

text: Formula One drivers from Mexico There have been six Formula One drivers from Mexico who have taken part in races since the championship began in 1950. Pedro Rodríguez is the most successful Mexican driver being the only one to have won a Grand Prix. Sergio Pérez, the only other Mexican to finish on the podium, currently races with Racing Point Force India F1 Team. Pedro Rodríguez won 2 races out of the 54 he started and is the only Mexican driver to finish in first position. Sergio Pérez began his career in with Sauber before moving to McLaren in and

title: Formula One drivers from Belgium

text: only occurred in 1968 however, when Jacky Ickx won the French Grand Prix. Ickx went on to win eight races in total, reaching the podium 25 times and becoming the runner-up in both the 1969 and 1970 seasons. The only other driver to win a Grand Prix was Thierry Boutsen, who won three races during his two-year stint with Williams-Renault in 1989–1990 and managed to reach the podium 15 times. Besides Ickx and Boutsen, the only other Belgian drivers to reach the podium are Olivier Gendebien (who scored two podium finishes) and Lucien Bianchi, Paul Frère and Willy Mairesse who

title: 2009 German Grand Prix

text: World Champions in the F1 field, Fernando Alonso, Kimi Räikkönen and Lewis Hamilton were 9th, 10th and 11th in the Championship, with 11, 10 and 9 points respectively. 2008 champion Lewis Hamilton won the 2008 German Grand Prix for McLaren-Mercedes, at Hockenheim. Former German Grand Prix winners in the field for 2009 include Fernando Alonso of Renault and Rubens Barrichello of Brawn GP. Barrichello and Alonso have also been successful at the Nürburgring when the circuit hosted the European Grand Prix. The Nürburgring has the unique honour of hosting three different Formula One Grands Prix (see List of races at

title: Fernando Alonso

text: the driver with the sixth highest number of Grand Prix wins, with 32. As a winner of the Monaco Grand Prix and the 24 Hours of Le Mans, Alonso is one of just thirteen drivers (with Juan Pablo Montoya, one of two still active) to have won two of the three races that make up the Triple Crown of Motorsport. Nicknamed , a typical pseudonym for "Fernando" in Asturias, his place of birth, Alonso acts as a Goodwill Ambassador for UNICEF. Fernando Alonso was born in Oviedo, Asturias in northern Spain. His mother worked in a department store and his

text: and won races in each of his six seasons with the team. He moved to Mercedes for the season and has now broken what had been Nigel Mansell's national record, with a total of Grand Prix wins. Scotsman Jim Clark is one of the most highly regarded drivers in the history of the sport. He had won two world championships, missing out on two others due to car failure. He died on 7 April 1968 at an F2 race in Hockenheim after his Lotus suffered a tyre failure. His hall of fame entry on the official Formula One site summarises

title: Formula One drivers from Italy

text: finishes. Giancarlo Fisichella is the most recent Italian driver to win a Formula One Grand Prix having won in 2006. It was his third and final victory and came in his most successful season, one which saw him finish the year fourth in the drivers' championship. Fisichella featured on the podium at 19 of the 229 races he started. Riccardo Patrese competed in Formula One for 17 years, standing on the podium 31 times including six victories. He started 256 races, placing him as one of the top three most experienced Formula One drivers in history, and finished just under

title: Formula One

text: many F1 drivers, with champions, including Nigel Mansell, Ayrton Senna and Mika Häkkinen having moved straight from that series to Formula One. More rarely a driver may be picked from an even lower level, as was the case with 2007 World Champion Kimi Räikkönen, who went straight from Formula Renault to F1, as well as Max Verstappen, who made his debut following a single season in European F3. American open-wheel car racing has also contributed to the Formula One grid with mixed results. CART champions Mario Andretti and Jacques Villeneuve became F1 World Champions, while Juan Pablo Montoya won seven

text: champion. Lewis Hamilton won by just one point in 2008, with Jenson Button winning the following year, in 2009. Lewis Hamilton became the fourth British multiple world champion when he won his second title in 2014. The British Grand Prix has been won by eleven British drivers: Stirling Moss, Peter Collins, Jim Clark, Jackie Stewart, James Hunt, John Watson, Nigel Mansell, Damon Hill, Johnny Herbert, David Coulthard, and Lewis Hamilton. They have won the event 25 times between them. Eight other British men have also won Formula One races, but never the British Grand Prix. These are Mike Hawthorn, Tony

title: Kimi Räikkönen

text: for Ferrari since the 2009 Belgian Grand Prix 3,339 days and 140 races earlier, and his first win in the hybrid era. This victory made Räikkönen the most successful Finnish driver of all time in terms of race wins. It was also the first time he gained a position on the first lap since the 2016 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix. He broke the record for the longest gap between Grand Prix wins (113 races) and the record for the biggest gap between first and last career wins (5,691 days). Coincidentally, this victory came on the 11th anniversary of his 2007

title: Brazilian Grand Prix

text: huge surprise, considering he was the most successful F1 driver in history. 2013 saw Vettel win his 9th consecutive race that season which was a new record. 2014 saw the totally dominant Mercedes duo of Nico Rosberg and Lewis Hamilton finish 1–2 in the race. 2015 saw Rosberg win again; he had spent most of that season demoralized and at the mercy of his teammate Hamilton, who won his 3rd consecutive Drivers' Championship. 2016 saw continued Mercedes domination, but it was Hamilton who won with Rosberg second. But the Mercedes victory that day was overshadowed by lots of drama: it

title: Formula One drivers from Brazil

text: won 23 out of 204 race starts. Fittipaldi, Rubens Barrichello, and Felipe Massa have each claimed more than ten wins. Carlos Pace scored his only victory at the 1975 Brazilian Grand Prix. Emerson Fittipaldi was the first Brazilian to win a Formula One Grand Prix – the 1970 United States Grand Prix at the Watkins Glen Grand Prix Race Course. No Brazilian driver has won a Grand Prix since Barrichello's last win at the 2009 Italian Grand Prix, the country's longest barren run since Fittipaldi's maiden victory. Ayrton Senna is often regarded as one of the best racing drivers of

text: Formula One drivers from the United Kingdom There have been 160 Formula One drivers from the United Kingdom, one of whom has competed in the 2018 season. The country has produced ten World Champions. Of those, Lewis Hamilton has won the most titles, with five. Hamilton is still active in the sport; he has won the most races, recorded the most pole positions and amassed the most points of any British driver. There have been ten British Formula One World Drivers' Champions winning a total of seventeen titles between them. The first champion was Mike Hawthorn, who in 1958 became

title: 2012 Chinese Grand Prix

text: lap 54, Hamilton took 3rd position from Vettel at the hairpin and a lap later, Mark Webber did the same for 4th. On crossing the chequered flag, Nico Rosberg won his first ever Formula One grand prix from 111 races. He was the 103rd different winner of a Formula One grand prix since 1950, and the 12th different Mercedes powered winner in Formula One. Button finished 20 seconds adrift in 2nd after a pit stop error robbed what little chance he may have had at taking victory (although unlikely given Rosberg's pace and the difficulty seen when overtaking on this

title: Formula One drivers from South Africa

text: Formula One drivers from South Africa There have been 23 Formula One drivers from South Africa, with 18 of them having started at least one Grand Prix, and only 4 of them having started more than four races. Jody Scheckter is by far the most prolific and successful South African driver, being the only one to have won a race. During his nine-year career Scheckter won ten races and the 1979 World Drivers' Championship. There has not been a driver from South Africa in Formula One since 1980. There are no South African drivers currently competing in Formula One, and

title: Ayrton Senna

text: influential Formula One driver of all time in various motorsport polls. He was recognised for his qualifying speed over one lap, and from 1989 until 2006 he held the record for most pole positions. He was also acclaimed for his wet weather performances, such as the 1984 Monaco Grand Prix, the 1985 Portuguese Grand Prix, and the 1993 European Grand Prix. He holds a record six victories at the Monaco Grand Prix, and is the fifth-most successful driver of all time in terms of race wins. Senna courted controversy throughout his career, particularly during his turbulent rivalry with Prost. In

title: Formula One drivers from France

text: Formula One drivers from France There have been 73 Formula One drivers from France, the most successful of them being Alain Prost who won the World Drivers' Championship four times. The title has been won by a French driver on four occasions, all of which were victories for Alain Prost. Eleven other drivers have won at least one race, though they are all far behind Prost's tally of 51 wins. In the 2018 Formula One season there are three French drivers. Romain Grosjean was born in Geneva, Switzerland but races as a French driver. He came through the Renault driver

title: List of Formula One Grand Prix winners

title: Jackie Stewart

text: a race where Stewart had to come into the pits to change a flat tyre, and he drove from 20th to finish 4th. Stewart held the record for most wins by a Formula One driver (27) for 14 years until Alain Prost won the 1987 Portuguese Grand Prix, and the record for most wins by a British Formula One driver for 19 years until Nigel Mansell won the 1992 British Grand Prix. In his commentary work for race broadcaster Channel 9 during qualifying for the 1988 Australian Grand Prix, Stewart said that he had been asked numerous times if he

title: History of Formula One

text: Prix, Red Bull took the Constructors' Championship at the following race in South Korea. McLaren and Ferrari finished second and third in the standings once again, albeit much further behind. Button eventually took second place in the standings, with Webber in third once again. Vettel took 11 victories throughout the course of the year, broke the record for the most pole positions in a season (15) and the most championship points (392). After a slow start to the 2012 season, Vettel won 4 races in a row and challenged Fernando Alonso and Ferrari all the way through. Eventually, the German

title: Sebastian Vettel

text: year 2010, he was voted German Sportspersonality of the Year (Sportler des Jahres). In the same year, he won the International Racing Driver category at the Autosport Awards for the first time, and has since won this award for three successive years (2010–2013). In January 2012, Vettel was honoured with the illustrious for being the "Double consecutive F1 World Champion at the age of twenty four – winner of eleven Grands Prix out of nineteen", and in the following month, he was further honoured with the highest sports award in Germany, the "Silberne Lorbeerblatt" – Silver Laurel Leaf – in

title: Alain Prost

text: (4: Renault, McLaren, Ferrari, and Williams). He also shares the record for starting every race of the season from the front row (16 in ), with Ayrton Senna in , and Damon Hill in . He is also thus far the most recent Frenchman to win his home Grand Prix. Prost's battles with Ayrton Senna were particularly notable. The rivalry originated in 1988, when Senna joined Prost at the McLaren team. The most notable event during the season between the two occurred during the Portuguese Grand Prix, where Senna tried to block Prost from taking the lead by forcing the

title: 2016 Russian Grand Prix

text: teammate Lewis Hamilton, who was the defending race winner. Nico Rosberg won the race from pole position, ahead of his teammate Lewis Hamilton, with Kimi Räikkönen completing the podium for Ferrari. While Rosberg extended his winning streak to seven consecutive Grands Prix, Sebastian Vettel retired from the race on the first lap, after contact with Red Bull's Daniil Kvyat. With the maximum number of 100 points from the first four races of the season, Rosberg left Russia with a 43-point lead to Hamilton. By securing pole position, winning the race, setting the fastest lap and leading every lap, Nico Rosberg

title: List of Formula One Grand Prix winners

long_answer: Michael Schumacher holds the record for the most Grand Prix victories, having won 91 times. Lewis Hamilton is second with 62 wins and Alain Prost is third with 51 wins. Michael Schumacher holds the distinction of having the longest time between his first win and his last. He won his first Grand Prix in 1992 at the Belgian Grand Prix, and his last in 2006 at the Chinese Grand Prix, a span of 14 years, 1 month and 1 day. Riccardo Patrese holds the record for the longest period of time between two race wins–more than six-and-a-half years between the 1983 South African Grand Prix and the 1990 San Marino Grand Prix. Mario Andretti had to wait the longest time between his maiden victory at the 1971 South African Grand Prix and his second win–coming five years, seven months and 18 days later at the 1976 Japanese Grand Prix. Sebastian Vettel holds the record for the most consecutive wins, having won nine Grands Prix in a row from the 2013 Belgian Grand Prix to the 2013 Brazilian Grand Prix. Max Verstappen is the youngest winner of a Grand Prix; he was 18 years and 227 days old when he won the 2016 Spanish Grand Prix. Luigi Fagioli is the oldest winner of a Formula One Grand Prix; he was 53 years and 22 days old when he won the 1951 French Grand Prix.