question: when is the last time the new york giants won the super bowl

answers: (2011

title: New York Giants

text: Super Bowl XLVI against the New England Patriots with a score of 21–17. The winning touchdown was preceded by a 38-yard reception by receiver Mario Manningham. As in Super Bowl XLII, Eli Manning was Super Bowl MVP, defeating the New England Patriots for a second time in the Super Bowl. Ahmad Bradshaw scored the game-winning touchdown by falling into the end zone. The Patriots were allowing Bradshaw to get the touchdown so they would get the ball with some time remaining. When Eli Manning handed the ball to Bradshaw, he told him not to score. Bradshaw was about to fall

title: History of the New York Giants (1994–present)

text: Burress hauled in the game-winning touchdown pass with 35 seconds left to play to give the Giants their first Super Bowl win since 1990. This game was also a rematch of their final regular season game, in which the Patriots came back from a 12-point deficit to finish the regular season 16–0. A parade was held in the Canyon of Heroes of Lower Manhattan two days after the win, followed by a victory rally across the Hudson River inside Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey. The Giants won their Division again in 2008, with a record of 12–4 and

title: 1986 New York Giants season

text: Peter King. "They were screaming and hooting and raising hell—happier than they had been all year." In week 12, in what would turn out to be a preview of Super Bowl XXI, veteran defensive end George Martin (at 34 the oldest player on the team) intercepted a pass from Denver Broncos quarterback John Elway and returned it 78 yards for a touchdown before being tackled from behind in the end zone by a celebrating Lawrence Taylor. Then in the final two minutes of the game, Simms hit fan–favorite Phil McConkey for a 46-yard pass. This led to another game-winning kick

title: History of the New York Giants (1979–93)

text: became the game's signature moment, Norwood's attempt missed wide right, and the Giants won their second Super Bowl, 20–19. The Giants set a Super Bowl record for time of possession with a mark of 40:33, and Ottis Anderson was named MVP of the game after rushing for 102 yards and a touchdown. The 1990 season and Super Bowl win marked the end of an era for the Giants. Parcells had grown restless as coach of the Giants and yearned for complete control of the team. Knowing that he would not get that opportunity with George Young as GM, Parcells decided

text: NFC top seed Dallas Cowboys, winning their ninth consecutive road game. In the NFC championship, kicker Lawrence Tynes made a final field goal for a 23–20 overtime win over the Packers in Green Bay. This made the Giants 4–0 in NFC championship games, and they advanced to Super Bowl XLII. In Super Bowl XLII on February 3, 2008, the New York Giants defeated the New England Patriots 17–14. The biggest play of the game was on third down on the Giants 44-yard line with 1:15 remaining. They were down 14–10 After the snap, Manning ran back and was surrounded by

title: Super Bowl XLVI

text: left in the third quarter. On the second play of the fourth quarter, the first turnover of the game occurred when Giants linebacker Chase Blackburn picked off a deep Brady pass at the New York 8-yard line. New York then drove to the Patriots' 43-yard line, but were stopped there and had to punt. New England took the ball back at their own eight-yard line with less than ten minutes in the fourth quarter. With 4:06 left in the game, New England snapped the ball at the Giants' 44-yard line on 2nd-and-11 and Tom Brady threw to an uncovered Wes

title: 2011 New York Giants season

text: defeated by the Pittsburgh Steelers. Additionally, upon defeating the Patriots in Super Bowl XLVI the Giants became the first NFC East Division champion to win the Super Bowl since the Dallas Cowboys in 1995 (the Giants were a Wild Card team when they won Super Bowl XLII). Some news organizations, among them "The St. Louis Post-Dispatch", said that the Giants' victory in the Super Bowl made them NFL's version of the 2011 World Series champion St. Louis Cardinals, saying that these two championship teams that had been given the last rites by many near the end of the season, emerged

title: History of the New York Giants

text: game, 17–3 over the defending champion 49ers. It was New York's first postseason win at home since 1958, and their first ever at Giants Stadium. In the divisional playoffs, they lost 21–0 to the eventual Super Bowl champion Chicago Bears. Many of the players that would play key roles on New York's Super Bowl teams emerged in 1985. Joe Morris became the feature back, running for 1,338 yards, scoring 21 touchdowns, and making the Pro Bowl. Second-year receiver Lionel Manuel led the Giants with 49 receptions, and rookie tight end Mark Bavaro had 37 catches. Simms threw every pass for

text: a cloud of defenders. Escaping three near sacks, he made a miraculous pass to David Tyree, who caught the ball against his own helmet, while being covered by veteran defender Rodney Harrison. This set up the Giants' final touchdown to win. Eli Manning was named MVP, completing 19 of 34 passes for 255 yards along with two touchdowns. The Giants pulled off one of the biggest upsets in Super Bowl history by handing the New England Patriots their first loss of the season and preventing them from becoming only the second team in the Super Bowl era to finish undefeated.Plaxico

title: 2013 New York Giants season

text: marked the first time the Giants went 0–6 in their first six games since 1976. The Giants became the first team in NFL history to have a five-year era in which they won the Super Bowl in the third year of the era but missed the playoffs in all other years. Five other teams had similar situations where their lone playoff appearances in "any" five-year stretch were Super Bowl victories; however four of these were won on their fifth year of that stretch: The San Francisco 49ers won their Super Bowl on their fourth year of their stretch from 1978

title: 2012 New York Giants season

text: back with running back Ahmad Bradshaw's 10-yard touchdown run, but the Cowboys answered with kicker Dan Bailey making a 33-yard field goal. Dallas came right back in the fourth quarter with Romo completing a 34-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Miles Austin. The Giants tried to rally as Super Bowl XLVI MVP quarterback Eli Manning completed a 9-yard touchdown pass to tight end Martellus Bennett, but the Cowboys' offense ran out the clock and preserved the win. With the loss, New York began its season at 0–1 and became the first defending Super Bowl Champion team to lose a regular

text: Bowl. Second year receiver Lionel Manuel led the Giants with 49 catches, and tight end Mark Bavaro had 37 catches in his first season. Simms again threw every pass for the Giants that season, passing for over 3,800 yards, and 22 touchdowns. Taylor, Marshall, and Martin combined for 38.5 sacks. The Giants entered the 1986 season as one of the favorites to win the Super Bowl. They had their first test in the opening week "Monday Night Football" game against the defending Eastern Division champion Dallas Cowboys. They lost 31–28 at Texas Stadium, when Herschel Walker scored on a 10

title: Super Bowl XXXV

text: ever in a Super Bowl), recorded 4 sacks, and forced 5 turnovers. All 16 of the Giants' possessions ended with punts or interceptions, with the exception of the last one, which ended when time expired in the game. New York's lone touchdown, a 97-yard kickoff return, was quickly answered by Baltimore on an 84-yard touchdown return on the ensuing kickoff. The Giants became the first team since the Cincinnati Bengals in Super Bowl XXIII to not score an offensive touchdown and the fifth overall (joining the Bengals as well as the Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl IX, the Washington Redskins

title: 2008 New York Giants season

text: ending their season. The Giants qualified for the postseason for the fourth consecutive year, marking the first time in club history that they had accomplished that. This was also the first time that the Giants made the playoffs the year after making the Super Bowl, after missing the playoffs in 1987 (following win in Super Bowl XXI), 1991 (following win in Super Bowl XXV), and 2001 (following loss in Super Bowl XXXV). The 2008 Giants became the fifth team in NFL history with two players to rush for more than 1,000 yards: Brandon Jacobs (1,089) and Derrick Ward (1,025). This

title: Super Bowl XLVI

text: Two plays later, New England called their second timeout with 1:03 left after Bradshaw's one-yard run gave New York a 2nd down and goal on the six-yard line. With the Patriots down to their last timeout and ahead by two points, 17–15, the possibility existed that the Giants would run a play to stop short of the goal line, which would have forced the Patriots to use that timeout to stop the clock on any of the last two plays. The Giants could run the clock down, allow Tynes—who had not missed under 30 yards in four years—to kick a

title: History of the New York Giants

text: New York for the second consecutive season, and passed for over 3,800 yards. Defensive end Leonard Marshall recorded 15.5 sacks, and Taylor added 13. New York entered the 1986 season as one of the favorites to win the Super Bowl. They had their first test in a Monday Night game against the defending NFC East champion Dallas Cowboys. They lost at Texas Stadium, 31–28. However, they won their next five in a row and 14 of their last 15, to finish the season with a 14–2 record. One of the signature plays of the season occurred during a Monday Night

title: 1958 NFL Championship Game

text: win over the defending champion Detroit Lions on December 7. In that game, New York fell behind late when the offense lost a fumble that was returned for a touchdown. Later on, however, the Giants stopped Detroit punter Yale Lary on a fake punt attempt and drove for the go-ahead score. They then secured the win by blocking a Lions field goal attempt as time expired in the game. In the final game of the regular season, the Giants defeated the Cleveland Browns with Pat Summerall's game-winning 49-yard field goal on the final play (the longest field goal made in

title: 2007 New York Giants season

text: XLII. There, they defeated the heavily favored and previously undefeated 18–0 New England Patriots and spoiled their perfect season. The 2007 New York Giants became the 9th wild card team in NFL history to reach the Super Bowl and the 5th wild card team to win the Super Bowl, and the very first NFC wild card to accomplish the feat. They were the third team in history to win three road playoff games en route to a Super Bowl and set a league record for most consecutive road wins in a single season (11), though the Super Bowl is played

title: 2006 New York Giants season

text: the year, he hit on 57.7% of his passes, a near five percent improvement from 2005. Because the St. Louis Rams, the Carolina Panthers and the Houston Texans won their games the following day, the Giants clinched the strength of victory tiebreaker over the Green Bay Packers to clinch the final playoff spot in the NFC. The Giants became the eighth team in NFL history to make the playoffs with an 8–8 record. The Giants were defeated on a last second, 38-yard field goal by the Philadelphia Eagles' David Akers in their first round playoff game to finish the 2006

title: Super Bowl XLVII

text: The last time a metropolitan area won the World Series and Super Bowl in the same season was when the Boston Red Sox won the 2004 World Series followed by the Patriots winning Super Bowl XXXIX (and the Patriots won Super Bowl XXXVIII earlier in 2004). As the 49ers – who were attempting to join the New York Giants and Green Bay Packers as the only teams to win a Super Bowl in three different decades – were the designated home team in the annual rotation between AFC and NFC teams, San Francisco elected to wear their red jerseys, which

title: 2011 New York Giants season

text: to defeat the Cowboys 31–14, clinching the divisional title and a playoff berth. In the playoffs, the Giants defeated the Atlanta Falcons, Green Bay Packers, and the San Francisco 49ers to win the NFC championship. The Giants defeated the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLVI, which was a rematch of Super Bowl XLII from 4 years earlier in which the Giants defeated the previously undefeated Patriots. As in 2007, 1990, and 1986, the Giants played their eventual Super Bowl opponent during the regular season. The Giants also played the Packers and 49ers during the season, losing both games in

title: 2008 New York Giants season

text: in the game, but couldn't recover an onside kick and the Eagles won the game. Despite falling to 11–2, the Giants clinched the NFC East title when the Dallas Cowboys lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers 20–13. The second-to-last NFL game ever to be played at Texas Stadium was a defensive struggle that featured the Giants' weakest offensive showing of the year. Brandon Jacobs was sidelined with a knee injury, crippling New York's running game; Derrick Ward started in his place. The Cowboys scored first, on a 34-yard touchdown pass from Tony Romo to Patrick Crayton early in the second quarter.

title: Super Bowl XLII

text: license plate and issued a proclamation declaring the day "New York Giants Super Bowl Champions Day" throughout the state of New York. Following the parade, the Giants held two victory rallies: one at New York's City Hall and another one two hours later at Giants Stadium in the New Jersey Meadowlands. After scoring a combined 73 points in their regular season meeting, the teams scored a mere 10 points by the end of the third quarter, with the Patriots leading 7–3. The Patriots' record-setting offense gave up five sacks and one lost fumble, while the Giants' offense managed only five

title: 1978 New York Giants season

text: 19, 1978 NFL game against the New York Giants in Giants Stadium. It was seen as miraculous because it occurred at a point in the game when the Giants were easily capable of running out the game's final seconds. The Giants had the ball, and the Eagles had no timeouts left. Everyone watching expected quarterback Joe Pisarcik to take one more snap and kneel with the ball, thus running out the clock and preserving a 17–12 Giant upset. Instead, he attempted to hand it off to fullback Larry Csonka and botched it, allowing Edwards to pick up the ball and

title: New York Giants

title: 1990–91 NFL playoffs

text: 1981 and 1984 and New York in 1985 and 1986. The Giants were seeking their first trip to the Super Bowl since they won Super Bowl XXI, while the 49ers were looking to join the Miami Dolphins as the only other team to advance to three consecutive Super Bowls. Exactly six years after winning his second ring in four years, 49ers quarterback Joe Montana was aiming to play for (and, the 49ers hoped, to win) his fifth ring in ten years. Following their win over Chicago, Giants coach Bill Parcells mentioned travel arrangements in a team meeting during the week.

title: Super Bowl XLVI

text: which the NFC team won the coin toss. New York opened the game with a drive to the Patriots 33-yard line, threatening to score first. After giving up a 19-yard reception to Giants wide receiver Hakeem Nicks, New England's defense stepped up to prevent a score: defensive lineman Brandon Deaderick sacked Eli Manning for a 2-yard loss, then Giants running back Ahmad Bradshaw was tackled behind the line of scrimmage on a blitz by Patriots cornerback Kyle Arrington. On third down, New England defensive end Mark Anderson sacked Manning, pushing the Giants out of field goal range and forcing a

title: 1990 New York Giants season

text: 1990 New York Giants season The 1990 New York Giants season was one of the most successful seasons in team history. The Giants, who play in the National Football Conference (NFC) of the National Football League (NFL), won their sixth championship and second Super Bowl. Led by linebacker Lawrence Taylor and quarterbacks Phil Simms and Jeff Hostetler, the Giants posted a 13–3 record before defeating the Chicago Bears and the two-time defending Super Bowl champion San Francisco 49ers in the NFC playoffs. In Super Bowl XXV, they defeated the Buffalo Bills 20–19 in Tampa Stadium against a patriotic backdrop inspired

title: Super Bowl XLVI

text: lead in the third quarter. But the Giants prevented the Patriots from scoring again, and two consecutive New York field goals chipped away New England's lead, 17–15, late in the third quarter. The Giants capped off an 88-yard drive with running back Ahmad Bradshaw's 6-yard game-winning touchdown with 57 seconds left in the game. Eli Manning, who completed 30 of 40 passes for 296 yards, one touchdown, and no interceptions, was named Super Bowl MVP for the second time in his career. He became the third consecutive quarterback to win the award after Aaron Rodgers in Super Bowl XLV and

title: 2007 New York Giants season

text: on a neutral field rather than an opponent's stadium. It was the 7th league championship season for the New York Giants and their first since they won Super Bowl XXV in 1991. 2007 marked the third consecutive season that the Giants made the playoffs, which was only the second time that had happened since the AFL-NFL merger in 1970 (New York accomplished this feat in 1984, 1985, and 1986 and won the Super Bowl in the last of those three years). Tom Coughlin joined Bill Parcells (who led the team to the playoffs five times), Steve Owen, and Allie Sherman

title: New York Giants

long_answer: The Giants were one of five teams that joined the NFL in 1925, and is the only one of that group still existing, as well as the league's longest-established team in the Northeastern United States. The team ranks third among all NFL franchises with eight NFL championship titles: four in the pre–Super Bowl era (1927, 1934, 1938, 1956) and four since the advent of the Super Bowl (Super Bowls XXI (1986), XXV (1990), XLII (2007), and XLVI (2011)), along with more championship appearances than any other team, with 19 overall appearances. Their championship tally is surpassed only by the Green Bay Packers (13) and Chicago Bears (9). Throughout their history, the Giants have featured 28 Hall of Fame players, including NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP) award winners Mel Hein, Frank Gifford, Y. A. Tittle, and Lawrence Taylor.


question: nickname given to railroad executives due to shady practices of their businesses

answers: Robber baron

answers: Robber Barons

title: George Francis Train

text: been involved for several years, despite the advice of Vanderbilt, who told him it would never work. Forming a finance company called Credit Foncier of America, Train made a fortune from real estate when the transcontinental railway opened up settlement and development of huge swathes of western America, including large amounts of land in Council Bluffs, Iowa, and Omaha and Columbus, Nebraska. He was responsible for building the Cozzens Hotel and founding Train Town in pioneer Omaha. Train was noted for having created the Crédit Mobilier in 1864, which he started specifically to finance the Union Pacific. While appearing to

title: Darius Miller (railroad president)

text: president of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (CB&Q). He was appointed president of both the CB&Q (succeeding George Harris) and the Colorado and Southern Railway in 1910. In 1913 Miller drafted sample legislation against trespassing on railroad property, which he then submitted to the governors and railroad commissions of the states through which the CB&Q operated. Miller cited a total of 51,083 deaths following trespassing on railroad property in 1911 as part of the reasoning behind the sample legislation; he proposed fines ranging from $10 to $100 or jail terms of up to 30 days per infraction. After his

title: First Transcontinental Railroad

text: formed independent companies to complete the project, and they controlled management of the new companies along with the railroad ventures. This self-dealing allowed them to build in generous profit margins paid out by the railroad companies. In the west, the four men heading the Central Pacific chose a simple name for their company, the "Contract and Finance Company." In the east, the Union Pacific selected a foreign name, calling their construction firm "Crédit Mobilier of America." The latter company was later implicated in a far-reaching scandal, described later. Many of the engineers and surveyors who were hired by the Union

title: Train Town

text: Train Town Train Town, today called the Credit Foncier Addition, was a suburb of Omaha, Nebraska owned by noted eccentric Union Pacific promoter George Francis Train's company called Credit Foncier of America. The area was 20 blocks by 20 blocks, which was approximately the size of Omaha at the time. It was located from Pierce Street southward to what is now the path of I-80, and from the Missouri River on the west to 20th Street. Train bought the tract of land on what was then the southern edge of Omaha, and frequently claimed to own in the city. He

title: Railroad shopmen

text: basis. A situation of uneasiness and distrust existed on some railway lines between the centralized management of the company and the employees at the various local shops. The theft of brass and copper was perceived by some lines as commonplace; others saw periodic scandals in which company workers worked on their own personal projects on company time and with company raw materials, or in which local foremen absconded with company lumber and labor to improve their own homes. Railroad shopmen Railroad shopmen were employees of railroad companies charged with the construction, repair, and maintenance of the company's rolling stock. At

title: John W. Snow

text: became prevalent. This is a common practice used by railroads to improve the bottom line for investors while the tracks themselves fall into disrepair. Miles of mainline were subjected to slow orders as a result, increasing the need for more locomotives and rail cars, and thus costing the company more money. CSX was forced to lease hundreds of locomotives to make up the difference further adding to the increased costs. This practice ended with Snow's successor, Michael Ward. Part of CSX, CSX Lines was sold to The Carlyle Group, early in 2003. After Snow left the company for the White

title: Crédit Mobilier of America scandal

text: of America was a deliberate attempt to present, falsely, both to the government of the United States and to the general public the appearance that a corporate enterprise, independent of the Union Pacific Rail Road and its principal officers, had been impartially chosen by the Union Pacific Railroad's officers and directors to be the principal construction contractor and construction management firm for the Union Pacific Rail Road project. It was created by the officers of the Union Pacific to shield the companies's shareholders and management from the then common charge that they were using the construction phase of the Union

title: Crédit Mobilier of America scandal

text: Pacific project, as opposed to the operating phase of carrying passengers and freight, to line their pockets with profits. As the fraudsters believed that profits could not be generated from the operation of the railroad, they created a sham company to charge the U.S. government extortionate fees and expenses during construction of the line. In simplified terms, the Crédit Mobilier scheme worked in the following manner: The Union Pacific made contracts with Crédit Mobilier to build the Union Pacific railway at rates significantly above cost. These construction contracts brought high profits to the Crédit Mobilier, which was owned by Durant

title: Gale B. Aydelott

text: traveling to Omaha, Nebraska, as president of the Union Pacific Railroad. Perlman's career nearly came to an end in the wake of the unsuccessful Penn Central Transportation Company merger of the New York Central and the Pennsy, which in 1970 resulted in the largest bankruptcy in the U.S. to that time. However, Perlman was brought in to resuscitate the ailing Western Pacific Railroad. The legacy of these three careers came full circle in a series of mergers. In 1983 the former owners (circa 1924) of the Rio Grande, the Western Pacific and the Missouri Pacific, were merged into Kenefick's Union

title: History of rail transport in the United States

text: Vanderbilt and Jay Gould became wealthy through railroad ownerships, as large railroad companies such as the Grand Trunk Railway and the Southern Pacific Transportation Company spanned several states. In response to monopolistic practices and other excesses of some railroads and their owners, Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act and created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) in 1887. The ICC indirectly controlled the business activities of the railroads through the issuance of extensive regulations. Morgan set up conferences in 1889 and 1890 that brought together railroad presidents in order to help the industry follow the new laws and write agreements for

title: George Francis Train

text: be a separate, independent company which Union Pacific hired, Crédit Mobilier was staffed by the same officers as the railroad. Train and others created a structure that allowed them to realize outsize profits during the construction of the railroad. The story about the scam and Congressional graft was broken in 1872 by "The Sun," a New York newspaper opposed to the re-election of Ulysses S. Grant for president. Eventually the scandals resulted in Congressional and executive federal investigations which implicated numerous congressmen, including James Garfield. Denying the charges, Garfield was elected as president. In 1872, Train ran for President of

title: Credit Foncier of America

text: Foncier was named after Credit Foncier de France. Along with support from businessman Cyrus McCormick, Omaha banker Augustus Kountze was among the original "special commissioners" appointed by the Legislature to form the company. The company is said to have been organized to "profitably dispose" of the Union Pacific's land grant acreage. The company owned almost 5000 lots in Omaha; 1000 in Council Bluffs, Iowa, and several hundred in Columbus, Nebraska, along with other land along the Union Pacific mainline. Train once explained, "One of my plans was the creation of a chain of great towns across the continent, connecting Boston

title: Fuller Syndicate

text: Fuller Syndicate The Fuller Syndicate was a group of American financiers that invested in railroads in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The group was organized by investor Edward Laton Fuller, President of the International Salt Company, and led by George Jay Gould I. Gould, the President of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad and the Missouri Pacific Railroad, had acquired control of several railroad companies in an attempt to build a transcontinental rail network c. 1900. "(See Gould transcontinental system.)" Other members of the syndicate included Myron T. Herrick, former Governor of Ohio and U.S. Ambassador to

title: Hale Holden

text: Executives. In the 1920s, Holden advocated, including testifying before the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1922 and 1923, for the consolidation of the railroads in the western United States into four large systems: the Hill railroads (which included Great Northern Railway, Northern Pacific Railroad and Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad), Union Pacific Railroad, Santa Fe Railroad, and Southern Pacific Railroad. In 1929, leaving the CB&Q again (to be succeeded by Frederick E. Williamson), Holden became chairman of the executive committee for Southern Pacific Railroad (succeeding Henry deForest); he was promoted to chairman of the Southern Pacific in 1932, and finally retired

title: Charles T. Hinde

text: railroads after the post-Civil War replacement of the rail lines, and after a brief episode of poor health in 1870, Hinde sold his interests in the river navigation business and turned his attention to railroads. He went to Louisville, Kentucky, to rest, and by chance became a shipping agent for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company through his close relationship with several company executives. Hinde secured various contracts for hauling grain, a business he may have gained some insight into from his brother Edmund C. Hinde (1830–1909), who was then active in the grain business in their hometown of Mount

title: Rail transportation in the United States

text: bankruptcy filing of the Penn Central, the dominant railroad in the Northeast U.S., on June 21, 1970. Under the Rail Passenger Service Act of 1970, Congress created the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (NRPC) to subsidize and oversee the operation of intercity passenger trains. The Act provided that The original working brand name for NRPC was "Railpax", which eventually became "Amtrak". At the time, many Washington insiders viewed the corporation as a face-saving way to give passenger trains the one "last hurrah" demanded by the public, but expected that the NRPC would quietly disappear in a few years as public interest

title: Charles Moran (railroad executive)

text: all extended commerce, the banking system of a country should be so constituted as to come to the rescue of a credit destroyed by injudicious investments in times of overtrading and speculation..." This article incorporates public domain material from ; and other public domain material from books and/or websites. Charles Moran (railroad executive) Charles Moran (October 31, 1811 – July 22, 1895) was an American business man and president of the Erie Railroad from 1857 to 1859. Charles Moran was born in Brussels, Belgium, in 1811. He came to New York City while a young man and engaged in business,

title: Crédit Mobilier of America scandal

text: a time when no traffic (freight or passenger) was being carried. Any audit of the Union Pacific and its invoices to the U.S. government would have revealed no evidence of fraud or profiteering. Union Pacific was accepting for payment genuine Crédit Mobilier invoices and was applying an auditable overhead expense for management and administration (of the Union Pacific) during construction of the railroad. The underlying fraud of a common and unified ownership of the two companies, as regards their principal officers and directors, was not revealed for years. Nor was it revealed that in every major construction contract drawn up

title: William Wallace Atterbury

text: that were assigned to the U.S. Army for maintenance and operation. The troops in France gave him the nickname of "General Attaboy" and he was also known as "The Railroad General." Atterbury was discharged from military service on May 31, 1919, and returned to civilian life in Pennsylvania. In 1920 Atterbury resumed his career with the Pennsylvania Railroad as vice president in charge of operations. On October 1, 1925, he succeeded Samuel Rea to become the tenth president of the railroad company, a position he held until 1935. During Atterbury's tenure as company president, the Pennsylvania Railroad undertook a $250

title: Ida Tarbell

text: the South Improvement Company scheme (circa 1872) between the railroads and more substantial oil interests. Later, Tarbell would vividly recall this event in her writing, in which she accused the leaders of the Standard Oil Company of using unfair tactics to put her father and many small oil companies out of business. The South Improvement Company secretly worked with the railroads to raise the rates on oil shipment for independent oil men. The members of South Improvement Company received discounts and rebates to offset the rates and put the independents out of business. Franklin Tarbell participated against the South Improvement

title: Reading Company

text: mid-19th century. This led to financial trouble in the 1870s. In 1890, Reading president Archibald A. McLeod saw that more riches could be earned by expanding its rail network and becoming a trunk railroad. McLeod went about trying to control neighboring railroads in 1891. He was able to gain control of the Lehigh Valley Railroad, Central Railroad of New Jersey, and the Boston and Maine Railroad. The Reading almost achieved its goal of becoming a trunk road, but the deal was scuttled by J.P.Morgan and other rail barons, who did not want more competition in the northeastern railroad business. The

title: Norfolk Southern Railway

text: to form a government-financed corporation. Conrail was perhaps the most controversial conglomerate in corporate history. Penn Central itself was created by merging three venerable rivals — the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR, 1846), the New York Central Railroad (NYC, 1831), and the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad (NYNH&H, 1872) — as well as some smaller competitors. In 1980, Conrail had become profitable after the Staggers Act largely deregulated the U.S. railroad industry. Norfolk Southern and CSX Transportation have a duopoly over all east-west freight rail traffic east of the Mississippi River. According to NS's 2015 Annual Report to Investors, at

text: their profitable freight services. The National Association of Railroad Passengers (NARP) was formed in 1967 to lobby for the continuation of passenger trains. Its lobbying efforts were hampered somewhat by Democratic opposition to any sort of rail subsidies to the privately owned railroads, and Republican opposition to nationalization of the railroad industry. The proponents were aided by the fact that few in the federal government wanted to be held responsible for the seemingly inevitable extinction of the passenger train, which most regarded as tantamount to political suicide. The urgent need to solve the passenger train disaster was heightened by the

title: Pan Am Railways

text: and longer hauls. In 1977, Timothy Mellon, heir of the wealthy and influential Mellon family of Guilford, Connecticut, teamed up with ex-Penn Central employee David Fink to form Perma Treat, a railroad tie treatment company. Mellon wanted to acquire a railroad and considered several: Illinois Central Railroad and the Detroit, Toledo & Ironton Railroad. None of those acquisitions happened, but Mellon's interest in railroads continued. The passage of the Staggers Rail Act in 1980 allowed Mellon and Fink to execute a business plan (unlike those of earlier railroads in the region), centering on buying up as many local railroads as

title: Robber baron (industrialist)

text: "Robber baron" is a derogatory metaphor of social criticism originally applied to certain late 19th-century American businessmen who used unscrupulous methods to get rich.

title: Staggers Rail Act

text: have as much effect as the others mentioned. The act was named for Harley Staggers (D-WV), who chaired the House Committee on Energy and Commerce. Although it is traditional for laws to be known by the names of their sponsors, it is believed to be the first case in which the sponsor's name was officially incorporated into the text of a federal statute. Studies of the rail industry showed dramatic benefits for both railroads and their users from the alteration to the regulatory system. According to studies by the Department of Transportation's Freight Management and Operations, railroad industry costs and

title: Otelia B. Mahone

text: and Petersburg Railroad. He became president of the South Side Railroad in late 1865, and was instrumental in combining the N&P and South Side Railroad with the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad to form the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad in 1870. Otelia and William moved to Lynchburg, Virginia, headquarters of the A,M & O, whose initials were said to stand for "All Mine and Otelia's". After the Financial Panic of 1873, the A,M & O fell behind on its bonds, and went into receivership. Mahone lost control in 1881 to northern financial interests who renamed it the Norfolk and Western

title: Missouri Pacific Railroad

text: Missouri Pacific Railway by new investors after a railroad debt crisis. Because of corporate ties extending back to the Pacific Railroad, Missouri Pacific at one time advertised itself as being "The First Railroad West of the Mississippi". Missouri Pacific was under the control of successful but controversial New York financier Jay Gould from 1879 until his death in 1892. Gould developed a system extending through Colorado, Nebraska, Arkansas, Texas, and Louisiana. His son George Gould inherited control upon his father's death, but lost control of the company after it declared bankruptcy in 1915. The line was merged with the St.

title: Georgia Railroad and Banking Company

text: Georgia Railroad and Banking Company charter was that the state legislature gave the corporation large tax breaks, which were legally challenged on several occasions. The charter also called for daily-except-Sunday passenger service. The lawyers advised management to maintain passenger service on all lines, so as to not violate the charter. The Georgia was perhaps the last railroad to operate both freight and passenger trains in the "Lower 48" states, into the Amtrak era. The Georgia Railroad originally fell under common management with the Atlanta & West Point Railroad and the Western Railway of Alabama, commonly known as "the West Point

title: Jay Gould

text: had controlling interest in 15 percent of the country's railway tracks. Because the railroads were making profits and had control of rate setting, his wealth increased dramatically. When Gould withdrew from management of the Union Pacific in 1883 amidst political controversy over its debts to the federal government, he realized a large profit for himself. He obtained a controlling interest in the Western Union telegraph company, and, after 1881, in the elevated railways in New York City. In 1889, Gould organized the Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis, which acquired a bottleneck in east-west railroad traffic at St. Louis; after

title: Robber baron (industrialist)


question: who is young george bailey in it's a wonderful life

answers: Robert James Anderson

title: George Bailey (It's a Wonderful Life)

text: George Bailey (It's a Wonderful Life) George Bailey is a fictional character and the protagonist in Frank Capra's 1946 film "It's a Wonderful Life". The character is a building and loan banker who sacrifices his dreams in order to help his community, to the point where he feels life has passed him by. Eventually, due to a cruel business rival's manipulations, Bailey falls into despair so deep that he contemplates suicide, until his guardian angel, Clarence Odbody, gives him a valuable perspective on the worth of his life. The character was listed ninth on the American Film Institute's 2003 list

title: George Bailey (It's a Wonderful Life)

text: top ten movie dads. George Bailey (It's a Wonderful Life) George Bailey is a fictional character and the protagonist in Frank Capra's 1946 film "It's a Wonderful Life". The character is a building and loan banker who sacrifices his dreams in order to help his community, to the point where he feels life has passed him by. Eventually, due to a cruel business rival's manipulations, Bailey falls into despair so deep that he contemplates suicide, until his guardian angel, Clarence Odbody, gives him a valuable perspective on the worth of his life. The character was listed ninth on the American

title: George Bailey (It's a Wonderful Life)

text: of the 50 greatest screen heroes. Bailey is played by James Stewart as an adult and Bobby Anderson as a child, and is loosely based on George Pratt, a character in Philip Van Doren Stern's "The Greatest Gift". In the winter of 1919, George (aged 12, portrayed by Bobby Anderson) and his friends Bert, Ernie Bishop, Marty Hatch, Sam Wainwright, and his brother Harry are sledding on a frozen river. Harry breaks through the ice and George jumps into the freezing water to save him. George develops an infection which deafens him in his left ear. In May 1920, George

title: Todd Karns

text: Todd Karns Roscoe Todd Karns (January 15, 1921 – February 5, 2000) was an American actor. He is perhaps best remembered for playing George Bailey's younger brother, Harry Bailey, in the 1946 film "It's a Wonderful Life". Karns was the son of the well-known character actor Roscoe Karns and his wife Mary Fraso. He initially planned to have a career as a newspaper reporter, but participation in a little theater production changed his mind, turning him toward acting. Karns started his film career in 1941 as Harry Land in two Andy Hardy movies with Mickey Rooney, but shortly after that,

title: It's a Wonderful Life

text: signifying Clarence's promotion. Credited cast Uncredited cast The contention that James Stewart is often referred to as Capra's only choice to play George Bailey is disputed by film historian Stephen Cox, who indicates that "Henry Fonda was in the running". Cary Grant was also considered for the role when RKO still had the rights to the film, before they were sold to Capra. Although it was stated that Jean Arthur, Ann Dvorak, and Ginger Rogers were all considered for the role of Mary before Donna Reed won the part, this list is also disputed by Cox as he indicates that

title: It's a Wonderful Life

text: It's a Wonderful Life It's a Wonderful Life is a 1946 American Christmas fantasy comedy-drama film produced and directed by Frank Capra, based on the short story and booklet "The Greatest Gift", which Philip Van Doren Stern wrote in 1939 and published privately in 1945. The film stars James Stewart as George Bailey, a man who has given up his dreams in order to help others, and whose imminent suicide on Christmas Eve brings about the intervention of his guardian angel, Clarence Odbody (Henry Travers). Clarence shows George all the lives he has touched, and how different life in his

title: Carol Coombs

text: Chet Mueller, lived in Irvine, California. She often attends festivals and meetings dealing with "It's a Wonderful Life". Carol Coombs Carol Coombs (born October 15, 1935) is a former Canadian-born American actress. She appeared in 24 films between 1941 and 1958, although mostly in minor roles. She is probably best-known as Janie Bailey, the oldest daughter of James Stewart and Donna Reed, in the 1946 film classic "It's a Wonderful Life". In the 1950s, she also had roles in a number of television productions. Coombs retired from film business in her early twenties and spent the rest of her working

title: Carol Coombs

text: Carol Coombs Carol Coombs (born October 15, 1935) is a former Canadian-born American actress. She appeared in 24 films between 1941 and 1958, although mostly in minor roles. She is probably best-known as Janie Bailey, the oldest daughter of James Stewart and Donna Reed, in the 1946 film classic "It's a Wonderful Life". In the 1950s, she also had roles in a number of television productions. Coombs retired from film business in her early twenties and spent the rest of her working life teaching kindergarten and elementary school. As of December 2014, the great-grandmother and her husband of 57 years,

title: It's a Wonderful Life

text: you two guys? You were here on my wedding night!" Streaming audio It's a Wonderful Life It's a Wonderful Life is a 1946 American Christmas fantasy comedy-drama film produced and directed by Frank Capra, based on the short story and booklet "The Greatest Gift", which Philip Van Doren Stern wrote in 1939 and published privately in 1945. The film stars James Stewart as George Bailey, a man who has given up his dreams in order to help others, and whose imminent suicide on Christmas Eve brings about the intervention of his guardian angel, Clarence Odbody (Henry Travers). Clarence shows George

title: It's a Wonderful Life

text: ice. "It's a Wonderful Life: A Live Radio Play", a stage adaptation presented as a 1940s radio show, was adapted by Joe Landry and has been produced around the United States since 1997. The script is published by Playscripts, Inc. In 1997, PBS aired "Merry Christmas, George Bailey", taped from a live performance of the 1947 "Lux Radio Theatre" script at the Pasadena Playhouse. The presentation, which benefited the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, featured an all-star cast, including Bill Pullman as George, Nathan Lane as Clarence, Martin Landau as Mr. Potter, Penelope Ann Miller as Mary, and Sally Field

title: Jimmy Hawkins

text: a Private Affair" at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios. His mother was the force behind his early childhood acting. He graduated from the Roman Catholic-affiliated Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles. Hawkins starred in December 1946 as four-year-old Tommy Bailey, the son of George and Mary Bailey, in the nostalgic blockbuster "It's a Wonderful Life", starring James Stewart and Donna Reed, an actress for whom young Hawkins developed a lifelong admiration. In 1958, he worked again with Reed in her sitcom, having portrayed Scotty, a persistent and loyal boyfriend of Donna's television daughter Mary Stone, played by Shelley Fabares. He

title: It's a Wonderful Life

text: issued in home media. In 1990, another made-for-television film called "Clarence" starred Robert Carradine in a new tale of the helpful angel. A purported sequel was in development for a 2015 release, and was to be called "It's a Wonderful Life: The Rest of the Story". It was to be written by Bob Farnsworth and Martha Bolton and follow the angel of George Bailey's daughter Zuzu (played once again by Karolyn Grimes), as she teaches Bailey's evil grandson how different the world would have been if he had never been born. Producers were considering directors and hoped to shoot the

title: It's a Wonderful Life

text: has since been performed at venues all around the United States. The film was also adapted into a play in two acts by James W. Rodgers. It was first performed on December 15, 1993 at Paul Laurence Dunbar High School. The play opens with George Bailey contemplating suicide and then goes back through major moments in his life. Many of the scenes from the movie are only alluded to or mentioned in the play rather than actually dramatized. For example, in the opening scene Clarence just mentions George having saved his brother Harry after the latter had fallen through the

title: George Bailey (It's a Wonderful Life)

text: George and Billy go through the town taking every step Billy took in the morning and it goes to a dead end. George later goes home, and Mary knows straight away something is wrong with him. To add to his anger, he finds out his youngest daughter Zuzu has come home with a cold, George blames it on her teacher. When she calls he berates her on the phone, and her husband, as well. He then gets frustrated with his family and ends up smashing up the models of buildings and bridges he had made. A desperate George appeals to

title: John McDaniel (musician)

text: composed by Marc Shaiman with lyrics by Shaiman and Scott Wittman. The musical opened at the Neil Simon Theatre on April 10, 2011. McDaniel is also composing the work-in-progress musical "It's a Wonderful Life". This is an adaptation of the 1946 film of the same name, which deals with George Bailey, a man whose imminent suicide on Christmas Eve brings about the intervention of his guardian angel, Clarence Odbody. Clarence shows George all the lives he has touched and the contributions he has made to his community. Said McDaniel in an interview: McDaniel, who is openly gay, currently resides in

title: James Stewart

text: final Frank Capra production, "It's a Wonderful Life "(1946). The role was Stewart's first since returning from service in World War II, during which he experienced what is now recognized as post-traumatic stress disorder. Capra paid RKO for the rights to the story and formed his own production company, Liberty Films. The female lead went to Donna Reed when Capra's perennial first choice, Jean Arthur, was unavailable, and after Ginger Rogers, Olivia de Havilland, Ann Dvorak, and Martha Scott had all turned down the role. Stewart appeared as George Bailey, an upstanding small-town man who becomes increasingly frustrated by his

title: Charles Lane (actor)

text: as an insurance salesman before taking to the stage at the Pasadena Playhouse. Actor/director Irving Pichel first suggested that Lane go into acting in 1929, and four years later Lane was a founding member of the Screen Actors Guild. He became a favorite of director Frank Capra, who used him in several films. In "It's a Wonderful Life", Lane played a seemingly hard-nosed rent collector for the miserly Henry Potter (Lionel Barrymore), who tried to explain to his employer that many of his tenants were moving out, taking advantage of affordable mortgage loans provided by the film's protagonist, George Bailey

title: George Bailey (It's a Wonderful Life)

text: move out of 'Potter's Field' to the new 'Bailey Park', a residential development created by George that proves successful enough to seriously threaten Mr. Potter's rental interests. Potter offers George a job. Although this would bring a significant increase in salary George declines. George returns home to learn that Mary is pregnant. Their first child is a son, whom they name Pete after George's late father. Their second child is a daughter, Janie. During the war years, George and Mary had another two children, a girl, Zuzu, born in 1940, and a son, Tommy, born in 1941. Due to George's

title: A Wonderful Life (musical)

text: Wainwright, Michael Berresse as Harry Bailey, Nancy Anderson as Violet, Chuck Cooper as Uncle Billy, George S. Irving as Mr. Martini, Jayne Houdyshell as Mrs. Martini, and Phylicia Rashad as Millie Bailey. The event was hosted by Actors Fund President Joseph Benincasa and Vice Chair of the Actors Fund Bebe Neuwirth. The Paper Mill Playhouse presented a fully staged production, from November through December 17, 2006, directed by James Brennan; it received moderately positive reviews. Theatre Under The Stars produced the work in 2007, and it has received other regional productions. A Wonderful Life (musical) A Wonderful Life is a

title: Mary Hatch

text: career. In the "wishing" scene outside the old Granville house, Capra was surprised to see Reed accurately throw a stone to break a window, a skill she acquired playing baseball with her brothers on their Iowa farm. Mary Hatch Mary Hatch Bailey is a fictional character in Frank Capra's 1946 film "It's a Wonderful Life". She is the high school sweetheart and later wife of protagonist George Bailey (played by James Stewart as an adult and Bobby Anderson as a child). Mary is played by Donna Reed as an adult and Jean Gale as a child. She is loosely based

title: Mary Hatch

text: Mary Hatch Mary Hatch Bailey is a fictional character in Frank Capra's 1946 film "It's a Wonderful Life". She is the high school sweetheart and later wife of protagonist George Bailey (played by James Stewart as an adult and Bobby Anderson as a child). Mary is played by Donna Reed as an adult and Jean Gale as a child. She is loosely based on Mary Pratt, a character in Philip Van Doren Stern's "The Greatest Gift". Mary Hatch is one of the most famous female characters in movie history. Mary Hatch is the younger sister of Marty Hatch, a friend

title: Todd Karns

text: of cancer in Ajijic, Jalisco, Mexico on February 5, 2000, age 79. His wife and children had his private family interment in Ajijic's cemetery. Todd Karns Roscoe Todd Karns (January 15, 1921 – February 5, 2000) was an American actor. He is perhaps best remembered for playing George Bailey's younger brother, Harry Bailey, in the 1946 film "It's a Wonderful Life". Karns was the son of the well-known character actor Roscoe Karns and his wife Mary Fraso. He initially planned to have a career as a newspaper reporter, but participation in a little theater production changed his mind, turning him

title: Jack Bailey (actor)

text: appearances in episodes of "The Ford Show, Starring Tennessee Ernie Ford," "Mister Ed", "Green Acres", "I Dream of Jeannie", "Gunsmoke", and "Ironside", plus narration for the Walt Disney organization. He had a small part in the Frank Capra film "It's a Wonderful Life" and he also toured the country in musical stage productions, such as "Hello Dolly", "The Sound of Music", and "The Music Man". Bailey joined Alcoholics Anonymous around 1948 and was a public supporting member of the organization for more than 30 years. He was awarded two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame—one for his radio career,

title: The Greatest Gift

text: the three scripts into a screenplay that Capra renamed "It's a Wonderful Life". The script underwent many revisions throughout pre-production and during filming. Final screenplay credit went to Goodrich, Hackett and Capra, with "additional scenes" by Jo Swerling. In the film, the main character (renamed George Bailey) was played by James Stewart, the stranger (re-imagined as an angel named Clarence Odbody) was played by Henry Travers, and George's wife (renamed Mary Hatch) was played by Donna Reed. The names for some characters in the film were taken from characters in the story, but given different personalities or roles in the

title: Bobby Anderson (actor)

text: Robert James Anderson (March 6, 1933 – June 6, 2008) was an American actor and television producer, most famous for his role as the young George Bailey in It's a Wonderful Life.

title: George Bailey (It's a Wonderful Life)

text: Gower suddenly understands, and is tearfully grateful; George promises he will keep the incident a secret: "I won't ever tell a soul. Hope to die, I won't." In June 1928, George (played by James Stewart) is preparing for an overseas trip. He drops by his brother Harry's graduation party at the high school, where he is re-introduced to his friend Marty's eighteen-year-old sister, Mary Hatch. While walking Mary home a car pulls up and George is informed that his father has had a stroke. Three months later, George is in a meeting with the board of directors of the Building

title: George Bailey (It's a Wonderful Life)

text: they couldn't move out of Potter's slums.) Ma Bailey is a bitter widow, and Mary a shy, single spinster librarian. George runs back to the bridge and begs to be allowed to live again. His prayer is answered, shown as the snow restarts, and he runs home joyously, where the authorities are waiting to arrest him. Mary, Uncle Billy, and a flood of townspeople arrive with more than enough donations to save George and the Building & Loan. George's friend Sam Wainwright sends him a $25,000 line of credit by telegram. Harry also arrives to support his brother, and toasts

title: Donna Reed

text: Donna Reed Donna Reed (born Donna Belle Mullenger; January 27, 1921 – January 14, 1986) was an American film and television actress and producer. Her career spanned more than 40 years, with performances in more than 40 films. She is well known for her role as Mary Hatch Bailey in Frank Capra's 1946 film "It's a Wonderful Life." In 1953, she received the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Lorene Burke in the war drama "From Here to Eternity". Reed is probably most widely known for her work in television, notably as Donna Stone, a middle-class

title: Philip Van Doren Stern

text: $10,000. Capra adapted the story into "It's a Wonderful Life" in 1946. In December 1946, James Stewart, who played George Bailey in the film wrote to Van Doren Stern, calling the story "an inspiration to everyone concerned with the picture... the fundamental story was so sound and right." Philip Van Doren Stern Philip Van Doren Stern (September 10, 1900 – July 31, 1984) was an American author, editor, and Civil War historian whose story "The Greatest Gift", published in 1943, inspired the classic Christmas film "It's a Wonderful Life" (1946). Philip Van Doren Stern was born in Wyalusing, Pennsylvania into

title: Jimmy Hawkins

text: "Lifetime Achievement" Award for his role as little "Tommy Bailey" in the 1946 classic, "It's a Wonderful Life", and during the Christmas season of 1997, he produced a holiday special for the Public Broadcasting Service. During the late 1990s, as "It's a Wonderful Life" enjoyed a revival of interest nationally, Hawkins and Paul Peterson wrote the ""It's a Wonderful Life" Trivia Book". Hawkins explains the durability of "It's a Wonderful Life": "Well, the reason it caught on was that the film fell into public domain. Somebody at the studio let the copyright go, and television stations all over the country

title: Bobby Anderson (actor)


question: who won the battle of stirling bridge 1297

answers: Scottish victory

answers: William Wallace

answers: Andrew Moray

title: Battle of Stirling Bridge

text: because Warenne had overslept. The Scots arrived first and camped on Abbey Craig, which dominated the soft flat ground north of the river. The English force of English, Welsh and Scots knights, bowmen and foot soldiers camped south of the river. Sir Richard Lundie, a Scots knight who joined the English after the Capitulation of Irvine, offered to outflank the enemy by leading a cavalry force over a ford two miles upstream, where sixty horsemen could cross at the same time. Hugh de Cressingham, King Edward's treasurer in Scotland, persuaded the Earl to reject this advice and order a direct

title: Marmaduke Thweng, 1st Baron Thweng

text: In 1295 he fought for King Edward I in Gascony, along with John de Thweng. In 1297 Marmaduke achieved some fame at the Battle of Stirling Bridge by a heroic escape. Over 100 English knights had been trapped, together with several thousand infantry, on the far side of the river, and were being slaughtered by the Scots. Thweng managed to fight his way back across the bridge and he thus became the only knight of all those on the far side of the river to survive the battle. Following the rout, Thweng with William FitzWarin were appointed castellans of Stirling

title: William Wallace

text: the Battle of Stirling Bridge. Although vastly outnumbered, the Scottish army routed the English army. John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey's feudal army of 3,000 cavalry and 8,000 to 10,000 infantry met disaster as they crossed over to the north side of the river. The narrowness of the bridge prevented many soldiers from crossing together (possibly as few as three men abreast), so, while the English soldiers crossed, the Scots held back until half of them had passed and then killed the English as quickly as they could cross. The infantry were sent on first, followed by heavy cavalry.

title: First War of Scottish Independence

text: in to English demands for allegiance (whilst still supporting the Scottish cause), Wallace's force remained unequivocally dedicated to the struggle for Scottish independence. On 11 September 1297, the Scottish forces, under the joint command of Moray and Wallace, met those of the King of England, commanded by John de Warenne, Earl of Surrey, at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. The Scottish army deployed to the north-east of the bridge, and let the vanguard of Surrey's army cross before attacking it. The English cavalry proved ineffective on the boggy ground around the bridge, and many were killed. The bridge collapsed as

title: Battle of Stirling Bridge

text: from the head to the heel, to make therewith a baldrick for his sword". Wallace went on to lead a destructive raid into northern England which did little to advance the Scots objectives, however the raids frightened the English army and stalled their advance. By March 1298 he had emerged as Guardian of Scotland. His glory was brief, for King Edward was coming north from Flanders. The two men finally met on the field of Falkirk in the summer of 1298, where Wallace was defeated. The exploits of Wallace were passed on to posterity mainly in the form of tales

title: Battle of Stirling Bridge

text: the bridge to be destroyed, retreated towards Berwick, leaving the garrison at Stirling Castle isolated and abandoning the Lowlands to the rebels. James Stewart, the High Steward of Scotland, and Malcolm, Earl of Lennox, whose forces had been part of Surrey's army, observing the carnage to the north of the bridge, withdrew. Then the English supply train was attacked at "The Pows", a wooded marshy area, by James Stewart and the other Scots lords, killing many of the fleeing soldiers. This Stirling Bridge is believed to have been about 180 yards upstream from the 15th century stone bridge that crosses

title: Battle of Stirling Bridge

text: When a substantial number of the troops had crossed (possibly about 2,000) the attack was ordered. The Scots spearmen came down from the high ground in rapid advance and fended off a charge by the English heavy cavalry and then counterattacked the English infantry. They gained control of the east side of the bridge, and cut off the chance of English reinforcements to cross. Caught on the low ground in the loop of the river with no chance of relief or of retreat, most of the outnumbered English on the east side were probably killed. A few hundred may have

title: Stirling

text: After the battle of Stirling Bridge, Wallace wrote to the Hanseatic leaders of Lübeck and Hamburg to encourage trade between Scottish ports (like Stirling) and these German cities. There were also several Sieges of Stirling Castle in the conflict, notably in 1304. Another important historical site in the area is the ruins of Cambuskenneth Abbey, the resting place of King James III of Scotland and his queen, Margaret of Denmark. The king died at the Battle of Sauchieburn by forces nominally led by his son and successor James IV. During the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, the Battle of Stirling

title: Battle of Stirling Bridge

text: the river today. Four stone piers have been found underwater just north () and at an angle to the extant 15th-century bridge, along with man-made stonework on one bank in line with the piers. The site of the fighting was along either side of an earthen causeway leading from the Abbey Craig, atop which the Wallace Monument is now, to the north end of the bridge. The battlefield has been inventoried and protected by Historic Scotland under the Scottish Historical Environment Policy of 2009. The Battle of Stirling Bridge was a shattering defeat for the English: it showed that under

title: Henry de Percy, 1st Baron Percy

text: Stirling Bridge was a disaster for the English army. Percy and his fellow commanders could only watch helplessly from the castle as their infantry, caught on the far side of the one narrow bridge were slaughtered. Murray was however killed in the battle. The English were temporarily expelled from Scotland and on the defensive, with the Scots raiding northern England. In the following spring of 1298 King Edward returned from France and assembled a large army, including many Welsh longbow archers, to begin a new and determined assault on Scotland. They caught up with Wallace at Falkirk on 22 July

title: Stirling Castle

text: English commanders William FitzWarin and Marmaduke Thweng retreated into the castle. However, they were quickly starved into surrender by the Scots. Next summer, the castle changed hands again, being abandoned by the Scots after the English victory at Falkirk. Edward strengthened the castle, but it was besieged in 1299 by forces including Robert Bruce. King Edward failed to relieve the garrison, who were forced to surrender. By 1303, the English again held the upper hand, and Stirling was the last remaining castle in Scottish hands. Edward's army arrived in April 1304, with at least 17 siege engines. The Scots, under

title: Edward I of England

text: Stirling Bridge. The defeat sent shockwaves into England, and preparations for a retaliatory campaign started immediately. Soon after Edward returned from Flanders, he headed north. On 22 July 1298, in the only major battle he had fought since Evesham in 1265, Edward defeated Wallace's forces at the Battle of Falkirk. Edward, however, was not able to take advantage of the momentum, and the next year the Scots managed to recapture Stirling Castle. Even though Edward campaigned in Scotland both in 1300, when he successfully besieged Caerlaverock Castle and in 1301, the Scots refused to engage in open battle again, preferring

title: Battle of Stirling Bridge

text: escaped by swimming across the river. Marmaduke Thweng managed to fight his way back across the bridge and he thus became the only knight of all those on the far side of the river to survive the battle. Surrey, who was left with a small contingent of archers, had stayed south of the river and was still in a strong position. The bulk of his army remained intact and he could have held the line of the Forth, denying the Scots a passage to the south, but his confidence was gone. After the escape of Sir Marmaduke Thweng, Surrey ordered

title: Stirling

text: of 1296 is on record. The first alludes to the story as recorded by Boece who relates that in 855 Scotland was invaded by two Northumbrian princes, Osbrecht and Ella. They united their forces with the Cumbrian Britons in order to defeat the Scots. Having secured Stirling castle, they built the first stone bridge over the Forth. On the top they reportedly raised a crucifix with the inscription: "Anglos, a Scotis separat, crux ista remotis; Arma hic stant Bruti; stant Scoti hac sub cruce tuti." Bellenden translated this loosely as "I am free marche, as passengers may ken, To Scottis,

title: Hugh de Cressingham

text: Hugh de Cressingham Sir Hugh de Cressingham (died 11 September 1297) was the treasurer of the English administration in Scotland from 1296 to 1297. He was hated by the Scots and did not seem well liked even by the English. He was an advisor to John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. He suggested a full-scale attack across the bridge, which cost the English the battle and led to his death. Cressingham was a son of William de Cressingham. Hugh was a clerk and one of the officers of the English exchequer, was employed

title: Clan Stirling

text: Clan Stirling Clan Stirling is a Lowland Scottish clan. The Scottish town of Stirling and Stirling Castle lie at the crossroads of Scotland and this could account for the derivation of the name which means "place of strife". Appearing in a charter of David I of Scotland in around 1147 is Thoraldus who held the lands of Cadder. His descendant was Alexander de Strivelyn, fifth Laird of Cadder who died in 1304. During the Wars of Scottish Independence Alexander's heir, Sir John de Strivelyn, was killed at the Battle of Halidon Hill in 1333. The grandson of Sir John de

title: Stirlingshire

text: royal arms of Scotland. Around this were placed two caltraps and two spur-rowels recalling the use of the weapons against the English cavalry. On the abolition of the Local Government council in 1975, the arms were regranted to the Local Government Stirling District Council. They were regranted a second time in 1996 to the present Local Government Stirling Council, with the addition of supporters (a goshawk and a wolf). In 1130, Stirling, one of the principal royal strongholds of the Kingdom of Scotland, was created a Royal burgh by King David I. On 11 September 1297, the forces of Andrew

title: Battle of Stirling Bridge

text: attack across the bridge. The small bridge was broad enough to let only two horsemen cross abreast, but offered the safest river crossing, as the Forth widened to the east and the marshland of Flanders Moss lay to the west. The Scots waited as the English knights and infantry made their slow progress across the bridge on the morning of 11 September. It would have taken several hours for the entire English army to cross. Wallace and Moray waited, according to the Chronicle of Hemingburgh, until "as many of the enemy had come over as they believed they could overcome".

title: William Oliphant, Lord of Aberdalgie

text: William Oliphant, Lord of Aberdalgie Sir William Oliphant (died 1329), Lord of Aberdalgie and Dupplin, was a Scottish magnate, knight and leader during the Wars of Scottish Independence. Oliphant fought at the Battle of Dunbar in 1296, where the Scots, under their king John Balliol, were defeated by the invading English. Following the battle he was captured and taken to Rochester Castle in England where he was imprisoned. He was released after agreeing to serve King Edward I of England overseas. He returned to Scotland where he was second in command of Stirling Castle under his cousin of the same

title: Henry St Clair

text: Henry St Clair Sir Henry St Clair of Rosslyn was a 13th-14th century Scottish noble. Henry was the son of William St Clair and Amicia de Roskelyn. He fought at the Battle of Dunbar on 27 April 1296, where he and his father William were captured and he became a prisoner of King Edward I of England at St Briavels Castle. He was the Sheriff of Lanark in 1305. Fought with his two sons John and William at the Battle of Bannockburn on 23–24 June 1314. King Robert I of Scotland rewarded him for his bravery with the gift of

title: Battle of Stirling Bridge

text: relieve Dundee. The town of Stirling was the key entry point to the north of Scotland. The 6th Earl of Surrey arrived with his supporters at the narrow, wooden bridge over the River Forth near Stirling Castle and determined that he would be at a tactical disadvantage if he attempted to take his main force across there. So he delayed crossing for several days to allow for negotiations, and to reconnoiter the area. On 10 September Warenne gave orders to cross the river the next day. At dawn the English and Welsh infantry started to cross only to be recalled

title: Battle of Bannockburn

text: between England and Scotland began in 1296 and initially the English were successful under the command of Edward I, having won victories at the Battle of Dunbar (1296) and at the Capture of Berwick (1296). The removal of John Balliol from the Scottish throne also contributed to the English success. The Scots had been victorious in defeating the English at the Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297. This was countered, however, by Edward I's victory at the Battle of Falkirk (1298). By 1304, Scotland had been conquered, but in 1306 Robert the Bruce seized the Scottish throne and the war

title: English invasion of Scotland (1298)

text: English invasion of Scotland (1298) The English invasion of Scotland of 1298 was a military campaign undertaken by Edward I of England in retaliation to a Scottish uprising in 1297, the defeat of an English army at the Battle of Stirling Bridge and Scottish raids into Northern England. While the English defeated a Scottish army at the Battle of Falkirk, Edward I hampered by food shortages was only able to reach Stirling, before heading back to England. The situation in Scotland had seemed resolved when Edward I returned to England on 16 September 1296, but Scottish resistance soon emerged in

title: William II, Earl of Ross

text: and English interests. In 1291 he paid homage to Edward I of England at Berwick recognising him as overlord of Scotland. He was chosen as an auditor at the trial between John Balliol and Robert Bruce, when they competed before Edward to decide who would take the throne of Scotland. William was one of the leaders of the Scottish army at the Battle of Dunbar in 1296, when Edward invaded Scotland to punish John Balliol for refusing to support the English invasion of France. After the Scottish defeat, he was captured by the English and sent to the Tower of

title: Battle of Stirling Bridge

text: The Battle of Stirling Bridge was a battle of the First War of Scottish Independence. On 11 September 1297, the forces of Andrew Moray and William Wallace defeated the combined English forces of John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey, and Hugh de Cressingham near Stirling, on the River Forth.

title: New Cumnock

text: with Sir Andrew Murray and defeated the English army at Stirling Bridge. In the spring and early summer of 1298, Wallace, now Sir William and Guardian of Scotland, spent time consolidating his position, and this may be the period of Harry’s ‘three months rest’, i.e. rest from warfare. It was also during this period that Wallace paid a visit to his Uncle Sir Ranald Craufurd in Ayr, before - "“In Cumno syne till his duellyng went he”." Defeat at the hands of Edward I at Falkirk in July, 1298 resulted in Wallace relinquishing his Guardianship of Scotland and as Edward

title: William Burdet

text: for the reconsecration of the church and to reconfirm his family's former grants to the Order of St Lazarus but the former good relationship was never re-established. Sir William was summoned to Parliament in London on 6 Oct 1297 shortly after the disastrous defeat at the Battle of Stirling Bridge and was mustered for service in the Scottish Wars on 24 Oct 1299. Sir William died before 8 Mar 1309 when his Inquisition Post Mortem was held to distribute his estate. He held land at Branteston, Huncote, Friseby, Galby, Loseby, Stretton and Norton in Leicestershire and Maidford, Northamptonshire. He had

title: English invasion of Scotland (1298)

text: Battle of Falkirk, although it is impossible to give a precise number. The English army continued onto Stirling, capturing Stirling Castle and after staying a few weeks, started returning to England due to lack of supplies. The southern march took the English army from Stirling by Falkirk, Torphichen, Abercorn, Braid and Ayr. The English had been expecting ships with supplies from Ireland at Ayr, however they did not arrive. The English found Ayrshire had been deserted and laid waste by the Scots. Edward I attacked and captured Lochmaben Castle and then travelled to Carlisle where he found the supplies had

title: Battle of Stirling Bridge

text: up and down after the recruiting drum and bagpipe, and wish myself tall enough that I could be a soldier; while the story of Wallace poured a Scottish prejudice into my veins which will boil along there till the flood-gates of life shut in eternal rest. The Battle of Stirling Bridge is depicted in the 1995 film "Braveheart", but it bears little resemblance to the real battle, there being no bridge (due mainly to the difficulty of filming around the bridge itself) and tactics resembling the Battle of Bannockburn. Battle of Stirling Bridge The Battle of Stirling Bridge was a

title: Ingram de Umfraville

text: and Scotland in 1295. He was present at the siege of Berwick in 1296 with King Edward I of England and fought on the English side during the Battle of Falkirk in 1298. Fighting on the side of Scotland he participated in the siege of Stirling Castle in 1299. He was appointed joint Guardian of Scotland on 10 May 1300 together with William Lamberton, Bishop of St Andrews, and John Comyn, Lord of Badenoch. He resigned the next year and was replaced by John de Soules. He participated in the siege of Lochmaben Castle in September 1301. In 1303 he

title: Battle of Stirling Bridge

short_answers:
Andrew Moray
William Wallace


question: where is the tablet of the ten commandments

answers: Ark of the Covenant

title: Ten Commandments

text: and referring to the Greek translation (in accusative) , , "ten words", found in the Septuagint (or LXX) at Exodus 34:28 and Deuteronomy 10:4. The stone tablets, as opposed to the commandments inscribed on them, are called , "Lukhot HaBrit", meaning "the tablets of the covenant". Different religious traditions divide the seventeen verses of and their parallels at into ten "commandments" or "sayings" in different ways, shown in the table below. Some suggest that the number ten is a choice to aid memorization rather than a matter of theology. Traditions: The biblical narrative of the revelation at Sinai begins in

title: Tablets of Stone

text: the Sages say ten on one tablet and ten on the other". Because the commandments establish a covenant, it is likely that they were duplicated on both tablets. This can be compared to diplomatic treaties of Ancient Egypt, in which a copy was made for each party. But the tablets may have contained not only the Ten Commandments but also additional precepts and words as can be inferred from the verses Exodus 31:18, Exodus 34:1, Exodus 34:27-28. Replicas of the tablets, known as tabots or sellats, are a vital part of the practice of Ethiopian Orthodox Church, which claims that

title: The Ten Commandments (miniseries)

text: an escape route. When the Hebrews make it to the other side, Moses closes the separated waters, drowning the pursuing Egyptians — including Menerith. The Hebrews witness Moses weeping over Menerith, whom he later gives a proper burial. Moses climbs the mountain to receive God's commandments in the form of two stone tablets. However, when he descends, he finds that many of the Hebrews have built a golden calf and created an orgy. Moses destroys the tablets and the idol in a fit of rage and orders the deaths of the wicked revelers. After a brutal fight that leaves many

title: Ten Commandments

text: in different ways in the classical Jewish tradition. Rabbi Hanina ben Gamaliel says that each tablet contained five commandments, "but the Sages say ten on one tablet and ten on the other", that is, that the tablets were duplicates. This can be compared to diplomatic treaties of the ancient Near East, in which a copy was made for each party. According to the Talmud, the compendium of traditional Rabbinic Jewish law, tradition, and interpretation, one interpretation of the biblical verse "the tablets were written on both their sides", is that the carving went through the full thickness of the tablets,

title: The Ten Commandments (1923 film)

text: from his mistress, and when she fights back, he kills her. He attempts to flee to Mexico on a motorboat, but rough weather sends him off course and he crashes into a rocky island, where he is presumably killed. Throughout the film, the visual motif of the tablets of the commandments appears in the sets, with a particular commandment appearing on them when it is relevant to the story. The idea for the film was based upon the winning submission to a contest in which the public suggested ideas for DeMille's next film. The winner was F.C. Nelson of Lansing,

title: Ten Commandments

text: picture God just commanding Moses to make some tablets, as if there were no history to this matter, so RJE adds the explanation that these are a replacement for the earlier tablets that were shattered." He writes that Exodus 34:14–26 is the J text of the Ten Commandments: "The first two commandments and the sabbath commandment have parallels in the other versions of the Ten Commandments. (Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5). … The other seven commandments here are completely different." He suggests that differences in the J and E versions of the Ten Commandments story are a result of power

title: Ten Commandments

text: Krzysztof Kieślowski, and "The Ten", a 2007 American film, use the ten commandments as a structure for 10 smaller stories. The receipt of the Ten Commandments by Moses was satirized in Mel Brooks's movie "History of the World Part I" (1981), which shows Moses (played by Brooks, in a similar costume to Charlton Heston's Moses in the 1956 film), receiving three tablets containing fifteen commandments, but before he can present them to his people, he stumbles and drops one of the tablets, shattering it. He then presents the remaining tablets, proclaiming Ten Commandments. In "The Prince of Egypt", a 1998

title: The Ten Commandments (1923 film)

text: deteriorated significantly, but a second better-preserved sphinx was discovered and excavated. The parting of the Red Sea scene was shot in Seal Beach, California. The visual effect of keeping the walls of water apart while the Israelites walked through was accomplished with a slab of Jell-O that was sliced in two and filmed close up as it jiggled. This shot was then combined with live-action footage of Israelites walking into the distance to create the illusion. Portions of the modern story were filmed in San Francisco, with the cathedral building sequence filmed at the then under construction Sts. Peter and

title: Ten Commandments

text: Ten Commandments The Ten Commandments (, "Aseret ha'Dibrot"), also known as the Decalogue, are a set of biblical principles relating to ethics and worship, which play a fundamental role in Judaism and Christianity. The commandments include instructions to worship only God, to honour one's parents, and to keep the sabbath, as well as prohibitions against idolatry, blasphemy, murder, adultery, theft, dishonesty, and coveting. Different religious groups follow different traditions for interpreting and numbering them. The Ten Commandments appear twice in the Hebrew Bible, in the books of Exodus and Deuteronomy. Modern scholarship has found likely influences in Hittite and Mesopotamian

title: Ten Commandments

text: select group consisting of Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, and "seventy of the elders of Israel" to a location on the mount where they worshipped "afar off" and they "saw the God of Israel" above a "paved work" like clear sapphire stone. The mount was covered by the cloud for six days, and on the seventh day Moses went into the midst of the cloud and was "in the mount forty days and forty nights." And Moses said, "the delivered unto me two tablets of stone written with the finger of God; and on them was written according to all the

title: The Ten Commandments (1956 film)

text: mountain with Joshua. Impatiently, Dathan urges a reluctant Aaron to construct a golden calf idol as a gift for Rameses. A wild and decadent orgy is held by most of the Hebrews. Moses sees the Ten Commandments created by God in two stone tablets. Moses descends from the mountain to the sight of decadence. Enraged, he throws the tablets at the golden calf, which explodes, killing the wicked revelers, and causing the others to wander in the wilderness for 40 years. Forty years later, an elderly Moses leads the Hebrews towards Canaan. However, he could not enter the Promised land

title: Nash Papyrus

text: far the oldest Hebrew manuscript fragment known at that time, before the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls in 1947. Twenty four lines long, with a few letters missing at each edge, the papyrus contains the Ten Commandments in Hebrew and a short middle text, followed by the start of the Shema Yisrael prayer. The text of the Ten Commandments combines parts of the version from Exodus with parts from Deuteronomy . A curiosity is its omission of the phrase "house of bondage", used in both versions, about Egypt — perhaps a reflection of where the papyrus was composed. Some

title: Terumah (parsha)

text: to those responsible for building them. In one Middle Babylonian document, a clay model of the statue of the god Shamash was miraculously discovered near the Euphrates, which showed long-missing information about how the statue was to look and what clothing was to adorn it, allowing the Babylonian king to then make a new statue. Alter wrote that the instruction of to place the stone tablets of the Ten Commandments in the Tabernacle reflected a common ancient Near Eastern practice of placing documents of solemn contracts within sacred precincts. Alter wrote that the term "cherubim" (, "keruvim") in is derived

title: Peebles High School (Ohio)

text: schools in Adams County were built at the same time and all four featured a large granite tablet outside the school carved with the Ten Commandments. They were removed after a lengthy four-year legal battle over the placement of the tablets on public property. In Peebles, the tablet now is located directly across the street facing the high school on the property of the Peebles Baptist Church. All Peebles teams are nicknamed "The Indians," because of the town's close proximity to Serpent Mound. The school has Jr. high and high school sports in soccer, cross country, golf, volleyball, baseball and

text: Ten Commandments Monument (Little Rock, Arkansas) The Ten Commandments Monument is an outdoor monument installed on the Arkansas State Capitol grounds in Little Rock, Arkansas, in the United States. The monument is being challenged as unconstitutional by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). The ACLU says that the monument demonstrates a religious preference, violating the First Amendment and the religious preference prohibiton clause of the Arkansas State Constitution. The monument was erected on the Arkansas State Capitol grounds on 27 June 2017. The monument was destroyed within 24 hours of its installation. The man who rammed the monument with his

title: Ten Commandments

text: dancing: and Moses' anger waxed hot, and he cast the tablets out of his hands, and brake them beneath the mount." After the events in chapters 32 and 33, the told Moses, "Hew thee two tablets of stone like unto the first: and I will write upon these tablets the words that were in the first tablets, which thou brakest." "And he wrote on the tablets, according to the first writing, the ten commandments, which the spake unto you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly: and the gave them unto

text: preference, violating the First Amendment and the religious preference prohibiton clause of the Arkansas State Constitution. Ten Commandments Monument (Little Rock, Arkansas) The Ten Commandments Monument is an outdoor monument installed on the Arkansas State Capitol grounds in Little Rock, Arkansas, in the United States. The monument is being challenged as unconstitutional by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). The ACLU says that the monument demonstrates a religious preference, violating the First Amendment and the religious preference prohibiton clause of the Arkansas State Constitution. The monument was erected on the Arkansas State Capitol grounds on 27 June 2017. The monument

title: The Ten Commandments (2007 film)

text: The Ten Commandments (2007 film) The Ten Commandments is a 2007 American computer animated film directed by John Stronach and Bill Boyce, and released by Promenade Pictures. The film follows Moses from his childhood, as the adopted son of Pharaoh, to his adulthood, as the chosen one of Yahweh and liberator of his people. The film is narrated by Ben Kingsley, and stars Christian Slater as Moses, Alfred Molina as Ramses and Ellott Gould as God. It was released to theaters on October 19, 2007, and received negative reviews, with criticism directed towards the animation and acting. The film was

title: Antinomianism

text: gold jar of manna, Aaron's staff that had budded, and the stone tablets of the covenant. Above the ark were the cherubim of the Glory, overshadowing the atonement cover." (Hebrews 9:1–5) However, the notion that the Ten Commandments have been abrogated, as found in New Covenant Theology, is challenged by some. Some scholars consider Jesus' Sermon on the Mount (particularly the Antitheses) to be an antitype of the proclamation of the Ten Commandments or Mosaic Covenant by Moses from the Biblical Mount Sinai. Those who oppose antinomianism invoke Paul as upholding obedience to the law: The "Catholic Encyclopedia" article on

title: Tablets of Stone

text: Tablets of Stone According to the Hebrew Bible, the Tables of the Law as they are widely known in English, or Tablets of Stone, Stone Tablets, or Tablets of Testimony (in Hebrew: לוחות הברית "Luchot HaBrit" - "the tablets [of] the covenant") in the Exodus 34:1, were the two pieces of stone inscribed with the Ten Commandments when Moses ascended Mount Sinai as written in the Book of Exodus. Exodus 31:18 refers to the tablets as the "Tablets of (the) Testimony". According to the biblical narrative there were two sets of tablets. The first, inscribed by God, () were smashed

title: Plymouth Synagogue

text: finials and urns in gold leaf. On the second story are a pair of tablets of the Ten Commandments, in gold leaf on a royal blue ground. Inscribed on the cornice is the Hebrew date 5522 (1761–62) and a passage form Psalms 5:8 (" Lead me, O LORD, in thy righteousness because of mine enemies; make thy way straight before my face.") It is a free-standing piece of cabinet work. It was transported from Holland flat packed and rebuilt when in situ. The Holy Ark however was brought over from the Netherlands in parts and assembled on site –a sort

title: Tablet (religious)

text: Tablet (religious) A tablet, in a religious context, is a term used for certain religious texts. Judaism and Christianity maintain that Moses brought the Ten Commandments down from Mount Sinai in the form of two tablets of stone. According to the Book of Exodus, God delivered the tablets twice, the first set having been smashed by Moses in his anger at the idol-worship of the Israelites. The Preserved Tablet ("al-Lawhu 'l-Mahfuz"), the heavenly preserved record of all that has happened and will happen, contains "qadar". "Qadar" (, transliterated "qadar", meaning "fate", "divine fore-ordainment", "predestination") is the concept of divine destiny

title: The Ten Commandments (miniseries)

text: dead, The survivors plead to receive God's commandments and Moses climbs up the mountain again. After Moses reads the commandments, the tablets are placed in an ark. Sometime later, an elderly Moses lives his life as a hermit on a mountain slope and is seen looking at the promised land, which he is not allowed to enter due to his disobedience to God. Barry Garron of "The Hollywood Reporter" gave the mini-series a generally positive review, praising the performances as well as "the stunning cinematography and eye-catching special effects" but also noted that it "fails to take full advantage of

title: Ten Commandments

text: verse, is used for public Torah reading, while the "ta'am tachton" (lower accentuation), which divides the text into verses of more even length, is used for private reading or study. The verse numbering in Jewish Bibles follows the "ta'am tachton". In Jewish Bibles the references to the Ten Commandments are therefore and . The Samaritan Pentateuch varies in the Ten Commandments passages, both in that the Samaritan Deuteronomical version of the passage is much closer to that in Exodus, and in that Samaritans count as nine commandments what others count as ten. The Samaritan tenth commandment is on the sanctity

title: Tablets of Stone

text: According to the bible, both the first shattered set and the second unbroken set were stored in the Ark of the Covenant (the Aron Habrit in Hebrew).

title: The Ten Commandments (2007 film)

text: aid of a slave being beaten, and the beater is killed. They all grow up, Ramses is now Pharaoh, God speaks to Moses, telling him to get the Hebrews from Egypt into the promised land. Ramses says no, the ten plagues come, and Ramses gives in only when his son is killed (as God's spirit kills all the first-born Egyptian sons). Moses leads the people from Egypt, ditches Ramses and his army at the parting of the Red Sea, and Moses receives the Ten Commandments and delivers them to the Hebrews. Moses puts Joshua in charge of leading the people

title: Ten Commandments

text: "only" the Ten Commandments were handed down at Mount Sinai rather than the whole Torah. In later centuries rabbis continued to omit the Ten Commandments from daily liturgy in order to prevent a confusion among Jews that they are "only" bound by the Ten Commandments, and not also by many other biblical and Talmudic laws, such as the requirement to observe holy days other than the sabbath. Today, the Ten Commandments are heard in the synagogue three times a year: as they come up during the readings of Exodus and Deuteronomy, and during the festival of Shavuot. The Exodus version

title: The Ten Commandments (miniseries)

text: The Ten Commandments (miniseries) The Ten Commandments is a 2006 miniseries that dramatizes the biblical story of Moses. It ran on the ABC TV network. The series was filmed in Egypt, Mount Sinai, and the Sinai Peninsula. Moses's mother, Jochebed, saves her baby from the edict of the Pharaoh that all newborn male Hebrew children must die by placing him in a basket on the Nile River. He is found by Pharaoh's daughter Bithia and adopted into the royal house. Some time later, Bithia gives birth to a son Menerith, and they are raised as brothers. Moses grows up knowing

title: The Ten Commandments (miniseries)

text: who I am", gives Moses his powers, and endows him with the knowledge to free the Hebrews. Because Pharaoh Ramesses refuses to free the Hebrews, Egypt is struck with ten plagues. Only after the final one, during which Pharaoh's beloved son dies, are the Hebrews freed. However, Pharaoh's heart is hardened once more due to him being unable to accept his son's death, and decides to try to re-capture them. The Hebrews are guided to the Red Sea by a cloud. When the Egyptians' chariots get near, God blocks their path and Moses parts the Red Sea, providing the Hebrews

title: Samaritan Pentateuch

text: contains this text at Exodus 20:17: This commandment is absent from the corresponding text of the Ten Commandments in the Masoretic. The Samaritan Pentateuch's inclusion of the Gerizim variation within the Ten Commandments places additional emphasis on the divine sanction given to that community's place of worship. This variation has similarities to and is supported by changes to the verbal tense within the Samaritan text of Deuteronomy indicating that God has already chosen this place. The future tense ("will choose") is used in the Masoretic. And whereas in the Masoretic commands an altar to be constructed on Mount Ebal, the

title: Tablets of Stone