question: who is credited with developing the geocentric view

answers: Ptolemy

title: Geographer

text: He also put forth the idea of an earth-centered universe, an idea widely believed until the 1500s when Copernicus began to suggest that the earth and other planets in the solar system actually revolve around the sun (called the "heliocentric" (Sun-centered) theory). Gerardus Mercator, originally name Gerard De Cremer or simply Kremer(?) (born on March 5, 1512 in Rupelmonde, Flanders [now in Belgium]; died on December 2, 1594 in Duisburg, Duchy of Cleve [now in Germany]) was a cartographer famous for creating a heart-shaped representation of the earth (also called the "Mercator projection" of the earth) in response to a

title: Geographer

text: the distance between the earth and the moon (which he believed was equal to 63 times the earth's radius, although it is actually equal to 60 times the earth's radius). Building upon this knowledge, he developed the parallax theory to explain the apparent displacement of celestial bodies relative to the observer's vantage point. Alexander von Humboldt (born Sept. 14, 1769 in Berlin; died May 6, 1859) was a German geographer, naturalist and explorer who made major contributions to the field of biogeography by producing break-through research on the connection between the climate of a region and the plant life growing

title: Geocentric model

text: knew about Tusi's work or that of the Maragha school. Not all Greeks agreed with the geocentric model. The Pythagorean system has already been mentioned; some Pythagoreans believed the Earth to be one of several planets going around a central fire. Hicetas and Ecphantus, two Pythagoreans of the 5th century BC, and Heraclides Ponticus in the 4th century BC, believed that the Earth rotated on its axis but remained at the center of the universe. Such a system still qualifies as geocentric. It was revived in the Middle Ages by Jean Buridan. Heraclides Ponticus was once thought to have proposed

title: Simon Marius

text: said that the appearance of the stars as seen through a telescope actually argued against Copernicus. He also concluded from his observations of the Jovian moons that they must orbit Jupiter while Jupiter orbits the Sun. Therefore, Marius concluded that the geocentric Tychonic system, in which the planets circle the Sun while the Sun circles the Earth, must be the correct world system, or model of the universe. Simon Marius Simon Marius (Latinized from German "Simon Mayr"; January 20, 1573 – January 5, 1625) was a German astronomer. He was born in Gunzenhausen, near Nuremberg, but he spent most of

title: Geocentric model

text: the geocentric view than Newtonian physics does, relativity is not geocentric. Rather, relativity states that the Sun, the Earth, the Moon, Jupiter, or any other point for that matter could be chosen as a center of the solar system with equal validity. For this reason Robert Sungenis, a modern geocentrist, spent much of Volume I of his book "Galileo Was Wrong: The Church Was Right" critiquing and trying to unravel the Special and General theories of Relativity. Relativity agrees with Newtonian predictions that regardless of whether the Sun or the Earth are chosen arbitrarily as the center of the coordinate

title: Geocentric model

text: Saudi Arabia from 1993 to 1999, Ibn Baz also promoted the geocentric view between 1966 and 1985. The geocentric (Ptolemaic) model of the solar system is still of interest to planetarium makers, as, for technical reasons, a Ptolemaic-type motion for the planet light apparatus has some advantages over a Copernican-type motion. The celestial sphere, still used for teaching purposes and sometimes for navigation, is also based on a geocentric system which in effect ignores parallax. However this effect is negligible at the scale of accuracy that applies to a planetarium. Geocentric model In astronomy, the geocentric model (also known as

title: Early world maps

text: the spherical nature of the earth. Posidonius (or Poseidonius) of Apameia (c. 135–51 BCE), was a Greek Stoic philosopher who traveled throughout the Roman world and beyond and was a celebrated polymath throughout the Greco-Roman world, like Aristotle and Eratosthenes. His work "about the ocean and the adjacent areas" was a general geographical discussion, showing how all the forces had an effect on each other and applied also to human life. He measured the Earth's circumference by reference to the position of the star Canopus. His measure of 240,000 stadia translates to , close to the actual circumference of .

title: Albert Brudzewski

text: the geocentric system. He was the first to state that the Moon moves in an ellipse and always shows its same side to the Earth. He drew up tables for calculating the positions of heavenly bodies. In 1482 he wrote a "Commentum planetarium in theoricas Georgii Purbachii"—a commentary on Georg von Peuerbach's text, "New Theories of the Planets"—published in Milan by his pupil, Jan Otto de Kraceusae. Besides Copernicus, Albert's students included the mathematician Bernard Wapowski and the German poet and Renaissance humanist, Conrad Celtis, who in Kraków established the first Central European literary society, "Sodalitas Litterana Vistulana". In 1495,

title: Hipparchus

text: Hipparchus Hipparchus of Nicaea (; , "Hipparkhos"; ) was a Greek astronomer, geographer, and mathematician. He is considered the founder of trigonometry but is most famous for his incidental discovery of precession of the equinoxes. Hipparchus was born in Nicaea, Bithynia (now İznik, Turkey), and probably died on the island of Rhodes. He is known to have been a working astronomer at least from 162 to 127 . Hipparchus is considered the greatest ancient astronomical observer and, by some, the greatest overall astronomer of antiquity. He was the first whose quantitative and accurate models for the motion of the Sun

title: Geocentric model

text: was gradually superseded by the heliocentric model of Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler. There was much resistance to the transition between these two theories. Some Christian theologians were reluctant to reject a theory that agreed with Biblical passages. Others felt a new, unknown theory could not subvert an accepted consensus for geocentrism. The geocentric model entered Greek astronomy and philosophy at an early point; it can be found in pre-Socratic philosophy. In the 6th century BC, Anaximander proposed a cosmology with Earth shaped like a section of a pillar (a cylinder), held aloft at the center of everything. The Sun, Moon,

title: Geocentric model

text: within the synod did not set the position of the church body as a whole. Articles arguing that geocentrism was the biblical perspective appeared in some early creation science newsletters pointing to some passages in the Bible, which, when taken literally, indicate that the daily apparent motions of the Sun and the Moon are due to their actual motions around the Earth rather than due to the rotation of the Earth about its axis. For example, in , the Sun and Moon are said to stop in the sky, and in Psalms the world is described as immobile. says in

title: Geocentric model

text: part "the world is established, firm and secure".) Contemporary advocates for such religious beliefs include Robert Sungenis (president of Bellarmine Theological Forum and author of the 2006 book "Galileo Was Wrong"). These people subscribe to the view that a plain reading of the Bible contains an accurate account of the manner in which the universe was created and requires a geocentric worldview. Most contemporary creationist organizations reject such perspectives. Morris Berman quotes a 2006 survey that show currently some 20% of the U.S. population believe that the sun goes around the Earth (geocentricism) rather than the Earth goes around the

title: Geocentric model

text: that both Venus and Mercury went around the Sun rather than the Earth, but this is no longer accepted. Martianus Capella definitely put Mercury and Venus in orbit around the Sun. Aristarchus of Samos was the most radical. He wrote a work, which has not survived, on heliocentrism, saying that the Sun was at the center of the universe, while the Earth and other planets revolved around it. His theory was not popular, and he had one named follower, Seleucus of Seleucia. In 1543, the geocentric system met its first serious challenge with the publication of Copernicus' "De revolutionibus orbium

title: Geocentric model

text: intended to explain changes in the brightness of the planets due to a change in distance. Eventually, perfectly concentric spheres were abandoned as it was impossible to develop a sufficiently accurate model under that ideal. However, while providing for similar explanations, the later deferent and epicycle model was flexible enough to accommodate observations for many centuries. Although the basic tenets of Greek geocentrism were established by the time of Aristotle, the details of his system did not become standard. The Ptolemaic system, developed by the Hellenistic astronomer Claudius Ptolemaeus in the 2nd century AD finally standardised geocentrism. His main astronomical

title: Earth's orbit

text: presented his geocentric model in the 2nd century. This "Copernican revolution" resolved the issue of planetary retrograde motion by arguing that such motion was only perceived and apparent. "Although Copernicus's groundbreaking book...had been [printed] over a century earlier, [the Dutch mapmaker] Joan Blaeu was the first mapmaker to incorporate his revolutionary heliocentric theory into a map of the world." Because of Earth's axial tilt (often known as the obliquity of the ecliptic), the inclination of the Sun's trajectory in the sky (as seen by an observer on Earth's surface) varies over the course of the year. For an observer at

title: Geocentric model

text: and planets were holes in invisible wheels surrounding Earth; through the holes, humans could see concealed fire. About the same time, Pythagoras thought that the Earth was a sphere (in accordance with observations of eclipses), but not at the center; they believed that it was in motion around an unseen fire. Later these views were combined, so most educated Greeks from the 4th century BC on thought that the Earth was a sphere at the center of the universe. In the 4th century BC, two influential Greek philosophers, Plato and his student Aristotle, wrote works based on the geocentric model.

title: Spherical Earth

text: up. In this geocentric model, the structure of the universe was believed to be a series of perfect spheres. The Sun, Moon, planets and fixed stars were believed to move on celestial spheres around a stationary Earth. Though Aristotle's theory of physics survived in the Christian world for many centuries, the heliocentric model was eventually shown to be a more correct explanation of the Solar System than the geocentric model, and atomic theory was shown to be a more correct explanation of the nature of matter than classical elements like earth, water, air, fire, and aether. In proposition 2 of

title: History of cartography

text: Samos (c. 560–480 BC) speculated about the notion of a spherical earth with a central fire at its core. He is sometimes incorrectly credited with the introduction of a model that divides a spherical earth into five zones: one hot, two temperate, and two cold—northern and southern. This idea, known as the zonal theory of climate, is more likely to have originated at the time of Aristotle. Scylax, a sailor, made a record of his Mediterranean voyages in c. 515 BC. This is the earliest known set of Greek periploi, or sailing instructions, which became the basis for many future

title: Heraclides Ponticus

text: Heraclides Ponticus Heraclides Ponticus ( "Herakleides"; c. 390 BC – c. 310 BC) was a Greek philosopher and astronomer who was born in Heraclea Pontica, now Karadeniz Ereğli, Turkey, and migrated to Athens. He is best remembered for proposing that the Earth rotates on its axis, from west to east, once every 24 hours. He is also hailed as the originator of the heliocentric theory, although this is doubted by some. Heraclides' father was Euthyphron, a wealthy nobleman who sent his son to study at the Platonic Academy in Athens under its founder Plato and under his successor Speusippus. According

title: Robert Sungenis

text: in the holocaust (you know), I love the Jewish people, I’m not an anti-semite.'" According to Sungenis, he became interested in the pseudoscientific belief of geocentrism around 2002 after he read the book, "Geocentricity" by Gerardus D. Bouw. Sungenis became an advocate for the idea by 2006. He believes that the earth does not rotate and has offered $1,000 via his group, Catholic Apologetics International, to anyone who could prove that the Earth moves around the Sun. By 2011, he was the leader of a small group of conservative Roman Catholics who were advocating for the Roman Catholic Church to

title: Geographer

text: Earth. According to the works of Aristotle, other scientists had estimated the circumference of the Earth prior to Eratosthenes's discovery, but the records of the specific methods and calculations that they used did not survive. Hipparchus (born in Nicaea, Bithynia [now Iznik, Turkey]; believed to have died after 127 BC in Rhodes) is best known for using astronomical studies to predict the movements and positions of celestial bodies such as the sun, moon, and stars. He discovered the equinoxes (autumnal equinox and spring equinox) and calculated the length of the solar year. Hipparchus was also the first to correctly determine

title: Seleucus of Seleucia

text: Seleucus of Seleucia Seleucus of Seleucia ( "Seleukos"; born c. 190 BC; fl. c. 150 BC) was a Hellenistic astronomer and philosopher. Coming from Seleucia on the Tigris, Mesopotamia, the capital of the Seleucid Empire, or, alternatively, Seleukia on the Erythraean Sea, he is best known as a proponent of heliocentrism and for his theory of the origin of tides. Teaching around 150 BC, he is known to have been a follower of the heliocentric theory of Aristarchus of Samos, which stated that the Earth rotated around its own axis which in turn revolved around the Sun. According to Plutarch,

title: History of physics

text: mainstream scientific paradigm in Europe until the time of Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton. Early in Classical Greece, knowledge that the Earth is spherical ("round") was common. Around 240 BCE, as the result a seminal experiment, Eratosthenes (276–194 BCE) accurately estimated its circumference. In contrast to Aristotle's geocentric views, Aristarchus of Samos (; c.310 – c.230 BCE) presented an explicit argument for a heliocentric model of the Solar system, i.e. for placing the Sun, not the Earth, at its centre. Seleucus of Seleucia, a follower of Aristarchus' heliocentric theory, stated that the Earth rotated around its own axis, which, in

title: Geocentric model

text: motion based on Plato's dictum stating that all phenomena in the heavens can be explained with uniform circular motion. Aristotle elaborated on Eudoxus' system. In the fully developed Aristotelian system, the spherical Earth is at the center of the universe, and all other heavenly bodies are attached to 47–55 transparent, rotating spheres surrounding the Earth, all concentric with it. (The number is so high because several spheres are needed for each planet.) These spheres, known as crystalline spheres, all moved at different uniform speeds to create the revolution of bodies around the Earth. They were composed of an incorruptible substance

title: Tetrabiblos

text: the geocentric perspective, by which their orbits are measured is if they are centred upon the Earth. Uniting these Aristotelian principles with a prevalent Greek philosophy employed by Zeno of Citium and the Pythagoreans, the next three chapters arrange the planets into pairs of opposites. They may be benefic (moderately warming or moistening) or malefic (excessively cooling or drying); masculine (drying) or feminine (moistening); active and diurnal (suited to the qualities of the day and aligned with the nature of the Sun) or passive and nocturnal (suited to the qualities of the night and aligned with the nature of the

title: Geography

text: the credit going either to Parmenides or Pythagoras. Anaxagoras was able to demonstrate that the profile of the Earth was circular by explaining eclipses. However, he still believed that the Earth was a flat disk, as did many of his contemporaries. One of the first estimates of the radius of the Earth was made by Eratosthenes. The first rigorous system of latitude and longitude lines is credited to Hipparchus. He employed a sexagesimal system that was derived from Babylonian mathematics. The meridians were sub-divided into 360°, with each degree further subdivided into 60 (minutes). To measure the longitude at different

title: Geography

text: fragments quoted by his successors. Anaximander is credited with the invention of the gnomon, the simple, yet efficient Greek instrument that allowed the early measurement of latitude. Thales is also credited with the prediction of eclipses. The foundations of geography can be traced to the ancient cultures, such as the ancient, medieval, and early modern Chinese. The Greeks, who were the first to explore geography as both art and science, achieved this through Cartography, Philosophy, and Literature, or through Mathematics. There is some debate about who was the first person to assert that the Earth is spherical in shape, with

title: Arthur Robert Hinks

text: Arthur Robert Hinks Arthur Robert Hinks, CBE, FRS (26 May 1873 – 14 April 1945) was a British astronomer and geographer. As an astronomer, he is best known for his work in determining the distance from the Sun to the Earth (the astronomical unit) from 1900–1909: for this achievement, he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society and was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. His later professional career was in surveying and cartography, an extension of his astronomical interests. Hinks was educated at Whitgift School and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated Bachelor of Arts

title: Geocentric model

text: aforementioned Biblical verses and an interpretation of Maimonides to the effect that he ruled that the Earth is orbited by the sun. The Lubavitcher Rebbe also explained that geocentrism is defensible based on the theory of Relativity, which establishes that "when two bodies in space are in motion relative to one another, ... science declares with absolute certainty that from the scientific point of view both possibilities are equally valid, namely that the Earth revolves around the sun, or the sun revolves around the Earth", although he also went on to refer to people who believed in geocentrism as "remaining

title: Geocentric model

text: The astronomical predictions of Ptolemy's geocentric model were used to prepare astrological and astronomical charts for over 1500 years.  The geocentric model held sway into the early modern age, but from the late 16th century onward, it was gradually superseded by the Heliocentric model of Copernicus, Galileo and Kepler. There was much resistance to the transition between these two theories. Christian theologians were reluctant to reject a theory that agreed with Bible passages (e.g. "Sun, stand you still upon Gibeon", Joshua 10:12). Others felt a new, unknown theory could not subvert an accepted consensus for geocentrism.

title: Geocentric model


question: in the dynastic cycle what is the right to rule called

answers: the Mandate of Heaven

answers: Mandate of Heaven

title: Order of succession

text: strongest claim to assume the throne when the vacancy occurs. Often, the line of succession is restricted to persons of the blood royal (but see morganatic marriage), that is, to those legally recognized as born into or descended from the reigning dynasty or a previous sovereign. The persons in line to succeed to the throne are called "dynasts". Constitutions, statutes, house laws, and norms may regulate the sequence and eligibility of potential successors to the throne. Historically, the order of succession was sometimes superseded or reinforced by the coronation of a selected heir as co-monarch during the life of the

title: Dynastic cycle

text: a succession of different dynasties. The first dynasty in China to be described in ancient historical records such as Records of the Grand Historian and Bamboo Annals is the Xia, which was succeeded by the Shang, although concrete existence of the Xia is yet to be archaeologically proven. Among these dynasties the Han and Tang are often considered as particularly strong periods, although other dynasties are famous for cultural and other achievements (for instance, the Song dynasty is sometimes associated with rapid economic development). Han and Tang, as well as other long, stable dynasties were followed by periods of disorder

title: Dynasty

text: from Latin "", which comes from Greek "dynastéia" (), where it referred to "power", "dominion", and "rule" itself. It was the abstract noun of "dynástēs" (), the agent noun of "dynamis" (), "power" or "ability", from "dýnamai" (), "to be able". A ruler in a dynasty is sometimes referred to as a "dynast", but this term is also used to describe any member of a reigning family who retains a right to succeed to a throne. For example, following his abdication, Edward VIII of the United Kingdom ceased to be a dynastic member of the House of Windsor. A "dynastic

title: Coronation of the pharaoh

text: his sons at the same time to rule over the two lands. A later example, namely that of Sahure and Neferirkare Kakai, may provide a case of dynastic problems between two separate but related royal houses. It is possible that one of Sahure's son, Shepseskare, tried to succeed his nephew Neferefre on throne after the latter died unexpectedly. This is likely to have created a dynastic feud as Nyuserre Ini, a son of Neferefre, finally assumed the throne only a few months later. The throne could also be obtained by marriage in case the only living heir was a woman

title: Divine right of kings

text: Kings" in the face of English theories of inalienable popular and clerical rights. The divine right of kings, or divine-right theory of kingship, is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving his right to rule directly from the will of God. The king is thus not subject to the will of his people, the aristocracy, or any other estate of the realm, including (in the view of some, especially in Protestant countries) the church. A weaker or more moderate form of this political theory does

title: Divine right of kings

text: to perform rituals and make public appearances, while true power was held by regents, high-ranking ministers, a commander-in-chief of the emperor's military known as the "shōgun", or even retired emperors depending on the time period. In the Malay Annals, the rajas and sultans of the Malay States (today Malaysia, Brunei and Philippines) as well as their predecessors, such as the Indonesian kingdom of Majapahit, also claimed divine right to rule. The sultan is mandated by God and thus is expected to lead his country and people in religious matters, ceremonies as well as prayers. This divine right is called "Daulat"

title: Dynasty

text: Dynasty A dynasty (, ) is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a feudal or monarchical system, but sometimes also appearing in elective republics. The dynastic family or lineage may be known as a "noble house", which may be styled as "royal", "princely", "ducal", "comital", etc., depending upon the chief or present title borne by its members. Historians periodize the histories of many sovereign states, such as Ancient Egypt, the Carolingian Empire and Imperial China, using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the term "dynasty" may be used to delimit the era

title: Political dynasties in the Philippines

text: Mancur Olson's theory of political governance or the "Roving Bandits vs. Stationary Bandits" theory, dynastic politicians are more likely to pursue long-term development oriented strategies since they expect to hold power and benefit from their position for longer. This is usually set in contrast to non-dynastic politicians who would, under this theory, have less incentive to develop due to their limited term. Political dynasties can gain benefits either directly or indirectly through their relatives. Political dynasties are also responsible for the increase in women's political participation in politics. Female politicians hailing from political dynasties can easily get into politics due

title: Principate

text: exhausting civil wars by a "de facto" dictatorial regime within the constitutional framework of the Roman Republic as a more acceptable alternative to, for example, the early Roman Kingdom. The title itself derived from the position of the "princeps senatus", traditionally the oldest member of the Senate who had the right to be heard first on any debate. Although dynastic pretenses crept in from the start, formalizing this in a monarchic style remained politically unthinkable. Often, in a more limited and precise "chronological" sense, the term is applied either to the Empire (in the sense of the post-Republican Roman state)

title: Cult of personality

text: some members of their families with the divinely sanctioned authority (auctoritas) of the Roman State. Throughout history, monarchs and other heads of state were often held in enormous reverence and imputed super-human qualities. Through the principle of the divine right of kings, in medieval Europe for example, rulers were said to hold office by the will of God. Ancient Egypt, Imperial Japan, the Inca, the Aztecs, Tibet, Siam (now Thailand), and the Roman Empire are especially noted for redefining monarchs as "god-kings". The spread of democratic and secular ideas in Europe and North America in the 18th and 19th centuries

title: Dynastic order

text: Dynastic order A dynastic order, monarchical order, or house order, is an order under royal patronage, bestowed by the head of a currently or formerly sovereign royal family as legitimate fons honorum. These are often considered part of the cultural patrimony of the royal family. They are orders of chivalry, and orders of merit just as those distributed by sovereign states, but dynastic orders were often founded or maintained to reward service to a monarch, or the monarch's subsequent dynasty. An example of this difference is seen between the Royal Victorian Order, in which appointments are made as a personal

title: Crown prince

text: dynastic son during those years). In some monarchies, those of the Middle East for example, in which primogeniture is not the decisive factor in dynastic succession, a person may not possess the title or status of crown prince by right of birth, but may obtain (and lose) it as a result of an official designation made on some other legal or traditional basis, such as former crown prince Hassan bin Talal of Jordan. Compare heir apparent and heir presumptive. In Scandinavian kingdoms, the heir presumptive to the crown may hold a different title than the heir apparent: hereditary prince (German:

title: Monarchy

text: up in a royal family (called a dynasty when it continues for several generations), future monarchs are often trained for the responsibilities of expected future rule. Different systems of succession have been used, such as proximity of blood, primogeniture, and agnatic seniority (Salic law). While most monarchs have been male, many female monarchs also have reigned in history; the term queen regnant refers to a ruling monarch, while a queen consort refers to the wife of a reigning king. Rule may be hereditary in practice without being considered a monarchy, such as that of family dictatorships or political families in

title: Dynasty

text: genetics, and nepotism may contribute to the phenomenon. Family dictatorships are a different concept in which political power passes within a family because of the overwhelming authority of the leader, rather than informal power accrued to the family. Some political dynasties: Dynasty A dynasty (, ) is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a feudal or monarchical system, but sometimes also appearing in elective republics. The dynastic family or lineage may be known as a "noble house", which may be styled as "royal", "princely", "ducal", "comital", etc., depending upon the chief or present

title: Lycia

text: 509. For closer attention to their conquered, the Persian government preferred to establish a client state, setting up a monarchy under their control. The term "dynast" has come into use among English-speaking scholars, but that is not a native term. The Lycian inscriptions indicate the monarch was titled xñtawati, more phonetically khñtawati. The holders of this title can be traced in coin legends, having been given the right to coin. Lycia had a single monarch, who ruled the entire country from a palace at Xanthos. The monarchy was hereditary, hence the term "dynast." It was utilized by Persia as a

title: Dynasty

text: descendants of a realm's monarchs, and sometimes to include those who hold succession rights through cognatic royal descent. The term can therefore describe overlapping but distinct sets of people. For example, David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon, a nephew of Queen Elizabeth II through her sister, Princess Margaret, is in the line of succession to the British crown: in that sense he is a British dynast. Yet he is not a male-line member of the royal family, and is therefore not a dynast of the House of Windsor. On the other hand, the German aristocrat Prince Ernst August of Hanover

title: Uruk

text: form. The recorded chronology of rulers over Uruk includes both mythological and historic figures in five dynasties. As in the rest of Sumer, power moved progressively from the temple to the palace. Rulers from the Early Dynastic period exercised control over Uruk and at times over all Sumer. In myth, kingship was lowered from heaven to Eridu then passed successively through five cities until the deluge which ended the Uruk period. Afterwards, kingship passed to Kish at the beginning of the Early Dynastic period, which corresponds to the beginning of the Early Bronze Age in Sumer. In the Early Dynastic

title: Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)

text: men bearing arms. Kings would consult the councils on all major decisions, including whether to go to war. Jacobsen's definition of a democracy as a relationship between primitive monarchs and men of the noble classes has been questioned. Jacobsen conceded that the available evidence could not distinguish a "Mesopotamian democracy" from a "primitive oligarchy". "Lugal" (Sumerian: 𒈗, a Sumerogram ligature of two signs: "𒃲" meaning "big" or "great" and "𒇽" meaning "man") (a Sumerian language title translated into English as either "king" or "ruler") was one of three possible titles affixed to a ruler of a Sumerian city-state. The others

title: Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)

text: Mesopotamian kings to legitimize their rule. While some of the information in the list can be checked against other texts such as economic documents, much of it is probably purely fictional, and its use as a historical document is limited. There may have been a common or shared cultural identity among the Early Dynastic Sumerian city-states, despite their political fragmentation. This notion was expressed by the terms "kalam" or "ki-engir". Numerous texts and cylinder seals seem to indicate the existence of a league or amphictyony of Sumerian city-states. For example, clay tablets from Ur bear cylinder seal impressions with signs

title: Mohammed El Senussi

text: what has been provided in Article 40, sovereignty shall be vested by the nation in trust with the King Mohammed Idris el Mahdi el Senussi and after him to his male heirs, the oldest after the oldest, degree after degree Article 45 of the 1951 Constitution states: the Throne of the Kingdom is hereditary in accordance with the two Royal Orders promulgated on 22nd of Safar 1374 H., and the 25th of Rabi'e el-Thani 1376 H., respectively. Each of these two Orders regulating the succession to the Throne shall have the same forces as an article of this Constitution. However,

title: Dynasty

text: historical and monarchist references to formerly reigning families, a "dynast" is a family member who would have had succession rights, were the monarchy's rules still in force. For example, after the 1914 assassinations of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his morganatic wife Sophie von Hohenberg, their son Max was bypassed for the Austrian throne because he was not a Habsburg dynast. Even since abolition of the Austrian monarchy, Max and his descendants have not been considered the rightful pretenders by Austrian monarchists, nor have they claimed that position. The term "dynast" is sometimes used only to refer to agnatic

title: Order of succession

text: Huns or Tamiris of Massagetes in Middle Asia. The lateral monarch is generally elected after the leadership throne becomes vacant. In the early years of the Mongol empire, the death of the ruling monarchs, Genghis Khan and Ögedei Khan, immediately stopped the Mongol western campaigns because of the upcoming elections. In East Asia, the Lateral succession system is first recorded in the pre-historical period starting with the late Shang Dynasty's Wai Bing succeeding his brother Da Ding, and then in connection with a conquest by the Zhou of the Yin Shang, when Wu Ding was succeeded by his brother Zu

title: Dynastic order

text: There are many dynastic orders of knighthood, which exist primarily in Europe. Today, dynastic orders include those still bestowed by a reigning monarch, those bestowed by a head of a royal house in exile, and those that have become extinct. Although it is sometimes asserted that the heads of former reigning houses retain the right to their dynastic orders but cannot create new ones, that view is challenged by others who believe that the power to create orders remains with a dynasty forever. In a few cases, formerly reigning families are accused of "fudging" the issue by claiming to revive

title: Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)

text: Early Dynastic Period (Egypt) The Archaic or Early Dynastic Period of Egypt is the era immediately following the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt "c." 3100 BC. It is generally taken to include the First and Second Dynasties, lasting from the end of the Naqada III archaeological period until about 2686 BC, or the beginning of the Old Kingdom. With the First Dynasty, the capital moved from Thinis to Memphis with a unified Egypt ruled by an Egyptian god-king. Abydos remained the major holy land in the south. The hallmarks of ancient Egyptian civilization, such as art, architecture and many

title: Divine right of kings

text: most other countries has been replaced by an inauguration or other declaration. The concept of divine right incorporates, but exaggerates, the ancient Christian concept of "royal God-given rights", which teach that "the right to rule is anointed by God", although this idea is found in many other cultures, including Aryan and Egyptian traditions. In pagan religions, the king was often seen as a kind of god and so was an unchallengeable despot. The ancient Roman Catholic tradition overcame this idea with the doctrine of the "Two Swords" and so achieved, for the very first time, a balanced constitution for states.

title: Philosophy of history

text: and oligarchy and tyranny as corrupted régimes common to the lower ages. In the East, cyclical theories of history developed in China (as a theory of dynastic cycle) and in the Islamic world in the work of Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406). The story of the Fall of Man from the Garden of Eden, as recounted and elaborated in Judaism and Christianity, preserves traces of a moral cycle; this would give the basis for theodicies which attempt to reconcile the existence of evil in the world with the existence of a God, providing a global explanation of history with belief in a

title: Monarchy

text: the eldest child of the monarch is first in line to become monarch, is the most common system in hereditary monarchy. The order of succession is usually affected by rules on gender. Historically "agnatic primogeniture" or "patrilineal primogeniture" was favoured, that is inheritance according to seniority of birth among the sons of a monarch or head of family, with sons and their male issue inheriting before brothers and their issue, and male-line males inheriting before females of the male line. This is the same as semi-Salic primogeniture. Complete exclusion of females from dynastic succession is commonly referred to as application

title: Historiography

text: none ever reached the popularity and impact of the first four. Traditional Chinese historiography describes history in terms of dynastic cycles. In this view, each new dynasty is founded by a morally righteous founder. Over time, the dynasty becomes morally corrupt and dissolute. Eventually, the dynasty becomes so weak as to allow its replacement by a new dynasty. In 281 CE the tomb of King Xiang of Wei (d. 296 BC) was opened, inside of which was found a historical text called the Bamboo Annals, after the writing material. It is similar in style to the Spring and Autumn Annals

title: War of succession

text: a universally recognised ruler over a certain territory passes away (sometimes without leaving behind any (legal) offspring), or is declared insane or otherwise incapable to govern, and is deposed. Next, several pretenders step forward, who are either related to the previous ruler and therefore claim to have a right to their possessions based on the hereditary principle, or have concluded a treaty to that effect. They will seek allies within the nobility and/or abroad to support their claims to the throne. After all options for a diplomatic solution –such as a sharing of power, or a financial deal– or a

title: Dynastic cycle

text: The Mandate of Heaven was the idea that the Emperor was favored by Heaven to rule over China. The Mandate of Heaven explanation was championed by the Chinese philosopher Mencius during the Warring States period.

title: Dynastic cycle


question: who sings i don't want to be lonely

answers: Ronnie Dyson

title: I Don't Wanna Be Lonely

text: leading dance label in the late 1980s. I Don't Wanna Be Lonely "I Don't Wanna Be Lonely" is the eighteenth single by Dutch girl group Luv', released in early 1990 by the labels Dureco/High Fashion Music. It appears on the EP For You, featuring a formation different from the original line-up. After the release of Welcome to My Party, which marked Luv's comeback, the next single taken from the EP For You was "I Don't Wanna Be Lonely", a cover version of a 1989 club hit by Joan Orleans. The music arrangements of this song were inspired by those of

title: I Don't Wanna Be Lonely

text: I Don't Wanna Be Lonely "I Don't Wanna Be Lonely" is the eighteenth single by Dutch girl group Luv', released in early 1990 by the labels Dureco/High Fashion Music. It appears on the EP For You, featuring a formation different from the original line-up. After the release of Welcome to My Party, which marked Luv's comeback, the next single taken from the EP For You was "I Don't Wanna Be Lonely", a cover version of a 1989 club hit by Joan Orleans. The music arrangements of this song were inspired by those of the hits released by PWL, the British

title: Nobody Wants to Be Lonely

text: CD maxi-single UK cassette single UK CD maxi-single US promotional CD single US promotional 12" single Nobody Wants to Be Lonely "Nobody Wants to Be Lonely" is the second single from Ricky Martin's second English album, "Sound Loaded", released on January 9, 2001. Ricky Martin also recorded this single in Spanish entitled "Sólo Quiero Amarte" ("I Only Want to Love You"). Another version of the song was recorded as a duet with Christina Aguilera. This duet version was later included on three of Martin's compilations: "The Best of Ricky Martin", "17", "" and "" and the international version of Aguilera's

title: Nobody Wants to Be Lonely

text: Nobody Wants to Be Lonely "Nobody Wants to Be Lonely" is the second single from Ricky Martin's second English album, "Sound Loaded", released on January 9, 2001. Ricky Martin also recorded this single in Spanish entitled "Sólo Quiero Amarte" ("I Only Want to Love You"). Another version of the song was recorded as a duet with Christina Aguilera. This duet version was later included on three of Martin's compilations: "The Best of Ricky Martin", "17", "" and "" and the international version of Aguilera's greatest hits album, "". Two music videos were directed by Wayne Isham in Coral Gables, Florida

title: Don't Want to Know If You Are Lonely

text: Don't Want to Know If You Are Lonely "Don't Want to Know If You Are Lonely" is a song by Hüsker Dü from their album "Candy Apple Grey". The song was written by Grant Hart. It was released both as an EP in the United States and as a single in the United Kingdom in March 1986. Hüsker Dü filmed a promotional video for the song, which garnered the band some play on MTV. The song is featured in the 2009 comedy-drama movie, "Adventureland". Side One Side Two "Helter Skelter" was recorded live on January 30, 1985 at First Avenue

title: Nobody Wants to Be Lonely

text: Miami specifically in Biltmore Hotel Grounds to before Christmas in late December 2000, aired on January 15, 2001. One music video is set to the English-language duet 'Nobody Wants to Be Lonely', while the other is set to the Spanish-language solo 'Sólo Quiero Amarte'. The video to 'Nobody Wants to Be Lonely' features Christina Aguilera while 'Sólo Quiero Amarte' shows her in a cameo appearance. "Nobody Wants to Be Lonely" is one of the first major single releases to not have a commercial CD single in the United States. Although songs had been allowed to chart on the "Billboard" Hot

title: Mark Mueller

text: the Billboard Rhythmic Top 40 Chart hit in 1996. It also spent 8 weeks in the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at #78. Mueller's first Billboard chart hit was "I Don't Want To Be Lonely," performed by Dana Valery. It reached #23 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart and spent 13 weeks on that chart and 5 weeks on the magazine's Hot 100. Mueller’s work in the U.S. has been featured on RIAA-certified platinum and gold records by artists including: Heart (band), Amy Grant, 'N Sync featuring Justin Timberlake, Lea Michele (on the Soundtrack), Jennifer Paige, Earth, Wind & Fire, SWV,

title: Don't Want to Know If You Are Lonely

text: in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Side One Side Two On Record Store Day, 2011, Warner Bros. Records released an exclusive limited edition print of a "Don't Want to Know If You Are Lonely" split single. The split single features the original version of "Don't Want to Know If You Are Lonely" performed by Hüsker Dü on one side, and a cover version by the band Green Day on the other. Side A Side B "Don't Want to Know If You Are Lonely" has been covered by several different artists, including Green Day, who recorded it for an MTV show titled "Influences". The

title: I Want to Be Wanted

text: Andy Williams released a version as the B-side to his single "Stranger on the Shore". The song was covered by Olivia Newton-John on her 1992 album . I Want to Be Wanted "I Want to Be Wanted" is a popular song sung by Brenda Lee that was a number-one song in the United States during the year 1960. It topped the "Billboard" Hot 100 singles chart for the issue dated October 24, 1960, and remained there for one week. It is an Italian song, "Per tutta la vita" ("For all lifetime"), that was in the original version of "Never on

title: Nobody Wants to Be Lonely

text: Kingdom, number 5 in Norway and number six in Australia, among others. It was also certified Gold in Australia, Denmark, Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland. The song was nominated at the 44th Grammy Awards in the category of Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals, but lost out to "Lady Marmalade" by Christina Aguilera, Lil' Kim, Mýa and Pink. "Nobody Wants to Be Lonely" won an ALMA Award for the Outstanding Music Video. Argentinian promotional CD single Australian CD maxi-single European CD single / US 7" single European CD maxi-single #1 European CD maxi-single #2 / Asian CD maxi-single' European 12" single Japanese

title: Lonely No More

text: words are only words. She needs to show him something else, or even swear allegiance to reassure his insecurities. To explain exactly how hurt he has been in previous relationships, Thomas belts, "I don't wanna be lonely no more/I don't wanna have to pay for this/I don't want to know the lover at my door/Is just another heartache on my list". The song was nominated for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance at the 2006 Grammys. In March 2014, British group Rixton copied portions of the melody for their single "Me and My Broken Heart". The music video of "Lonely No

title: I Don't Want to Be Your Friend

text: single by Filipino singer Nina, and also recorded by Dutch female singer Do in her eponymous debut album. "I Don't Want to Be Your Friend" was covered by Filipino singer Nina as a single from Diane Warren's 2004 love songs compilation, "Diane Warren Presents Love Songs". The song was produced by Neil C. Gregorio, and published by Warner Music Philippines. It was included as a bonus track on Nina's best-selling 2005 album "Nina Live!", and has since been considered as a single from that album. It later appeared on her 2008 album, "Nina Sings the Hits of Diane Warren". The

title: Learn to Be Lonely

text: song during her appearance on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show". Learn to Be Lonely "Learn to Be Lonely" is a song written by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Charles Hart for the 2004 film adaptation of "The Phantom of the Opera". The song is performed by Minnie Driver during the closing credits, and is found on the film's soundtrack. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 77th Academy Awards and the Golden Globe at the 62nd Golden Globe Awards in 2004. Another song using the melody of "Learn to be Lonely" entitled "No One Would Listen"

title: I Don't Want to Be Your Friend

text: I Don't Want to Be Your Friend "I Don't Want to Be Your Friend" is a pop/R&B song written and composed by Diane Warren. It was first recorded by singer Cyndi Lauper for her 1989 album "A Night To Remember". The song was meant to be the second commercial single released in the U.S. from that album, but after the second radio single "A Night to Remember" failed to chart highly, the label scrapped the idea. Famed songwriter Desmond Child also recorded a version for his only album "Discipline" (1991). "I Don't Want to Be Your Friend" was eventually a

title: Nobody Wants to Be Lonely

text: 100 without single releases since late 1998, (and one song, Aaliyah's "Try Again" had actually hit number one, followed by "Lady Marmalade", which also featured Aguilera) most major single releases by major artists still released singles at the time, especially high-profile songs such as this. With this single being toted as one of the most high-profile duets that year, the music community was then understandably shocked when it was announced that no CD or CD maxi-single would be released for the song. "Nobody Wants to Be Lonely" makes the biggest jump on Hot 100 (66-34) and is the Greatest Gainer/Airplay

title: Nina Sings the Hits of Diane Warren

text: Nina cut "I Don't Want to Be Your Friend", one of my favorite songs. I am very happy that she is now coming out with an entire album filled with the songs that I'm proud of. Hopefully, this is just the beginning of a lot of hits together," can be found on the album's sleeve. In selecting the songs, Warner and Nina wanted to include hits that are familiar to the Filipino listeners, and some of her favorites as well. They thought that people can relate more to the song, if they are familiar with it. For the arrangement, she

title: I Don't Want to Be Your Friend

text: everyone. Clue: It's one song where she didn't have to shout and be a vocal Chinese acrobat." A music video accompanied the release of the song. The video was directed by Chi de Jesus. It was shot at a beach called Puerto del Sol in Pangasinan. The video features the sexy side of Nina, wearing bikini and portraying a model with a complicated relationship with the shoot photographer. "Titik Pilpino" stated "Those who saw Nina's sexy video for 'I Don't Want to Be Your Friend' may be a bit shocked at the songstress' transformation, but Nina's clearly not afraid to

title: Don't Let Me Be Lonely

text: at number 68 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart for the week of November 23, 2013. The song has sold 251,000 copies in the US as of January 2014. Don't Let Me Be Lonely "Don't Let Me Be Lonely" is a song recorded by American country music group The Band Perry. It was released in August 2013 as the third single from their second album, "Pioneer". The song was written by Sarah Buxton, Rodney Clawson and Chris Tompkins. Billy Dukes of "Taste of Country" gave the song four and a half stars out of five, writing that "the latest track

title: Don't Want to Know If You Are Lonely

text: UK band Catherine Wheel recorded a version of the song on their 1992 "30th Century Man" EP. The Swedish rockband Fireside has also recorded a version of the song on the "Hello kids" album. In 2013, Il Cattivo, a Denver-based heavy rock band released a guitar dueling rendition on their second record How To Assess Your Damages. The song was also covered by Australian musician Paul Dempsey. Another notable cover version has been made by the German-based band The Richies in 1993. Don't Want to Know If You Are Lonely "Don't Want to Know If You Are Lonely" is a

title: Don't Let Me Be Lonely Tonight

text: that theme were usually performed by female artists. The song has been recorded by the following artists: "Don't Let Me Be Lonely Tonight" has also been performed live by artists including George Benson Pat Metheny and Earth Wind and Fire. Don't Let Me Be Lonely Tonight "Don't Let Me Be Lonely Tonight" is a song written and performed by American singer-songwriter James Taylor, from his 1972 album "One Man Dog". It was released as the lead single from the album, and peaked at #14 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 on January 13, 1973. It also reached #3 Easy Listening.

title: I Don't Want to Be

text: I Don't Want to Be "I Don't Want to Be" is a song by Gavin DeGraw appearing on his 2003 debut album, "Chariot". It was released as a single in Australia in 2003, and in the UK in 2004. The single became DeGraw's biggest hit to date, mainly due to the premiere of "One Tree Hill", of which the song is the opening theme; peaking at number ten in the U.S. in January 2005. The song was certified 2x Platinum, having sold over 2,000,000 paid downloads. It is also DeGraw's only single to break the UK Top 40. On May

title: I Don't Want to Be Your Friend

text: Rachelle Ann Go's "Love of My Life". On January 15, 2007, the song was released to digital download via iTunes and Amazon.com. "I Don't Want to Be Your Friend" was initially released by Nina in November 2004 under Warner Music for the promotion of Diane Warren's compilation "Diane Warren Presents Love Songs". The song was released together with her rendition of "The Christmas Song" for the label's "All Star Christmas Collection" album, and became very popular in the Philippines. The song has since been considered as a "Nina Live!" single after it was included in the album's track list. The

title: I Don't Want to Be

text: 27, 2012 the song re-entered UK charts reaching number 27, due to the finale of "One Tree Hill"'s 9th and final season airing, which featured DeGraw. I Don't Want to Be "I Don't Want to Be" is a song by Gavin DeGraw appearing on his 2003 debut album, "Chariot". It was released as a single in Australia in 2003, and in the UK in 2004. The single became DeGraw's biggest hit to date, mainly due to the premiere of "One Tree Hill", of which the song is the opening theme; peaking at number ten in the U.S. in January 2005.

title: Learn to Be Lonely

text: Learn to Be Lonely "Learn to Be Lonely" is a song written by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Charles Hart for the 2004 film adaptation of "The Phantom of the Opera". The song is performed by Minnie Driver during the closing credits, and is found on the film's soundtrack. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 77th Academy Awards and the Golden Globe at the 62nd Golden Globe Awards in 2004. Another song using the melody of "Learn to be Lonely" entitled "No One Would Listen" (also with lyrics by Hart) was originally included in

title: I Don't Wanna Play House

text: doesn't want to play house since, after observing her parents' troubles, she knows that it cannot be fun. Connie Francis released a cover version of the song in August 1968. It peaked at # 40 on Billboard's Adult Contemporary Charts. Skeeter Davis covered the song on her 1968 album "Why So Lonely". Lynn Anderson (then the wife of the song's co-writer, Sutton) covered the song in 1970 on her album Rose Garden. Loretta Lynn covered the song on her 1968 album, Fist City. In 1973, South African singer Barbara Ray recorded a version that was a number-one hit in her

title: Candy Apple Grey

text: is still evident, "Candy Apple Grey" also features more introverted, toned-down material, including a relatively large amount of acoustic guitar. The singles released from this album were "Sorry Somehow" and "Don't Want To Know If You Are Lonely", both written and sung by Hart. The latter was accompanied by a promotional video which earned airtime on MTV. "Candy Apple Grey" was the first Hüsker Dü album to chart on the "Billboard Top 200", but despite receiving exposure on radio as well as MTV, it got no higher than #140. Candy Apple Grey was officially re-released on Record Store Day (April

title: The Lonely (Christina Perri song)

text: herself and becoming someone she no longer recognizes: "I’m the ghost of a girl / That I want to be most / I’m the shell of a girl / That I used to know well." "The Lonely" garnered mixed review by critics, most of whom favored the chilling tone set in the song and compared the song to Perri's lead single "Jar of Hearts". Bill Lamb of "About.com" included the song in a list of the "Top 10 New Pop Songs", "The Lonely" coming in at number five. Lamb complimented the song, describing it as "another beautiful ballad". Naming the

title: Ronnie Dyson

text: "One Man Band (Plays All Alone)", which reached number 28 on the Hot 100 and number 15 on the R&B chart, and "Just Don't Want to Be Lonely" peaking at number 60 on the Hot 100 and number 29 on the R&B chart. These appeared on an album which was also made up of re-mixes of some earlier recordings, including "When You Get Right Down To It". Dyson remained with Columbia working with top-line producers for another three albums, "The More You Do It" (1976), "Love in All Flavors" (1977) and "If The Shoe Fits" (1979). The title track of

title: I Want to Be Wanted

text: I Want to Be Wanted "I Want to Be Wanted" is a popular song sung by Brenda Lee that was a number-one song in the United States during the year 1960. It topped the "Billboard" Hot 100 singles chart for the issue dated October 24, 1960, and remained there for one week. It is an Italian song, "Per tutta la vita" ("For all lifetime"), that was in the original version of "Never on Sunday". This was Brenda Lee's second number-one single, her first being "I'm Sorry". The English lyrics of "I Want to Be Wanted" were written by Kim Gannon.

title: Just Don't Want to Be Lonely

text: "Just Don't Want to Be Lonely" is a song written by Bobby Eli, John Freeman and Vinnie Barrett, originally recorded in 1973 by Ronnie Dyson and popularized internationally by The Main Ingredient.  Dyson's version reached No. 60 in the US Pop chart, No. 30 Adult Contemporary, and No. 29 in the US R&B chart. Its flipside was "Point of No Return," a song written by Tom Bell & Linda Creed.

title: Just Don't Want to Be Lonely


question: who sang the original song send in the clowns

answers: Glynis Johns

answers: the actress Glynis Johns

title: Send In the Clowns

text: second DCI World Championship. Originally arranged by Gail Royer, the song is still played by the brass on special occasions. Send In the Clowns "Send In the Clowns" is a song written by Stephen Sondheim for the 1973 musical "A Little Night Music", an adaptation of Ingmar Bergman's film "Smiles of a Summer Night". It is a ballad from Act Two, in which the character Desirée reflects on the ironies and disappointments of her life. Among other things, she looks back on an affair years earlier with the lawyer Fredrik, who was deeply in love with her but whose marriage

title: Send In the Clowns

text: single. Two years later Judy Collins recorded "Send in the Clowns" for her album "Judith". The song was released as a single, which soon became a major pop hit. It remained on the "Billboard" Hot 100 for 11 weeks in 1975, reaching Number 36. In 1977 the song again reached the Billboard Hot 100, where it remained for 16 weeks and reached Number 19. At the Grammy Awards of 1976, the Judy Collins performance of the song was named Song of the Year. After Sinatra and Collins recorded the song, it was recorded by Bing Crosby, Kenny Rogers, and Lou

title: I Only Have Eyes for You (Johnny Mathis album)

text: UK singles chart. "Send in the Clowns" originated in the 1973 Broadway musical "A Little Night Music" and won the Grammy Award for Song of the Year. The hit version of the song by Judy Collins first peaked at number 36 pop, number eight Easy Listening, and number six in the UK upon its initial release in 1975, and the reissue of her recording in 1977 that coincided with the release of the film version of the musical in the US made it to number 19 pop and number 15 Easy Listening. "Every Time You Touch Me (I Get High)"

title: Send In the Clowns

text: Send In the Clowns "Send In the Clowns" is a song written by Stephen Sondheim for the 1973 musical "A Little Night Music", an adaptation of Ingmar Bergman's film "Smiles of a Summer Night". It is a ballad from Act Two, in which the character Desirée reflects on the ironies and disappointments of her life. Among other things, she looks back on an affair years earlier with the lawyer Fredrik, who was deeply in love with her but whose marriage proposals she had rejected. Meeting him after so long, she realizes she is in love with him and finally ready

title: Judy Collins

text: New York City. Collins has received four Grammy Award nominations for Best Folk Performance or Folk Recording, one for Best Folk Album and one for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. Stephen Sondheim won the 1976 Grammy Award for Song of the Year based on the popularity of Collins' performance of "Send In The Clowns" on her album "Judith". (The song was named "Song of the Year".) Other awards Judy Collins Judith Marjorie Collins (born May 1, 1939) is an American singer and songwriter known for her eclectic tastes in the material she records (which has included folk music, show tunes,

title: Send In the Clowns

text: what I want. Sorry, my dear," the performer must communicate the connection between the "want" and the "sorry". Similarly, Sondheim insists that performers separately enunciate the adjacent "t"'s in the line, "There ought to be clowns." The musical and the song debuted on Broadway in 1973. The song became popular with theater audiences but had not become a pop hit. Sondheim explained how the song became a hit: Frank Sinatra recorded "Send in the Clowns" in 1973 for his album "Ol' Blue Eyes Is Back", which attained gold status. Gordon Jenkins arranged the song. It was also released as a

title: Send In the Clowns

text: Rawls. In 1985, Sondheim added a verse for Barbra Streisand to use in her concert performances and recording, which was included on "The Broadway Album". In 1986, her version reached No.25 on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary chart. The song has become a jazz standard with performances by Count Basie, Sarah Vaughan, the Stan Kenton Orchestra and many others. The song appears on over 900 records by hundreds of performers in a variety of arrangements. The drum corps Santa Clara Vanguard performed an arrangement of this song as part of their musical program in 1974, when the corps won its

title: Send In the Clowns

text: and uses a complex compound meter. It became Sondheim's most popular song after Frank Sinatra recorded it in 1973 and Judy Collins' version charted in 1975 and 1977. Subsequently, numerous other artists recorded the song, and it has become a jazz standard. The "clowns" in the title do not refer to circus clowns. Instead, they symbolize fools, as Sondheim explained in a 1990 interview: In a 2008 interview, Sondheim further clarified: Judi Dench, who performed the role of Desirée in London, commented on the context of the song during an interview with Alan Titchmarsh. The play is "a dark play

title: Send In the Clowns

text: four verses and a bridge and sung by Desirée. As Sondheim explains, Desirée experiences both deep regret and furious anger: The song was originally performed in the key of D flat major. The song uses an unusual and complex meter, which alternates between 12/8 and 9/8. These are two complex compound meters that evoke the sense of a waltz used throughout the score of the show. Sondheim tells the story: "Send in the Clowns" is performed in two completely different styles: dramatic and lyric. The dramatic style is the theatrical performance by Desirée, and this style emphasizes Desirée's feelings of

title: U2 Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky

text: Sondheim's "Send in the Clowns". The band failed to get permission or to pay the appropriate licensing and royalty fees to use the song. Initial pressings of "U2 Live at Red Rocks", and the accompanying live album—which contains a different performance of the song from August 1983—featured "Send in the Clowns". U2 were forced to pay in an out-of-court settlement. The initial release of the video was 55 minutes long and featured 13 songs from the film, including "Cry / The Electric Co.", which was omitted from the track listing for legal reasons related to the excerpt of "Send in

title: Sarah Vaughan

text: and moving it to alter her volume. She frequently used the song "Send in the Clowns" to demonstrate her vocal abilities in live performance. The performance was called "three-octave tour de force of semi-improvisational pyrotechnics in which the jazz, pop and operatic sides of her musical personality came together and found complete expression" by "The New York Times". Singers influenced by Vaughan include Phoebe Snow, Anita Baker, Sade, and Rickie Lee Jones. Singers Carmen McRae and Dianne Reeves both recorded tribute albums to Vaughan following her death; "" (1991) and "" (2001) respectively. Though usually considered a jazz singer, Vaughan

title: Cor anglais

text: Streisand's) versions of "Send in the Clowns". The cor anglais is also featured in the Lionel Richie and Diana Ross version of "Endless Love", and in Elton John's "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" and "Candle in the Wind 1997". The song "A Mutual Friend" by the band Wire from the album "154" uses a cor anglais. A cor anglais carries the opening of "Fiddler on the Roof"s "Sabbath Prayer". In Britain, Tony Hatch's theme tune to the long-running soap opera "Emmerdale Farm" was originally performed on the cor anglais, as was also the version of Harry South's theme tune

title: Judy Collins

text: for Best Folk Performance. She enjoyed further success with her recordings of "Someday Soon", "Chelsea Morning", "Amazing Grace", and "Cook with Honey". Collins experienced the biggest success of her career with her recording of Stephen Sondheim's "Send in the Clowns" from her best-selling 1975 album "Judith". The single charted on the "Billboard" Pop Singles chart in 1975 and then again in 1977, spending 27 non-consecutive weeks on the chart and earning Collins a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female, as well as a Grammy Award for Sondheim for Song of the Year. Collins was born the eldest

title: The Electric Co.

text: occasional performances played after the show opener "The Miracle (Of Joey Ramone)", again with "Send in the Clowns" and "I Can See for Miles" regularly snippeted. "The Electric Co." has appeared in 3 video releases and 3 live album releases beginning with "Under a Blood Red Sky", "", "Live from Boston 1981", "" and "Live from Paris". In "Under a Blood Red Sky", Bono sings a snippet of "Send in the Clowns" by Stephen Sondheim lasting 27 seconds. U2 didn't get permission to sing this song, causing them to pay US $50,000. The original release (along with other releases) contains

title: Judy Collins

text: out for her own compositions. She was also known for her broad range of material: her songs from this period include the traditional Christian hymn "Amazing Grace", the Stephen Sondheim Broadway ballad "Send in the Clowns" (both of which were top 20 hits as singles), a recording of Joan Baez's "A Song for David", and her own compositions, such as "Born to the Breed". Collins guest starred on "The Muppet Show" in an episode broadcast in January 1978, singing "Leather-Winged Bat", "I Know An Old Lady who Swallowed a Fly", "Do Re Mi", and "Send in the Clowns". She also

title: Send In the Clowns

text: at herself, her life and her choices – sings "Send in the Clowns". She is, in effect, using the song "to cover over a moment when something has gone wrong on stage. Midway through the second Act she has deviated from her usual script by suggesting to Fredrik the possibility of being together seriously and permanently, and, having been rejected, she falters "as" a show-person, finds herself bereft of the capacity to improvise and wittily cover. If Desirée could perform at this moment – revert to the innuendos, one-liners and blithe self-referential humour that constitutes her normal character – all

title: Sarah Vaughan

text: Legrand with lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman. The songs brought some of the musicians to tears during the sessions. But Shad wanted a hit, and the album yielded none. She sang a version of the pop hit "Rainy Days and Mondays" by the Carpenters for "Feelin' Good". This was followed by "Live in Japan", her first live album since 1963. "Sarah Vaughan and the Jimmy Rowles Quintet" (1974) was more experimental, containing free improvisation and some unconventional scatting. "Send in the Clowns" was another attempt to increase sales by breaking into the pop music market. Vaughan disliked the songs

title: Catherine Zeta-Jones

text: shows where you can dig about three inches and come out the other end. You can keep digging and digging and digging". She did not listen to past recordings of the songs in the play so she could bring her own interpretation to them. The critic Claire Prentice of "The Daily Telegraph" wrote that Zeta-Jones brought in a "quiet, reflective poignancy" in her rendition of the song "Send in the Clowns", but Emma Brocks of "The Guardian" was more critical, remarking that "with her pretty voice, head wresting this way and that, [she] seems to be auditioning for stage school".

title: Sinatra: World On a String

text: "Send in the Clowns" with "sparse, sublime accompaniment" from the guitarist Tony Mottola. In their review of the set, "Broadway World" commented that "Listening to the nearly 30-year span of performances, it's remarkable to realize how the passage of time never diminished Sinatra's way with a song; if anything, it deepened his understanding of his material. Comparing renditions of "Bewitched" from 1958 and 1979 reveals a more pronounced resonance in Sinatra's delivery". Sinatra: World On a String Sinatra: World On a String is a 2016 box set album of live performances by the American singer Frank Sinatra, recorded in Italy

title: Cathy's Clown

text: for her album "Sweet Sixteen". In 1989, McEntire's version became her thirteenth number-one single on the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart. Unlike the original, McEntire sang the song in the third person, thus making the narrator another woman observing the story. The video accompanying her version of the song was produced in an Old West setting. Bruce Boxleitner appears in the video as the clown. The song was covered by Bill and Boyd in New Zealand; their version reached number 1 on the Lever Hit Parades chart in that country in July 1960. Another cover, by the English singer Dick

title: Huey "Piano" Smith

text: of which, recorded by the New Zealand artist Dinah Lee, reached number 1 in both New Zealand and Australia in 1964). The Clowns' most famous single, released in 1958, was "Don't You Just Know It" backed with "High Blood Pressure." This hit number 9 on the Billboard Pop chart and number 4 on the Rhythm and Blues chart. It was their second million seller. In 1959, Ace Records erased Smith's vocal track from "Sea Cruise", the now-classic single Smith had composed, arranged and performed, and replaced it with a vocal track by the white singer Frankie Ford. The song was

title: Sarah Vaughan

text: and hated the album cover depicting a clown with an afro. She filed a lawsuit against Shad in 1975 on the belief that the cover was inconsistent with the formal, sophisticated image she projected on stage. She also contended that the album "Sarah Vaughan: Live at the Holiday Inn Lesotho" had an incorrect title and that Shad had been harming her career. Although she disliked the album, she liked the song "Send in the Clowns" written by Steven Sondheim for the musical "A Little Night Music". She learned it on piano, made many changes with the help of pianist Carl

title: Be a Clown

text: the film "Singin' in the Rain" appears to be very similar to "Be a Clown," although Cole Porter did not make a complaint. Both films were Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer productions and starred Kelly, who appeared in (but did not sing) the "Make 'Em Laugh" segment of the latter film in which the song was performed by Donald O'Connor. Be a Clown "Be a Clown" is a song written by Cole Porter for the 1948 film "The Pirate". The song was performed twice in the film: first by Gene Kelly and The Nicholas Brothers and then at the end of the film by

title: Krusty Gets Kancelled

text: animation, director David Silverman xeroxed several drawings and made the animation very jerky. The scene where Krusty sings "Send in the Clowns" was very tricky for the animators because it involves two shots of the same scene from different angles. Parts of the scene were animated by Brad Bird. Frank Sinatra's 1973 rendition of the song "Send in the Clowns" from "Ol' Blue Eyes Is Back" is parodied in the episode, and Krusty sings the altered lyrics: "Send in those soulful and doleful, schmaltz-by-the-bowlful clowns" in a musical number of his comeback special. Gabbo's name comes from the 1929 film

title: The Electric Co.

text: the snippet, but others contained an edited version of the song. In "U2 Live at Red Rocks", "Cry/The Electric Co." was not in the original release of the film because Bono repeats singing the snippet of "Send in the Clowns" without permission. Bono also climbs a lighting rig while holding a white flag, during a part in the song, which became the cover of both the album and the film. The 2008 remastered edition contains an edited version of the song. Six days prior to the Red Rocks performance, 23-year-old Bono scaled a 50-foot lighting rig holding a white flag

title: Madonna: Tears of a Clown

text: the show started later at midnight. The show started with Madonna appearing onstage, in a clown's costume consisting of a billowing dress, pink and yellow stalkings, riding a tricycle and circled round it. She finally reached the front of the stage and fell down from the cycle. After conversing with the audience and throwing candy at them. Madonna started singing Stephen Sondheim's "Send in the Clowns", written originally for the 1973 musical, "A Little Night Music", with images from Charlie Chaplin films displayed on the backdrop. She continued with "Drowned World/Substitute for Love" while standing in the center. Three songs

title: Be a Clown

text: Be a Clown "Be a Clown" is a song written by Cole Porter for the 1948 film "The Pirate". The song was performed twice in the film: first by Gene Kelly and The Nicholas Brothers and then at the end of the film by Kelly and Judy Garland. It was also sung in "Mickey's Fun Songs: Let's Go To The Circus" although some of the lyrics were changed. The song was featured in an episode of "Land of the Giants" and also in the 2004 film "De-Lovely". The song "Make 'Em Laugh" (by Nacio Herb Brown and Arthur Freed) in

title: Ira Black (musician)

text: in the US and EUROPE. Recorded "Send in the Clowns" for Carrot Top's Stage Show at the Luxor in Las Vegas with singer Paul Shortino, Tyler Burgess and drummer Vinnie Paul Abbott with Tom Parham. Lizzy Borden. Metal Blade Records. Co-wrote CD “Appointment with Death” in 2007. Toured with Metal Church and also with Chris Caffery. Black played in the heavy metal band Vicious Rumors. Ira Black (musician) Ira Black (born March 23, 1971) is an American heavy metal guitarist and songwriter. Black has played in over 60 bands since the early 1980s and is best known for his work

title: See the Funny Little Clown

text: Little Clown" in 1974, with her version reaching No. 80 on Billboard's Hot Country chart. See the Funny Little Clown "See the Funny Little Clown" is a song written and sung by Bobby Goldsboro, which he recorded on October 17, 1963 and released on November 18, 1963. In 1964, the song spent 13 weeks on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, peaking at No. 9, while reaching No. 3 on Billboard's Middle-Road Singles chart, No. 10 on the "Cash Box" Top 100, and No. 30 on Canada's CHUM Hit Parade. The song was ranked No. 90 on the "Cash Box" "Top

title: Send In the Clowns

text: Sondheim wrote the song specifically for the actress Glynis Johns, who created the role of Desirée on Broadway.  The song is structured with four verses and a bridge, and uses a complex compound meter. It became Sondheim's most popular song after Frank Sinatra recorded it in 1973 and Judy Collins' version charted in 1975 and 1977. Subsequently, numerous other artists recorded the song, and it has become a jazz standard.

title: Send In the Clowns

short_answers:
Glynis Johns
the actress Glynis Johns


question: who was the movie citizen kane based on

answers: William Randolph Hearst

title: Citizen Kane

text: of two business tycoons familiar from his youth in Chicago—Samuel Insull and Harold Fowler McCormick. The character of Jedediah Leland was based on drama critic Ashton Stevens, George Stevens's uncle and Welles's close boyhood friend. Some detail came from Mankiewicz's own experience as a drama critic in New York. The assumption that the character of Susan Alexander Kane was based on Marion Davies was a major reason Hearst tried to destroy "Citizen Kane". Welles denied that the character was based on Davies, whom he called "an extraordinary woman—nothing like the character Dorothy Comingore played in the movie." He cited Insull's

title: Dorothy Comingore

text: Dorothy Comingore Mary Louise Comingore (August 24, 1913 – December 30, 1971), best known professionally as Dorothy Comingore, was an American film actress. She is best known for starring as Susan Alexander Kane in "Citizen Kane" (1941), the critically acclaimed debut film of Orson Welles. In earlier films she was credited as Linda Winters, and she had appeared on the stage as Kay Winters. Her career ended when she was caught up in the Hollywood blacklist. She declined to answer questions when she was called before the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1952. Margaret Louise Comingore was born in Los

title: Jules Brulatour

text: in 1939, in which Brulatour was wounded by a would-be assassin whom he refused to identify. And in 1941, he was chagrined to learn that the boozy flop of an opera singer in "Citizen Kane," the hit RKO film directed by and starring Orson Welles, was partly based on Hope and his ex-wife Dorothy. Jules Brulatour Pierre Ernest Jules Brulatour (April 7, 1870 – October 26, 1946) was a pioneering executive figure in American silent cinema. Beginning as American distribution representative for Lumiere Brothers raw film stock in 1907, he joined producer Carl Laemmle in forming the Motion Picture Distributing

title: William Randolph Hearst

text: in the world today...a giant with feet of clay." "Citizen Kane" is loosely based on Hearst's life. Welles and co-writer Herman J. Mankiewicz created Kane as a composite character of multiple men, among them Harold McCormick, Samuel Insull and Howard Hughes. Hearst, enraged at the idea of "Citizen Kane" being a thinly disguised and very unflattering portrait of him, used his massive influence and resources in an unsuccessful attempt to prevent the film from being released-—all without his ever even having seen it. Welles and the studio RKO Pictures resisted the pressure, but Hearst and his Hollywood friends ultimately succeeded

title: Citizen Kane

text: Kane. A discovery of Charlie Chaplin, Comingore was recommended to Welles by Chaplin, who then met Comingore at a party in Los Angeles and immediately cast her. Welles had met stage actress Ruth Warrick while visiting New York on a break from Hollywood and remembered her as a good fit for Emily Norton Kane, later saying that she looked the part. Warrick told Carringer that she was struck by the extraordinary resemblance between herself and Welles's mother when she saw a photograph of Beatrice Ives Welles. She characterized her own personal relationship with Welles as motherly. "He trained us for

title: Sources for Citizen Kane

text: on drama critic Ashton Stevens, George Stevens's uncle and his own close boyhood friend. Regarded as the dean of American drama critics, Stevens began his journalism career in 1894 in San Francisco and started working for the Hearst newspapers three years later. In 1910 he moved to Chicago, where he covered the theater for 40 years and became a close friend of Dr. Maurice Bernstein, Welles's guardian. When Welles was a child Stevens used to tell him stories about Hearst, much like Leland tells Thompson about Kane in the film. Welles said that he learned most of what he knew

title: Citizen Kane

text: actor Jack Carter. "Citizen Kane" was a rare film in that its principal roles were played by actors new to motion pictures. Ten were billed as Mercury Actors, members of the skilled repertory company assembled by Welles for the stage and radio performances of the Mercury Theatre, an independent theater company he founded with Houseman in 1937. "He loved to use the Mercury players," wrote biographer Charles Higham, "and consequently he launched several of them on movie careers." The film represents the feature film debuts of William Alland, Ray Collins, Joseph Cotten, Agnes Moorehead, Erskine Sanford, Everett Sloane, Paul Stewart,

title: Beatrice Welles

text: "The Lady From Shanghai" at the Prescott Film Festival in Arizona in July 2016. She was a guest speaker that same month at the Traverse City Film Festival in Michigan, hosting a showing of "Citizen Kane" with filmmaker Michael Moore and "Chimes at Midnight" with Philip Hallman of the University of Michigan. She and director Peter Bogdanovich took part in an American Film Institute Master Class after a 75th anniversary screening of "Citizen Kane" at the Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood on November 2016. In spring 2017, the University of Michigan Special Collections Library in Ann Arbor acquired dozens of unpublished

title: Ashton Stevens

text: a number of plays, including "Prospect Avenue" and, with Franklin D. Roosevelt's ghostwriter Charles Michaelson, a comedy titled "Mary's Way Out". One of Stevens's close friends in Chicago was Dr. Maurice Bernstein, guardian of Orson Welles. Welles told filmmaker Peter Bogdanovich that the character of Jedediah Leland, played by Joseph Cotten in his 1941 film "Citizen Kane", was modeled on Ashton Stevens: Jed was really based on a close childhood friend of mine — George Stevens' uncle Ashton Stevens. He was practically my uncle, too. … I sent him the script before we began, of course, and while he was

title: Dorothy Comingore

text: had with Chaplin and one of his assistants. Comingore played bit parts in Hollywood movies until Orson Welles cast her as Susan Alexander, the second wife of press tycoon Charles Foster Kane, in his debut feature film "Citizen Kane" (1941). Her performance garnered rave reviews: “(She) is put through a range of emotions that would try any actress one could name,” wrote "The Hollywood Reporter". Comingore's supposed Communist connections played a role in a legal battle for custody of her two children with Richard J. Collins. She also said that her 1953 arrest on a prostitution charge was "all a

title: Citizen Kane

text: later said that casting character actor Gino Corrado in the small part of the waiter at the El Rancho broke his heart. Corrado had appeared in many Hollywood films, often as a waiter, and Welles wanted all of the actors to be new to films. Other uncredited roles went to Thomas A. Curran as Teddy Roosevelt in the faux newsreel; Richard Baer as Hillman, a man at Madison Square Garden, and a man in the "News on the March" screening room; and Alan Ladd, Arthur O'Connell and Louise Currie as reporters at Xanadu. When Kathryn Trosper Popper died on March

title: Citizen Kane

text: Citizen Kane Citizen Kane is a 1941 American mystery drama film by Orson Welles, its producer, co-screenwriter, director and star. The picture was Welles's first feature film. Nominated for Academy Awards in nine categories, it won an Academy Award for Best Writing (Original Screenplay) by Herman J. Mankiewicz and Welles. Considered by many critics, filmmakers, and fans to be the greatest film ever made, "Citizen Kane" was voted as such in five consecutive British Film Institute "Sight & Sound" polls of critics, and it topped the American Film Institute's 100 Years ... 100 Movies list in 1998, as well as

title: Sources for Citizen Kane

text: about the life of Hearst from Stevens. Welles sent Stevens an advance copy of the "Citizen Kane" script, and took him to the set during filming. "Later he saw the movie and thought the old man would be thrilled by it," said Welles. "Ashton was really one of the great ones. The last of the dandies — he worked for Hearst for some 50 years or so, and adored him. A gentleman … very much like Jed. Mankiewicz incorporated an incident from his own early career as a theater critic into Leland. Mankiewicz was assigned to review the October 1925

title: George Schaefer (film producer)

text: during Schaefer's time at the studio include: Schaefer was the first to receive the Motion Picture Association's award for civic and patriotic service. Schaefer was played by Roy Scheider in "RKO 281", a highly-fictionalized 1999 TV movie based upon the events surrounding the "Citizen Kane" controversy. George Schaefer (film producer) George Schaefer (November 5, 1888, Brooklyn, New York – August 8, 1981) was a movie producer and the president of RKO in 1941 when Orson Welles made his classic film "Citizen Kane". Schaefer joined Paramount Pictures in 1920 and became general manager in 1933. He became vice president and chief

title: Sources for Citizen Kane

text: for an initial read-through at Mankiewicz's house. Cotten wrote: "I think I'll just listen," Welles said. "The title of this movie is "Citizen Kane", and I play guess who." He turned to me. "Why don't you think of yourself as Jedediah Leland? His name, by the way, is a combination of Jed Harris and your agent, Leland Hayward." "There all resemblance ceases," Herman reassured me. These afternoon garden readings continued, and as the Mercury actors began arriving, the story started to breathe. "I regard Leland with enormous affection," Welles told Bogdanovich, adding that the character of Jed Leland was based

title: Charles Lederer

text: York when Lederer was still in his teens. Lederer, a child prodigy, who had entered college at thirteen, got to know Mankiewicz ... Lederer was Marion Davies’s nephew – the son of her sister Reine ... Marion was childless, and Lederer was very close to her; he spent a great deal of his time at her various dwelling places, and took his friends to meet both her and Hearst.” After finishing the script for "Citizen Kane", Mankiewicz gave a copy to Lederer, which Kael explains was foolish: Lederer, however, told director Peter Bogdanovich that Kael was totally incorrect in this

title: Gus Schilling

text: and he worked in movies and television throughout the 1950s. His final film, Welles's "Touch of Evil", in which he has a brief uncredited appearance, was released in May 1958, nearly a year after his death. Schilling died of a heart attack in his Hollywood apartment, four days short of his 49th birthday. Gus Schilling August "Gus" Schilling (June 20, 1908 — June 16, 1957) was an American film actor who started in burlesque comedy and usually played nervous comic roles, often unbilled. A friend of Orson Welles, he appeared in five of the director's films — "Citizen Kane" (first

title: Herman J. Mankiewicz

text: Herman J. Mankiewicz Herman Jacob Mankiewicz (November 7, 1897 – March 5, 1953) was an American screenwriter, who, with Orson Welles, wrote the screenplay for "Citizen Kane" (1941). Earlier, he was the Berlin correspondent for the "Chicago Tribune" and the drama critic for "The New York Times" and "The New Yorker". Alexander Woollcott said that Herman Mankiewicz was the "funniest man in New York". Both Mankiewicz and Welles received Academy Awards for their screenplay. He was often asked to fix the screenplays of other writers, with much of his work uncredited. Occasional flashes of what came to be called the

title: Joseph Cotten

text: owned numerous major newspapers, and forbade them to carry advertisements for the film. Nominated for nine Academy Awards in 1942, the film won only for Best Screenplay, for Mankiewicz and Welles. "Citizen Kane" launched the film careers of the Mercury Players, including Agnes Moorehead (who played Kane's mother), Ruth Warrick (Kane's first wife), and Ray Collins (Kane's political opponent). However, Cotten was the only one of the four to find major success as a lead in Hollywood outside of "Citizen Kane"; Moorehead and Collins became successful character film actors and Warrick spent decades in a career in daytime television. Alexander

title: Orson Welles

text: the point of view of the narrator, Marlow, who would be played by Welles; his reflection would occasionally be seen in the window as his boat sailed down river. The project was abandoned because it could not be delivered on budget, and "Citizen Kane" was made instead. In 1941, Welles planned a film with his then partner, the Mexican actress Dolores del Río. "Santa" was adapted from the novel by Mexican writer Federico Gamboa. The film would have marked the debut of Dolores del Río in the Mexican cinema. Welles made a correction of the script in 13 extraordinary sequences.

title: Harry Shannon (actor)

text: Foster Kane's rough father in "Citizen Kane" (1941). Among his other films were "Someone to Remember" (1943), "Alaska Highway" (1943), "San Quentin" (1946), and "Witness to Murder" (1954). In 1960, he was cast as the outlaw Clay Hooper in the episode "Showdown at Goldtown" of the ABC/Warner Brothers western television series, "Colt .45." On July 27, 1964, Shannon died at the age of 74 in Hollywood, California. Harry Shannon (actor) Harry Shannon (June 13, 1890 – July 27, 1964) was an American character actor. He often appeared in Western films. Harry Shannon was born on a farm in Saginaw, Michigan.

title: Citizen Kane

text: and Welles himself. Despite never having appeared in feature films, some of the cast members were already well known to the public. Cotten had recently become a Broadway star in the hit play "The Philadelphia Story" with Katharine Hepburn and Sloane was well known for his role on the radio show "The Goldbergs". Mercury actor George Coulouris was a star of the stage in New York and London. Not all of the cast came from the Mercury Players. Welles cast Dorothy Comingore, an actress who played supporting parts in films since 1934 using the name "Linda Winters", as Susan Alexander

title: The Cat's Meow

text: essay on "Citizen Kane" by Pauline Kael: Her principal source was John Houseman, script supervisor for cowriter Herman Mankiewicz, and it seems safe to conclude, even without her prodding, that some version of the story must have cropped up in Mankiewicz’s first draft of the script, which Welles subsequently edited and added to. According to Kael, the only trace of the subplot left in the script is a speech made by Susan Alexander, who was loosely based on Davies, to the reporter Thompson about Kane: “Look, if you’re smart, you’ll get in touch with Raymond. He’s the butler. You’ll learn

title: Sources for Citizen Kane

text: after the father-in-law of his mentor Roger Hill. Houseman claimed that Walter P. Thatcher was loosely based on J. P. Morgan, but only in the general sense of Morgan being an old-fashioned 19th century capitalist with ties to Wall Street finances and railroad companies. When Welles was 15 he became the ward of Dr. Maurice Bernstein. Bernstein is the last name of the only major character in "Citizen Kane" who receives a generally positive portrayal. Although Dr. Bernstein was nothing like the character in the film (possibly based on Solomon S. Carvalho, Hearst's business manager), Welles said, the use of

title: Whitford Kane

text: Whitford Kane Whitford Kane (born Thomas Wheeler Kane, January 30, 1881 – December 17, 1956) was a noted Irish-born American stage and screen character actor remembered for playing the First Gravedigger in numerous productions of Shakespeare's "Hamlet" and by the students that attended his drama classes over a career that spanned nearly six decades. By the end of his long career, Whitford Kane's theatre credits had grown to fill three columns in John Parker's "Who's Who in the Theatre". Kane was born on January 30, 1881 in Larne, a seaport on the east coast of County Antrim, Ireland (today a

title: Citizen Kane: A Filmmaker's Journey

text: and the character of Charles Foster Kane -- to suppress or destroy the film and discredit Welles, and the ascent of "Citizen Kane" in the rankings of American motion pictures. The book is notable for using previously unused documents from the Hearst and Welles archives, the University of Michigan, and the Museum of Modern Art (New York), to examine six new topics about the film: Welles' role in writing the screenplay, which was larger than formerly understood; previously-unreleased information provided by Welles’ assistant Kathryn (Trosper) Popper, which describes Welles’ struggles with creating the film; the impact on the production of

title: Marion Davies

text: career of his second wife, were direct influences on the screenplay for "Citizen Kane". "As for Marion," Welles said, "she was an extraordinary woman—nothing like the character Dorothy Comingore played in the movie." Davies was portrayed by Virginia Madsen in the telefilm "The Hearst and Davies Affair" (1985) with Robert Mitchum as Hearst. Madsen later became a Davies fan and said that she felt she had inadvertently portrayed her as a stereotype, rather than as a real person. Davies was portrayed by Heather McNair in "Chaplin" (1992); by Gretchen Mol in "Cradle Will Rock" (1999); and by Kirsten Dunst in

title: Larry Wheat

text: Capra's "Mr. Deeds Goes to Town" (1936), starring Gary Cooper and Jean Arthur; 1936's "The Great Ziegfeld", starring William Powell and Myrna Loy; arguably one of the greatest films ever made, "Citizen Kane" (1941), directed, starring and co-written by Orson Welles; the classic film noir, "Murder, My Sweet" (1944), directed by Edward Dmytryk, and starring Dick Powell, Claire Trevor, and Anne Shirley; and 1946's "The Spiral Staircase", with Dorothy McGuire, George Brent, and Ethel Barrymore. Wheat's final film role would be in a small unbilled role in the 1947 film, "Killer McCoy", starring Mickey Rooney, Brian Donlevy and Ann Blyth.

title: Whitford Kane

text: Virginia Rouns Patrick Dennis Tanner, there is a real Auntie Mame." Whitford Kane published his autobiography "Are we all met?" in 1931. Whitford Kane Whitford Kane (born Thomas Wheeler Kane, January 30, 1881 – December 17, 1956) was a noted Irish-born American stage and screen character actor remembered for playing the First Gravedigger in numerous productions of Shakespeare's "Hamlet" and by the students that attended his drama classes over a career that spanned nearly six decades. By the end of his long career, Whitford Kane's theatre credits had grown to fill three columns in John Parker's "Who's Who in the

title: Citizen Kane

text: The quasi-biographical film examines the life and legacy of Charles Foster Kane, played by Welles, a character based in part upon the American newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst, Chicago tycoons Samuel Insull and Harold McCormick, and aspects of Welles's own life.  Upon its release, Hearst prohibited mention of the film in any of his newspapers.

title: Citizen Kane