question: who sings gimme some lovin in days of thunder

answers: The Spencer Davis Group

answers: Spencer Davis Group

title: Johnny Thunder (singer)

text: reaching no. 67 in late 1965. In 1967, he had another minor hit as part of a duo with Ruby Winters on "Make Love To Me". In 1969, Thunder released his first single for Calla Records, the "raucous" rock song "I'm Alive", featuring "Verbal Expressions of T.V." as its B-side. The song was originally written by Tommy James, who recorded and released his own version later that year with his band the Shondells on their album "Crimson and Clover". Bob Dylan, who had heard Thunder's "I'm Alive" on the radio, was asked by "Rolling Stone"s Jann Wenner that year if

title: Johnny Thunder (singer)

text: version of the traditional children's nursery song "Loop de Loop" (also known as "Looby Lou"), using the name "Johnny Thunder". Vann also advised him to appeal more to the teenage market by claiming he was born in 1941 rather than his actual birth year of 1932. The record, released on the Diamond label, became a big hit, rising to No. 4 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in early 1963; it was covered by Frankie Vaughan in the UK. Johnny Thunder released an album, "Loop De Loop", and several follow-up singles, of which "Everybody Do The Sloopy" was the most successful,

title: The Best of Thunder: Their Finest Hour (And a Bit)

text: Stones song "Gimme Shelter" (originally released on a various artists single of the same name), and the previously unreleased "Once in a Lifetime". A greatest hits album was originally suggested to Thunder by EMI Records, their record label at the time, which the band's vocalist Danny Bowes interpreted as a sign that they were "about to get dropped" by the company. Recalling the situation in the group's 2016 biography "Giving the Game Away: The Thunder Story", Bowes noted that "my first thought was 'That means we're off the label. They're trying to get the money in before they heave us

title: Gimme Some Lovin'

text: differs in several respects from the version subsequently released in the US on the United Artists label, being slower, lacking the 'response' backing vocals in the chorus, some percussion, and the "live-sounding" ambience of the US single. These additional overdubs (which were performed by some of the future members of Traffic), and the 'tweaking' of the recording's speed to create a brighter sound, were the work of producer Jimmy Miller, who remixed the song for its US release. (The US version has more often been used on reissue CDs, even those coming from Europe.) The single features the sound of

title: Days of Thunder

text: Days of Thunder Days of Thunder is a 1990 American sports action drama film released by Paramount Pictures, produced by Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer and directed by Tony Scott. The cast includes Tom Cruise, Nicole Kidman, Robert Duvall, Randy Quaid, Cary Elwes, Caroline Williams, and Michael Rooker. The film also features appearances by real life NASCAR racers, such as Rusty Wallace, Neil Bonnett, and Harry Gant. Commentator Dr. Jerry Punch, of ESPN, has a cameo appearance, as does co-producer Don Simpson. This is the first of three films to star both Cruise and Kidman (the other two being "Far

title: Gimme Gimme Good Lovin'

text: Gimme Gimme Good Lovin' "Gimme Gimme Good Lovin'" is a song written by Joey Levine and Ritchie Cordell and performed by Crazy Elephant. It reached #12 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and on the UK Singles Chart in 1969. The song was featured on their 1969 album, "Crazy Elephant". The single was first released in January 1969 with "Hips and Lips" as the B-side, but it did not become a hit until re-released in March 1969. The song was produced by Joey Levine and Artie Resnick and arranged by Levine. The single ranked #89 on the "Billboard" Year-End Hot 100

title: Gimme Gimme Good Lovin'

text: singles of 1969. Gimme Gimme Good Lovin' "Gimme Gimme Good Lovin'" is a song written by Joey Levine and Ritchie Cordell and performed by Crazy Elephant. It reached #12 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and on the UK Singles Chart in 1969. The song was featured on their 1969 album, "Crazy Elephant". The single was first released in January 1969 with "Hips and Lips" as the B-side, but it did not become a hit until re-released in March 1969. The song was produced by Joey Levine and Artie Resnick and arranged by Levine. The single ranked #89 on the "Billboard"

title: Ritchie Cordell

text: Katz. Cordell co-wrote several hits for the company, notably "Gimme Gimme Good Lovin'" (co-written with Joey Levine and recorded by Crazy Elephant, 1968); and "Indian Giver" (co-written with Bobby Bloom and Bo Gentry, and recorded by the 1910 Fruitgum Co., 1969). In the 1970s he continued to work as a music publisher, songwriter and producer, before finding renewed success in 1981 as the co-producer of Joan Jett and the Blackhearts' version of "I Love Rock 'n' Roll", which reached No. 1 in the US and No. 4 in the UK, and its eponymous album. Cordell also co-produced the Ramones' 1983

title: Days of Thunder (soundtrack)

text: Days of Thunder (soundtrack) Days of Thunder is the soundtrack from the film of the same name, released in 1990 in the U.S. by Geffen Records and internationally by Epic Records. "The Last Note of Freedom" was co-written by Hans Zimmer, Billy Idol and David Coverdale. Maria McKee's "Show Me Heaven" was released as a single alongside the movie. The album is also notable for the inclusion of Guns N' Roses' cover of Bob Dylan's "Knockin' on Heaven's Door", a year before the song was released with a slightly different mix on the 1991 album "Use Your Illusion II". The

title: Days of Thunder (soundtrack)

text: version recorded for the soundtrack featured these spoken word responses in the second verse, which are omitted from the later album recording: "Momma put my guns in the ground (It wasn't their fault)" "I can't shoot them anymore (How were they even supposed to know?)" "That cold black cloud is coming down (All things can be healed in time)" "Feels like I'm knockin' on Heaven's door (What, why do they screw with us?)" The Cher song "Trail of Broken Hearts" was released in the single "Love And Understanding" and belongs to the recording sessions of her 1991 album "Love Hurts".

title: Marty Feier

text: indie band formed in 1985. Revolver's "Scratch & Dent" EP was released by Slinky Records, having been produced by Feier and engineered by Joe Blaney, who had done the same for The Clash's double platinum "Combat Rock". The album featured five original songs and a cover of "Gimme Gimme Good Lovin'", originally released by Crazy Elephant in the late 1960s. An Albany, New York garage rock band with a name inspired by The Munsters television mansion address, 1313 Mockingbird Lane's drummer Steve E. Luv departed and was replaced by Marty Feier. Feier soon added production to his role in the

title: Johnny Thunder (singer)

text: Johnny Thunder (singer) Gil Hamilton (born August 15, 1932), known as Johnny Thunder, is an American R&B and pop singer, whose biggest hit was "Loop De Loop" in 1963. Gil Hamilton was born in Leesburg, Florida, and started singing in church and on street corners when in his teens. Aiming to start a singing career in the late 1950s, he moved to New York City, where he joined a touring version of The Drifters for a few months, and also sang in an Apollo Theater production, "A Blind Man Sings the Blues". He also recorded as a backing singer for

title: Dreamgirls (film)

text: Hudson was required to be rude and come in late both on set and off, and she and Condon went over Effie's lines and scenes throughout the week. Loretta Devine, who played Lorrell in the original Broadway production, has a cameo as a jazz singer who performs the song "I Miss You Old Friend." Another "Dreamgirls" veteran present in the film is Hinton Battle, who was a summer replacement for James "Thunder" Early onstage and here portrays Curtis' aide-de-camp Wayne. Principal photography began January 6, 2006 with the filming of dance footage for the first half of "Steppin' to the

title: Thunder (Jessie J song)

text: Kelly provided additional vocals on the song. "Thunder" was mixed by Phil Tan and assistants Daniela Rivera and Phil Seaford. Eriksen and Hermansen recorded the song's instrumentation, and Tim Blacksmith and Danny D. were assigned as its executive producers. Andrew "McMuffin" Luftman and Scott "Yarmov" Yarmovsky were credited as production coordinators on the song. The song was the last song Jessie and Kelly penned for the "Alive" album. "It got sent over by Stargate and Benny Blanco, and Claude and myself were like, 'Thunder, thunder, thunder'", Jessie later elaborated, "we just started writing and had it finished in about half

title: Ross (1978 album)

text: Givin'" was one of thirteen tracks featured on Almighty Records' tribute/remix album "We Love Diana Ross - The Remix Collection". While alternate versions of most of the recordings contained on the "Ross" album have re-surfaced on a number of Motown/Universal Music compilations over the years, the original album in its original form was eventually re-released on compact disc (SHM CD) in Japan on November 28, 2012. The version of "Lovin', Livin' and Givin'" in the movie "Thank God It's Friday" is almost an instrumental used as a background for dialogue. The different versions of the song are as following: The

title: The Ballad of Thunder Road

text: the moonshine and the mountain boy that day"). Mitchum got the tune for the song from a Norwegian folk-dance ("Gammel Reinlender") song his mother used to sing to him. He also played the bootlegger in the movie. Bluegrass performers Jim & Jesse (McReynolds) brought the song to the national country charts in the fall of 1967. The song in the movie soundtrack itself is a softer, more ballad-like version than the hit single recorded by Mitchum, and was sung by Randy Sparks. The Ballad of Thunder Road "The Ballad of Thunder Road" is a song performed and co-written by actor

title: Johnny Thunder (singer)

text: Dionne Warwick and others, and, as Gil Hamilton, recorded several singles for various small labels. One of his singles recorded in 1962, "Tell Her", written by Bert Berns under the pseudonym Bert Russell, and produced by Berns, was the original version of "Tell Him" which later became an international hit for The Exciters (and in the UK for Billie Davis). Hamilton's 1962 Vee Jay single "Move & Groove" was the original version of Johnny O'Keefe's 1963 Australian hit "Move Baby Move. In 1963, Thunder linked up with songwriter and record producer Teddy Vann, who persuaded him to record a novelty

title: Riders of Destiny

text: singing cowboy—though not Singin' Sandy—at least once, in "Lawless Range", but he was embarrassed during personal appearances when he couldn't accommodate children who clamored for a Singin' Sandy song. Gene Autry was chosen by the studio as Wayne's replacement in the new genre, immediately solving the live singing problem while ushering in a much lighter take on the format than Wayne's grimly intense rendition. Riders of Destiny Riders of Destiny is a 1933 pre-Code Western musical film starring 26-year-old John Wayne as Singin' Sandy Saunders, the screen's second singing cowboy (the first being Ken Maynard in the 1929 film "The

title: Johnny Thunder (singer)

text: was also used in the soundtrack for the 2018 film "American Animals." Since the 1960s, Thunder has continued to tour internationally, and has regularly appeared on luxury cruise ships in the Caribbean and elsewhere. Johnny Thunder (singer) Gil Hamilton (born August 15, 1932), known as Johnny Thunder, is an American R&B and pop singer, whose biggest hit was "Loop De Loop" in 1963. Gil Hamilton was born in Leesburg, Florida, and started singing in church and on street corners when in his teens. Aiming to start a singing career in the late 1950s, he moved to New York City, where

title: Johnny & June

text: turned down in favor of Tom Jones (see also the 'Thunderball" film and soundtrack articles). "One Too Many Mornings" is a Bob Dylan song from "The Times They Are a-Changin'". Cash and Dylan would later (unsuccessfully) attempt a duet version of the song for "Nashville Skyline", and Cash would record the song again for "Heroes" with Waylon Jennings. This version features Maybelle Carter playing autoharp. The Carters feature on several songs on the album; June Carter sings lead vocal on three songs and duets on another, and Anita Carter sings on "That's What It's Like to Be Lonesome." Johnny &

title: The Ballad of Thunder Road

text: The Ballad of Thunder Road "The Ballad of Thunder Road" is a song performed and co-written by actor Robert Mitchum in 1957, with music by composer Jack Marshall. It was the theme song of the movie "Thunder Road". The song made the Billboard Hot 100 twice, in 1958 and 1962, and while it never peaked higher than #62, it racked up 21 total weeks in the chart. The song moves ominously between minor and major keys. It tells the tale of "Lucas Doolin" (Robert Mitchum), a bootlegger during the 1950s who would deliver moonshine along local roads at excessive speeds

title: The Blues Brothers (film)

text: which also toured that year to promote the film. "Gimme Some Lovin'" was a Top 20 Billboard hit, peaking at number 18. The album was a followup to their debut, the live album, "Briefcase Full of Blues". Later that year they released a second live album, "Made in America", which featured the Top 40 track, "Who's Making Love". The songs on the soundtrack album are a noticeably different audio mix than in the film, with a prominent baritone saxophone in the horn line (also heard in the film during "Shake a Tail Feather", though no baritone sax is present), and

title: Gimme Some Lovin': Jukebox Vol II

text: and 60s pop standards. The album peaked at number 2 on the ARIA Charts and was certified platinum. "Gimme Some Lovin"' is the follow up to "Jukebox". Promotional videos were released for "Gimme Some Lovin'", "Be My Baby" and "Forgive Me Now" throughout July 2016. Jessica Mule from "Renowned for Sound" gave the album 3 stars out of 5 saying; "Human Nature had a mission. And that mission was to recreate and cover the perfect old school jukebox playlist for the second time round" but at time pondered if she'd heard them do these songs before. Mule complemented on the

title: Johnny Thunder (song)

text: Johnny Thunder (song) "Johnny Thunder" is a song by the English rock band the Kinks. It first appeared on their 1968 album "The Kinks Are the Village Green Preservation Society", and it was written by the Kinks' main songwriter, Ray Davies. In the lyrics of "Johnny Thunder", a rebellious biker named Johnny Thunder can't be reached by anyone in the town, but sweet Helena only blesses him. "He's the local hound - a real swine," Kinks guitarist Dave Davies said of Johnny, "but he's inside at the moment!"<ref name="33 and 1/3"></ref> The Johnny Thunder character returns in The Kinks' "Preservation

title: Days of Thunder (soundtrack)

text: The song "Gimme Some Lovin'" is credited to Terry Reid, but the version in the movie is actually from The Spencer Davis Group.  "Gimme Some Lovin'" also featured on Reid's 1991 solo album, The Driver, along with an alternate version of "The Last Note of Freedom" with different lyrics, titled "The Driver (Part 2)".

title: Some of These Days

text: attempts a lyric soprano rendition of "Some of These Days" in a Klondike café whose regular vocalist (Gilda Gray) upstages McDonald with an earthy performance of the song. "Some of These Days" was also featured in the 1939 release "Only Angels Have Wings" in which Jean Arthur plays the song on the piano in a cantina. Other soundtrack appearances of the song include: Some of These Days "Some of These Days" is a popular song, written and composed by Shelton Brooks, published in 1910, and associated with the performer Sophie Tucker. "Some of These Days" became a signature song for

title: Gimme All Your Lovin'

text: Gimme All Your Lovin' "Gimme All Your Lovin'" is a song by ZZ Top from their 1983 album "Eliminator". It was released as the album's first single in 1983. Initially unsuccessful in the UK upon its August 1983 release, in the wake of the band's American success (the single reached No. 37 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart), it was promptly re-released, and reached No. 10 on the UK Singles Chart. It ties with the band's 1992 cover of Elvis Presley's "Viva Las Vegas" as their highest-charting single in the UK. The song was produced by band manager Bill

title: Dennis Gruenling

text: Estrin and Steve Guyger, plus Rusty Zinn on guitar, to record "I Just Keep Lovin' Him : A Tribute to Little Walter" (2008). Gruenling and Guyger were described as "two youthful, white virtuosos" of the harmonica. The album included a cover version of Little Walter's "If You Were Mine", with the vocals supplied by Gruenling's wife, Gina Fox. In putting together a band to support the album, Gruenling turned to the Detroit-based guitarist Doug Deming, which led to them and Deming's backing ensemble, the Jewel Tones, collaborating on various recordings. These included, "Rockin' All Day" (2012), with Gruenling featuring Doug

title: Send Me Some Lovin'

text: a single in February 1957. The song also appeared on his second album in 1958. The song also was recorded by The Crickets for their 1957 debut album, The "Chirping" Crickets, and by various other artists including Sam Cooke, Brenda Lee, Dean Martin, James Booker, Stevie Wonder, Hank Williams Jr., Otis Redding, Gene Vincent, and John Lennon. Send Me Some Lovin' "Send Me Some Lovin'" is a 1957 rock and roll standard recorded by Little Richard. John S. Marascalso co-wrote "Send Me Some Lovin'" with Leo Price. Little Richard recorded the song October 16, 1956, at J&M Music Shop in

title: Days Are Mighty

text: accessible to virtually anyone, and is so precise in a musical sense that it is poetic and spacious without having to venture to reach very far." Twangville said "Overall Jeb Loy Nichols has given us a group of songs on "Days are Mighty" that provide an impactful musical and emotional milieu." Days Are Mighty Days Are Mighty is the fifth album by American-born singer-songwriter Jeb Loy Nichols, released in 2007 on the Tuition record label in the UK and the Compass record label in the US. The US release also included a limited edition 2-CD set in which the second

title: Days of Thunder (soundtrack)


question: how many languages in harry potter translated into

answers: over 74

answers: over 74 languages

title: Harry Potter in translation

text: plus the original English. The number of authorized translations is not equal to the number of languages because there have been multiple authorized translations into the same language. Specifically, there have been two separate translations into each of: Mandarin Chinese, Mongolian, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian and Turkish (6 languages). English is often included in the list of translations even though technically it should not be. Thus: 82 − 1 English − 6 double-translations = 75. It is also worthwhile to emphasize that not all seven books have been translated into these 75 languages. The 82 total does not include other linguistically

title: Harry Potter in translation

text: has been translated into two dialects of the same language in two countries (for example, separate Portuguese versions for Brazil and for Portugal). The original British English versions of the book were published in the United Kingdom by Bloomsbury. There is no complete official list of authorised translations currently available. Editions exist in the following languages (including the original): The impatience of the international Harry Potter fan community for translations of the books has led to the proliferation of unauthorised or pirate translations that are often hastily translated and posted on the internet chapter-by-chapter, or printed by small presses and

title: Harry Potter in translation

text: as can be determined (as of 2018), The Philosopher's Stone has been officially translated from the original English into 75 other languages, the most recent being Hawaiian, in August 2018, preceded by Scots, which was released on 23 November 2017. Both Bloomsbury's and J.K. Rowling's sites have recently stated that the books have been translated into 79 languages (their count would now likely be 82 with the subsequent 2018 release of Hawaiian, the 2017 release of Scots and a new Mongolian translation); however, it has been argued that number actually represents the number of authorized translations (of The Philosopher's Stone)

title: Harry Potter in translation

text: interesting language editions: there have been many regional adaptations of the books to accommodate regional dialects, for example the American English edition or the Valencian adaptation of Catalan. There have been transliterations of translations into different scripts (English Braille, Serbian Cyrillic), there have been major revisions of the Spanish and Italian translations and there have been any number of unauthorized translations. The government of Kazakhstan has ordered a Kazakh translation of the Harry Potter novels to be made and the Government of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan have also ordered a Tajik, Uzbek and Kyrgyz translation. Thus far translations into these

title: Harry Potter in translation

text: English edition or the Valencian adaptation of Catalan. For reasons of secrecy, translations were only allowed to begin after each book had been published in English, creating a lag of several months for readers of other languages. Impatient fans in many places simply bought the book in English instead. In France in 2003 the fifth book, "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix", became the first book in English to top the French best-seller list. Another response to this, and unavailability in certain languages, has been fans creating their own translations unofficially. Interesting issues arising in the translation of

title: Harry Potter in translation

text: respectively that are authorised by J. K. Rowling. In Iran, several unauthorised translations of the Harry Potter books exist side by side. According to one source, there may be as many as 16 Persian translations in existence concurrently. Iran is not a member of the Universal Copyright Convention, so publishers are not prosecuted for publishing foreign books without respecting copyright or paying royalties. A team consisting of seven Esperantist volunteers completed the translation of "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" into Esperanto (under the title "Hari Poter kaj la ŝtono de la saĝuloj") in 2004. Rowling's representatives did not respond

title: Harry Potter in translation

text: translations and fake versions of the books to appear in many countries. The high profile and demand for a high-quality local translation means that a great deal of care is often taken in the task. In some countries, such as Italy, the first book was revised by the publishers and issued in an updated edition in response to readers who complained about the quality of the first translation. In countries such as China and Portugal, the translation is conducted by a group of translators working together to save time. Some of the translators hired to work on the books were

title: Harry Potter in translation

text: translators. One rhyme, a riddle told by a sphinx in "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire", posed a particular problem. The riddle involves taking words from a poem and using them to form a longer word, "spider," in answer to the riddle. In the Taiwanese translation, the English words are simply put in parentheses. In other translations, the riddle is changed to provide different words that can be put together to make up the translated version of "spider". Some acronyms also proved difficult; the abbreviations "O.W.L.s" (Ordinary Wizarding Levels) and "N.E.W.T.s" (Nastily Exhausting Wizarding Tests) needed to be translated

title: Harry Potter

text: Welsh, Afrikaans, Albanian, Latvian, Vietnamese and Hawaiian. The first volume has been translated into Latin and even Ancient Greek, making it the longest published work in Ancient Greek since the novels of Heliodorus of Emesa in the 3rd century AD. The second volume has also been translated into Latin. Some of the translators hired to work on the books were well-known authors before their work on "Harry Potter", such as Viktor Golyshev, who oversaw the Russian translation of the series' fifth book. The Turkish translation of books two to seven was undertaken by Sevin Okyay, a popular literary critic and

title: Harry Potter in translation

text: to translate the Harry Potter books into German more rapidly. The German publisher of the Harry Potter books, Carlsen Verlag, filed a cease and desist against the fan translators; they complied, taking down the translations. In some countries, when there were no authorised translations into the local language, translations not sanctioned by J. K. Rowling were prepared and published. Such was the case, for example, in Sri Lanka, where the books have been unofficially translated into Sinhala and possibly into Tamil. However, there have been more recent translations into both Sinhala and Tamil published by Sarasavi Bookshop and Manjul Press

title: Harry Potter in translation

text: languages have not appeared. Some translations, such as those to the dead Latin and Ancient Greek languages, were done as academic exercises, to stimulate interest in the languages and to provide students of those languages with modern reading texts. The Ancient Greek version, according to the translator, is the longest text written in Ancient Greek since the novels of Heliodorus of Emesa in the 3rd century AD, and took about a year to complete. Note that in some countries, such as Spain and India, the book has been translated into several local languages (see section on publishers); sometimes the book

title: Harry Potter

text: cultural commentator. For reasons of secrecy, translation on a given book could only start after it had been released in English, leading to a lag of several months before the translations were available. This led to more and more copies of the English editions being sold to impatient fans in non-English speaking countries; for example, such was the clamour to read the fifth book that its English language edition became the first English-language book ever to top the best-seller list in France. The United States editions were adapted into American English to make them more understandable to a young American

title: Harry Potter in translation

text: to offers from Esperanto-USA to make the translation available for publication. An on-line petition aimed at raising interest in the Esperanto translation has obtained support from approximately 800 individuals. Agents representing J. K. Rowling have stated in the past that they cannot and do not intend to prevent individuals from translating Rowling's books for their own personal enjoyment, as long as the results are not made available to the general public. Whereas "pirate translations" are unauthorised translations of true Harry Potter books, "fake translations" have also appeared, which are published pastiches or fanfics that a foreign publisher has tried to

title: Harry Potter in translation

text: had to be given careful consideration. The character Rubeus Hagrid's West Country dialect, for example, needed to be rendered in other languages to reflect the fact that he speaks with an accent and uses particular types of slang. In the Japanese translation, he speaks in the Tōhoku dialect, which to a Japanese reader conveys a similar provincial feel. The same was done in Ukrainian translation where Hagrid speaks Western Ukrainian dialect. For the Hebrew translation, some of the Christian references were changed, because Israelis have less familiarity with cultural Christianity than readers elsewhere: a scene in which Sirius Black sings

title: Harry Potter in translation

text: adaptation of Catalan). It is worth noting that some translations were completed when adaptations possibly would have been sufficient; for example, any of the Serbian, Croatian or Bosnian translations could have been adapted for each region; however, the complexities political and linguistic identity in the region probably precluded that choice. The American English adaptations have by far received the most attention. A comprehensive list of differences between the American and British editions of the books is collected at the Harry Potter Lexicon web site. The changes are mostly simple lexical switches to reflect the different dialects and prevent American readers

title: Harry Potter in translation

text: "loaded names" by linguists and translators, meaning that they carry a semantic load, and that their morphology (structure) and phonology (sound) need to be adapted when translating them to a foreign language, for example the house names (Ravenclaw = raven + claw), or Voldemort's name ("flight of death" or "theft of death" in French). These words were translated in different countries using several translation strategies, such as "copying" the names with no attempt to transmit the original English meaning, "transliterating" even if the name lost its original meaning, "replacing" the name with another given name from the target language, or

title: Harry Potter in translation

text: sold illegally. The work may be done by multiple translators to speed the process. Such translations are often poorly written and filled with errors. Cases have occurred in many areas of the world, but China is one of the most common areas of the world for unauthorised translations and pirated editions to be sold. One notable case involved a French 16-year-old who published serialised translations of "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows" online. He was arrested and his site was later shut down; however, the wife of the official translator noted that these works do not necessarily hurt the official

title: Harry Potter in translation

text: difference between two adaptations without careful reading. A translation requires a translator who will be credited for the work—notably, an adaptation will by performed by an editor probably with the assistance of software and the original translator will remain credited as such. The Harry Potter series presents many challenges to translators, such as rhymes, acronyms, dialects, culture, riddles, jokes, invented words, and plot points that revolve around spellings or initials. These have been dealt with by various translators with different degrees of modification to the meaning of the original text. The books carried a number of words that are considered

title: Harry Potter in translation

text: quite well known before their work on Harry Potter, such as Viktor Golyshev, who oversaw the Russian translation of the series' fifth book. Golyshev was previously best known for having translated William Faulkner and George Orwell, and was known to snub the Harry Potter books in interviews and refer to them as inferior literature. The Turkish translation of books two to five was undertaken by Sevin Okyay, a popular literary critic and cultural commentator. Oddly enough, it has been difficult to accurately determine with any degree of certainty exactly how many languages Harry Potter has been translated into. As best

title: Harry Potter in translation

text: translation. Another example occurred in Venezuela in 2003, when an illegal translation of the fifth book, "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix", appeared soon after the release of the English version and five months before the scheduled release of the Spanish translation. The pirate translation was apparently so bad that the translator added messages, including "Here comes something that I'm unable to translate, sorry," and "I'm sorry, I didn't understand what that meant" in some sections. Two people were arrested in connection with the pirated version. Another case involved the internet fan translation community, "Harry auf Deutsch", formed

title: Harry Potter in translation

text: I wanted to make sure that an American kid reading the book would have the same literary experience that a British kid would have." The same article, however, points out that some British dialect was retained in the books, and in some cases certain phrases were replaced with more stereotypical British phrases, such as "spanking good" for "cracking." Regional adaptations have sometimes—incorrectly—been referred to as "translations" (as in the quote above); however, the changes in the text of an adaptation do not nearly encompass the scope of a translation. A native speaker generally would not be able to tell the

title: Harry Potter in translation

text: months before the translations were made available. This necessary delay has boosted the sales of English language editions of the books to impatient fans, in countries where English is not the first language. Such was the clamour to read the fifth book that its English edition became the first English-language book ever to top the bookseller list in France. In Italy, impatient Potter fans organised "Operation Feather", deluging the publisher Salani with feathers (reminiscent of Hogwarts' messenger owls) to demand expedited publication for the Italian translation of the seventh and final book in the series. This has also caused unauthorised

title: Harry Potter in translation

text: "Harry Potter" include cultural references, riddles, anticipating future plot points, and Rowling's creative names for characters and other elements in the magical world which often involve wordplay and descriptive phonology. For an authorised translation, the publisher must first negotiate and sign a contract with the author's agents, The Blair Partnership. A list of authorised publishers can be read on J. K. Rowling’s website. The publishers select translators locally. Translators were not granted access to the books before their official release date in English; hence, translation could start only after the English editions had been published, creating a lag of several

title: Harry Potter in translation

text: (أنا لورد فولدمورت). These changes to the name created problems in later books however; in the English edition, a line of dialogue mentions that Tom Riddle shares his given name with the bartender of the Leaky Cauldron, and this becomes a plot point. However, this is not the case in all translations. Rowling invented a great number of words and phrases for the books such as spells, incantations, magical words, items, and place names. Many of these words involve wordplay, rhyming, and historical references that are difficult to translate. A large number of spells are drawn from or inspired by

title: Harry Potter in translation

title: Harry Potter in translation

text: "translating" the name using native words that conveyed the same meaning. For example, in the Russian first book the transliterating strategy was used for some names because the "th" sound does not exist in Russian, so "Slytherin" was transliterated as "Slizerin". The translator of the second book chose the translating strategy instead, and she renamed the houses, "Hufflepuff" becoming "Puffendui" and "Ravenclaw" becoming "Kogtevran" (from the Russian word for claw, "kogot'"). Many of the nuances of British culture and language will be unfamiliar to international readers. Such things require careful and creative translating. Nonstandard English present in the book also

title: Harry Potter in translation

text: Latin, and have a certain resonance with English speakers due to its relatively large proportion of Latinate-derived vocabulary. For example, "priori incantatem" (a spell which causes the last spells performed by a wand to be reproduced in reverse order) would be familiar to many English-speaking readers as the words "prior" (previous) and "incantation" (spell, charm). To create a similar effect in the Hindi version, the Sanskrit, typical in mantras, has been used for the spells. Some translators have created new words themselves; others have resorted to transliteration. Names that involve wordplay, such as "Knockturn Alley" and "Pensieve" are also difficult

title: Manjul Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

text: Publishings recently also translated Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone in Gujarati, a regional language of India. It was named as "Harry Potter aur Parasmani". Manjul Publishings also translated Harry Potter novels in Marathi, Bengali and Malayalam. In India, most children, especially those that live in cities and large towns, are quite familiar with Harry Potter and most of them buy the English Bloomsbury; but not all children can read international style English, and some knew the character only through movies dubbed into Hindi.They want to read this magical book in Hindi language. To reach these children, Manjul Publications published

title: Harry Potter in translation

text: publication of Rowling's "Deathly Hallows" had inspired "a surge of peculiarly Chinese imitations," and included plot synopses and excerpts from a number of derivative works, among them "Harry Potter and the Chinese Overseas Students at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry" and "Harry Potter and the Big Funnel". It is a common practice within the publishing industry to make minor changes in the text of books written in one region for publication in other regions. For example, there are a number of differences in American and UK English spelling conventions; generally publishers change the spellings to conform to the

title: Harry Potter in translation

text: from stumbling over unfamiliar Briticisms. Although it is common to adapt "any" text from British to American editions, in the case of the Harry Potter books, this standard practice has drawn criticism from readers who feel that the British English adds flavour to the series. Rowling herself expressed regret after changing the first book's title, as the Philosopher's Stone is a legendary alchemical substance. In an Associated Press interview, Rowling described how the alterations to the American editions came about: Rowling pretended to bang her head against the sofa in mock frustration. "SO much has been made of that," she

title: Harry Potter in translation

long_answer: The Harry Potter series of fantasy novels by J. K. Rowling is one of the most translated series of all time, with the first book, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, having been translated into over 74 languages. This includes languages diverse as Azerbaijani, Malayalam and Welsh as well as the dead languages Latin and Ancient Greek. This makes it the longest published work in Ancient Greek since the novels of Heliodorus of Emesa in the 3rd century AD. Additionally, regional adaptations of the books have been made to accommodate regional dialects such as the American English edition or the Valencian adaptation of Catalan.

short_answers:
over 74
over 74 languages


question: how many episodes of greys anatomy season 14

answers: 24

answers: 24 episodes

answers: 21

title: Grey's Anatomy (season 14)

text: a 14th season on February 10, 2017. It premiered on September 28, 2017, with a two-hour premiere. Ellen Pompeo announced that she would be directing several episodes in the 14th season. On April 28, 2017, veteran writer Krista Vernoff announced that she would return to the show as a writer after leaving the show after the seventh season. On January 11, 2018, ABC released a six-episode web series following the new surgical interns at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. The web series was written by Barbara Kaye Friend and directed by series regular Sarah Drew. The number in the "No. overall"

title: Grey's Anatomy (season 15)

text: new love interest. On December 13, 2018, it was announced that Jennifer Grey had been cast in a mysterious role for a multi episode mid-season arc. The number in the "No. overall" column refers to the episode's number within the overall series, whereas the number in the "No. in season" column refers to the episode's number within this particular season. "U.S. viewers in millions" refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Grey's Anatomy (season 15) The fifteenth season of the American television medical drama "Grey's Anatomy" was ordered on April 20, 2018, by

title: Grey's Anatomy (season 11)

text: instead of the 12 and 12, there will be eight episodes in the fall which will end with a winter finale on November 20, 2014 like the rest of ABC's primetime lineup "TGIT" "Scandal" and "How To Get Away with Murder". The remaining 16 episodes will air after the winter break, beginning on January 29, 2015. Not even a week after the Season 10 finale episode aired, the "Grey's Anatomy" team of writers began collaborating on ideas for Season 11 storylines. Shonda Rhimes tweeted that they were hard at work in the writing room, but would have the month of

title: Grey's Anatomy

text: The cast has undergone major changes through the series' run, with many members leaving and being replaced by others. In its fifteenth season, the show has a large ensemble of eleven actors, including four characters from the original cast (Meredith Grey, Alex Karev, Miranda Bailey, and Richard Webber). "Grey's Anatomy" was renewed for a fifteenth season, which premiered on September 27, 2018. The series' success catapulted such long-running cast members as Pompeo, Dempsey, and Oh to worldwide recognition; they were among the top five highest-earning television actors in 2013. While the show's ratings have fallen over the course of its

title: Grey's Anatomy (season 13)

text: Dr. Callie Torres. On June 28, 2015, before the twelfth season had begun airing, it was announced that Jessica Capshaw, whose contract expired after season 11, had renewed her contract for another three seasons as Dr. Arizona Robbins. That meant that her character would be staying on the show through season 13 and season 14. Kevin McKidd had previously said that he was in negotiations to renew his contract after the twelfth season on January 9, 2016. After the season finale, McKidd confirmed that he would be back for the 13th season. Justin Chambers announced on March 11, 2016 that

title: Grey's Anatomy (season 12)

text: a Life", meaning he will not return for the twelfth season as previously thought. ABC put out a statement claiming Dempsey wanted to pursue other interests. On May 2, 2014, the rest of the six original cast mates, Justin Chambers, Chandra Wilson and James Pickens Jr., excluding Sandra Oh, renewed their contracts for another two seasons (11 and 12) as Drs. Alex Karev, Miranda Bailey, and Richard Webber, respectively. Sara Ramirez also renewed her contract for another two seasons as Dr. Callie Torres, which will run out after the twelfth season. However, it was later announced on May 20, 2016

title: Grey's Anatomy (season 13)

text: Away with Murder", which was the same last year. The remaining 15 episodes will air after the winter break beginning airing on January 26, 2017. In an interview with "TV Guide", Kelly McCreary said that the 13th season would be focusing heavily on the characters that have been on the show since the first season; Dr. Meredith Grey, Dr. Alex Karev, Dr. Miranda Bailey and Dr. Richard Webber. McCreary went more into the storyline as she commented that "After such a long period of time and so many new people coming in and out, they remain the foundational characters of

title: Grey's Anatomy (season 10)

text: to the episode's number within this particular season. "U.S. viewers in millions" refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Grey's Anatomy (season 10) The tenth season of the American television medical drama "Grey's Anatomy" premiered on September 26, 2013, with a two-hour special episode in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and it concluded with a "Farewell to Cristina" finale episode "Fear (of the Unknown)" on May 15, 2014. The season was produced by ABC Studios, in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company; the showrunner being

title: Grey's Anatomy (season 10)

text: and painful to a place of real friendship. April Kepner (Sarah Drew) and Jackson Avery (Jesse Williams) elope during Kepner and paramedic Matthew's (Justin Bruening) wedding. Yang takes off to Switzerland for a job offer to take over Preston Burke's (Isaiah Washington) hospital because he wants to step down and move his family. She bids her farewell to her colleagues of the last seven years, including Hunt and dances it out with Meredith one last time to an old favorite song. The season, garnered 12.12 million viewers average viewers and was ranked 15th overall in total viewers which is eleven

title: Grey's Anatomy (season 11)

text: causing problems for him and girlfriend Jo Wilson (Camilla Luddington). The season ended with 11.08 million viewers ranking 36th overall in total viewers. This is much lower than the tenth season, which was ranked 15th. In the 18–49 key demographic, "Grey's Anatomy" ranked 13th down 8 places from the previous season, it is the lowest ranking in the series' history. For the 2014-2015 Primetime TV schedule, it was the no. 5 drama in the 18–49 key demographic. The season was well received among television critics with several praising the writing and performances of the cast, especially lead Ellen Pompeo. In

title: Grey's Anatomy (season 10)

text: Grey's Anatomy (season 10) The tenth season of the American television medical drama "Grey's Anatomy" premiered on September 26, 2013, with a two-hour special episode in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and it concluded with a "Farewell to Cristina" finale episode "Fear (of the Unknown)" on May 15, 2014. The season was produced by ABC Studios, in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes. The season was officially released on DVD as a six-disc boxset under the title of "Grey's Anatomy: The Complete Tenth Season – Live For

title: Time Stops

text: she just happily switches gears and comes to the hospital to help with the onslaught of patients. However, Catherine teeters on the edge of self-sabotage, bossing Richard around by the end of the day. Time Stops "Time Stops" is the 24th episode of the eleventh season of the American television medical drama "Grey's Anatomy", and the 244th episode overall. It aired on May 7, 2015 on ABC in the United States. The episode was written by Meg Marinis and directed by Kevin McKidd. On its initial airing it was watched by 7.74 million viewers. In the episode a fresh batch

title: Grey's Anatomy (season 7)

text: Grey's Anatomy (season 7) The seventh season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, began airing on September 23, 2010 on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and concluded on May 19, 2011 ending the season with a total of 22 episodes. The season was produced by ABC Studios, in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes. The season follows the aftermath of season six shooting, in which Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey), Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) and Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) are shot, and a total of 11 people died. Cristina Yang

title: Grey's Anatomy (season 12)

text: was ranked 21st overall in total viewers which is fifteen spots higher than the previous season. TV critics and analysts noted the renewed interest in viewership with Rich Kissell of "Variety" calling it a 'renaissance.' "Grey's Anatomy" finished the 2015–16 television season as ABC's highest-rated drama in the 18-49 demographics and also ranked among the top five dramas on all of broadcast, averaging a 3.9 rating in the demo, an unprecedented accomplishment for a show in its 12th season. On March 3, 2016, the network renewed "Grey's Anatomy" for a thirteenth season. The season follows the story of surgical residents,

title: Grey's Anatomy (season 7)

text: "No. in season" column refers to the episode's number within this particular season. "U.S. viewers in millions" refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live. The seventh season's episodes are altogether 946 minutes in length. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Grey's Anatomy (season 7) The seventh season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, began airing on September 23, 2010 on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and concluded on May 19, 2011 ending the season with a total of 22 episodes. The season was produced by ABC Studios, in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon

title: Grey's Anatomy (season 13)

text: after previously renewing them at the end of the tenth season of "Grey's Anatomy". Ellen Pompeo and Patrick Dempsey renewed their contracts for another two seasons (seasons 11 and 12) on January 23, 2014, but Dempsey later left the series at the end of the eleventh season. The rest of the six original cast mates, Justin Chambers, Chandra Wilson and James Pickens Jr., excluding Sandra Oh, renewed their contracts on May 26, 2014, as Drs. Alex Karev, Miranda Bailey, and Richard Webber, respectively, for the eleventh and twelfth season. Sara Ramirez also renewed her contract for another two seasons as

title: Grey's Anatomy (season 9)

text: four crash survivors and Torres to purchase the hospital. Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) marries her partner Ben Warren (Jason George), April Kepner (Sarah Drew) returns home to Ohio, but is brought back by Hunt to rejoin the hospital and she restarts her relationship with Jackson Avery (Jesse Williams). The season ended with an average of 12.51 million viewers and ranked no. 26 which was higher than the previous two seasons and in the 18-49 key demographic ranked at no. 10. Ellen Pompeo won the Favorite TV Drama Actress at the 39th People's Choice Awards and the show itself won the

title: Grey's Anatomy (season 11)

text: 6.64 million viewers and a 1.9/7 Nielsen rating/share in the 18–49 demographic. The season finale was the series lowest watched season finale with 8.33 million viewers and 2.2/8 in the 18–49 rating demo. "Grey's Anatomy", in its eleventh season, ranked 36th overall in total viewers (11.08 million). This is much lower than Season 10, which was ranked 15th. In the 18–49 key demographic, "Grey's Anatomy" ranked 13th (the lowest ranking in the series' history). The highest ranking for the 18–49 key demographic was 3rd for Seasons 3, 4, and 5. Last season, "Grey's Anatomy" was ranked 5th. For the 2014-2015

title: Grey's Anatomy (season 12)

text: 2016, that Wilmer Valderrama was cast as Kyle Diaz, a recurring role which he will play in a multi-episode arc. On May 7, 2015, ABC renewed "Grey's Anatomy" for a twelfth season for the 2015-16 television season. ABC president Paul Lee confirmed that the twelfth season would not be the final season, as he said "I would like to see it run for many, many years to come. It is powerful, vibrant brand with incredibly passionate audiences" Debbie Allen was promoted to executive producer for the twelfth season, and directed multiple episodes for the season while still recurring on camera

title: Grey's Anatomy (season 11)

text: Grey's Anatomy (season 11) The eleventh season of the American television medical drama "Grey's Anatomy" premiered on September 25, 2014 in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) and consists of 25 episodes. The season was produced by ABC Studios, in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company; the showrunners being Stacy McKee and William Harper. The season commenced airing with the episode "I Must Have Lost it on the Wind" and concluded with the season finale "You're My Home" airing on May 14, 2015. The season was officially released on DVD as a six-disc

title: Grey's Anatomy (season 11)

text: saying goodbye to our ‘McDreamy.’" "Grey's Anatomy" was renewed for an eleventh season by ABC on May 8, 2014. On May 13, 2014, ABC announced their new schedule, as well as a new timeslot for "Grey's Anatomy". The show remained on Thursday night, but it was moved to 8:00 PM E.T. to make room for ShondaLand Production Company's new TV series, "How to Get Away with Murder". Even though Paul Lee, the president of ABC, moved "Grey's Anatomy" to a new timeslot, he announced at ABC's 2014-15 upfront that the eleventh season would air in the same order as the

title: Grey's Anatomy

text: following the doctors' mishandling of his injuries. The season 12 finale saw the departure of one of the show's longest running characters, Callie Torres, played by Sara Ramirez. Altman returns to Seattle at the beginning of the 14th season while Robbins and Kepner depart at the season's end to pursue other career opportunities. With the drama's setting being a hospital, numerous medical personnel appear regularly on the show, as well as several other recurring characters. Joe (Steven W. Bailey), is first shown as the owner of the Emerald City Bar and Grill, across the street from the hospital, which is

title: Grey's Anatomy (season 14)

text: in the ninth season, following her departure at the conclusion of the previous season. The season marks the last appearance of Martin Henderson, Jason George, Jessica Capshaw, and Sarah Drew as series regulars, as well as the first appearance of Jaina Lee Ortiz as Andy Herrera, the lead character of "Grey's Anatomy"'s second spin-off series, "Station 19". On April 20, 2018, ABC officially renewed "Grey's Anatomy" for a network primetime drama record-tying fifteenth season. The season follows the story of surgical residents, fellows, and attendings as they experience the difficulties of the competitive careers they have chosen. It is set

title: Grey's Anatomy (season 12)

text: special "It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown", the twelfth season had a hiatus on October 29, 2015 following the 250th episode. The remaining fall schedule for ABC was announced on November 16, 2015 where it was announced that "Grey's Anatomy" would air eight episodes in the fall with the fall finale to air on November 19, 2015, just like the rest of ABC's primetime lineup "TGIT" "Scandal" and "How to Get Away with Murder", which was the same last year. The remaining 16 episodes will air after the winter break, beginning on February 11, 2016, and ending on May 19,

title: Grey's Anatomy (season 14)

text: The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy was ordered on February 10, 2017, by American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and premiered on September 28, 2017 with a special two-hour premiere. The season will consist of 24 episodes, with the season's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall.  The season is produced by ABC Studios, in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company; the showrunners being Krista Vernoff and William Harper.

title: Grey's Anatomy (season 10)

text: options picked up for Season 11, meaning that Season 10 would be their last season as regulars on the show. On January 23, 2014, it was announced that Ellen Pompeo and Patrick Dempsey had renewed their contracts for another two seasons, as Meredith Grey and Derek Shepherd respectively, meaning their characters will be staying on the medical drama for seasons 11 and 12. On May 2, 2014, it was announced that the rest of the six original castmates, Justin Chambers, Chandra Wilson, and James Pickens Jr., excluding Sandra Oh, had renewed their contracts for another two seasons (11 and 12).

title: Grey's Anatomy (season 1)

text: on April 26, 2006, almost three months after its original release in the United States, whereas its release date in Region 4 was October 11, 2006. The UK set contained the original fourteen episodes, being released as a three-disc boxset. The season has not been released on Blu-ray disc in any region. The DVD box set is currently no. 899 in Movies and TV on Amazon.com and no. 3452 in Film and TV on Amazon.co.uk. Grey's Anatomy (season 1) The first season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, began airing in the United States on the American Broadcasting

title: Grey's Anatomy (season 11)

text: 2014 that Gaius Charles and Tessa Ferrer did not receive a contract renewal for the eleventh season, and left at the end of the tenth season. Jerrika Hinton and Camilla Luddington however, returned as residents for the eleventh season. On January 23, 2014 it was reported that Ellen Pompeo and Patrick Dempsey had renewed their contracts for another two seasons, as Drs. Meredith Grey and Derek Shepherd, respectively, meaning their characters would be staying on the medical drama for seasons 11 and 12. On May 2, 2014, the rest of the six original cast mates, Justin Chambers, Chandra Wilson and

title: Grey's Anatomy (season 11)

text: choices are, to her resignation when she realizes she has to comfort and motivate the young doctor whose mistakes cost Derek his life." Reviewing the episode "She's Leaving Home", Matt Carter commended on the show's "shocking" longevity and that it "is still in a position where it makes sense." He also praised Pompeo's performance as "great throughout" and "overlooked." Grey's Anatomy (season 11) The eleventh season of the American television medical drama "Grey's Anatomy" premiered on September 25, 2014 in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) and consists of 25 episodes. The season was produced by ABC

title: Grey's Anatomy (season 10)

text: spots higher than ninth season. In the 18-49 key demographic, it ranked 5th and for the 2013-2014 primetime TV schedule, Grey's was the no. 1 drama in the 18-49 key demographic. James Pickens, Jr. and Chandra Wilson were nominated for Outstanding Actor and Outstanding Actress respectively at the 45th NAACP Image Awards. The show also garnered five nominations at the 40th People's Choice Awards. It was announced on May 8, 2014, by ABC that "Grey's Anatomy" would return in the fall of 2014 for Season 11. The season follows the story of surgical interns, residents, fellows, and attendings as they

title: Grey's Anatomy (season 14)


question: the road that connects the tombs is called

answers: "Spirit Way"

title: Tombs of the Kings (Jerusalem)

text: Tombs of the Kings (Jerusalem) The Tombs of the Kings () () are a collection of rock cut tombs in East Jerusalem believed to be the burial site of Queen Helene of Adiabene. The tombs are located 820 meters north of Jerusalem's Old City walls in the Sheikh Jarrah neighborhood () () The grandeur of the site led to the mistaken belief that the tombs had once been the burial place of the kings of Judah, hence the name Tombs of the Kings; but the tombs are now associated with Queen Helena of Adiabene. According to this theory, Queen Helena

title: Royal Wadi and tombs

text: Royal Wadi and tombs The Royal Wadi (known locally as "Wadi Abu Hassah el-Bahari") is a necropolis in Amarna, Egypt. It is the burial place of the Ancient Egyptian royal family of Amarna, which reigned during the 18th dynasty. The cemetery is a local parallel to the Valley of the Kings. There has been a great deal of work to ease access to the Royal Tomb of Akhenaten, and to protect the tombs from damage by flash flooding. The wadi can now be journeyed along on a metalled road, and the tomb is protected by a covering and channels to

title: Valley of the Queens

text: an old trail used by the workmen traveling from Deir el-Medina to the Valley of the Queens. Along this path is a small rock-cut temple dedicated to Ptah and Meretseger. The tombs from this time period are generally simple in form and consist of a chamber and a shaft for burial. Some of the tomb were extended in size to accommodate more than one burial. The tombs include those of several royal princes and princesses, as well as some nobles. A tomb of the Princesses was located in the Valley. This tomb dates to the time of Amenhotep III. The

title: Tombs of the Kings (Jerusalem)

text: chose the site to bury her son Isates and others of her dynasty. The site is just east of the intersection of Nablus Road and Saladin Street. The gate of the property is marked "Tombeau des Rois", French for "Tomb of the Kings". As of May 2016, the Tombs of the Kings cannot normally be visited. As property of the French State, they are used sporadically as a venue for special cultural events organised by the French Consulate, and these are the only opportunity to enter the site. In 1847 the Ottoman governor of Jerusalem started the excavation in the

title: Tombs of the Nobles (Amarna)

text: overlooking the city of Akhetaten, to the north and east of the city. They are split into two groups by a Wadi, and are near one of the Boundary Stelae (Stelae V). At a short distance to the west and north of the Northern Tombs lie the remains of three large mud-brick solar altars in the form of platforms with ramps. The reason for their location is not clear. Their connection with an ancient road leading to the Northern Tombs would seem to be a sign that they were for the benefit of those buried in them. The southern tombs

title: Tombs of the Kings (Jerusalem)

text: wide from west to east. The entrance to the tombs is via this courtyard. The tombs are entered via a rock-cut arch (facade) in the western side. The 28-meter facade was crowned with three pyramids, which no longer exist, and decorated with reliefs of grapes, plexus leaves, acorns and fruit, reflecting the Greek architectural style. The architrave was originally supported by two pillars, fragments of which were found in the excavations. The tombs are arranged on two levels around a central chamber, with four rooms upstairs and three rooms downstairs. The central chamber itself is entered from the courtyard via

title: Tombs of the Kings (Jerusalem)

text: took them back to France. They are exhibited at the Louvre. Although no kings were buried here, one of the sarcophagi bears two Aramaic inscriptions identifying the corpse within as that of "Queen Sadah" ("Tzada Malchata", צדה מלכתה); this is thought to refer to Helena, the Queen of Adiabene. The decorative architecture of the tomb complex is Seleucid, which would fit with this identification. Tombs of the Kings (Jerusalem) The Tombs of the Kings () () are a collection of rock cut tombs in East Jerusalem believed to be the burial site of Queen Helene of Adiabene. The tombs are

title: Kidron Valley

text: travelling between Jerusalem and Bethany. The valley contains the Garden of Gethsemane, where Jesus prayed the night before he was executed. The Akeldma Tombs were discovered in 1989 at theconfluence of the Kidron and Hinnom Valleys, south of Jerusalem's Old City, and were excavated and published by archaeologists Gideon Avni and Zvi Greenhut. In 1989, the Jerusalem Municipality conducted routine development work in the area. Upon widening a narrow street near one of the approaches to the Silwan village, bulldozers uncovered a number of square openings hewn into rock. The Israel Antiquities Authority immediately stopped the road construction. After uncovering

title: Fraser Tombs

text: Fraser Tombs The Fraser Tombs are a necropolis located northeast of Al Minya, Upper Egypt. They sit around south of Tihna el-Gebel village, which was an ancient limestone quarry. The rock-cut sepulchres date to the Fourth and Fifth dynasties of the Old Kingdom. These tombs were first discovered in the fall of 1853 by the German Egyptologist Heinrich Brugsch and first described by the British civil engineer George Willoughby Fraser, whose name was given to these tombs. The tombs belong to a long necropolis of the ancient town of Mer-nefer(et) (also Per-Imen-mAt-chent(j), TA-dehenet, or Akoris). The tomb owners were stewards

title: Valley of the Kings

text: barques of Amun-Re, his consort, Mut, and son, Khonsu, left the temple at Karnak in order to visit the funerary temples of deceased kings on the West Bank and their shrines in the Theban Necropolis. The tombs were constructed and decorated by the workers of the village of Deir el-Medina, located in a small wadi between this valley and the Valley of the Queens, facing Thebes. The workers journeyed to the tombs through various routes over the Theban hills. The daily lives of these workers are quite well known and are recorded in tombs and official documents. Amongst the events

title: Tombs of the kings of Pontus

text: Tombs of the kings of Pontus The Tombs of the kings of Pontus (), located in Amasya, northern Turkey, are rock-carved tombs of different size, forming the royal necropolis of the Pontic kings. The site was added to the tentative list in the cultural category of UNESCO World Heritage Site on April 13, 2014. The royal necropolis is located on the southern hillside of the -high Mount Harşena north of the city Amasya and the river Yeşilırmak. The monumental king tombs are carved in limestone rock formation after Mithridates I (reigned 281–266 BC) established the Kingdom of Pontus and made

title: Tombs of the Kings (Jerusalem)

text: site. The excavation was then followed in 1863 by French archaeologists, was acquired by Pereire brothers, famous bankers of the Second Empire, who gave to France in 1886. The tombs are located underneath a piece of land that has a small stone house on top of it. The house was built and inhabited by Irhimeh (), a Jerusalemite family. The remains recovered from the excavations are on display at the Louvre Museum in Paris. The tomb was described by the Greek geographer Pausanias as the second most beautiful tomb in the world (after the tomb of Mausolus, one of the

title: Tombs of the Kings (Paphos)

text: Tombs of the Kings (Paphos) The Tombs of the Kings ( , ) is a large necropolis lying about two kilometres north of Paphos harbour in Cyprus. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The underground tombs, many of which date back to the 4th century BC, are carved out of solid rock, and are thought to have been the burial sites of Paphitic aristocrats and high officials up to the third century AD (the name comes from the magnificence of the tombs; no kings were in fact buried here). Some of the tombs feature Doric columns and frescoed walls.

title: Tombs of the Nobles (Amarna)

text: Tombs of the Nobles (Amarna) Located in Middle Egypt, the Tombs of the Nobles at Amarna are the burial places of some of the powerful courtiers and persons of the city of Akhetaten. The tombs are in 2 groups, cut into the cliffs and bluffs in the east of the dry bay of Akhetaten. There are 25 major tombs, many of them decorated and with their owners name, some are small and unfinished, others modest and unassuming. Each seems to reflect the personality and patronage of the tomb's original owner. These tombs are located in two groups in the cliffs

title: Minor tombs in the Valley of the Kings

text: is located in the wadi that leads up towards KV34. It was discovered and excavated by Victor Loret in 1898, in 2000-01 it was re-excavated by the Swiss MISR Project. The tomb consists of an unfinished chamber with a central pillar and small side room that is reached by a series of stairwells and corridors. The latter quarried tomb KV47 (tomb of Siptah accidentally collided with the small side room of KV32. The recent clearance of the tomb yielded a canopic chest belonging to queen Tiaa, the wife of Amenhotep II and mother of Thutmose IV, allowing the identification of

title: Royal Wadi and tombs

text: divert water away from its entrance. The angle of the entrance and descent allows sunlight (Aten) to reach all the way down to the burial chamber, however the tomb is unfinished and had it been finished at the time, sunlight would not have been able to reach the chamber. In the wadi itself, there are 5 tombs, the Royal Tomb of Akhenaten, three unfinished tombs in a side wadi, and what seems to be a cache, near to the Royal Tomb. The Royal Tomb (Tomb 26) is the only decorated tomb, and contained the burial of the 18th dynasty Pharaoh

title: TT214

text: TT214 The Theban Tomb TT214 is located in Deir el-Medina, part of the Theban Necropolis, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite to Luxor. TT214 is the burial place of the Ancient Egyptian guardian in the Place of Truth and servitor of Amun of Opet (Luxor) named Khawy, who lived during the 19th dynasty. Khawy lived in Deir el-Medina during the reign of Ramesses II. Khawy's wife was named Taweret, and they had a son named Huy. TT214 consists of a court which opens into a chapel. From the court a set of stairs lead to a passageway with

title: KV17

text: 1960s causing significant changes in the moisture levels in the surrounding rocks. KV17 Tomb KV17, located in Egypt's Valley of the Kings and also known by the names "Belzoni's tomb", "the Tomb of Apis", and "the Tomb of Psammis, son of Nechois", is the tomb of Pharaoh Seti I of the Nineteenth Dynasty. It is one of the best decorated tombs in the valley, but now is almost always closed to the public due to damage. As per November 2017 holders of a 1000 EGP entry ticket or of a Luxor Pass can visit this tomb. It was first discovered

title: Tombs of the Nobles (Amarna)

text: are located in a series of low bluffs south and east of the main city. Associated with these tombs a recently discovered workers cemetery has been found. Some the tombs have obviously been open since antiquity, and have been used variously as burial places in the Ptolemaic times, store houses, houses and as coptic churches. Tombs of the Nobles (Amarna) Located in Middle Egypt, the Tombs of the Nobles at Amarna are the burial places of some of the powerful courtiers and persons of the city of Akhetaten. The tombs are in 2 groups, cut into the cliffs and bluffs

title: Kamid al lawz

text: officials to oversee the southern Levantine kings for the pharaoh. South of the village we find a necropolis or burial place that also dates to this era. Just outside Kamed-El-Loz is a large Umayyad Caliphate-era quarry visible from the road. Rock-cut tombs can be seen here, as well as Aramaic inscriptions. The quarry provided stones for the eighth-century city of Anjar and was worked by Eastern Christians from Iraq who were brought to the Beqaa for this purpose. The archaeological site of Kamid al lawz I (referred to as Kamed Loz I) is located north-east of the village of Kamed

title: Minor tombs in the Valley of the Kings

text: the Twenty-second dynasty. KV21 is located in a side wadi, to the north of KV19. It was discovered by Belzoni in 1817 and has recently been re-cleared by Donald P. Ryan (1989–90). The tomb is undecorated and consists of a stairwell followed by a pair of descending corridors that lead into the burial chamber which as a single central pillar and a small side room. When discovered by Belzoni the tomb was partially blocked by a breached stone wall at the end of the first corridor. Inside the tomb Belzoni found to unwrapped female mummies in the burial chamber and

title: Tomb of Salar and Sangar-al-Gawli

text: base with its trefoil windows give it a slightly Italianate look. Within the Gawaliyya; named used by locals to describe both Tombs, there is a long, vaulted passage that leads to an unknown sheikh's tomb, which is said to have the oldest stone dome in Cairo. The chamber of Sangar on the right is much better preserved than Salar's chamber next to it. The Carved stone screens in the corridor are unique and famous for the Mamluk Era. Tomb of Salar and Sangar-al-Gawli Tomb of Salar and Sangar al-Gawli is located near the Ibn Tulun Mosque along Saliba Street in

title: Tombs of the kings of Pontus

text: Mt. Harşena. The total number of rock-carved royal tombs around the city amounts to 21. The rock tombs are high. Three of the group of five tombs are reached by two separate staircases cut into the rock, and the other two tombs by a tunnel with steps. The grave chambers inside each of the five tombs are accessible only by a ladder due to their high position of the entrance. Three of the tombs have columns in the facade, one tomb with six and the other two tombs have four columns. The other two tombs without columns have rounded tops.

title: Tombs of the Sanhedrin

text: Tombs of the Sanhedrin Tombs of the Sanhedrin (, "Kivrei HaSanhedrin"), also called Tombs of the Judges, is an underground complex of 63 rock-cut tombs located in a public park in the northern Jerusalem neighborhood of Sanhedria. Constructed in the 1st century A.D., the tombs are noted for their elaborate design and symmetry. They have been a site for Jewish pilgrimage since the medieval period. The Tombs of the Sanhedrin have been known by different names among Jews and Christians. In 1235 Rabbi Jacob the Emissary called them the "Tombs of the Righteous", writing that the tombs housed the remains

title: Ming tombs

text: A 7-kilometer (4 mi) road named the "Spirit Way" (pinyin: Shéndào) leads into the complex, lined with statues of guardian animals and officials, with a front gate consisting of a three-arches, painted red, and called the "Great Red Gate".  The Spirit Way, or Sacred Way, starts with a huge stone memorial archway lying at the front of the area. Constructed in 1540, during the Ming dynasty, this archway is one of the biggest stone archways in China today.

title: Qubur Bani Isra'il

text: who would bring their dead back here and bury them inside the structures. Vincent asked the local inhabitants for the name of the site, which he was told is "Qubbur Bene Israin", "Tombs of the Sons of Israel"; and of the largest structure, which they named as "Qaber Um Bene Israin", "Tomb of the Mother of the Sons of Israel". It can be hypothesised from the name "Qaber Um Bene Israin", "Tombs of the Mothers of the Sons of Israel", that this is the tomb of Rachel (see ), or that there is a connection to the death and burial

title: KV17

text: KV17 Tomb KV17, located in Egypt's Valley of the Kings and also known by the names "Belzoni's tomb", "the Tomb of Apis", and "the Tomb of Psammis, son of Nechois", is the tomb of Pharaoh Seti I of the Nineteenth Dynasty. It is one of the best decorated tombs in the valley, but now is almost always closed to the public due to damage. As per November 2017 holders of a 1000 EGP entry ticket or of a Luxor Pass can visit this tomb. It was first discovered by Giovanni Battista Belzoni on 16 October 1817. When he first entered

title: Deir el-Bahari

text: Deir el-Bahari Deir el-Bahari or Dayr al-Bahri ( "al-Dayr al-Baḥrī" "the Monastery of the Sea") is a complex of mortuary temples and tombs located on the west bank of the Nile, opposite the city of Luxor, Egypt. This is a part of the Theban Necropolis. The first monument built at the site was the mortuary temple of Mentuhotep II of the Eleventh Dynasty. It was constructed during the 15th century BCE. During the Eighteenth Dynasty, Amenhotep I and Hatshepsut also built extensively at the site. Mentuhotep II, Eleventh Dynasty king who reunited Egypt at the beginning of the Middle Kingdom,

title: TT23

text: TT23 The Theban Tomb TT23 is located in Sheikh Abd el-Qurna, part of the Theban Necropolis, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite to Luxor. It is the burial place of the Ancient Egyptian official, Tjay or Thay called To who was a royal scribe of the dispatches of the Lord of the Two Lands, during the 19th Dynasty. Thay served during the reign of Merenptah. Thay was the son of the scribe of soldiers Khaemteri and Tamy. Two wives are mentioned in TT23. Thay is shown with a wife named Raya, who was chief of the harem of

title: TT48

text: TT48 The Theban Tomb TT48 is located in El-Khokha, part of the Theban Necropolis, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite to Luxor. TT48 was the burial place of the Ancient Egyptian named Amenemhat called Surer, who was a "Chief Steward, At the head of the King, Overseer of the Cattle of Amun". Amenemhat called Surer dates to the time of Amenhotep III from the middle of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt. He was a son of Ith-taui, who was an overseer of the cattle of Amun and the lady Mut-tuy. The tomb of Amenemhat called Surer consists of

title: Ming tombs


question: who proposed evolution in 1859 as the basis of biological development

answers: Alfred Russel Wallace

answers: Charles Darwin

title: History of zoology since 1859

text: mechanism of inheritance remained a mystery. In the early 20th century, the rediscovery of Mendel's work led to the rapid development of genetics by Thomas Hunt Morgan and his students, and by the 1930s the combination of population genetics and natural selection in the "neo-Darwinian synthesis". The 1859 publication of Darwin's theory in "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life" is often considered the central event in the history of modern zoology. Darwin's established credibility as a naturalist, the sober tone of the work, and most

title: Evolution

text: 1858. Their separate papers were presented together at an 1858 meeting of the Linnean Society of London. At the end of 1859, Darwin's publication of his "abstract" as "On the Origin of Species" explained natural selection in detail and in a way that led to an increasingly wide acceptance of Darwin's concepts of evolution at the expense of alternative theories. Thomas Henry Huxley applied Darwin's ideas to humans, using paleontology and comparative anatomy to provide strong evidence that humans and apes shared a common ancestry. Some were disturbed by this since it implied that humans did not have a special

title: Henry Freke

text: that all life was developed from microscopic organic agents which he named "granules", which existed as 'distinct species of organizing matter' and would develop into different biological structures. Henry Freke Henry Freke (1813-1888) was an Irish physician and early evolutionary writer. Freke proposed an evolutionary theory in 1851 and more fully in a book for 1861. He took a B. A. at Trinity in 1840, his M. B. in 1845 and his M.D. in 1855. He worked as a physician in various hospitals in Dublin and worked at the first Irish lunatic asylum founded by Jonathan Swift. His early writings

title: Natural selection

text: in the Organism") in which he suggested that the development of an organism results from a Darwinian competition between the parts of the embryo, occurring at all levels, from molecules to organs. In recent years, a modern version of this theory has been proposed by . According to this cellular Darwinism, random variation at the molecular level generates diversity in cell types whereas cell interactions impose a characteristic order on the developing embryo. The social implications of the theory of evolution by natural selection also became the source of continuing controversy. Friedrich Engels, a German political philosopher and co-originator of

title: Zoology

text: of animals upon a genealogical basis, fresh investigation of the development of animals, and early attempts to determine their genetic relationships. The end of the 19th century saw the fall of spontaneous generation and the rise of the germ theory of disease, though the mechanism of inheritance remained a mystery. In the early 20th century, the rediscovery of Mendel's work led to the rapid development of genetics, and by the 1930s the combination of population genetics and natural selection in the modern synthesis created evolutionary biology. Cell biology studies the structural and physiological properties of cells, including their behavior, interactions,

title: Charles Darwin

text: breeding. Darwin published his theory of evolution with compelling evidence in his 1859 book "On the Origin of Species", overcoming scientific rejection of earlier concepts of transmutation of species. By the 1870s, the scientific community and a majority of the educated public had accepted evolution as a fact. However, many favoured competing explanations and it was not until the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad consensus developed in which natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution. Darwin's scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the life sciences, explaining the diversity

title: Theistic evolution

text: evidence of design. The comparative anatomist Richard Owen (1804-1892), a prominent figure in the Victorian era scientific establishment, opposed transmutation throughout his life. When formulating homology he adapted idealist philosophy to reconcile natural theology with development, unifying nature as divergence from an underlying form in a process demonstrating design. His conclusion to his "On the Nature of Limbs" of 1849 suggested that divine laws could have controlled the development of life, but he did not expand this idea after objections from his conservative patrons. Others supported the idea of development by law, including the botanist Hewett Watson (1804-1881) and the

title: History of evolutionary thought

text: cybernetics and systems theory, and emphasized the self-organizing processes of development as factors directing the course of evolution. The evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould revived earlier ideas of heterochrony, alterations in the relative rates of developmental processes over the course of evolution, to account for the generation of novel forms, and, with the evolutionary biologist Richard Lewontin, wrote an influential paper in 1979 suggesting that a change in one biological structure, or even a structural novelty, could arise incidentally as an accidental result of selection on another structure, rather than through direct selection for that particular adaptation. They called such

title: Evolutionary developmental biology

text: fossilise poorly. As the gaps in the fossil record had been used as an argument against Darwin's gradualist evolution, de Beer's explanation supported the Darwinian position. However, despite de Beer, the modern synthesis largely ignored embryonic development to explain the form of organisms, since population genetics appeared to be an adequate explanation of how forms evolved. In 1961, Jacques Monod, Jean-Pierre Changeux and François Jacob discovered the lac operon in the bacterium "Escherichia coli". It was a cluster of genes, arranged in a feedback control loop so that its products would only be made when "switched on" by an environmental

title: Introduction to evolution

text: from a few forms, or even from a single common ancestor. He called this process "descent with modification". Darwin published his theory of evolution by natural selection in "On the Origin of Species" in 1859. His theory means that all life, including humanity, is a product of continuing natural processes. The implication that all life on Earth has a common ancestor has met with objections from some religious groups. Their objections are in contrast to the level of support for the theory by more than 99 percent of those within the scientific community today. Natural selection is commonly equated with

title: Darwinism

text: of molecular biology. Though the term usually refers strictly to biological evolution, creationists have appropriated it to refer to the origin of life, and it has even been applied to concepts of cosmic evolution, both of which have no connection to Darwin's work. It is therefore considered the belief and acceptance of Darwin's and of his predecessors' work—in place of other theories, including divine design and extraterrestrial origins. English biologist Thomas Henry Huxley coined the term "Darwinism" in April 1860. It was used to describe evolutionary concepts in general, including earlier concepts published by English philosopher Herbert Spencer. Many of

title: The eclipse of Darwinism

text: Herbert Spencer, the botanist George Henslow (son of Darwin's mentor John Stevens Henslow also a botanist), and Samuel Butler, felt that evolution was an inherently progressive process that natural selection alone was insufficient to explain. Still others, including the American paleontologists Edward Drinker Cope and Alpheus Hyatt, had an idealist perspective and felt that nature, including the development of life, followed orderly patterns that natural selection could not explain. Another factor was the rise of a new faction of biologists at the end of the 19th century, typified by the geneticists Hugo DeVries and Thomas Hunt Morgan, who wanted to

title: Evolution

text: place in the universe. The mechanisms of reproductive heritability and the origin of new traits remained a mystery. Towards this end, Darwin developed his provisional theory of pangenesis. In 1865, Gregor Mendel reported that traits were inherited in a predictable manner through the independent assortment and segregation of elements (later known as genes). Mendel's laws of inheritance eventually supplanted most of Darwin's pangenesis theory. August Weismann made the important distinction between germ cells that give rise to gametes (such as sperm and egg cells) and the somatic cells of the body, demonstrating that heredity passes through the germ line only.

title: History of zoology since 1859

text: over half a century, and a sequel, "Island Life", in 1880 that focused on island biogeography. He extended the six-zone system developed by Philip Sclater for describing the geographical distribution of birds to animals of all kinds. His method of tabulating data on animal groups in geographic zones highlighted the discontinuities; and his appreciation of evolution allowed him to propose rational explanations, which had not been done before. The scientific study of heredity grew rapidly in the wake of Darwin's "Origin of Species" with the work of Francis Galton and the biometricians. The origin of genetics is usually traced to

title: History of paleontology

text: in his advocacy of evolution. Acceptance of evolution occurred rapidly in scientific circles, but acceptance of Darwin's proposed mechanism of natural selection as the driving force behind it was much less universal. In particular some paleontologists such as Edward Drinker Cope and Henry Fairfield Osborn preferred alternatives such as neo-Lamarckism, the inheritance of characteristics acquired during life, and orthogenesis, an innate drive to change in a particular direction, to explain what they perceived as linear trends in evolution. There was also great interest in human evolution. Neanderthal fossils were discovered in 1856, but at the time it was not clear

text: Human evolutionary developmental biology Human evolutionary developmental biology or informally human evo-devo is the human-specific subset of evolutionary developmental biology. Evolutionary developmental biology is the study of the evolution of developmental processes across different organisms. It is utilized within multiple disciplines, primarily evolutionary biology and anthropology. Groundwork for the theory that "evolutionary modifications in primate development might have led to … modern humans" was laid by Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Ernst Haeckel, Louis Bolk, and Adolph Schultz. Evolutionary developmental biology is primarily concerned with the ways in which evolution affects development, and seeks to unravel the causes of evolutionary innovations. The approach

title: Evolutionism

text: to any orderly sequence of events with the outcome somehow contained at the start. The first five editions of Darwin's in "Origin of Species" used the word "evolved", but the word "evolution" was only used in its sixth edition in 1872. By then, Herbert Spencer had developed the concept theory that organisms strive to evolve due to an internal "driving force" (orthogenesis) in 1862. Edward B. Tylor and Lewis H Morgan brought the term "evolution" to anthropology though they tended toward the older pre-Spencerian definition helping to form the concept of unilineal (social) evolution used during the later part of

title: History of zoology since 1859

text: revolutionised the zoological and botanical sciences, by introducing the theory of evolution by natural selection as an explanation for the diversity of all animal and plant life. The subject-matter of this new science, or branch of biological science, had been neglected: it did not form part of the studies of the collector and systematist, nor was it a branch of anatomy, nor of the physiology pursued by medical men, nor again was it included in the field of microscopy and the cell theory. Almost a thousand years before Darwin, the Arab scholar Al-Jahiz (781 – 868) had already developed a

title: History of zoology since 1859

text: Sewall Wright, unified the idea of evolution by natural selection with Mendelian genetics, producing the modern synthesis. The inheritance of acquired characters was rejected, while mutationism gave way as genetic theories matured. In the second half of the century the ideas of population genetics began to be applied in the new discipline of the genetics of behavior, sociobiology, and, especially in humans, evolutionary psychology. In the 1960s W.D. Hamilton and others developed game theory approaches to explain altruism from an evolutionary perspective through kin selection. The possible origin of higher organisms through endosymbiosis, and contrasting approaches to molecular evolution in

title: History of biology

text: been done before. The scientific study of heredity grew rapidly in the wake of Darwin's "Origin of Species" with the work of Francis Galton and the biometricians. The origin of genetics is usually traced to the 1866 work of the monk Gregor Mendel, who would later be credited with the laws of inheritance. However, his work was not recognized as significant until 35 years afterward. In the meantime, a variety of theories of inheritance (based on pangenesis, orthogenesis, or other mechanisms) were debated and investigated vigorously. Embryology and ecology also became central biological fields, especially as linked to evolution and

title: Evolutionary developmental biology

text: when genes are expressed in a new pattern, or when toolkit genes acquire additional functions. Another possibility is the Neo-Lamarckian theory that epigenetic changes are later consolidated at gene level, something that may have been important early in the history of multicellular life. A recapitulation theory of evolutionary development was proposed by Étienne Serres in 1824–26, echoing the 1808 ideas of Johann Friedrich Meckel. They argued that the embryos of 'higher' animals went through or recapitulated a series of stages, each of which resembled an animal lower down the great chain of being. For example, the brain of a human

title: On the Origin of Species

text: Erasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809. Both envisaged that spontaneous generation produced simple forms of life that progressively developed greater complexity, adapting to the environment by inheriting changes in adults caused by use or disuse. This process was later called Lamarckism. Lamarck thought there was an inherent progressive tendency driving organisms continuously towards greater complexity, in parallel but separate lineages with no extinction. Geoffroy contended that embryonic development recapitulated transformations of organisms in past eras when the environment acted on embryos, and that animal

title: History of zoology since 1859

text: the gene-centered view (which held selection as the predominant cause of evolution) and the neutral theory (which made genetic drift a key factor) spawned perennial debates over the proper balance of adaptationism and contingency in evolutionary theory. In the 1970s Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge proposed the theory of punctuated equilibrium which holds that stasis is the most prominent feature of the fossil record, and that most evolutionary changes occur rapidly over relatively short periods of time. In 1980 Luis Alvarez and Walter Alvarez proposed the hypothesis that an impact event was responsible for the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. Also

title: Catholic Church and evolution

text: development of evolutionary theory included those of the Jesuit-educated French scientist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) and of the Augustinian monk Gregor Mendel (1822-1884). Lamarck developed Lamarckism, the first coherent theory of evolution, proposing in "Philosophie Zoologique" (1809) and other works his theory of the transmutation of species. He constructed a genealogical tree to show the genetic connection of organisms. Mendel entered the Brno Augustinian monastery in 1843, but also trained as a scientist at the Olmutz Philosophical Institute and at the University of Vienna. The Brno monastery was a centre of scholarship, with an extensive library and tradition of scientific research.

title: History of evolutionary thought

title: Inception of Darwin's theory

text: implying ideas of progressive improvement and supporting radical demands for democracy. This anatomy had already spread from Paris to the medical schools of Edinburgh, and the new London schools attracted Scots, including Grant. Numerous journals now promoted these radical ideas, including Thomas Wakley's "The Lancet" (started in 1823 with support from William Cobbett and William Lawrence, whose 1819 publication of evolutionary ideas the Crown had prosecuted for blasphemy). In response, the medical establishment gave support to the idealist biology of Joseph Henry Green (1791–1863) and of his younger protégé Richard Owen (1804–1892), based on the vitalism of German "Naturphilosophie" and

title: Evolutionary developmental biology

text: were shown to be correct. In 1917, D'Arcy Thompson wrote a book on the shapes of animals, showing with simple mathematics how small changes to parameters, such as the angles of a gastropod's spiral shell, can radically alter an animal's form, though he preferred mechanical to evolutionary explanation. But for the next century, without molecular evidence, progress stalled. In the so-called modern synthesis of the early 20th century, Ronald Fisher brought together Darwin's theory of evolution, with its insistence on natural selection, heredity, and variation, and Gregor Mendel's laws of genetics into a coherent structure for evolutionary biology. Biologists assumed

title: Max Delbrück

text: well as to more complex organisms. The 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to both scientists in part for this work. To put this work in its historical perspective, Lamarck in 1801 first presented his theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics, which stated that if an organism changes during life in order to adapt to its environment (for example stretches its neck to reach for tall trees), those changes are passed on to its offspring. He also said that evolution happens according to a predetermined plan. Darwin published his theory of evolution in his 1859 book On

text: Timeline of the evolutionary history of life This timeline of the evolutionary history of life represents the current scientific theory outlining the major events during the development of life on planet Earth. In biology, evolution is any change across successive generations in the heritable characteristics of biological populations. Evolutionary processes give rise to diversity at every level of biological organization, from kingdoms to species, and individual organisms and molecules, such as DNA and proteins. The similarities between all present day organisms indicate the presence of a common ancestor from which all known species, living and extinct, have diverged through the

title: Richard Owen

text: Creation" in 1844 (it was revealed only decades later that the book had been authored by publisher Robert Chambers). Owen had been criticized for his own evolutionary remarks in his "Nature of the Limbs" in 1849. At the end of "On the Nature of Limbs" Owen had suggested that humans ultimately evolved from fish as the result of natural laws, which resulted in his being criticized in the "Manchester Spectator" for denying that species such as humans were created by God. During the development of Darwin's theory, his investigation of barnacles showed, in 1849, how their segmentation related to other

title: History of evolutionary thought

long_answer: In 1858 Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace published a new evolutionary theory, explained in detail in Darwin's On the Origin of Species (1859). Unlike Lamarck, Darwin proposed common descent and a branching tree of life, meaning that two very different species could share a common ancestor. Darwin based his theory on the idea of natural selection: it synthesized a broad range of evidence from animal husbandry, biogeography, geology, morphology, and embryology. Debate over Darwin's work led to the rapid acceptance of the general concept of evolution, but the specific mechanism he proposed, natural selection, was not widely accepted until it was revived by developments in biology that occurred during the 1920s through the 1940s. Before that time most biologists regarded other factors as responsible for evolution. Alternatives to natural selection suggested during "the eclipse of Darwinism" (c. 1880 to 1920) included inheritance of acquired characteristics (neo-Lamarckism), an innate drive for change (orthogenesis), and sudden large mutations (saltationism). Mendelian genetics, a series of 19th-century experiments with pea plant variations rediscovered in 1900, was integrated with natural selection by Ronald Fisher, J. B. S. Haldane, and Sewall Wright during the 1910s to 1930s, and resulted in the founding of the new discipline of population genetics. During the 1930s and 1940s population genetics became integrated with other biological fields, resulting in a widely applicable theory of evolution that encompassed much of biology—the modern synthesis.

short_answers:
Alfred Russel Wallace
Charles Darwin