question: new mexico was admitted to the union as the . . . state

answers: 47th

title: New Mexico Territory

text: New Mexico Territory The Territory of New Mexico was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed (with varying boundaries) from September 9, 1850, until January 6, 1912, when the remaining extent of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of New Mexico, making it the longest-lived organized incorporated territory of the United States, lasting approximately 62 years. In 1846, during the Mexican–American War, the U.S. provisional government of New Mexico was established. Territorial boundaries were somewhat ambiguous. After the Mexican Republic formally ceded the region to the United States in 1848, this temporary wartime/military

title: Henry Connelly

text: In 1850 there was a failed attempt in New Mexico to attain statehood. Although there were strongly opposed political factions in New Mexico, most were united in opposing the existing military government, which utilized appointed rather than elected officials. The governor, Col. John Munroe, convened a constitutional assembly in May, which ratified a state constitution by 6,771 votes to 39. The constitution was adopted on 20 June 1850, and state officers were elected. Henry Connelly, who was absent from New Mexico at the time, was elected governor and Manuel Alvarez lieutenant-governor. However, Colonel Munroe forbade the assumption of civil power

title: History of New Mexico

text: on September 9, 1850. The territory, which included all of Arizona, New Mexico and parts of Colorado, officially established its capital at Santa Fe in 1851. The U.S. territorial New Mexico census of 1850 found 61,547 people living in all the territory of New Mexico. The people of New Mexico would determine whether to permit slavery under a proposed constitution at statehood, but the status of slavery during the territorial period provoked considerable debate. The granting of statehood was up to a Congress sharply divided on the slavery issue. Some (including Stephen A. Douglas) maintained that the territory could not

title: Southwestern United States

text: 34th parallel, became official on February 14, 1862. On February 24, 1863, the New Mexico Territory was split virtually in half with the creation of the Arizona Territory taking the western half. Nevada was admitted to the Union on October 31, 1864, becoming the 36th state. This was followed by the admittance to the Union of Colorado, which became the 38th state on August 1, 1876. Confederate Arizona was short-lived, however. By May 1862 confederate forces had been driven out of the region by union troops. That same month a bill was introduced into the U.S. Congress, and in February

title: New Mexico Territory

text: of the Federals with their Union Army. However, the government and leadership of the Confederate Arizona Territory persisted until the end of the Civil War in June 1865 with the surrender of the Trans-Mississippi Department, living in exile in El Paso, Texas with its delegate still in Richmond. New Mexico Territory The Territory of New Mexico was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed (with varying boundaries) from September 9, 1850, until January 6, 1912, when the remaining extent of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of New Mexico, making it the longest-lived

text: U.S. provisional government of New Mexico Under the provisions of the Kearny Code as promulgated in 1846, the first legislature of New Mexico commenced its session on December 6, 1847. The Council consisted of seven members, with Antonio Sandoval, of Bernalillo County, as president, and the House of twenty-one members, with W.Z. Angney as speaker. It passed an act providing for a convention to consider a permanent form of government for New Mexico, and the delegates for this purpose met on October 10, 1848. It adopted a memorial to Congress asking for a regular territorial government, and declared against the

title: History of New Mexico

text: in 1881. From 1880 to 1910 the territory grew rapidly. With the coming of the railroad, many homesteaders moved to New Mexico. In 1886 the New Mexico Education Association of school teachers was organized; in 1889 small state colleges were established at Albuquerque, Las Cruces, and Socorro; and in 1891 the first effective public school law was passed. An irrigation project in the Pecos River valley in 1889 marked the first of many such projects to irrigate farms in the dry state. Discovery of artesian waters at Roswell in 1890 gave both farming and mining a boost. The power of

title: History of New Mexico

text: one of the bases of New Mexico's legal code during its territorial period, which was one of the longest in United States history. Many of the provisions remain substantially unchanged today. Kearny's arrival in New Mexico had been essentially without conflict; the governor surrendered without battle, and the Mexican authorities took the money they could find and retreated south into Mexico. However, the U.S. occupation was resented by the New Mexicans. Provisional governor Charles Bent, a longtime resident of New Mexico, implored U.S. army officers to "respect the rights of the inhabitants" and predicted "serious consequences" if measures were not

title: Catron County, New Mexico

text: state after it was admitted to the Union in 1912. Mexico ceded the region to the U.S. in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 after the Mexican–American War. In 1849, President Zachary Taylor proposed that New Mexico, including this region, immediately become a state to sidestep political conflict over slavery in the territories. That did not happen. In 1880, Sergeant James C. Cooney was the first person to find silver and gold ore in the mountains of Catron County. He was reportedly killed by Chiricahua Apaches led by Victorio that year in what became known as the "Alma Massacre".

text: occupation of the U.S. although there were county boundary changes. In 1847 the General Assembly of the Territory of New Mexico passed an "Act Regulating the Holding of Circuit Courts." Three circuits were established: The Central, the Northern, and the Southeastern. U.S. provisional government of New Mexico Under the provisions of the Kearny Code as promulgated in 1846, the first legislature of New Mexico commenced its session on December 6, 1847. The Council consisted of seven members, with Antonio Sandoval, of Bernalillo County, as president, and the House of twenty-one members, with W.Z. Angney as speaker. It passed an act

title: Manuel Álvarez (trader)

text: the United States. After the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo had been signed in February 1848, Álvarez strongly supported admitting New Mexico into the union as a state. On 20 June 1850 a popular vote ratified the New Mexico "state" constitution, and Álvarez was elected lieutenant-governor of New Mexico. For a period he was acting Governor while Governor Henry Connelly was absent. However, the military Governor John Munroe forbade the assumption of civil power by the elected officials. The result was a deadlock that lasted for several months. On 9 September 1850 the U.S. Senate passed a compromise bill that included

title: United States v. Sandoval

text: Indian communities." The King of Spain granted formal title to the Pueblo people in 1689. Mexico ceded most of what is today New Mexico to the United States in 1848 under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. New Mexico was a territory until January 6, 1912, when it became the forty seventh state to be added to the United States. Previous decisions of the US Supreme Court held that the Nonintercourse Act did not restrict the alienability of Pueblo peoples or lands. When the Supreme Court reversed its position in 1913, the land title to much of the state was called

title: New Mexico Territory

text: 28, 1861, with the same boundaries that would ultimately constitute the State of Colorado. This Act removed the Colorado lands from the New Mexico Territory. The creation of the Union Arizona Territory (two years after the ill-fated Confederate Arizona Territory) by the "Arizona Organic Act" on February 24, 1863, removed all the land west of the 109th meridian from the New Mexico Territory, i.e. the entire present-day State of Arizona plus the land that would become the southern part of the State of Nevada in 1864. This Act left the New Mexico Territory with boundaries identical to the eventual State

title: History of New Mexico

text: were stymied by the conservatism of politicians and the Catholic Church. New Mexico's legislature was one of the last in 1920 to ratify the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. After it passed, there was quickly a dramatic increase in political participation by both Anglo and Hispanic women, as well as strong mobilization efforts by the major parties to gain the support of the female voters. New Mexico proportionately suffered the loss of more servicemen than any other state in the nation. The state led in the national war bond drive and had fifty federal installations, including glider and bombardier

title: Santa Fe de Nuevo México

text: Texas panhandle. President Zachary Taylor and Abraham Lincoln both proposed that New Mexico immediately become a state to sidestep political conflict over slavery in the territories. New Mexico did not become a state until January 1912. Santa Fe de Nuevo México Santa Fe de Nuevo México (; shortened as Nuevo México or Nuevo Méjico, and translated as New Mexico in English) was a province of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, and later a territory of independent Mexico. The first capital was San Juan de los Caballeros from 1598 until 1610, and from 1610 onward the capital was La Villa Real

title: History of New Mexico

text: States (since 1848) have claimed control of the area. The area was governed as New Mexico Territory until 1912, when it was admitted as a state. The relatively isolated state had an economy dependent on mining. Its residents and government suffered from a reputation for corruption and extreme traditionalism. New Mexico introduced the atomic age in 1945, as the first nuclear weapons were developed by the federal government in the research center it established at Los Alamos. Ethnically the state has historically been divided among Native American, Hispanic and Anglo elements—the latter mostly migrants from Texas in the early years.

title: New Mexico Territory

text: government persisted until September 9, 1850. Earlier in the year 1850, a bid for New Mexico statehood was underway under a proposed state constitution prohibiting slavery. The request was approved at the same time that the Utah Territory was created to the north. The proposed state boundaries were to extend as far east as the 100th meridian West and as far north as the Arkansas River, thus encompassing the present-day Texas and Oklahoma panhandles and parts of present-day Kansas, Colorado, Utah, and Arizona, as well as most of present-day New Mexico. Texas raised great opposition to this plan, as it

title: Taos, New Mexico

text: the Mexican–American War. After the U.S. takeover of New Mexico in 1847, Hispanics and American Indians in Taos staged a rebellion, known as the Taos Revolt, in which the newly appointed U.S. Governor, Charles Bent, was killed. New Mexico was a territory of the United States beginning 1850 and became a state in 1912. For historical reasons, the American flag is displayed continuously at Taos Plaza (both day and night). This derives from the time of the American Civil War, when Confederate sympathizers in the area attempted to remove the flag. The Union officer Kit Carson sought to discourage this

title: New Mexico

text: on juries. After Texas was admitted as a state to the Union, it continued to claim the northeastern portion of present-day New Mexico. Finally, in the Compromise of 1850, Texas ceded these claims to the United States of the area in New Mexico lying east of the Rio Grande, in exchange for $10 million. Congress established the separate New Mexico Territory in September 1850. It included most of the present-day states of Arizona and New Mexico, and part of Colorado. When the boundary was fixed, a surveyor's error awarded the Permian Basin to the State of Texas. New Mexico dropped

title: John Munroe

text: to Santa Fe to relieve Brevet Lieutenant Colonel John M. Washington. Munroe became military governor of New Mexico in October 1849. Munroe was out of his depth as governor of New Mexico, and ran into severe administrative problems. New Mexico had been under military rule since it was occupied by the United States in 1846. By 1850, although there were strongly opposed political factions in New Mexico, most were united in opposing the continued military government. Munroe convened a constitutional assembly in May, which ratified a constitution by 6,771 votes to 39. The constitution envisaged New Mexico as being a

text: elected, Henry Connelly being chosen governor, and Manuel Álvarez, lieutenant-governor. The legislature met on July 1, 1850, and elected as United States senators Francis A. Cunningham and Richard H. Weightman, but while Mr. Weightman was on his way to Washington to claim his seat in the senate the famous compromise measures of 1850 were passed by Congress, one feature of which was the act organizing New Mexico as a territory, with boundaries including the areas now embraced in New Mexico, Arizona, and southern Colorado. This organic act was passed September 9, 1850. In general, the leader of the native New

title: New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War

text: New Mexico Territory was organized as a U.S. territory in 1850, and for many years its precise boundaries and internal administration remained undefined. In 1853, the territory was expanded south of the Gila River in the Gadsden Purchase. Proposals for a division of the territory and the organization of a separate Territory of Arizona were advanced as early as 1856. The first proposals for a separate Arizona Territory were not based on the modern east–west division but rather a north–south division. These proposals arose from concerns about the effectiveness of the territorial government in Santa Fe to administer the newly

title: New Mexico Territory

text: County) at , and the west bank of Rio Grande at . The boundaries of the New Mexico Territory at the time of establishment (September 9, 1850) contained most of the present-day State of New Mexico, more than half of the present-day State of Arizona, and portions of the present-day states of Colorado and Nevada. Although this area was smaller than what had been included in the failed statehood proposal of early 1850, the boundary disputes with Texas had been dispelled by the Compromise of 1850. The Gadsden Purchase was acquired by the United States from Mexico in 1853/1854 (known

text: which naturally attract most attention are the clear declaration against slavery in the new state, and the appreciation shown of the value of public education. It should never be forgotten that this first constitutional convention in New Mexico, in which native New Mexicans composed over ninety per cent of the membership, took this high ground and maintained it courageously, although by so doing they were placing in jeopardy their own right to self-government. This constitution was submitted to the people on the 20th of June, and adopted with substantial unanimity. At the same time state officers and a legislature were

title: New Mexico

title: Henry Connelly

text: by the elected officials. The U.S. Senate passed the Compromise of 1850 bill on September 9, including an act to organize New Mexico as a territorial government, thus overriding the authority of the elected state legislature. Henry Connelly served consecutively, as the representative for Bernalillo County, in the New Mexico Territorial Legislature, as a member of 3rd - 8th Assemblies (1853–1859). He was an associate in the incorporation of the New Mexican Railway Company in support for construction of a transcontinental railroad via the southern route through New Mexico in 1860. The book "Doniphan's Expedition and the Conquest of New

title: Seal of New Mexico

text: was organized as a territory. But after it was admitted as a state, the commission decided that that was a better date to use on the seal. They decided against using Roman numerals, believing it was too pretentious. "Great Seal of the State of New Mexico". No one is quite sure who came up with the term, but it appeared on New Mexico's first state seal, and was added to the seal adopted in 1913, untouched — with the small exception of changing the word "Territory" to "State". The official motto of New Mexico is '. Translated from Latin, it

text: Mexicans favored statehood, while the American pioneer element wanted a Territorial organization. All important officials in a Territory are appointed by the President; in a State they are elected by the people. In 1846, General Stephen W. Kearny set up a provisional government and system of laws, the "Kearny Code." The Judicial branch consisted of a three-man Superior Court. Judges served in a dual capacity. Each was a trial judge, presiding over a judicial district; together they constituted an appellate court, reviewing their individual decisions. At the new American court's first session in Taos in April 1847, 17 men were

text: Senate in February 1863 without the Tucson-as-capital stipulation, and was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on February 24, which became the date of the official organization of the U.S. Arizona Territory. The first capital was at Fort Whipple, followed by Prescott, in the northern Union-controlled area. At the start of the Civil War, the New Mexico territorial governor was Abraham Rencher; although a Democrat from North Carolina, he refused to support secession, and called out the territorial militia to counteract the Confederate invasion of July 1861. That month he was replaced by Henry Connelly, a native of New

title: New Mexico State Capitol

text: of Spanish and Mexican rule. When New Mexico was annexed by the United States in 1846, it became the first territorial capitol and was used as such for forty years. Now a museum, the Palace is the only capitol in the U.S. that has housed the governments of three different nations. In anticipation of New Mexico's statehood, work began on a new capitol building in 1850. However, the funding for its construction was quickly exhausted, and in 1855 work on the project was halted with only the first story of the building completed. It remained in this state until 1886,

title: New Mexico

long_answer: Inhabited by Native Americans for thousands of years before European exploration, it was colonized by the Spanish in 1598 as part of the Imperial Spanish viceroyalty of New Spain. It was named Nuevo México after the Aztec Valley of Mexico by Spanish settlers, 223 years before the establishment of the present-day country of Mexico. The present-day state of New Mexico was not named after, nor is it a part of, Mexico. Its geographic characteristics made settlement and effective political control difficult which prompted Mexico's invasion and control of the area from 1824 to 1846. New Mexico's Spanish origins made cultural integration with Mexico unsuitable, which sparked the Revolt of 1837 and a growing economic association with the expanding United States. The 1848 Mexican–American War indirectly capitalized on this tension and created the U.S. New Mexico Territory. It was admitted to the Union as the 47th state on January 6, 1912.


question: when does the eclipse end in the us

answers: 2:44 p.m. EDT

title: Eclipse season

text: every new moon, and all solar eclipses would be the same type. An eclipse season is the only time during which the Sun (from the perspective of the Earth) is close enough to one of the Moon's nodes to allow for an eclipse to occur. During the season, whenever there is a full moon a lunar eclipse will occur and whenever there is a new moon a solar eclipse will occur. If the Sun is close enough to a node, then a total eclipse will occur. Each season lasts from 31 to 37 days, recurring about every 6 months. At

title: Solar eclipse of September 14, 2099

text: Canada, and move eastern across Canada (British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan) and the northern states of the United States (North Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, West Virginia, Virginia and North Carolina). The eclipse will end in the Atlantic ocean, with partial visibility in parts of Europe, West Africa and throughout the entirety of North and South America. The total eclipse will pass through the cities of Madison, Wisconsin, and Grand Rapids, Michigan. The last total solar eclipse over these two cities respectively was May 16, 1379, and April 18, 1558. Although this solar eclipse does pass over a few

title: Solar eclipse of April 8, 2024

text: Solar eclipse of April 8, 2024 A total solar eclipse will take place on Monday, April 8, 2024, visible across North America. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. With a magnitude of

title: Solar eclipse of May 1, 2079

text: Canada (including Newfoundland and Labrador, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island) and parts of the northeastern United States (including Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey). Solar eclipse of May 1, 2079 A total solar eclipse will occur on May 1, 2079. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day

title: Solar eclipse of April 20, 2042

text: Sumatra), Singapore, Eastern Malaysia, Brunei and the Philippines. <BR>Animated path Solar eclipse of April 20, 2042 A total solar eclipse will occur on April 20, 2042. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

title: Solar eclipse of August 12, 2045

text: Solar eclipse of August 12, 2045 A total solar eclipse will occur on Saturday, August 12, 2045, when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. It will be the fourth longest eclipse of the 21st century with a

title: Solar eclipse of December 15, 2039

text: Solar eclipse of December 15, 2039 A total solar eclipse will occur on December 15, 2039. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. The totality of the eclipse begins in the southern Pacific

title: Solar eclipse of March 30, 2052

text: southeastern states of the United States. Almost all of North America and the northern edge of South America will see a partial eclipse. It will be the 2nd total eclipse visible from the Florida Panhandle and southwest Georgia in 7 years. Solar eclipse of March 30, 2052 A total solar eclipse will occur on March 30, 2052. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's,

title: Eclipse cycle

text: solar eclipse occurs at one new moon, which must be close to a node, then at the next full moon the Moon is already more than a day past its opposite node, and may or may not miss the Earth's shadow. By the next new moon it is even further ahead of the node, so it is less likely that there will be a solar eclipse somewhere on Earth. By the next month, there will certainly be no event. However, about 5 or 6 lunations later the new moon will fall close to the opposite node. In that time (half

title: Solar eclipse of October 14, 2042

text: to cross Southeast Asia in 2042 after the total solar eclipse of April 20, 2042. <BR>Animated path Solar eclipse of October 14, 2042 An annular solar eclipse will occur on October 14, 2042. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse

title: Solar eclipse of September 26, 2117

text: northern islands of Japan, and then crossing the Pacific Ocean. It will be visible as a partial eclipse over Hawaii, and at sunset partial eclipse over parts of Alaska. Solar eclipse of September 26, 2117 A total solar eclipse will occur on September 26, 2117. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a

title: Solar eclipse of June 25, 2150

text: wide. This will be the first total solar eclipse to exceed 7 minutes in term of duration since June 30, 1973. Totality will start in the Lesser Sunda Islands in Indonesia, continue across the northern Pacific Ocean, and end in the eastern Pacific. Solar eclipse of June 25, 2150 A total solar eclipse will occur on June 25, 2150. It will be the longest total eclipse since the 11th century. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total

title: Solar eclipse of April 8, 2024

text: 9,000 square mile intersection of the paths of totality of both the 2017 and 2024 eclipses, therefore earning the rare distinction of being witness to two total solar eclipses within a span of seven years. Notable total and annular solar eclipse crossing the United States from 1900 to 2050: Solar eclipse of April 8, 2024 A total solar eclipse will take place on Monday, April 8, 2024, visible across North America. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A

title: Solar eclipse of April 20, 2042

text: Solar eclipse of April 20, 2042 A total solar eclipse will occur on April 20, 2042. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. It will be seen significantly in Western Indonesia (particularly in

title: Solar eclipse of November 25, 2049

text: Solar eclipse of November 25, 2049 A total solar eclipse will occur on November 25, 2049. It is a hybrid event, with only a fraction of its path as total, and longer sections at the start and end as an annular eclipse. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus

title: Solar eclipse of September 26, 2117

text: Solar eclipse of September 26, 2117 A total solar eclipse will occur on September 26, 2117. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. It will be visible at sunrise across eastern Asia and

title: Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017

text: crossing the United States from 1900 to 2050: Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017 The solar eclipse of August 21, 2017, dubbed "The Great American Eclipse" by the media, was a total solar eclipse visible within a band that spanned the entire contiguous United States, passing from the Pacific to the Atlantic coasts. As a partial solar eclipse, it was visible on land from Nunavut in northern Canada to as far south as northern South America. In northwestern Europe and Africa, it was partially visible in the late evening. In Asia, it was visible only at the eastern extremity, the

title: Solar eclipse of October 14, 2023

text: Solar eclipse of October 14, 2023 An annular solar eclipse will occur on Saturday, October 14, 2023. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres or miles wide. This will be the

title: Solar eclipse of September 14, 2099

text: Solar eclipse of September 14, 2099 A total solar eclipse will occur on September 14, 2099. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. It will begin at sunrise off the western coast of

title: Solar eclipses on the Moon

text: ends at a different place. All of its solar eclipses begins in the westernmost parts of the Nearside and ends in the easternmost parts of the Nearside. Solar eclipses starting near and within the polar areas has only partial eclipses while solar eclipses starting at or within the equator has only total eclipses. In its eclipses, the penumbral shadow does not appear until it is around 25–30% obscuration, it gets slightly darker when the Earth blocks the sunlight until it reaches totality in some eclipses. In some eclipses, its penumbral shadow covers the whole surface whereas the center of the

title: Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017

text: end of the eclipse. In Germany, the beginning of the eclipse was visible just at sunset only in the extreme northwest of the country. In all regions east of the orange line on the map, the eclipse was not visible. In some locations in West Africa and western North Africa, a partial eclipse was seen just before and during sunset. The most favorable conditions to see this eclipse gained the Cape Verde Archipelago with nearly 0.9 magnitude at the Pico del Fogo volcano. A large number of media outlets broadcast coverage of the eclipse, including television and internet outlets. NASA

title: Solar eclipse of December 26, 2038

text: possible), included four penumbral lunar eclipses: January 21, June 17, July 16, and December 11. Solar eclipse of December 26, 2038 A total solar eclipse will occur on December 26, 2038. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding

title: Solar eclipse of April 20, 2023

text: Solar eclipse of April 20, 2023 A total solar eclipse will occur on April 20, 2023. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. It is a hybrid eclipse, with portions of its path

title: Solar eclipse of December 6, 2067

text: Solar eclipse of December 6, 2067 A total solar eclipse will occur on December 6, 2067. It is a hybrid event, beginning and ending as an annular eclipse. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the

title: Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017

title: Solar eclipse of September 4, 2100

text: Solar eclipse of September 4, 2100 A total solar eclipse is forecast to occur on September 4, 2100. It will be the last solar eclipse of the 21st century. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands

title: Solar eclipse of April 20, 2023

text: near sunrise and sunset as annular. <BR>Animated path Solar eclipse of April 20, 2023 A total solar eclipse will occur on April 20, 2023. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. It is

title: Solar eclipse of August 12, 2045

text: the Pacific coast and Atlantic coast of the country. <BR>Animated path: Small dark circle represents umbra, much larger grey circle represents penumbra. Notable total solar eclipse crossing the United States from 1900 to 2050: Notable annular solar eclipse crossing the United States from 1900 to 2050: Solar eclipse of August 12, 2045 A total solar eclipse will occur on Saturday, August 12, 2045, when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than

title: Solar eclipse of May 1, 2079

text: Solar eclipse of May 1, 2079 A total solar eclipse will occur on May 1, 2079. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. The eclipse will be visible in Greenland, parts of eastern

title: Solar eclipse of December 15, 2039

text: Ocean, passing over much of Antartica and closely reaching the South Pole. A partial eclipse will be visible in the southern extremities of South America and Africa. It will terminate in the southern Indian Ocean several hours later. <BR>Animated path Solar eclipse of December 15, 2039 A total solar eclipse will occur on December 15, 2039. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking

title: Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017

long_answer: Prior to this event, no solar eclipse had been visible across the entire contiguous United States since June 8, 1918; not since the February 1979 eclipse had a total eclipse been visible from anywhere in the mainland United States. The path of totality touched 14 states, and the rest of the U.S. had a partial eclipse. The area of the path of totality was about 16 percent of the area of the United States, with most of this area over the ocean, not land. The event's shadow began to cover land on the Oregon coast as a partial eclipse at 4:05 p.m. UTC (9:05 a.m. PDT), with the total eclipse beginning there at 5:16 p.m. UTC (10:16 a.m. PDT); the total eclipse's land coverage ended along the South Carolina coast at about 6:44 p.m. UTC (2:44 p.m. EDT). Visibility as a partial eclipse in Honolulu, Hawaii began with sunrise at 4:20 p.m. UTC (6:20 a.m. HST) and ended by 5:25 p.m. UTC (7:25 a.m. HST).


question: who was the first imperial power that was fighting in vietnam

answers: France

title: Lê Văn Thịnh

text: Lý Dynasty, which was also the first contest based on Confucianist education in History of Vietnam. Lê Văn Thịnh who ranked first in the examination and thus became the first first-rank laureate in history of imperial examination in Vietnam; therefore, he was sometimes dubbed "Tiến sĩ khai khoa" (The first doctorate) or "Trạng nguyên đầu tiên" (The first exemplar of the state) of Vietnam. Lê Văn Thịnh's success came from his laboriousness in learning Confucian classics while others often relied on Buddhist knowledge. After the examination, Lê Văn Thịnh was appointed to the position of tutor for the young emperor.

title: Empire of Vietnam

text: Bo would be united with the Empire of Vietnam and that Kim would attend the unification ceremonies on August 8 in Saigon. After the creation of the puppet Empire of Vietnam, the Japanese began raising an army to help police the local population. The Vietnamese Imperial Army was officially established by the IJA 38th Army to maintain order in the new country. The Vietnamese Imperial Army was under the control of Japanese lieutenant general Yuitsu Tsuchihashi, who served as adviser to the Empire of Vietnam. Kim's historic achievement was immediately overshadowed by external pressure and domestic infighting. On July 26,

title: Trịnh Kiểm

text: and proclaimed himself Emperor of Vietnam in 1527. This second revolt was led by Nguyễn Kim whose second-in-command was his son-in-law, Trịnh Khiêm (who married Kim's daughter Ngoc Bao). The second revolt allowed the Nguyễn-Trịnh army to capture the Western Capital ("Tay Do") and enthrone Emperor Lê Trang Tông, in 1533. The Nguyễn-Trịnh alliance sent a formal embassy to China that denounced the usurpation of Mạc Đăng Dung and asked for help. In 1536, the Chinese delegation concluded that Dung had usurped the throne of the Lê Emperors. After hearing the report, the Jiajing Emperor dispatched an army that arrived

title: China–Vietnam relations

text: successfully asserted a degree of independence following the Battle of Bạch Đằng in 938 AD. According to old Vietnamese historical records Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư and Khâm Định Việt Sử Thông Giám Cương Mục, An Dương Vương (Thục Phán) was a prince of the Chinese state of Shu (蜀, which shares the same Chinese character as his surname Thục), sent by his father first to explore what are now the southern Chinese provinces of Guangxi and Yunnan and second to move their people to modern-day northern Vietnam during the invasion of the Qin Dynasty. Some modern Vietnamese believe

title: Nam Phương

text: a member of Japan's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. At this time, Tonkin, Cochinchina, and Annam, which came under the control of Imperial Japan after World War II, were reunited to become the Empire of Vietnam, a puppet state. However, the new emperor was soon convinced to abdicate the throne by the revolutionary leader Hồ Chí Minh, head of the Việt Minh. The former emperor returned to Vietnam in 1949 at the invitation of the civilian government and was named head of state, but he went into exile again in 1954. Nam Phương's first official visit to Europe, in the

title: Trịnh–Nguyễn War

text: throne of the emperor Lê Cung Hoàng.When Lê dynasty was restored in 1533,The Mạc dynasty still in the power and retreated to Cao Bang gradually .Both Trịnh and Nguyễn joined together as the alliance to against the Mạc dynasty to restore fully territory of Đại Việt to Lê.In theory, they both were fighting on behalf of the Lê Emperor Lê Trang Tông but in reality, the Emperor was a figurehead with little or no power. The prime mover in the period from 1525 onwards was Nguyễn Kim. His daughter married the young head of the Trịnh family Trịnh Kiểm. Around

title: Emperor

text: the 12 Lords that lasted for over 20 years. In the end, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh unified the country after defeating all the warlords and became the first ruler of Đại Việt to use the title "Hoàng Đế" (皇帝, "Emperor") in 968. Succeeding rulers in Vietnam then continued to use this Emperor title until 1806 when this title was stopped being used for a century. Đinh Bộ Lĩnh wasn't the first to claim the title of "Đế" (帝, "Emperor"). Before him, Lý Bí and Mai Thúc Loan also claimed this title. However, their rules were very short lived. The Vietnamese emperors

title: Lê Xuân Nhuận

text: the then literary capital of the country. He also was politically influenced by his teacher, Tráng Cử, son of Prince Cường Để, who had been in Japan, operating against the French colonialists in Vietnam. His first years of high school was at the well-known Quốc Học – Huế High School for the Gifted. The French rulers were ousted by the Imperial Japanese Army in March 1945; then Emperor Bảo Đại was dethroned by the Vietnamese Communist Party (Việt Minh) in August that year. When World War II ended, the French expeditionary forces re-occupied most parts of Vietnam. From 1947 to

title: Bảo Đại

text: Nguyễn Vĩnh Thụy. His father was Emperor Khải Định of Annam. His mother was the Emperor's second wife, Tu Cung, who was renamed 'Doan Huy' upon her 1913 marriage. She held various titles over the years that indicated her advancing rank as a favored consort until she eventually became Empress Dowager in 1933. Vietnam had been ruled from Huế by the Nguyễn Dynasty since 1802. The French government, which took control of the region in the late 19th century, split Vietnam into three areas: the protectorates of Annam and Tonkin and the colony of Cochinchina. The Nguyễn Dynasty was given

title: Phan Xích Long

text: the French authorities and establish Ham Nghi as the emperor of an independent Vietnam. This failed, and the French exiled the boy emperor to Algeria, replacing him with his brother Đồng Khánh. From then on, the French retained the monarchy of the Nguyễn Dynasty, exiling any emperors who rose against colonial rule and replacing them with more cooperative relatives. Sanh also claimed descent from the Lê Dynasty, which ruled Vietnam in the 15th and 16th centuries. He was a strong warrior, further presenting himself as the founder of China's Ming Dynasty. At the time of Sanh's activities in the 1910s,

title: Ngô Thì Sĩ

text: Ngô Thì Trí, Ngô Thì Hương, and a son-in-law Phan Huy Ích. All of them were scholars. Ngô Thì Sĩ Ngô Thì Sĩ (吳時仕, 1726 – 1780) was an 18th-century Vietnamese scholar, historian and government official. He passed court examination and awarded "hoàng giáp" in 1766, then served as "Hiệu lý Viện Hàn" to proofread the national history. Sĩ is known for being the principal compiler of the "Việt sử tiêu án", "Đại Việt sử ký tiền biên" and "Đại Việt sử ký tục biên". He was the first man who regarded Triệu dynasty as a separate regime of China

title: China–Vietnam relations

text: in the area. The Chinese prefect of Jiaozhi Shi Xie ruled Vietnam as an autonomous warlord and was posthumously deified by later Vietnamese Emperors. Shi Xie was the leader of the elite ruling class of Han Chinese families who immigrated to Vietnam and played a major role in developing Vietnam's culture. After Vietnam regained independence, a serious war between China and Vietnam occurred, which the Vietnamese, at its peak, invaded China once during the Lý–Song War which the Lý Army raided into China and even occupied what would be Guangxi and Guangdong in modern days' China. This would be the

title: Tôn Thất Đính (mandarin)

text: Tôn Thất Đính (mandarin) Tôn Thất Đính (尊室訂, ?–1885) was a Vietnamese mandarin of the Nguyễn Dynasty who served under Emperor Tự Đức. He was the governor of Hải Dương Province. His son Tôn Thất Thuyết went on to become a high-ranking mandarin, who became the regent upon the death of Tự Đức. After Thuyết launched the Cần Vương movement that attempted to install the boy Emperor Hàm Nghi as the head of an independent Vietnam, the French colonial authorities captured Đính in an attempt to get his son to capitulate. Thuyết continued fighting, so Đính was deported. While on

title: Đinh Bộ Lĩnh

text: Đinh Bộ Lĩnh Đinh Bộ Lĩnh (924–979) (r. 968–979), originally named Đinh Hoàn (丁桓), was the first Vietnamese emperor following the liberation of the country from the rule of the Chinese Southern Han Dynasty, as well as the founder of the short-lived Đinh Dynasty and a significant figure in the establishment of Vietnamese independence and political unity in the 10th century. He unified Vietnam by defeating twelve rebellious warlords and became the first emperor of Vietnam. Upon his ascension, he renamed the country "Đại Cồ Việt". Đinh Bộ Lĩnh is also known by his posthumous name Đinh Tiên Hoàng (丁先皇;

title: Phan Xích Long

text: there were two members of the Nguyễn Dynasty who commanded respect among Vietnamese monarchists. The first was the boy emperor Duy Tân, who was himself deported in 1916 after staging an uprising. Duy Tan's grandfather, Emperor Dục Đức, was the adopted son of the childless Emperor Tự Đức, the last independent emperor of Vietnam. The second figure who was seen by Vietnamese as a possible leader of an independent monarchy was Prince Cường Để. Cường Để was a direct descendant of Emperor Gia Long, who had established the Nguyễn Dynasty and unified Vietnam in its modern state. Cường Để was

title: Emperor

text: also gave this title to their ancestors who were lords or influence figures in the previous dynasty like the Chinese emperors. This practice is one of many indications of the idea "Vietnam's equality with China" which remained intact up to the twentieth century. In 1802 the newly established Nguyễn dynasty requested canonization from Chinese Jiaqing Emperor and received the title "Quốc Vương" (國王, "King of a State)" and the name of the country as "An Nam" (安南) instead "Đại Việt" (大越). To avoid unnecessary armed conflicts, the Vietnamese rulers accepted this in diplomatic relation and use the title Emperor only

title: Đinh Bộ Lĩnh

text: literally "First Emperor of the Đinh"). Đinh Bộ Lĩnh was born in 924 in Hoa Lư (south of the Red River Delta, in what is today Ninh Bình Province). Growing up in a local village during the disintegration of the Chinese Tang Dynasty that had dominated Vietnam for centuries, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh became a local military leader at a very young age. From this turbulent era, the first independent Vietnamese polity emerged when the warlord Ngô Quyền defeated the Southern Han's forces in the First Battle of the Bạch Đằng River in 938. However, the Ngô Dynasty was weak and

title: Lý Nhân Tông

text: strength of the Lý army. Lý Nhân Tông's reign is highly applauded, above all in national education. Following the emperor's order, the first imperial examination of a Vietnamese monarch based on Confucian learning was organized in the second month in 1072 with Lê Văn Thịnh becoming the first first-rank laureate in the history of imperial examinations in Vietnam. Afterwards Lê Văn Thịnh was promoted to the position of chancellor in 1086. However the new Chancellor soon lost his position in 1096 after a controversial case of treason, was stripped of all titles, and banished. Besides Lê Văn Thịnh, Mạc Hiển

title: Lý Thường Kiệt

text: is regarded as one of the national heroes of Vietnam. He died in 1105 at the age of 86. He is considered the author of Vietnam’s first declaration of independence: the Chinese-language poem, "Nam Quốc Sơn Hà". General Ly Thuong Kiet was also the author of the (chữ Hán : 伐宋露布文) (An Account of the Campaign to Punish the Song), another poem against the Song Dynasty. Lý Thường Kiệt Lý Thường Kiệt (; 1019–1105) was a Vietnamese general and admiral during the Lý Dynasty in Vietnam. He penned what is considered the first Vietnamese declaration of independence and is regarded

title: Đinh Bộ Lĩnh

text: defeated the Song invasion, proclaimed himself Emperor, and founded the Early Lê Dynasty. He continued to call the country "Đại Cồ Việt." Đinh Bộ Lĩnh Đinh Bộ Lĩnh (924–979) (r. 968–979), originally named Đinh Hoàn (丁桓), was the first Vietnamese emperor following the liberation of the country from the rule of the Chinese Southern Han Dynasty, as well as the founder of the short-lived Đinh Dynasty and a significant figure in the establishment of Vietnamese independence and political unity in the 10th century. He unified Vietnam by defeating twelve rebellious warlords and became the first emperor of Vietnam. Upon his

title: Trần Quang Khải

text: the Đại Việt army who helped the Emperor defeat the troops of Kublai Khan's son prince Toghan. Besides his military and administrative activities, Prince Chiêu Minh was also a famous poet and was credited as the creator of the "dance of flowers". Today, Trần Quang Khải is still considered as one of the most famous historical figures of the Trần Dynasty and is worshiped in several temples in Vietnam. Prince Chiêu Minh (Vietnamese: Chiêu Minh vương) Trần Quang Khải was born in 1241 as the third son of the Emperor Trần Thái Tông and the Queen Thuận Thiên. Besides his

title: Phạm Thận Duật

text: Phạm Thận Duật Phạm Thận Duật (Chữ Nôm: 范慎遹, 1825–1885) was a high-ranking mandarin serving in the Nguyễn dynasty. He and Tôn Thất Phan, representing emperor Tự Đức's court, signed the Treaty of Huế. He participated in the anti-colonial Cần Vương resistance and died while being sent to exile in Tahiti by the French. Knowledge of his role in the resistance was hidden or lost for many decades after his death; he was thought to have been a French collaborator for having signed the treaty. He was also a celebrated historian who was in charge of the National History Institute

title: Lý Thường Kiệt

text: Lý Thường Kiệt Lý Thường Kiệt (; 1019–1105) was a Vietnamese general and admiral during the Lý Dynasty in Vietnam. He penned what is considered the first Vietnamese declaration of independence and is regarded as a Vietnamese national hero. Lý Thường Kiệt was born into a Ngô family in Thăng Long (now Hanoi), the capital of Đại Việt (ancient Vietnam). His real name was Ngô Tuấn. His father was a low-ranking military officer. In 1036, he served the Emperor as a cavalry captain and later the commander of the imperial guard. Because of his demonstrated bravery, intelligence and loyalty, he

title: Vietnamese nationalism

text: greatest generals in history. Vietnam also heavily honors its long lists of generals in ancient Vietnamese history that fought against Chinese imperialism, such as the Trưng Sisters and Lady Triệu, who were female generals that led major independent movements against Chinese occupation. Ngô Quyền is well honored for being the first to successfully defeat the Southern Han of China at the Battle of Bạch Đằng (938) and establishing Vietnamese independence, Lê Hoàn for defeating the Song dynasty at the same river in 981, and Lê Lợi who liberated Vietnam by defeating the Ming dynasty and founding the Lê dynasty. Vietnamese

title: History of Vietnam

title: Vietnam

text: carved in the 16th and 17th centuries, including one at Bao Lam Pagoda in Hải Phòng that dates to 1558. In 1802, Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (later become Emperor Gia Long) established the Nguyễn dynasty, and in the second year, he asked the Jiaqing Emperor of the Qing dynasty to confer him the title 'King of Nam Viet/Nanyue' ( in Chinese) after seizing Annam's ruling power but the latter refused since the name was related to Zhao Tuo's Nanyue which includes the regions of Guangxi and Guangdong in southern China by which the Qing Emperor decide to call the area as

title: Kostas Sarantidis

text: Kostas Sarantidis Kostas Sarantidis (; 1927), also known in Vietnamese as Nguyễn Văn Lập, is a Greek-born soldier who fought with the Viet Minh during the First Indochina War, seeking independence for Vietnam from the French colonial empire. Kostas Sarantidis was born in 1927 in Thessaloniki, Greece to Asia Minor refugees. In the autumn of 1943 and during the Axis occupation of Greece in World War II, he was arrested selling smuggled tobacco and was sent on foot to Nazi forced labour camps in Germany. He managed to escape near Vienna and stole a military uniform which he used to

title: Tạ Văn Phụng

text: 1861, the Vietnamese court was parleying with admiral Louis Adolphe Bonard in the south. Only after Bonard rejected alliance with the pretender and made a temporary peace with the Nguyen court at Hue, could Nguyen forces head north to protect Hanoi - after which the revolt was put down in 1865. Tạ Văn Phụng Tạ Văn Phụng (chữ Hán: 謝文奉; ? - 1865), also Bảo Phụng, Lê Duy Phụng (黎維奉), and Lê Duy Minh (黎維明) was a Vietnamese noble, a convert to Catholicism and pretender to the Vietnamese throne. He was engaged by the French on the recommendation of the

title: Trùng Quang Đế

text: the new emperor by Đặng Dung and Nguyễn Cảnh Dị in Chi La (modern Đức Thọ District, Hà Tĩnh Province). Giản Định was arrested by Nguyễn Suý, a general of Trùng Quang, then transferred to Nghệ An Province. Trùng Quang granted him the title "thái thượng hoàng" ("Retired Emperor"). Trùng Quang came to Bình Than to fight against the Chinese army, but was defeated by Zhang Fu and fled back to Nghệ An. He was captured in Hoá châu by Chinese army together with his generals around 1413, and was transferred to China. He drowned himself on the way to

title: First Chinese domination of Vietnam

text: to Han rule culminated in the rebellion of the Trưng Sisters, who expelled the Han in 40 AD and briefly ruled Vietnam until being defeated by the returning Han Chinese army in 43 AD. In 111 BC, the Han dynasty defeated the successors of Zhao Tuo (Triệu Đà) and annexed Nam Việt and the former Âu Lạc into the Han empire. Following annexation, the name of Jiaozhi (Giao Chỉ) was established, dividing the former kingdom into nine commanderies with the last three commonly used in modern Vietnamese history books: All nine districts were administered from Long Biên, near modern Hanoi;

title: History of Vietnam

long_answer: Full-scale war broke out between the Việt Minh and France in late 1946 and the First Indochina War officially began. Realizing that colonialism was coming to an end worldwide, France decided to bring former emperor Bảo Đại back to power, as a political alternative to Ho Chi Minh. A Provisional Central Government was formed in 1948, reuniting Annam and Tonkin, but the complete reunification of Vietnam was delayed for a year because of the problems posed by Cochinchina's legal status. In July 1949, the State of Vietnam was officially proclaimed, as a semi-independent country within the French Union, with Bảo Đại as Head of State. France was finally persuaded to relinquish its colonies in Indochina in 1954 when Viet Minh forces defeated the French at Dien Bien Phu. The 1954 Geneva Conference left Vietnam a divided nation, with Hồ Chí Minh's communist DRV government ruling the North from Hanoi and Ngô Đình Diệm's Republic of Vietnam, supported by the United States, ruling the South from Saigon. Between 1953 and 1956, the North Vietnamese government instituted various agrarian reforms, including "rent reduction" and "land reform", which resulted in significant political oppression. During the land reform, testimony from North Vietnamese witnesses suggested a ratio of one execution for every 160 village residents, which extrapolated nationwide would indicate nearly 100,000 executions. Because the campaign was concentrated mainly in the Red River Delta area, a lower estimate of 50,000 executions became widely accepted by scholars at the time. However, declassified documents from the Vietnamese and Hungarian archives indicate that the number of executions was much lower than reported at the time, although likely greater than 13,500. In the South, Diem went about crushing political and religious opposition, imprisoning or killing tens of thousands.


question: when did the movie varsity blues come out

answers: 1999

answers: January 15, 1999

title: Varsity Blues (film)

text: University with a significant but undisclosed sum; as a consequence, funding was made available for eight scholarships, intended for those University athletes in need of financial assistance. Additionally, a video disclaimer was inserted in every DVD, and a written disclaimer in every book, noting that the movie was not associated with the athletic programs of the University of Toronto. As Kidd remarked, "We hope the disclaimer will make it clear the University has no formal association with the film." It is widely thought that the film was based on Art Briles and his teams at Stephenville High School in Stephenville,

title: Varsity Blues (film)

text: football scholarship to Grambling, and Mox took his scholarship and would graduate from Brown University, but he never played football again. The film opened at #1 at the North American box office making $17.5 million USD in its opening weekend. Though it had a 39.6% decline in earnings, it was still enough to keep it at the top spot for another week. Critical reception was mixed; the film has a 40% ("Rotten") approval rating from 52 reviews on Rotten Tomatoes, with the consensus "This is a predictable football movie that lacks intensity." Roger Ebert noted in his "Chicago Sun-Times" review

title: Varsity Blues (film)

text: takes his group of friends and teammates, including Lance, out to a strip club on the night before a game, which they subsequently lose due to poor play from still being hungover. He also chides his father, Sam, screaming at him, "I don't want your life!" Sam had been a football player at West Canaan under Kilmer and although Kilmer dismissed him as having no talent nor courage, he still respected and obeyed him. When Kilmer becomes aware that Mox has earned a full academic scholarship to Brown, he threatens him that if he continues to disobey and disrespect him,

title: Varsity Blues (film)

text: Van Der Beek) is an intelligent and academically gifted backup quarterback for the West Canaan High School football team. Despite his relative popularity at school, easy friendships with other players and smart and sassy girlfriend Jules Harbor (Amy Smart), he is dissatisfied with his life. He wants to leave Texas to go to school at Brown University. He is constantly at odds with his football-obsessed father, Sam (Thomas F. Duffy), and dreads playing it under legendary coach Bud Kilmer (Jon Voight), a verbally abusive, controlling authoritarian who believes in winning at all costs. He has a strong track record as

title: John Gatins

text: name of "Smells Like Teen Suicide". "Varsity Blues" was directed by Brian Robbins and produced by Michael Tollin, the latter of whom would, in 2001, direct Gatins's first screenplay, a romantic comedy entitled "Summer Catch", while Robbins produced it. Tollin returned in 2002 to direct Gatins's second screenplay, a dramedy called "Hardball". While continuing to act, Gatins wrote "Coach Carter" which was released in 2005. The same year, he presented his first directorial effort, "Dreamer", which he also wrote. At the suggestion of Steven Spielberg, Gatins was brought in to work on "Real Steel", a science fiction film based on

title: Varsity Blues (film)

text: Darcy Sears (Ali Larter), Lance's cheerleader girlfriend, who is interested in marrying a football player in order to escape small-town life. She even goes so far as to attempt to seduce Mox, sporting a "bikini" made of whipped cream over her otherwise naked body, but he rebuffs her as politely as he can and helps to cheer her up by telling her that she can get out of West Canaan on her own without anyone's help. Disgusted with Kilmer and not feeling a strong need to win, Mox starts calling his own plays on the field without Kilmer's approval and

title: James Van Der Beek

text: in the teen football drama "Varsity Blues", which held the number 1 spot at the U.S. box office for its first two weeks. He won an MTV Movie Award for his role. Around this time he was selected one of "People" magazine's "50 Most Beautiful People in the World", and he appeared in several other films, including "Texas Rangers", "Scary Movie", and "Jay & Silent Bob Strike Back", playing himself playing Jay in the film within the film opposite Jason Biggs as Silent Bob. In 2002, he played Sean Bateman (younger brother of "American Psycho" protagonist Patrick Bateman) in the

title: Ron Lester

text: Ron Lester Ron Lester (August 4, 1970 – June 17, 2016) was an American actor. He was best known for his roles in the films "Varsity Blues", "Not Another Teen Movie", "Good Burger", and the television series "Popular". Lester was born in Kennesaw, Georgia. His first acting role came when he went to Atlanta, Georgia, to appear as an extra in a commercial, which turned into a feature part. He appeared in a music video for the band Little Texas. Lester moved to Los Angeles and began doing stand-up comedy in comedy clubs. His first film role was in the

title: University of Toronto

text: athletic nickname of Varsity Blues was not consistently used until the 1930s; previously, references such as "Varsity", "The Big Blue", "The Blue and White" and "The Varsity Blue" also appeared interchangeably. "The Blue and White" is commonly played and sung in athletic games as a fight song. North American (gridiron) football traces its very origin to the University of Toronto with the first documented football game played at University College on November 9, 1861. The Blues played their first intercollegiate football match in 1877 against the University of Michigan in a game that ended with a scoreless draw. Since intercollegiate

title: Varsity Blues (film)

text: and upon seeing that no one following him, turns the other direction and into his office. After an inspiring speech from Mox to rally the team, they take the field under the leadership of Lance, who takes over coaching duties for the second half, and manage to win the game. In a voice-over epilogue, Mox recounts several characters' aftermaths, including the fact that Kilmer left town and never coached again despite his statue still standing (only because it was too heavy to move). Lance became a successful coach (presumably Head Coach for the Coyotes after Kilmer's departure), Wendell earned a

title: Varsity Blues (film)

text: he will alter his transcripts in order to reverse the decision on his scholarship. Kilmer's lack of concern for his players continues, resulting in an emotional breakdown of offensive guard, Billy Bob (Ron Lester), who had suffered a head injury weeks earlier (Billy Bob had missed a block when he passed out on the field as a result of this injury after Kilmer pressured him out onto the field, which allowed the hit on Lance that crippled his knee, in which Kilmer blames him for). When starting tailback Wendell Brown (Eliel Swinton), another friend of Mox's, is injured on the

title: Varsity Blues (film)

text: Billy Bob also steps in to defend his teammates. Mox tells Kilmer that the only way they will return to the field for the second half is without him. Realizing that he will be forced to forfeit the game, he loses control and physically assaults Mox. The other players intercede and then refuse to take to the field. Knowing his loss of control has cost him his credibility, Kilmer tries in vain to rally support and spark the team's spirit into trusting him, but none of the players follow him out of the locker room. He continues down the hall,

title: Varsity Show (film)

text: Varsity Show (film) Varsity Show is a 1937 American musical film released by Warner Bros.. The film was directed by William Keighley from a script by Jerry Wald, Richard Macaulay, Warren Duff and Sig Herzig. The movie features songs by Richard A. Whiting and many others. The finale was directed by Busby Berkeley. The film follows a group of students at fictional Winfield College who butt heads with their faculty advisor while producing an annual stage show. They decide to enlist help from a former student Chuck Daly (Dick Powell), who is now a big Broadway producer, to direct their

title: Life Begins in College

text: to "Big Chief Swing It", "Our Team Is on the Warpath", "Fair Lombardy", and "Why Talk About Love?". The song "Sweet Varsity Sue" was written by Charles Tobias, Al Lewis, and Murray Mencher. Special material for the Ritz Brothers was contributed by Sam Pokrass, Sid Kuller, and Ray Golden. The film premiered in New York September 24, 1937, and was released nationally on October 1. Generally favorable reviews appeared in "Variety", "Motion Picture Daily", and "The Film Daily". Life Begins in College Life Begins in College is a 1937 American comedy film. It marked the Ritz Brothers' first starring role

title: Puberty Blues

text: surfie chick. But once I was, I wanted out before it got too heavy. I hated the alcohol and the drug scene. I saw so many kids fall down on the ground after taking drugs." Of making the film Schofield said "We didn't expect any glitter, and we didn't get any. It was hard work." The movie was made with the assistance of the Australian Film Commission, who provided $413,708. The theme song "Puberty Blues" was written by Tim Finn. In the film it was sung by Sharon O'Neill. It was released by Jenny Morris as a single on Mushroom

title: University of Toronto

text: Olympics, Blues coach Tom Watt served as co-coach of the Canadian hockey team in which six players were Varsity grads. In all, the Blues have won the U Sports University Cup national hockey title ten times, last in 1984. Varsity Arena has been the permanent home of the Blues ice hockey programs since it opened in 1926. In men's basketball, the Varsity Blues have won 14 conference titles, including the inaugural championship in 1909, but have not won a national title. In swimming, the men's team has claimed the national crown 16 times since 1964, while the women's team has

title: Oxford Blues

text: of friendship and love, but also the importance of keeping promises to teammates and to oneself as well as the importance of thinking beyond oneself. The movie received poor reviews. Oxford Blues Oxford Blues is a 1984 British comedy-drama sports film written and directed by Robert Boris and starring Rob Lowe, Ally Sheedy and Amanda Pays. It is a remake of the 1938 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film "A Yank at Oxford". Nick Di Angelo is working in a Las Vegas casino to earn enough money to pursue the woman of his dreams, Lady Victoria Wingate, to Oxford, England. He believes the only

title: Varsity Blues (film)

text: field during the final game of the season, Kilmer pressures him during halftime into taking a shot of cortisone, as he had done with Lance, to deaden the pain from his injury and allow him to continue at the risk of permanent injury. Desperate to be recruited by a good college, Wendell agrees. Mox intervenes and threatens Kilmer that he'll quit the team if the needle enters Wendell's knee. Undaunted, Kilmer reminds him about altering his transcripts and orders Charlie Tweeder (Scott Caan), starting wide receiver and friend of Mox, Lance and Wendell, to replace Mox, but he also quits.

title: Even Cowgirls Get the Blues (film)

text: American Southwest to render this movie comprehensible or endurable...K.D. Lang's score is the picture's sole worthy component." The film was released on Region 1 DVD on November 2, 2004, containing its original aspect ratio of 1.85:1 and on NTSC LaserDisc by Image Entertainment on November 4, 2004, also in its original aspect ratio of 1:85.1. It received a second DVD release in the United States from UCA on April 6, 2010, now in a new cropped 1.78:1 widescreen version. In 2007, the film received its first DVD release in the UK from Universal Pictures Home Entertainment in a 1.33:1 full

title: Varsity (fight song)

text: "The Yellow and Blue", and a modified version of "Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight" that included Michigan-specific lyrics. "Varsity" was first played at a Friday night pep rally held at University Hall on October 6, 1911, where Michigan Marching Band director Eugene Fischer heard it and agreed to play it the very next day during the football team's game against Case. It is likely that Fischer made his own band arrangement of the song overnight. After the performance of "Varsity" at halftime of the Case game, "The Michigan Daily" called it "stirring" and opined that it would become

title: Toronto Varsity Blues

text: figure skating, football, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, mountain biking, nordic skiing, rowing, rugby, soccer, squash, swimming, tennis, track and field, volleyball, water polo and wrestling. The men's ice hockey team plays in the Ontario University Athletics conference, and are coached by Darren Lowe. The team is based at Varsity Arena. The current Varsity Blues have won ten U Sports Championships. The men's ice hockey team was founded in 1891. The Varsity Blues senior team won the Allan Cup in 1921 and 1927, and won the gold medal at the 1928 Winter Olympics. Conn Smythe (U of T 1920), the principal

title: Toronto Varsity Blues men's ice hockey

text: Toronto Varsity Blues men's ice hockey The Toronto Varsity Blues men's ice hockey team is an ice hockey team operated by the Varsity Blues athletics program of the University of Toronto. The Varsity Blues senior team won the Allan Cup in 1921 and 1927, and won the gold medal for Canada at the 1928 Winter Olympics. The Blues play in the Ontario University Athletics conference, and are coached by Darren Lowe. The team is based at Varsity Arena on the University downtown campus in Toronto, Ontario. The current Varsity Blues have won ten CIAU Championships, in 1966, 1967, 1969, 1970,

title: Varsity Blues (film)

text: coach: in 30 years of coaching at West Canaan, he has won two state titles and 22 district championships, and only cares about winning his 23rd. His philosophy finally takes its toll on all-state starting quarterback, Lance Harbor (Paul Walker), Mox's best friend and Jules' brother, who has earned a football scholarship to play for Florida State. He is manipulated by Kilmer into taking anesthetic shots on an injured knee that finally succumbs to failure and results in even greater injury after getting sacked during a game. He is rushed to the hospital, where doctors are appalled at the massive

title: Varsity Blues (film)

text: that "Scenes work, but they don't pile up and build momentum." ReelViews online film critic James Berardinelli's summary was that although it "takes a worthwhile detour or two, it ultimately finds its way back to the well-worn track of its genre." The film was later parodied in the 2001 movie, "Not Another Teen Movie", in which Ron Lester reprises his role of Billy Bob by playing a nearly identical character named Reggie Ray. Ali Larter's whipped cream bikini was also parodied. It was also quoted in the 2004 teen comedy film "Mean Girls" as being Regina George's favorite movie. In

title: Varsity Blues (film)

text: Varsity Blues is a 1999 American comedy-drama film directed by Brian Robbins that follows a small-town 5A high school football team and their overbearing coach through a tumultuous season.  The players must deal with the pressures of adolescence and their football-obsessed community while having their hard coach on their back constantly. In the small (fictional) town of West Canaan, Texas, football is a way of life, and losing is not an option.

title: Toronto Varsity Blues

text: Toronto Varsity Blues The Toronto Varsity Blues is the intercollegiate sports program at the University of Toronto. Its 43 athletic teams regularly participate in competitions held by Ontario University Athletics and U Sports. The Varsity Blues traces its founding to 1877, with the formation of the men's football team. Since 1908, Varsity Blues athletes have won numerous medals in Olympic Games and Paralympic Games and have also long competed in International University Sports Federation championships, Commonwealth Games, and Pan American Games. The Varsity Blues program has teams in badminton, baseball, basketball, cross country running, curling, fastpitch softball, fencing, field hockey,

title: Varsity Blues (film)

text: amount of scar tissue found under his knee and determine that the effects of the injury are permanent and will prevent him from being able to play football for a year and a half, costing him his FSU scholarship. Mox, who has accompanied Lance to the hospital, is shocked when Kilmer feigns ignorance to Lance's doctors about his knee problems, when in fact Kilmer ordered the trainer to inject the shots. In need of a new quarterback, he reluctantly names Mox to replace Lance as captain and starting quarterback. The move brings unexpected dividends for him, one of them being

title: The Blues Brothers (film)

text: led to the creation of the manga and anime franchise Nerima Daikon Brothers, which contain heavy references to the film. When the film was first screened for a preview audience, a producer demanded that director Landis cut 25 minutes from the film. After trimming 15 minutes, it was released in theaters at 132 minutes. It was first released on VHS and Betamax from MCA Videocassette Inc. in 1983. A Laserdisc from MCA Videodisc was released the same year. It was re-released on VHS, Laserdisc, and Betamax in 1985 from MCA Home Video, and again in 1990 from MCA/Universal Home Video.

title: Toronto Varsity Blues men's soccer

text: Toronto Varsity Blues men's soccer The Toronto Varsity Blues men's soccer team is a soccer team operated by the Varsity Blues athletics program of the University of Toronto. The Blues play in the Ontario University Athletics East conference of Canadian Interuniversity Sport. The team is based at Varsity Stadium on the University downtown campus in Toronto, Ontario. Throughout the teams history, they have captured one CIS National Championship in 1988. The Blues boast 49 OUA Championships, most recently in 2010. After a successful campaign in the 2012 OUA season, the Blues parted with several graduating players. Mario Kovacevic (Co-Captain) and

title: The Junior Varsity

text: This album, entitled "Cinematographic", was released by Victory Records on June 19, 2007. The Song "The Sky!" was released on "Oven Fresh" on Fuse from their latest effort called Cinematographic. In August 2007, they were set to tour with Permanent Me and Scenes from a Movie. Soon before the tour started, rumors about Asa Dawson leaving the band were confirmed, and The Junior Varsity left the tour. The JV did play a show at the Rock n Roll Hall of Fame without Dawson. The vocalist/ bass player at this show was Brandon Carnes who used to be the frontman for

title: Varsity Blues (film)


question: who developed the first printing press in 1430s

answers: Johannes Gutenberg

title: History of printing

text: Paris. In 1473 Kasper Straube published the "Almanach cracoviense ad annum 1474" in Kraków. Dirk Martens set up a printing press in Aalst (Flanders) in 1473. He printed a book about the two lovers of Enea Piccolomini who became Pope Pius II. In 1476 a printing press was set up in England by William Caxton. The Italian Juan Pablos set up an imported press in Mexico City in 1539. The first printing press in Southeast Asia was set up in the Philippines by the Spanish in 1593. The Rev. Jose Glover intended to bring the first printing press to England's

title: Ulrich Zell

text: history of the discovery of printing is Zell's statement, preserved in the "Chronicle of Cologne" of 1499, that the year 1450 was the date of the beginning of printing, that the country-squire Johann Gutenberg was the inventor of it, and that the first book printed was the Latin Bible, the Vulgate. Ulrich Zell Ulrich Zell (died c.1507) was the first printer in Cologne. Zell was born at Hanau am Main, date unknown. He learned the art of printing before 1462 in the printing establishment of Johann Fust and Peter Schöffer, and seems, shortly after the catastrophe of 1462, to have

title: Guillaume Fichet

text: Guillaume Fichet Guillaume Fichet (; 21 September 1433 – c. 1480) was a French scholar who cooperated with Johann Heynlin to establish the first printing press in France in 1470. He was born in Le Petit-Bornand-les-Glières, in Savoy. In 1467, he was elected rector of the University of Paris, and he installed in the Sorbonne the first printing press ever set up in France, with the aid of three printers who came from Mainz to assist him in this work. The first book printed was "Lettres de Gasparino" (1470). Some of Fichet's own books followed, such as "Ficheti Guilielmi Artium

title: Guillaume Fichet

text: et Theologiæ Doctoris, Rhetoricorum Libri III." (1470). Guillaume Fichet Guillaume Fichet (; 21 September 1433 – c. 1480) was a French scholar who cooperated with Johann Heynlin to establish the first printing press in France in 1470. He was born in Le Petit-Bornand-les-Glières, in Savoy. In 1467, he was elected rector of the University of Paris, and he installed in the Sorbonne the first printing press ever set up in France, with the aid of three printers who came from Mainz to assist him in this work. The first book printed was "Lettres de Gasparino" (1470). Some of Fichet's own

title: Johannes Gutenberg

text: Gutenberg in 1439 was the first European to use movable type. Among his many contributions to printing are: the invention of a process for mass-producing movable type; the use of oil-based ink for printing books; adjustable molds; mechanical movable type; and the use of a wooden printing press similar to the agricultural screw presses of the period. His truly epochal invention was the combination of these elements into a practical system that allowed the mass production of printed books and was economically viable for printers and readers alike. Gutenberg's method for making type is traditionally considered to have included a

title: Nicolas Jenson

text: in the emergence of Venice as one of the first great centers of the printing press. In October 1458, while acting as Master of the French Royal Mint, Jenson was sent to Mainz, by King Charles VII, to study the art of metal movable type. By the time Jenson arrived in Mainz, there were a number of established printers under which he could have been apprenticed. Jenson left Mainz in 1461. Some hypothesize that Jenson studied under the tutelage of Johann Gutenberg, although there is no verifiable evidence of this. By this time Gutenberg's first press had been seized by

title: Heinrich Eggestein

text: Heinrich Eggestein Heinrich Eggestein (born around 1415/1420 in Rosheim, Alsace; died 1488 or later; also spelled Eckstein or Eggesteyn) is considered, along with Johannes Mentelin, to be the earliest book printer in Strasbourg and therefore one of the earliest anywhere in Europe outside Mainz. Before he came to Strasbourg in the beginning of the 1440s, Heinrich Eggestein had already acquired the academic degree of a Magister artium liberalium at a university which is still unknown. Already shortly after his arrival, he entered the service of Bishop Ruprecht von Pfalz-Simmern and held the office of "Siegelbewahrer" (keeper of the seal, also

title: Poles

text: Kraków (see: spread of the printing press). In 1475 Kasper Elyan of Glogau (Głogów) set up a printing shop in Breslau (Wrocław), Silesia. Twenty years later, the first Cyrillic printing house was founded at Kraków by Schweipolt Fiol for Eastern Orthodox Church hierarchs. The most notable texts produced in that period include "Saint Florian's Breviary," printed partially in Polish in the late 14th century; "Statua synodalia Wratislaviensia" (1475): a printed collection of Polish and Latin prayers; as well as Jan Długosz's "Chronicle" from the 15th century and his "Catalogus archiepiscoporum Gnesnensium". With the advent of the Renaissance, the Polish language

title: Polish literature

text: printing press). In 1475 Kasper Elyan of Glogau (Głogów) set up a printing shop in Breslau (Wrocław), Silesia. Twenty years later, the first Cyrillic printing house was founded at Kraków by Schweipolt Fiol for Eastern Orthodox Church hierarchs. The most notable texts produced in that period include "Saint Florian's Breviary," printed partially in Polish in the late 14th century; "Statua synodalia Wratislaviensia" (1475): a printed collection of Polish and Latin prayers; as well as Jan Długosz's "Chronicle" from the 15th century and his "Catalogus archiepiscoporum Gnesnensium". With the advent of the Renaissance, the Polish language was finally accepted on an

title: History of printing

text: some considered his most ingenious invention: a special matrix which enabled the moulding of new movable types with an unprecedented precision at short notice. Within a year of printing the Gutenberg Bible, Gutenberg also published the first coloured prints. The invention of the printing press revolutionized communication and book production, leading to the spread of knowledge. Printing was rapidly spread from Germany by emigrating German printers, but also by foreign apprentices returning home. A printing press was built in Venice in 1469, and by 1500 the city had 417 printers. In 1470 Johann Heynlin set up a printing press in

title: Renaissance technology

text: The mechanical device consists of a screw press modified for printing purposes which can produce 3,600 pages per workday, allowing the mass production of printed books on a proto-industrial scale. By the start of the 16th century, printing presses are operating in over 200 cities in a dozen European countries, producing more than twenty million volumes. By 1600, their output had risen tenfold to an estimated 150 to 200 million copies, while Gutenberg book printing spread from Europe further afield. The relatively free flow of information transcends borders and induced a sharp rise in Renaissance literacy, learning and education; the

title: William Caxton

text: William Caxton William Caxton (c. 1422 – c. 1491) was an English merchant, diplomat, and writer. He is thought to be the first person to introduce a printing press into England, in 1476, and as a printer was the first English retailer of printed books. Neither his parentage nor date of birth is known for certain, but he may have been born between 1415 and 1424, perhaps in the Weald or wood land of Kent, perhaps in Hadlow or Tenterden. In 1438 he was apprenticed to Robert Large, a wealthy London silk mercer. Shortly after Large's death, Caxton moved to

title: William Caxton

text: observed the new printing industry and was significantly influenced by German printing. He wasted no time in setting up a printing press in Bruges, in collaboration with a Fleming named Colard Mansion, and the first book to be printed in English was produced in 1473: "Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye", a translation by Caxton himself. In the epilogue of the book, Caxton tells how his "pen became worn, his hand weary, his eye dimmed" with copying the book by hand, so he "practiced and learnt" how to print it. His translation had become popular in the Burgundian court, and

title: Printing press

text: drastically reduced the cost of printing books and other documents, particularly in short print runs. The printing press spread within several decades to over two hundred cities in a dozen European countries. By 1500, printing presses in operation throughout Western Europe had already produced more than twenty million volumes. In the 16th century, with presses spreading further afield, their output rose tenfold to an estimated 150 to 200 million copies. The operation of a press became synonymous with the enterprise of printing, and lent its name to a new medium of expression and communication, "the press". In Renaissance Europe, the

title: Arnold Pannartz and Konrad Sweynheim

text: Arnold Pannartz and Konrad Sweynheim Pannartz died about 1476, Sweynheym in 1477. Pannartz was, perhaps, a native of Prague, and Sweynheym of Eltville near Mainz. Gottfried Zedler believed ("Gutenberg-Forschungen," 1901) that Sweynheym worked at Eltville with Gutenberg in 1461-1464. Whether Pannartz had been connected with Sweynheym in Germany is not known. It is certain that the two brought Gutenberg's invention to Italy. The Benedictine abbey of Subiaco was the cradle of Italian printing. Probably Cardinal Giovanni of Turrecremata, who was Abbot "in commendam" of Subiaco, summoned the two printers there. They came in 1464. The first book that they printed

title: Renaissance in the Low Countries

text: scientists' lives show how the Renaissance scientist is not afraid of challenging what has been taken for granted for centuries, and how this leads to problems with the all-powerful catholic church. Though the invention of the printing press by Laurens Janszoon Coster in the 1430s appears to be a romantic notion, the Low Countries had an early start in printing. By 1470 a printing press was in use in Utrecht, where the first dated extant book was printed in 1473, while the first book in the Dutch language was the 1477 Delft Bible. By 1481 the Low Countries had printing

title: William Caxton

text: and change of language.") Works published by Caxton from the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress: William Caxton William Caxton (c. 1422 – c. 1491) was an English merchant, diplomat, and writer. He is thought to be the first person to introduce a printing press into England, in 1476, and as a printer was the first English retailer of printed books. Neither his parentage nor date of birth is known for certain, but he may have been born between 1415 and 1424, perhaps in the Weald or wood land of Kent, perhaps in Hadlow or

title: Printing

text: a press was faster and more durable. Also, the metal type pieces were sturdier and the lettering more uniform, leading to typography and fonts. The high quality and relatively low price of the Gutenberg Bible (1455) established the superiority of movable type for Western languages. The printing press rapidly spread across Europe, leading up to the Renaissance, and later all around the world. Gutenberg's innovations in movable type printing have been called the most important invention of the second millennium. The rotary printing press was invented by Richard March Hoe in 1843. It uses impressions curved around a cylinder to

title: History of Western typography

text: Erhard Ratdolt c. 1486 was cut to suit Venetian taste. In 1476 William Caxton, having learned his craft on the Continent, printed the first books in England with a so-called Bâtarde type (an early Schwabacher design), but soon abandoned it. The early printers of Spain were Germans who began by printing in up-to-date roman types but soon gave these up and adopted Gothic typefaces based on the letterforms of Spanish manuscripts. Valencia in the Kingdom of Aragon was the location of the first press, established in 1473. From there printers moved to other cities to set up presses. Roman types

title: Bookselling

text: introduced the art of printing into Nuremberg in 1470. The most common types of books printed in large quantities were able to be cheaply produced like catechisms and almanacs and often not bound at all. The religious dissensions of the continent, and the Reformation in England under Henry VIII and Edward VI, created a great demand for books; but in England neither monarchs of the Tudor nor Stuart dynasties could easily tolerate a free press, and various efforts were made to curb it. The first patent for the office of king's printer was granted to Thomas Berthelet by Henry VIII

title: Graphic arts

text: mechanical device known as the printing press in 1450, the first outside of Asia. His printing press facilitated the mass-production of text and graphic art and eventually, replaced manual transcriptions altogether. Again during the Renaissance years, graphic art in the form of printing played a major role in the spread of classical learning in Europe. Within these manuscripts, book designers focused heavily on typeface. Due to the development of larger fonts during the Industrial Revolution, posters became a popular form of graphic art used to communicate the latest information as well as to advertise the latest products and services. The

title: Movable type

text: invent a metal movable-type printing system in Europe, the printing press. Gutenberg was a goldsmith familiar with techniques of cutting punches for making coins from moulds. Between 1436 and 1450 he developed hardware and techniques for casting letters from matrices using a device called the hand mould. Gutenberg's key invention and contribution to movable-type printing in Europe, the hand mould, was the first practical means of making cheap copies of letterpunches in the vast quantities needed to print complete books, making the movable-type printing process a viable enterprise. Before Gutenberg, books were copied out by hand on scrolls and paper,

title: Johannes Gutenberg

text: book (printed by movable types) bought by his father. That book is in a Spanish museum. Finally, the city of Mainz was sacked in 1462, driving many (including a number of printers and punch cutters) into exile. Printing was also a factor in the Reformation. Martin Luther's 95 Theses were printed and circulated widely; subsequently he issued broadsheets outlining his anti-indulgences position (certificates of indulgences were one of the first items Gutenberg had printed). The broadsheet contributed to development of the newspaper. In the decades after Gutenberg, many conservative patrons looked down on cheap printed books; books produced by hand

title: Bonino De Boninis

text: Bonino De Boninis Bonino De' Boninis (also known as Dobrić Dobrićević) one of the pioneers of printing in Europe, was born in 1454 on the small Adriatic Island of Lastovo in the Republic of Ragusa (modern Croatia). Dobrić began to print books in 1478 when he joined Andrija Paltašić. He printed in Venice, Verona, Brescia and Lyon. His printed works included those of the ancient classics Tibullus, Catullus, Propertius, Virgil, Plutarch, Aulus Gellius, Aesop and Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy. He was married to Drakula. His works were considered among the best examples of printing in his epoch. His bilingual (Latin

title: Printing press

title: Schweipolt Fiol

text: died before or at this point, they were divorced. Printing in Poland began in the late 15th century, when following the creation of the Gutenberg Bible in 1455, printers from Western Europe spread the new craft abroad. The Polish capital at the time was in Kraków, where scholars, artists and merchants from Western Europe had already been present. Other cities which were part of the Polish kingdom followed later. Cities of northern Polish province of Royal Prussia, like the Hanseatic League city of Danzig (Gdańsk), had established printing houses early on. The first printing shop was possibly opened in Kraków

title: Johannes Gutenberg

text: Renaissance, and since it greatly facilitated scientific publishing, it was a major catalyst for the later scientific revolution. The capital of printing in Europe shifted to Venice, where visionary printers like Aldus Manutius ensured widespread availability of the major Greek and Latin texts. The claims of an Italian origin for movable type have also focused on this rapid rise of Italy in movable-type printing. This may perhaps be explained by the prior eminence of Italy in the paper and printing trade. Additionally, Italy's economy was growing rapidly at the time, facilitating the spread of literacy. Christopher Columbus had a geographical

title: History of printing

text: Fust and Peter Schöffer experimented with Gutenberg in Mainz. Compared to woodblock printing, movable type page-setting was quicker and more durable. The metal type pieces were more durable and the lettering was more uniform, leading to typography and fonts. The high quality and relatively low price of the Gutenberg Bible (1455) established the superiority of movable type, and printing presses rapidly spread across Europe, leading up to the Renaissance, and later all around the world. Today, practically all movable type printing ultimately derives from Gutenberg's movable type printing, which is often regarded as the most important invention of the second

title: History of printing

text: History of printing The history of printing starts as early as 3500 BCE, when the Persian and Mesopotamian civilizations used cylinder seals to certify documents written in clay. Other early forms include block seals, pottery imprints and cloth printing. Woodblock printing on paper originated in China around 200 CE. It led to the development of movable type in the eleventh century and the spread of book production in East Asia. Woodblock printing was also used in Europe, but it was in the fifteenth century that European printers combined movable type and alphabetic scripts to create an economical book publishing industry.

title: Schweipolt Fiol

text: by Augsburg-based Günther Zainer in 1465. In 1491, Schweipolt Fiol printed the first book in Cyrillic script. The next recorded printing shop was a Dutch one known by the name Typographus Sermonum Papae Leonis I. that might have been established in 1473 on Polish territory, but its exact location has yet to be determined. The oldest known print from Poland is considered to be the "Almanach cracoviense ad annum 1474" (Cracovian Almanac for the Year 1474) which is a single-sheet astronomical wall calendar for the year 1474 printed and published in 1473 by Kasper Straube. The only surviving copy of

title: Printing press

long_answer: Johannes Gutenberg, a goldsmith by profession, developed, circa 1439, a printing system by adapting existing technologies to printing purposes, as well as making inventions of his own. Printing in East Asia had been prevalent since the Tang dynasty, and in Europe, woodblock printing based on existing screw presses was common by the 14th century. Gutenberg's most important innovation was the development of hand-molded metal printing matrices, thus producing a movable type based printing press system. His newly devised hand mould made possible the precise and rapid creation of metal movable type in large quantities. Movable type had been hitherto unknown in Europe. In Europe, the two inventions, the hand mould and the printing press, together drastically reduced the cost of printing books and other documents, particularly in short print runs.