question: what is the approximate volume of blood in your body

answers: approximately 5 liters

title: Blood

text: the presence of potential molecular fibers in the form of fibrinogen. Blood performs many important functions within the body, including: Blood accounts for 7% of the human body weight, with an average density around 1060 kg/m, very close to pure water's density of 1000 kg/m. The average adult has a blood volume of roughly , which is composed of plasma and several kinds of cells. These blood cells (which are also called corpuscles or "formed elements") consist of erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets). By volume, the red blood cells constitute about 45% of

title: Extracellular fluid

text: among others, the pH, sodium, potassium, and calcium concentrations in the ECF. The volume of body fluid, blood glucose, oxygen, and carbon dioxide levels are also tightly homeostatically maintained. The volume of extracellular fluid in a young adult male of 70 kg (154 lbs) is 20% of body weight – about fourteen litres. Eleven litres is interstitial fluid and the remaining three litres is plasma. The main component of the extracellular fluid is the interstitial fluid which surrounds the cells in the body. The other major component of the ECF is the intravascular fluid of the circulatory system called blood

title: Blood volume

text: a product of Daxor Corporation, consists of an automated well counter interfaced with a computer. It is able to report Total Blood Volume (TBV), Plasma Volume (PV) and Red Cell Volume (RCV) using the indicator dilution principle, microhematocrit centrifugation and the Ideal Height and Weight Method. The indicator or tracer, is an I-131 albumin injection. An equal amount of the tracer is injected into a known and unknown volume. Clinically, the unknown volume is the patient's blood volume, with the tracer having been injected into the patient's blood stream and tagged to the blood plasma. Once the tracer is injected

title: Body fluid

text: volume. The vascular volume is divided into the venous volume and the secreted arterial volume; and the arterial volume has a conceptually useful but unmeasurable subcompartment called the effective arterial blood volume. There are approximately 6 to 10 liters of lymph in the body, compared to 3.5 to 5 liters of blood. By type: By location: In plants: Body fluid is the term most often used in medical and health contexts. Modern medical, public health, and personal hygiene practices treat body fluids as potentially unclean. This is because they can be vectors for infectious diseases, such as sexually transmitted diseases

title: Biofluid dynamics

text: clotting. In addition to these 55 to 60 percent of blood by volume consists of plasma. Plasma is the transparent, amber-colored liquid in which the cellular components of blood are suspended. Plasma contains constituents such as proteins, electrolytes, hormones, and nutrients. The serum is blood plasma from which clotting factors have been removed.Blood accounts for 6 to 8 percent of body weight in normal, healthy humans. The density of blood is slightly greater than the density of water at approximately 1060 kg/m3. The increased density comes from the increased density of a red blood cell compared with the density of

title: Blood plasma

text: Blood plasma Blood plasma is a yellowish coloured liquid component of blood that normally holds the blood cells in whole blood in suspension; this makes plasma the extracellular matrix of blood cells. It makes up about 55% of the body's total blood volume. It is the intravascular fluid part of extracellular fluid (all body fluid outside cells). It is mostly water (up to 95% by volume), and contains dissolved proteins (6–8%) (i.e.—serum albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen), glucose, clotting factors, electrolytes (Na, Ca, Mg, HCO, Cl, etc.), hormones, carbon dioxide (plasma being the main medium for excretory product transportation) and oxygen.

title: Hematocrit

text: after "lactokrit", which was used in dairy farming. With modern lab equipment, the hematocrit is calculated by an automated analyzer and is not directly measured. It is determined by multiplying the red cell count by the mean cell volume. The hematocrit is slightly more accurate as the PCV includes small amounts of blood plasma trapped between the red cells. An estimated hematocrit as a percentage may be derived by tripling the hemoglobin concentration in g/dL and dropping the units. The packed cell volume (PCV) can be determined by centrifuging heparinized blood in a capillary tube (also known as a microhematocrit

title: Intravascular volume status

text: due to hyponatremia or liver failure). Volume contraction of intravascular fluid (blood plasma) is termed hypovolemia, and its signs include, in order of severity: Signs of intravascular volume overload (high blood volume) include: For the clinical assessment of Intravascular Blood Volume, the BVA-100, a semi-automated blood volume analyzer device that has FDA approval, determines the status of a patient’s blood volume based on the Ideal Height and Weight Method. Using a patient’s ideal weight and actual weight, the percent deviation from the desirable weight is found using the following equation: formula_1 Using the deviation from desirable weight, the BV ratio

title: Hematocrit

text: Hematocrit The hematocrit () (Ht or HCT), also known by several other names, is the volume percentage (vol%) of red blood cells in blood. It is normally 47% ±5% for men and 42% ±5% for women. It is considered an integral part of a person's complete blood count results, along with hemoglobin concentration, white blood cell count, and platelet count. Because the purpose of red blood cells is to transfer oxygen from the lungs to body tissues, a blood sample's hematocrit—the red blood cell volume percentage—can become a point of reference of its capability of delivering oxygen. The measure of

title: Red blood cell

text: the centre of 0.8–1 µm, being much smaller than most other human cells. These cells have an average volume of about 90 fL with a surface of about 136 μm, and can swell up to a sphere shape containing 150 fL, without membrane distension. Adult humans have roughly 20–30 trillion red blood cells at any given time, constituting approximately 70% of all cells by number. Women have about 4–5 million red blood cells per microliter (cubic millimeter) of blood and men about 5–6 million; people living at high altitudes with low oxygen tension will have more. Red blood cells are

title: Volume of distribution

text: distributed out into some other volume (read organs/tissue). So probably the first question you want to ask is: how much of the drug is no longer in the blood stream? The volume of distribution formula_6 quantifies just that by specifying how big a volume you would need in order to observe the blood concentration actually measured. A practical example for a simple case (mono-compartmental) would be to administer D=8 mg/kg to a human. A human has a blood volume of around formula_70.08 l/kg This gives a formula_8100 µg/ml if the drug stays in the blood stream only, and thus its

title: Mean corpuscular volume

text: units of µL to fL by multiplying by formula_5. The result would look like this: Note: the shortcut proposed above just makes the units work out: formula_7 Mean corpuscular volume The mean corpuscular volume, or mean cell volume (MCV), is a measure of the average volume of a red blood corpuscle (or red blood cell). The measure is attained by multiplying a volume of blood by the proportion of blood that is cellular (the hematocrit), and dividing that product by the number of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in that volume. The mean corpuscular volume is a part of a standard

title: Volume expander

text: Volume expander A volume expander is a type of intravenous therapy that has the function of providing volume for the circulatory system. It may be used for fluid replacement. When blood is lost, the greatest immediate need is to stop further blood loss. The second greatest need is replacing the lost volume. This way remaining red blood cells can still oxygenate body tissue. Normal human blood has a significant excess oxygen transport capability, only used in cases of great physical exertion. Provided blood volume is maintained by volume expanders, a rested patient can safely tolerate very low hemoglobin levels, less

title: Blood volume

text: and critical care. The use of relative blood volume changes during dialysis is of questionable utility. Total Blood Volume can be measured manually via the Dual Isotope or Dual Tracer Technique, a classic technique, available since the 1950s. This technique requires double labeling of the blood; that is 2 injections and 2 standards (51Cr-RBC for tagging red blood cells and I-HAS for tagging plasma volume)as well as withdrawing and re-infusing patients with their own blood for blood volume analysis results. This method may take up to 6 hours for accurate results. Blood Volume may also be measured semi-automatically. The BVA-100,

title: Volume of distribution

text: unit for Volume of Distribution is typically reported in liters. As body composition changes with age, V decreases. The V may also be used to determine how readily a drug will displace into the body tissue compartments relative to the blood: Where: If you administer a dose D of a drug intravenously in one go (IV-bolus), you would naturally expect it to have an immediate blood concentration formula_3 which directly corresponds to the amount of blood contained in the body formula_4. Mathematically this would be: formula_5 But this is generally not what happens. Instead you observe that the drug has

title: Blood volume

text: a technician takes five blood samples which undergo microhematocrit centrifugation to extrapolate true blood volume at time 0. The concentration of the I-131 in the blood is determined from the blood radioactivity against the standard, which has a known I-131 dilution in a known volume. The unknown volume is inversely proportional to the concentration of the indicator in the known volume; the larger the unknown volume, the lower the tracer concentration, thus the unknown volume can be calculated. The microhematocrit data along with the I-131 indicator data provide a normalized hematocrit number, more accurate than hematocrit or peripheral hematocrit measurements.

title: Blood

text: Blood Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. In vertebrates, it is composed of blood cells suspended in blood plasma. Plasma, which constitutes 55% of blood fluid, is mostly water (92% by volume), and contains proteins, glucose, mineral ions, hormones, carbon dioxide (plasma being the main medium for excretory product transportation), and blood cells themselves. Albumin is the main protein in plasma, and it functions to regulate the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood. The blood

title: Blood alcohol content

text: per mass of blood (never a volume per volume). 1 milliliter of blood has a mass of approximately 1.06 grams. Because of this, units by volume are similar but not identical to units by mass. In the U.S. the concentration unit 1% w/v (percent mass/volume, equivalent to 10 g/l or 1 g per 100 ml) is in use. This is not to be confused with the amount of alcohol measured on the breath, as with a breathalyzer. The amount of alcohol measured on the breath is generally accepted as proportional to the amount of alcohol present in the blood at

title: Hemodynamics

text: it is imperative to think about all the components of the starling equation: To identify the minimum safe hematocrit desirable for a given patient the following equation is useful: where EBV is the estimated blood volume; 70 mL/kg was used in this model and "H" (initial hematocrit) is the patient’s initial hematocrit. From the equation above it is clear that the volume of blood removed during the ANH to the "H" is the same as the "BL". How much blood is to be removed is usually based on the weight, not the volume. The number of units that need to

title: Hemodynamics

text: in terms of the RCM Where "RCM" is the red cell mass that would have to be administered using homologous blood to maintain the "H" if ANH is not used and blood loss equals BLH. The model used assumes ANH used for a 70 kg patient with an estimated blood volume of 70 ml/kg (4900 ml). A range of "H" and "H" was evaluated to understand conditions where hemodilution is necessary to benefit the patient. The result of the model calculations are presented in a table given in the appendix for a range of "H" from 0.30 to 0.50 with

title: Blood vessel

text: dehydration or heart disease while lower proportions could lead to anemia and long-term blood loss. Blood vessels also transport red blood cells which contain the oxygen necessary for daily activities. The amount of red blood cells present in your vessels has an effect on your health. Hematocrit tests can be performed to calculate the proportion of red blood cells in your blood. Higher proportions result in conditions such as dehydration or heart disease while lower proportions could lead to anemia and long-term blood loss. Permeability of the endothelium is pivotal in the release of nutrients to the tissue. It is

title: Cardiac output

text: end-diastole volume (TEDV), central blood volume (CBV) and active circulation volume (ACVI) can be calculated using this method. The UD method was firstly introduced in 1995. It was extensively used to measure flow and volumes with extracorporeal circuit conditions, such as ECMO and Haemodialysis, leading more than 150 peer reviewed publications. UD has now been adapted to intensive care units (ICU) as the COstatus device. The UD method is based on ultrasound indicator dilution. Blood ultrasound velocity (1560–1585 m/s) is a function of total blood protein concentration—sums of proteins in plasma and in red blood red cells—and temperature. Injection of

title: Mean corpuscular volume

text: Mean corpuscular volume The mean corpuscular volume, or mean cell volume (MCV), is a measure of the average volume of a red blood corpuscle (or red blood cell). The measure is attained by multiplying a volume of blood by the proportion of blood that is cellular (the hematocrit), and dividing that product by the number of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in that volume. The mean corpuscular volume is a part of a standard complete blood count. In patients with anemia, it is the MCV measurement that allows classification as either a microcytic anemia (MCV below normal range), normocytic anemia (MCV

title: Mean platelet volume

text: Mean platelet volume Mean platelet volume (MPV) is a machine-calculated measurement of the average size of platelets found in blood and is typically included in blood tests as part of the CBC. Since the average platelet size is larger when the body is producing increased numbers of platelets, the MPV test results can be used to make inferences about platelet production in bone marrow or platelet destruction problems. MPV is higher when there is destruction of platelets. This may be seen in inflammatory bowel disease, immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), myeloproliferative diseases and Bernard-Soulier syndrome. It may also be related to

title: Blood volume

text: A typical adult has a blood volume of approximately 5 liters, with females generally having less blood volume than males.  Blood volume is regulated by the kidneys.

title: Fluid compartments

text: (the blood plasma). The other intravascular fluid is lymph. It too represents both the intracellular compartment (the fluid inside its lymphocytes) and the extracellular compartment (the noncellular matrix of the lymph, which is roughly equivalent to serum). The average volume of plasma in the average (70 kg) male is approximately 3.5 liters. The volume of the intravascular compartment is regulated in part by hydrostatic pressure gradients, and by reabsorption by the kidneys. The third extracellular compartment, the transcellular, consists of those spaces in the body where fluid does not normally collect in larger amounts, or where any significant fluid collection

title: Blood

text: whole blood, the plasma about 54.3%, and white cells about 0.7%. Whole blood (plasma and cells) exhibits non-Newtonian fluid dynamics. If all human hemoglobin were free in the plasma rather than being contained in RBCs, the circulatory fluid would be too viscous for the cardiovascular system to function effectively. One microliter of blood contains: About 55% of blood is blood plasma, a fluid that is the blood's liquid medium, which by itself is straw-yellow in color. The blood plasma volume totals of 2.7–3.0 liters (2.8–3.2 quarts) in an average human. It is essentially an aqueous solution containing 92% water, 8%

title: Hematocrit

text: tube) at 10,000 RPM for five minutes. This separates the blood into layers. The volume of packed red blood cells divided by the total volume of the blood sample gives the PCV. Since a tube is used, this can be calculated by measuring the lengths of the layers. Another way of measuring hematocrit levels is by optical methods such as spectrophotometry. Through differential spectrophotometry, the differences in optical densities of a blood sample flowing through small-bore glass tubes at isosbestic wavelengths for deoxyhemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin and the product of the luminal diameter and hematocrit create a linear relationship that is

title: Complete blood count

text: grams per decilitre. A low level of hemoglobin is a sign of anemia. Hematocrit or packed cell volume (PCV): This is the fraction of whole blood volume that consists of red blood cells. RBC Indices are typically calculated from other measured RBC parameters. They include the MHC, MCHC, MCV and RDW. Automated analyzers measure MCV directly, and use it and the RBC to calculate the Hematocrit. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV): the average volume of the red cells, measured in femtolitres. Anemia is classified as microcytic or macrocytic if the MCV value is above or below the expected normal range; anemias

title: Mean corpuscular volume

text: cells. For further specification, it can be used to calculate red blood cell distribution width (RDW). The RDW is a statistical calculation made by automated analyzers that reflects the variability in size and shape of the RBCs. To calculate MCV, the hematocrit (Hct) is divided by the concentration of RBCs ([RBC]) formula_1 Normally, MCV is expressed in femtoliters (fL, or 10L), and [RBC] is the quantity expressed in millions per microliter (10 / μL). The normal range for MCV is 80–100 fL. For example, if the Hct = 42.5% and [RBC] = 4.58 million per microliter (4,580,000/μL), then formula_2 The

title: Blood volume


question: when did france and belgium invade the ruhr

answers: 11 January 1923

answers: January 1923

answers: 1923

title: Ruhr Question

text: policy of containment in particular. Ruhr Question The Ruhr Question was a political topos put on the agenda by the Allies of World War I and the Allies of World War II in the negotiations following each respective war, concerning how to deal with the economic and technological potential of the area where the Rhine and Ruhr intersect. France was heavily in favor of monitoring this region, due to the perception that the economic and technological potential of the region had allowed the German Reich to threaten and occupy France during the Franco-Prussian War, World War I, and World War

title: Ruhr Question

text: Ruhr Question The Ruhr Question was a political topos put on the agenda by the Allies of World War I and the Allies of World War II in the negotiations following each respective war, concerning how to deal with the economic and technological potential of the area where the Rhine and Ruhr intersect. France was heavily in favor of monitoring this region, due to the perception that the economic and technological potential of the region had allowed the German Reich to threaten and occupy France during the Franco-Prussian War, World War I, and World War II. The Ruhr question was

title: Ruhr

text: not stand up for their allies in the East. Hitler could now continue eroding the alliance system that France had built since 1919. On 16 October 1936, Belgium repudiated the 1921 alliance with France and declared its absolute neutrality. In October 1937, Belgium signed a non-aggression pact with Germany. During World War II, the bombing of the Ruhr in 1940–1944 caused a loss of 30% of plant and equipment (compared to 15–20% for German industry as a whole). A second battle of the Ruhr (6/7 October 1944 – end of 1944) began with an attack on Dortmund. The devastating bombing

title: Ruhr Question

text: leading to the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 resulted in the creation of a "security glacis" against Germany in the form of the cessation of the Left Bank of the Rhine, extensive demilitarization, armament restrictions, and the Allied occupation of the Rhineland. In addition, France was able to achieve considerable reparations from Germany after the first World War. If the German Reich could not meet the requirements of the reparations, the negotiation terms of the threatened to divide the Ruhr through forced occupation. At this time, the Ruhr was known as the "Rhine-Westphalian coal and industrial area", including Lippe in

title: Ruhr Question

text: the vision of a "Ruhr basin" ("Ruhrbecken") as free from a future German state or German states. At the conferences of the Allies, the question of the Ruhr came more and more into the agenda, mostly due to French proposals. At the Foreign Minister's Conference, which took place in London from September 11th, 1945 until October 2nd, 1945, French foreign minister Georges Bidault issued a memorandum of 13 September 1945. This memorandum stated that the separation of the Rhineland and Westphalia, including the Ruhr area of the German Reich, as "indispensable for the protection of the frontier and an essential

title: Axis powers

text: When war between Germany versus Britain and France appeared likely in May 1939, Hitler declared that the Netherlands and Belgium would need to be occupied, saying: "Dutch and Belgian air bases must be occupied ... Declarations of neutrality must be ignored". In a conference with Germany's military leaders on 23 November 1939, Hitler declared to the military leaders that "We have an Achilles heel, the Ruhr", and said that "If England and France push through Belgium and Holland into the Ruhr, we shall be in the greatest danger", and thus claimed that Belgium and the Netherlands had to be occupied

title: Ruhr Question

text: themselves how to deal with the economic and technological potential of the Rhine and Ruhr. When the French were deliberating the future of Germany, the Ruhr Question was their top priority. The industrialized area of the Rhine and Ruhr, highly stylized in Nazi propaganda as the "armory of the empire", represented for France at the end of World War II far more than merely an Industrial region. Rather, the Ruhr was "a symbol of German Power and a source of French humiliation". As early as February 5th, 1945, France's provisional head of government Charles de Gaulle broadcast a speech introducing

title: Occupation of the Ruhr

text: important harbour in Duisburg-Ruhrort, ending French occupation of the Ruhr region on 25 August 1925. According to Sally Marks, the occupation of the Ruhr "was profitable and caused neither the German hyperinflation, which began in 1922 and ballooned because of German responses to the Ruhr occupation, nor the franc's 1924 collapse, which arose from French financial practices and the evaporation of reparations". Marks suggests the profits, after Ruhr-Rhineland occupation costs, were nearly 900 million gold marks. Despite his disagreements with Britain, Poincaré desired to preserve the Anglo-French entente and thus moderated his aims to a degree. His major goal was

title: Ruhr

text: came out victorious, but during that time, a return to an autocratic state was seen as the only way forward. Large parts of the working class went out on strike, but in the Ruhr, striking workers successfully managed to take government buildings, shocking the rest of Germany. An armed revolt was then instigated, and the Red Guard then installed a branch in the Ruhr. The people there declared the Ruhr an independent, socialist republic, but the Freikorp came back into the scene and put down the movement. In March 1921, French and Belgian troops occupied Duisburg, which under the Treaty

title: 1920 in Germany

text: the republican army. The latest casualty list which had been received from the disturbed area proved the severity of the actions which had taken place; 160 officers and men had been killed and nearly 400 had been wounded. The advance of the German troops into the Ruhr had been necessary in order to protect the lives and property of peaceable citizens living in that district. It was true, said the speaker, that according to Articles 42 and 43 of the treaty of peace, the German government were not allowed to assemble armed forces in the neutral zone, because to do

title: Causes of World War II

text: the Ruhr to compensate for the destruction of French coalmines during the war. Because France feared for its safety as a country, the French demanded an amount of coal that was a "technical impossibility" for the Germans to pay back. France wanted the German Rhineland demilitarized because that would hinder a German attack. This gave France a physical security barrier between itself and Germany. The inordinate amount of reparations, coal payments, and the principle of a demilitarized Rhineland were viewed by the Germans to be insulting and unreasonable. "No postwar German government believed it could accept such a burden on

title: 1920 in France

text: reestablished there. The French government, however, interposed obstacles to the granting of any such license to the German government. The revolt continued to spread, and at the beginning of April German troops marched into the Ruhr Valley to restore order, although no permission for them to do so had been granted by the Allies as a whole. Thereupon the French government, without the consent of the British and Italian governments, ordered their own troops to march forward into the neutral zone - though not into the same part of the neutral zone - and to occupy various German towns as

title: Blockade of Germany (1939–1945)

text: bomb. If an enemy bomber reaches the Ruhr, my name is not Hermann Göring!" Because of the smog and the lack of aircraft fitted for aerial photography, the British were unable to determine how effective the raid had been; in fact the damage was negligible. The signing of the armistice with France in the Compiègne Forest on 24 June 1940 greatly changed the conditions of the Economic War. Hitler assumed control over the whole of Western Europe and Scandinavia (except for Sweden and Switzerland) from the north tip of Norway high above the Arctic Circle to the Pyrenees on the

title: Schlieffen Plan

text: war, even though their troops would be outnumbered but this was their best option and the assumption became the theme of his analysis. In , Germany would have to attack to win such a war, which entailed all of the German army being deployed on the German–Belgian border to invade France through Limburg, the southern province of the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. The deployment plan assumed that Italian and Austro-Hungarian troops would defend Alsace-Lorraine (). Helmuth von Moltke the Younger took over from Schlieffen as Chief of the German General Staff on 1 January 1906, beset with doubts about the

title: 1920 in Germany

text: should be left in the hands of the German government with a warning that if the neutral zone were not re-evacuated as soon as practicable, a further district of Germany would be occupied by the Entente. The French government, however, raised difficulties; and declared that if the Germans were allowed to send forces into the Ruhr District, they (the French) should be allowed to occupy Frankfurt, Homburg, and other neighbouring German towns, with the sanction of the Allies, during the period that the German troops were in the neutral zone. Owing to these differences of opinion between the Allied governments

title: Ruhr

text: to negotiate the Dawes Plan, which led to the withdrawal of the French and Belgian troops from the Ruhr in 1925. However, the occupation of the Ruhr caused several direct and indirect consequences on the German economy and government. Due to the lack of production caused by foreign occupation, the German economy lacked the domestic abilities to pay war reparations without intentionally causing inflation. Moreover, the government became increasingly unpopular due to its "passive resistance" to German production. The halt in domestic production made war reparations impossible to pay. On 7 March 1936, Adolf Hitler took a massive gamble by

title: Occupation of the Ruhr

text: the winning of the extraction of reparations payments from Germany. His inflexible methods and authoritarian personality led to the failure of his diplomacy. When on 12 July 1922, Germany demanded a moratorium on reparation payments, tension developed between the French government of Raymond Poincaré and the Coalition government of David Lloyd George. The British Labour Party demanded peace and denounced Lloyd George as a troublemaker. It saw Germany as the martyr of the postwar period and France as vengeful and the principal threat to peace in Europe. The tension between France and Britain peaked during a conference in Paris in

title: Occupation of the Ruhr

text: huge. As some of the payments were in raw materials, German factories were unable to function, and the German economy suffered, further damaging the country's ability to pay. By late 1922, the German defaults on payments had grown so regular that a crisis engulfed the Reparations Commission; the French and Belgian delegates urged occupying the Ruhr as a way of forcing Germany to pay more, while the British delegate urged a lowering of the payments. As a consequence of a German default on timber deliveries in December 1922, the Reparations Commission declared Germany in default, which led to the Franco-Belgian

title: Occupation of the Ruhr

text: Sir Eric Phipps commented that “The London Conference was for the French 'man in the street' one long Calvary as he saw M. Herriot abandoning one by one the cherished possessions of French preponderance on the Reparations Commission, the right of sanctions in the event of German default, the economic occupation of the Ruhr, the French-Belgian railroad Régie, and finally, the military occupation of the Ruhr within a year”. The Dawes Plan was significant in European history as it marked the first time that Germany had succeeded in defying Versailles, and revised an aspect of the treaty in its favour.

title: Occupation of the Ruhr

text: The Saar region remained under French control until 1935. In German politics, the French occupation of the Rhineland accelerated the formation of right-wing parties. Disoriented by the defeat in the war, conservatives in 1922 founded a consortium of nationalist associations, the "Vereinigten Vaterländischen Verbände Deutschlands" (VVVD, "United Patriotic Associations of Germany"). The goal was to forge a united front of the right. In the climate of national resistance against the French Ruhr invasion, the VVVD reached its peak strength. It advocated policies of uncompromising monarchism, corporatism and opposition to the Versailles settlement. However, it lacked internal unity and money and

title: Ruhr

text: condition for the establishment of the Federal Republic of Germany. During the Cold War, the Western allies anticipated that any Red Army thrust into Western Europe would begin in the Fulda Gap and have the Ruhr as a primary target. Increased German control of the area was limited by the pooling of German coal and steel into the multinational European Coal and Steel Community in 1951. The nearby Saar region, containing much of Germany's remaining coal deposits, was handed over to economic administration by France as a protectorate in 1947 and did not politically return to Germany until January 1957,

title: Ruhr

text: sending 30,000 troops into the Rhineland. As Hitler and other Nazis admitted, the French army alone could have destroyed the Wehrmacht. The French passed the problem to the British, who found that the Germans had the right to "enter their own backyard", and no action was taken. In the League of Nations, the Soviet delegate Maxim Litvinov was the only one who proposed economic sanctions against Germany. All restraint on German rearmament was now removed. France's eastern allies (the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia) concluded that since the French refused to defend their own border, they certainly would

title: Anglo-French Supreme War Council

text: on 17 November (in Paris) and 19 December, the French turned down a British scheme to bomb industrial targets in the Ruhr if the Germans were to invade Belgium. The French view was that such action would not stop the invasion of Belgium, but it would risk retaliation by the Luftwaffe against Britain and France. The meeting of the SWC held in Paris on 5 February 1940 was the first to be attended by Winston Churchill, who, as First Lord of the Admiralty, had been invited to participate by Neville Chamberlain. Here, the British rejected France's proposal for an expedition

title: Charles de Gaulle

text: the Ruhr as reparations for the war, but the US refused to allow this, fearing a repetition of the bitterness after the Treaty of Versailles which partly caused World War II. Under the inspiration of the French statesmen Jean Monnet and Robert Schuman, together with the German leader Konrad Adenauer, the rift between the two nations had begun to heal and along with Italy and the Benelux countries, they formed the European Coal and Steel Community, which following the Treaty of Rome of 1957 became the European Economic Community, also known as the Common Market, launched soon before de Gaulle's

title: Occupation of the Ruhr

text: The Occupation of the Ruhr (German: Ruhrbesetzung) was a period of military occupation of the German Ruhr valley by France and Belgium between 1923 and 1925 in response to the Weimar Republic's failure to  continue its reparation payments in the aftermath of World War I.

title: 1920 in Germany

text: no quick decision was reached; in the meantime, the insurrection in the Ruhr Valley was becoming daily more serious. Moreover, the German government themselves hindered a settlement by indicating that they could not accept the French suggestion of a parallel occupation of Frankfurt by French troops. It was obvious that matters would soon reach a crisis, notwithstanding the conciliatory efforts of the British government It came as no great surprise, when, on April 3, German regular troops, of the Reichswehr, entered the neutral zone in force, although no permission for them to do so had been granted by the Entente.

title: 1920 in France

text: war criminals was signed by the British prime minister was that at the time the note was sent the peace conference was sitting in London. The premier said, however, that France was determined to see the terms of the Treaty of Versailles fulfilled, and although the British government were in favour of allowing the German government to send troops into the Ruhr District, to suppress the Spartacist insurrection there, France viewed these movements of troops with grave concern. The differences between the French and British governments were also apparent at the beginning of April, when the German government was suppressing

title: Ruhr uprising

text: at the time of their arrest were shot—including the wounded. On 3 April 1920, Reichspräsident Ebert forbade these summary executions. On 12 April 1920, General von Watter forbade his soldiers from engaging in "unlawful behaviour". The actions of both sides in the fighting have been described as showing "a maximum of cruelty". On 5 April, a large part of the Ruhr Army fled before the Reichswehr to the region occupied by the French Army. In response to the Reichswehr presence in the Ruhr, which contravened the Treaty of Versailles, the French occupied towns like Frankfurt, Hanau and Darmstadt on 6

title: Ruhr Question

text: Prime Minister of North Rhine-Westphalia, agreed with the other Prime Ministers of the German states to accept the "International Authority for the Ruhr" on the condition that other coal and steel locations in the West of Europe were put under the same control. This condition was not met by the Ruhr statute, but discussions subsequently went in the direction of an economic union of European countries. With the Petersberg Agreement on November 22nd, 1949, the first federal government under Konrad Adenauer accepted the "International Authority for the Ruhr". In December of 1949, West Germany officially gained voting rights in the

title: French war planning 1920–1940

text: was to inflict a big defeat on the Allies and occupy as much of the Netherlands, Belgium and northern France as possible, to conduct an air war against Britain and protect the Ruhr against an Allied invasion of Germany. Several times over the winter Hitler ordered the plan to be implemented, with several tip-offs reaching the Allies through agents and Ultra signals intelligence. A warning that the German offensive would begin on 12 November was received from various sources, with the main panzer effort to be made against the Low Countries (Belgium and the Netherlands) and the Allied forces were

title: Occupation of the Ruhr


question: what type of novel is goodbye mr chips

answers: Psychological fiction

answers: novella

title: James Hilton (novelist)

text: next eleven years were difficult for him, and it was not until 1931 that he had success with the novel "And Now Goodbye". Following this, several of his books were international bestsellers and inspired successful film adaptations, notably "Lost Horizon" (1933), which won a Hawthornden Prize; "Goodbye, Mr. Chips" (1934); and "Random Harvest" (1941). After this, he continued to write, but the works were not regarded as of the same quality as his best-known novels. Hilton's books are sometimes characterised as sentimental and idealistic celebrations of English virtues. This is true of "Mr. Chips", but some of his novels had

title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969 film)

text: Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969 film) Goodbye, Mr. Chips is a 1969 American musical film directed by Herbert Ross. The screenplay by Terence Rattigan is based on James Hilton's 1934 novel "Goodbye, Mr. Chips", which was first adapted for the screen in 1939. In 1920s Britain, Arthur Chipping is an established member of the teaching staff at the Brookfield School. He is a stodgy teacher of Latin, disliked by his pupils, who find him boring and call him "Ditchy," short for "dull as ditch-water." Chips meets Katherine Bridges, a music hall soubrette, in the dining room of the Savoy Hotel in

title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969 film)

text: mechanical flamboyance, he gives Chips an air of genuine, if seedy, grandeur that shines through dozens of make-up changes… Miss Clark is a fine rock singer with the quality of a somewhat tough Julie Andrews (which I like and is not to be confused with Miss Andrews's steely cool)… The film is the first directorial effort of Herbert Ross…the sort of director who depends heavily on the use of the zoom, the boom and the helicopter, which gives the movie the contradictory look of a mod-Victorian valentine…[he] has handled the musical sequences…more or less as soliloquies. O'Toole talks his with

title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips

text: quickly wins the favour of Brookfield's pupils. Their marriage is brief. She dies in childbirth and he never remarries or has another romantic interest. One of the poignant and bittersweet themes of the book is that Chipping so outlasts all of his peers that his brief marriage fades into myth and few people know him as anything other than a confirmed and lonely bachelor. Despite Chipping's mediocre credentials and his view that Greek and Latin (his academic subjects) are dead languages, he is an effective teacher who becomes highly regarded by students and the school's governors - he has become

title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips

text: tenure at Brookfield in September 1870, at the age of 22, as the Franco-Prussian War was breaking out; he dies in November 1933, at the age of 85, shortly after Adolf Hitler's rise to power. The setting for "Goodbye, Mr. Chips" is probably based on The Leys School, Cambridge, where James Hilton was a pupil (1915–18). Hilton is reported to have said that the inspiration for the protagonist, Mr. Chips, came from many sources, including his father, who was the headmaster of Chapel End School. Mr. Chips is also likely to have been based on W. H. Balgarnie, a master

title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips

text: first performed at the Shaftesbury Theatre on 23 September 1938, with Leslie Banks as Mr. Chips and Constance Cummings as his wife Katherine. It ran for over 100 performances until 14 January 1939. A stage musical based on the original novel, but using most of the Leslie Bricusse vocal score of the 1969 film, was mounted at the Chichester Festival and opened on 11 August 1982. The book was by Roland Starke and the production was directed by Patrick Garland and Christopher Selbie. Among the Chichester Festival cast were John Mills as Mr. Chips, Colette Gleeson as Kathie, Nigel Stock

title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1939 film)

text: "Chips" out of his shell and shows him how to be a better teacher. He acquires a flair for Latin puns. As the years pass, Chips becomes a much-loved school institution, developing a rapport with generations of pupils; he teaches the sons and grandsons of many of his earlier pupils. In 1909, when he is pressured to retire by a more "modern" headmaster, the boys and the board of governors of the school take his side of the argument and tell him he can stay until he is 100, and is free to pronounce Cicero as SIS-er-ro, and not as

title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969 film)

text: Warner Home Video on January 29, 2009. It has audio tracks in English and Japanese and subtitles in English, French, Japanese, and Thai. The only bonus features are the trailers for the 1939 and 1969 films. Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969 film) Goodbye, Mr. Chips is a 1969 American musical film directed by Herbert Ross. The screenplay by Terence Rattigan is based on James Hilton's 1934 novel "Goodbye, Mr. Chips", which was first adapted for the screen in 1939. In 1920s Britain, Arthur Chipping is an established member of the teaching staff at the Brookfield School. He is a stodgy teacher

title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969 film)

text: London on the eve of his summer holiday. Dissatisfied with her career and depressed by her romantic entanglements, she sets sail on a Mediterranean cruise and is reunited with Chips by chance in Pompeii. Seeing in him a lonely soul similar to herself, she arranges an evening at the theatre after they return to Britain, and the two find themselves drawn to each other. When Chips arrives at Brookfield for the autumn term, it is with his new wife on his arm, much to the shock of the staff and delight of the pupils, who find Mrs Chips' charm to

title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips

text: 1933, as a supplement to the "British Weekly", an evangelical newspaper. It came to prominence when it was reprinted as the lead piece of the April 1934 issue of "The Atlantic". The success of the "Atlantic Monthly" publication prompted a book deal between the author and the US publisher Little, Brown and Company, who published the story in book form for the first time in June 1934. The Great Depression had elevated business risks for most publishing houses, and Little, Brown were no exception. They cautiously released a small first print run. Public demand for more was immediate, and Little,

title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969 film)

text: Katherine Bridges has been transformed into a music hall soubrette. In the earlier 1939 film, as in the novel, Katherine dies in childbirth, after a much shorter marriage. For the most part the reviews were lukewarm, although both O'Toole and Clark were universally praised for their performances and the obvious chemistry between them. According to "Seventeen", "Rarely have a pair of players been so marvelously in tune with each other as Peter O'Toole and Petula Clark." In his review in "The New York Times", Vincent Canby said, "[Peter O'Toole] has never been better. Having been forced to abandon his usual

title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips

text: upon Balgarnie's death that "Balgarnie was, I suppose, the chief model for my story. When I read so many other stories about public school life, I am struck by the fact that I suffered no such purgatory as their authors apparently did, and much of this miracle was due to Balgarnie." The mutton chop side whiskers of one of the masters at The Leys earned him the nickname "Chops", a likely inspiration for Mr Chips' name. In Hilton's final novel, "Time and Time Again" (1953), protagonist Charles Anderson bears clear biographical similarities to Hilton himself. Early in the novel, Anderson

title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1939 film)

text: the fictional Brookfield School were shot at Repton School, an independent school (at the time of filming, for boys only), located in the village of Repton in Derbyshire, whilst the interiors, school courtyards and annexes, including the supposedly exterior shots of the Austrian Tyrol Mountains, were filmed at Denham Film Studios near the village of Denham in Buckinghamshire. Around 300 boys from Repton School stayed on during the school holidays so that they could appear in the film. Richard Addinsell's score for the film has been included in a CD of his work. The liner notes of the CD include

title: Stacy Aumonier

text: Stacy Aumonier Stacy Aumonier (1877–1928) was a British writer, sometimes mistakenly credited as Stacey Aumonier. Between 1913 and 1928, he wrote more than 85 short stories, 6 novels, a volume of character studies, and a volume of 15 essays. It was as a short-story writer that he was most highly regarded. Nobel Prize winner (and "Forsyte Saga" author) John Galsworthy described Stacy Aumonier as "one of the best short-story writers of all time" and predicted that, through the best of his stories, he would "outlive all the writers of his day." James Hilton (author of "Goodbye, Mr Chips" and "Lost

title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969 film)

text: the best things about "Chips" is that Ross has concentrated on telling his story, and hasn't let the songs intrude." In "Holiday" magazine, Rex Reed enthused, "I think I'm in love with Petula Clark. If she had come along twenty years ago, a time the screen knew a mercurial presence when it saw one, she would have been a much bigger star than she ever has a chance of being now. The playing is superb. Peter O'Toole is a prim and angular Chips who wears a look of permanent insecurity; Miss Clark is a soft, sweet-smelling, dimpled doughnut with powdery

title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969 film)

text: such charm that I almost suspected he was lip-syncing Rex Harrison's voice, and Miss Clark belts hers in good, modified Streisand style." Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" observed, ""Goodbye, Mr. Chips" uses its budget quietly, with good taste, and succeeds in being a big movie without being a gross one. I think I enjoyed it about as much as any road show since "Funny Girl". And that surprised me, since so much of the critical reaction has been negative. Even at its worst, "Chips" is inoffensive in its sentimentality. At its best, it's the first film since "The Two

title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1939 film)

text: KEE-kir-ro. Chips finally retires in 1914 at the age of 69, but is summoned back to serve as interim headmaster because of the shortage of teachers resulting from the First World War. He remembers Kathy had predicted he would become headmaster one day. During a bombing attack by a German zeppelin, Chips insists that the boys keep on translating their Latin - choosing the story of Julius Caesar's battles against Germanic tribes, which describes the latter's belligerent nature, much to the amusement of his pupils. As the Great War drags on, Chips reads aloud into the school's Roll of Honour

title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969 film)

text: cheeks and witty anxiety, like a new Jean Arthur. Together they are perfect counterparts… "Goodbye, Mr. Chips" is, I'm afraid, very square indeed, but thanks to an idyllic cast and a magnificent director, there is so much love and beauty in it that it made my heart stop with joy. I found it all quite irresistible." Archer Winsten of the "New York Post" stated, "[It] has been produced in England in surroundings of inevitable authenticity and taste, with performers of extraordinary talent and range, and the results are here for all of us to share the sentimental warmth…that O'Toole performance

title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips

text: Denham in Buckinghamshire. Around 200 boys from Repton School stayed on during the school holidays so that they could appear in the film. In 1969 a musical film version appeared, starring Peter O’Toole and Petula Clark, with songs by Leslie Bricusse and an underscore by John Williams. In this version the character of Katherine is greatly expanded, and the time setting of the story is moved forward several decades, with Chips’ career beginning in the early 20th century and later career covering World War II, rather than World War I. O’Toole and Clark's performances were widely praised. At the 42nd

title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips

text: Academy Awards, O’Toole was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor, and he won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy. In 1984 it was adapted as a television serial by the BBC. It starred Roy Marsden and Jill Meager and ran for six half-hour episodes. Many scenes were filmed at Repton School, Derbyshire, in an effort to remain faithful to the original film. A television film adaptation was produced by STV Productions (then known as "SMG TV Productions") in 2002. It aired on the ITV Network in Britain and on PBS's "Masterpiece Theatre"

title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969 film)

text: London, 59 Strand-on-the-Green in Chiswick served as Katherine's home, and the Salisbury, a popular bar in the West End theatre district, was the setting for a scene in which Chips and Katherine shared a drink after a performance of "Medea". Sherborne School in Dorset stood in for Brookfield, and scenes were filmed in the town of Sherborne. This included scenes at Sherborne station where withdrawn 'Brighton line' 4 LAV electric multiple unit numbers 2924 and 2943 were hauled down in October 1968 for filming before being hauled away for scrapping on 22 October 1968. Petula Clark's two musical production numbers

title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969 film)

text: is a gem, and Petula Clark knows exactly how to enhance its brilliance, and her own, most effectively." In "Life", Richard Schickel wrote "Petula Clark…is fresh and charming. Together with O’Toole she provides the firm, bright core for a film always in danger of becoming mushy. Nearly unaided, they make the old thing work—and make it worthwhile." A reviewer for the British Channel 4 feels "the main problem with turning the film into a musical is that the songs lack the emotion that the story really needs… That said, O'Toole is superb as Chips and Clark charming as the woman

title: Reader's Digest Condensed Books

text:
published in 1930 (Autumn 1951) or "Goodbye Mr. Chips", originally published in 1934 (Summer 1961)) were also among the condensed selections. Volume 1 - Spring Volume 2 - Summer Volume 3 - Autumn Volume 4 - Winter Volume 5 - Spring Volume 6 - Summer Volume 7 - Autumn Volume 8 - Winter
 Volume 9 - Spring Volume 10 - Summer
 Volume 11 - Autumn Volume 12 - Winter
 Spring 1953 Selections Volume 14 - Summer
 Volume 15 - Autumn Volume 16 - Winter
 Volume 17 - Spring Volume 18 - Summer
 Volume 19

title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969 film)

text: be irresistible. Although her close friend and confidante Ursula Mossbank helps Katherine thwart Lord Sutterwick's plan to deprive the school of a generous financial endowment because of the woman's background, her past eventually deprives Chips of his longheld dream of being named headmaster in 1939. Still, the couple's devotion to each other overcomes all obstacles threatening their marriage, extending through 20 years together, when Katherine is killed in 1944 by a German V-1 flying bomb while entertaining the troops at a local Royal Air Force base. Too late for his wife to share in his happiness, Chips was picked as

title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips

text: Goodbye, Mr. Chips is a novella about the life of a schoolteacher, Mr. Chipping, written by the English writer James Hilton and first published by Hodder & Stoughton in October 1934. It has been adapted into two cinema films and two television presentations. The novella has remained an essential part of the English subject syllabus taught at Pakistan's higher secondary school level for the past 30 years, although its choice has received some criticism in the recent past due to perceived lack of relevance to the local society and education system.

title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969 film)

text: headmaster of Brookfield that same day, and lives out his years at the school, loved by his pupils and comforted by his happy memories. A draft of a musical adaptation of "Goodbye, Mr. Chips" was on file in the M-G-M script department since 1951. In 1964, with Julie Andrews flush from the success of "Mary Poppins", trade magazine advertisements announced she would star opposite Rex Harrison, with Vincente Minnelli listed as director, but nothing came of the project. A few years later, it was back on track with its share of pre-production problems, including several changes in the casting of

title: James Hilton (novelist)

text: for it ever since.) Zhongdian, a mountain region of Southwest China, has now been renamed Shangri-La (Xianggelila), based on its claim to have inspired Hilton's book. W.H Balgarnie, a master at the Leys School, Cambridge and Hilton's father, headmaster of Chapel End School in Walthamstow, were the inspirations for the character of Mr. Chipping in "Goodbye, Mr. Chips", a best seller. Hilton first sent the material to "The Atlantic" and the magazine printed it as an article in April, 1934. It was then proposed to be printed as a book. On 8 June it was published as a book. Four

title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1939 film)

text: the lyrics for the Brookfield School song which is heard over the beginning cast credits as well as throughout the film itself. The lyrics in the body of the film are all but unintelligible, but per the notes, the lyrics are as follows: According to MGM records the film earned $1,717,000 in the US and Canada and $1,535,000 elsewhere resulting in a profit of $1,305,000. The film was nominated for seven Academy Awards for Outstanding Production, Best Director, Actor, Actress, Best Writing, Screenplay, Best Film Editing, and Best Sound. It was up against "Gone with the Wind" in all seven

title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips

text: Brown went into an almost immediate reprinting the same month. Public demand remained strong, and Little, Brown continued to reprint the book in cautious lots for many months, with at least two reprintings per month. The first British edition went to press in October 1934. The publishers were Hodder & Stoughton, who had observed the success of the book in the United States, and they released a much larger first print run. It sold 15,000 copies on the day of publication, and they quickly found themselves going into reprints as the reading public's demand for the book proved insatiable. With

title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969 film)

text: of Us" that I genuinely feel deserves to be called heartwarming…the Hilton story was a best seller but hardly a work of art. By modernizing the action, Rattigan has made it possible for the movie to mirror changes in the English class structure during the two decades when it was most obviously becoming obsolete… As the schoolmaster and his wife, Peter O'Toole and Petula Clark are exactly right. O'Toole succeeds in creating a character that is aloof, chillingly correct, terribly reserved—and charming all the same…Miss Clark carries most of the musical duties in the film, and carries them well…one of

title: Goodbye, Mr. Chips


question: who won the mens figure skating in 2018 olympics

answers: Yuzuru Hanyu

answers: Javier Fernández

answers: Shoma Uno

title: Deniss Vasiļjevs

text: 5th in the free skate and climbed to 6th overall. He went on to win gold at Cup of Tyrol for the second time. In December, Vasiļjevs won his 3rd national title, and along with Diāna Ņikitina, was subsequently selected to represent Latvia in figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics. At the 2018 European Championships in January, he placed 3rd in the short program and earned a small bronze medal. He was 5th in the free skating after falling on a downgraded quad toeloop and finished 4th, matching the record finishes of Angelīna Kučvaļska and Konstantīns Kostins at previous

title: Deniss Vasiļjevs

text: Deniss Vasiļjevs Deniss Vasiļjevs (born 9 August 1999) is a Latvian figure skater. He is the 2016 Youth Olympics silver medallist. He is also the 2015 CS Tallinn Trophy bronze medalist, the 2016-17 and 2017-18 Cup of Tyrol champion, the 2018 Minsk-Arena Ice Star champion, and a three-time Latvian national champion. He finished in the top ten at the 2017 European Championships, in the top five at the 2018 European Championships and in the top ten at the 2018 World Championships. Earlier in his career, Vasiļjevs won two silver medals on the ISU Junior Grand Prix (JGP) series. He is

title: Andrei Mozalev

text: Andrei Mozalev Andrei Mikhailovich Mozalev (, born 24 March 2003) is a Russian figure skater. He is the 2018 JGP Czech Republic champion. Mozalev was born on 24 March 2003 in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Mozalev began learning to skate in 2008. He is coached by Kirill Davydenko. In November 2016 Mozalev made his international junior level debut at the 2016 Volvo Open Cup where he won the gold medal. Three weeks later he won another gold medal at the 2016 NRW Trophy. In November 2017 Mozalev won his 3rd international gold medal at the 2017 Tallinn Trophy. At the 2018

title: Nathan Chen

text: Nathan Chen Nathan Chen (born May 5, 1999) is an American figure skater who competes in the men's singles discipline. He is the 2018 World champion, the 2018 Winter Olympic bronze medalist in the team event, the 2017 Four Continents champion, a two-time Grand Prix Final champion (2017, 2018), and a two-time U.S. national champion (2017, 2018). Chen is the first and currently only skater competing with five quadruple jumps: toe loop, salchow, loop, flip and lutz. Nathan Chen was born in Salt Lake City, Utah and he has four older siblings. He attended West High School in Salt Lake

title: Brendan Kerry

text: the 2018 Winter Olympics in November 2017, and won his fifth consecutive senior national title at the 2017 Australian National Championships in Brisbane in December. "GP: Grand Prix; CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix" Brendan Kerry Brendan Kerry (born 18 November 1994) is an Australian figure skater. He is a six-time Australian national champion. He has competed in the final segment at twelve ISU Championships – three World, two World Junior, and seven Four Continents Championships. Kerry has competed at two Olympic games, placing 29th in Sochi 2014 and 20th in PyeongChang 2018. Brendan Kerry was born 18 November

title: Paul Fentz

text: in the men's event at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea. "GP: Grand Prix; CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix" Paul Fentz Paul Fentz (born 8 September 1992) is a German figure skater. He has won four senior international medals and is the 2018 German national champion. He has competed in the final segment at four ISU Championships. Fentz began appearing on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series in the 2008–09 season. His senior international debut came at the 2011 Triglav Trophy. In the 2011–12 season, he won the silver medal at the 2012 German Championships and

title: Mikhail Kolyada

text: won his 2nd consecutive Russian figure skating title, and despite errors won bronze for the 2nd consecutive year at the European Figure Skating Championships. He was selected to skate both programs for Team Russia in the Olympic Team Figure Skating event, helping the Olympic Athletes of Russia to the Team Silver medal. He won the bronze medal at the 2018 World Figure Skating Championships in Milan, Italy, being 2nd after the short, but dropping to 3rd after errors in the long. Kolyada started his season by competing in two ISU Challenger Series events. In mid September he won the gold

title: Oleksii Bychenko

text: ranked third in the short program, 9th in the free skate, and 5th overall at the 2017 European Championships in Ostrava, Czech Republic. In March, he placed 11th in the short, 12th in the free, and 10th overall at the 2017 World Championships in Helsinki, Finland. Due to his result, Israel qualified two spots in the men's event at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea. Bychenko competed for Israel at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Men's Single Figure Skating in Pyeongchang, South Korea, and served as Israel's flag bearer at the opening ceremonies. Bychenko finished the men’s figure

title: Jin Boyang

text: Chinese athlete competing in men's single skating in Olympic history so far. At the 2018 World Championships, he placed fourth in the short program but dropped to 19th overall after ranking 23rd in the free skate. "GP: Grand Prix"; "CS: Challenger Series"; "JGP: Junior Grand Prix" "Small medals for short and free programs are awarded only at ISU Championships. At team events, medals are awarded for team results only." Jin Boyang Jin Boyang (; ; born October 3, 1997) is a Chinese figure skater. He is a two-time World bronze medalist (2016–2017), the 2018 Four Continentschampion, the 2017 Asian Winter

title: Alexander Samarin

text: at the 2017 Skate Canada and placed 4th at the 2017 Internationaux de France. In December 2017 Samarin competed at the 2018 Russian Championships where he won the silver medal behind Mikhail Kolyada. In January 2018 he competed at the 2018 European Championships where he placed 6th. Samarin started his season at the 2018 CS Ondrej Nepela Trophy where he finished 5th. In his Grand Prix events, he placed 4th at 2018 Skate Canada and 3rd at 2018 Internationaux de France. In early December Samarin competed at the 2018 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb where he won the bronze medal.

title: Keiji Tanaka

text: 8th at the 2017 CS Ondrej Nepela Trophy after placing 4th in the short program and 9th in the free skate. He received two Grand Prix assignments, 2017 Rostelecom Cup and 2017 Cup of China. He withdrew from the first event due to a muscle injury in his right hip-pelvic area. In December, Tanaka won his second National silver medal, and was named to compete at the 2018 Winter Olympics, 2018 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships and the 2018 World Figure Skating Championships. At the 2018 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships, Tanaka set new personal bests in the short program,

title: Deniss Vasiļjevs

text: European Championships. At the 2018 Winter Olympics, Vasiļjevs was 21st after the short program after falling on a triple axel. In the free skating he fell again on a triple axel and on another element, but was able to move up to 19th place. In March, Vasiļjevs competed at the World Championships, where he skated a clean short program and placed 9th. In the free skate, he set a new personal best and national record to finish 6th overall. His 6th place finish is the highest ever placement by any skater representing Latvia in any discipline at Worlds. In October

title: Matteo Rizzo

text: Matteo Rizzo Matteo Rizzo (born 5 September 1998) is an Italian figure skater. He is the 2018 World Junior bronze medalist and 2017 JGP Italy champion. On the senior level, he is the 2018 NHK Trophy bronze medalist and 2018 Italian national champion, and has won three ISU Challenger Series medals, including gold at the 2017 CS Warsaw Cup. He represented Italy at the 2018 Winter Olympics, qualifying to the free skate and finishing 21st overall. Matteo Rizzo was born on 5 September 1998 in Rome. His parents, Brunilde Bianchi and Valter Rizzo, and sister, Francesca Rizzo, all competed in

title: Andrew Dodds

text: Nice, finishing 16th. "CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix" Andrew Dodds Andrew Dodds (born 2 August 1991) is an Australian figure skater. As a single skater, he is a five-time Australian national medalist and has competed in the final segment at two Four Continents Championships (2016, 2017). As an ice dancer, he is the 2017 Australian national champion with his partner, Chantelle Kerry. Andrew Dodds was born on 2 August 1991, in Gold Coast, Queensland. He studied commerce at Griffiths University. He has also studied Japanese. His brothers Matthew, Ryan and Jordan have also represented Australia in figure skating.

title: Ilia Skirda

text: Ilia Skirda Ilia Valeryevich Skirda (, born 21 September 2002) is a Russian figure skater who competes in men's singles. He has won two silver medals on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series. Skirda skated at Sokolniki Sports school before relocating to Sambo 70 skating club in 2013. He finished 7th at his first junior nationals, in 2015. After a year, he finished 4th at the 2016 Russian Junior Championships, behind Roman Savosin. In August 2016, at age 13, Skirda made his international debut at the 2016–17 Junior Grand Prix (JGP) competition in Saint-Gervais-les-Bains, France. Ranked 9th in the short

title: Felipe Montoya

text: PyeongChang, South Korea. He placed 29th in the short program. Felipe Montoya Andrés Felipe Montoya Pulgarín (born 30 August 1990) is a Spanish competitive figure skater. He has won seven international medals and is an eight-time Spanish national medalist, having won two silver and six bronze medals. He finished within the top twenty at two European Championships (2016, 2018) and placed 29th at the 2018 Winter Olympics. Montoya was born on 30 August 1990 in Pereira, Colombia. He moved to Spain when he was eight years old. Montoya began learning to skate in 2003. He trained at Txuri-Berri Club de

title: Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's singles

text: Jin Boyang overtook Chen by less than a point overall, and placed fourth. In the victory ceremony, the medals were presented by Tsunekazu Takeda, member of the International Olympic Committee, accompanied by Alexander Lakernik, ISU Figure Skating Vice President. Vincent Zhou landed the first quadruple lutz at the Olympics. Nathan Chen became the first to ever land six quads, five clean. He also landed the first quadruple flip at the Olympics. With these jumps he holds the new record for highest free skating technical score. For complete list of figure skating records, see list of highest scores in figure skating.

title: Alex Kam

text: Alex Kam Alex Kang-chan Kam (born 23 May 1995) is a South Korean figure skater. He has represented South Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics. As a single skater, he competed in the free skate at the 2012 Four Continents Championships. In 2015, he switched to pair skating, teaming up with Kim Kyu-eun in 2016. Alex Kang-chan Kam was born on 23 May 1995, in Queenstown, New Zealand. He is the elder brother of Korean ice dancer Richard Kang-in Kam. In the 2011–12 season, Kam made his international senior debut at the 2011 NRW Trophy. He was assigned to the

title: Deniss Vasiļjevs

text: Trophy. He ranked 6th in both segments and 7th overall at the 2017 European Championships in Ostrava, Czech Republic. In March, he won his first international senior gold medal at the 2017 Cup of Tyrol. He finished 14th at the 2017 World Championships in Helsinki, Finland. Due to his result, Latvia qualified a spot in the men's event at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea. Vasiļjevs began his season in September, finishing 4th at Lombardia Trophy. He finished in 8th place at Rostelecom Cup. In November, he was 9th in the short program at NHK Trophy but placed

title: Dmitri Aliev

text: Dmitri Aliev Dmitri Sergeyevich Aliev (, born 1 June 1999) is a Russian figure skater. He is the 2018 European silver medalist and 2018 Russian national bronze medalist. He is also the 2017 World Junior silver medalist, the 2016–17 Junior Grand Prix Final champion, a two-time medalist at the 2016 Youth Olympics (bronze in the men's singles discipline and gold in the team event), and a two-time (2016, 2017) Russian national junior champion. Dmitri Sergeyevich Aliev was born on 1 June 1999 in Ukhta, Komi Republic, Russia. His father, Sergey, is the director of a skating club in Ukhta. Having

title: Artur Dmitriev Jr.

text: debut at the 2016 Rostelecom Cup where he placed 10th. A week later he skated his 2nd GP event at the 2016 Trophée de France where he placed 9th. In December 2016 he placed 8th at the 2017 Russian Championships. In February 2017 he competed at the 2017 Winter Universiade where he finished 4th. In the 2017–18 season, he won the bronze medal at the 2017 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb and finished 5th at the 2018 Russian Championships. In the 2018–19 season, he started his season at the 2018 CS Nebelhorn Trophy where he won the bronze medal. At

title: Daniel Grassl

text: Daniel Grassl Daniel Grassl (born 4 April 2002) is an Italian figure skater. He has won eight senior international medals (six gold) and bronze at the 2018 ISU Junior Grand Prix in Slovakia. He is the 2019 Italian national champion on the senior level. Grassl began learning to skate in 2009. His first coach was Ludmila Mladenova in Merano. He competed internationally in the advanced novice ranks from the 2012–2013 season through 2014–2015. Making his junior international debut, Grassl won the bronze medal at the Lombardia Trophy in September 2015. He won his first Italian national junior title in December

title: Andrei Lazukin

text: medal. In early November he placed 6th at the 2018 Grand Prix of Helsinki. Two weeks later he finished 7th at the 2018 Rostelecom Cup. "GP: Grand Prix; CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix" Andrei Lazukin Andrei Olegovich Lazukin (, born 19 November 1997) is a Russian figure skater. He is the 2015 Bavarian Open champion, 2017 Triglav Trophy silver medalist, and 2018 CS Lombardia Trophy bronze medalist. Earlier in his career, he won gold at the 2014 ISU Junior Grand Prix in Germany. Andrei Olegovich Lazukin was born on 19 November 1997 in Tolyatti, Russia. Lazukin began learning

title: Sergei Voronov (figure skater)

text: Voronov competed in two Challenger events. His first event was 2017 CS Ondrej Nepela Trophy where he won the silver medal behind his teammate Mikhail Kolyada. He then skated at the 2017 CS Minsk-Arena Ice Star where he won the gold medal. In November 2017 Voronov won his first Grand Prix series gold medal when he won the 2017 NHK Trophy with a personal best score of 271.12 points. He then won the bronze medal at the 2017 Skate America. These results qualified him to the 2017–18 Grand Prix Final where he placed 4th after placing 5th in the short

text: With his victory at the 2018 Winter Olympics, Yuzuru Hanyu became the first male figure skater to win two consecutive gold medals after Dick Button, who did so in 1952.  Fellow countryman Shoma Uno won the silver medal, and Spain's Javier Fernández won the bronze medal. Fernández won Spain's first figure skating medal and fourth medal at the Winter Olympics.

title: Artur Danielian

text: In February 2018, he won the bronze medal at the 2018 Russian Junior Championships. In March, Danielian competed at the 2018 World Junior Championships in Sofia, Bulgaria; he won the silver medal, behind teammate Alexey Erokhov, after placing 8th in the short program and second in the free skate. Danielian started his season by competing in the 2018 JGP series. At his first JGP event of the season he placed 5th in Ljubljana, Slovenia. At his 2nd JGP event he placed 4th in Yerevan, Armenia. "CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix" "Small medals for short and free programs awarded

title: Andrew Dodds

text: Andrew Dodds Andrew Dodds (born 2 August 1991) is an Australian figure skater. As a single skater, he is a five-time Australian national medalist and has competed in the final segment at two Four Continents Championships (2016, 2017). As an ice dancer, he is the 2017 Australian national champion with his partner, Chantelle Kerry. Andrew Dodds was born on 2 August 1991, in Gold Coast, Queensland. He studied commerce at Griffiths University. He has also studied Japanese. His brothers Matthew, Ryan and Jordan have also represented Australia in figure skating. Dodds began learning to skate in 1995. He competed at

title: Artur Danielian

text: only at ISU Championships." Artur Danielian Artur Ashotovich Danielian (, born 17 December 2003) is a Russian figure skater. He is the 2018 World Junior silver medalist and 2018 Russian junior national bronze medalist. Danielian was born on 17 December 2003 in Volgograd, Russia. He is the youngest of three children. Danielian began learning to skate in 2008, after an ice rink opened near his home in Volgograd. In 2016, he moved to Moscow and joined CSKA Moscow. Marina Selitskaia and Elena Buianova became his coaches. In September 2017, Danielian competed at his first Junior Grand Prix (JGP) assignment, placing

title: Zhang He (figure skater)

text: overall. "GP: Grand Prix; JGP: Junior Grand Prix" Zhang He (figure skater) Zhang He (; November 5, 1996) is a Chinese figure skater. He is the 2018 Chinese national silver medalist. He has won six ISU Junior Grand Prix medals and has competed at four World Junior Championships, placing as high as 6th. Zhang debuted on the ISU Junior Grand Prix (JGP) series in 2010, placing 9th and 10th in his two events. The next season, he won his first medal, silver in Latvia, and placed 5th in his other event in Austria. He was sent to his first World

title: Daniel Albert Naurits

text: the free skate, resulting in a final placement of 22nd. He also qualified to the free skate at the 2017 World Junior Championships, finishing 20th in Taipei, Taiwan. Coached by Liina-Grete Lilender, Naurits placed 21st at the 2018 European Championships in Moscow, Russia. "CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix" Daniel Albert Naurits Daniel Albert Naurits (born 22 March 1998) is an Estonian figure skater. He is the 2017 Nordic bronze medalist and a two-time Estonian national champion. He has competed in the final segment at three ISU Championships. Naurits began learning to skate in 2001. Early in his career,


question: when do you get your dress blues in the army

answers: during initial entry training

answers: when commissioned

title: Uniforms of the United States Army

text: 2020 by a new version of the "Army Greens", based on the "pinks and greens" uniform worn in World War II. The current Army Blues Uniform will return to being a formal dress uniform. The new service uniform will include khaki pants and brown leather oxfords for both men and women, with women having the option to wear a pencil skirt and pumps instead. There will be a leather bomber jacket as an outerwear option. Mess dress is the military term for the formal evening dress worn in the mess or at other formal occasions. This is generally worn as

title: Army Service Uniform

text: uniform. It is based on the older "dress blue" dress uniform. Older antecedents include the uniforms of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War and the Union Army's during the American Civil War. Their influence is apparent in the overall blue theme, the officers' passants (shoulder-straps) and trouser design. On Veterans Day 2018, the Army announced that a new version of the Army Greens, based on the "pinks and greens" uniform worn in World War II, would be brought back as the everyday service uniform starting in 2020. The current Army Blues Uniform will return to being a formal dress

title: Service Dress (British Army)

text: acquire sufficient from alternative sources. This colour gave rise to the popular name for the uniform; "Kitchener's Blues". Around 500,000 sets of these uniforms were produced and worn during basic training. Rumours that the first issue of Blues were actually postmen's uniforms are unlikely to be correct as the tunics issued by the General Post Office were of a different cut and were edged with red piping; however, some sources state that a large quantity of blue uniform cloth was acquired from Post Office stocks for this purpose. The Service Dress uniform continued to be the field uniform of the

title: Uniforms of the British Army

text: velvet: Royal Engineers, Queen's Gurkha Engineers, The Royal Logistic Corps Black velvet: Royal Tank Regiment Brunswick green: The Yorkshire Regiment Piper green: The Royal Irish Regiment Cambridge blue: Army Air Corps, Small Arms School Corps Emerald green: Royal Army Dental Corps Purple: Royal Army Chaplains Department Ascot grey: Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps Dull cherry: Royal Army Medical Corps One type of frock coat may be worn by officers of Lieutenant General and above (and Major Generals in certain appointments) on formal occasions when not on parade in command of troops. They are a knee-length, dark blue, double-breasted coat

title: Pinks and greens

text: Pinks and greens "Pinks and greens" and "Army greens" are colloquial terms for the United States Army's officer winter service uniform of the early 20th century and the planned, similarly patterned, service uniform of the early 21st century. The "pinks and greens" uniform was introduced in the 1920s and consisted of a brownish green blouse (the "greens") with lighter colored trousers of a slight pinkish hue (the "pinks"). Accessories – which, until 1942, included a Sam Browne belt – were patterned in brown leather. In 1944, an optional field jacket, sometimes called the Ike jacket due its association with Dwight

title: Dress uniform

text: uniform for officers and warrant officers since 1937. It was also authorized for wear by enlisted men and women at their own expense when off duty. It was decided in 2006 that all U.S. Army personnel were to transition to the blue uniform. New blue Army Service Uniforms were issued to initial entry training soldiers beginning in the 4th-quarter of fiscal year 2010. This replaces the "Army Greens" as a service dress, which are scheduled to be phased out of use in the 4th-quarter of Fiscal Year 2015. Dark blue was the traditional color of most Continental/U.S. Army uniforms from

title: Uniforms of the United States Army

text: the military equivalent of white tie or black tie. The Army blue mess uniform comprises the Army blue mess jacket, dark- or light-blue high-waisted trousers, white semiformal dress shirt with a turndown collar, black bow tie, and black cummerbund. The Army blue evening mess uniform comprises the Army blue mess jacket, dark- or light-blue high-waisted trousers, white formal dress shirt with a wing collar, white vest, and white bow tie. The blue trousers are cut along the lines of civilian dress trousers, with a high waist and without pleats, cuffs, or hip pockets. The trouser leg ornamentation consists of an

title: United States Marine Corps

text: "Blue Dress Alphas or Bravos", called "Dress Blues" or simply "Blues". It is most often seen in recruiting advertisements and is equivalent to black tie. There is a "Blue-White" Dress for summer, and Evening Dress for formal (white tie) occasions. Versions with a khaki shirt in lieu of the coat (Blue Dress Charlie/Delta) are worn as a daily working uniform by Marine recruiters and NROTC staff. The Service Uniform was once the prescribed daily work attire in garrison; however, it has been largely superseded in this role by the utility uniform. Consisting of olive green and khaki colors, it is

title: Uniforms of the Sri Lanka Army

text: blue full-dress uniforms when delivering a gun salute. The army and regimental bands wear colorful uniforms based on regimental colours and traditions. The Ceremonial uniform ("No. 1 Dress"), sometimes referred to as "blues", is a universal ceremonial uniform which is almost consistent throughout the Sri Lankan Army. No. 1 Dress is only worn on ceremonial occasions, service weddings by only officers and the Regimental Sergeant Major. It is identical to the blue patrol uniform of the British Army and was formally designated as No. 2 Dress uniform. In the 1990s it formally made the No. 1 Dress uniform having been

title: Dress uniform

text: 1774 until 1902. Even after the introduction of khaki for field wear in that year dark blue tunics and light blue trousers continued in use for full dress and off duty wear until 1917. The Army blue uniform comprises a dark-blue coat, light-blue or dark-blue (general officers) trousers, a white turndown-collar shirt, black four-in-hand or double windsor necktie, a black beret, and often a ceremonial belt. When worn with a black bow tie, the Army blue uniform constitutes a formal uniform and corresponds to a civilian tuxedo. When worn with a black four-in-hand or double windsor necktie, the Army blue

title: Pinks and greens

text: to the new uniform by the traditional "pinks and greens" nickname. Pinks and greens "Pinks and greens" and "Army greens" are colloquial terms for the United States Army's officer winter service uniform of the early 20th century and the planned, similarly patterned, service uniform of the early 21st century. The "pinks and greens" uniform was introduced in the 1920s and consisted of a brownish green blouse (the "greens") with lighter colored trousers of a slight pinkish hue (the "pinks"). Accessories – which, until 1942, included a Sam Browne belt – were patterned in brown leather. In 1944, an optional field

title: Full dress uniform

text: Thus German cuirassiers wore white full dress, British rifle regiments a very dark green known as rifle green, French mountain troops large berets and light blue trousers and so on. The U.S. Army with its smart but relatively sober "dress blues" was an exception, with cavalry, artillery and infantry being distinguished only by the different branch colors. After World War I most full dress uniforms disappeared. Many of the Imperial or Royal regimes that had taken a particular pride in the retention of colorful traditional uniforms had been overthrown and their republican, fascist, or communist successors had little incentive to

title: Uniforms of the British Army

text: officers but without the velvet) in dark blue (or green for The Rifles). Fourteen numbered 'orders' of dress (in addition to full dress) are set out in Army Dress Regulations but many of these are rarely worn or have been phased out altogether. Numbers 5 and 9 have been replaced by the new 'Personal Clothing System' Combat Uniform (or PCS-CU for short). Several orders of dress are only issued to officers (and [[SNCO]]s in some cases); others are only issued to personnel serving in particular climates or specific roles. No. 1 Dress, or "dress blues", is a ceremonial uniform, worn

title: Zouave

text: blue sash, braided blue jackets with waistcoats and voluminous red trousers was reintroduced as off-duty dress for re-enlisted NCOs and other long-service regulars in the Zouave regiments. It was also worn by colour guards and other detachments on ceremonial occasions. White trousers of the same style had earlier been worn as an item of hot-weather dress. The four regiments were distinguished by the colours (red, blue, white and yellow) of the "tombeaus" or false pockets on the front of their open-fronted jackets. The Zouaves played a major role in the 1914-18 War with their numbers being expanded to nine "regiments

title: British Army mess dress

text: at any rank, following Light Infantry traditions since historically no Light Infantry officer rode on horseback. Scottish regiments wear kilts or tartan trews, and some wear tartan waistcoats as well. In "No. 11 Warm Weather Mess Dress", a white drill hip-length jacket is worn with either a waistcoat in the same material or a cummerbund of regimental pattern. Blue and various shades of red or green are the most common colours for the cummerbund. Trousers or overalls are the same as in No. 10 Dress. Female officers and soldiers wear mess jackets in a pattern similar to those of their

title: Louisiana Tigers

text: he was "so impressed by their drill and appearance" at Camp Davis, Richards elected to outfit White's company in the Zouave fashion, viz.: dark blue wool Zouave jackets with red cotton trim (no sereoul), distinctive red fezzes with red tassels, red flannel band collar shirts with five white porcelain buttons, and outlandish "Wedgwood blue and cream" one-and-one-half-inch vertically striped cottonade ship pantaloons that would become their signature. They were also provided with blue and white horizontally striped stockings and white canvas leggings. Most of the lieutenants and captains of the battalion more than likely uniformed themselves in dark blue wool

title: Uniforms of the United States Navy

text: like males in early 2017 and they will completely replace the old-style uniform in January 2020. Service Dress Blues for male junior enlisted personnel are based on the standard Navy jumper in navy blue, colloquially referred to as "crackerjacks" because of the Navy-uniformed figure that adorns the Cracker Jack snack box. They consist of navy blue wool jumper with three rows of white stripes on the collar and cuffs. There are two white stars, one at each corner of the collar. A traditional white hat or "Dixie cup" is also worn, as well as black leather shoes. A black silk

title: 12th Virginia Infantry

text: it is grey or blue in color; it has the same design trim as the dress frock coat, minus the collar horn insignia and is shorter than the frocks' collar is cut; he too wears the same style trousers. One photograph taken at Poplar Lawn, February, 1861, shows the Petersburg City Guard in full dress and marching order. They wear the frock coats and white accoutrement straps, with the shakos in similar description to the Richmond Grays, with the officer in center wearing light epaulets, assumedly gold; however the image is not clear enough to show the detail of the

title: Red coat (military uniform)

text: order to draw less fire when serving amongst red-coated infantry. Scarlet tunics ceased to be general issue upon British mobilisation in August 1914. The Brigade of Guards resumed wearing their scarlet full dress in 1920 but for the remainder of the army red coats were only authorised for wear by regimental bands and officers in mess dress or on certain limited social or ceremonial occasions (notably attendance at court functions or weddings). The reason for not generally reintroducing the distinctive full dress was primarily financial, as the scarlet cloth requires expensive cochineal dye. As late as 1980, consideration was given

title: Frock coat

text: to produce for the large numbers of recruits, smart enough for full dress, and more practical for campaigns. By the 1840s, frock coats were regulation for the American, Prussian, Russian and French armies. By 1834 officers of the British Army had adopted a dark blue/black frock coat for ordinary duties, derived from an earlier greatcoat worn during the Napoleonic period. US army officers were first issued navy blue frocks during the Mexican War, with gold epaulettes and peaked caps of the German pattern. Enlisted USMC personnel received a double breasted version with red piping worn with a leather stock and

title: Uniforms of the Australian Army

text: ceremonial occasions), aiguillettes (senior officers), emu plumes and bandoliers (both worn by armoured units), the Sam Browne belt (worn by officers and warrant officers, mostly of brown leather although the armoured, aviation and nursing corps wear black leather), infantry scarlet sash, gorget patches (senior officers), pace sticks (regimental sergeant majors), canes / swagger sticks, lances (armoured units on parade), bayonets, dirks (Scottish units), stiletto daggers (commandos), swords (Mameluke for general officers, also cavalry sabres, artillery swords, and infantry swords respectively, while the claymore is carried by officers in Scottish units). Headdress consists of the slouch hat or beret for general

title: Service Dress (British Army)

text: of a Soldier's Life in India" (first published in 1859). It was only at a later date, when supplies of drab (khaki) material were unavailable, that they improvised by dying material with a local dye. During the Indian Mutiny of 1857 many British regiments took to staining their white tropical uniforms with tea leaves or other makeshift dyes in order to camouflage them. Rifle regiments had long used dark green uniforms (with blackened badges, buttons, and carrying equipment) as camouflage and some units of the Volunteer Force London Regiment had adopted Hodden grey uniforms for the same purpose. Numerous khaki

title: British Army during the Victorian Era

text: greatcoats for cold weather. White cotton dress was used for summer wear in hot climates, particularly in India. The highland regiments wore elements of traditional Scottish highland dress, such as the kilt. The Rifle regiments (the King's Royal Rifle Corps and the Rifle Brigade) wore dark green (almost black) uniforms. In 1828, the greyish-blue trousers worn during the later stages of the Napoleonic Wars were replaced by dark blue "Oxford mixture" trousers for winter wear. White duck trousers were worn in summer until 1845. Although the fantastic profusion of gold and silver lace on officers' uniforms was checked, decorations for

title: Uniforms of the Australian Army

text: day in barracks, and when in the field or on operations (although this is presently being replaced by AMCU). The current ceremonial uniform is known as "Service Dress". Changes to this uniform in 2016 have seen a return to a more traditional brown khaki worn prior to and during both World Wars, from the light olive drab khaki that was adopted in the 1990s as other items of dress were phased out. Darker than the previous uniform, it more closely matches the colour of the slouch hat. Ceremonial dress has also included "Patrol Blue" and "White Jacket" orders of dress,

title: Army Service Uniform

title: Uniforms of the British Army

text: Army)|Service Dress]]. It is often incorrectly called the "[[1937 Pattern Web Equipment|"Pattern 37 uniform"]]" from the pattern of [[Webbing#Military|web gear]] and accessories introduced earlier in 1937. It consisted of a short jacket called a "blouse" and high-waisted trousers made of khaki [[Serge (fabric)|wool serge]] worn with a beret or side-cap. It was also issued in RAF Blue-Grey for the [[Royal Air Force]], Navy Blue for the [[Royal Navy]] / [[Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve]], and Dark Blue for the [[Civil Defence Corps]]. Officers were permitted to have the collar of the BD jacket tailored to have faced lapels, allowing the wearing

title: Red coat (military uniform)

text: to the reintroduction of scarlet as a replacement for the dark blue "No. 1 dress" and khaki "No. 2 dress" of the modern British Army, using cheaper and fadeless chemical dyes instead of cochineal. Surveys of serving soldiers' opinion showed little support for the idea and it was shelved. Red coats were first worn by British sea-going regiments when adopted by The Prince of Denmark's Regiment in 1686. Thereafter red coatees became the normal parade and battle dress for marine infantry, although the staining effects of salt spray meant that white fatigue jackets and subsequently blue undress tunics were often

title: Army Service Uniform

text: trousers and a long-sleeved white shirt with black tie. The dress blue ASU for females includes the blue coat, skirt, and a long-sleeved white shirt with black neck tab. Females in army bands, honor guards, and female chaplains are authorized to wear army blue slacks in the performance of their duties. The black beret and service cap are authorized for wear with this uniform. Combat boots and organizational items, such as brassards, military police accessories and distinctive unit insignia are not worn. When the dress blue ASU is worn for social events in the evening (i.e. after retreat), men may

title: Red coat (military uniform)

text: white, Scottish yellow, Irish green and Royal regiments dark blue. However some regiments were subsequently able to obtain the reintroduction of historic facing colours that had been uniquely theirs. British soldiers fought in scarlet tunics for the last time at the Battle of Gennis in the Sudan on 30 December 1885. They formed part of an expeditionary force sent from Britain to participate in the Nile Campaign of 1884-85, wearing the "home service uniform" of the period including scarlet tunics, although some regiments sent from India were in khaki drill. A small detachment of infantry which reached Khartoum by steamer

title: Uniforms of the United States Navy

text: Week will state either "Service Dress White" or "Service Dress Blue." Either the all-weather Coat or peacoat may be worn with this uniform in cold or inclement weather. The color of the enlisted rank insignia and service stripes for the Service Dress Blues is either gold or red based upon the U.S. Navy Good Conduct Variation. The colors on the Service Dress Whites are always black. In May 2012, the Navy announced upcoming changes to the Service Dress Blues and Service Dress Whites, adding side zippers to both uniform blouses, and a zipper will also be added to Service Dress

title: Army Service Uniform

long_answer: The Army currently uses the blue Army Service Uniform. According to Army Regulation 670-1: Wear and Appearance of Army Uniforms and Insignia, Army White, and Army Blue uniforms are considered Dress Uniforms. The Army Service Uniform seeks to combine these distinctions through wear stipulations. Possession and use of the blue ASU is now mandatory for all soldiers as of October 1, 2015, when the green class A was retired. As of fall 2010, enlisted soldiers receive the blue service uniform as part of their basic clothing bag issue when they enter the army during initial entry training. The army further provides active-duty enlisted soldiers an annual clothing allowance to maintain proper fit and appearance of their basic clothing bag issue items. The army includes a series of stipends in this annual clothing allowance towards the replacement of the green service uniform and all basic clothing bag items.