question: when does synapsis of homologous chromosomes occur in mitosis

answers: prophase I of meiosis

answers: during prophase I of meiosis

title: Synapsis

text: by a protein complex along the whole length of the chromosomes called the synaptonemal complex. Sex chromosomes also undergo synapsis; however, the synaptonemal protein complex that holds the homologous chromosomes together is only present at one end of each sex chromosome. This is not to be confused with mitosis. Mitosis also has prophase, but does not ordinarily do pairing of two homologous chromosomes. When the non-sister chromatids intertwine, segments of chromatids with similar sequence may break apart and be exchanged in a process known as genetic recombination or "crossing-over". This exchange produces a chiasma, a region that is shaped like

title: Chromosome segregation

text: the chromosomes initially present is now composed of two copies called chromatids. These chromosomes (paired chromatids) then pair with the homologous chromosome (also paired chromatids) present in the same nucleus (see prophase I in the meiosis diagram). The process of alignment of paired homologous chromosomes is called synapsis (see Synapsis). During synapsis, genetic recombination usually occurs. Some of the recombination events occur by crossing over (involving physical exchange between two chromatids), but most recombination events involve information exchange but not physical exchange between two chromatids (see Synthesis-dependent strand annealing (SDSA)). Following recombination, chromosome segregation occurs as indicated by the stages

title: Prophase

text: aligns corresponding regions of genetic information on maternally and paternally derived non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosome pairs. The paired homologous chromosome bound by the synaptonemal complex are referred to as bivalents or tetrads. Sex (X and Y) chromosomes do not fully synapse because only a small region of the chromosomes are homologous. The nucleolus moves from a central to a peripheral position in the nucleus. The third phase of prophase I, pachytene (from the Greek for “thick”), begins at the completion of synapsis. Chromatin has condensed enough that chromosomes can now be resolved in microscopy. Structures called recombination nodules form

title: Prophase

text: on the synaptonemal complex of bivalents. These recombination nodules facilitate genetic exchange between the non-sister chromatids of the synaptonemal complex in an event known as crossing-over or genetic recombination. Multiple recombination events can occur on each bivalent. In humans, an average of 2-3 events occur on each chromosome. In the fourth phase of prophase I, diplotene (from the Greek for “twofold”), crossing-over is completed. Homologous chromosomes retain a full set of genetic information; however, the homologous chromosomes are now of mixed maternal and paternal descent. Visible junctions called chiasmata hold the homologous chromosomes together at locations where recombination occurred as

title: Meiosis

text: known as "diplonema", from Greek words meaning "two threads", the synaptonemal complex degrades and homologous chromosomes separate from one another a little. The chromosomes themselves uncoil a bit, allowing some transcription of DNA. However, the homologous chromosomes of each bivalent remain tightly bound at chiasmata, the regions where crossing-over occurred. The chiasmata remain on the chromosomes until they are severed at the transition to anaphase I. In human fetal oogenesis, all developing oocytes develop to this stage and are arrested in prophase I before birth. This suspended state is referred to as the "dictyotene stage" or dictyate. It lasts until

title: Homologous chromosome

text: the same in mitosis as they do in meiosis. Prior to every single mitotic division a cell undergoes, the chromosomes in the parent cell replicate themselves. The homologous chromosomes within the cell will ordinarily not pair up and undergo genetic recombination with each other. Instead, the replicants, or sister chromatids, will line up along the metaphase plate and then separate in the same way as meiosis II - by being pulled apart at their centromeres by nuclear mitotic spindles. If any crossing over does occur between sister chromatids during mitosis, it does not produce any new recombinant genotypes. Homologous pairing

title: Homologous chromosome

text: and future research on the subject of homologous chromosome is heavily focused on the roles of various proteins during recombination or during DNA repair. In a recently published article by Pezza et al. the protein known as HOP2 is responsible for both homologous chromosome synapsis as well as double-strand break repair via homologous recombination. The deletion of HOP2 in mice has large repercussions in meiosis. Other current studies focus on specific proteins involved in homologous recombination as well. There is ongoing research concerning the ability of homologous chromosomes to repair double-strand DNA breaks. Researchers are investigating the possibility of exploiting

title: Synapsis

text: appear to be initiation sites for meiotic silencing. In female "Drosophila melanogaster" fruit flies, meiotic chromosome synapsis occurs in the absence of recombination. Thus synapsis in "Drosophila" is independent of meiotic recombination, consistent with the view that synapsis is a precondition required for the initiation of meiotic recombination. Meiotic recombination is also unnecessary for homologous chromosome synapsis in the nematode "Caenorhabditis elegans". Synapsis Synapsis (also called syndesis) is the pairing of two homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis. It allows matching-up of homologous pairs prior to their segregation, and possible chromosomal crossover between them. Synapsis takes place during prophase I

title: Meiosis

text: process of pairing the homologous chromosomes is called synapsis. At this stage, non-sister chromatids may cross-over at points called chiasmata (plural; singular chiasma). Prophase I has historically been divided into a series of substages which are named according to the appearance of chromosomes. The first stage of prophase I is the "leptotene" stage, also known as "leptonema", from Greek words meaning "thin threads".In this stage of prophase I, individual chromosomes—each consisting of two sister chromatids—become "individualized" to form visible strands within the nucleus. The two sister chromatids closely associate and are visually indistinguishable from one another. During leptotene, lateral elements

title: Prophase

text: ovulation. In the first stage of prophase I, lepotene (from the Greek for “delicate”), chromosomes begin to condense. Each chromosome is in a haploid state and consists of two sister chromatids; however, the chromatin of the sister chromatids is not yet condensed enough to be resolvable in microscopy. Homologous regions within homologous chromosome pairs begin to associate with each other. In the second phase of prophase I, zygotene (from the Greek for “conjugation”), all maternally and paternally derived chromosomes have found their homologous partner. The homologous pairs then undergo synapsis, a process by which the synaptonemal complex (a proteinaceous structure)

title: Synaptonemal complex

text: Synaptonemal complex The synaptonemal complex (SC) is a protein structure that forms between homologous chromosomes (two pairs of sister chromatids) during meiosis and is thought to mediate chromosome pairing, synapsis, and recombination. It is now evident that the synaptonemal complex is not required for genetic recombination in some organisms. For instance, in protozoan ciliates such as "Tetrahymena thermophila" and "Paramecium tetraurelia" genetic crossover does not appear to require synaptonemal complex formation. Research has shown that not only does the SC form after genetic recombination but mutant yeast cells unable to assemble a synaptonemal complex can still engage in the exchange

title: Pseudolinkage

text: homologs assume a crosslike configuration in which four chromosomes, rather than the normal two, pair to achieve a maximum of synapsis between similar regions. We denote the chromosomes carrying translocated material with a T and the chromosomes with a normal order of genes with an N. Chromosomes N1 and T1 have homologous centromeres found in wild type on chromosome 1; N2 and T2 have centromeres found in wild type on chromosome 2. During anaphase of meiosis I, the mechanisms that attach the spindle to the chromosomes in this crosslike configuration still usually ensure the disjunction of homologous centromeres, bringing homologous

title: Homologous chromosome

text: separating the homologous chromosomes in meiosis I and then the sister chromatids in meiosis II. The process of meiosis I is generally longer than meiosis II because it takes more time for the chromatin to replicate and for the homologous chromosomes to be properly oriented and segregated by the processes of pairing and synapsis in meiosis I. During meiosis, genetic recombination (by random segregation) and crossing over produces daughter cells that each contain different combinations of maternally and paternally coded genes. This recombination of genes allows for the introduction of new allele pairings and genetic variation. Genetic variation among organisms

title: Synaptonemal complex

text: in individuals carrying chromosomal abnormalities, either in number or in the chromosomal structure. The sex chromosomes in male mammals show only "partial synapsis" as they usually form only a short SC in the XY pair. The SC shows very little structural variability among eukaryotic organisms despite some significant protein differences. In many organisms the SC carries one or several "recombination nodules" associated to its central space. These nodules are thought to correspond to mature genetic recombination events or "crossovers". In male mice, gamma irradiation increases meiotic crossovers in SCs. This indicates that exogenously caused DNA damages are likely repaired by

title: Meiosis

text: of homology. Sex chromosomes, however, are not wholly identical, and only exchange information over a small region of homology. At the sites where exchange happens, chiasmata form. The exchange of information between the non-sister chromatids results in a recombination of information; each chromosome has the complete set of information it had before, and there are no gaps formed as a result of the process. Because the chromosomes cannot be distinguished in the synaptonemal complex, the actual act of crossing over is not perceivable through the microscope, and chiasmata are not visible until the next stage. During the "diplotene" stage, also

title: Synapsis

text: the purging of the detrimental. Following synapsis, a type of recombination referred to as synthesis dependent strand annealing (SDSA) occurs frequently. SDSA recombination involves information exchange between paired non-sister homologous chromatids, but not physical exchange. SDSA recombination does not cause crossing-over. Both the non-crossover and crossover types of recombination function as processes for repairing DNA damage, particularly double-strand breaks (see Genetic recombination). The central function of synapsis is therefore the identification of homologues by pairing, an essential step for a successful meiosis. The processes of DNA repair and chiasma formation that take place following synapsis have consequences at many levels,

title: Homologous chromosome

text: crossing over occurs and throughout the process of chromosomal segregation during meiosis. Both the non-crossover and crossover types of recombination function as processes for repairing DNA damage, particularly double-strand breaks. At the diplotene stage of prophase I the synaptonemal complex disassembles before which will allow the homologous chromosomes to separate, while the sister chromatids stay associated by their centromeres. In metaphase I of meiosis I, the pairs of homologous chromosomes, also known as bivalents or tetrads, line up in a random order along the metaphase plate. The random orientation is another way for cells to introduce genetic variation. Meiotic spindles

title: Parasexual cycle

text: homologous chromosomes break and rejoin, leading to chromosomes that are hybrids of the parental types. It can also occur during mitosis but at a much lower frequency because the chromosomes do not pair in a regular arrangement. Nevertheless, the result will be the same when it does occur—the recombination of genes. Occasionally, nondisjunction of chromosomes occurs during division of a diploid nucleus, so that one of the daughter nuclei has one chromosome too many (2n+1) and the other has one chromosome too few (2n–1). Such nuclei with incomplete multiples of the haploid number are termed "aneuploid", as they do not

title: Homologous chromosome

text: If this uneven division occurs in meiosis I, then none of the daughter cells will have proper chromosomal distribution and severe effects can ensue, including Down’s syndrome. Unequal division can also occur during the second meiotic division. Nondisjunction which occurs at this stage can result in normal daughter cells and deformed cells. While the main function of homologous chromosomes is their use in nuclear division, they are also used in repairing double-strand breaks of DNA. These double-stranded breaks may occur in replicating DNA and are most often the result of interaction of DNA with naturally occurring damaging molecules such as

title: MSH4

text: of pairing and synapsis of homologous chromosomes. In an "MSH4" mutant of rice, chiasma frequency was dramatically decreased to about 10% of the wild-type frequency, although the synaptonemal complex was normally installed. It is likely that MSH4 interacts with MSH5 to promote the majority of crossovers during rice meiosis. In general it appears that MSH4 acts during meiosis to direct the recombinational repair of some DNA double-strand breaks towards the crossover option rather than the non-cross over option (see Homologous recombination). MSH4 has been shown to interact with MLH1, MSH5 and MLH3. MSH4 MutS protein homolog 4 is a protein

title: Homologous chromosome

text: emanating from opposite spindle poles attach to each of the homologs (each pair of sister chromatids) at the kinetochore. In anaphase I of meiosis I the homologous chromosomes are pulled apart from each other. The homologs are cleaved by the enzyme separase to release the cohesin that held the homologous chromosome arms together. This allows the chiasmata to release and the homologs to move to opposite poles of the cell. The homologous chromosomes are now randomly segregated into two daughter cells that will undergo meiosis II to produce four haploid daughter germ cells. After the tetrads of homologous chromosomes are

title: Endoreduplication

text: of the adult female salamander. Synapsis and recombination during meiotic prophase I in these unisexual females is thought to ordinarily occur between identical sister chromosomes and occasionally between homologous chromosomes. Thus little, if any, genetic variation is produced. Recombination between homeologous chromosomes occurs rarely, if at all. Since production of genetic variation is weak, at best, it is unlikely to provide a benefit sufficient to account for the maintenance of meiosis for millions of years. Perhaps the efficient recombinational repair of DNA damages at each generation provided by meiosis has been a sufficient advantage to maintain meiosis. Endoreduplication Endoreduplication (also

title: Homologous chromosome

text: separated in meiosis I, the sister chromatids from each pair are separated. The two haploid(because the chromosome no. has reduced to half. Earlier two sets of chromosomes were present, but now each set exists in two different daughter cells that have arisen from the single diploid parent cell by meiosis I) daughter cells resulting from meiosis I undergo another cell division in meiosis II but without another round of chromosomal replication. The sister chromatids in the two daughter cells are pulled apart during anaphase II by nuclear spindle fibers, resulting in four haploid daughter cells. Homologous chromosomes do not function

title: Synapsis

text: an X, where the two chromosomes are physically joined. At least one chiasma per chromosome often appears to be necessary to stabilise bivalents along the metaphase plate during separation. The crossover of genetic material also provides a possible defence against 'chromosome killer' mechanisms, by removing the distinction between 'self' and 'non-self' through which such a mechanism could operate. A further consequence of recombinant synapsis is to increase genetic variability within the offspring. Repeated recombination also has the general effect of allowing genes to move independently of each other through the generations, allowing for the independent concentration of beneficial genes and

title: Synapsis

title: Homologous chromosome

text: their allelic forms since one was inherited from the mother and one from the father. So humans have two homologous chromosome sets in each cell, meaning humans are diploid organisms. Homologous chromosomes are important in the processes of meiosis and mitosis. They allow for the recombination and random segregation of genetic material from the mother and father into new cells. Meiosis is a round of two cell divisions that results in four haploid daughter cells that each contain half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. It reduces the chromosome number in a germ cell by half by first

title: Homologous chromosome

text: and histone proteins, which form a complex called chromatin. Homologous chromosomes are made up of chromosome pairs of approximately the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern, for genes with the same corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's mother; the other is inherited from the organism's father. After mitosis occurs within the daughter cells, they have the correct number of genes which are a mix of the two parents' genes. In diploid (2n) organisms, the genome is composed of one set of each homologous chromosome pair, as compared to tetraploid organisms which may have two sets

title: Origin and function of meiosis

text: of eukaryotes during which meiosis and accompanying sexual capability did not yet exist. In addition, as noted by Wilkins and Holliday, there are four novel steps needed in meiosis that are not present in mitosis. These are: (1) pairing of homologous chromosomes, (2) extensive recombination between homologs; (3) suppression of sister chromatid separation in the first meiotic division; and (4) avoiding chromosome replication during the second meiotic division. Although the introduction of these steps seems to be complicated, Wilkins and Holliday argue that only one new step, homolog synapsis, that was particularly initiated in the evolution of meiosis from mitosis.

title: Chromosome

text: a linearly organized longitudinally compressed array of consecutive chromatin loops. During mitosis, microtubules grow from centrosomes located at opposite ends of the cell and also attach to the centromere at specialized structures called kinetochores, one of which is present on each sister chromatid. A special DNA base sequence in the region of the kinetochores provides, along with special proteins, longer-lasting attachment in this region. The microtubules then pull the chromatids apart toward the centrosomes, so that each daughter cell inherits one set of chromatids. Once the cells have divided, the chromatids are uncoiled and DNA can again be transcribed. In

title: Nondisjunction

text: the centromere. In the anaphase of mitosis, sister chromatids separate and migrate to opposite cell poles before the cell divides. Nondisjunction during mitosis leads to one daughter receiving both sister chromatids of the affected chromosome while the other gets none. This is known as a chromatin bridge or an anaphase bridge. Mitotic nondisjunction results in somatic mosaicism, since only daughter cells originating from the cell where the nondisjunction event has occurred will have an abnormal number of chromosomes. Nondisjunction during mitosis can contribute to the development of some forms of cancer, e.g. retinoblastoma (see below). Chromosome nondisjunction in mitosis can

title: Synapsis

long_answer: Synapsis (also called syndesis) is the pairing of two homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis. It allows matching-up of homologous pairs prior to their segregation, and possible chromosomal crossover between them. Synapsis takes place during prophase I of meiosis. When homologous chromosomes synapse, their ends are first attached to the nuclear envelope. These end-membrane complexes then migrate, assisted by the extranuclear cytoskeleton, until matching ends have been paired. Then the intervening regions of the chromosome are brought together, and may be connected by a protein-RNA complex called the synaptonemal complex. Autosomes undergo synapsis during meiosis, and are held together by a protein complex along the whole length of the chromosomes called the synaptonemal complex. Sex chromosomes also undergo synapsis; however, the synaptonemal protein complex that holds the homologous chromosomes together is only present at one end of each sex chromosome.

short_answers:
during prophase I of meiosis
prophase I of meiosis


question: when did the age of new media began

answers: the 1980s

title: New Media Age

text: New Media Age New Media Age (NMA) was a weekly news magazine, covering business is use of interactive media in the UK is now Econsultancy. New Media Age is owned by Centaur Media plc. It was launched as a newsletter in May 1995 under editor Phil Dwyer with reporters Nick Jones and Catherine Stewart. They worked together in Centaur's newsletter's division and conceived the idea in 1994 Once considered title for the publication was InfoBahn. They were joined by freelancer Julianna Koranteng. They were joined by Mike Butcher in 1996, who subsequently became Deputy Editor under Dwyer. In 1998, Mike

title: Old media

text: Old media Old media (also legacy media) are the mass media institutions that predominated prior to the Information Age; particularly print media, film studios, music studios, advertising agencies, radio broadcasting, and television. Old media institutions are centralized and communicate with one-way technologies to a (generally anonymous) mass audience. New media computer technologies are interactive and comparatively decentralized; they enable people to telecommunicate with one another. The defining telecommunications network of the Information Age is the Internet. The advent of New Communication Technology (NCT) has brought forth a set of opportunities and challenges for conventional media. The presence of new media

title: SIGNIS

text: of the first real digital camera in 1988 changed a lot – even more when photoshop shortly after came into being. A year later the World Wide Web was invented and soon became accessible for the general public. Around 1995, internet and the digital sound and images in all media and communications were introduced. Quickly mass culture became digital. In 1997 the first social networking website SixDegrees.com was launched. Nine years later Facebook entered the world. Social media became definitely part of the digital world and often attracts all the attention of the user day and night. The digital evolution

title: Technological convergence

text: when the dot-com bubble of the 1990s suddenly popped, that poured cold water over the talk of such a digital revolution. In today's society, the idea of media convergence has once again emerged as a key point of reference as newer as well as established media companies attempt to visualize the future of the entertainment industry. If this revolutionary digital paradigm shift presumed that old media would be increasingly replaced by new media, the convergence paradigm that is currently emerging suggests that new and old media would interact in more complex ways than previously predicted. The paradigm shift that followed

title: Media consumption

text: the era of the introduction of motion pictures, to the age of social networks and the internet. Media is the sum of information and entertainment media taken in by an individual or group. The first source of media was solely word of mouth. When written language was established, scrolls were passed, but mass communication was never an option. It wasn't until the printing press that media could be consumed on a high level. Johannes Gutenberg, a goldsmith and businessman from the mining town of Mainz in southern Germany printing press. His technology allowed books, newspapers, and flyers to be printed

title: Mass media and American politics

text: transformed itself into a niche service. It developed an important political dimension based on Talk radio. Television survived with a much reduced audience, but remained the number one advertising medium for election campaigns. Newspapers were in desperate trouble; most afternoon papers closed, and most morning papers barely survived, as the Internet undermined both their advertising and their news reporting. The new social media, such as Facebook and Twitter, made use first of the personal computer and the Internet, and after 2010 of the smart phones to connect hundreds of millions of people, especially those under age 35. By 2008, politicians

title: Media consumption

text: a small hole or lens from outside, and projected onto a surface or screen, creating a moving image. This new medium had a very small effect on society compared to the old ones. The development of photography in the middle 19th century made those images permanent, greatly reducing the cost of pictures. By the end of the century millions of consumers were seeing new, professionally-made photographs every day. In the 1860s mechanisms such as the zoetrope, mutoscope and praxinoscope that produced two-dimensional drawings in motion were created. They were displayed in public halls for people to observe. These new media

title: Henry Jenkins

text: The key work in Jenkins' development of this argument was his 2006 book "Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide". As described in this book, convergence culture arises from digital era post-broadcast media landscape where audiences are fragmented by the proliferation of channels and platforms while media users are more empowered than ever before to participate and collaborate - across various channels and platforms - in content creation and dissemination through their access to online networks and digital interactivity. To help apply the insights of the convergence culture paradigm to industry, he founded the Convergence Culture Consortium - later

title: Media consumption

text: the television, but Marvin Middlemark invented "rabbit ears" in 1930, which allowed for televisions to be a commercial product. The television has by far been the most influential consumed media, and allowed news to spread on a visual level. In 1976, Apple created the first consumer computer. The computer was the start of mass written communication using email. Apple continues to be a leading company in computer use. In 1998, the first ever social media site SixDegrees.com was created by Andrew Weinreich. It enabled users to upload a profile and make friends with other users. Shortly later in 1999, Friends

title: New media art

text: telecommunications, mass media and digital electronic modes of delivering the artworks involve, with practices ranging from conceptual to virtual art, performance to installation. The origins of new media art can be traced to the moving photographic inventions of the late 19th century such as the zoetrope (1834), the praxinoscope (1877) and Eadweard Muybridge's zoopraxiscope (1879). From the 1920s through the 1950s, various forms of kinetic and light art, from Thomas Wilfred's 'Lumia' (1919) and 'Clavilux' light organs to Jean Tinguely's self-destructing sculpture 'Homage to New York' (1960) can be seen as progenitors of new media art. In 1958 Wolf Vostell

title: History of public relations

text: profession were established. In the early 2000s, press release services began offering social media press releases. The Cluetrain Manifesto, which predicted the impact of social media in 1999, was controversial in its time, but by 2006, the effect of social media and new internet technologies became broadly accepted. Although the term "public relations" was not yet developed, academics like James E. Grunig and Scott Cutlip identified early forms of public influence and communications management in ancient civilizations. According to Edward Bernays, one of the pioneers of PR, "The three main elements of public relations are practically as old as society:

title: New Media Age

text: plc. In 2011, "New Media Age" closed its magazine, becoming a digital-only operation. In 2012, Centaur Media announced that the "New Media Age" website would be merged into Econsultancy. Econsultancy.com hosts all archive NMA content. New Media Age New Media Age (NMA) was a weekly news magazine, covering business is use of interactive media in the UK is now Econsultancy. New Media Age is owned by Centaur Media plc. It was launched as a newsletter in May 1995 under editor Phil Dwyer with reporters Nick Jones and Catherine Stewart. They worked together in Centaur's newsletter's division and conceived the idea

title: New media

text: time spent by the individual on another. The introduction of New Media, such as the internet, therefore reduces the amount of time individuals would spend on existing "Old" Media, which could ultimately lead to the end of such traditional media. Although there are several ways that New Media may be described, Lev Manovich, in an introduction to "The New Media Reader", defines New Media by using eight propositions: The rise of new media has increased communication between people all over the world and the Internet. It has allowed people to express themselves through blogs, websites, videos, pictures, and other user-generated

title: New media

text: political campaigning and electioneering, the existing research has tried to examine whether new media supplants conventional media. Television is still the dominant news source, but new media's reach is growing. What is known is that new media has had a significant impact on elections and what began in the 2008 presidential campaign established new standards for how campaigns would be run. Since then, campaigns also have their outreach methods by developing targeted messages for specific audiences that can be reached via different social media platforms. Both parties have specific digital media strategies designed for voter outreach. Additionally, their websites are

title: Technological convergence

text: media. Advances in technology bring the ability for technological convergence that Rheingold believes can alter the "social-side effects," in that "the virtual, social and physical world are colliding, merging and coordinating." It was predicted in the late 1980s, around the time that CD-ROM was becoming commonplace, that a digital revolution would take place, and that old media would be pushed to one side by new media. Broadcasting is increasingly being replaced by the Internet, enabling consumers all over the world the freedom to access their preferred media content more easily and at a more available rate than ever before. However,

title: New Media Age

text: the companies providing the products and services that make this communication possible. It was available by subscription or from selected newsagents. An annual subscription cost in the region of £99. New Media Age maintained a website at . The site carried breaking news that was available free. It also housed the content of the latest issue and the magazine's archive, but these elements were open to subscribers only. In 2012 this site was archived, with existing content now housed at Econsultancy.com Since 2000, the magazine produced an annual list of the top 100 marketing and advertising agencies specializing in interactive

title: New media studies

text: New media studies New media studies is a relatively young academic discipline that explores the intersections of computing, science, the humanities, and the visual and performing arts. Janet Murray, a prominent researcher in the discipline, describes this intersection as "a single new medium of representation, the digital medium, formed by the braided interplay of technical invention and cultural expression at the end of the 20th century". The main factor in defining new media is the role the Internet plays; new media is effortlessly spread instantly. The category of new media is occupied by devices connected to the Internet, an example

title: Media (communication)

text: who stated in "Counterblast" (1954): "The media are not toys; they should not be in the hands of Mother Goose and Peter Pan executives. They can be entrusted only to new artists, because they are art forms." By the mid-1960s, the term had spread to general use in North America and the United Kingdom. ("Mass media", in contrast, was, according to H.L. Mencken, used as early as 1923 in the United States.) In the last century, a revolution in telecommunications has greatly altered communication by providing new media for long distance communication. The first transatlantic two-way radio broadcast occurred in

title: History of communication studies

text: adapt to the growing field of communication. For example, in 1970 the Speech Association of America became the Speech Communication Association. Radio and television continued to develop throughout the 1970s and this boom in diversity “forced scholars to adopt a more convergent model of communication.” There was no longer only one source for each message and there was almost always more than one path from sender to receiver. Neil Postman founded the media ecology program at New York University in 1971. Media ecologists draw on a wide range of inspirations in their attempts to study media environments in an even

title: Old media

text: Sun claimed it was the newspapers in America who allowed Google to steal their contents for nothing, but asked without the contents what would Google do, and how profitable would Google be? Old media Old media (also legacy media) are the mass media institutions that predominated prior to the Information Age; particularly print media, film studios, music studios, advertising agencies, radio broadcasting, and television. Old media institutions are centralized and communicate with one-way technologies to a (generally anonymous) mass audience. New media computer technologies are interactive and comparatively decentralized; they enable people to telecommunicate with one another. The defining telecommunications

title: New media

text: New media New media are forms of media that are native to computers, computational and relying on computers for redistribution. Some examples of new media are telephones, computers, virtual worlds, single media, website games, human-computer interface, computer animation and interactive computer installations. New media are often contrasted to "old media", such as television, radio, and print media, although scholars in communication and media studies have criticised rigid distinctions based on oldness and novelty. New media does not include television programs (only analog broadcast), feature films, magazines, books, – unless they contain technologies that enable digital generative or interactive processes. Wikipedia,

title: New media

text: Such a definition replaces the "one-to-many" model of traditional mass communication with the possibility of a "many-to-many" web of communication. Any individual with the appropriate technology can now produce his or her online media and include images, text, and sound about whatever he or she chooses. Thus the convergence of new methods of communication with new technologies shifts the model of mass communication, and radically reshapes the ways we interact and communicate with one another. In "What is new media?" Vin Crosbie (2002) described three different kinds of communication media. He saw Interpersonal media as "one to one", Mass media

title: History of media studies

text: The social impact of mass communication has been studied at The New School University in New York since its founding in 1919. The first college course to investigate the motion picture was offered here in 1926. Marshall McLuhan's colleague, John Culkin, brought his Center for Understanding Media to The New School in 1975 and The New School began offering the Master of Arts degree in Media Studies, one of the first graduate programs of its kind. Today, among other programs, MA in Media Studies is still being offered by School of Media Studies, The New School, which will celebrate 40th

title: News media

text: the war. Television news continued to expand during the 1970s, and by 1990, more than half of American homes had cable systems and nationally oriented newspapers expanded their national reach. With technological advancements in the newsroom, notably the Internet, a new emphasis on computer-assisted reporting and a new blending of media forms emerged, with one reporter preparing the same story in print, online, and on camera for a newspaper's cable station. A "medium" (plural "media") is a carrier of something. Common things carried by media include information, art, or physical objects. A medium may provide transmission or storage of information

title: New media

title: Mitchell Stephens

text: words as our primary communication medium. Stephens pointed out that the opposite transformation happened over several millennia as our oral culture (based on long tales and poems detailing people's history)was displaced by writing and then the printing press and mass literacy. This process was not completed till the 1930s in some parts of the world e.g. central Russia. The move toward a more visual culture began with the invention of photography and films; but really took off with the invention of Television which took just eight years to enter half of American homes. He uses statistics to show the plummeting

title: 21st Century Media

text: ImpreMedia, started on February 1, 2010, by announcing he would provide all reporters with Flip video cameras as a sign of his commitment to the company's digital transformation. On March 17, 2010, the company named an advisory board composed of new media visionary Jeff Jarvis (author of "What Would Google Do" and BuzzMachine); Jay Rosen of New York University who is currently running the innovative Studio 20 program at NYU and who writes for the website "PressThink" (Rosen is also a former member of Wikimedia Foundation's advisory board); and Emily Bell, the director of the Tow Center for Digital Journalism

title: Brian Loader

text: of new media for shaping the development, sustainability and even regeneration of community relations. What they described as community informatics was from the outset concerned with the relationship between geographical places where people lived, worked and socialized and the networked spaces provided by the Internet. On arriving at York Brian focused upon the potential of social media to influence the political and civic engagement of young citizens. First, by hosting a small symposium which was later published in an edited collection as "Young Citizens In the Digital Age" (2007) and then by establishing in partnership with Lance Bennett a study

title: Media ecology

text: under the information age, is an era of instant communication and a return to an environment with simultaneous sounds and touch. It started with a device created by Samuel Morse's invention of the telegraph and led to the telephone, the cell phone, television, internet, DVD, video games, etc. This ability to communicate instantly returned us to the tradition of sound and touch rather than sight. Being able to be in constant contact with the world becomes a nosy generation where everyone knows everyone's business and everyone's business is everyone else's. This phenomenon is called the global village. Robert K. Logan

title: Technological convergence

text: books in 1994."Within news corporations it became increasingly obvious that an editorial model based on mere replication in the internet of contents that had previously been written for print newspapers, radio, or television was no longer sufficient." The rise of digital communication in the late 20th century has made it possible for media organizations (or individuals) to deliver text, audio, and video material over the same wired, wireless, or fiber-optic connections. At the same time, it inspired some media organizations to explore multimedia delivery of information. This digital convergence of news media, in particular, was called "Mediamorphosis" by researcher Roger

title: New media

long_answer: Until the 1980s media relied primarily upon print and analog broadcast models, such as those of television and radio. The last twenty-five years have seen the rapid transformation into media which are predicated upon the use of digital technologies, such as the Internet and video games. However, these examples are only a small representation of new media. The use of digital computers has transformed the remaining 'old' media, as suggested by the advent of digital television and online publications. Even traditional media forms such as the printing press have been transformed through the application of technologies such as image manipulation software like Adobe Photoshop and desktop publishing tools.


question: who sang it going to take a miracle

answers: The Royalettes

title: It's Gonna Take a Miracle

text: Martin who had a hit called 'You Better Go.' But we missed a million seller with 'Gonna Take a Miracle' when we went on strike with the record company." The most successful version of "It's Gonna Take a Miracle" was the 1982 remake by R&B and gospel singer Deniece Williams. Her version went to number one on the R&B chart for two weeks and reached number ten on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100. On June 12, 1982, Williams lip-synced her version on an episode of "Soul Train". It's Gonna Take a Miracle "It's Gonna Take a Miracle" is a popular

title: Gonna Take a Miracle

text: Gonna Take a Miracle Gonna Take a Miracle is the fifth album by New York City-born singer, songwriter and pianist Laura Nyro, with assistance by vocal trio Labelle. It was released on Columbia Records in November 1971, one year after its predecessor, "Christmas and the Beads of Sweat". The album is Nyro's only all-covers album, and she interprets mainly 1950s and 1960s soul and R&B standards, using Labelle as a traditional back-up vocal group. Nyro had originally hatched the idea to do a covers album during 1970, and on her tour to support the "Christmas and the Beads of Sweat"

title: Gonna Take a Miracle

text: and directed by the same Columbia/Legacy team. Gonna Take a Miracle Gonna Take a Miracle is the fifth album by New York City-born singer, songwriter and pianist Laura Nyro, with assistance by vocal trio Labelle. It was released on Columbia Records in November 1971, one year after its predecessor, "Christmas and the Beads of Sweat". The album is Nyro's only all-covers album, and she interprets mainly 1950s and 1960s soul and R&B standards, using Labelle as a traditional back-up vocal group. Nyro had originally hatched the idea to do a covers album during 1970, and on her tour to support

title: Gonna Take a Miracle

text: in May and June 1971 at Sigma Sound Studios, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The producers were Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff. Patti LaBelle and her vocal partners in Labelle, Nona Hendryx and Sarah Dash, were brought in as backing singers. Nyro was the main selector of material for the album, and chose songs she was influenced by growing up in the Bronx of the 1950s and 1960s. The songs include The Shirelles' "I Met Him on a Sunday", The Originals' "The Bells" (written by Marvin Gaye), Smokey Robinson & the Miracles' "You've Really Got a Hold on Me", Ben E. King's "Spanish

title: The Miracle Song (Desperate Housewives)

text: in the show, when Zach Young broke into Bree's house and put up Christmas decorations, as well as when the Scavo family posed for their Christmas photo with Tom's daughter, Kayla, and her mother, Nora. The episode title, "The Miracle Song" is taken from a song from the Stephen Sondheim musical, "Anyone Can Whistle". The Miracle Song (Desperate Housewives) "The Miracle Song" is the 57th episode of the ABC television series, "Desperate Housewives". It was also the tenth episode of the show's third season. The episode was written by Bob Daily and directed by Larry Shaw. It aired on November

title: The Miracle Song (Desperate Housewives)

text: The Miracle Song (Desperate Housewives) "The Miracle Song" is the 57th episode of the ABC television series, "Desperate Housewives". It was also the tenth episode of the show's third season. The episode was written by Bob Daily and directed by Larry Shaw. It aired on November 26, 2006. Title scenes were cut due to time. Gabrielle convinces Vern to take a girl named Amy Pearce out of the pageant because Gabrielle doesn't think she has the gravitas to pull it off. Vern doesn't want to because her mother died a year ago and she suffered enough already, but eventually sees

title: Gonna Take a Miracle

text: album she introduced several of the songs that would later appear on "Gonna Take a Miracle", including "Spanish Harlem" and "Dancing in the Street". "Gonna Take a Miracle" remains a critics' favorite Laura Nyro record for its laidback atmosphere and impressive soul grooves and musicianship, as well as classic "Philadelphia soul" production from Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff. It was her last commercially successful album, peaking at #46 on the "Billboard" 200, then known as the Pop Albums chart, as well as #41 on the Black Albums chart. The album was Nyro's last for over four years as she turned

title: It's a Miracle (Barry Manilow song)

text: hit, spending two weeks at the top spot. It was his second and final number-one song in that nation, and is ranked as the 25th biggest Canadian hit of 1975. The song describes the rigors of a long concert tour across America. The "miracle" is coming home and rediscovering love and intimacy after having gone for a protracted time without it. Once the singer returns home, he is determined to never leave again. It's a Miracle (Barry Manilow song) "It's a Miracle" is a 1975 single by Barry Manilow and was the second release from his album, "Barry Manilow II".

title: Miracle (Whitney Houston song)

text: verses surrounding a love lost through one's own devices in 'Miracle.'" Entertainment Weekly editor David Browne called the melody of this song "indiscernible" and that the song itself is "nonentity." "Miracle" entered The Billboard Hot 100 at 63, and stayed on the chart for 14 weeks. On the Radio & Records Airplay chart the single debuted at #39 on the December 4, 1991 issue, after four weeks on the chart it reached and peaked at #12 staying there for two weeks, the song stayed on the top 20 of the chart for five weeks and remained on it for nine

title: The Miracle (song)

text: The Miracle (song) "The Miracle" is the fifth and final single from Queen's 1989 studio album of the same name. It was composed by the entire band, though Freddie Mercury and John Deacon were the main writers. It was released as a single in late November 1989, some six months after the album. It was the last of the singles from that album to be released, and the first 5th single released from any of Queen's albums from EMI. The idea for the song came from Freddie Mercury and John Deacon, who wrote the basic chord structure for the song.

title: Gonna Take a Miracle

text: her back on the music industry to get married and live a rural life away from the spotlight. Her work with Patti LaBelle on the album formed a lifelong friendship. In 2005, music magazine "The Word" voted "Gonna Take a Miracle" among the 60 Best Underrated Albums of All Time. Nyro first met Patti LaBelle in 1970 when she was about to give an interview to LaBelle's manager Vicki Wickham. Wickham brought LaBelle along to the interview, where she engaged in deep conversation with Nyro. They went on the road together, with LaBelle cooking for Nyro. The album was recorded

title: The Miracle (of Joey Ramone)

text: The Miracle (of Joey Ramone) "The Miracle (of Joey Ramone)" is a song by Irish rock band U2. It is the opening track from their thirteenth studio album, "Songs of Innocence", and was released as its lead single. It was produced by Danger Mouse, Paul Epworth, and Ryan Tedder. It was first unveiled by the band at an Apple Inc. product launch event on 9 September 2014, coinciding with an announcement that "Songs of Innocence" would be released digitally to iTunes Store customers free of charge. The song's title refers to American musician Joey Ramone, lead singer of influential punk

title: It's Going to Take Some Time

text: It's Going to Take Some Time "It's Going to Take Some Time" is a song written by Carole King and Toni Stern for King’s 1971 album, "Music". It was redone by the Carpenters in 1972 for their fourth album, "A Song for You". According to Richard Carpenter, he had to choose which songs he wanted to remake, and there was a big pile of 7" singles he had to listen to. When he encountered "It's Going to Take Some Time", he knew it would be a hit, and recorded it. The song peaked at number 12 on the "Billboard" Hot

title: It's a Miracle (Culture Club song)

text: It's a Miracle (Culture Club song) "It's a Miracle" is the fifth and final single from new wave band Culture Club's 1983 "Colour by Numbers" album. The song became the group's sixth top-five hit on the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number four. It reached number thirteen on the "Billboard" Hot 100. and hit the top five in Canada. It was the band's first US release to miss the Top 10; however, the song still received considerable airplay there during the summer of 1984. Also, the song reached number eight on the U.S. Adult Contemporary chart. The B-side of the

title: Toca's Miracle

text: critically acclaimed worldwide, with many critics citing the song one of the best dance anthems of all time, praising its catchy tune. The recording was also a commercial success, remaining both Star's and Fragma's best selling single to date. The recording topped the UK Singles Chart in April 2000 and peaked inside the top ten in countries including Ireland, Denmark, Norway, Italy and Australia. A music video was issued, depicting Coco Star at an indoor football game. The single was re-issued in 2008 by Tiger Records with new remixes. It also received mixed reviews from music critics, but managed to

title: Miracle (Paula Seling and Ovi song)

text: by Beyond51. Ovi met with Halloun at a songwriting camp in Sweden in June 2013, where they penned the song's lyrics in a few hours. "Miracle" was subsequently produced in the fall of the same year. During a press conference, Ovi revealed that the song was intentionally "generic", as he wanted to reach a wider audience with simple and memorable lyrics. "Miracle" has been described as a love-themed dance and eurodance recording, featuring techno beats and a piano in its instrumentation. During the song's bridge, Seling holds a note for 18 seconds. Reviewers compared "Miracle" to the music of Avicii,

title: Miracle (Samra Rahimli song)

text: Miracle (Samra Rahimli song) "Miracle" is a song performed by Azerbaijani singer Samra. The song, written by Amir Aly, Jakob "Jakke" Erixson and Henrik Wikström, Don Amir, represented Azerbaijan in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016. The song was released as a digital download on 14 March 2016 through CAP-Sounds. "Miracle" performed by Samra was announced as the Azerbaijani entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 on 10 March 2016. Both the song and the singer were selected to represent Azerbaijan based on the decision of the Azerbaijani public broadcaster İctimai Television (İTV) and participants of an opinion survey that featured

title: Miracle of the Moment

text: to be present in this moment - the good ones, the bad ones - all that'". "Miracle of the Moment" was written and produced by Chapman and Matt Bronlewee. It was mixed by F. Reid Shippen and mastered by Ted Jensen. "Miracle of the Moment" is a contemporary Christian song with a length of three minutes and twenty-eight seconds. It is set in common time in the key of A major and has a tempo of 84 beats per minute, with a vocal range spanning from the low note of F to the high note of E. Chapman's vocal delivery

title: It's a Miracle (Barry Manilow song)

text: It's a Miracle (Barry Manilow song) "It's a Miracle" is a 1975 single by Barry Manilow and was the second release from his album, "Barry Manilow II". "It's a Miracle" went to number twelve on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 and was Manilow's second number one on the U.S. Easy Listening chart, spending one week at number one in April 1975. The single also peaked at number fifteen on the disco/dance chart, and was the first of four entries on the chart. "It's a Miracle" was followed by "Could It Be Magic". In Canada, "It's a Miracle" was a number-one

title: North of a Miracle

text: North of a Miracle North of a Miracle is the debut solo album by English singer-songwriter Nick Heyward. It was released on 28 October 1983 through Arista Records and spent 10 weeks on the UK Albums Chart, peaking at number 10. The album produced four UK singles, "Whistle Down the Wind", "Take That Situation", "Blue Hat for a Blue Day" and "On a Sunday". In the United States, the album peaked in the Billboard 200 at number 178 in 4 weeks on the chart. On the Cash Box album chart, it spent a total of eight weeks, peaking at number

title: Miracle (Cascada song)

text: number seventy-five on the chart issue date of July 25, 2007. "Miracle" debuted high on the Swedish pop charts at number eleven. It fell next week to number eighteen and stayed there for another week before falling four places to twenty-two. In its next week, the song logged its highest peak at number ten in its fifth and eighth week on the chart. In Ireland, the song logged twenty consecutive weeks on the charts, peaking at number four in its seventh week and logging four non-consecutive weeks within the top ten positions. "Miracle" charted for a moderate amount of time

title: SBS Gayo Daejeon

text: Mystic White, Dramatic Blue, Dynamic Black, and Dazzling Red, who sang songs created by the hottest producers of 2012. PD Kim Yong Kwon stated, "Since the top singers are gathering together for the year-end ceremony, we wanted to do something meaningful. The singers will sing one song together and create a music video. All proceeds from the music and music videos will be donated through SBS's charity channel." The collaboration song, ""You Are A Miracle"" has 125 participating singers, including Lee Seung Chul, Kim Jo Han, Park Jin Young, Tiger JK, Yoon Mirae, Lee Hyori, Sung Si Kyung, Kim Hee-chul,

title: Miracle Worker

text: a total length of five minutes and eight seconds. It was directed by Paul Boyd and filmed at Paramount Studios in Los Angeles, the video features all five members of the band. Miracle Worker "Miracle Worker" is the debut single by rock supergroup SuperHeavy from their self-titled debut studio album. It is a reggae/pop song performed by Damian Marley, Joss Stone, and Mick Jagger. It was released on 7 July 2011 as a digital download in the United Kingdom. The song peaked to number 136 on the UK Singles Chart but it was a big hit in Japan peaking at

title: Miracle (Paula Seling and Ovi song)

text: tone with the song's message". For further promotion, Seling and Ovi performed "Miracle" on multiple occasions. They appeared on Romanian talk show "" on 20 February 2014, and also performed the song in a folk rendition on "O dată-n viață". Wearing traditional Romanian clothing, they were accompanied by Moldovan orchestra group Lăutarii. After conducting a tour in multiple European countries, including the United Kingdom, during March and April 2014, the duo sang "Miracle" at a match between FC Steaua București and ASC Oțelul Galați on 20 May 2014. Following the song's promotion phase, it was notably performed during "Selecția Națională

title: It's Gonna Take a Miracle

text: "It's Gonna Take a Miracle" is a popular song written by Teddy Randazzo, Bobby Weinstein, and Lou Stallman. It was first an R&B hit in 1965 for The Royalettes, who reached the Top 30 on the U.S. R&B chart and peaked at number 41 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and number 37 on Cash Box.

title: Miracle (Cascada song)

text: in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, logging between eleven and twelve weeks on the chart starting in mid-February 2007. It logged three non-consecutive weeks in its peak position of number six on the Dutch Top 40 and one week at its peak of number eight on the UK Singles Chart. The song lasted a total of six weeks within the top ten in the Netherlands. In France, the song charted most successfully, logging its first four weeks at number two. The song reached the summit of the SNEP chart in its fifth week. It continued its chart run for

title: Miracle (Paula Seling and Ovi song)

text: Romania by Alex Ceaușu and uploaded onto the official YouTube channel of the Eurovision Song Contest on 28 April 2014. It portrays the duo and background dancers performing to the song in a flooded cabin, which eventually "comes to life" with grass and trees. Several observers noticed similarities between the clip and the visual for Ruth Lorenzo's "Dancing in the Rain" (2014). Commercially, "Miracle" reached the lower ends of the single charts in Belgium's Flanders region, Ireland and the United Kingdom after the contest. "Miracle" was written by Beyond51, Frida Amundsen, Ovi and Philip Halloun, while production was solely handled

title: Miracle (Super Junior song)

text: Miracle (Super Junior song) "Miracle" is a bubblegum pop dance song written by Yoon Hyosang, and produced by Lee Soo Man for Super Junior 05's first album, "Twins". The song was mixed by Lee Sunghoo of SM Yellow Tail Studio and it was originally published by Orec Songs, with the support of BMG Music Publishing Korea, the original title of the song being "Life Couldn't Get Better." "Miracle" is Super Junior 05's second promotional single for the album after "TWINS (Knock Out)." It was first performed on February 12, 2006 on SBS's music program, "Popular Songs". Promotional performances for the

title: Miracle (Samra Rahimli song)

text: music and television industry experts and Eurovision fans from over 35 European countries. "Miracle" was presented on 13 March 2016 via the release of the official music video. Samra performed the song during the first semi-final of the 2016 contest on 10 May at the Ericsson Globe in Stockholm, Sweden and qualified for the final on 14 May. Miracle (Samra Rahimli song) "Miracle" is a song performed by Azerbaijani singer Samra. The song, written by Amir Aly, Jakob "Jakke" Erixson and Henrik Wikström, Don Amir, represented Azerbaijan in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016. The song was released as a digital

title: Miracle Worker

text: Miracle Worker "Miracle Worker" is the debut single by rock supergroup SuperHeavy from their self-titled debut studio album. It is a reggae/pop song performed by Damian Marley, Joss Stone, and Mick Jagger. It was released on 7 July 2011 as a digital download in the United Kingdom. The song peaked to number 136 on the UK Singles Chart but it was a big hit in Japan peaking at number 9. In Italy it was certified gold for downloads exceeding 15,000 units. A music video to accompany the release of "Miracle Worker" was uploaded to YouTube on August 12, 2011 at

title: It's Gonna Take a Miracle


question: where does the us launch space shuttles from

answers: Florida

title: Space Shuttle America

text: is located a short distance from the site of the first manned moon landing. Guests entered a building that has a small replica of Launch Control at Cape Canaveral. Several TV screens display fake NASA TV recordings about the shuttle and security cam views of the fictional facility that attendees are supposedly touring. Shortly before boarding there is a notice about a meteor that is coming near Earth. In the movie, the shuttle takes off horizontally and the Pas-Com (Passenger Compartment) rises out of the cargo bay so you can do some orbital sightseeing. The shuttle passes Space Shuttle "Destiny",

title: North American DC-3

text: to return to its launch site will need about 300 miles of cross-range maneuverability during re-entry, and the NASA shuttle designs demanded about 450 miles in order to have some working room. Polar orbits from the Air Force's Vandenberg Air Force Base are another matter entirely. Located slightly north of KSC, the distance it would move over a single orbit would be similar, but critically, the shuttle would be traveling south, not east. This meant that it was not flying toward the launch point as it traveled in its orbit, and when it completed one orbit it would have to

title: Space Shuttle

text: at Edwards Air Force Base, California, or use one of the multiple alternate landing sites around the world. A landing at any site other than Kennedy Space Center meant that after touchdown the Shuttle must be mated to the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft and returned to Cape Canaveral. Space Shuttle "Columbia" (STS-3) once landed at the White Sands Space Harbor, New Mexico; this was viewed as a last resort as NASA scientists believed that the sand could potentially damage the Shuttle's exterior. There were many alternative landing sites that were never used. An example of technical risk analysis for a STS

title: Unmanned spaceflights to the International Space Station

text: and unpressurized cargo and can return to Earth. It is the only uncrewed resupply vehicle capable of returning a payload. The Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport, located at Wallops Island, Virginia, USA, is the launch site for the Northrop Grumman Cygnus spacecraft for resupplying the American portion of the ISS. This is a list of uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station. "Assembly flights are indicated in bold text". "Note": Russia has delivered cargo via the uncrewed missions of Progress since the launch of the ISS, while the U.S. had used space shuttles for hybrid human/cargo missions, resulting in greater number of

title: Man-made structures visible from space

text: generally can see from space would reflect altitudes that manned spacecraft typically orbit the Earth at—often several hundreds of kilometres. There are major differences in visibility from just above the Kármán line (100 km/62 miles) and the ISS orbit (394 km/245 miles), for example. From US Space Shuttles, which typically orbited at around , cities were easily distinguishable from surrounding countryside. Using binoculars, astronauts could even see roads, dams, harbors, even large vehicles such as ships and planes. At night, cities are also easily visible from the higher orbit of the ISS. Metropolitan areas are clear at night, particularly in

title: Space Shuttle orbiter

text: around the US. The Cargo bay is 18.3 m long and 4.6 m wide (60 ft by 15 ft), with a payload rating of 16,050 kg (35,380 lb) to ISS, and return-to-Earth payload of 14,400 kg (31,700 lb The orbiter's maximum glide ratio/lift-to-drag ratio varied considerably with speed, ranging from 1:1 at hypersonic speeds, 2:1 at supersonic speeds, and reaching 4.5:1 at subsonic speeds during approach and landing. Individual Space Shuttle orbiters were named in honor of antique sailing ships of the navies of the world, and they were also numbered using the NASA Orbiter Vehicle Designation system. Three of

title: International Space Station

text: and Progress spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome may be safely launched to reach the station. Spent rocket stages must be dropped into uninhabited areas and this limits the directions rockets can be launched from the spaceport. It travels at an average speed of , and completes orbits per day (93 minutes per orbit). The station's altitude was allowed to fall around the time of each NASA shuttle mission. Orbital boost burns would generally be delayed until after the shuttle's departure. This allowed shuttle payloads to be lifted with the station's engines during the routine firings, rather than have the

text: is particularly suitable as a location for a spaceport due to its proximity to the equator, and that launches are in a favorable direction over water. The near-equatorial launch location provides an advantage for launches to low-inclination (or geostationary) Earth orbits compared to launches from spaceports at higher latitude, the eastward boost provided by the Earth's rotation is about (1,035 miles per hour) at this spaceport. The ESA's Automated Transfer Vehicle weighs at launch and has a cargo capacity of ( of dry cargo, up to of water, nitrogen, oxygen, air), with up to two gases per flight, and up

title: Space Shuttle America

text: which is doing some cleanup work around the atmosphere. Next the shuttle passes an HBO satellite and the Space Station Freedom. The shuttle then makes its way away from Earth and enters LRVM warp and exits a short distance from the moon. The shuttle then flies over the Sea of Tranquility and over Armstrong City. Shortly before landing in the city an alert is sent to the shuttle crew ordering them to investigate a meteor danger in the area. The shuttle, not even getting a chance to land, takes off again towards an asteroid belt. "America" is then hit by

title: Space Shuttle Mission 2007

text: the Hubble Telescope), building and servicing the International Space Station, numerous extra-vehicular activities and landing at Kennedy Space Center and Edwards Air Force Base. A typical mission starts on the launch pad at KSC right after the astronauts have entered the cockpit. After that, the user goes through the preflight, liftoff, ascent, on-orbit, de-orbit, approach and landing phases. Most of the time is spent on orbit where the user is expected to perform the mission as described in the briefing screen and as instructed by the on-screen checklists and audio communications from the MCC. Landing is performed manually following Houston

title: Shuttle Carrier Aircraft

text: December 11, 2010. Ferry flights generally transported the orbiters from Edwards Air Force Base, the shuttle's secondary landing site, to the Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF) at the Kennedy Space Center where the orbiter was processed. This was common in the early days of the space shuttle program when weather conditions at the SLF prevented the shuttle from landing there. Some flights started at the Dryden Flight Research Center following delivery of the orbiter from Rockwell International to NASA from the nearby facilities in Palmdale, California. At the end of the space shuttle program the SCA was used to deliver the

title: Boeing X-37

text: delivery to the launch site, be it Cape Canaveral SLC-37, SLC-41, or Kennedy Space Center LC-39A. Landing is done at one of three sites across the country: the Shuttle Landing Facility at Kennedy Space Center, Vandenberg Air Force Base, or Edwards Air Force Base. To return to Kennedy Space Center, the X-37 is placed into a payload canister and loaded into a Boeing C-17 cargo plane. Once at Kennedy, the X-37 is unloaded and towed to the OPF, where it is prepared for its next flight, similar to the Space Shuttle. The X-37 Orbital Test Vehicle is a reusable robotic

title: Space Shuttle design process

text: rate was limited to 24 tanks per year at NASA's Michoud Assembly Facility. The combined space station and Air Force payload requirements weren't sufficient to reach desired shuttle launch rates. Therefore, the plan was for all future U.S. space launches—space station, Air Force, commercial satellites, and scientific research—to use only the space shuttle. Most other expendable boosters would be phased out. The reusable booster was eventually abandoned due to several factors: high price (combined with limited funding), technical complexity, and development risk. Instead, a partially (not fully) reusable design was selected, where an external propellent tank was discarded for each

title: Kennedy Space Center

text: would be likely to fall on the Carolinas or Cuba; corrosion from the salt air; and frequent cloudy or stormy weather. Although building a new site at White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico was seriously considered, NASA announced its decision in April 1972 to use KSC for the shuttle. Since the Shuttle could not be landed automatically or by remote control, the launch of "Columbia" on April 12, 1981 for its first orbital mission STS-1, was NASA's first manned launch of a vehicle that had not been tested in prior unmanned launches. In 1976, the VAB's south parking area

title: STS-112

text: metal pieces from the flow liners might break off and fly into the engines. In such a worst-case scenario, the debris can potentially trigger a catastrophic engine shutdown, which in turn could lead to the loss of the crew and the shuttle. Space Shuttle Atlantis lifted off from Launch Pad 39B of the Kennedy Space Center at 19:45:51 GMT through mostly clear blue skies. There were no problems reported during the countdown, and the ascent conformed to the standard timeline (see Space Shuttle – Mission Profile – Launch). For the first time in space shuttle history, a "rocketcam" video camera

title: Spaceflight

text: used to erect, fuel, and maintain launch vehicles. The most commonly used definition of outer space is everything beyond the Kármán line, which is above the Earth's surface. The United States sometimes defines outer space as everything beyond in altitude. Rockets are the only currently practical means of reaching space. Conventional airplane engines cannot reach space due to the lack of oxygen. Rocket engines expel propellant to provide forward thrust that generates enough delta-v (change in velocity) to reach orbit. For manned launch systems launch escape systems are frequently fitted to allow astronauts to escape in the case of emergency.

title: Raid over Moscow

text: in the hangar where the American spaceplanes are stored. The player has to safely fly the craft out. The view switches to the earth as seen from low Earth orbit, and the player guides the spaceplane to the city launching the attack. Alternatively, the player may decide to maneuver more of the available spaceships out of the space station before attacking the launch site; the surplus ships are docked outside the space station. Meanwhile, the clock is ticking, and the time before impact is continually displayed. The player has then to fly through the defense perimeter around the launch site

title: Baikonur Cosmodrome

text: spacecraft. Its high latitude of 46° N required the high orbital inclination of the ISS. Downrange from the launchpad, spent launch equipment is dropped directly on the ground where it is salvaged by the workers and the local population. As part of the Buran program, several facilities were adapted or newly built for the Buran-class space shuttle orbiters: All Baikonur's logistics are based on its own intra-site gauge railway network, which is the largest industrial railway on the planet. The railway is used for all stages of launch preparation, and all spacecraft are transported to the launchpads by the special

title: White Sands Space Harbor

text: Northrup Strip as the site for shuttle pilot training. A second runway was added crossing the original north-south landing strip, and in 1979 both lakebed runways were lengthened to 35,000 ft (10,668 m), which includes 15,000 ft (4,572 m) usable runway with 10,000 ft (3048 m) extensions on either end, to allow the White Sands Space Harbor (WSSH) to serve as shuttle backup landing facility. While the Space Harbor was activated as a backup landing site for STS-116 due to poor weather conditions at both Edwards Air Force Base (high cross-winds) and Kennedy Space Center (clouds and rain), White Sands

title: Space Shuttle retirement

text: Act of 2010 required a new heavy–lift vehicle design to be chosen within 90 days of its passing. The authorization act called this new HLV the Space Launch System (SLS). The Orion spacecraft was left virtually unchanged from its previous design. The Space Launch System will launch both Orion and other necessary hardware. The SLS is to be upgraded over time with more powerful versions. The initial version of SLS will be capable of lifting 70 metric tonnes into LEO. It is then planned to be upgraded in various ways to lift 105 tonnes, and then, eventually, 130 tonnes. Exploration

title: STS-110

text: an (1,950 lb) assembly that glides down rails on the station integrated trusses. The MT was designed and manufactured by Astro Aerospace in Carpinteria, CA. During the next shuttle mission, STS-111, the Mobile Base System (MBS) was mounted to the MT. This Mobile Servicing System (MSS) allows the Canadarm2 to travel down the length of the installed truss structure. After a launch scrub on 4 April 2002 due to a hydrogen leak, Space Shuttle "Atlantis" successfully launched on 8 April 2002, from Launch Complex 39B. The countdown on 8 April encountered an unscheduled hold at the T-5 minute mark due

title: Space Shuttle

text: the International Space Station is , roughly equivalent to Mach 23 at sea level. As the International Space Station orbits at an inclination of 51.6 degrees, missions going there must set orbital inclination to the same value in order to rendezvous with the station. Around 30 seconds into ascent, the SSMEs were throttled down—usually to 72%, though this varied—to reduce the maximum aerodynamic forces acting on the Shuttle at a point called Max Q. Additionally, the propellant grain design of the SRBs caused their thrust to drop by about 30% by 50 seconds into ascent. Once the Orbiter's guidance verified

title: STS-117

text: "and Liftoff of Space Shuttle Atlantis, to assemble the framework for the science laboratories of tomorrow!". STS-117 was the first launch from launch pad 39A since the fateful STS-107 launch of space shuttle "Columbia" in 2003. All pre-launch processing proceeded normally, and the crew started to board "Atlantis" at 16:17 EDT (20:17 UTC). Crew boarding was completed at 20:58 UTC, and the hatch was closed at around 21:40 UTC. Weather was 80% "go" to support the launch. There were concerns about the weather at TAL abort landing sites, but Istres in France changed to "go" in time for the launch.

title: Shuttle (video game)

text: of different space shuttle missions, starting with the Approach and Landing Tests where the original space shuttle, "Enterprise", was flown from the back of a modified Boeing 747 to a gliding landing at Edwards Air Force Base, through to launching the Hubble Space Telescope, building a space station, using the Manned Maneuvering Unit to capture satellites for repairs, and launching 'secret' military satellites. The level of detail went so far, that the External Tank (ET) painted in white color was only displayed in the earliest available scenarios while the later one displayed the brown it wore later on. As the

title: Space Shuttle

title: North American DC-3

text: shuttle became vital to the Air Force as well as NASA, it would be effectively unkillable. The Air Force's requirements were based about a projected series of large spy satellites then under development, which were 60 feet long and weighed 40,000 lbs. They needed to be launched into polar orbits, corresponding to a normal launch from Kennedy Space Center (KSC) of 65,000 lbs (launches to the east receive a free boost from the Earth's natural rotation). The Air Force also demanded a cross-range capability of 1,500 miles, meaning that the spacecraft would have to be able to land at a

title: US Orbital Segment

text: US Orbital Segment The US Orbital Segment (USOS) is the name given to the components of the International Space Station (ISS) constructed and operated by the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), European Space Agency (ESA), Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). The segment currently consists of eleven pressurized components and various external elements, all of which were delivered by the Space Shuttle. The segment is monitored and controlled from various mission control centers around the world including Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, Columbus Control Center in Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany, Tsukuba Space

title: Space launch

text: Other definitions have been created as well, in the US for example space has been defined as 50 miles. Therefore, by definition for spaceflight to occur, sufficient altitude is necessary. This implies a minimum gravitational potential energy needs to be overcome: for the Kármán line this is approximately 1 MJ/kg. W=mgh, m=1 kg, g=9.82 m/s, h=10m. W=1*9.82*10≈10J/kg=1MJ/kg In practice, a higher energy than this is needed to be expended due to losses such as airdrag, propulsive efficiency, cycle efficiency of engines that are employed and gravity drag. In the past fifty years spaceflight has usually meant remaining in space for

title: NASA

text: and operate unmanned rocket launch facilities for America's civilian space program from three pads at the adjoining Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center (JSC) in Houston is home to the Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center, where all flight control is managed for manned space missions. JSC is the lead NASA center for activities regarding the International Space Station and also houses the NASA Astronaut Corps that selects, trains, and provides astronauts as crew members for US and international space missions. Another major facility is Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama at which the

title: Geostationary transfer orbit

text: Sea Launch launches from a floating platform directly on the equator in the Pacific Ocean. Expendable launchers generally reach GTO directly, but a spacecraft already in a low Earth orbit (LEO) can enter GTO by firing a rocket along its orbital direction to increase its velocity. This was done when geostationary spacecraft were launched from the space Shuttle; a "perigee kick motor" attached to the spacecraft ignited after the shuttle had released it and withdrawn to a safe distance. Although some launchers can take their payloads all the way to geostationary orbit, most end their missions by releasing their payloads

title: Space Shuttle

long_answer: The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), as part of the Space Shuttle program. Its official program name was Space Transportation System (STS), taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development. The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981, leading to operational flights beginning in 1982. In addition to the prototype whose completion was cancelled, five complete Shuttle systems were built and used on a total of 135 missions from 1981 to 2011, launched from the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida. Operational missions launched numerous satellites, interplanetary probes, and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST); conducted science experiments in orbit; and participated in construction and servicing of the International Space Station. The Shuttle fleet's total mission time was 1322 days, 19 hours, 21 minutes and 23 seconds.


question: where did the peanut butter jelly time song come from

answers: Buckwheat Boyz

answers: The Buckwheat Boyz

title: Peanut Butter Jelly (song)

text: Peanut Butter Jelly (song) "Peanut Butter Jelly" is a song by Swedish electronic music duo Galantis featuring uncredited vocals from Martina Sorbara of Dragonette. It was released on 20 April 2015 as the fourth single from their debut studio album "Pharmacy" (2015). It became available on 4 April 2015 upon pre-order of the LP. It heavily features a sample of the 1974 single "Kiss My Love Goodbye" by Bettye Swann. The music video, directed by Dano Cerny, was posted to YouTube on July 26, 2015, and has since garnered over 104 million views. The video shows two people (presumed to

title: Peanut Butter Jelly (song)

text: kissing each other. The two men then exit the store, leaving the customers and employees in a raucous party. Peanut Butter Jelly (song) "Peanut Butter Jelly" is a song by Swedish electronic music duo Galantis featuring uncredited vocals from Martina Sorbara of Dragonette. It was released on 20 April 2015 as the fourth single from their debut studio album "Pharmacy" (2015). It became available on 4 April 2015 upon pre-order of the LP. It heavily features a sample of the 1974 single "Kiss My Love Goodbye" by Bettye Swann. The music video, directed by Dano Cerny, was posted to YouTube

text: photos. The song's title was also referenced on the TV series The Jeffersons. It was quoted by Carmen played by Roseanna Christiansen in Episode 7 of Season 8 which originally aired in November, 1981. The title was also quoted in the TV series, The Big Bang Theory (Episode 12, Season 2), by Penny, played by Kaley Cuoco, when referencing a comment made towards her by Howard, played by Simon Helberg. American recording artist RuPaul used the line "Must be jelly, cause jam don't shake" in his 2012 single "Peanut Butter". It Must Be Jelly ('Cause Jam Don't Shake like That)

title: Peanut Butter Jelly (song)

text: be Galantis) wearing black jackets casually walking into a supermarket as the song begins to play over the PA system. The video features Jillian Sipkins who appears as a girl on roller-skates, whom every one takes notice of. As the song's intro crescendos into the main movement, Sipkins (who is the only character to mimic the lyrics) says "Spread it like", this causes the bored customers and lethargic employees to begin to transform in both their attire and demeanor, shedding their everyday attire for more festive garments while dancing joyously, with some striking a piñata filled with money and others

title: Christian Karlsson (DJ)

text: the single "Gold Dust" on February 19, 2015 through Stereogum, which reached number 1 on Hype Machine's Popular Chart. In April 2015, Galantis released their single "Peanut Butter Jelly", which "Rolling Stone" called a "retro, funky slice of disco revival, with the kind of unforgettable, sing-along vocal hook destined for clubs, parties and spin classes." Wrote "TIME" about the release, the "infectious" track "samples the 1960s soul singer Bettye Swann, lending major retro vibes to its pulsing contemporary beat." On May 21, 2015 Galantis began their summer tour in support of "Pharmacy", which ended on August 6, 2015. There were

title: Peanut Butter (album)

text: and the concrete" and for their "hyper-specificity" that pulls from personal experiences to create engaging and enigmatic songs. Peanut Butter (album) Peanut Butter is the second album by Welsh noise-pop band Joanna Gruesome, released in the spring of 2015. It received generally favorable reviews from critics and is the last album recorded with the lead singer Alanna McArdle before her departure from the band. In general, critics praised Peanut Butter as musically tighter, more self-aware, and more stylistically developed than their previous album, Weird Sister. Their distinctive blend of harsh guitar riffs and "bubblegum" vocal harmonies with unexpected chords and

title: Hully Gully

text: England by the first version of Zoot Money's Big Roll Band and involved the audience facing the stage in lines and dancing the steps of the "Southampton jive". The same tune appeared in 1961 in a song by the Marathons, entitled "Peanut Butter", which was later used for the Peter Pan Peanut Butter commercial during the 1980s. Tim Morgan sang different lyrics to the song "Peanut Butter" as well, however, only mentioning the Skippy" brand. There was another song about the dance by the Dovells, entitled "Hully Gully Baby". The Jive Five had a hit called "Hully Gully Callin' Time";

title: Found a Peanut

text: as early as the 1940s. A 1945 issue of the "Florida Flambeau" describes "Found a Peanut" as an "old song" from "high school days." Likewise, the "Norwalk Hour" described a performance of the song in a school talent show in 1942. The 1949 film, "A Letter to Three Wives". The song appears in the film "Tromeo and Juliet", where a family in a car are singing the song before they get into an accident. In the following scene, the character Detective Scalus says, "They found a peanut, all right, a peanut of death!" The song also appears at the opening

title: Jelly Jungle (of Orange Marmalade)

text: boy, rainbow ladder, yellow ball of butter, fluffy parachute clouds, tangerine dreams, pumpkin drum, carrot trumpets, and violins growing like peaches. Jelly Jungle (of Orange Marmalade) "Jelly Jungle (of Orange Marmalade)" is a song written and composed by Paul Leka (who also produced it) and Shelly Pinz. It was the final chart hit by the 1960s Ohio-based rock group The Lemon Pipers. Released in the spring of 1968, it spent five weeks on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100, peaking at No. 51, and seven weeks on the "Cash Box" Top 100, peaking at No. 30. It reached No. 26 in

title: Peanut Butter (album)

text: Peanut Butter (album) Peanut Butter is the second album by Welsh noise-pop band Joanna Gruesome, released in the spring of 2015. It received generally favorable reviews from critics and is the last album recorded with the lead singer Alanna McArdle before her departure from the band. In general, critics praised Peanut Butter as musically tighter, more self-aware, and more stylistically developed than their previous album, Weird Sister. Their distinctive blend of harsh guitar riffs and "bubblegum" vocal harmonies with unexpected chords and progressions is a key feature of this album. The lyrics have been praised for playfully blending "the abstract

title: Jelly (song)

text: Jelly (song) "Jelly" is the sixth analog single by Japanese electronica band Capsule. It was released on April 19, 2006, as a single for their seventh album "Fruits Clipper". "Jelly" was first found as a bonus track on the album "L.D.K. Lounge Designers Killer" if purchased from iTunes. An album-mix of "Jelly" and "CrazEEE Skyhopper" were later added to "Fruits Clipper", while "Seismic Charge" was available as a remixed bonus track if purchased from iTunes. A remixed version of "Jelly" was featured on their album "Capsule Rmx". In 2011, "Jelly" was covered by Kyary Pamyu Pamyu who is also produced

title: Jelly (song)

text: by Yasutaka Nakata. Kyary's cover was released as a single for her debut EP "Moshi Moshi Harajuku". Jelly (song) "Jelly" is the sixth analog single by Japanese electronica band Capsule. It was released on April 19, 2006, as a single for their seventh album "Fruits Clipper". "Jelly" was first found as a bonus track on the album "L.D.K. Lounge Designers Killer" if purchased from iTunes. An album-mix of "Jelly" and "CrazEEE Skyhopper" were later added to "Fruits Clipper", while "Seismic Charge" was available as a remixed bonus track if purchased from iTunes. A remixed version of "Jelly" was featured on

title: Found a Peanut

text: Found a Peanut "Found a Peanut" is a traditional song, often considered a children's song, in the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, Canada, and Israel. In Israel it is titled "I Swallowed a Peanut" (Balati Boten; בלעתי בוטן). It is popular to sing when travelling, as it has a very repetitive format that is easy to memorize, and can take a long time to sing. It is sung to the tune of "Oh My Darling, Clementine". It may often be sung around a camp fire. A basic version of the variable lyrics is: Then it continues with the same

title: Found a Peanut

text: at Camp in 1989 during their campfire medley. Mentioned in Marc Maron's 2015 comedy special "More Later." Found a Peanut "Found a Peanut" is a traditional song, often considered a children's song, in the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, Canada, and Israel. In Israel it is titled "I Swallowed a Peanut" (Balati Boten; בלעתי בוטן). It is popular to sing when travelling, as it has a very repetitive format that is easy to memorize, and can take a long time to sing. It is sung to the tune of "Oh My Darling, Clementine". It may often be sung around

text: Way)" by The Hipp Cats, recorded on August 13, 1938, and the 1940 song "Jam Don't Shake" by Frankie "Half-Pint" Jaxon. The lyrics and the music, however, are completely different in all three songs. The song was first recorded on July 15, 1942 by Glenn Miller and His Orchestra at Victor Studios, Chicago, Illinois, in a Wednesday session that lasted from 11:00 am to 3:15 pm in one take. The 1942 lyrics to the song as recorded by Glenn Miller were: "It must be jelly 'cause jam don't shake like that / It must be jelly 'cause jam don't shake

title: The Peanut Butter Conspiracy

text: previously unreleased by the PBC. In 2014 a further CD was issued, "Barbara", compiled by Brackett and featuring tracks recorded by Robison. It is a tribute to her life and her career. The album has a mixture of genres with the purpose of focusing on Robison's musical talents. Some diverse tracks include the psychedelic folk song "Shuffling Tune", bluesy "Fool Hearted Woman", and the vocal-pop song "Good Feelin'". According to Brackett: A South African group of musicians using the same group name (though sometimes rendered as Peanutbutter Conspiracy) began recording in 1968, and charted a number of hits in South

title: The Jelly Beans

text: The Jelly Beans The Jelly Beans were a rhythm and blues vocal group from Jersey City, New Jersey. Formed in 1962 by five high schoolers, the group signed with Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller's label, Red Bird Records, in 1963. Working with songwriters Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich, the group released its debut single, "I Wanna Love Him So Bad", in 1964; the song became a hit in the United States, peaking at #9 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The follow-up, "Baby Be Mine", peaked at #51 later that year, and while the group recorded copiously, a full-length album was

title: Razzy Bailey

text: and pop hit in 1976, and in 1977, Lee repeated this with another Bailey tune, "Peanut Butter," which also went into the charts. As his songwriting talents became known, Bailey signed with RCA Records and in 1978 began releasing singles of his own songs. His first hit as a singer-songwriter, "What Time Do You Have To Be Back In Heaven?", was on the charts for over four months. Bailey charted a total of seven No. 1 singles on "Billboard"'s "Country" charts and another eight Top 10 in the late 1970s- early 1980s. His sound combines R&B influences with country; his

title: Barbara Robison

text: album entitled "Barbara". The album is a tribute to Robison's career in the years 1966 to 1970 with and without The Peanut Butter Conspiracy. The Young Swingers The Ashes The Peanut Butter Conspiracy Posthumous Barbara Robison Barbara "Sandi" Robison (born Barbara Jeane Moyer, October 14, 1945 – April 22, 1988), also known as Sandi Peanut Butter, was an American singer who achieved the most success as the lead vocalist for the psychedelic rock band The Peanut Butter Conspiracy. Robison was one of the earliest female vocalists of a rock band, and was involved in other acts after the group's disbandment,

title: Barbara Robison

text: which featured Robison sharing vocals in harmonies. It was associated with the flower power era and charted number 93 nationally. This single appeared on their debut album, "The Peanut Butter Conspiracy Is Spreading", in 1967. The album itself peaked at number 196, nationally. Although the band never charted again nationally, tracks like "Too Many Do", which featured Robison, were historical for being one of the first songs to receive airplay even though it was beyond the three-minute conventional track length. Live performances for Robison and the band were opposite to that of their debut album. The group would prolong their

title: The Peanut Butter Conspiracy

text: Africa, Rhodesia and Mozambique in 1971 and 1972. There is no connection between the two groups. The Peanut Butter Conspiracy The Peanut Butter Conspiracy was a Los Angeles-based psychedelic pop/rock group from the 1960s. The band is known for lead singer Barbara Robison and for briefly having Spencer Dryden of Jefferson Airplane as a band member. The band formed in Los Angeles in August 1966 from the folk rock group "The Ashes", which included John Merrill (guitar/vocals), Barbara "Sandi" Robison (vocals), Alan Brackett (bass/vocals), Spencer Dryden (drums), and Jim Cherniss (guitar/vocals). The group had earlier been known as The Young

title: The Peanut Butter Conspiracy

text: up about 1970. Merrill and Brackett continued writing and producing for other artists. Brackett worked as a music publisher and produced Randy Meisner's first solo LP after leaving the Eagles. Brackett also produced, wrote and performed songs for scores of movies and television shows including Witness, Happy Days, and Top Gun. Robison joined the L.A. production of the musical "Hair" for a 18-month stint. Afterwards, she continued performing locally. In September 1971, Robison, Merrill, and Brackett joined a band called "Froggy" which worked in a local saloon in Pasadena, California. By late 1972 she joined another American band called "Rush"

title: Green Jellÿ

text: same name. On February 19, 2008, music news website Blabbermouth.net announced that Green Jellÿ was reuniting and that a possible U.S. tour was in the works. The band also re-released the Cereal Killer and 333 video/albums on a self-produced DVD with Originology Records, which were only sold at their concerts. In late August, the band announced via their Myspace page that they would again be going on tour in the Fall. Several "new" songs became available via their Myspace page, as well as information on a new Green Jellö DVD and CD. Green Jellÿ finally released "Musick to Insult Your

title: Jellybean Johnson

text: Jellybean Johnson Garry George "Jellybean" Johnson (born November 19, 1956), is an American drummer, guitarist, songwriter, producer and musician based out of Minneapolis, Minnesota. A member and drummer of the band named The Time who worked along with famed producers Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, he went on to help record several songs with other artists including Alexander O'Neal, Cherrelle and most notably with Janet Jackson. In 1990, the two co-produced Jackson's #1 single, "Black Cat." After the breakup of The Time, drummer and percussionist Jellybean Johnson decided to work as a producer, musician, and songwriter throughout his career. He

title: Buckwheat Boyz

text: The Buckwheat Boyz was an American musical group founded by Marcus Bowens and Jermaine Fuller, with the later addition of J.J. O'Neal and Dougy Williams. The Buckwheat Boyz were signed by Koch Records, and recorded their first and only full-length record.  From this self-titled album, the song "Peanut Butter Jelly Time" became popular on the Internet after a flash music video featuring an animated dancing banana was created. The popularity of the song increased as it was featured on television shows such as The Proud Family, Family Guy, and Regular Show.

title: The Jelly Beans

text: never issued. Red Bird dropped the group at the end of 1964; one final single was released on Eskee Records, but it fizzled and the group broke up in 1965. The Jelly Beans The Jelly Beans were a rhythm and blues vocal group from Jersey City, New Jersey. Formed in 1962 by five high schoolers, the group signed with Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller's label, Red Bird Records, in 1963. Working with songwriters Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich, the group released its debut single, "I Wanna Love Him So Bad", in 1964; the song became a hit in the United

title: The Peanut Butter Conspiracy

text: The Peanut Butter Conspiracy The Peanut Butter Conspiracy was a Los Angeles-based psychedelic pop/rock group from the 1960s. The band is known for lead singer Barbara Robison and for briefly having Spencer Dryden of Jefferson Airplane as a band member. The band formed in Los Angeles in August 1966 from the folk rock group "The Ashes", which included John Merrill (guitar/vocals), Barbara "Sandi" Robison (vocals), Alan Brackett (bass/vocals), Spencer Dryden (drums), and Jim Cherniss (guitar/vocals). The group had earlier been known as The Young Swingers, who released two obscure singles. The Ashes released a first single on the Vault label

text: The Peanut Butter Conspiracy Is Spreading The Peanut Butter Conspiracy Is Spreading is the debut studio album by the Los Angeles psychedelic rock band, The Peanut Butter Conspiracy. It was released in March 1967 under the Columbia label. Backed by producer Gary Usher, the band recorded one of the first instances of symphonic rock. The album utilizes vocal harmonies, and takes influence from the psychedelic rock bands of the era. The band's style drew comparisons to The Mamas and the Papas, but the band also developed their own sound through intricate melodies and progressions that were both dark and optimistic.

title: The Peanut Butter Conspiracy

text: at Amoeba Records on September 22, 2009. The song was originally recorded in 1966 and is part of the Rhino box set "Los Angeles Nuggets — Where the Action Is". Singer Karen Mitchell and drummer Jim Laspesa joined original members Brackett, Merrill and Fent in the re-formation of The Peanut Butter Conspiracy. In 2005, "Spreading From The Ashes" was released on Ace Records in England. It covered the years that Merrill, Robison, and Brackett were together prior and during the time they were in the Peanut Butter Conspiracy, including songs by the Young Swingers and The Ashes and many songs

title: Barbara Robison

text: Barbara Robison Barbara "Sandi" Robison (born Barbara Jeane Moyer, October 14, 1945 – April 22, 1988), also known as Sandi Peanut Butter, was an American singer who achieved the most success as the lead vocalist for the psychedelic rock band The Peanut Butter Conspiracy. Robison was one of the earliest female vocalists of a rock band, and was involved in other acts after the group's disbandment, including the musical, "Hair". Barbara "Sandi" Robison was born October 14, 1945 as Barbara Jeane Moyer in Las Vegas, Nevada. Robison's parents died when she was young so, throughout her childhood, Robison was raised

title: Buckwheat Boyz

short_answers:
Buckwheat Boyz
The Buckwheat Boyz