question: how many paintings of sunflowers did van gogh paint

answers: two

title: Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)

text: when Vincent had just finished the first repetitions of the "Berceuse" and the "Sunflowers" pendants, he told Theo: "I picture to myself these same canvases between those of the sunflowers, which would thus form torches or candelabra beside them, the same size, and so the whole would be composed of seven or nine canvases." A definite hint for the arrangement of the triptych is supplied by Van Gogh's sketch in a letter of July 1889. Later that year, Vincent selected both versions for his display at Les XX, 1890. Van Gogh began painting in late summer 1888 and continued into

title: Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)

text: the following year. One went to decorate his friend Paul Gauguin's bedroom. The paintings show sunflowers in all stages of life, from full bloom to withering. The paintings were considered innovative for their use of the yellow spectrum, partly because newly invented pigments made new colours possible. In a letter to Theo, Vincent wrote: "It's a type of painting that changes its aspect a little, which grows in richness the more you look at it. Besides, you know that Gauguin likes them extraordinarily. He said to me about them, among other things: ‘that — ... that's... the flower’. You know

title: Vase with Red Poppies

text: find joy and meaning in life. After he left Paris and settled in Arles, van Gogh painted his second group of "Sunflowers" in 1888 and 1889. His paintings of sunflowers in vases are among his most well known paintings. In Paris friends and acquaintances sent bouquets of flowers weekly for his still life paintings. He also purchased bouquets inexpensively, choosing flowers in a variety of colors for his paintings. In a letter to his sister Wil he wrote, "Last year I painted almost nothing but flowers so I could get used to colors other than grey - pink, soft or

title: Still Life: Vase with Pink Roses

text: life. After he left Paris and settled in Arles Van Gogh painted his second group of "Sunflowers" in 1888 and 1889. His paintings of sunflowers in vases are among his most well known paintings. In Paris friends and acquaintances sent bouquets of flowers weekly for his still life paintings. He also purchased bouquets inexpensively, choosing a variety of flowers and colors for his paintings. In a letter to his sister Wil he said, "Last year I painted almost nothing but flowers so I could get used to colors other than grey - pink, soft or bright green, light blue, violet,

title: Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)

text: In the Amsterdam version a strip of wood was added at the top—probably by van Gogh himself. The Tokyo version, however, was enlarged on all sides with strips of canvas, which were added at a later time—presumably by the first owner, Émile Schuffenecker. The series is perhaps van Gogh's best known and most widely reproduced. In the 2000s debate arose regarding the authenticity of one of the paintings, and it has been suggested that this version may have been the work of Émile Schuffenecker or of Paul Gauguin. Most experts, however, conclude that the work is genuine. In January 1889,

title: The Big Easel, Emerald, Central Queensland

text: which have either a connection to sunflower agriculture or an affiliation with the artist Vincent van Gogh. During his time in Arles, between 1888 and 1889, van Gogh created seven different, but similarly themed, still life paintings depicting sunflowers in a vase. The artist originally intended to paint twelve panels of sunflowers to decorate the Yellow House at Arles. Emerald’s Big Easel is a copy of the repetition van Gogh made of the fourth version of his "Sunflowers" (1888), which is currently part of the National Gallery of London’s collection. Van Gogh came to think of the sunflower as a

title: La Mousmé

text: paintings represented different aspects of ordinary life, such as "Harvest at La Crau" and this painting, "La Mousmé". The sunflower paintings, some of the most recognizable of van Gogh's paintings, were created in this time. He worked continuously to keep up with his ideas for paintings. This is likely one of van Gogh's happier periods of life. He is confident, clear-minded and seemingly content. In a letter to his brother, Theo, he wrote, "Painting as it is now, promises to become more subtle - more like music and less like sculpture - and above all, it promises color." As a

title: J. E. H. MacDonald

text: of Artists. Though derided by art critics of the day, it was a fairly conventional post-impressionistic painting of sunflowers—one that has much in common with Van Gogh's treatment of the subject from nearly forty years before, but which Canadian critics rejected. Accustomed to the smooth blending and muted tones of Canadian academic art in the style of the Canadian Art Club, the critics were taken aback by the brightness and intensity of the colours. The art critic for the "Toronto Daily Star" called it "an incoherent mass of color". Hostile art critics thereafter singled out MacDonald for attacks in the

title: Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)

text: that Jeannin has the peony, Quost has the hollyhock, but I have the sunflower, in a way." On March 30, 1987, Japanese insurance magnate Yasuo Goto paid the equivalent of US $39,921,750 for van Gogh's "Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers" at auction at Christie's London, at the time a record-setting amount for a work of art. The price was over three times the previous record of about $12million paid for Andrea Mantegna's "Adoration of the Magi" in 1985. The record was broken a few months later with the purchase of another Van Gogh, "Irises", by Alan Bond for $53.9million

title: The Sunflower (Țuculescu)

text: War. This is one of the most characteristic of his paintings. In the foreground, on the left side, stands a bright yellow sunflower on the background of many others and cloudy sky. The picture is closer to the aesthetics of naive art than" Sunflowers "by Van Gogh. Sunflower stands with rich bright colors - orange, yellow and red. The Sunflower (Țuculescu) Sunflower (Romanian: Floarea Soarelui) is a painting by Romanian artist Ion Țuculescu from 1954. The picture is painted in oil on canvas and has dimensions of 47 x 55 centimeters. The picture is part of the National Museum of

title: The Roulin Family

text: Gogh moved to Arles in southern France in 1888, where he produced some of his best work. His paintings represented different aspects of ordinary life, such as portraits of members of the Roulin family. The sunflower paintings, some of the most recognizable of Van Gogh's paintings, were created in this time. He worked continuously to keep up with his ideas for paintings. This is likely one of Van Gogh's happier periods of life. He is confident, clear-minded and seemingly content. In a letter to his brother, Theo, he wrote, "Painting as it is now, promises to become more subtle –

text: type of artistic signature, stating in a letter to his brother, Theo van Gogh, in January 1889, "You know that Jeannin has the peony, Quost has the hollyhock, but I have the sunflower, in a way." The symbolic significance of the sunflower to van Gogh as an artist is reflected in the Van Gogh Project. In Cross’ view, van Gogh associated the sunflower with life, symbolising the possibilities of hope and renewal. In this way, the Big Easel emerges as a tribute to both van Gogh’s "Sunflowers" painting, as well as to Emerald’s local sunflower agriculture and its annual Central

title: The Painter of Sunflowers

text: severed his left ear with a razor occurred after an argument with Gauguin. Van Gogh’s first impression on seeing the painting was that Gauguin had depicted him as a madman. He later softened his view. "My face has lit up after all a lot since, but it was indeed me, extremely tired and charged with electricity as I was then". The Painter of Sunflowers The Painter of Sunflowers (in French: Le Peintre de Tournesols) is a portrait of Vincent van Gogh by Paul Gauguin in December 1888. The painting is exhibited at the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam. The portrait

title: Butterflies (Van Gogh series)

text: bent stems." Van Gogh came to Arles in southern France when he was about 35 years of age. There he began producing some of his best work. The sunflower paintings, some of the most recognizable of Van Gogh's paintings, were created in this time. This is likely one of Van Gogh's happier periods of life. He is confident, clear-minded and seemingly content. In a letter to his brother, Theo, he wrote, "Painting as it is now, promises to become more subtle - more like music and less like sculpture - and above all, it promises color." As a means of

title: Imperial Fritillaries in a Copper Vase

text: Arles." This painting with its "thickly applied paint and convoluted brushstrokes" presages Van Gogh´s famous "Sunflowers". Color was an important element in his work at the time it was painted, as it expresses the artist´s "elevated mood" during the period he lived with his brother Theo in Montmartre in Paris (1886-1888). This piece has been described as a "riotous celebration of color, texture and light," as it shows how Van Gogh accomplished light and the varied ways in which he applied the paint with "dashes in the background, directional brushstrokes on the table, impasto highlights on the metal vase". Vincent,

title: Paintings of Children (Van Gogh series)

text: some of his best work. His paintings represented different aspects of ordinary life, such as portraits of members of the Roulin family and "La Mousmé". The sunflower paintings, some of the most recognizable of Van Gogh's paintings, were created in this time. He worked continuously to keep up with his ideas for paintings. This is likely one of Van Gogh's happier periods of life. He is confident, clear-minded and seemingly content. In a letter to his brother, Theo, he wrote, "Painting as it is now, promises to become more subtle - more like music and less like sculpture - and

title: Still life

text: Caillebotte, a painting which was mocked at the time as a "display of fruit in a bird's-eye view." Vincent van Gogh's "Sunflowers" paintings are some of the best-known 19th-century still-life paintings. Van Gogh uses mostly tones of yellow and rather flat rendering to make a memorable contribution to still-life history. His "Still Life with Drawing Board" (1889) is a self-portrait in still-life form, with Van Gogh depicting many items of his personal life, including his pipe, simple food (onions), an inspirational book, and a letter from his brother, all laid out on his table, without his own image present. He

title: Detective Conan: Sunflowers of Inferno

text: Detective Conan: Sunflowers of Inferno At an exclusive auction house in New York City, a painting recently found in Arles is up for bids. It had been examined by various experts and declared to be one of Vincent van Gogh's "Sunflowers", similar to a masterpiece thought to be destroyed during a U.S. air raid in Japan during World War II. Jirokichi Suzuki, accompanied by his niece, Sonoko fights off all contenders with a $300 million bid. At a press conference, he announces his plan to gather all seven of the known Van Gogh's Sunflowers paintings around the world for a

title: Yellow

text: word I can only call yellow, bright sulfur yellow, pale lemon gold. How beautiful yellow is!" In Arles, Van Gogh painted sunflowers inside a small house he rented at 2 Place Lamartine, a house painted with a color that Van Gogh described as "buttery yellow." Van Gogh was one of the first artists to use commercially manufactured paints, rather than paints he made himself. He used the traditional yellow ochre, but also chrome yellow, first made in 1809, and cadmium yellow, first made in 1820. At the end of the 19th century, in 1895, a new popular art form began

title: Laurence Anholt

text: and Japan; an animated version of 'Degas and the Little Dancer' by the creators of 'Titanic', 'Spiderman' and 'Polar Express'; a ballet adaptation of the same book by the Nashville Ballet. Camille and the Sunflowers(also known as "Van Gogh and the Sunflowers") is also available as an iPad App at the iTunes AppStore. The book has been digitized by Auryn Inc, a digital publisher that makes children's stories come alive on iPad and other Tablet devices. The extraordinary 'Chimp and Zee, Bookshop by the Sea' in Lyme Regis (sold in August 2008) was the UK’s first author-owned bookshop; stocked entirely

title: Vincent & Theo

text: a field of sunflowers has an almost oracular power. In moments like these Altman gets so far inside Vincent's impacted agonies that the effect is almost dizzying." Roger Ebert wrote of "a remarkable scene in a field of sunflowers, where, as van Gogh paints, Altman's camera darts restlessly, aggressively, at the flowers, turning them from passive subjects into an alien hostile environment. The film is able to see the sunflowers as Altman believed van Gogh saw them." Robert Altman has been included on several lists of the greatest directors. He was nearly unknown as a feature film director when, at

title: Wheat Fields (Van Gogh series)

text: change. "Edge of a Wheat Field with Poppies," shown below in black and white, was also painted in 1887. Van Gogh was about 35 years of age when he moved to Arles in southern France. There he was at the height of his career, producing some of his best work. His paintings represented different aspects of ordinary life, such as "Harvest at La Crau." The sunflower paintings, some of the most recognizable of Van Gogh's paintings, were created in this time. He worked continuously to keep up with his ideas for paintings. This is likely one of Van Gogh's happier

title: Langlois Bridge at Arles

text: of his best work: sunflowers, fields, farmhouses and people of the Arles, Nîmes and Avignon areas. It was a prolific time for Van Gogh: in less than 15 months he made about 100 drawings, produced more than 200 paintings and wrote more than 200 letters. The canals, drawbridges, windmills, thatched cottages and expansive fields of the Arles countryside reminded Van Gogh of his life in the Netherlands. Arles brought him the solace and bright sun that he sought for himself and conditions to explore painting with more vivid colors, intense color contrasts and varied brushstrokes. He also returned to the

title: Vincent van Gogh

text: fields and sunflowers. Van Gogh suffered from psychotic episodes and delusions and though he worried about his mental stability, he often neglected his physical health, did not eat properly and drank heavily. His friendship with Gauguin ended after a confrontation with a razor, when in a rage, he severed part of his own left ear. He spent time in psychiatric hospitals, including a period at Saint-Rémy. After he discharged himself and moved to the Auberge Ravoux in Auvers-sur-Oise near Paris, he came under the care of the homeopathic doctor Paul Gachet. His depression continued and on 27 July 1890, Van

title: Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)

text: Sunflowers (original title, in French: Tournesols) is the name of two series of still life paintings by the Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh. The first series, executed in Paris in 1887, depicts the flowers lying on the ground, while the second set, executed a year later in Arles, shows a bouquet of sunflowers in a vase. In the artist's mind both sets were linked by the name of his friend Paul Gauguin, who acquired two of the Paris versions. About eight months later van Gogh hoped to welcome and to impress Gauguin again with Sunflowers, now part of the painted Décoration for the Yellow House that he prepared for the guestroom of his home in Arles, where Gauguin was supposed to stay. After Gauguin's departure, van Gogh imagined the two major versions as wings of the Berceuse Triptych, and finally he included them in his Les XX in Bruxelles exhibit.

title: Still Life: Vase with Pink Roses

text: it would take one month for the paintings to dry; they arrived in Van Gogh's last residence in Auvers-sur-Oise by June 24. Flowers were the subject of many of Van Gogh's paintings in Paris, due in great part to his regard for flowers. As said to his brother, "You will see that by making a habit of looking at Japanese pictures you will come to love to make up bouquets and do things with flowers all the more." To his sister, Wil, Van Gogh advised her to cultivate her own garden, like Voltaire's Candide, to find joy and meaning in

title: Helene Kröller-Müller

text: Sunflowers. Helene Kröller-Müller Helene Kröller-Müller (11 February 1869 – 14 December 1939) was one of the first European women to put together a major art collection. She is credited with being one of the first collectors to recognise the genius of Vincent van Gogh. She donated her entire collection to the Dutch people, along with her and her husband, Anton Müller's, large forested country estate. Today it is the Kröller-Müller Museum and sculpture garden and Hoge Veluwe National Park, the largest national park in the Netherlands. She was born Helene Emma Laura Juliane Müller at , Essen, Germany, into a

title: Flowering Orchards

text: background. A stone wall and a few trees can be seen to the rear, while to the left is a fence in front of a garden near a pink-yellow house. The large, flat yellow butterfly among the flowers to the right of the trunk is also noteworthy. The decorative painting, with the small tree in the foreground, the high vantage point and the lack of depth, is strongly influenced by the art of the Japanese printmakers, which Van Gogh admired enormously. It is difficult to overstate the impact that Japanese art had on Van Gogh. In a letter to Theo,

title: Still life paintings by Vincent van Gogh (Paris)

text: "C.M. van Gogh Gallery, Amsterdam, The Netherlands", which was owned by Van Gogh's uncle and an art dealer, Cornelius Marinus van Gogh (1824–1908). "Bowl with Zinnias and Other Flowers" (F251), painted within days of "Vase with Zinnias and Geraniums" (F241), is evidence of Van Gogh's transition to a lighter color palette. Picking up elements of Impressionism Van Gogh painted with a more vigorous brushstroke, with thick application of paint, called "impasto" which created a three-dimensional relief. Unable to pay for models to pose for portraits, Van Gogh threw himself heartily into painting still lifes of flowers, "red poppies, blue corn

text: contrasting colors and chose subjects that he enjoyed, such as painting still lifes. Fritillary is a bulb that flowers in the spring with between three and ten flowers for each bulb. Imperial fritillaries, with an orange-red flower, were grown in French and Dutch gardens at the end of the 19th century. The Gladiolus, plural Gladioli, was one of Van Gogh's favorite flower. He especially enjoyed how they opened up like a fan after having been placed in a vase. Because of their height, Van Gogh liked to use Gladioli to create triangular-structured compositions, such as "Vase with Gladioli and Carnation"

title: Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)


question: who is the actress that plays penny on the big bang theory

answers: Kaley Christine Cuoco

title: Penny (The Big Bang Theory)

text: Penny (The Big Bang Theory) Penny is a fictional character on the American CBS sitcom "The Big Bang Theory", portrayed by actress Kaley Cuoco. She is the primary female character in the series, befriending her across-the-hall neighbors Leonard Hofstadter (Johnny Galecki) and Sheldon Cooper (Jim Parsons), two physicists who work at the nearby California Institute of Technology (Caltech). Penny's lack of advanced education, but outgoing personality and social aptitude drastically contrasts with the personalities of the primary male characters in the series, even though she is considered part of their group. She is the love interest of Leonard, with whom

title: Kaley Cuoco

text: 2005. In the eighth season of the TV show "Charmed", Cuoco appeared as Billie Jenkins, a powerful young witch with the powers of telekinesis and projection. Executive producer Brad Kern stated that Cuoco's character was initially brought in as a possible spin-off. In September 2007, Cuoco began starring in the CBS sitcom "The Big Bang Theory", playing Penny, a Cheesecake Factory employee and aspiring actress who lives across the hall from physicists Dr. Leonard Hofstadter and Dr. Sheldon Cooper. Prior to the 2010–2011 season, she earned $60,000 an episode for the series, the same as her co-stars. In 2010, the

title: Penny (The Big Bang Theory)

text: career, in the season five premiere, she briefly considers returning to Nebraska until landing a part in a commercial for hemorrhoid cream. In "The Monster Isolation", Penny is seen performing the role of Blanche DuBois in her acting class' production of A Streetcar Named Desire. In this episode Sheldon, who attended the show along with Leonard and Amy, is impressed with Penny's ability to memorize lines, but still couldn't remember customers' orders as a waitress. In the season seven premiere, she was revealed to have had a topless shower scene in a low budget horror film named "Serial Apeist" when

title: Penny (The Big Bang Theory)

text: the potential to be a bimbo, but she [Cucco] has developed it into a fully fleshed-out woman, who isn't as book-smart as the other characters but is wiser in so many ways. She's also a great straight person, who can get off zingers of her own". Penny (The Big Bang Theory) Penny is a fictional character on the American CBS sitcom "The Big Bang Theory", portrayed by actress Kaley Cuoco. She is the primary female character in the series, befriending her across-the-hall neighbors Leonard Hofstadter (Johnny Galecki) and Sheldon Cooper (Jim Parsons), two physicists who work at the nearby California

title: Penny (The Big Bang Theory)

text: husband and wife. In the original, unaired pilot of the series, the conception of the female lead was very different. She was called Katie, and was envisioned as "a street-hardened, tough-as-nails woman with a vulnerable interior". Sheldon and Leonard would "approach her with honesty, to draw the real, sensitive Katie out". The role was played by Amanda Walsh. However, the test audiences reacted to the character negatively, seeing her as too mean. Because of this, the character was changed, and the role was recast. Tom Jicha of the "South Florida Sun-Sentinel" praised Cuoco's portrayal of Penny, stating: "Her character had

title: Pilot (The Big Bang Theory)

text: (Amanda Walsh) and Gilda (Iris Bahr). Katie, like Penny, is a street-smart foil to book-smart Leonard and Sheldon; however, she is meaner than Penny. She claimed to have slept with her stepfather before her mother married him. Moreover, in the original pilot the character of Sheldon is more sexual and libidinous. In fact, Sheldon is explicitly stated to have had sex with Gilda, his and Leonard's friend, at a "Star Trek" convention. CBS passed on the original pilot but liked the show enough to ask Lorre and Prady to produce a second one. Jim Chamberlin of IGN praised the episode,

title: The Big Bang Theory

text: retained in both pilots were Leonard (Johnny Galecki) and Sheldon (Jim Parsons), who are named after Sheldon Leonard, a longtime figure in episodic television as producer, director and actor. Althea (Vernee Watson) was a minor character that appeared in both pilots. The first pilot included two female lead characters who were not used in the second pilot. The characters were Canadian actress Amanda Walsh as Katie, "a street-hardened, tough-as-nails woman with a vulnerable interior," and Iris Bahr as Gilda, a scientist colleague and friend of the male characters. Sheldon and Leonard meet Katie after she breaks up with a boyfriend

title: Leonard Hofstadter

text: Leonard Hofstadter Leonard Leakey Hofstadter, Ph.D., is a fictional character in the CBS television series "The Big Bang Theory", in which he is portrayed by actor Johnny Galecki. Leonard is an experimental physicist, who shares an apartment with colleague and best friend Dr. Sheldon Cooper (Jim Parsons). For his portrayal, Galecki was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award in 2011. It is possible that Leonard is based on the show's co-creator, Bill Prady, back when he was a computer programmer. Leonard has been described as the straight man of the series. Penny (Kaley Cuoco) is

title: Penny (The Big Bang Theory)

text: was to become a TV star. She regularly goes to castings, but often ends up unsuccessful, or finding the role being auditioned to be quite different from what she expected, as was the case when she thought she was auditioning for a cat food commercial and it instead turned out to be a casting for a pornographic film. In the season one episode "The Loobenfeld Decay", she is cast in a production of "Rent", and in "The Terminator Decoupling" she refers to another of her roles as "Anne Frank in a theater above a bowling alley". Frustrated with her acting

title: The Big Bang Theory (season 1)

text: main cast, Sheldon and Leonard, are named after actor, director, and producer Sheldon Leonard. Johnny Galecki and Sara Gilbert both selected the episode "The Hamburger Postulate" as a Primetime Emmy Award submission for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series, respectively, at the 60th Primetime Emmy Awards, but both ended up not receiving a nomination. Jim Parsons selected the episode "The Pancake Batter Anomaly" as a Primetime Emmy Award submission for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series at the 60th Primetime Emmy Awards, but ended up not receiving a nomination. The

title: The Big Bang Theory (season 4)

text: for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series at the 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards for the episode "The Agreement Dissection". Penny dates a couple of guys including the dense Zack who likes the "science dudes", Sheldon begins a platonic relationship with Amy, Howard reconnects with Bernadette eventually asking her to marry him, Leonard begins to date Raj's sister Priya, Penny becomes friends with Amy and expresses regret at breaking up with Leonard. During the season, actress Kaley Cuoco was absent from two episodes after she fell off a horse and the horse accidentally crushed her leg. When she returned to

title: Penny (The Big Bang Theory)

text: bartender. It seemed that she occasionally picked up the bartending shift in the restaurant. In 2010, when actress Kaley Cuoco broke her leg, Penny was shown working as a bartender in several season 4 episodes to hide the cast on her leg. Her work at The Cheesecake Factory, was initially meant to be a temporary job for her desired profession as an actress, although her expectations are somewhat high and naive at the beginning. She admits in season two that her plan was to be a waitress for six months and then become a movie star, and her back-up plan

title: The Big Bang Theory (season 5)

text: to Jon Cryer. Mayim Bialik (Amy Farrah Fowler) was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for "The Shiny Trinket Maneuver", but lost out to Julie Bowen. Penny regrets her sleeping with Raj and has become very good friends with Leonard, Leonard breaks up with Priya, Amy pushes Sheldon in their relationship eventually becoming boyfriend and girlfriend, Penny and the other women become a clique of their own, Howard prepares for his wedding and going into space to the International Space Station and Leonard asks Penny out as they begin "Leonard and Penny 2.0". The fifth season was

title: Penny (The Big Bang Theory)

text: she first moved to California, which she did not realise had been uploaded to the internet until Sheldon revealed it was available online and the gang saw it on the day they met her. In the season seven episode "The Hesitation Ramification", Penny believes she has finally found stardom when she lands a brief role in "NCIS". She is devastated when her scene is cut, but later decides it is time to focus solely on acting; she quits her job at The Cheesecake Factory to devote herself to become an actress. Despite usually going to her neighbors for technical assistance

title: Jim Parsons

text: Jim Parsons James Joseph Parsons (born March 24, 1973) is an American actor. He is known for playing Sheldon Cooper in the CBS sitcom "The Big Bang Theory". He has received several awards for his performance, including four Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Series Musical or Comedy. In 2011, Parsons made his Broadway debut portraying Tommy Boatwright in the play "The Normal Heart", for which he received a Drama Desk Award nomination. He reprised the role in the film adaptation of the play,

title: The Big Bang Theory (season 3)

text: finale "The Lunar Excitation". Christine Baranski submitted the episode "The Maternal Congruence" for consideration due to her nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards. Jim Parsons won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards for the episode "The Pants Alternative". Penny throws herself at Leonard after he returns from three months at the North Pole, and they begin a relationship that lasts most of the season. Penny and Sheldon start a quirky friendship (though she can

title: Penny (The Big Bang Theory)

text: she maintains a brief romantic relationship during the third season, which is later resumed in the fifth season and culminates in an engagement at the end of the seventh season and their wedding at the start of season 9. Penny is the only main character of the show whose last name has not been revealed, although she has been occasionally referred to or addressed with the last name Hofstadter since her wedding. Originally from a small town outside of Omaha, Nebraska, Penny has aspirations of becoming an actress. Until season 7, she worked as a waitress at the local Cheesecake

title: Penny (The Big Bang Theory)

text: when she has problems with her computer, Penny does have some mechanical skills of her own. When she was a child, she rebuilt a tractor engine on the farm where she grew up and competed in a junior rodeo. During season eight, Penny gives up her acting career and gets a job as a salesperson at Bernadette's pharmaceutical company. The next season has Penny admitting that she hates her job flirting with her customers for sales. Unlike the rest of the main characters, Penny is very outgoing and assertive, and has many romantic relationships over the course of the series.

title: Johnny Galecki

text: better suited for the role of Leonard Hofstadter, and Sheldon's role was eventually given to Jim Parsons. During his role as David Healy on Roseanne, Sara Gilbert played his longtime girlfriend and later wife, Darlene Conner. She has appeared as Leslie Winkle, a colleague in the Big Bang Theory. Laurie Metcalf, who portrayed Roseanne's sister Jackie Harris, has appeared as Mary Cooper, mother of Leonard's roommate, Sheldon. Galecki is a cellist, a talent which has been used on the show. As of August 2013, Galecki and his "Big Bang" costars Kaley Cuoco and Jim Parsons each earned US$325,000 per episode.

title: Lexie Contursi

text: Contursi was credited in an appearance she had filmed for the television series "The Big Bang Theory". She was one of two guest stars credited in the episode directed by Mark Cendrowski. Her filmed scene was subsequently cut from broadcast in the final aired version of the episode. Show creator Chuck Lorre commented upon this in the vanity card at the end of the episode. He noted the inherent irony in that the episode itself dealt with character Penny's response when she learns her scene was cut from the television show "NCIS". Lorre characterized Contursi as "a very pretty and

title: The Big Bang Theory (season 1)

text: lives of physicists Dr. Leonard Hofstadter and Dr. Sheldon Cooper are shaken up when an attractive young aspiring actress from Omaha, Nebraska named Penny moves into the apartment across the hall from theirs. Leonard begins to become hopelessly enamored of Penny, while she feels only platonic affection for him; as a result, she finds herself putting up with his closest and ever-present friends: his roommate, Sheldon, who appears borderline obsessive-compulsive; engineering whiz Howard Wolowitz, a desperately sex-crazed mama's boy who thinks that his 1960s-style clothing and hairstyle give him an air of cool hipness; and Dr. Rajesh "Raj" Koothrappali, who

title: Jim Parsons

text: Todd Spiewak. In October 2013, Parsons called their relationship "an act of love, coffee in the morning, going to work, washing the clothes, taking the dogs out—a regular life, boring love". Parsons and Spiewak wed in New York in May 2017. Jim Parsons James Joseph Parsons (born March 24, 1973) is an American actor. He is known for playing Sheldon Cooper in the CBS sitcom "The Big Bang Theory". He has received several awards for his performance, including four Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a

title: Mayim Bialik

text: by Clinton Kelly for a makeover on TLC's "What Not To Wear". She joined the cast of "The Big Bang Theory" as Dr. Amy Farrah Fowler. Her first appearance was in the season 3 finale as a potential love interest for the character of Sheldon Cooper (Jim Parsons). In Season 4, she began as a recurring character playing Sheldon's "friend that's a girl, but not a girlfriend." Beginning with Season 4, Episode 8, she became part of the main cast. Amy is a neurobiologist, which is a field related to Bialik's real-life academic career in neuroscience. Bialik's performance in "The

title: The Big Bang Theory (season 9)

text: as Penny's father Wyatt in episode 3. Sheldon's maternal grandmother Constance who he calls "Meemaw" made her first long-awaited appearance in episode 14 and was portrayed by June Squibb and Leonard's father Alfred also made his first long-awaited appearance in episode 24 and was played by Judd Hirsch. This was the first season to feature every main cast member of the show, including former main cast member Sara Gilbert, who made a guest appearance in the 200th episode. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> The ninth season received mixed reviews. John Doyle of "The Globe and Mail" criticized the humor, writing that "The show

title: Kaley Cuoco

title: The Big Bang Theory (season 4)

text: only on the women, and in the process has made Penny a much more well-rounded character rather than just a foil for the nerds". Todd VanDerWerff of "The A.V. Club" wrote that "Jim Parsons and Kaley Cuoco's interplay remains the show's secret weapon", and Eric Hochberger of TV Fanatic wrote: "Really though, everything about the main story worked amazing. Mayim fits in perfectly in "The Big Bang Theory" cast and played off of Kaley Cuoco just as well as Emmy Award-winning Parsons". The Big Bang Theory (season 4) The fourth season of the American sitcom "The Big Bang Theory", began

title: Penny (The Big Bang Theory)

text: has formed strong friendships with Doctors Amy Farrah Fowler and Bernadette Rostenkowski, and the three are often seen spending time together. However, Amy and Bernadette occasionally prefer to meet without Penny, and often tease her incessantly. In the penultimate episode of season 7, "The Gorilla Dissolution", she and Leonard become engaged, after Penny realizes that it is not fame she wants out of life, but happiness with Leonard. Throughout season 8, a running gag is their reluctance to decide upon a wedding date. In the season 8 finale, Penny asks Leonard to marry her that night in Las Vegas. Leonard

title: Melissa Rauch

text: of Bernadette Rostenkowski, a co-worker of Penny who began to date Howard Wolowitz, in the third season of TV's "The Big Bang Theory". The following season her character became Howard's fiancée and Rauch was promoted to a series regular. The characters married in the season five finale. In December 2011, Rauch and fellow cast members of "The Big Bang Theory" received the first of four nominations for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series. Other acting credits include "True Blood" (on which she had a recurring role in 2010 as Summer, a

title: Pilot (The Big Bang Theory)

text: are socially awkward, especially around women. After an unsuccessful visit to the high-IQ sperm bank, they return home and meet Penny, an aspiring actress who moves in next door. When Leonard and Sheldon meet Penny, Leonard is immediately infatuated and hopes to date her, which Sheldon finds unlikely to happen. Sheldon is quite content spending his nights playing Klingon Boggle with their socially dysfunctional friends, fellow geeks Howard Wolowitz, a wannabe ladies man, and Rajesh Koothrappali, who has selective mutism, in particular when Penny is around. However, Leonard sees in Penny a whole new universe of possibilities. He is so

title: The Big Bang Theory (season 7)

text: And just gets ever better". The Big Bang Theory (season 7) The seventh season of the American sitcom "The Big Bang Theory" aired on CBS from September 26, 2013, to May 15, 2014. Kaley Cuoco was credited as "Kaley Cuoco-Sweeting" from "The Convention Conundrum" and onwards after her wedding with Ryan Sweeting on December 31, 2013. Mayim Bialik submitted the episode "The Indecision Amalgamation" for consideration due to her nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series at the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards. Jim Parsons won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor

title: Kaley Cuoco

long_answer: Kaley Christine Cuoco (/ˈkeɪli ˈkwoʊkoʊ/ KAY-lee KWOH-koh; born November 30, 1985) is an American actress. After a series of supporting film and television roles in the late 1990s, she landed her breakthrough role as Bridget Hennessy on the ABC sitcom 8 Simple Rules, on which she starred from 2002 to 2005. Thereafter, Cuoco appeared as Billie Jenkins on the final season of the television series Charmed (2005–2006). Since 2007, she has starred as Penny on the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory, for which she has received Satellite, Critics' Choice, and People's Choice Awards. Cuoco's film work includes roles in To Be Fat like Me (2007), Hop (2011) and Authors Anonymous (2014). She received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2014. In October 2017, Cuoco founded Yes, Norman Productions.


question: when was the last time it snowed in england on christmas day

answers: 2009

title: Winter of 2009–10 in Great Britain and Ireland

text: of North Yorkshire, particularly the Harrogate area, experienced heavy snowfall during the day. On Christmas Day parts of Britain had a White Christmas for the first time since 2004 after snow fell in parts of Scotland, parts of northern and central England and north Wales. A man in Leeds, West Yorkshire froze to death after spending 24 hours in his car. A total of 21 people were reported to have died during the cold snap in the UK. Many parts of northwestern Ireland had a white Christmas also, whilst freezing rain affected most other parts of the state. On Boxing

title: White Christmas (weather)

text: UK", but formerly the snow had to be observed at the Met Office building in London. By the newer measure, over half of all years have white Christmases, with snow being observed 38 times in the 54 years A more "traditional" idea of snow-covered ground is less common, however, with only 4 occasions in the 51 years reporting snow on the ground at 9am at more than 40% of weather stations. Although most places in the UK do tend to see some snow in the winter, it generally falls in January and February. However white Christmases do occur, on average

title: White Christmas (weather)

text: in 2017, Northern England and Southern Scotland had a white Christmas. In Ireland, the prospect of early winter snow is always remote due to the country's mild and wet climate (snowfall is most common in January and February). Bookmakers offer odds every year for a white Christmas, which is officially lying snow being recorded at 09:00 local time on Christmas Day, and recorded at either Dublin Airport or Cork Airport (bets are offered for each airport). Since 1961, countrywide, snow has "fallen" on 17 Christmas Days (1961, 1962, 1964, 1966, 1970, 1980, 1984, 1990, 1993, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001,

title: 2005 United Kingdom snow events

text: of snow was reported in Norfolk on the 17th. Then, after a quiet and relatively settled Christmas period, showers over Essex and Kent turned increasingly wintry on Boxing day night as cold air arrived from the east. Here the snow settled, and frequent snow showers in Southeast England and East Anglia on 27 and 28 December gave a covering of 30 cm across the Downs in Kent, causing some roads and the Channel Tunnel terminal to close for two hours. By the 28th, the snow showers began to affect other northern regions, including Norfolk, Lincolnshire, West Yorkshire and Northeast England.

title: White Christmas (weather)

text: if they never reach the ground. In the United Kingdom the most likely place to see snowfall on a Christmas Day is in North and North Eastern Scotland, in Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire or the Highlands. Although the term "white Christmas" usually refers to snow, if a significant hail accumulation occurs in an area on Christmas Day, as happened in parts of Melbourne on 25 December 2011, this can also be described as a white Christmas, due to the resulting white appearance of the landscape resembling snow cover. In most parts of Canada it is likely to have a white Christmas in

title: White Christmas (weather)

text: Christmas Day. In the United Kingdom, although for many a white Christmas simply means a complete covering of snow on Christmas Day, the official definition by the British Met Office and British bookmakers is for snow to be observed falling, however little (even if it melts before it reaches the ground), in the 24 hours of 25 December. Consequently, according to the Met Office and British bookmakers, even of snow on the ground at Christmas, because of a heavy snow fall a few days before, will not constitute a white Christmas, but a few snowflakes mixed with rain will, even

text: Christmas period. The most severe snowy weather began on 5 January in North West England and west Scotland with temperatures hitting a low of in Greater Manchester, England. The snow spread to Southern England on 6 January and by 7 January the United Kingdom was blanketed in snow, which was captured by NASA's Terra satellite. The thaw came a week later, as temperatures started to increase. The winter weather brought widespread transport disruption, school closures, power failures, the postponement of sporting events and 25 deaths. A low of was recorded in Altnaharra, Scotland on 8 January 2010. Overall it was

title: Winter of 2010–11 in Great Britain and Ireland

text: 17 years. By 2 December, most of the United Kingdom and much of Ireland was covered with snow, accumulations in the north and east of Scotland and England were over 50 cm in places, with over one metre of snow lying on much of the Scottish mountains. Snow depths elsewhere were between 5 cm–30 cm widely. Temperatures fell widely below −10 °C with some areas staying sub-zero by day. On 2 December there was particularly low temperatures in major towns and cities, particularly in Scotland where it dropped to −18 °C in Aberdeen and on 3 December temperatures in England

title: White Christmas (weather)

text: 1988–2005 numbers from stations with at least 25 years of data. In the United Kingdom, white Christmases were more common from the 1550s to the 1850s, during the Little Ice Age; the last frost fair on the River Thames, however, was in the winter of 1813–14. The shift from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar in 1752 also slightly reduced the chance of a white Christmas, effectively moving Christmas earlier in the winter. An "official" white Christmas is defined by the Met Office as "one snowflake to be observed falling in the 24 hours of 25 December somewhere in the

text: in England saw the earliest widespread winter snowfall since 1993 with snow falling as early as 24 November across Northumberland and North Yorkshire. A maximum snow depth of was recorded on 1 December in the Peak District, Sheffield, Doncaster, the Cotswold Hills and the Forest of Dean. In this event Scotland and Northern England were most severely affected. On 9 December temperatures recovered across much of the UK, causing a partial thaw. Later, on Thursday 16 December a cold front reintroduced a cold, arctic airstream. This cold spell brought further snow and ice chaos back to Ireland and Britain with

title: February 2009 Great Britain and Ireland snowfall

text: £1.2 billion, although this may be underestimated. The adverse weather conditions caused schools in some areas of the United Kingdom to close during 2, 3 and 5 February in the Midlands. A winter storm swept across the south of England on 9–10 February bringing heavy rain and snow, which caused flooding in southern England. In France, Paris's Charles de Gaulle Airport was closed. In Aviemore, in the Scottish Highlands, a temperature of — according to the Met Office, was recorded; the lowest temperature recorded in the UK since 2003. The maximum depth of the event was in Okehampton, Devon on

title: Winter of 2010–11 in Europe

text: Sussex with the South Downs receiving close to of snow. More heavy snowfall was reported in Southern England on 17/18 December, with parts of Greater London reporting nearly . Snow even settled in Central London, causing travel disruptions to the city's Underground system and airports. This was the coldest December recorded in the UK since 1890. The lowest temperature of the winter so far is recorded at Altnaharra in the Scottish Highlands at 10 am on 2 December. Ireland was first hit by the snow on the morning of 27 November 2010. The morning of Saturday, 27 November, saw Ireland

title: Winter of 2009–10 in Europe

text: of Serbia in Loznica, said that the temperature was in the town. Heavy snowfall began in Saint Petersburg, Russia. By 26 December the city was under 35 cm of snow, creating the largest December snowfall recorded in the city since 1881. On Christmas Day, parts of Britain had a White Christmas for the first time since 2004 after snow fell in northern and central Scotland and parts of England (including Nottinghamshire). A man in Leeds, West Yorkshire, froze to death after spending 24 hours in his car. A total of 21 people were reported to have died during the cold

text: England. Also the coldest December in the UK since UK records began in 1890, and the coldest December in Ireland since official records began. In early December, a minimum of -21.1 °C was recorded at Altnaharra, Scottish Highlands. A band of snow moving north affected Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire, South and West Yorkshire, giving significant accumulations here, with further frequent heavy snow showers to North East England and Eastern Scotland. Up to 40 cm of snow was recorded in Rotherham and Sheffield, 20 cm of fresh snow in Mansfield (bringing total depths to over 30 cm), 20 to 30 cm in Leeds,

title: Global storm activity of 2009

text: Wales, the Midlands, north-west England, eastern and southern England, and Yorkshire and Humber. More snow began falling across parts of Wales and central and northern England on the evening of 29 December, with Wales recording the heaviest of the snow showers where some rural areas were cut off by of up to . Snow was also reported in parts of the West Midlands region and Yorkshire. In Italy, December 30 saw hundreds of homes in Tuscany evacuated because of flooding and Spain's rescue services were on yellow danger alert after flash floods destroyed roads and landslides swept railways away. Transport

title: Winter of 2009–10 in Europe

text: spell in the UK The Netherlands had its first white Christmas since 1981. On 26 December (Boxing Day), drivers in Northern Ireland were warned of icy conditions. Conditions in many other parts of the UK continued to improve as milder air moved in from the south. However, northern England and Scotland remained cold and nighttime temperatures continued to drop below freezing. Some Boxing Day sporting fixtures were cancelled (or postponed) because of continuing icy conditions in certain areas, including the National Hunt meeting at Towcester and all but two of the Scottish Football League's matches. Some parts of East Anglia

title: Winter of 2009–10 in Europe

text: said the weather helped it to experience its best start to the season for several years. Warnings of heavy snow were issued for Wales, the Midlands, Yorkshire and Humber, north-west England, eastern and southern England. More snow began falling across parts of Wales/central and northern England on the evening of 29 December, with Wales recording the heaviest of the snow showers; some rural areas recording up to . Snow was also reported in parts of the West Midlands region and Yorkshire. On 30 December, Sportscotland Avalanche Information Service (SAIS) issued warnings about conditions on Scottish mountains. However, three people died

text: it to experience its best start to the season for several years. Warnings of heavy snow were issued for Wales, the Midlands, north-west England, eastern and southern England and Yorkshire and Humber. More snow began falling across parts of Wales and central and northern England on the evening of 29 December, with Wales recording the heaviest of the snow showers where some rural areas were cut off by of up to . Snow was also reported in parts of the West Midlands region and Yorkshire. Sportscotland Avalanche Information Service (SAIS) issued warnings about conditions on Scottish mountains. However, three people

title: 2005 United Kingdom snow events

text: morning at Arras Hill in the East Riding of Yorkshire. There was a marked temperature difference on the 30th, with Redesdale, Northumberland, only reaching 0.4 °C as a maximum, whilst some places reached 12 °C in Southwest England. 2005 United Kingdom snow events The year 2005 saw 25 heavy snowfall days, which is the joint snowiest year with 1876 across the United Kingdom, between the years 1861-2005. The first event occurred on the weekend of Saturday 1st and Sunday 2 January. Belts of rain sweeping west to east across the UK turned to snow on the leading edge over parts

title: Winter of 2010–11 in Europe

text: schools in Northumberland, County Durham, and Tyne and Wear closed. The evening of 30 November and the whole of 1 December saw extremely heavy snowfall hit Sheffield, one of the worst affected cities in England. All transport was cancelled throughout the city and the surrounding areas and many people were snowed in their homes. On that day, of snow fell on top of a blanket of of snow. The evening of 1 December and the morning of 2 December there was extremely heavy snow in Southern England, especially on the South Coast, of snow was recorded throughout East and West

text: with train services cancelled for the majority of the day from Southampton Airport Parkway. Two women were killed and more than 40 people injured following a coach crash on an ungritted country road in Cornwall as a party returned from a trip to see Christmas lights in Mousehole the previous evening. Weather forecasters warned of icy conditions and further snowfall into Christmas Eve, affecting particularly northern England and the East Midlands, which would disrupt those who were planning to travel for the Christmas holidays. Lying snow gave some travel disruption; however, Christmas Eve was a relatively calm day. However, parts

title: Winter of 2009–10 in Europe

text: the Western Approaches. In the Republic of Ireland, the Department of Education ordered all schools to close for the day due to heavy snowfall. Due to a mix of bitter cold and the milder system trying to push in from the Atlantic, heavy snowfall in the United Kingdom resumed; there were fresh accumulations (on top of existing snow) of up to 15 centimetres (6 inches) on 12 January in Wales and South-west England. Snow later fell in The Midlands and South-east England. In Holmfirth and Barnsley in north England, freezing rain or sleet fell onto deep-frozen roads; this created so

text: Airport and City of Derry Airport were forced to fully close, 15 cm (6 inches) of snow was recorded at Dublin Airport. Only three days after breaking the record minimum for Northern Ireland, Castlederg broke the record again with a low of -18.7 °C. On 24 December, it was decided to cancel the 27th IRFU's Celtic League meeting with Leinster as Ulster's Ravenhill pitch froze under heavy snow. Both northern and southern Ireland were under heavy snow. 25 December 2010 was also the coldest Christmas Day since 1830, with a CET of -5.9 °C. The Republic of Ireland's lowest-ever December

text: the M25 motorway was down to one lane between Leatherhead and Reigate whilst roads stretching right across southern Great Britain were untreated, causing problems for commuters. Gatwick and Birmingham airports were closed and many flights were delayed at Heathrow. Due to a mix of the bitter winter weather and a milder low pressure system attempting to build towards the UK from the Atlantic, heavy snowfall in the United Kingdom resumed, with fresh accumulations, on top of existing snow, of up to 15 centimetres on 12 January in Wales and South-west England. Snow later fell in the Midlands and South-east England.

title: White Christmas (weather)

text: Christmas 2009 was a white Christmas in some parts of Britain, with thick lying snow which easterly winds had brought over the previous week.  Travel over much of Britain was badly affected by ice and snow on roads, and was made more slippery by partial daytime thaw followed by overnight refreezing. It was the first white Christmas anywhere in the United Kingdom since 2004.

text: the coldest winter since 1978–79, with a mean temperature of . On 16 December forecasters warned of very heavy snowfall to come. A band of rain moved southwards over the UK, which brought some snow. Snow fell in Kent, Surrey, Sussex and Hampshire, which brought some disruption. Day time temperatures were around and a low of was recorded in Surrey. On the 17th, easterly winds brought heavier and persistent snow showers to eastern England and Scotland. Heavy snow showers brought accumulation up to 3 cm in Aberdeenshire, Perth, Kinross and Fife, with some snow showers reaching Glasgow and western parts

title: Winter of 1985–86 in Great Britain and Ireland

text: of Scotland. December 1985 was a much milder month with an average temperature of which is 1.7 °C above the 1961-1990 average. The month began exceptionally mild with Chivenor, Devon recording which is the highest December temperature ever recorded in England. It was generally milder than average up until Christmas Day when a cold snap began that mainly effected the north. Snow showers started falling and there was a temperature of recorded at Glenlivet on the 30th. Overall, much of the country was wetter than average with isolated areas in south east England, south west England and eastern Scotland recording

title: Driving Home for Christmas

text: live until one year at Hammersmith Odeon, he recalls: "the gig was on 21 December, so the road crew kept badgering me to do it. I went, 'If I’m going to sing this fucking song, we’re gonna do it properly.' So we hired 12 snow cannons. When we started the song, you couldn’t hear it for the noise of the crowd, and we let go with the machines. We put three feet of artificial snow in the stalls. The venue charged me £12,000 to clean it up". It was used in Christmas commercials for supermarket chain Iceland in 1997, 1998

title: Winter of 1962–63 in the United Kingdom

text: formed over Scandinavia, drawing cold continental winds from Russia. Over the Christmas period, the Scandinavian High collapsed, but a new one formed near Iceland, bringing northerly winds. Significant snowfall occurred as the air mass moved south and parts of Southern England in particular had heavy snow late on 26 December (Boxing Day) continuing into 27 December. The cold air became firmly established. On 29 and 30 December 1962 a blizzard swept across South West England and Wales. Snow drifted to over 20 feet deep in places, driven on by gale force easterly winds, blocking roads and railways. The snow stranded

text: schools in the UK were closed on 2 December. In late November, a snow storm had moved from southern Sweden, reaching Northumberland and the Scottish Borders Region during 23 November. The Met Office issued a number of weather warnings, and snow began to fall in the early evening of 24 November, with 2 inches recorded in Newcastle upon Tyne. By 26 November, nighttime temperatures fell well below 0 °C, with the Welsh towns of Sennybridge and Trawscoed being among the coldest places at –10.2 °C. The cold snap heralded the earliest winter snow fall for 17 years. The AA dealt

title: White Christmas (weather)


question: who was the father of the princes in the tower

answers: Edward IV of England

answers: Edward IV

title: Princes in the Tower

text: Portuguese document suggests Buckingham as the guilty party, stating "...and after the passing away of king Edward in the year of 83, another one of his brothers, the Duke of Gloucester, had in his power the Prince of Wales and the Duke of York, the young sons of the said king his brother, and turned them to the Duke of Buckingham, under whose custody the said Princes were starved to death." A document dated some decades after the disappearance was found within the archives of the College of Arms in London in 1980; this stated that the murder "be the

title: Princes in the Tower

text: current historians, including David Starkey, Michael Hicks, Helen Castor and A. J. Pollard regard Richard himself as the most likely culprit. There was no formal accusation against Richard III on the matter; the Bill of Attainder brought by Henry VII made no definitive mention of the Princes in the Tower, but it did accuse Richard of "the unnatural, mischievous and great perjuries, treasons, homicides and murders, in shedding of infant's blood, with many other wrongs, odious offences and abominations against God and man". The "shedding of infant's blood" may be an accusation of the Princes' murder. Hicks speculated that it

title: Princes in the Tower

text: of Wales, eldest son of King Henry VII of England (Henry Tudor). There are reports of the two princes being seen playing in the Tower grounds shortly after Richard joined his brother, but there are no recorded sightings of either of them after the summer of 1483. An attempt to rescue them in late July failed. Their fate remains an enduring mystery. Many historians believe the princes were murdered, some suggesting that the act may have happened towards the end of summer 1483. Maurice Keen argues that the rebellion against Richard in 1483 initially "aimed to rescue Edward V and

title: Robert Brackenbury

text: Robert Brackenbury Sir Robert Brackenbury (died 22 August 1485) was an English courtier, who was Constable of the Tower of London during the reign of Richard III. He is believed to have been responsible for enabling the (presumed) murders of the Princes in the Tower, though there is no conclusive evidence to prove it. He died defending the King at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. His date of birth is unknown. He was a younger son of Thomas Brackenbury of Denton, County Durham, England. This was a family which had been known in Durham since the end of the

title: Princes in the Tower

text: Josephine Tey's "The Daughter of Time" and four novels in Philippa Gregory's Cousins' War series, as well as aspects of George R. R. Martin's "Game of Thrones", wherein boy heirs are apparently murdered. The continued publishing of these novels and stories have contributed to the continued fascination with this mystery. The brothers also appear in the Victorian-era themed manga series, "Black Butler", better known as "Kuroshitsuji", by Yana Toboso. Princes in the Tower "The Princes in the Tower" is an expression frequently used to refer to Edward V, King of England and Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York. The two

title: Princes in the Tower

text: the boys' uncle, Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers, and their half-brother Sir Richard Grey. They were sent to Pontefract Castle in Yorkshire where, on 25 June, they were beheaded. Gloucester then took possession of the prince himself, prompting Elizabeth Woodville to take her other son, Richard, Duke of York, and her daughters into sanctuary at Westminster Abbey. Edward V and Gloucester arrived in London together. Plans continued for Edward's coronation, but the date was postponed from 4 May to 25 June. On 19 May 1483 Edward was lodged in the Tower of London, then the traditional residence of monarchs prior

title: Malvern Chase

text: of Wales, son of Henry VI. and Queen Margaret, killed in the rout after at Tewkesbury. She was married afterwards to Richard Duke of Gloucester later King Richard III., and had one son Edward who died aged around ten. The other became the wife of George, Duke of Clarence, who left one son. This son and heir was beheaded in the Tower on pretence of conspiracy by order of Henry VII., who then seized upon all young Warwick's possessions, including the Castle and Manor of Hanley, the parks of Blackmore, Hanley, and Cliffey, all lying in the bosom of the

title: Princes in the Tower

text: was a reference to speeches made in Parliament condemning the murder of the princes, which suggested that Richard's guilt had become common knowledge, or at least common wisdom. The plausibility of Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, Richard's right-hand man, as a suspect depends on the princes having already been dead by the time Stafford was executed in November 1483. It has been suggested that Buckingham had several potential motives. As a descendant of Edward III, through John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster and Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester on his father's side, as well as through

title: Princes in the Tower

text: or heavily influenced by John Morton, Archbishop of Canterbury, in order to incriminate Richard III. Robert Fabyan's "Chronicles of London", compiled around 30 years after the princes' disappearance, names Richard as murderer. Thomas More (a Tudor loyalist who had grown up in the household of John Morton, an avowed foe of Richard III), wrote The "History of King Richard III", c.1513. This identified Sir James Tyrrell as the murderer, acting on Richard's orders. Tyrrell was the loyal servant of Richard III who is said to have confessed to the murder of the princes before his execution for treason in 1502.

title: Anne Woodville

text: an Act of Parliament known as "Titulus Regius" which declared King Edward V and his siblings illegitimate. Elizabeth, now styled as Dame Grey, was forced to seek sanctuary with her daughters, while her two sons, the "Princes in the Tower" were kept in the Tower of London by the orders of King Richard III. On 25 June 1483, King Richard also ordered the executions of Anne and Elizabeth's brother Anthony Woodville, Earl Rivers, and Richard Grey who was Elizabeth's younger son by her first marriage to Sir John Grey of Groby. Anne Woodville, Viscountess Bourchier, died on 30 July 1489,

title: John Towers (bishop)

text: Foskett daughter of Thomas Foskett of Olney d 1633. as shown in the Will of Thomas Foskett available from the UK National Archives. In 1633, Thomas Foskett mentions the seven children of his daughter Mary Towers as beneficiaries in his Will, including her son Thomas Towers. Towers was the author of "Four Sermons", London, 1660, edited by his son. John Towers (bishop) John Towers (died 1649) was an English churchman, Bishop of Peterborough from 1639, a royalist and a supporter of the ecclesiastical policies of William Laud. He was born in Norfolk, and matriculated as a sizar of King's College,

title: Princes in the Tower

text: among others. It has also been suggested that one or both princes may have escaped assassination. In 1487, Lambert Simnel initially claimed to be Richard, Duke of York, but later claimed to be Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick. From 1491 until his capture in 1497, Perkin Warbeck claimed to be Richard, Duke of York, having supposedly escaped to Flanders. Warbeck's claim was supported by some contemporaries (including the aunt of the disappeared princes, Margaret of York). In 1674, workmen at the Tower dug up a wooden box containing two small human skeletons. The bones were found in a box

title: Prince Christoph of Hesse

text: the sister of the future Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. They had five children: Prince Christoph of Hesse Christoph Ernst August of Hesse (Frankfurt, 14 May 1901 – Apennine Mountains near Forlì, 7 October 1943) was the fifth son of Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse and Princess Margaret of Prussia. He was a German SS officer killed in a plane crash during World War II. He was a brother-in-law of Prince Philip, the consort of Queen Elizabeth II. Born in Frankfurt, Prince Christoph was a great-grandson of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha through their eldest daughter

title: Seymour family

text: in Somerset, who brought to her husband the greater part of her father's extensive estates in Somerset, Devon, Buckinghamshire and Suffolk. The eldest son of this marriage was Sir William St. Maur (d.1390), or Seymour (the modernised form of the name appears to have come into use about this date), who was an attendant on the Black Prince, and who died in his mother's lifetime, leaving a son Roger St Maur (c.1366-1420), who inherited his grand-mother's estates and added to them by his marriage with Maud Esturmy, daughter of Sir William Esturmy (died 1427) of Wolf Hall, Wiltshire. According to

title: Tower of London

text: Richard. The Duke of Gloucester was proclaimed King Richard III in June. The princes were last seen in public in June 1483; it has traditionally been thought that the most likely reason for their disappearance is that they were murdered late in the summer of 1483. Bones thought to belong to them were discovered in 1674 when the 12th-century forebuilding at the entrance to the White Tower was demolished; however, the reputed level at which the bones were found () would put the bones at a depth similar to that of the recently discovered Roman graveyard found underneath the Minories

title: Princes in the Tower

text: In his history, More said that the princes were smothered to death in their beds by two agents of Tyrrell (Miles Forrest and John Dighton) and were then buried "at the stayre foote, metely depe in the grounde vnder a great heape of stones", but were later disinterred and buried in a secret place. Polydore Vergil, in his "Anglica Historia" (c.1513), also specifies that Tyrrell was the murderer, stating that he "rode sorrowfully to London" and committed the deed with reluctance, upon Richard III's orders, and that Richard himself spread the rumours of the princes' death in the belief that

text: William Hyacinth, Prince of Nassau-Siegen Prince William Hyacinth of Nassau-Siegen (3 April 1667 in Brussels – 18 February 1743 in Hadamar) was a Prince of Nassau-Siegen. He also claimed the Principality of Orange. William Hyacinth was the son of Prince John Francis Desideratus of Nassau-Siegen and Eleonore Sophie of Baden, his second wife. In 1695, he took up his residence in Siegen. In the same year, the city fell victim to a great fire, which burned 350 buildings, two churches and the Nassau Court, the headquarters of the ruling family. His father began building a new castle in Siegen as

title: Princes in the Tower

text: were under guard in the Tower of London, which was controlled by his men, and access to them was strictly limited by his instructions. He could therefore have dispatched one of his retainers to murder the princes on his behalf, but it is unlikely they could have been murdered without his knowledge. This is the version put forward by More and Polydore Vergil, who both name James Tyrrell as the murderer. Tyrrell was an English knight who fought for the House of York on many occasions. Tyrrell was arrested by Henry VII's forces in 1502 for supporting another Yorkist claimant

title: Princes in the Tower

text: murderer to the Estates General at Tours in January 1484. It also appears to have been the belief of Elizabeth Woodville, who would go on to support Henry Tudor in his campaign against Richard III. One possible motive for Elizabeth Woodville subsequently making her peace with Richard and bringing her daughters out of sanctuary could be that Richard had to swear a solemn oath, before witnesses, to protect and provide for her surviving children, which made it much less likely they could be quietly murdered as it was believed their brothers had been. In line with this contemporary opinion many

title: Robert Brackenbury

text: man of popularity and wide learning. The Italian poet Pietro Cameliano, dedicated one of his Latin works to him. As Constable of the Tower of London, Brackenbury inevitably figures in any account of the fate of Richard III's nephews, the Princes in the Tower. For example, in Thomas More’s version of the life of Richard III, More says that after the coronation on 6 July 1483 and while on his way to Gloucester, Richard sent John Green to Brackenbury with written orders for Brackenbury to kill the princes. Brackenbury, says More, replied "that he would never put them to death,

title: Ingegerd Olofsdotter of Sweden

text: Edward, as well as the Norwegian prince Magnus, who later returned to Norway. She is perhaps best known as the mother of Vsevolod of , himself the father of Vladimir Monomakh and progenitor of the Princes of Moscow. Her daughters were Anna, Queen of France, Queen Anastasia of Hungary, and Queen Elizabeth (Elisiv) of Norway. The whole family was profoundly devout and pious. She reposed in 1050 in the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom (St. Sophia) in Kiev, having been tonsured a monastic with the name of Anna. As saint, her hymn goes: And 4 stichera, in Tone I: Spec. Mel.:

title: Henry IV of England

text: and Henry VI's son Edward, Prince of Wales. The descendants of Henry IV's son Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, include Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, queen consort of George VI and mother of Elizabeth II, and the Queen's current daughters-in-law Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, and Sophie, Countess of Wessex. Mary de Bohun died in 1394, and on 7 February 1403 Henry married Joanna of Navarre, the daughter of Charles d'Évreux, King of Navarre, at Winchester. She was the widow of John IV, Duke of Brittany (known in traditional English sources as John V), with whom she had had four daughters and four sons; however,

title: Douai Abbey

text: ancestors in the Jacobite line since the 18th century. Prince Joseph Wenzel of Liechtenstein, styled His Serene Highness, is currently third in line in the Jacobite line of succession to the thrones of England, Scotland, Ireland and France. He is the first Jacobite heir born (1995) in the British Isles since 1688. In July 2014 a monk was ordained priest, the first priestly ordination since 2007. As of 2015, the community consisted of 25 monks. The monks are spread over a number of works, with seven parishes in England and two monks in Rome including the current abbot of the

title: Princes in the Tower

text: Abbey, but the Abbey authorities have refused to allow either set of remains to be subjected to DNA analysis to positively identify them as the remains of the princes. Several sources suggest there were rumours of the princes' deaths in the time following their disappearance. Rumours of murder also spread to France. In January 1484 , Lord Chancellor of France, urged the Estates General to "take warning" from the fate of the princes, as their own king, Charles VIII, was only 13. The early reports, including that of Rochefort, Philippe de Commines (French politician), Caspar Weinreich (contemporary German chronicler) and

title: Princes in the Tower

title: Princes in the Tower

text: on the crown. In more recent times the theory that Warbeck was Richard has been endorsed by Annette Carson, a freelance writer with a "lifelong interest" in Richard III. She suggested that Richard smuggled the princes abroad to the custody of their aunt, the Duchess of Burgundy, and they were raised there under false identities. Baldwin's theory was that by having removed them from sight to prevent them being a focus for opposition, he was then unable to bring them back to court to scotch rumours of their murder without once again having them become a threat. The political reality

title: Clare, Suffolk

text: Princes in the Tower. Henry VII took over Clare borough and manor. Henry VIII gave them to each of his wives in turn, Katherine of Aragon leasing the common to the poor of Clare. Under Queen Mary, the lands of the Honour of Clare were transferred to the Duchy of Lancaster (which is why today Prince Charles will technically appoint the Vicar). The title of Duke of Clarence was last held by Albert Victor, the eldest son of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII) and Alexandra, Princess of Wales (later Queen Alexandra), and the grandson of the

title: Robert Fitzharding

text: son and heir of each man to marry a daughter of the other, was signed at the house of Robert FitzHarding in Bristol in the presence of Duke Henry and 16 witnesses. Robert Fitzharding's daughter, Adeva Fitzhardinge, married Nigel Fitzarthur, and from them began the Kingscote Family. Robert Fitzharding Robert Fitzharding (c. 1095–1170) was an Anglo-Saxon nobleman from Bristol who was granted the feudal barony of Berkeley in Gloucestershire. He rebuilt Berkeley Castle, and founded the Berkeley family which still occupies it today. He was a wealthy Bristol merchant and a financier of the future King Henry II of England

title: Princes in the Tower

text: Richard took the throne for himself and the boys disappeared. It is unclear what happened to the boys after they disappeared in the Tower. It is generally assumed that they were murdered; a common hypothesis is that they were killed by Richard in an attempt to secure his hold on the throne. Their deaths may have occurred some time in 1483, but apart from their disappearance, the only evidence is circumstantial. As a result, several other hypotheses about their fates have been proposed, including the suggestion that they were murdered by Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham or Henry VII,

title: Claus Felix von Amsberg

text: Claus Felix von Amsberg Klaus Felix von Amsberg (; 1 September 1890 – 19 December 1953) was a member of the German Niederer Adel (lower nobility) and father of Prince Claus of the Netherlands, who was the father of King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, thus making him the paternal grandfather of the current Dutch monarch. He was born at Rehna, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, German Empire (now Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany), the first child of Wilhelm von Amsberg (1856–1929), by his marriage to Elise von Vieregge (1866–1951). In World War I he fought as a German officer in the Imperial German Army at the side

title: Princes in the Tower

long_answer: "The Princes in the Tower" is an expression frequently used to refer to Edward V, King of England and Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York. The two brothers were the only sons of Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville surviving at the time of their father's death in 1483. When they were 12 and 9 years old, respectively, they were lodged in the Tower of London by the man appointed to look after them, their uncle, the Lord Protector: Richard, Duke of Gloucester. This was supposedly in preparation for Edward's forthcoming coronation as king. However, Richard took the throne for himself and the boys disappeared.

short_answers:
Edward IV
Edward IV of England


question: when did muhammad ali win an olympic gold medal

answers: 1960

title: Muhammad Ali

text: for the world heavyweight title (shared with Joe Louis), as well as winning 14 unified title bouts (shared with former welterweight champion José Napoles), were unbeaten for 35 years. Ali is the only boxer to be named "The Ring" magazine Fighter of the Year six times. He has been ranked the greatest heavyweight boxer of all time. He was also ranked as the greatest athlete of the 20th century by "Sports Illustrated", the Sports Personality of the Century by the BBC, and the third greatest athlete of the 20th century by ESPN "SportsCentury". Nicknamed "The Greatest", he was involved in

title: Muhammad Ali

text: that year, before converting to Islam after 1961. At age 22, in 1964, he won the world heavyweight championship from Sonny Liston in a major upset. He then changed his name from Cassius Clay, which he called his "slave name", to Muhammad Ali. He set an example of racial pride for African Americans and resistance to white domination during the Civil Rights Movement. In 1966, two years after winning the heavyweight title, Ali further antagonized the white establishment by refusing to be drafted into the U.S. military, citing his religious beliefs, and opposition to American involvement in the Vietnam War.

title: Muhammad Ali

text: age identified both Ali and Ruth. He was the recipient of the 1997 Arthur Ashe Courage Award. In 1999, "Time" magazine named Ali one of the . He was crowned Sportsman of the Century by "Sports Illustrated". Named Sports Personality of the Century in a BBC poll, he received more votes than the other contenders (which included Pelé, Jesse Owens and Jack Nicklaus) combined. On September 13, 1999, Ali was named "Kentucky Athlete of the Century" by the Kentucky Athletic Hall of Fame in ceremonies at the Galt House East. On January 8, 2001, Muhammad Ali was presented with the

title: Jabir Herbert Muhammad

text: Group, until Ali's retirement in 1981. Muhammad negotiated the first multimillion-dollar earnings for any athlete, starting with the $2.5M Ali earned for the Frazier vs Ali “Fight of the Century” in March, 1971 and including the $5.5M purse Ali achieved for the Foreman vs Ali “Rumble in the Jungle” in Zaire in 1974. Muhammad was considered one of the most powerful figures in boxing in the 1960s and 1970s, achieving the International Boxing Hall of Fame's 1974 "Manager of the Year" award. He continued to manage Ali's career for another ten years after his retirement from boxing. Muhammad then went

title: Deacon Jones (athlete)

text: at 8:47.4. Jones was the only American to qualify for the final heat in the men's 3000-meter steeplechase at the 1956 Summer Olympics. He finished in ninth overall. He was the men's runner-up in the 3000 meter steeplechase at the 1959 Pan American Games. It was during this competition where Jones met Cassius Clay before he changed his name to Muhammad Ali. Having been a barber in his childhood, Jones gave many people haircuts. Clay walked into his dorm and asked for a haircut. After Jones cut his hair, Clay wasn't satisfied and talked trash. And so Jones replied to

title: Muhammad Ali

text: other. Muhammad Ali was often dubbed the world's "most famous" person in the media. Several of his fights were watched by an estimated 12 billion viewers between 1974 and 1980, and his lighting of the torch at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics was watched by an estimated 3.5billion viewers. Ali appeared on the cover of "Sports Illustrated" on 37 different occasions, second only to Michael Jordan. He also appeared on the cover of "Time Magazine" 5 times, the most of any athlete. In 2015, Harris Poll found that Ali was one of the three most recognizable athletes in the United States,

title: Muhammad Ali

text: He was eventually arrested, found guilty of draft evasion charges, and stripped of his boxing titles. He successfully appealed the decision to the U.S. Supreme Court, which overturned his conviction in 1971, by which time he had not fought for nearly four years and thereby lost a period of peak performance as an athlete. Ali's actions as a conscientious objector to the war made him an icon for the larger counterculture generation. Ali was one of the leading heavyweight boxers of the 20th century, and remains the only three-time lineal champion of that division. His records of beating 21 boxers

title: Muhammad Ali (British boxer)

text: Muhammad Ali (British boxer) Muhammad Ali (born 20 June 1996) is a British boxer who qualified to compete for Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics that was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Ali trains at the same gym as Amir Khan, in Bury under coach Mick Jelly. Ali won the silver medal at the 2014 AIBA World Youth Championships, losing the final to American boxer Shakur Stevenson. He was selected for the Great Britain team at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics held in Nanjing, China, where he competed in the under-52 kg division. He won his preliminary round

title: Najah Ali

text: won the Asian amateur boxing championship. After the United States invasion of Iraq in 2003, Ali met with Maurice Watkins, a former professional world title challenger who had been assigned by the American government to train Iraq's Olympic boxing team. Ali and eight other Olympic hopefuls were put on a strong training regime by Watkins. Despite losing in qualifying competitions at different countries, Ali became the only Iraqi to qualify for the 2004 Olympic Games, earning a wild-card spot because of his sportsmanship, among other things. After securing their Olympic spot, Ali and Watkins moved to New York, where they

title: Ferdie Pacheco

text: physically-perfect human being he had ever seen. When Clay joined the Nation of Islam and changed his name to Muhammad Ali in 1964, members of the Nation reportedly wanted him to replace Pacheco, Dundee, and the rest of his support staff. Ali vehemently refused, preferring to continue working with the team of people who had helped him become heavyweight champion. By the mid-1970s, Pacheco observed that Ali's reflexes had slowed, and expressed concern that the veteran boxer had sustained brain and kidney damage due to years of punishment in the ring. After Ali won a decision against the notoriously hard-hitting

title: Sports in the United States

text: In the 1960s and 1970s, Muhammad Ali became an iconic figure, transformed the role and image of the African American athlete in America by his embrace of racial pride, and transcended the sport by refusing to serve in the Vietnam War. In the 1980s and 1990s, major boxers such as Mike Tyson and Riddick Bowe were marked by crime and self-destruction. Mixed martial arts in the United States developed in the 1990s, and has achieved popularity in the early 21st century. Many companies promote MMA cards, with the U.S.-based UFC the most dominant. Traditional wrestling is performed at the scholastic

title: Muhammad Ali

text: 1 in a 1998 ranking of greatest heavyweights from all eras. In 1999, The Associated Press voted Ali the No. 1 heavyweight of the 20th century. In 1999, Ali was named the second greatest pound for pound fighter in boxing history by ESPN, behind only welterweight and middleweight great Sugar Ray Robinson. In December 2007, ESPN listed Ali second in its choice of the greatest heavyweights of all time, behind Joe Louis. As a world champion boxer, social activist, and pop culture icon, Ali was the subject of numerous creative works including books, films, music, video games, TV shows, and

title: Muhammad Ali

text: the 1976 Olympics (in protest at Apartheid in South Africa), and was unaware that the Soviet Union was sponsoring popular revolutionary movements in Africa. Ali conceded "They didn’t tell me about that in America", and complained that Carter had sent him "around the world to take the whupping over American policies.” The Nigerian government also rebuffed him and confirmed that they would be participating in the Moscow games. Ali did, however, convince the government of Kenya to boycott the Olympics. On January 19, 1981, in Los Angeles, Ali talked a suicidal man down from jumping off a ninth-floor ledge, an

title: Muhammad Ali (British boxer)

text: bout against Masud Yusifzada. After losing his semifinal to Shakur Stevenson, Ali recovered to win a bronze medal by beating Gaurav Solanki of India. In 2015 Ali won the silver medal at the European Amateur Boxing Championships; he defeated Alexandr Riscan of Macedonia 3–0 in the first preliminary round, Armenian Koryun Soghomonyan 3–0 in the quarter-final and Spaniard Jose Kelvin De La Nieve 3–0 in the semifinals; in the final Ali lost to Daniel Asenov of Bulgaria. Ali competed at the 2015 European Games held in Baku, Azerbaijan. He won his first bout against Alexander Riscan in the first preliminary

title: Concussions in sport

text: midbrain late in the exposure, after the primary impact acceleration in boxing and football. Worldwide, boxing is talked about and watched in many countries and one of the most televised sports and one of the most famous boxer of all time is Muhammad Ali. He was one of the most influential boxers and known as the best of all time. Ali unfortunately was “diagnosed with “a cluster of symptoms that resemble Parkinson’s Disease,” known as Parkinson’s Syndrome, which his doctor believed were caused by numerous blows to the head,” which led to his death in 2016. As many skills as

title: Muhammad Ali

text: Ali was named "Fighter of the Year" by "The Ring" magazine more times than any other fighter, and was involved in more "Ring" "Fight of the Year" bouts than any other fighter. He was an inductee into the International Boxing Hall of Fame and held wins over seven other Hall of Fame inductees. He was one of only three boxers to be named "Sportsman of the Year" by "Sports Illustrated". In 1978, three years before Ali's permanent retirement, the Louisville Board of Aldermen in his hometown of Louisville, Kentucky, voted 6–5 to rename Walnut Street to Muhammad Ali Boulevard. This

title: Muhammad Ali

text: he beat him the greatest trash-talk line in sports history. In an interview published in 2002, Joe Frazier recalled that he had first met Ali around 1968. At this time Ali was continuing his legal fight to get his boxing license back, and Frazier was the undisputed heavyweight champion of the world. Frazier stated that he had campaigned vigorously for Ali to get his license; this included going to Washington and meeting the president to lobby on Ali's behalf. Frazier also lent Ali some money at this time. According to Dave Wolf, former sports editor of "Life" and a member

title: Karl Mildenberger

text: After defending his European title three times, Mildenberger fought Muhammad Ali for the World Heavyweight Title in September 1966. Mildenberger, the first southpaw to fight for the World Heavyweight title, frustrated the champ for most of the fight, but ultimately lost by TKO when the referee stopped the fight at 1:28 of the twelfth round following a flurry of punches by Ali. Years later, Angelo Dundee cited an 8th round punch to the liver area which hurt Ali, whose ability to withstand body blows was legendary. In 1967, Mildenberger participated in a tournament staged by the World Boxing Association to

title: Muhammad Ali

text: seriously out of shape by the opening bell. He lost the title by split decision. A rematch occurred in September at the Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana. 70,000 people attended the bout and paid a total of $6 million admission, making it the largest live gate in boxing history at that time. Ali won a unanimous decision in an uninspiring fight, with referee Lucien Joubert scoring rounds 10-4, judge Ernie Cojoe 10-4, and judge Herman Preis 11-4. This made Ali the first heavyweight champion to win the belt three times. Following this win, on July 27, 1979, Ali announced his

title: Leon Spinks vs. Muhammad Ali II

text: holding. The Associated Press scored the fight 12-3 for Ali, while the three judges had the bout 11-4, 10-4 and 10-4 all in favor of Ali giving him a Unanimous decision win. Ali regained the WBA heavyweight title and avenged his split decision loss to Spinks from seven months prior. He also became the first man to win the World Heavyweight Championship three times. In June 1979, Ali sent an official letter of retirement to the WBA. Promoter Bob Arum said he paid Ali $300,000 to announce his retirement because Ali's reluctance had delayed the scheduling of a fight between

title: Janet Evans

text: swimming career, for all practical purposes, at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. She did not win any medals, but she did add one more highlight to her life. She was given the honor of carrying the Olympic torch in the opening ceremony, and she handed the torch to the American boxing legend Muhammad Ali to light the cauldron. On July 27, 1996, she was in a building being interviewed by a German newsman when a bomb exploded nearby. The explosion very lightly shook the building and startled Evans. In the swimming pool, Evans finished ninth in the preliminaries

title: Ibtihaj Muhammad

text: respect Islamic law by Saudi Arabia, for whom she ran on the basis of her father having been born in Saudi Arabia. Ibtihaj became the first female Muslim-American athlete to earn a medal at the Olympics. She earned a bronze medal in the Team Sabre, along with Monica Aksamit, Dagmara Wozniak, and Mariel Zagunis, by defeating Italy 45-30 in the medal match. This came after defeating Poland 45-43, and losing to Russia 42-45. The 2016 Summer Olympics occurred during the U.S. Presidential campaign in which questions of Muslim assimilation were being discussed, including with respect to U.S.-born Muslims. Ibtihaj as

title: Politics and sports

text: was convicted of draft evasion, sentenced to five years in prison, fined $10,000 and stripped of his championship. It was not until a lawsuit in 1970 that Ali redeemed his title. He would continue in historical boxing matches now known as Rumble in the Jungle in 1974 and Thrilla in Manila in 1975, defeating George Foreman and Joe Frazier, respectively. Chess, which is a recognized sport of the International Olympic Committee, has a history of being linked to political issues. This was particularly true of the 1972 World Championship match between the American Bobby Fischer and Boris Spassky of the

title: Sadam Ali

text: 2006, Ali won the National Golden Glove Championship in the featherweight division in 2006 at the age of 17. Ali then represented the United States at the 2006 World Junior Championships, where he won a bronze medal after losing in the semifinal round to eventual gold medalist Yordan Frometa of Cuba by a score of 41-39, in a bout in which two points were deducted from Ali because he was weaving too low. In 2007, Ali moved up to lightweight and again won the National Golden Glove Championship in his new division. Ali is only the second boxer to win

title: Muhammad Ali

title: Muhammad Ali

text: hate." When Ali was 19, Wagner, who was in town to wrestle Freddie Blassie and had crossed paths with Clay, told the boxer before a bout with Duke Sabedong in Las Vegas, "A lot of people will pay to see someone shut your mouth. So keep on bragging, keep on sassing and always be outrageous." ESPN columnist Ralph Wiley called Ali "The King of Trash Talk". In 2013, "The Guardian" said Ali exemplified boxing's "golden age of trash-talking." Bleacher Report called Clay's description of Sonny Liston smelling like a bear and his vow to donate him to a zoo after

title: Sadam Ali

text: became the sole American lightweight permitted to compete in three Olympic qualification tournaments to be held over the ensuing eight months, for one of the six berths allocated to lightweights from the Americas. Ali was the first Arab-American to represent the United States in the Olympics. The first of the three Olympic qualification tournaments was the World Amateur Boxing Championship, which was held in Chicago in the fall of 2007. Ali was eliminated in a competitive second round match by Armenia's Hrachik Javakhyan. As only one lightweight from the Americas qualified in Chicago, five berths remained open. Three weeks after

title: Muhammad Ali

text: for a prizefighter. At Howard University, for example, he gave his popular "Black Is Best" speech to 4,000 cheering students and community intellectuals, after he was invited to speak by sociology professor Nathan Hare on behalf of the Black Power Committee, a student protest group. On June 28, 1971, the Supreme Court of the United States in "Clay v. United States" overturned Ali's conviction by a unanimous 8–0 decision (Justice Thurgood Marshall recused himself, as he had been the U.S. Solicitor General at the time of Ali's conviction). The decision was not based on, nor did it address, the merits

title: Nat Fleischer

text: died, or voluntarily relinquished the crown to fight in a different weight class.) This policy was severely tested in 1967 with Muhammad Ali. Ali had won the world heavyweight championship by dethroning Sonny Liston in 1964. As part of the antiwar movement in the United States during the Vietnam era, Muhammad Ali lost his world heavyweight crown in the eyes of most American boxing commissions when he refused to be inducted in the U.S. Army. Despite Ali possessing no boxing licence in the United States and no passport to travel outside America to fight, The Ring continued to list Ali

title: Muhammad Ali

text: Stadium, resulted in Ali winning a heavily contested decision that was loudly booed by the audience. Afterwards, he announced he was retiring from boxing to practice his faith, having converted to Sunni Islam after falling out with the Nation of Islam the previous year. After returning to beat Alfredo Evangelista in May 1977, Ali struggled in his next fight against Earnie Shavers that September, getting pummeled a few times by punches to the head. Ali won the fight by another unanimous decision, but the bout caused his longtime doctor Ferdie Pacheco to quit after he was rebuffed for telling Ali

title: Muhammad Ali

long_answer: Clay was born and raised in Louisville, Kentucky, and began training as an amateur boxer when he was 12 years old. At age 18, he won a gold medal in the light heavyweight division at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome and turned professional later that year. At age 22 in 1964, he won the WBA, WBC, and lineal heavyweight titles from Sonny Liston in a major upset. Clay then converted to Islam and changed his name from Cassius Clay, which he called his "slave name", to Muhammad Ali. He set an example of racial pride for African Americans and resistance to white domination during the Civil Rights Movement.