question: what type of artwork was created in the safavid empire

answers: architecture

answers: metal

answers: ceramics

answers: gardens

answers: book

answers: glass

title: Safavid art

text: tradition that appeared in the 15th century); sprinkled with gold, following a Chinese custom; or painted with colours or gold. The style of illustrations varied greatly from one manuscript to another, according to the period and centre of production. Three centres were active in this period: Tabriz, capital of the Safavid empire from 1501 to 1548, again also used artists of the Ak Koyunlu ketab khaneh. The illustrations show a double heritage: that of the Ak Koyunlu and that of the Timurid dynasty. The latter benefitted from the taking of Herat in 1501, but did not really manifest itself until

title: Safavid art

text: of Shiraz (in the south) or Khorasan (in the east of Iran) continued to produce manuscripts, more or less rich. With the transfer of the capital from Tabriz to Qazvin in 1548, the "khetab khaneh" was in large part dismantled, following edicts of repentance published by the Shah for religious and economic reasons. The artists fled to provincial or foreign courts (Mughal or Ottoman). Only Aqa Mirak resisted this series of departures. Other artists, such as Siavush Beg the Georgian or Sadiqi Beg took the place of the preceding generation. New grand calligraphers, Mir Ali ou Malik Dayalami appeared and

title: Safavid art

text: most often under the direction of a painter or calligrapher. They grouped together drawings, calligraphy and also ancient miniatures. Reza Abbasi, who directed the kitab khaneh between 1597 and 1635, (having been transferred, in 1602, to Isfahan), is undoubtedly the greatest representative of this genre. The people illustrated on these album pages are most often elongated silhouettes, with little rounded heads. The subjects could be courtesans, servers of drinks being prominent, but also peasants and dervishes. Although Reza resisted European influence, right up to his death in 1635, other artists did not hesitate to draw inspiration from, or to copy,

title: Safavid art

text: the patronage of the brother of Braham Mirza, Ibrahim Mirza, they revitalized the school of Qazvin, employing artists such as Shaykh Muhammad, Muzaffar Ali or Muhammadi, specialized in drawings. The most famous manuscript that came out of these workshops is a copy of the "Haft Awrang" (Seven Thrones) of Jami, and is marked by the profound originality of the creations of the official workshops. During the reigns of Shah Abbas I and Shah Safi, the number of illuminated and illustrated manuscripts dropped considerably, leaving room for a new form of manuscript: the album page. The albums, or "muhaqqa", were created

title: Safavid art

text: messing up of perspective. It is thought that it was when Shah Tahmasp returned to Tabriz in 1522 that work on this painting stopped in 1522, when, moulded by the influence of his masters Behzād and Sultan Muhammad, he got work started on his great "Shah Nameh". He also commissioned other exceptional works, including a "Hamsa" and a "Iskandar Nameh". Other patrons employed artists of the royal ketab khaneh: prince Braham Mirza (1517–1549) had an album ("muhaqqa") made for him by the painter Dust Muhammad. The art of calligraphy was at that time dominated by a very prominent man, named

title: Safavid art

text: the engravings brought by merchants from the Netherlands. Other great painters of albums from this period were Safi Abassi, son of Reza, known for his paintings of birds, and Mo’in Musavvir, Muhammad Qasim and Muhammad Ali, his disciples. This taste for the album did not entirely put a permanent end to manuscripts of paintings. The "Shah Nāmeh" for Shah Abbas, the two "Divan" of Navai or again the manuscript of Khosrow and Shirin (1632, Victoria and Albert Museum) are examples of the perpetuation of this tradition, which the provincial workshops abandoned less readily than the royal ketab khaneh. The school

title: Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp

text: Some of the artists identified are Mir Sayyid Ali, Sultan Mohammad, Mizra-Ali (son of Sultan Mohammad) Aqa Mirak, Mir Musavvir, Dust Muhammad, and likely Abd al-Samad, A number of artists have been identified from their style by scholars but are not known by name. Each page size is about 48 x 32 cm with text written in quality Nastaʿlīq script. The style of the miniatures varies considerably, though the quality is consistently high. Although many of the the miniatures have mythical motifs, they also depict everyday objects that would have been common in the Safavid period in Iran. This makes

title: Persian art

text: with colours or gold. The style of illustrations varied greatly from one manuscript to another, according to the period and centre of production. Tahmasp I was for the early years of his reign a generous funder of the royal workshop, who were responsible for several of the most magnificent Persian manuscripts, but from the 1540s he was increasingly troubled by religious scruples, until in 1556 he finally issued an "Edict of Sincere Repentance" attempting to outlaw miniature painting, music and other arts. This greatly disrupted the arts, with many painters such as Abd al-Samad and Mir Sayyid Ali moving to

title: Safavid art

text: dated to the reign of Ismail and conserved at the museum of Topkapi in Istanbul. Numerous carpets (between 1500 and 2000) have been conserved since the Safavid period, but the dating and establishment of the origin of these carpets remains very difficult. The inscriptions are a valuable indicator for determining the artists, the places of fabrication, the sponsors etc. In addition, once a carpet has been made and has stayed in a particular place, it allows other pieces related to it to be identified. It is generally accepted among specialists that it was the Safavids who transformed the carpet from

title: Safavid art

text: a rather intensive policy of restoration and conservation of the great Shiah places, such as Karbala (1508), Najaf (1508) and Samarra in Iraq and Mashhad in the east of Iran, etc., thus perpetuating the Timurid traditions, on the other hand his participation in architectural construction was almost nonexistent, no doubt because the Safavid conquest was carried out without major destruction. Thus, at Tabriz, the new capital, all the surviving Ilkhanid, Jalayirid, Aq Qoyunlu and Timurid monuments largely satisfied the needs of the Shah and his administration. It was nevertheless Ismail who made the city of Ardabil (northern Iran) into a

title: Persianate society

text: artists working for the Timurid sultans developed the highly detailed, jewel-like style of painting that signifies Persian painting, which became known as the "Persian School of Herat". When the Safavids came to power in 1501 and unified the eastern and western parts of Iran, the eastern and western Persian painting styles were mingled. The political unity under the first two Safavid rulers Ismail I and Tahmasp I, and the establishment of the Safavid capital at Tabriz in the west, led Persian artists to leave Herat. One of the most celebrated Iranian painters, Behzad, known as "the master of Persian painting",

title: Safavid art

text: for the hanging of the pieces. Schematically, one can distinguish three periods: The Kubacha series remains very mysterious, and many centres of production have been proposed without any real resolution of the issue. Metallic art a gradual decline during the Safavid dynasty, and remains difficult to study, particularly because of the small number of dated pieces. Under Shah Ismail, one notes a perpetuation of the shapes and decorations of Timurid inlays: motifs of almond-shaped glories, of "shamsa" (suns) and of "chi" clouds are found on the inkwells in the form of mausoleums or the globular pitchers reminiscent Ulugh Beg' jade

title: Persian carpet

text: painter Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād, a famous painter of the Herat school, as director of the royal atelier. Behzad had a decisive impact on the development of later Safavid art. The Safavid carpets known to us differ from the carpets as depicted in the miniature paintings, so the paintings cannot support any efforts to differentiate, classify and date period carpets. The same holds true for European paintings: Unlike Anatolian carpets, Persian carpets were not depicted in European paintings before the seventeenth century. As some carpets like the Ardabil carpets have inwoven inscriptions including dates, scientific efforts to categorize and date Safavid

title: Safavid art

text: Isfahan. The provincial workshop of Shiraz continued to flourish until 1620, but continued most often to recopy the models issued by the royal workshops of Tabriz, then of Qazvin and Khorasan. The ornamentation was bountiful, illustration was abundant in manuscripts and the colours were vibrant, although without much variation. The drawings represented people with round faces and long noses. The illumination remained very repetitive, and the calligraphy, most often "nastaliq", was copied from one to another. Most of the manuscripts were not signed. The workshops said to be of Khorasan were situated in Herat in the district of Bakharz. Under

title: Safavid art

text: to paint at his hours, or again of Muzaffar Ali or Muhammadi, thus used in the royal library. In the city of Nain, the house of the governor, designed with four iwans, presents a décor undoubtedly elaborated between 1565 and 1575, using a rare and very sophisticated technique: over a coat of red paint, the artist placed a white coating, and then scratched to allow motifs to appear in red silhouette—motifs reminiscent of those in books and on cloth. One finds there animal fights, throned princes, literary scenes (Khosrow and Shirin, Yusuf and Zuleykha), a game of polo, hunting scenes

title: Safavid dynasty

text: carpets of Ardabil were commissioned to commemorate the Safavid dynasty. The elegantly baroque yet famously 'Polonaise' carpets were made in Iran during the 17th century. Using traditional forms and materials, Reza Abbasi (1565–1635) introduced new subjects to Persian painting—semi-nude women, youth, lovers. His painting and calligraphic style influenced Iranian artists for much of the Safavid period, which came to be known as the Isfahan school. Increased contact with distant cultures in the 17th century, especially Europe, provided a boost of inspiration to Iranian artists who adopted modeling, foreshortening, spatial recession, and the medium of oil painting (Shah Abbas II sent

title: Azerbaijani art

text: between Turkey and Iran and also feudal wrangles among khanates adversely affected development of visual arts in 17th-18th centuries. But colorful masterpieces of visual arts had been continuing created and the Palace of Shaki Khans built by architect Khadali Zeynalabdin from Shiraz in 1797, is one of these masterpieces. These decorative paintings created by masters such as Abbasgulu, Usta Gambar Garabaghi, Aligulu, Gurban Ali, Shukur and others were created with bright and motley colors. Images of people and animals, and also battle and hunting scenes were painted on the waslls of the palace. Monumental constrictions, generally was suffering a decline.

title: Safavid art

text: gave birth to the "rule of the two quills", which defined identical rules for calligraphy and painting. Illumination and bookbinding evolved in parallel from the art of tapestry, given that the templates used were identical. In manuscripts, most often the paintings were double pages with no connection with the text, but images of servers of drinks, young women, princes, and dervishes filled the albums (muhaqqa). If the end of the reign of Shah Tahmasp was not very fruitful, (we know, however, of a "Fāl Nāmeh" dating from these years with the signatures of Aqa Mirak et Abd al-Aziz), Shah Ismail

title: Muraqqa

text: manuscripts, initially taken during the several Ottoman invasions of eastern Persia, and later, after a treaty in 1555, often received as diplomatic gifts. Many of these manuscripts were broken up to use the miniatures in albums. Persian artists were imported from virtually the start of the Ottoman tradition, but especially in the 16th century; sixteen artists were brought back just from the brief Ottoman conquest of Tabriz in 1514, though by 1558 the palace records list only nine foreign artists of all kinds, against twenty-six Turks. But a distinctively Ottoman style can be seen from the start of the 16th

title: Qajar art

text: recognizable for its distinctive style of portraiture. The roots of traditional Qajar painting can be found in the style of painting that arose during the preceding Safavid empire. During this time, there was a great deal of European influence on Persian culture, especially in the arts of the royalty and noble classes. European art was undergoing a period of realism and this can be seen in the depiction of objects especially by Qajar artists. The European influence is very well evidenced in the preëminent position and prestige of oil painting. While oil paintings had been par for the course during

title: Persian art

text: Painting now adopted the European technique of oil painting. Large murals of scenes of revelry, and historical scenes, were produced as murals for palaces and coffee houses, and many portraits have an arched top showing they were intended to be inset into walls. Qajar art has a distinctive style of portraiture. The roots of traditional Qajar painting can be found in the style of painting that arose during the preceding Safavid empire. During this time, there was a great deal of European influence on Persian culture, especially in the arts of the royalty and noble classes. Though some modelling is

title: Safavid art

text: courage in battle of various grand sovereigns of the dynasty: a battle scene with Shah Ismail; the Mughal sultan Humayun is received by Shah Tahmasp, then Vali Nadr Muhammad Khan, sovereign of Bukhara between 1605 and 1608, by Shah Abbas I, and finally, one finds an evocation of the taking of Kandahar by Shah Abbas II, which must have been added later, the city not having fallen until 1649. In the secondary rooms, too, are found numerous gallant scenes and figures on foot. One notes Western influences in the décor (the opening onto a landscape; similarities with the Armenian neighbourhood)

title: Islamic art

text: previously used for border paintings for the background. After the fall of the Safavids, the Qajars, a Turkmen tribe established from centuries on the banks of the Caspian Sea, assumed power. Qajar art displays an increasing European influence, as in the large oil paintings portraying the Qajar shahs. Steelwork also assumed a new importance. Like the Ottomans, the Qajar dynasty survived until 1925, a few years after the First World War. From the 15th century, the number of smaller Islamic courts began to fall, as the Ottoman Empire, and later the Safavids and European powers, swallowed them up; this had

title: Safavid art

text: (Syria, Egypt). In spite of the blockade imposed by this empire in 1512, the production did not weaken, which suggests that it turned towards other poorly-identified buyers, given the absence of local patronage. Under the influence of Tabriz, one notes the evolutions between 1501 and 1525: the silhouettes became slimmer; the "taj", the characteristic Qizilbash headgear, started to appear, with a red baton and twelve folds corresponding to the twelve imams of the Twelver Shi`ism. From 1525 forward, the workshops of Shiraz produced nothing but copies of the works of the royal workshops of Tabriz, then of Qazvin and Isfahan.

title: Safavid art

text: Safavid art is the art of the Persian Safavid dynasty from 1501 to 1722, in present-day Iran and Caucasia. It was a high point for the art of the book and architecture; and also including ceramics, metal, glass, and gardens.  The arts of the Safavid period show a far more unitary development than in any other period of Iranian art. The Safavid Empire was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran. They ruled one of the greatest Persian empires, with artistic accomplishments, since the Muslim conquest of Persia.

title: Safavid art

text: development of the carpet industry in the Persian Empire during the Safavid period seems to be due to the sovereigns' taste for this art form. Ismail I, then Shah Tahmasp and Shah Abbas I are known for having been personally interested in carpet production. One has also supposed that the two latter sovereigns were personally invested in the production of carpets, notably by the design of the motifs. During their reigns, the production of Persian carpets was the most prominent out of the whole Safavid period. It was in this period and particularly since Shah Tahmasp that the first carpets

title: Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp

text: the miniatures unique to a specific time and place. A number of artists have been identified from their style by scholars, but are not known by name. The manuscript shows the fusion of the styles of the schools of Herat, where the Timurid royal workshops had developed a style of classical restraint and elegance, and the painters of Tabriz, whose style was more expressive and imaginative. Tabriz was the former capital of the Turkmen rulers, successively of the Kara Koyunlu and Ağ Qoyunlu, who had ruled much of Persia before Ismail I defeated them and began the Safavid dynasty in

title: Ottoman miniature

text: beginning of the 16th century, the Herat workshop of Persian miniaturists was closed, and its famous instructor Behzad (or Bihzad) went to Tabriz. After the Ottoman emperor Selim I briefly conquered Tabriz in 1514, taking many manuscripts back to Istanbul, the "Nakkashane-i Irani" (The Persian Academy of Painting) was founded in Topkapı Palace for imported Persian artists. The artists of these two painting academies formed two different schools of painting: The artists in "Nakkashane-i Rum" were specialized in documentary books, like the "Shehinshahname", showing the public, and to some extent the private, lives of rulers, their portraits and historical events;

title: Sasanian art

text: the artwork of the Sassanid Empire. It was mainly through textiles that heraldric motifs spread, although some mosaics as early as the 6th century from Antioch depicted the same motifs. Sasanian art Sasanian art, or Sassanid art, was produced under the Sasanian Empire which ruled from the 3rd to 7th centuries AD, before the Muslim conquest of Persia was completed around 651. In 224 AD, the last Parthian king was defeated by Ardashir I. The resulting Sasanian dynasty would last for four hundred years, ruling modern Iran, Iraq, and much territory to the east and north of modern Iran. At

title: Abolhassan Sadighi

text: Safavid) in the central square of Qeshm. Sadighi has left remarkable works in painting and his portrayals of celebrities of classic Persian literature have made their reputations permanent. In addition, he has two paintings in the Saadabad Museum and has a large painting 7 meters long and 3 meters wide in Iranian Embassy in Paris. That is the portrait of first Iranian Ilchikhan (ambassador) in the court of Louis XVI. In his years in Europe, in addition to painting European landmarks, he had copied paintings a lot similar to works of Raphael, Rembrandt, Rubens, Ingres... in the Louvre Museum. Rubens's

title: Safavid art

short_answers: architecture book ceramics gardens glass metal


question: who won the battle of britain in ww2

answers: Britain

answers: the United Kingdom

answers: British

title: Non-British personnel in the RAF during the Battle of Britain

text: Zealander in the Battle was Air Vice Marshal Keith Park, a high scoring air ace in the First World War and a member of the RAF since its creation. He was Commander of No. 11 Group RAF, which was tasked with the defence of London and south-east England. The RAF recognises 135 Fighter Command aircrew from New Zealand as having served in the Battle. Several New Zealanders became high scorers, including Plt Offr Colin Gray (No. 54 Squadron RAF) with 14 claims, Fg Offr Brian Carbury (No. 603 Squadron RAF) 14 claims and Plt Offr Alan "Al" Deere (54 Squadron),

title: Bruce Barrymore Halpenny

text: Abruzzo village in World War II. The author's uncle was a Canadian tank commander whose tank was the first to liberate the village, and was also the first tank to enter Ortona in the Battle of Ortona. The bottle was given to the author, as he lived in Abruzzo and his research work had taken to that area. Halpenny said on donating the bottle: He has also long campaigned for the Government to do their part and preserve a 1939-45 War airfield in its original condition; to let future generations see how the RAF operated during those dark days. He

title: Slamannan

text: Messines. His bravery was so outstanding that his commanding officer claimed he could have won the Victoria Cross "twice over". Another notable military man from the village who was highly decorated was Sgt Observer James Bryce, who was awarded the Distinguished Flying Medal for his exploits in the RAF in WW2. Slamannan Slamannan () is a village in the south of the Falkirk council area in Central Scotland. It is south-west of Falkirk, east of Cumbernauld and north-east of Airdrie. Slamannan is located at the cross of the B803 and B8022 roads, near the banks of the River Avon, close

title: South West England

text: in England under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949. The Mendip Hills followed with AONB designation in 1972. Much of the Battle of the Beams was carried out at the Telecommunications Research Establishment at Worth Matravers in Dorset; the H2S radar was developed by Sir Bernard Lovell of Bristol. The Gloster Meteor at Newquay Air Museum is the oldest flying jet aircraft in the world. Long Ashton Research Station in Somerset invented Ribena (for population health in World War II) and improved cider. William Herschel, previously a clarinet player, of Bath discovered infrared radiation on 11

title: Ricky Tomlinson

text: was awarded the Freedom of Liverpool. Ricky Tomlinson Eric "Ricky" Tomlinson (born 26 September 1939) is an English actor, comedian, author and political activist. He is best known for his roles as Bobby Grant in "Brookside", DCI Charlie Wise in "Cracker", Mike Bassett in "" and Jim Royle in "The Royle Family". Tomlinson was born in Bispham, Lancashire, and has lived in Liverpool nearly all his life. His father was a baker and he was born in Bispham because his mother, Peggy, was evacuated there due to the Liverpool Blitz in World War II. He attended a technical school after

title: Maidenhead

text: in Maidenhead, and attended Furze Platt Senior School. He plays for Leicester City and helped them win the Premier League title in 2016. Pinkneys Green in the town was home to Sir Nicholas Winton (1909-2015), whose heroic efforts rescued 669 Jewish children from Czechoslovakia just before the outbreak of World War II. There is a statue of him at Maidenhead Railway Station. Arthur and Ron Hacker formed the company Hacker Radio Ltd in Maidenhead in 1959, producers of fine transistor radios that for a time in the 1970s brandished the Royal Warrant of Appointment The town was also home to

title: Chepstow

text: awarded the Victoria Cross for gallantry in World War I. A gun from a captured German U-boat was presented to the town to mark his bravery, and stands in the town's main square beside the War Memorial. The neo-Baroque War Memorial itself was designed by local architect Eric Francis (1887–1976), who was also responsible for several notable country houses in the area. Sportsmen born in the town have included Surrey and Middlesex cricketer Ted Pooley (1842–1907); Eddie Parris (1911–1971), the first black player to play international football for Wales; Olympic gold medal winning show jumper Richard Meade (born 1936); and

title: Mobberley

text: Allied Invasion of Normandy during World War II were both born in Mobberley. Their father, The Rev. Herbert Leigh Mallory, was rector of Mobberley. The church was mainly constructed around 1245. It was originally dedicated to both St Wilfrid & St Mary although in recent years St Mary has been "dropped". The Victory Hall was built in 1921 as a World War I memorial at a cost of £4,500 on a plot of three quarters of an acre given by Mr R O Leycester. It was officially opened on 30 December 1921 and was refurbished in 1992. It is also

title: West Hartlepool War Memorial

text: of the patina. West Hartlepool War Memorial West Hartlepool War Memorial or Victory Square War Memorial or Victoria Square Cenotaph is a war memorial in Hartlepool, County Durham, England commemorating those from West Hartlepool who died in World War I and World War II. The war memorial, created in the 1920s, is located on Victoria Road in Hartlepool's Victory Square. The square was created for this monument. There was much deliberation about the selection of the site for the memorial or cenotaph. The idea was for the war memorial to be placed in a public square, which would face municipal

title: Wistanstow

text: men who died serving in the World Wars and another to Lieutenant Colonel Henry Beddoes who was lost when "S.S. Chiosa" hit a wartime mine off Sicily in January 1919. Wistanstow has a splendid mock Tudor village hall that was given to the village in 1925 by a local landowner. This enormous "blackandwhite" building included cottages for the district nurse and resident caretaker. The village has a small church primary school. At the other end of the village opposite Manor Farm is the Plough Inn. Just behind is a small independent real ale brewery, "Wood's". In 1984, both the Plough

title: Cleobury Mortimer

text: almost certainly born in the vicinity in the 14th century, and is commemorated in the very fine and intricate (Victorian) East Window of St Mary's Church, as well as in a local road name. Simon Evans is a 20th-century writer, who fought throughout the First World War, and suffered from being gassed. He had been a postman on Merseyside before the war, and after the war sought a rural postal round, to soothe both nerves and body. Cleobury suited him well; here he blossomed, took a correspondence course in English, and became a successful writer and radio broadcaster in the

title: Records of members of parliament of the United Kingdom

text: both legs in battle in the Middle East in World War II (son of Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, above). William Rupert Rees-Davies, MP for Isle of Thanet 1953–74 and Thanet West 1974–83, who lost his right arm in action in World War II. William Yates, MP for The Wrekin 1955–66, who lost a leg at the knee in the First Battle of El Alamein. John Montagu Douglas Scott, Earl of Dalkeith, MP for Edinburgh North 1960–73, who was left paralysed chest down after a fox hunting accident in 1971. Jack Ashley, MP for Stoke-on-Trent South 1966–92, who became profoundly deaf

title: Heroes Over Europe

text: modes. Tom Forester is an american man from Cleveland, Ohio, who wants to become a pilot as his father (who fought in WWI against the germans in the Lafayette Esquadrille) as the WWII begins. He manages to be accepted in the No 79th squadron RAF which is sent to Western Alps, France. Forester meets Clifford Stone, his squadron leader and they soon become friends. During the training and their scout with their Hawker Hurricanes they find a formation of six Ju-88 German bombers, which are all downed by Forester before the arrival of three Me-109 German fighters, but they are

title: Arthur Noel Edwards

text: gas attack by the Germans during the Second Battle of Ypres. He was buried in Bailleul Communal Cemetery Extension. He was later re-interred in High Beech, and there is a memorial to him in the Church of the Holy Innocents, High Beach, Epping, in Essex. Arthur Noel Edwards Captain Arthur Noel Edwards (10 December 1883 – 25 May 1915) was an English polo player who participated in the 1911 and 1913 International Polo Cup as an alternate. He was the second son of Hilda Tennant and Arthur Edwards of Beech Hill Park, Waltham Abbey, born on 10 December 1883. Arthur

title: Prestwood

text: musician and broadcaster, Steve Race. World War II In the Second World War, a prisoner of war camp was established at Peterley Wood, whilst Prestwood Park House was used as a hospital. Two bombers collided over Prestwood with much of the wreckage falling close to Nanfans (or Nafans) Farm on Honour End Lane. Only one member of the two crews survived the collision. A plaque commemorating the tragedy can be found outside the Limes Tea House at the local garden centre, Hildreths of Prestwood. By the 1960s, the last brickworks in the village had closed and many of the orchards

title: Monument to the Women of World War II

text: by female pilots. Baroness Boothroyd, patron of the Women of World War II trust and former Speaker of the House of Commons, dedicated the memorial saying: "This monument is dedicated to all the women who served our country and to the cause of freedom, in uniform and on the home front. I hope that future generations who pass this way will ask themselves: 'what sort of women were they?' and look at our history for the answer." In May 2015, after the Conservative Party won a majority in a general election, the memorial was vandalised with red graffiti. Downing Street

title: Ronald Colville, 2nd Baron Clydesmuir

text: at Dunkirk, in Italy, and in the Normandy landings, was awarded the MBE and mentioned in despatches, serving throughout World War II and for a short time thereafter. The Cameronians were famously recruited from Glasgow and the Lanarkshire area, the industrial heart of Scotland. Clydesmuir's obituary noted “he always remained a West of Scotland man respecting and sharing the down-to-earth qualities of the men with whom he had fought. It was typical of him and of them that some of his merriest and most affectionate anecdotes, (and he was a master story-teller), had to do with the lighter off-duty events

title: West Hartlepool War Memorial

text: West Hartlepool War Memorial West Hartlepool War Memorial or Victory Square War Memorial or Victoria Square Cenotaph is a war memorial in Hartlepool, County Durham, England commemorating those from West Hartlepool who died in World War I and World War II. The war memorial, created in the 1920s, is located on Victoria Road in Hartlepool's Victory Square. The square was created for this monument. There was much deliberation about the selection of the site for the memorial or cenotaph. The idea was for the war memorial to be placed in a public square, which would face municipal buildings on the

title: Weston-super-Mare

text: Park, containing a sculpture by Alfred Drury, was unveiled in 1922, with additions by Walter Cave for the Second World War. It contains the names of 402 men from the area who fell in the First World War. It consists of a winged allegorical figure of Victory holding an olive branch, which stands on an octagonal column. The memorial is a grade II listed building. Most of the town's churches and chapels are neo-Gothic 19th century structures. The Medieval village church of St John the Baptist was completely demolished in 1824 to make way for a new and larger place

title: Sambourne

text: was licensee of the premises from 1941–46, there is a plaque behind the bar commemorating the fact. A thatched cottage, east of it also has framing, of around 1600. The village green contains a war memorial to the men of the parish who fell in the First World War. The names include Lt Col Richard Courtenay Brabazon Throckmorton, nephew of Sir William Throckmorton, Baronet, of Coughton Court, Warwickshire; husband of Lilian Throckmorton. He had served upwards of 21 years with 23rd Royal Welch Fusiliers and was killed in action in 1916 whilst commanding 5th Battalion Wiltshire Regiment in Messopotamia. He

title: Northlew

text: link to the evening can be found here. Northlew WW1 Memorial Sutton Seeds who is the UK's main supplier of seeds also supplied over 42 Kilos of poppy seeds to the village have also agreed to name a Poppy, 'The Northlew Poppy' They also donated a Canadian Oak Tree which will grow to be the tallest tree in the village and turn a blood red around Armistice day in memorial of our fallen, it can be found in the village park. This was planted by Christopher Marson (On Behalf of the village of Northlew) Mark Parkhouse (Lord Lieutenant of Devon)

title: Whitley Chapel

text: to St Helen. Whitley Chapel Whitley Chapel is a village in Northumberland, England about south of Hexham, and in the parish of Whitley. Whitley Chapel is in the parliamentary constituency of Hexham. In Whitley Chapel Village Hall is a plaque commemorating those fallen soldiers from Hexhamshire killed in battle during the two world wars. Local historian and publisher Hilary Kristensen was behind the idea and the plaque is the fruit of nearly three years’ work. The plaque was unveiled in 2009 by Hilary Kristensen, Mike Linklater and parish council chairman Brian Massey. The names recorded on the plaque are: The

title: Ralph Kerr

text: Artillery and as a tank commander, was killed while fighting in Burma in 1945. Ralph Kerr Captain Ralph Kerr CBE (16 August 1891 – 24 May 1941) was an officer in the Royal Navy. He served in the First and Second World Wars, and was killed in the sinking of by the German battleship "Bismarck" at the Battle of the Denmark Strait. Kerr was born on 16 August 1891, the only son of Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Russell Kerr, and his wife Lady Kerr, of Newnham on Severn, Gloucestershire. He joined the Royal Navy on 15 May 1904, and after service as

title: Peaslake

text: CB CBE late Royal Engineers - World War 2 soldier Peaslake is referenced in Colin Forbes' thriller "The Leader and the Damned". An episode where a pair of lovers, trapped in the carnage of WWII Europe, dream of a happy future in post-war England: - "I know a little village in Surrey, near Guildford. All huddled down in the folds of the hills..." - "Peaslake?" - "Oh, you know it, too!" Peaslake Peaslake, Hoe and Colmar's Hill are in the centre of the Surrey Hills AONB and mid-west of the Greensand Ridge about ESE of the county town of Guildford,

title: Battle of Britain

text: The Battle of Britain marked the first major defeat of Hitler's military forces, with air superiority seen as the key to victory. Pre-war theories had led to exaggerated fears of strategic bombing, and UK public opinion was buoyed by coming through the ordeal. For the RAF, Fighter Command had achieved a great victory in successfully carrying out Sir Thomas Inskip's 1937 air policy of preventing the Germans from knocking Britain out of the war. Churchill concluded his famous 18 June 'Battle of Britain' speech in the House of Commons by referring to pilots and aircrew who fought the Battle: "... if the British Empire and its Commonwealth lasts for a thousand years, men will still say, 'This was their finest hour.'"

title: Cottam, Nottinghamshire

text: church contains a single war memorial, erected for the fallen of the parish in World War I. The memorial is made of marble and slate. The inscription read: 'This Memorial is Erected by the Parishioners of Cottam, in Proud and Grateful Memory of those from this Parish who fell in the Great War. 1914-18. George Fenton, Frank Howard, William Howard, Percy Kitchen. See that their names are not forgotten.' The church font is also Grade II listed. Its listing says it dates from the 14th century, is Ashlar and Octagonal. The base is inscribed as follows: "Ancient font presented to

title: St Mary's Church, Shrewsbury

text: roll of honour listing names of those who died in the Second, and a sandstone parish war memorial headed by a crucifix to parishioners who died during World War I, with a list of names that include VC recipient W.N. Stone Katherine Mary Harley (1855-1917), a committed Christian and Suffragist, is also commemorated on the memorial, she was killed at Monastir in 1917 aged 61, while nursing Serbian refugees. Katherine trained at the Salop Infirmary adjacent to St Mary's; she was the sister of both Field Marshal Sir John French and the Irish Nationalist Charlotte Despard. The churchyard contains the

title: St Mary the Virgin, Gillingham, Dorset

text: Wyke House in memory of two of their sons who were both killed in the war. Further examples of the work of Nathaniel Hitch (1846–1938), the sculptor responsible for the reredos, may be seen in Westminster Abbey and Truro and Bristol Cathedrals. Memorials to those who died in the First World War can be seen hanging above the Jacobean communion table in St. Catherine’s Chapel. The Book of Remembrance nearby records all those who served in the two world wars and also those who died. St. Mary's is still being enhanced as it has been over the centuries for the

title: Harold Newgass

text: in London. There is a street named after him on a new housing estate in Garston where all the other streets are named after English ports. Harold Newgass Harold Reginald Newgass, GC (3 August 1896 – 17 November 1984) was a Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve officer of the Second World War who was awarded the George Cross for the "great gallantry and undaunted devotion to duty" he showed in defusing an enemy parachute mine over two days in 1940. Newgass was born into a wealthy family in central London on 3 August 1899 and had served in the Territorial Army

title: London Troops War Memorial

text: the Battle of the Somme. A brass plaque reads: "Raised by public subscription at the Mansion House in the peace year 1919 during the mayoralty of Col. The Rt. Hon., Sir Horace Brooks Marshall, K.C.V.O., LL.D." The brass plaque was added after 1945, replacing original wording that was removed from the column when a further dedication was added after the Second World War. London Troops War Memorial The London Troops War Memorial, located in front of the Royal Exchange in the City of London, commemorates the men of London who fought in World War I and World War II. The

title: Battle of Britain


question: what type of economic system was utilized in the soviet union

answers: communism

answers: state ownership

title: Soviet-type economic planning

text: Soviet Union included a planning agency (Gosplan), an organization for allocating state supplies among the various organizations and enterprises in the economy (Gossnab), and enterprises which were engaged in the production and delivery of goods and services in the economy. Enterprises comprised production associations and institutes that were linked together by the plans formulated by Gosplan. Material balance planning was the major function of Gosplan in the Soviet Union. This method of planning involved the accounting of material supplies in natural units (as opposed to monetary terms), which are used to balance the supply of available inputs with targeted outputs.

title: Economy of the Soviet Union

text: Sterling until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. After a new leadership, headed by Leonid Brezhnev, had come to power, attempts were made to revitalize the economy through economic reform. Starting in 1965, enterprises and organizations were made to rely on economic methods of profitable production, rather than follow orders from the state administration. By 1970, the Soviet economy had reached its zenith and was estimated at about 60 percent of the size of the United States in terms of the estimated commodities (like steel and coal). In 1989, the official GDP of the Soviet Union was $2,500

title: Economic system

text: economic system of the former Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc operated as a command economy, featuring a combination of state-owned enterprises and central planning using the material balances method. The extent to which these economic systems achieved socialism or represented a viable alternative to capitalism is subject to debate. In orthodox Marxism, the mode of production is tantamount to the subject of this article, determining with a superstructure of relations the entirety of a given culture or stage of human development. Karl Marx's theory of economic development was based on the premise of evolving economic systems. Specifically, in his view

title: Calvin B. Hoover

text: and accepted the position of assistant professor of economics at Duke University. In 1927 he was awarded a grant by the Social Science Research Council to study the Soviet banking system. Despite this limited scope, he desired to make a more complete study of the Soviet economy. He spent 1929-1930 in Moscow researching the planned economy. He found that despite several limitations, the Soviet economy was capable of consistent growth. Upon his return he was encouraged by distinguished economist John Maynard Keynes to publish his findings. In 1931, he published an in-depth account called The Economic Life of Soviet Russia.

title: Michael Kaser

text: work has sought to apply Keynesian economic theory to the analysis of the socialist planned economies and he identified the systemic problems that were neglected by the ruling communist parties, and which contributed to the disintegration of the economic system at the end of the 1980s. "Soviet Economics" (1970) gives an overview of the economic system of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from its foundation until the cautious economic reforms of Khrushchev and Brezhnev. The study examines the evolving political priorities of the communist party leadership in the context of the Marxist theoretical framework; the challenges of the

title: Soviet-type economic planning

text: Material balancing involves taking a survey of available inputs and raw materials in the economy and then using a balance-sheet to balance them with output targets specified by industry to achieve a balance between supply and demand. This balance is used to formulate a plan for the national economy. There are two fundamental ways scholars have carried out an analysis of Soviet-type economic planning. The first involves adapting standard neoclassical economic models and theories to analyze the Soviet economic system. This paradigm stresses the importance of Pareto efficiency standard. In contrast to this approach, scholars like Pawel Dembinski argue that

title: Soviet working class

text: form of a money wage; however, during the period under the New Economic Policy, hyperinflation rendered money effectively useless, and wages sometimes occurred through bartering. Money wage in Soviet parlance was not the same as in Capitalist countries. The money wage was set at the top of the administrative system, and it was the same administrative system which also set bonuses. Wages were 80 percent of the average Soviet workers income, with the remaining 20 coming in the form of bonuses. The Soviet wage system tried systematically to make wages more equal; for instance, the relationship between wages was termed

title: Soviet-type economic planning

text: Soviet-type economic planning Soviet-type economic planning (STP) is the specific model of centralized economic planning employed by Marxist-Leninist socialist states modeled on the economy of the Soviet Union. Although there was significant variation among these economies, Soviet-type planning and Soviet-type economies refers to the major structural characteristics common to these economies. Soviet-type planning is a form of economic planning involving centralized investment decisions, administrative allocation of economic inputs, material balances to reach equilibrium between available inputs and targeted outputs, and to some extent the use of linear optimization to optimize the plans. The major institutions of Soviet-type planning in the

title: Soviet Union

text: the arms industry. At the same time, the Soviet Union became the largest arms exporter to the Third World. Significant amounts of Soviet resources during the Cold War were allocated in aid to the other socialist states. From the 1930s until its dissolution in late 1991, the way the Soviet economy operated remained essentially unchanged. The economy was formally directed by central planning, carried out by Gosplan and organized in five-year plans. However, in practice the plans were highly aggregated and provisional, subject to "ad hoc" intervention by superiors. All key economic decisions were taken by the political leadership. Allocated

title: Economy of the Soviet Union

text: of 10. Overall, the banking system was highly centralized and fully controlled by a single state-owned Gosbank, responsive to the fulfillment of the government's economic plans. Soviet banks furnished short-term credit to state-owned enterprises. There were two basic forms of property in the Soviet Union: individual property and collective property. These differed greatly in their content and legal status. According to communist theory, capital (means of production) should not be individually owned, with certain negligible exceptions. In particular, after the end of a short period of the New Economic Policy and with collectivization completed, all industrial property and virtually all

title: Socialist economics

text: of economic development, constitutes a form of socialism. They argue that the Soviet economy was structured upon the accumulation of capital and the extraction of surplus value from the working class by the planning agency in order to reinvest this surplus into the economy—and to distribute to managers and senior officials, indicating the Soviet Union (and other Soviet-style economies) were state capitalist economies. More fundamentally, these economies are still structured around the dynamic of capitalism: the accumulation of capital and production for profit (as opposed to being based on production for use—the defining criterion for socialism), and have not yet

title: Socialist economics

text: level of the production process as information was relayed from enterprises to planning ministries. Aside from the USSR and Eastern bloc economies, this economic model was also utilized by the People's Republic of China, Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Republic of Cuba and North Korea. The Soviet Union and some of its European satellites aimed for a fully centrally planned economy. They dispensed almost entirely with private ownership over the means of production. However, workers were still effectively paid a wage for their labour. Some believe that according to Marxist theory this should have been a step towards a genuine workers'

title: Production for use

text: capital accumulation for reinvestment and production for profit; the difference between Western capitalism was that the Soviet Union achieved this through nationalized industry and state-directed investment with the eventual goal of building a socialist society based upon production for use and self-management. Vladimir Lenin described the Soviet economy as "state-monopoly capitalism" and did not consider it to be socialism. During the 1965 Liberman Reforms, the Soviet Union re-introduced profitability as a criterion for industrial enterprises. Other views argue the Soviet Union evolved into a non-capitalist and non-socialist system characterized by control and subordination of society by the party apparatus or

title: Socialist economics

text: state. However, some Marxists consider this a misunderstanding of Marx's views of historical materialism and his views of the process of socialization. The characteristics of this model of economy were: The planning system in the Soviet Union was introduced under Stalin between 1928 and 1934. Following the Second World War, in the seven countries with communist governments in Central and Eastern Europe, central planning with five- (or six-) year plans on the Soviet model had been introduced by 1951. The common features were the nationalization of industry, transport and trade, compulsory procurement in farming (but not collectivization) and a monopoly

title: Socialist economics

text: exact nature of the USSR "et al" remains unresolved within said socialist movements. However, other socialist movements defend the systems that were in place in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, remembering, as said above, that public ownership of the means of production can signify many variants. In the case of the Soviet Union and its satellites, it was the State which controlled and managed almost all of the economy as a big huge enterprise. Furthermore, the products that were manufactured in Soviet-type economies were produced directly for use, given the fact that all of them were sold to the

title: Socialist Republic of Croatia

text: and even revolt. Just like in the Soviet Union, the state controlled entire economy, while free trade was forbidden in favour of central planning. Because of this, the state started rational distribution of necessities for living, which were distributed among population based on remittances, while consumers gained certain amount of certificates on month for buying certain amount of certain goods, including, food, clothes and shoes. In spring 1949, the state introduced high taxes on private farmer's economies for which farmers were unable to pay. This forced them to enter into the peasant labour unions, formed based on the Soviet kolhozes.

title: 1965 Soviet economic reform

text: because 'more' had been produced. The economic reforms emerged during a period of great ideological debate over economic planning. More mathematical, "cybernetic", viewpoints were at first considered deviant from orthodox Marxist economics, which considered the value of good to derive strictly from labor. This doctrine, elaborated in such works as Stalin's 1952 book, "Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR", described the price system as a capitalist relic which would eventually disappear from communist society. Nevertheless, computerized economics gained an important role for top planners, even while conventional Marxist–Leninist political economy was taught in most schools and promoted for public

title: OGAS

text: to build an information network that could be used in economic planning in Soviet Union's planned economy. The project was successful at a micro-level but did not spread into wide use. Beginning in the early 1960s, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union considered moving away from the existing Stalinist command planning in favor of developing an interlinked computerized system of resource allocation based on the principles of Cybernetics. This development was seen as the basis for moving toward optimal planning that could form the basis of a more highly developed form of socialist economy based on informational decentralization and

title: Deindustrialisation by country

text: galvanise the economy. However, by 1990 the Soviet government had lost control over economic conditions. Government spending increased sharply as an increasing number of unprofitable enterprises required state support and consumer price subsidies to continue. The industrial production system in the Soviet Union suffered a political and economic collapse in 1991, after which a transition from centrally planned to market-driven economies occurred. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the economic integration of the Soviet republics was dissolved, and overall industrial activity declined substantially. A lasting legacy remains in the physical infrastructure created during decades of combined industrial production practices.

title: Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union

text: aimed at the decentralization to overcome the problems of the planned economy. This plan, which would have run until 1995, only lasted about one year due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. State planning of the economy required processing large amounts of statistical data. The Soviet State had nationalized the Odhner arithmometer factory in Saint Petersburg after the revolution. The state began renting tabulating equipment later on. By 1929, it was a very large user of statistical machines, on the scale of the US or Germany. The State Bank had tabulating machines in 14 branches. Other users

title: Economy of the Soviet Union

text: in 1918 as well as from the worldwide financial troubles. Consequently, any kind of economic growth had to be financed by domestic savings. The economic problems in agriculture were further exacerbated by natural conditions, such as long cold winters across the country, droughts in the south and acidic soils in the north. However, according to Dyker, the Soviet economy did have "extremely good" potential in the area of raw materials and mineral extraction, for example in the oil fields in Transcaucasia, and this, along with a small but growing manufacturing base, helped the Soviet Union avoid any kind of balance

title: 1965 Soviet economic reform

text: in order to unify the interests of workers, enterprises, and society as a whole by means of the system of economic stimuli. 1965 Soviet economic reform The 1965 Soviet economic reform, sometimes called the Kosygin reform () or Liberman reform, were a set of planned changes in the economy of the Soviet Union (USSR). A centerpiece of these changes was the introduction of profitability and sales as the two key indicators of enterprise success. Some of an enterprise's profits would go to three funds, used to reward workers and expand operations; most would go to the central budget. The reforms

title: Economic planning

text: based on requirements for individual economic units and enterprises, through a system of iterations. The Soviet economy operated in a centralized and hierarchical manner. The process used directives, which were issued to lower-level organizations. The Soviet economic model was thus often referred to as a command economy or an administered economy, as plan directives were enforced by inducements in a vertical power structure, but planning played little functional role in the allocation of resources. The United States used economic planning during the First World War. The federal government supplemented the price system with centralized resource allocation and created a number

title: Economy of the Soviet Union

text: and 20% respectively in 1991. Agriculture was the predominant occupation in the Soviet Union before the massive industrialization under Joseph Stalin. The service sector was of low importance in the Soviet Union, with the majority of the labor force employed in the industrial sector. The labor force totaled 152.3 million people. Major industrial products included petroleum, steel, motor vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food processing, lumber, mining and defense industry. Though its GDP crossed $1 trillion in the 1970s and $2 trillion in the 1980s, the effects of central planning were progressively distorted due to the rapid growth of the

title: Economy of the Soviet Union

text: The economy of the Soviet Union (Russian: экономика Советского Союза) was based on a system of state ownership of the means of production, collective farming, industrial manufacturing and centralized administrative planning.  The economy was characterised by state control of investment, public ownership of industrial assets, macroeconomic stability, negligible unemployment and high job security.

title: Socialist economics

text: buy goods and services from other CMEA members. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the Eastern bloc, many of the remaining socialist states presiding over centrally planned economies began introducing reforms that shifted their economies away from centralized planning. In Central and Eastern Europe and the USSR the transition from a planned economy to a market economy was accompanied by the transformation of the socialist mode of production to a capitalist mode of production. In Asia (China, Laos, North Korea and Vietnam) and in Cuba market mechanisms were introduced by the ruling communist parties and the planning system

title: Soviet ruble

text: newly independent republics chose to continue circulating Soviet rubles until the introduction of the new Russian ruble in 1992. The Soviet Union ran a planned economy, where the government controlled prices and the exchange of currency. Thus the Soviet ruble did not function like a currency in a market economy, because mechanisms other than currency, such as centrally planned quotas controlled the distribution of goods. Consequently, the ruble did not have the utility of a true currency; instead, it more resembled the scrip issued in a truck system. Soviet citizens could freely purchase a set of products with rubles, but

title: Socialism

text: and demand. The most prominent example of a planned economy was the economic system of the Soviet Union and as such the centralised-planned economic model is usually associated with the communist states of the 20th century, where it was combined with a single-party political system. In a centrally planned economy, decisions regarding the quantity of goods and services to be produced are planned in advance by a planning agency (see also the analysis of Soviet-type economic planning). The economic systems of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc are further classified as "command economies", which are defined as systems where

title: Socialist economics

text: and services. From 1956/59 onwards all wartime controls over manpower were removed and people could apply and quit jobs freely in the Soviet Union. The use of market mechanisms went furthest in Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia and Hungary. From 1975 Soviet citizens had the right to engage in private handicraft and in 1981 collective farmers could raise and sell livestock privately. It should also be noted that households were free to dispose of their income as they chose and incomes were lightly taxed. Various scholars and political economists have criticized the claim that the centrally planned economy, and specifically, the Soviet model

title: Socialist economics

text: units. This material balances method of achieving plan coherence was later complemented and replaced by value planning, with money provided to enterprises so that they could recruit labour and procure materials and intermediate production goods and services. The Soviet economy was brought to balance by the interlocking of three sets of calculation, namely the setting up of a model incorporating balances of production, manpower and finance. The exercise was undertaken annually and involved a process of iteration (the "method of successive approximation"). Although nominally a "centrally planned" economy, in reality formulation of the plan took place on a more local

title: Economy of the Soviet Union


question: what is the function of a political action committee (pac)

answers: pools campaign contributions from members

title: Political action committee

text: finance experts have argued that this tactic is already illegal, since it would constitute a contribution in the name of another. The Center for Responsive Politics maintains a list of the largest PACs by election cycle on its website OpenSecrets.org. Their list can be filtered by receipts or different types of expenses, political party, and type of PAC. In the 2008 election, the top nine PACs spent a total of $25,794,807 (directly, and via their affiliates and subsidiaries) as follows: Political action committee In the United States and Canada, a political action committee (PAC) is an organization that pools campaign

title: Political party committee

text: campaign for the election of party members to the state legislatures. These are federated under such national organizations as the Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee (formed in 1994) and Republican Legislative Campaign Committee (formed in 2002). Political party committee In the United States, a political party committee is an organization, officially affiliated with a political party and registered with the Federal Elections Commission (FEC), which raises and spends money for political campaigning. Political party committees are distinct from political action committees, which are formally independent of political parties and subject to different rules. Though their own internal rules differ, the two

title: Political action committee

text: when it receives or spends more than $1,000 for the purpose of influencing a federal election, and registers with the Federal Election Commission, according to the Federal Election Campaign Act as amended by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (also known as the McCain-Feingold Act). At the state level, an organization becomes a PAC according to the state's election laws. Federal multi-candidate PACs may contribute to candidates as follows: In its 2010 case "Citizens United v. FEC", the Supreme Court of the United States overturned sections of the Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (also known as the McCain-Feingold Act)

title: Cause lawyer

text: funding political action committee (PACs) with the purpose of advancing or inhibiting campaigns based on the candidate's stance on important issues. Public interest groups on both sides of the aisle have expanded their roles tremendously and can even be attributed to the divisive political arena that exist today. While their roles have expanded, their overall goals have not. Partisan public interest groups continue pursuing the causes that connect with their ideological beliefs and continue to have successes in advancing these interests. Community economic development work includes building coalitions of interested parties to create social policies that improve affordable housing opportunities,

title: Political party committee

text: Political party committee In the United States, a political party committee is an organization, officially affiliated with a political party and registered with the Federal Elections Commission (FEC), which raises and spends money for political campaigning. Political party committees are distinct from political action committees, which are formally independent of political parties and subject to different rules. Though their own internal rules differ, the two major political parties (Democrats and Republicans) have essentially parallel sets of committees. (Third parties have varied organizational structures, although several do have national committees officially recognized by the FEC.) The Democratic National Committee, Reform Party

title: National Association of Letter Carriers

text: a primary objective of the union's political affairs operation. The NALC's political action fund (or PAC) is called the Committee on Letter Carrier Political Education (abbreviated as COLCPE). COLCPE's stated goal is to help "pro-labor, pro-letter carriers candidates get elected so they can go to Washington to support and protect letter carrier jobs." Contributing to the PAC is strictly voluntary, as federal law forbids unions from using dues money for political purposes. In 2016, COLCPE was rebranded as the Letter Carrier Political Fund. Until 1993, active letter carriers were barred from taking any significant volunteer role for any political campaigns.

title: Politics of the United States

text: support minimum wage legislation and protection for collective bargaining. Other private interest groups, such as churches and ethnic groups, are more concerned about broader issues of policy that can affect their organizations or their beliefs. One type of private interest group that has grown in number and influence in recent years is the political action committee or PAC. These are independent groups, organized around a single issue or set of issues, which contribute money to political campaigns for U.S. Congress or the presidency. PACs are limited in the amounts they can contribute directly to candidates in federal elections. There are

title: Political action committee

text: and other political leaders may form "non-connected PACs". These organizations may accept funds from any individual, connected PAC, or organization. As of January 2009, there were 1,594 non-connected PACs, the fastest-growing category. Elected officials and political parties cannot give more than the federal limit directly to candidates. However, they can set up a Leadership PAC that makes independent expenditures. Provided the expenditure is not coordinated with the other candidate, this type of spending is not limited. Under the FEC (Federal Election Commission) rules, leadership PACs are non-connected PACs, and can accept donations from individuals and other PACs. Since current officeholders

title: 2017 Calgary municipal election

text: a political action committee (PAC), a third-party organization that is not required to reveal the identity of its donors. PACS are commonly used in the United States to pool campaign contributions to target candidates. Hadyn Place, Director of Alberta Can't Wait—one of Alberta's "unite the right" movement organizations—explained to CBC journalists that Save Calgary is targeting incumbents Mayor Naheed Nenshi, and councillors Druh Farrell, Evan Woolley, Gian-Carlo Carra, Diane Colley-Urquhart because "We feel that there are good candidates running against those current city councillors and we don't like their voting records, and their priorities, we feel, are out of step

title: Hybrid PAC

text: Hybrid PAC A hybrid PAC (sometimes called a Carey Committee) is a political committee classification in the United States. It used by the Federal Election Commission to describe a committee with certain spending and contribution limitations. The term is related to "super PAC", a committee which may not make contributions to candidate campaigns or parties, but may engage in unlimited political spending independently of the campaigns. Unlike super PACs, however, a hybrid PAC can give limited amounts of money directly to campaigns and committees, while still making independent expenditures in unlimited amounts. The hybrid PAC is required to maintain two

title: Fundraising

text: used only for evangelism or proselytism. Usually, religious organizations mix the two, which can sometimes cause tension. Fundraising also plays a major role in political campaigns. This fact, despite numerous campaign finance reform laws, continues to be a highly controversial topic in American politics. Political action committees (PACs) are the best-known organizations that back candidates and political parties, though others such as 527 groups also have an impact. Some advocacy organizations conduct fundraising "for-or-against" policy issues in an attempt to influence legislation. While public broadcasters are completely government-funded in much of the world, there are many countries where some funds

title: Campaign finance evolution in 2010

text: manner, and up to what limits. Some 5000 regular Political Action Committees (PACs), about 2/3 of which are “connected” to a corporation, union, or trade/membership association, are registered with the FEC and make direct contributions to candidates. There are more thousands of trade and member associations, unions and corporate interests, and an ever-growing stream of individual contributors and players in this marketplace of political ideas that may make direct or independent expenditures that support or oppose candidates. Changes to the campaign finance landscape affect each of these political participants, and continually alter the balance of influence amongst them. In Emily's

title: Political action committee

text: decisions added a third classification, independent-expenditure only committees, which are colloquially known as "Super PACs". Most of the 4,600 active, registered PACs are "connected PACs" established by businesses, labor unions, trade groups, or health organizations. These PACs receive and raise money from a "restricted class", generally consisting of managers and shareholders in the case of a corporation and members in the case of a union or other interest group. As of January 2009, there were 1,598 registered corporate PACs, 272 related to labor unions and 995 to trade organizations. Groups with an ideological mission, single-issue groups, and members of Congress

title: Political action committee

text: have an easier time attracting contributions, Leadership PACs are a way dominant parties can capture seats from other parties. A leadership PAC sponsored by an elected official cannot use funds to support that official's own campaign. However, it may fund travel, administrative expenses, consultants, polling, and other non-campaign expenses. Between 2008 and 2009, leadership PACs raised and spent more than $47 million. Super PACs, officially known as "independent-expenditure only committees", may not make contributions to candidate campaigns or parties, but may engage in unlimited political spending independently of the campaigns. Unlike traditional PACs, they can raise funds from individuals, corporations,

title: Public Accounts Committee

text: Public Accounts Committee Public Accounts Committee (PAC) refers to a committee in the legislature that must study public audits, invite ministers, permanent secretaries or other ministry officials to the committee for questioning, and issue a report of their findings subsequent to a government budget audit. Typically, the government is required to report back to parliament on PAC recommendations within a specified period, usually two to six months. More often than not, opposition members chair PACs in the commonwealth. Based on their findings, PACs often make recommendations to government ministries requiring that they change certain policies and procedures to improve their

title: Political action committee

text: that had prohibited corporate and union political independent expenditures in political campaigns. "Citizens United" made it legal for corporations and unions to spend from their general treasuries to finance independent expenditures related to campaigns, but did not alter the prohibition on direct corporate or union contributions to federal campaigns. Organizations seeking to contribute directly to federal candidate campaigns must still rely on traditional PACs for that purpose. The first PAC was the CIO-PAC, formed in July 1943 under CIO president Philip Murray and headed by Sidney Hillman. Federal law formally allows for two types of PACs: connected and non-connected. Judicial

title: Dark money

text: the identities of donors before the election. In federal elections, for example, political action committees have the option to choose to file reports on a "monthly" or "quarterly" basis. This allows funds raised by PACs in the final days of the election to be spent and votes cast before the report is due. In addition to PACs, non-profit groups ranging from Planned Parenthood to Crossroads may make expenditures in connection with political races. Since these non-profits are not political committees, as defined in the Federal Election Campaign Act, they have few reporting requirements beyond the amounts of their expenditures. They

title: Shadow campaigns in the United States

text: be their primary function, though it should be noted that there is no clearly defined definition to what primary purpose is. Generally, these organizations tend to stay below 50% of activity. However, these organizations can endorse candidates, organize partisan activities, and purchase advertising, all with funds from their general treasury. If they can follow the primary purpose rule they are not legally obligated to disclose their donors. Hence the term, dark money. A new type of committee has emerged in recent times known as a Super-Political Action Committee. Super-PACs were created in the aftermath of SpeechNow.org v. Federal Election Commission.

title: LaRuby May

text: members of their office if they missed more than three meetings in a row. Under existing District law, political action committees were barred from accepting more than $500 from any individual or corporation during an election cycle. The election cycle was defined as an election year, and the law permitted political action committees to raise unlimited funds in non-election years. After Bowser's election in November 2015, she and her political allies formed FreshPAC, named for Bowser's pledge to bring a "fresh start" to corruption-plagued politics in the city. The group raised nearly $350,000 by late August, and set a goal

title: BIPAC

text: BIPAC BIPAC (Business-Industry Political Action Committee) is a purportedly nonpartisan, membership-supported, mission-driven, organization dedicated to increasing the political effectiveness of America’s business community, although some 89% of its donations go to Republican candidates. It is led by former U.S. Congressman Jim Gerlach, who served Pennsylvania's sixth congressional district from 2002-2014. BIPAC was founded in 1963 as “an independent, nonpartisan group to serve as a political action arm for American business and industry.” It is known as the very first business political action committee (PAC). They conduct extensive biennial studies of employer-to-employee communications programs through both national polling and surveys within

text: Fraternity and Sorority Political Action Committee The Fraternity and Sorority Political Action Committee (sometimes informally known as "FratPAC") is a U.S. political action committee (PAC) which focuses on issues related to freedom of association as it concerns Greek-letter organizations at American colleges and universities. It claims to be the nation's largest PAC "focused solely on higher education issues." During the 2014 election cycle, the Fraternity and Sorority Political Action Committee raised and spent $464,124, slightly less than the $466,347 it spent in 2012. In 2010 it raised and spent $404,370. The organization is funded, primarily, by United States fraternities and

title: Marcos A. Rodriguez

text: the "American Dream Political Action Committee", an independent political fund, focused primarily on raising funds to support the political activities of "Republican candidates of color", with (now former) Rep. Henry Bonilla as honorary national chairman, and Jeb Henserling (now a U.S. Representative) as treasurer. J.C. Watts, former U.S. Representative in Oklahoma, was also a part of the first PAC team. Rodriguez funded at least $20,000 into this effort during its start-up. Within its first year, the PAC supported twelve minority GOP candidates to a tune of $30,000 in total, from the approximately $100,000 that it was able to raise through

title: Citizens United v. FEC

text: that they oppose. The majority, however, argued that ownership of corporate stock was voluntary and that unhappy shareholders could simply sell off their shares if they did not agree with the corporation's speech. Stevens also argued that Political Action Committees (PACs), which allow individual members of a corporation to invest money in a separate fund, are an adequate substitute for general corporate speech and better protect shareholder rights. The majority, by contrast, had argued that most corporations are too small and lack the resources and raw number of shareholders and management staff necessary to maintain compliance, accounting and administrative costs

title: Youth Political Awareness PAC

text: Youth Political Awareness PAC Youth Political Awareness PAC is a nonpartisan Political Action Committee or 527 organization founded and operated by a staff of teenagers in San Diego, California. Youth Political Awareness PAC was established as a non-connected PAC by the Federal Election Commission in September 2014. Youth Political Awareness PAC is an ideological PAC that supplements kindergarten-8th grade civic education. Chairman Justin Donovan and Chief of Staff Sam Haber are the Co-founders of Youth Political Awareness PAC, along with a governing board of directors who manage distinct departments in the organization. Education is the largest department in Youth Political

title: Political action committee

title: Campaign finance in the United States

text: political campaigns (according to the limits described above), these organizations can spend money directly to influence elections. Federal law allows for multiple types of political action committees (PACs). main: 501(c) organization 501(c)(4) “social welfare”, 501(c)(5) “labor unions”, 501(c)(6) “chambers of commerce” unlike 501(c)(3) charitable organizations can participate in political campaigns and elections, as long as the organization's "primary purpose" is issue advocacy and not political advocacy and are not required to disclose their donors publicly.[31]. This aspect of the law has led to extensive use of 501(c)(4) organizations in raising and donating money for political activity.[32] The NAACP, Planned Parenthood,

title: Political action committee

text: example, political action committees have the option to choose to file reports on a "monthly" or "quarterly" basis. This allows funds raised by PACs in the final days of the election to be spent and votes cast before the report is due. In one high-profile case, a donor to a super PAC kept his name hidden by using an LLC formed for the purpose of hiding their personal name. One super PAC, that originally listed a $250,000 donation from an LLC that no one could find, led to a subsequent filing where the previously "secret donors" were revealed. However, campaign

title: Politics of the United States

text: elect that person. Once in office, an elected official may change parties simply by declaring such intent. An elected official once in office may also act contradictory to many of his or her party's positions (this had led to terms such as "Republican In Name Only"). At the federal level, each of the two major parties has a national committee (See, Democratic National Committee, Republican National Committee) that acts as the hub for much fund-raising and campaign activities, particularly in presidential campaigns. The exact composition of these committees is different for each party, but they are made up primarily of

title: Political action committee

text: "National Journal", writing on June 26, 2010, of a group called Workers' Voices, that it was a kind of super PAC' that could become increasingly popular in the post-Citizens United world." According to FEC advisories, Super PACs are not allowed to coordinate directly with candidates or political parties. This restriction is intended to prevent them from operating campaigns that complement or parallel those of the candidates they support or engaging in negotiations that could result in "quid pro quo" bargaining between donors to the PAC and the candidate or officeholder. However, it is legal for candidates and Super PAC managers

title: Constitutional Law PAC

text: Constitutional Law PAC The Constitutional Law PAC is a political action committee formed in the state of Washington to help elect candidates to the Washington State Supreme Court and Washington State Court of Appeals. The Constitutional Law PAC has a center-right orientation. Conservatives have expressed concerns that the group's leadership is too liberal, while liberals have criticized the committee as a conservative attempt to influence judicial elections. The Candidate Evaluation Committee was chaired by Former King County Prosecutor Christopher T. Bayley a moderate Republican. Members of the committee were Seattle labor attorney Jerry Rubin of the law firm Stoel Rives

title: Political action committee

long_answer: In the United States and Canada, a political action committee (PAC) is a type of organization that pools campaign contributions from members and donates those funds to campaign for or against candidates, ballot initiatives, or legislation. The legal term PAC has been created in pursuit of campaign finance reform in the United States. This term is quite specific to all activities of campaign finance in the United States. Democracies of other countries use different terms for the units of campaign spending or spending on political competition (see political finance). At the U.S. federal level, an organization becomes a PAC when it receives or spends more than $1,000 for the purpose of influencing a federal election, and registers with the Federal Election Commission, according to the Federal Election Campaign Act as amended by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (also known as the McCain-Feingold Act). At the state level, an organization becomes a PAC according to the state's election laws.


question: what river is associated with the city of rome

answers: The Tiber

answers: Tiber

title: Founding of Rome

text: to the middle of the 8th century BC. According to the legend, Romulus plowed a furrow ("sulcus") around the hill in order to mark the boundary of his new city. There is no consensus on the etymology of the city's name. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) suggested Greek "" (""), meaning "strength, vigor". A modern theory of etymology holds that the name of the city is of Etruscan origin (and perhaps the city itself, though this cannot be proven), derived from "rumon", "river". There is archaeological evidence of human occupation of the Rome area from about 14,000 years ago, but the dense

title: Liri

text: the neighboring town of Minturnae, but appear to have enjoyed considerable celebrity with the Romans themselves. Immediately adjoining its mouth was an extensive marsh, formed probably by the stagnation of the river itself, and celebrated in history in connection with the adventures of Gaius Marius. About upstream from its mouth, the river passes what used to be Lake Fucino, separated from the lake basin by the mountain ridge of "Monte Salviano". The Roman emperor Claudius had a tunnel dug through the ridge in an attempt to drain the lake, which had no natural outlet, to the Liri. The later emperor

title: Almone

text: Roman dialect) is a term that derives from the name of the ancient "ager maranus", the fields that surround the Via Appia, and refers to the drainage channels that flow through the countryside near Rome. "Caffarella" refers to the valley, now a park, that the river runs through. The river has also been known as Acquataccio, a name with two possible derivations. It either refers to the nearby Appian Way, a corruption of "Acqua d'Appia" (which became "d'Accia"), or the suffix "-accio" is to be taken in its pejorative sense, and it refers to the marshy waters of the Caffarella

title: Rubicon

text: of Savignano di Romagna (now Savignano sul Rubicone), was officially identified as the former Rubicon. Strong evidence supporting this theory came in 1991, when three Italian scholars (Pignotti, Ravagli, and Donati), after a comparison between the Tabula Peutingeriana and other ancient sources (including Cicero), showed that the distance from Rome to the Rubicon River was 200 Roman miles. Key elements of their work are: Today there is very little evidence of Caesar’s historical passage. Savignano sul Rubicone is an industrial town and the river has become one of the most polluted in the Emilia-Romagna region. Exploitation of underground waters along

title: Marecchia

text: the Goths contesting his passage of the river was killed in a skirmish. The mouth of the Marecchia is also the legendary site where Anthony of Padua allegedly preached to the fish. Marecchia The Marecchia (pronounced ) is a river in eastern Italy. In ancient times it was known as the "Ariminus" which was from the Greek "Ariminos", "Αρίμινος" (which is also the ancient name of Rimini). The source of the river is near Monte dei Frati which is east of Pieve Santo Stefano and southwest of Badia Tedalda in the province of Arezzo in Tuscany. It flows northeast into

title: Marecchia

text: Marecchia The Marecchia (pronounced ) is a river in eastern Italy. In ancient times it was known as the "Ariminus" which was from the Greek "Ariminos", "Αρίμινος" (which is also the ancient name of Rimini). The source of the river is near Monte dei Frati which is east of Pieve Santo Stefano and southwest of Badia Tedalda in the province of Arezzo in Tuscany. It flows northeast into the province of Pesaro and Urbino in the Marche and is the only river that runs through Montefeltro. While flowing through Montefeltro, the river flows through the exclave Santa Sofia Marecchia, which

title: Tiberius (praenomen)

text: drowned in its waters. Tiberinus was afterward regarded as the god of the river. Children named Tiberius may have been named after the river and its patron god. Chase suggested that the same root may have connected the city of Tibur, the Umbrian town of Tifernum, and the mountain and river in Samnium known as "Tifernus". The Etruscan cognate of Tiberius is "Thefarie", and an alternative interpretation of the name's origin is that the Latin praenomen was borrowed from Etruscan, or from the Etruscan name of the river. However, if the river was known in Latium by its present name

title: Rubicon

text: Rubicon The Rubicon (, ) is a shallow river in northeastern Italy, just south of Ravenna. The same name was given to a river that was famously crossed by Julius Caesar in 49 BC. While it has not been proven, some historians agree that the two rivers are indeed one and the same; this was not always the case. The modern-day river flows for around from the Apennine Mountains to the Adriatic Sea through the south of the Emilia-Romagna region, between the towns of Rimini and Cesena. The Latin word ' comes from the adjective ', meaning "red". The river

title: Aqua Anio Vetus

text: to take water from the Anio valley, hence its name. Its source is believed to be between Vicovaro and Mandela, upstream of the gorge at S. Cosimato. Like the Aqua Appia, its route was mainly underground. Improvements later added bridges to take short cuts avoiding the paths along the sides of valleys by many kilometres (miles). It descended from its source along the valley to Tivoli where it left the Anio towards the Alban Hills to near Gallicano, below Palestrina. It crossed under the Via Latina near the 7th milestone and at the 4th milestone turned northwest to enter Rome.

title: Ponte (rione of Rome)

text: Ponte (rione of Rome) Ponte is the fifth rione of Rome, and is located in Municipio I. Its name (meaning "bridge" in Italian) comes from Ponte Sant'Angelo, which connects Ponte with the rione of Borgo. This bridge was built by Emperor Hadrian (and originally named after him "Pons Aelius") in 134 AD to connect his mausoleum to the rest of the city. Though Pope Sixtus V changed the rione limits so that the bridge belongs now to Borgo, not to Ponte any more, the area has kept its name. Its logo is obviously a bridge. In ancient Rome, the area

title: Petuaria

text: still a gateway into much of England east of the Pennines. Eight major rivers can be accessed from the North Sea through the estuary: the Ouse, Hull, Derwent, Wharfe, Aire, Don, Trent and Ancholme. That is why eight river goddesses who are shown reclining on the great mosaic from nearby Brantingham Roman villa are sometimes interpreted as representing the practical importance of these English rivers in Roman times for transport and travel. The nearby villa at Brantingham, just outside Brough, was first discovered in 1941 and would have been closely associated with the Roman town until it burnt down some

title: Rubicon

text: principal streets in every Roman town, running north–south and east–west respectively. In a section of the Tabula Peutingeriana, an ancient document showing the network of Roman roads, a river in northeastern Italy labeled ""fl. Rubicū"" is shown at a position 12 Roman miles () north of Rimini along the coastline; this is the distance between Rimini and a place called "Ad Confluentes", drawn west of the Rubicon, on the Via Aemilia. However, the river-bed shape observed in Pisciatello and the Rubicone river in the present day, well below Roman-age soil layers, is likely to indicate that any possible course modification

title: Ponte (rione of Rome)

text: leading to the river were lost, to make space for the embankments, but it is still possible to see the typical look of the older rione in the inner parts of the area. Ponte (rione of Rome) Ponte is the fifth rione of Rome, and is located in Municipio I. Its name (meaning "bridge" in Italian) comes from Ponte Sant'Angelo, which connects Ponte with the rione of Borgo. This bridge was built by Emperor Hadrian (and originally named after him "Pons Aelius") in 134 AD to connect his mausoleum to the rest of the city. Though Pope Sixtus V changed

title: Volturno

text: Via Appia and Latina joined just to the north of the bridge over it, and so through the Campanian plain, with many windings, into the sea. The direct length of the lower course is about , so that the whole is slightly longer than that of the Liri-Garigliano, and its basin far larger. The river has always had a considerable military importance, and the colony of Volturnum (no doubt preceded by an older, possibly even Etruscan, port of Capua) was founded in 194 BC at its mouth on the south bank by the Romans; it is now about one mile

title: Tiber

text: most important port, where wheat, olive oil, and wine were imported from Rome's colonies around the Mediterranean. Wharves were also built along the riverside in Rome itself, lining the riverbanks around the Campus Martius area. The Romans connected the river with a sewer system (the "Cloaca Maxima") and with an underground network of tunnels and other channels, to bring its water into the middle of the city. Wealthy Romans had garden-parks or "horti" on the banks of the river in Rome up through the first century BC. These may have been sold and developed about a century later. The heavy

title: Roman River

text: compares the concentrations of various chemicals against known safe concentrations. Chemical status is rated good or fail. The Roman River is designated as "heavily modified", which means that the channel has been altered by human activity, and the criteria for this designation are defined by the Water Framework Directive. The water quality of the Roman River was as follows in 2015. Roman River The Roman River is a river that flows entirely through the English county of Essex. It is a tributary of the River Colne, flowing into its tidal estuary below Colchester. The lower end of the Roman River

title: Roman River

text: Roman River The Roman River is a river that flows entirely through the English county of Essex. It is a tributary of the River Colne, flowing into its tidal estuary below Colchester. The lower end of the Roman River is also tidal, with tidal water flowing upstream to just above Fingringhoe. In the past, the river was important for milling. There was a tide mill at Fingringhoe, which was used between about 1520 and 1893, when it was replaced by a steam roller mill. Further upstream, Layer de la Haye Mill was a conventional watermill with a longer history, as

title: Rubicon

text: the upper course of the Rubicon has reduced its flow—it was a minor river even during Roman times (“"parvi Rubiconis ad undas"” as Lucan said, roughly translated "to the waves of [the] tiny Rubicon")—and has since lost its natural route, except in its upper course between low and woody hills. Rubicon The Rubicon (, ) is a shallow river in northeastern Italy, just south of Ravenna. The same name was given to a river that was famously crossed by Julius Caesar in 49 BC. While it has not been proven, some historians agree that the two rivers are indeed one

title: Liri

text: was originally called Clanis, a name which appears to have been common to many Italian rivers (see for ex. Clanio and Lagni); the former writer erroneously assigns its sources to the country of the Vestini; an opinion which is adopted also by Lucan. The surrounding area was devastated by Hannibal during his invasion in response to the locals' having burnt the bridges over the river. In 238 BC, the adjacent city of Fregella was the site of a crushed rebellion against Roman rule. The Liris is noticed by several of the Roman poets, as a very gentle and tranquil stream,

title: Rome, Georgia

text: dictator Benito Mussolini sent a replica of the statue of Romulus and Remus nursing from a mother wolf, a symbol of the founding myth of the original Rome. Rome is located at the confluence of the Etowah and the Oostanaula rivers, whose merging forms the Coosa River. This gave it access to the waterways, the major transportation routes of the era. Because of this water feature, Rome developed as a regional trade center, based originally on King Cotton. As cotton plantations were developed in the area, Rome was an increasingly important market town, shipping the commodity downriver to other markets.

title: Marecchia

text: belongs to Badia Tedalda. The river then flows past Sant'Agata Feltria and Novafeltria before crossing into the province of Rimini in Emilia–Romagna. At Torello, part of the commune of San Leo, it flows 1 km west of the Sammarinese territory Acquaviva and the San Marino River flows into it, but the Marecchia does not touch the San Marino border. Finally, the river flows past Verucchio and Santarcangelo di Romagna before flowing into the Adriatic Sea near Rimini. While on his way to fight the Gothic army, the Byzantine general Narses crossed the Marecchia on a pontoon after the leader of

title: Roman Rapids

text: Roman Rapids Roman Rapids is a white-water river rapids ride located in Festa Italia of Busch Gardens Williamsburg, Virginia. It is themed after a canal race through Roman ruins and leaves riders completely soaked after the ride. Once riders board the six-passenger raft, the moving platform the raft shortly bonds to releases its grips and sends the raft spinning off, slowly at first but reaching quick speeds at points. At first, riders are teased into thinking the ride is calm, but it soon picks up when water jets shoot water opposite the direction of the current, causing white water and

title: Sarno (river)

text: Sarno (river) The Sarno, known as "Sarnus" to the Romans, is a stream that passes through Pompeii to the south of the Italian city of Naples. It is considered the most polluted river in Europe, as a result of industrial waste. It flows about from the base of Mt. Sarno to the Bay of Naples collecting water from the Solofrana and Cavaiola tributaries during the course of its flow. It is still partially used for irrigation, as well as the transportation of goods and fishing. It is part of the Sarno river basin, which covers about . The Sarno is

title: Velabrum

text: Velabrum The Velabrum is the low valley in the city of Rome that connects the Forum with the Forum Boarium, and the Capitoline Hill with the western slope of the Palatine Hill. Before the construction of the Cloaca Maxima, which probably follows the course of an ancient stream, the area was a swamp, though this claim from earlier sources is contested by core samples taken from Velabrum in 1994. Ancient authorities state that in this marshy area the roots of a fig tree "(Ficus Ruminalis)" caught and stopped the basket carrying Romulus and Remus as it floated along on the

title: Tiber

text: The Tiber (/ˈtaɪbər/, Latin Tiberis, Italian Tevere, Italian pronunciation: [ˈteːvere]) is the third-longest river in Italy, rising in the Apennine Mountains in Emilia-Romagna and flowing 406 kilometres (252 mi) through Tuscany, Umbria and Lazio, where it is joined by the river Aniene, to the Tyrrhenian Sea, between Ostia and Fiumicino.  It drains a basin estimated at 17,375 square kilometres (6,709 sq mi). The river has achieved lasting fame as the main watercourse of the city of Rome, founded on its eastern banks.

title: Sinni (river)

text: and are two of the most considerable streams in Lucania. (Plin. iii. 11. s. 15; Strab. vi. p. 264.) The name of the former river is noticed also in connection with the first great battle between Pyrrhus and the Romans, 280 BCE, which was fought upon its banks (Plut. "Pyrrh." 16). It has been confounded by Florus and Orosius with the Liri in Campania. (Flor. i. 18. § 7; Oros. iv. 1.) Sinni (river) The Sinni (Latin: Siris or Semnus; Greek: or ) is a 94 km long river in the Basilicata region of southern Italy. In antiquity, the city

title: Bèze (river)

text: called the "Ferme de Rome" . The river originates in an upwelling of the waters of the aquifer under the forest of Velours in the commune of Lux, Côte-d'Or. This is fed by water from the Tille and Venelle rivers. The Speleo-Club of Dijon has explored the source since 14 July 1950. Exploration continues today by scuba diving and by systematic study of the discovered network. H. Tintant says that most of the waters of the Bèze come from underground drainage of the immense karst plateau consisting of rauracian and sequanian limestones forming a quadrilateral limited to the north by

title: Sacco (river)

text: or "Trerus". The Sacco river valley is a vast territory between the provinces of Rome and Frosinone in the central-southern Italy. The intensive exploitation that for decades affected of this valley due to no-scruple companies and crooked public administration offices, produced an unprecedented environmental and social disaster. Sacco (river) The Sacco is a river of central Italy, a right tributary of the Liri. The river is formed by the confluence of two streams of the Monti Simbruini in the Apennines of Abruzzo. It flows towards south-east for a total of , crossing Ciociaria between the mountain ranges of the Ernici

title: Rubicon

text: was so named because its waters are colored red by mud deposits. During the Roman republic, the river Rubicon marked the boundary between the Roman province of Cisalpine Gaul to the northeast and Italy proper, controlled directly by Rome and its "socii" (allies), to the south. On the north-western side, the border was marked by the river Arno, a much wider and more important waterway, which flows westward from the Apennine Mountains (it and the Rubicon rise not far from each other) into the Tyrrhenian Sea. Governors of Roman provinces were appointed promagistrates with "imperium" (roughly, "right to command") in

title: Rome, New York

text: next to the canal was informally known as Lynchville, after the original owner of the property. The Town of Rome was converted into a city by the New York State Legislature on February 23, 1870. The residents have called Rome the "City of American History". Rome was founded along an ancient Native American portage path known as the "Oneida Carrying Place", "Deo-Wain-Sta", or "The Great Carrying Place" to the Six Nations (Iroquois) or "Haudenosaunee" people in their language. These names refer to a portage road or path between the Mohawk River to the east, which leads to the Hudson River;

title: Tiber

short_answers:
The Tiber
Tiber