question: who has won the 2018 formula one australia grand prix tournament

answers: Ferrari driver Sebastian Vettel

answers: Sebastian Vettel

title: 2018 Australian Grand Prix

text: 2018 Australian Grand Prix The 2018 Australian Grand Prix (formally known as the Formula 1 2018 Rolex Australian Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 25 March 2018 in Melbourne, Victoria. The race was contested over fifty-eight laps of the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit and was the first round of the 2018 FIA Formula One World Championship. The race marked the eighty-second race in the combined history of the Australian Grand Prix—which dates back to the 100 Miles Road Race of 1928—and the twenty-third time the event was held at the Albert Park circuit. Ferrari driver Sebastian

title: Australian Grand Prix

text: One World Championship." As of the 2018 edition, four-time World Drivers' Champion Alain Prost remains the only driver to win the race in both World Championship and domestic formats, winning the Australian Drivers' Championship 1982 race before winning in Adelaide in 1986 and 1988. "Teams in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season."<br> "A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship." "A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship." Australian Grand Prix The Australian Grand Prix is a motor

title: 1982 Australian Grand Prix

text: a Ralt RT4. His subsequent victory in the 1986 Australian Grand Prix would see him secure his second straight Formula One World Championship for Drivers title and become the first driver to win the Australian Grand Prix in both its Australian domestic and World Championship formats. As of 2016 he remains as the only driver to have achieved this. The 1982 race was the first Australian Grand Prix since 1968 in which no Australian driver placed in the first three positions. The highest-placed Australian was the Alfredo Costanzo who finished fifth in a Tiga FA81 Ford, thus clinching the 1982

title: Formula One drivers from Russia

text: Formula One drivers from Russia There have been three Formula One drivers from Russia, all have raced in the 2010s and two have scored podium positions in Grands Prix. Sergey Sirotkin made his debut for Williams Martini Racing at the 2018 Australian Grand Prix. He would score a solitary point at the 2018 Italian Grand Prix in the uncompetitive Williams FW41. He was replaced with Robert Kubica for 2019. When Vitaly Petrov made his Grand Prix debut for Renault at the 2010 Bahrain Grand Prix he became the first driver from Russia or the former Soviet Union to compete in

title: 2017 Australian Grand Prix

text: 2017 Australian Grand Prix The 2017 Australian Grand Prix (formally known as the 2017 Formula 1 Rolex Australian Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race that took place on 26 March 2017 in Melbourne. The race was contested over fifty-seven laps of the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit and was the first round of the 2017 FIA Formula One World Championship. The race marked the eighty-first race in the combined history of the Australian Grand Prix – which dates back to the 100 Miles Road Race of 1928 – and the twenty-second time the event was held at the Melbourne

title: 1980 Australian Grand Prix

text: their new Australian hero. Italian driver Bruno Giacomelli finished second in the only other International Formula One car in the race, an Alfa Romeo 179. Third was French driver Didier Pironi driving an Australian built Elfin MR8 Formula 5000. By winning the Australian Grand Prix, Alan Jones joined his father Stan Jones to become the first ever father and son to win the race. Stan Jones had won the 1959 Australian Grand Prix at the Longford Circuit in Tasmania driving a Maserati 250F. As of the 2017 race, Alan Jones remains the last Australian driver to have won the Australian

title: Australian Grand Prix

text: racing memorable for deciding Championship results, most notably the 1986 and 1994 races which saw the and World Drivers' Championships decided. Australian driver Lex Davison and German driver Michael Schumacher are the most successful drivers in the 86-year history of the event taking four wins each, while McLaren and Ferrari have been the most successful constructors with twelve victories each. Frenchman Alain Prost is the only driver to win the Australian Grand Prix in both Australian domestic and World Championship formats, having won the race in 1982 driving a Formula Pacific Ralt RT4 and in Formula One in 1986 and

title: Bob Jane

text: the then retired Jones, plus future Formula One World Champion Alain Prost. Frenchman Prost won the 100 lap race from Laffite and 1981 winner Roberto Moreno. When Prost later won his second AGP in Adelaide in 1986 to win his second of four Formula One World Championships, he became the only driver to ever win the Australian Grand Prix in both World Championship and non-championship formats. The 1983 race, while only attracting one current F1 driver in Jacques Laffite, as well as Alan Jones, who had made an abortive F1 comeback earlier in the year, did attract 24 entries (mostly

title: Formula One drivers from Australia

text: their own cars, a Brabham in 1966. Twelve other Australian drivers have started a race with Mark Webber and Daniel Ricciardo being the only two to have won at least one grand prix. In 2011 Daniel Ricciardo became the first West Australian to race in Formula One. He had joined Red Bull in 2009 as a test driver and was promoted to reserve driver for the following year. He was loaned to HRT in the second half of the 2011 season and joined Toro Rosso as a full-time driver in 2012. After staying with Toro Rosso for 2013, Ricciardo moved

title: 1987 Australian Grand Prix

text: in his Formula One debut with AGS by finishing 6th. The last car to cross the finish line was the Zakspeed of Christian Danner in 7th place, 3 laps down on Berger. 1987 Australian Grand Prix The 1987 Australian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Adelaide on 15 November 1987. It was the sixteenth and final race of the 1987 Formula One World Championship. The 82-lap race was won by Austrian driver Gerhard Berger, who started from pole position and led every lap in his Ferrari. Brazilian Ayrton Senna finished second in his Lotus-Honda but was

title: 2018 Australian Grand Prix

text: Alonso resisted the pressure from Verstappen while holding on to fifth place. Vettel took the chequered flag to win the Australian Grand Prix for the second consecutive year, followed by Hamilton and Räikkönen rounding the podium. Ricciardo, Alonso, Verstappen, Hülkenberg, Bottas, Vandoorne and Sainz in that order completed the top ten, with Renault scoring their first double-points-finish since the 2011 Turkish Grand Prix. Ricciardo's 4th placed finish marked his joint best finish at Albert Park, but also the joint best finish for an Australian at the Australian Grand Prix, equalling his 2016 result, and Mark Webber's 4th place in 2012.

title: Max Verstappen

text: Prix winner, youngest to win the same Grand Prix multiple times and youngest to win the same Grand Prix in successive years. † Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance. Max Verstappen Max Emilian Verstappen (; born 30 September 1997) is a Belgian-Dutch racing driver who competes under the Dutch flag in Formula One with Red Bull Racing. Aged , he became the youngest driver to compete in Formula 1 at the 2015 Australian Grand Prix. He also holds eight other "firsts" in Formula One racing. After spending the entire

title: 2010 Australian Grand Prix

text: 2010 Australian Grand Prix The 2010 Australian Grand Prix (formally the 2010 Formula 1 Qantas Australian Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 28 March 2010 at the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It was the second round of the 2010 Formula One season. The 58-lap race was won by McLaren driver Jenson Button who started from fourth position. Robert Kubica finished second for the Renault team and Ferrari driver Felipe Massa came in third. The victory was Button's first of the season; the result moved him to third place in the Drivers' Championship,

title: 2010 Australian Grand Prix

text: Red Bull for fourth place with 18 points each, with seventeen races remaining in the season. Notes: 2010 Australian Grand Prix The 2010 Australian Grand Prix (formally the 2010 Formula 1 Qantas Australian Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 28 March 2010 at the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It was the second round of the 2010 Formula One season. The 58-lap race was won by McLaren driver Jenson Button who started from fourth position. Robert Kubica finished second for the Renault team and Ferrari driver Felipe Massa came in third. The victory

title: 2005 Australian Grand Prix

text: 2005 Australian Grand Prix The 2005 Australian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit on 6 March 2005. It was the first round of the 2005 Formula One season. The 58-lap race was won by Renault driver Giancarlo Fisichella after he started from pole position. Rubens Barrichello finished second for the Ferrari team and Fisichella's team-mate Fernando Alonso came in third. The first practice session of the 2005 Australian Grand Prix was dominated by Vitantonio Liuzzi who was appearing at his first grand prix for Red Bull at their first race. Twenty-two

title: Formula One drivers from Australia

text: Formula One drivers from Australia There have been 17 Formula One drivers from Australia, 14 of which have taken part in at least one race since the championship began in 1950, and 3 failed to qualify. Two drivers have won the World Drivers' Championship: Jack Brabham, who won it three times, and Alan Jones, the most recent Australian world champion. One driver is currently active in the sport. Two Australian drivers won the World Drivers' Championship, Jack Brabham in 1959, 1960, and 1966, and Alan Jones in 1980. Brabham is the only driver to win the title in one of

title: 1987 Australian Grand Prix

text: 1987 Australian Grand Prix The 1987 Australian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Adelaide on 15 November 1987. It was the sixteenth and final race of the 1987 Formula One World Championship. The 82-lap race was won by Austrian driver Gerhard Berger, who started from pole position and led every lap in his Ferrari. Brazilian Ayrton Senna finished second in his Lotus-Honda but was subsequently disqualified, thus promoting Berger's Italian teammate Michele Alboreto to second and the Benetton-Ford of Belgian Thierry Boutsen to third. Ferrari's Gerhard Berger started from pole position despite being ill during qualifying.

title: Formula One drivers from Russia

text: after his home race he was demoted back to Toro Rosso and was subsequently replaced by Max Verstappen. After having scored only 5 points in the 2017 season by the 2017 United States Grand Prix, he was dropped from Toro Rosso and replaced with Pierre Gasly. Formula One drivers from Russia There have been three Formula One drivers from Russia, all have raced in the 2010s and two have scored podium positions in Grands Prix. Sergey Sirotkin made his debut for Williams Martini Racing at the 2018 Australian Grand Prix. He would score a solitary point at the 2018 Italian

title: Max Verstappen

text: Max Verstappen Max Emilian Verstappen (; born 30 September 1997) is a Belgian-Dutch racing driver who competes under the Dutch flag in Formula One with Red Bull Racing. Aged , he became the youngest driver to compete in Formula 1 at the 2015 Australian Grand Prix. He also holds eight other "firsts" in Formula One racing. After spending the entire season with Scuderia Toro Rosso, he started his campaign with the Italian team, before being promoted into Red Bull Racing mid-season as a replacement for Daniil Kvyat. He won the 2016 Spanish Grand Prix in his debut race for Red

title: 2016 Australian Grand Prix

text: 2016 Australian Grand Prix The 2016 Australian Grand Prix (formally known as the 2016 Formula 1 Rolex Australian Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race that was held on 20 March 2016 in Melbourne. The race was contested over fifty-seven laps of the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit and was the first round of the 2016 FIA Formula One World Championship. The race marked the eightieth race in the combined history of the Australian Grand Prix—which dates back to the 100 Miles Road Race of 1928—and the twenty-first time the event was held at the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit. Mercedes

title: 2016 Australian Grand Prix

text: a teenager - and a sulky one at that". He later apologised to his team for his outbursts. 2016 Australian Grand Prix The 2016 Australian Grand Prix (formally known as the 2016 Formula 1 Rolex Australian Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race that was held on 20 March 2016 in Melbourne. The race was contested over fifty-seven laps of the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit and was the first round of the 2016 FIA Formula One World Championship. The race marked the eightieth race in the combined history of the Australian Grand Prix—which dates back to the 100 Miles

title: Motorsport in Australia

text: manufacture and name when he won his final championship in driving the Repco V8 powered Brabham BT19 and BT20; and Alan Jones, who won in , giving Williams its first Drivers' and Constructors championships. As of , Daniel Ricciardo (Red Bull Racing) is the only Australian driver in Formula One. Of the 13 Australians who have driven in Formula One, only Brabham (14), Jones (12), Webber (9) and Ricciardo () have won a Formula One Grand Prix. Australian Formula 3 has been the name applied to two distinctly different motor racing categories, separated by over twenty years. The original Australian

title: 2014 Australian Grand Prix

text: lap three. Rosberg dominantly won the race by almost twenty-five seconds, picking up his fourth career win, and his first since the previous year's British Grand Prix. Daniel Ricciardo snatched second in front of his home crowd, making him the first Australian Formula One driver to finish on the podium in his home race as a world championship round. John Smith finished on the podium in 1983, but at the time, it was not yet an official Formula One world championship round. Kevin Magnussen finished third, two seconds behind Ricciardo. This made him the first Formula One debutant since Lewis

title: 2007 Australian Grand Prix

text: 2007 Australian Grand Prix The 2007 Australian Grand Prix (formally the LXXII ING Australian Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 18 March 2007 at the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit, Melbourne, Australia. It was the first race of the 2007 Formula One season. The 58 lap race was won by Kimi Räikkönen for the Ferrari team after starting from pole position. Fernando Alonso finished second in a McLaren car, with teammate Lewis Hamilton third in the other McLaren on his Grand Prix debut. Räikkönen started the race alongside Alonso, but in the start Alonso was passed by

title: 1986 Australian Grand Prix

text: 1986 Australian Grand Prix The 1986 Australian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 26 October 1986 at the Adelaide Street Circuit, Adelaide, Australia. It was the last of 16 races in the 1986 Formula One season, and decided a three-way tussle for the Drivers' Championship. The drivers in contention for the title were; Nigel Mansell, Nelson Piquet, both of whom were racing for the Williams-Honda team, and McLaren's Alain Prost. Mansell took pole position for the race, but a poor start off the grid enabled teammate Piquet, Ayrton Senna and Keke Rosberg to overtake him and

title: 2014 Australian Grand Prix

text: 2014 Australian Grand Prix The 2014 Australian Grand Prix (formally known as the 2014 Formula 1 Rolex Australian Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race that was held on 16 March 2014 in Melbourne. The race was contested over 58 laps of the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit and was the first round of the 2014 FIA Formula One World Championship. It marked the début of new Formula One regulations which introduced 1.6 litre turbocharged V6 engines to the sport; the first such instance, since the 1988 Australian Grand Prix, that turbocharged engines have been used in Formula One. It

title: 2015 Australian Grand Prix

text: 2015 Australian Grand Prix The 2015 Australian Grand Prix, formally titled the 2015 Formula 1 Rolex Australian Grand Prix, was a Formula One motor race that was held on 15 March 2015 in Melbourne. The race was contested over fifty-eight laps of the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit and was the first round of the FIA Formula One World Championship. The race marked the 80th race in the combined history of the Australian Grand Prix—which dates back to the 100 Miles Road Race of 1928—and the twentieth time the event was held at the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit. Mercedes driver Nico

title: 1991 Australian Grand Prix

text: 1991 Australian Grand Prix The 1991 Australian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 3 November 1991 at the Adelaide Street Circuit. It was the 16th and final race of the 1991 Formula One World Championship. Torrential rain resulted in the race being stopped after 16 of the scheduled 81 laps had been completed. Confusion caused the official results to be declared from the end of the 14th lap. It holds the record for being the shortest Formula One World Championship race ever held. The race was won by Ayrton Senna, with Nigel Mansell in second position,

title: 2014 Australian Grand Prix

text: well for his involvement in the first-lap collision with Felipe Massa and Kimi Räikkönen. The stewards decided not to take any further action against the Japanese driver after they determined the accident was triggered by a mechanical failure on Kobayashi's Caterham. Notes: Notes: 2014 Australian Grand Prix The 2014 Australian Grand Prix (formally known as the 2014 Formula 1 Rolex Australian Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race that was held on 16 March 2014 in Melbourne. The race was contested over 58 laps of the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit and was the first round of the 2014 FIA

title: 2018 Australian Grand Prix

text: Ferrari driver Sebastian Vettel was the defending race winner.  Lewis Hamilton started the race from pole—his seventh pole position in Australia, a record for the event—while Vettel successfully defended his race win, the forty-eighth of his career.

title: 2018 Australian Grand Prix

short_answers:
Ferrari driver Sebastian Vettel
Sebastian Vettel


question: when did are you smarter than a 5th grader first air

answers: February 27, 2007

text: Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (Hong Kong game show) The Hong Kong version of Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (Traditional Chinese: 係咪小兒科, literally translated "is it child's play?") was produced by TVB from 2008 to 2009. This show was based on the American show of the same name. It is hosted by Leo Ku and narrated by . The first season started on October 25, 2008 and ended on April 25, 2009. The second season aired between October 5, 2009 and November 16, 2009. The format is based on the original 2007-09 United States version (not

text: announced that a third season of "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader?" would be produced and aired in 2009. The first episode screened on Monday 27 July 2009. In each game, the contestant is asked a series of eleven questions taken from textbooks from first through fifth grade curricula. Each contestant is given ten subjects to choose from (such as Spelling, Maths or Social Studies), each of which is associated with a grade level; there are two questions per grade, from first to fifth. In 2008, this changed to one 1st & 2nd grade question, two 3rd grade questions

text: Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (Chinese game show) The Chinese version of Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? began in 2007 as the project of at least six television stations: Hunan Economic TV Station, China Central Television, Shenzhen TV, Tianjin Television, China Shaanxi TV Station and Guangdong TV. 5th Grade Rescue Team (Simplified Chinese: 五年级救助队) is produced by Hunan Economic TV Station for 7 consecutive days during the "Golden Week" started from the Labour Day in 2007. The host was Wang Han (). The tagline of the show is "谁比5年级学生更聪明" (who is smarter than a 5th grader?).

text: Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (Australian game show) Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? is an Australian quiz show (based on the American show of the same name) produced by Roving Enterprises that debuted on Network Ten on 26 September 2007. It is hosted by popular TV personality Rove McManus. Filming for the show commenced on 11 September 2007 at Global Television Studios in Forest Hill. McManus inspected the United States production (in its second series at the time) of the show while in the United States of America hosting his show "Rove". The children for the

text: began on September 6, 2007, and aired in the same timeslot. Following the end of the original run of the primetime version on September 18, 2009, a first-run syndicated version of the show ran from September 2009 to May 2011, with Foxworthy returning as host. On May 26, 2015, the program returned to Fox for a new, sixth season, with Foxworthy, again, returning as host. The show also airs internationally, and the format has been picked up for local versions in a number of other countries. "5th Grader" games are played by a single contestant, who attempts to answer ten

text: five cast members (who are fifth grade students), in answering the questions. Notably, upon getting an answer incorrect or deciding to end the game, the contestant must profess to the camera "My name is [contestants name] and I am not smarter than a fifth grader.". A second season of the show commenced in late 2008. Five new students feature due to the five original students being no longer able to feature because they had advanced to grade six. An additional change will be the addition of celebrity contestants playing for charity alongside regular contestants. On 10 November 2008, it was

text: to a higher-grade question before attempting at least one question from each lower grade. David Hinckley of the "New York Daily News" gave the revival series' cast a positive review, calling the classmates "terrific... smart, outgoing and funny," while arguing that Foxworthy "understands how much to showcase them." The first season of the original series averaged 11.5 million viewers. The 2015 revival premiered on May 26, 2015 to 3.31 million viewers, scoring a 0.8/3 rating/share among adults 18–49. Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (U.S. game show) Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? is an American quiz game

title: Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader?

text: October 26, 2009 for Nintendo DS, Wii and Xbox 360. Capcom Mobile released a game based on the game show for iOS devices called "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader 2010" in 2009. In 2012, Ludia released a free game based on the game show called "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? & Friends" for iOS devices. In 2015, GameMill Entertainment released a game based on the 2015 FOX Primetime revival for the Nintendo 3DS. Parker Brothers released a DVD game based on the show. Unlike the show, the player can only pick one classmate for the whole

text: 2007 series were all students who were currently enrolled in grade five and were aged 10 or 11. They had to compete against many other fifth graders to win the roles. "5th Grader" games are played by a single contestant, who attempts to answer ten questions (plus a final bonus question). Content is taken from primary school textbooks, two from each grade level from first to fifth. Each correct answer increases the amount of money the player banks; a maximum cash prize of A$500,000 can be won. Along the way, the player can be assisted by a "classmate", one of

text: game show history. The show, which was filmed at the Canadian Broadcasting Centre in Toronto, Ontario, challenged contestants to prove that they are smarter than a Canadian fifth grader by answering a series of questions on material from elementary school textbooks. In addition to the subjects present in the American edition (save for American history), the game included Canadian-specific content, such as questions about the French language, Canadian history, geography and culture. The set for the show was similar to the American version, but themed for Canada; for instance, the floor contained a large map of the country. The class

title: Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader?

text: adult has retained since graduating elementary school. The show also derives its humor by occasionally displaying the contestant's educational attainment, implying that in spite of that, they struggle to answer some questions. The contestant is presented and chooses from a set of ten subjects and grade level question topics. The question is then revealed. Some questions are multiple choice or true/false; others require the contestant to answer without any options. Each correct answer moves the contestant up a payout ladder, with a final bonus fifth grade question moving the contestant up one more step to the top prize of $1,000,000.

text: island is Mawson Peak located?". Brown didn't know the answer and was glad to have taken the money. The correct answer was Heard Island. Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (Australian game show) Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? is an Australian quiz show (based on the American show of the same name) produced by Roving Enterprises that debuted on Network Ten on 26 September 2007. It is hosted by popular TV personality Rove McManus. Filming for the show commenced on 11 September 2007 at Global Television Studios in Forest Hill. McManus inspected the United States production (in

text: game in each episode. The families answer a question first, the family that gets it right will be the contestants for the 50,000 Renminbi prize. The contestant can use the three "lifelines" during the game: The third series called New 5th Grader: Asian Games Genius (Simplified Chinese: 五年级插班生之亚运至叻星) started on May 1, 2010 and He Haopeng is back as the host. The three "cheats" are "中场休息" (peek), "技术支援" (copy) and "亲友啦啦队" (Phone a Friend). Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (Chinese game show) The Chinese version of Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? began in 2007 as the

text: families are excited throughout the summer") and ended on September 27, 2008. Lucky 52 (Simplified Chinese: ) is a variety show of CCTV-2, hosted by Li Yong. The format of "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader?" was adapted for the episodes from June 1, 2007 to February 17, 2008. See Lucky Classroom. Who's Smarter (Simplified Chinese: 谁比谁聪明) is produced by Shenzhen TV and hosted by Liu Mingming (刘茗茗). The top prize is 20,000 Renminbi (about US$2,900). The "cheats" are "参考" (peek) and "照搬" (copy). The contestant can also phone a friend for help. After the contestant answers the fifth

title: Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader?

text: However, if the million dollar question is answered correctly (which has only happened twice), the contestant has the opportunity to claim, "I am smarter than a fifth grader." The show has spawned many versions around the world: On October 20, 2008, developer THQ released the first video game, titled "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader?: Make the Grade", for the PC, PS2, Nintendo DS, Wii, and Xbox Live Arcade. The Xbox Live Arcade version as of mid-2010 was delisted from the Xbox Live Game Marketplace. A sequel "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? Game Time" was released on

text: 2009. This version features a top prize of $250,000 and a tweaked format between the prime time version and the daytime version. On March 24, 2011, the show was canceled along with "Don't Forget the Lyrics!" due to low ratings. Reruns continued on several cable outlets for a year afterward; as of 2018, the reruns air on Light TV. On the syndicated version, each class had three kids in each episode, but there were nine kids who traded off with one another throughout both seasons. The class is as follows: The game play for this version of "5th Grader" is

title: Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader?

text: season of this TV program ranked 28th in the Nielsen ratings in the U.S., with an average of 12.7 million viewers per episode. The status of the Fox-TV series following the summer of 2008 was unknown, but the syndicated TV show debuted in late September 2009. Episodes from this series were also broadcast on MyNetworkTV one evening per week, and on the Country Music Television (CMT) channel it was broadcast on five evenings per week. GSN began airing the show November 6, 2011 in five-hour blocks starting at 7:00 p.m. Eastern/6:00 p.m. They currently air "Are You Smarter than a

text: for the U.S. state of Georgia; and George Smoot, winner of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics and professor at the University of California, Berkeley. In November 2006 it was pitched as "Do You Remember Grade School?" by Burnett and Zoo Productions to network executives in the form of a six-question quiz; the only network president who was able to win on the quiz was Fox's Peter Liguori. On January 31, 2007, Fox announced that they had picked up the show for an initial six-episode run, and on February 9 Foxworthy was announced as host. Less than eight weeks after

text: cast of children. Prior to the show, the children are provided with workbooks which contain a variety of material, some of which could be used in the questions asked in the game. The player chooses one to be their "classmate", who stands at the adjacent podium and is called upon for assistance in choosing a subject; the other four sit at desks off to the side. Each child acts as the classmate for two consecutive questions, after which another child is picked from those who have not yet played in that game. Contestants have three forms of answer-assistance options (two

text: the game, "Flunk out" means the contestant answers the question incorrectly. Since the "classmates" of every episode almost got all the questions correctly, many audience thought that they memorized all the answers already before the recording of the show. Some audience may even think that the actual purpose of the show is to bring out the message that children are smarter than adults. Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (Hong Kong game show) The Hong Kong version of Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (Traditional Chinese: 係咪小兒科, literally translated "is it child's play?") was produced by TVB from

text: that the revival was the result of a conversation he had over dinner with Mark Burnett the previous year, in which he considered "5th Grader" to be his favorite television role. When Fox approached him later in 2014 about reviving the series, he accepted the role with little hesitation. In each game, the contestant (an adult) is asked a series of eleven questions, spanning ten subjects (such as Animal Science, Spelling or Math) taken from textbooks for first through fifth grade students. Each question is associated with a grade level; there are two questions per grade, from first to fifth.

title: Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader?

text: the "cheats." It does, however, give a misleading impression of the knowledge level of actual fifth-graders, since the classmates on the show rarely miss the questions, having been given study material in advance. In fact, the show's title is something of a misnomer, since contestants do not actually compete against the classmates, and the classmates' performance on the show is enhanced by study materials, although they still occasionally miss a question. Upon leaving the game either by quitting ("DROP OUT"), or answering incorrectly ("FLUNK OUT"), the contestant must profess to the camera, "I am not smarter than a fifth grader."

text: and three 4th and 5th grade questions. Contestants can answer the questions in any order, and each correct answer raises their cumulative amount of winnings to the next level (see table at right); after a contestant answers the fifth question correctly, they are guaranteed to leave the game with at least $25,000/$30,000. If a contestant correctly answers the first ten questions, they are given the opportunity to answer a fifth-grade bonus question worth $500,000. Five fifth grade students appear on each show and play along on stage – each episode in a season has the same cast of children. The

title: Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader?

text: 5th Grader"? Sunday nights. In 2013, the show appeared in "TV Guide"s list of the 60 greatest game shows ever. Each game is played by a single contestant who earns money incrementally based on a payout ladder by answering simple trivia questions, with the game themed as a school quiz. The game relies on the premise that an adult would not know the information generally taught in elementary grade school, because it is rarely used in adult life by the type of person chosen to be a contestant. Therefore, the show is essentially a test to see how much an

text: Are You Smarter than a Canadian 5th Grader? Are You Smarter than a Canadian 5th Grader? is a Canadian English television game show, which began airing on October 25, 2007 on Global. The show, based on the U.S. game show "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader?", was hosted by Canadian comedian Colin Mochrie. Five episodes were produced, and aired Thursdays at 9 p.m. ET. Contestants included a lawyer, a professor, a nuclear engineer amongst others. A veterinarian, Andrew Oster, from Midland, Ontario was the show's biggest winner garnering $300,000 (CDN), tax-free; his prize was the highest sum in Canadian

text: variations in the Canadian version, however: Are You Smarter than a Canadian 5th Grader? Are You Smarter than a Canadian 5th Grader? is a Canadian English television game show, which began airing on October 25, 2007 on Global. The show, based on the U.S. game show "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader?", was hosted by Canadian comedian Colin Mochrie. Five episodes were produced, and aired Thursdays at 9 p.m. ET. Contestants included a lawyer, a professor, a nuclear engineer amongst others. A veterinarian, Andrew Oster, from Midland, Ontario was the show's biggest winner garnering $300,000 (CDN), tax-free; his prize

text: 12 students get it right. The "fund of love" will be doubled if all 5 questions are answered correctly. Are You Smarter than a Primary Student? (Simplified Chinese: 不考不知道) is produced by China Shaanxi TV Station and hosted by Xu Rui (徐睿). The question values are in experience points, the more points the contestant gets, the more valuable prize he/she wins. The prize for the contestant who gets the maximum 100,000 points is a car manufactured by Chang'an Motors. There are three "cards" for the contestant to get help from the primary school students: "瞄瞄卡" (peek), "换换卡" (copy) and "救救卡"

text: answer a question, the family that gets it right by using the least time will be the contestants for the 100,000 Renminbi prize. Then the contestant family answers 11 question with the same values as "5th Grade Rescue Team" (see the table below). The other families also need to answer the questions since the family that get the most questions right will be the next contestants. The contestant family can get help from the other families or change the question by using different "lifelines". On July 12, 2008, HNETV produced the show's summer special, called 智慧家庭HIGH一夏 (roughly translated as "intelligent

text: question correctly, he/she can get a certificate for his/her good performance. Can You Graduate? (Simplified Chinese: 你能毕业吗?) is produced by Tianjin Television and hosted by Duan Lei (段雷) and Jia Ning (贾宁). The top prize is 10,000 Renminbi (about US$1,460). The contestant can win 5,000 Renminbi if he/she answers all 12 questions correctly, these questions consist of 6 primary school level, 3 junior secondary school level and 3 senior secondary school level questions. An extra 5,000 Renminbi prize will be awarded if he/she get the bonus question right. The contestant can get help from 7 helpers consist of 3 primary

long_answer: Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? is an American quiz game show on Fox. It is produced by Mark Burnett and is hosted by Jeff Foxworthy. The show premiered as a three-day special which began on February 27, 2007 with the first two shows each a half-hour in length. Regular one-hour episodes began airing Thursdays from March 1 through May 10, and the first season continued with new episodes beginning May 31. Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader? was picked up for the 2007–08 season, which began on September 6, 2007, and aired in the same timeslot. Following the end of the original run of the primetime version on September 18, 2009, a first-run syndicated version of the show ran from September 2009 to May 2011, with Foxworthy returning as host. On May 26, 2015, the program returned to Fox for a new, sixth season, with Foxworthy, again, returning as host. The show also airs internationally, and the format has been picked up for local versions in a number of other countries.


question: leader of carthage in the first punic war

answers: Hanno the Great

answers: Xanthippus

answers: Hasdrubal the Fair

answers: Hamilcar Barca

title: Autaritus

text: Autaritus Autaritus (died 238 BCE) was a leader of Gallic mercenaries in the Carthaginian army during the First Punic War. With his men Autaritus fought in 262 BCE at the Battle of Agrigentum and remained loyal to Carthage when his countrymen defected "en masse" to the Romans. After his return to Africa he was one of the leaders of the mercenaries rebelling against Carthage in the Mercenary War of 240. With Autaritus' gifts as an orator, and his passable command of Phoenician, he incited his men to particular savagery, and was the instigator of the massacre of the Carthaginian commander

title: Hanno, Messana garrison commander

text: Hanno, Messana garrison commander Hanno (, ) was a Carthaginian general prominent in the events leading to the start of the First Punic War (264 to 241 BC). In 265 BC the Mamertines who were occupying Messana were being threatened by Hiero II of Syracuse. Consequently, they sent appeals for assistance to Rome and Carthage. The Carthaginians were first to respond dispatching a small force commanded by Hanno to occupy the citadel of Messana and patrol the strait of Messina. The Roman consul Appius Claudius Caudex desiring personal glory persuaded the Roman People with promises of profit to vote in

title: History of Carthage

text: In retaliation for Greek raids on Punic Sicilian possessions in 406 BC, Hannibal Mago led a second Carthaginian expedition, perhaps aiming to subjugate all Sicily. Carthaginians first moved against Akragas, during the siege of which the Carthaginian forces were ravaged by plague, Hannibal Mago himself succumbing to it. His kinsman and successor, Himilco (the son of Hanno), successfully captured Akragas, then captured the cities of Gela and Camarina while repeatedly defeating the army of Dionysius, the new tyrant of Syracuse, in battle. Himilco ultimately concluded a treaty with Dionysius (an outbreak of plague may have caused this), which allowed the

title: Hanno, Messana garrison commander

text: in leaving the citadel of Messana. Hanno, Messana garrison commander Hanno (, ) was a Carthaginian general prominent in the events leading to the start of the First Punic War (264 to 241 BC). In 265 BC the Mamertines who were occupying Messana were being threatened by Hiero II of Syracuse. Consequently, they sent appeals for assistance to Rome and Carthage. The Carthaginians were first to respond dispatching a small force commanded by Hanno to occupy the citadel of Messana and patrol the strait of Messina. The Roman consul Appius Claudius Caudex desiring personal glory persuaded the Roman People with

title: Masinissa

text: Masinissa Masinissa, or Masensen, (Berber: Masensen, ⵎⵙⵏⵙⵏ; "c."238 BC – 148 BC)—also spelled Massinissa and Massena—was the first King of Numidia. During his younger years, before he was king, he fought in the Second Punic War (218–201 BC), first against the Romans as an ally of Carthage and later switching sides (206 BC). With Roman support, he united the eastern and western Numidian tribes and founded the Kingdom of Numidia. He is well-known for his role as a Roman ally in the Battle of Zama (202 BC) and as husband of Sophonisba, a Carthaginian noblewoman whom he allowed to poison

title: Hannibal Gisco

text: Hannibal Gisco Hannibal Gisco (, ; –258BC) was a Carthaginian military commander in charge of both land armies and naval fleets during the First Punic War against Rome. His efforts proved ultimately unsuccessful and his eventual defeat in battle led to his downfall and execution. The details of Hannibal Gisco's early life and career are unknown. Hannibal Gisco's first appearance in the sources is in 262 BC, as the general in command of the garrison besieged by the Romans in Agrigentum. Despite the tenacity shown by Gisco and his men for months and the arrival of reinforcements led by Hanno,

title: Berber kings of Roman-era Tunisia

text: unaided and riding bareback. But he had other outstanding qualities besides physical vigour. Fearless and unscrupulous, diplomatic and masterful, he conceived the tremendous ideal of welding the native tribes of North Africa into a nation. He successfully developed agriculture and commerce, and encouraged the spread of Punic civilization. His fame soon exceeded the confines of Africa; he cultivated relations with the Greek world, and at Delos at least three statues were erected in his honour. Throughout he remained a faithful ally of Rome..." The isle of Delos was long famous as a cultural center of Ancient Greece, where its deities

title: Thysdrus

text: Thysdrus Thysdrus was a Carthaginian town and Roman colony near present-day El Djem, Tunisia. Under the Romans, it was the center of olive oil production in the provinces of Africa and Byzacena and was quite prosperous. The surviving amphitheater is a World Heritage Site. The Punic name of the town was (). The Latin name " has Berber roots. Thysdrus began as a small Carthaginian and Berber village. Following the Punic Wars, it was refounded as a Roman town and probably received some of Julius Caesar's veterans as settlers in 45BC. Punic culture remained long predominant, with the city minting

title: Bomilcar (4th century BC)

text: Bomilcar (4th century BC) Bomilcar (, ) was a Carthaginian commander in the war against Agathocles, who invaded Africa in 310. In the first battle with the invaders, his colleague Hanno was killed and, according to Diodorus, Bomilcar permitted the enemy to succeed on the field with the hope that his frightened countrymen would permit him to become tyrant of Carthage. In 308, after many delays and misgivings, he attempted to seize the government with the aid of 500 citizens and a number of mercenaries but his followers were induced to desert him by promises of pardon. He himself was

title: Hamilcar (Drepanum)

text: Hamilcar (Drepanum) Hamilcar (, ) was a general who succeeded to the command of the Carthaginians in the First Punic War. He defeated Rome's allies at the Battle of Thermae in 259 BC and killed 4,000–6,000 of them with the help of surprise and good use of military intelligence. He then captured the towns of Enna and Camarina that same year with traitors. He was defeated at the Battle of Tyndaris in 257 BC, losing 18 ships and sinking 9 Roman ships. He failed to prevent the Roman landing in Africa, being defeated at the Ecnomus in 256 BC, one

title: Himilco (general)

text: Himilco (general) Himilco (died 396 BC) was a member of the Magonids, a Carthaginian family of hereditary generals, and had command over the Carthaginian forces between 406 BC and 397 BC. He is chiefly known for his war in Sicily against Dionysius I of Syracuse. Between 550 BC and 375 BC, the Magonid Family of Carthage played a central role in the political and military affairs of the Carthaginian Empire. Himilco came to prominence after being selected as deputy to his cousin Hannibal Mago in 406 BC for the Carthaginian expedition to Sicily. He took command of the expedition after

title: First Punic War

text: independent of Rome and Carthage. Hostilities of the First Punic War began with developments involving the Romans, Carthaginians, and Greek colonists in Sicily and southern Italy. In 288 BC, the Mamertines, a group of Italian (Campanian) mercenaries originally hired by Agathocles of Syracuse, occupied the city of Messana (modern Messina) in the north-eastern tip of Sicily, killing all the men and taking the women as their wives. At the same time, a group of Roman troops made up of Campanian "citizens without the vote" revolted and seized control of Rhegium, lying across the Straits of Messina on the mainland of

title: Berber kings of Roman-era Tunisia

text: of the Second Punic War (218–201). There, he met discreetly with the Roman general Scipio and eventually sided with Rome. On the death of his father, King Gala [Gaia], Masinissa sailed home to Massyli, where he fought for the throne against usurpers. A neighboring Berber king Syphax invaded the kingdom, but Masinissa escaped to continue his struggle from the outlying farmlands and mountains. When Scipio's armies later landed in Africa, Masinissa and his cavalry joined them. At the Battle of Zama in 202, Masinissa led Numidian and Italian cavalry on the right wing of the Roman forces. During the battle,

title: Hanno, son of Hannibal

text: Hanno, son of Hannibal Hanno (, ), distinguished as the son of Hannibal, was a Carthaginian general during the First Punic War (264 to 241 BC). Before the Battle of Agrigentum, Hannibal Gisco was in the city of Agrigentum, besieged by the Romans, and Hanno was sent to provide relief. Hanno concentrated his troops at Heraclea Minoa and captured the Roman supply base at Herbesos. He told his Numidian cavalry to attack the Roman cavalry and then feign retreat. The Romans pursued the Numidians as they retreated and were brought to the main Carthaginian column where they suffered many losses.

title: Battle of Carthage (c. 149 BC)

text: Battle of Carthage (c. 149 BC) The Battle of Carthage was the main engagement of the Third Punic War between the Punic city of Carthage in Africa and the Roman Republic. It was a siege operation, starting sometime in 149 or 148 BC, and ending in spring 146 BC with the sack and complete destruction of the city of Carthage. After a Roman army under Manius Manilius landed in Africa in 149 BC, Carthage surrendered and handed over hostages and arms. The Romans demanded the complete surrender of the city and surprisingly to the Romans, the city refused, the faction

title: Dido

text: Dido Dido ( ; , ) was, according to ancient Greek and Roman sources, the founder and first queen of Carthage. She is primarily known from the account given by the Roman poet Virgil in his epic, "Aeneid". In some sources she is also known as Elissa ( , ). Many names in the legend of Dido are of Punic origin, which suggests that the first Greek authors who mention this story have taken up Phoenician accounts. One suggestion is that "Dido" is an epithet from the same Semitic root as "David", which means "Beloved". Others state Didô means "the

title: Bomilcar (3rd century BC)

text: Bomilcar (3rd century BC) Bomilcar (, ) was a Carthaginian commander in the Second Punic War (218–201). He was the commander of the Carthaginian supplies which were voted to Hannibal after the Battle of Cannae (216) and with which he arrived in Italy in the ensuing year. They amounted to 4,000 Numidian cavalry, 40 war elephants, 500 or 1,000 talents of silver, grain, and other provisions. In 214, he was sent with 55 ships to the aid of Syracuse, then besieged by the Romans. Finding himself unable to cope with the superior fleet of the enemy, he withdrew to North

title: Hanno, son of Bomilcar

text: Hanno, son of Bomilcar Hanno (, ), distinguished as the son of the suffet Bomilcar, was a Carthaginian officer in the Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC). He was a nephew of Hannibal Barca, Carthage's leading general. Hanno's mother was one of Hannibal's three elder sisters. When Hannibal's army reached the Western bank of the Rhône River, they began preparations to cross. A group of Gauls gathered on the Eastern bank, intent on preventing the army from crossing. Hanno led a small group north, which crossed in small rafts they built. Once across, they headed south toward the Gauls.

title: Primian of Carthage

text: Primian of Carthage Primian (Primianus) was an early Christian Bishop of Carthage, and leader of the Donatist movement in Roman North Africa. Seen as a moderate by some in his faction, he was a controversial figure in a time of fragmentation of the Donatists, a reactionary branch of Christianity. He was the Bishop of Carthage, and hence the leader of the Donatist movement in Roman North Africa. He had succeeded Parmenian as bishop in about 391, winning a tightly-fought election for the role. His rival, Maximian, a relative of the founder of their movement, saw him as a lax and

title: Carthage the Elder

text: Carthage the Elder Saint Carthage the Elder (or Carthach) was an Irish bishop and abbot in the sixth century. His feast day is March 5. The saint is mainly known as a disciple and successor of Ciaran of Saighir ("the Elder") and the tutor and fosterer of his greater namesake, Saint Carthage of Lismore (also known as Saint Mochuda). Carthage was of the Eóganacht Chaisil and son, or, more probably, grandson of Óengus mac Nad Froích whom Saint Patrick baptized. He was punished by St. Ciaran the Elder with penance for a sin of the flesh committed in his younger

title: Marcus Claudius Marcellus

text: Marcus Claudius Marcellus Marcus Claudius Marcellus (; c. 268 – 208 BC), five times elected as consul of the Roman Republic, was an important Roman military leader during the Gallic War of 225 BC and the Second Punic War. Marcellus gained the most prestigious award a Roman general could earn, the "spolia opima", for killing the Gallic military leader and king Viridomarus in hand-to-hand combat in 222 BC at the Battle of Clastidium. Furthermore, he is noted for having conquered the fortified city of Syracuse in a protracted siege during which Archimedes, the famous mathematician, scientist and inventor, was killed.

title: Hanno the Great

text: the Berber mercenaries who had been promised money and rewards by Hamilcar. The mercenaries revolted, and Hanno took control of the Carthaginian army to attempt to defeat them. His attempt failed and he gave control of the army back to Hamilcar. Eventually, they both cooperated to crush the rebels in 238 BC. His nickname "the Great" was apparently earned because of his conquests among the African enemies of Carthage, and he continued to oppose war with Rome, which would necessarily involve naval engagements. During the Second Punic War, he led the anti-war faction in Carthage, and is blamed for preventing

title: Masinissa

text: Gaia of a Numidian tribal group, the Massylii. He was brought up in Carthage, an ally of his father. At the start of the Second Punic War, Masinissa fought for Carthage against Syphax, the king of the Masaesyli of western Numidia (present day Algeria), who had allied himself with the Romans. Masinissa, then about 17 years old, led an army of Numidian troops and Carthaginian auxiliaries against Syphax's army and won a decisive victory (215-212 BC). He was betrothed to the daughter of the Carthaginian general Hasdrubal Gisgo. After his victory over Syphax, Masinissa commanded his skilled Numidian cavalry against

title: Quintus Minucius Thermus

text: Quintus Minucius Thermus Quintus Minucius Thermus (died 188 BC) was a consul of the Roman Republic in 193 BC. In 202, Minucius Thermus may have been the military tribune named Thermus who served in Africa under Scipio Africanus. As a tribune of the "plebs" in 201, Thermus and his fellow tribune Manius Acilius Glabrio opposed the desire of Cornelius Lentulus to have Africa as his consular province. Thermus was also responsible for legislation confirming peace with Carthage after the Second Punic War. His actions may reflect on the earlier connection with Scipio, whose "imperium" in Africa was extended into 201

title: First Punic War

text: First Punic War The First Punic War (264 to 241 BC) was the first of three wars fought between Ancient Carthage and the Roman Republic, the two great powers of the Western Mediterranean. For 23 years, in the longest continuous conflict and greatest naval war of antiquity, the two powers struggled for supremacy, primarily on the Mediterranean island of Sicily and its surrounding waters, and also in North Africa. The war began in 264 BC with the Roman conquest of the Carthaginian-controlled city of Messina in Sicily, granting Rome a military foothold on the island. The Romans built up a

title: Primian of Carthage

text: opponents. He also attended the Council of Carthage (411), where he made comment condemning the actions of Cyprian, the Donatist bishop of Tubursica, for immorality. Primian of Carthage Primian (Primianus) was an early Christian Bishop of Carthage, and leader of the Donatist movement in Roman North Africa. Seen as a moderate by some in his faction, he was a controversial figure in a time of fragmentation of the Donatists, a reactionary branch of Christianity. He was the Bishop of Carthage, and hence the leader of the Donatist movement in Roman North Africa. He had succeeded Parmenian as bishop in about

title: Hannibal Mago

text: Himera 70 years before. In 406 BC Hannibal Mago died in a plague that broke out during the siege of Agrigento. This person should not be confused with the much more famous Carthaginian general Hannibal Barca who led the Carthaginian forces during the Second Punic War about two centuries later. Hannibal Mago Hannibal Mago (, ) was a grandson of Hamilcar Mago. He predates the more famous Carthaginian general Hannibal by about 200 years. He was shofet (judge) of Carthage in 410 BC and in 409 BC commanded a Carthaginian army sent to Sicily in response to a request from

title: Hanno, son of Hannibal

text: The siege lasted several months before the Romans defeated the Carthaginians and forced Hanno to retreat. Hanno, son of Hannibal Hanno (, ), distinguished as the son of Hannibal, was a Carthaginian general during the First Punic War (264 to 241 BC). Before the Battle of Agrigentum, Hannibal Gisco was in the city of Agrigentum, besieged by the Romans, and Hanno was sent to provide relief. Hanno concentrated his troops at Heraclea Minoa and captured the Roman supply base at Herbesos. He told his Numidian cavalry to attack the Roman cavalry and then feign retreat. The Romans pursued the Numidians

title: Third Punic War

text: Third Punic War The Third Punic War (Latin: "Tertium Bellum Punicum") (149–146 BC) was the third and last of the Punic Wars fought between the former Phoenician colony of Carthage and the Roman Republic. The Punic Wars were named because of the Roman name for Carthaginians: "Punici", or "Poenici". This war was a much smaller engagement than the two previous Punic Wars and focused on Tunisia, mainly on the Siege of Carthage, which resulted in the complete destruction of the city, the annexation of all remaining Carthaginian territory by Rome, and the death or enslavement of the entire Carthaginian population.

title: First Punic War

title: First Punic War

long_answer: As a result of the battle, the Roman army, commanded by Marcus Atilius Regulus, landed in Africa and began ravaging the Carthaginian countryside. The Siege of Aspis (or Clupea) was the first fighting on African land during the war. Regulus was next victorious at the Battle of Adys, forcing Carthage to sue for peace. According to Polybius, the terms suggested were so heavy that Carthage decided they would be better off not under Roman rule. The negotiations failed but fortunately, for the Carthaginians, Xanthippus, a Spartan mercenary, returned to Carthage to reorganise its army. Xanthippus defeated the Roman army and captured Regulus at the Battle of Tunis, and then managed to cut off what remained of the Roman army from its base by re-establishing Carthaginian naval supremacy.


question: where did the indian myna bird come from

answers: native to Asia

answers: Asia

title: Bank myna

text: The sexes are indistinguishable in the field. Young birds have a browner head and neck. The species is evolutionarily closest to the common myna. The native range of the bank myna is almost restricted to the Indian subcontinent from the Indus valley in the West, to the Gangetic delta in the East and south of the lower foothills of the Himalayas, only rarely being found in sheltered valleys. They are found mainly in the vicinity of open water and their usual habitat is cultivated farmland and open country but flocks will often live within cities, in markets and railway stations.

title: Common myna

text: a larger yellow cheek-patch. The common myna is readily identified by the brown body, black hooded head and the bare yellow patch behind the eye. The bill and legs are bright yellow. There is a white patch on the outer primaries and the wing lining on the underside is white. The sexes are similar and birds are usually seen in pairs. The common myna obeys Gloger's rule in that the birds from northwest India tend to be paler than their darker counterparts in South India. The calls includes croaks, squawks, chirps, clicks, whistles and 'growls', and the bird often fluffs

title: Bank myna

text: the name given by Latham from a description by Pierre Sonnerat who described "Le petit Martin de Gingi" in 1782, referring to Gingee near Pondicherry in southern India. Thomas C. Jerdon noted in 1863 that the species did not occur in southern India however the species was recorded in the region in 1914 at Vandalur near Madras. Records from further south in India are however increasing. Breeding colonies have been found in Assam. These mynas have been introduced into Kuwait, where they have established in the wild. Flocks have also been found in the Maldives, Taiwan and Japan. Bank mynas

title: Common myna

text: which was largely non-existent there by the 1890s. In contrast, the North Island population was able to breed more successfully and large portions of the North Island are now populated. However, in the southern reaches of the North Island, the cooler summer temperatures, like those of the South Island, have prevented the establishment of large Indian myna populations. In South Africa where it escaped into the wild in 1902, it has become very common and its distribution is greater where human populations are greater or where there is more human disturbance. The bird is also notorious for being a pest,

title: Common myna

text: are regularly observed to usurp nests and hollows, destroy the eggs and kill the young of native bird species including seabirds and parrots. There is evidence that Mynas have killed small land mammals such as mice, squirrels and possums, but further research on these occurrences are under consideration. In Sanskrit literature, the common myna has a number of names, most are descriptive of the appearance or behaviour of the bird. In addition to "saarika", the names for the common myna include "kalahapriya", which means "one who is fond of arguments" referring to the quarrelsome nature of this bird; "chitranetra", meaning

title: Common hill myna

text: authors favor treating the Southern hill myna ("G. indica") from the Nilgiris and elsewhere in the Western Ghats of India as a separate species. This is a stocky jet-black myna, with bright orange-yellow patches of naked skin and fleshy wattles on the side of its head and nape. At about 29 cm length, it is somewhat larger than the common myna ("Acridotheres tristis"). It is overall green-glossed black plumage, purple-tinged on the head and neck. Its large, white wing patches are obvious in flight, but mostly covered when the bird is sitting. The bill and strong legs are bright yellow,

title: Myna

text: captivity. "Myna" is derived from the Hindi language "mainā" which itself is derived from Sanskrit "madanā". Mynas are medium-sized passerines with strong feet. Their flight is strong and direct, and they are gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country, and they eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark, often brown, although some species have yellow head ornaments. Most species nest in holes. Some species have become well known for their imitative skills; the common hill myna is one of these. The following are species of mynas. The coleto and the two "Saroglossa" starlings are included because of their

title: Jungle myna

text: bill and legs are bright yellow, and there is no bare skin around eye as in the common myna and the bank myna. The base of the beak is dark in adults with a shade of blue at the base of the lower mandible. The southern Indian population has a blue iris. The northeast Indian populations have a smoky dark belly and vent. Juveniles are browner with a pale throat and along the median of the underside. Abnormal leucistic plumages have been recorded. The calls of the jungle myna are higher pitched than those of the common myna. Foraging flocks

title: Common myna

text: mean warmest month temperature no less than 23.2 °C and mean coldest month temperature no less than -0.4 °C, implying that the common myna could potentially spread from Sydney northward along the eastern coast to Cairns and westward along the southern coast to Adelaide (though not to Tasmania, Darwin, or the arid interior regions). The Indian myna was introduced to both the North Island and South Island of New Zealand in the 1870s. However, the cooler summer temperatures in the South Island appear to have impeded the breeding success rate of the southern populations, preventing the proliferation of the species,

title: Jungle myna

text: also been introduced either intentionally or accidentally into many other parts of the world including Fiji, Taiwan, the Andaman Islands, and parts of Japan. The species has also spread out on its own to some islands in the Pacific. Jungle mynas are long and have grey plumage, darker on the head and wings. The sexes are indistinguishable in plumage. A large white wing patches on the base of the primaries becomes conspicuous in flight, and the tail feathers are broadly tipped in white. There is a tuft of feathers on the forehead arising at the base of the bill. The

title: Common myna

text: in open woodland, cultivation and around habitation. Although this is an adaptable species, its population has been decreasing significantly in Singapore and Malaysia (where it is locally called as "gembala kerbau", literally 'buffalo shepherd') due to competition with its cousin, the introduced Javan myna. The common myna thrives in urban and suburban environments; in Canberra, for instance, 110 common mynas were released between 1968 and 1971. By 1991, common myna population density in Canberra averaged 15 birds per square kilometer. Only three years later, a second study found an average population density of 75 birds per square kilometer in the

title: Common hill myna

text: range. Elsewhere, such as on the Philippines and in Laos, the decline has been more localized. It is also becoming increasingly rare in regions of northeastern India due to capture of fledged birds for the illegal pet trade. In the Garo Hills region, however, the locals make artificial nests of a split-bamboo framework covered with grass, and put them up in accessible positions in tall trees in a forest clearing or at the edge of a small village to entice the mynas to breed there. The villagers are thus able to extract the young at the proper time for easy

title: Jungle myna

text: Jungle myna The jungle myna ("Acridotheres fuscus") is a myna, a member of the starling family. It is found patchily distributed across much of the mainland of the Indian Subcontinent but absent in the arid zones of India. It is easily recognized by the tuft of feathers on its forehead that form a frontal crest, a feature also found in the closely related Javan myna and the pale-bellied myna which were treated as a subspecies in the past. The eyes are pale, yellow or blue depending on the population and the base of the orange-yellow bill is dark. It has

title: Bank myna

text: from their habit of nesting almost exclusively in the earthen banks of rivers where they excavate holes and breed in large colonies. The head is black on the crown and sides and the upper plumage is slaty grey while the underside is lighter grey with pale pink plumage towards the centre of the abdomen. The wing is black but has a wing patch at the base of the primaries and the tips of the outer tail feathers are pale pinkish buff. The naked skin behind the eye is brick red, the legs are yellow while the iris is deep red.

title: Brahminy starling

text: Brahminy starling The brahminy myna or brahminy starling ("Sturnia pagodarum") is a member of the starling family of birds. It is usually seen in pairs or small flocks in open habitats on the plains of the Indian subcontinent. This myna is pale buff creamy with a black cap and a loose crest. The bill is yellow with a bluish base. The iris is pale and there is a bluish patch of skin around the eye. The outer tail feathers have white and the black primaries of the wings do not have any white patches. The adult male has a more

title: Pied myna

text: throat and breast are black while the cheek, lores, wing coverts and rump are contrastingly white. The sexes are similar in plumage but young birds have dark brown in place of black. The subspecies vary slightly in plumage, extent of streaking of the feathers and in measurements. The flight is slow and butterfly-like on round wings. Leucistic individuals have been recorded. The species is found mainly in the plains but in the foothills up to about 700m above sea level. They are found mainly in areas with access to open water. Their main distribution in India is in the Gangetic

title: Common myna

text: same area. The bird likely owes its success in the urban and suburban settings of Sydney and Canberra to its evolutionary origins; having evolved in the open woodlands of India, the common myna is pre-adapted to habitats with tall vertical structures and little to no vegetative ground cover, features characteristic of city streets and urban nature preserves. The common myna (along with European starlings, house sparrows, and feral rock pigeons) is a nuisance to city buildings; its nests block gutters and drainpipes, causing water damage to building exteriors. Common mynas are believed to pair for life. They breed through much

title: Pied myna

text: The strong protractor muscles allow them to part a mat of grass and their eyes are positioned to obtain a binocular view of the space between the parted beak. They often feed in grazing land or among cattle. The breeding season in India is spread from March to September. With the onset of breeding, the sizes of flocks decline and birds pair up. Courtship involves calling, fluffing of the feathers and head bobbing. The nest is a loose mass of straw formed into a dome with an entrance on the side and placed in a large tree (often banyan, mango,

title: Common myna

text: Thailand, Indo-China and China. The myna has been introduced in many other parts of the world such as Canada, Australia, Israel, New Zealand, New Caledonia, United States, South Africa, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan Uzbekistan and islands in the Indian Ocean (Seychelles, Mauritius, Réunion, Madagascar, Maldives, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep archipelago) and also in islands of the Atlantic, such as Ascension and St Helena, and Pacific Oceans. The range of the common myna is increasing to the extent that in 2000 the IUCN Species Survival Commission declared it among the World's 100 worst invasive species. This abundant passerine is typically found

title: Pied myna

text: plains but extending south to the Krishna River. Their range is increasing, with populations establishing more recently in Pakistan, Rajkot, and Bombay (since 1953), possibly aided by trade in caged birds and accidental escape. Their westerward spread in India particularly in parts of Rajasthan has been aided by changes in irrigation and farming patterns, and the spread into Sumatra has been aided by deforestation. The species has also established itself in Dubai, UAE. The habitat is lowland open areas with scattered trees near water, often near human habitation. This species is often seen at sewage farms and refuse tips. These

title: Javan myna

text: length is . Its weight is about . The Javan myna is native to Java and Bali and has been introduced to southeast Thailand, southern Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, the Lesser Sundas, Taiwan, Puerto Rico, and Japan. It is found in cities and cultivated areas. The Javan myna is omnivorous and eats seeds, fruit, nectar, insects and human waste. It is often found in large groups. Its voice is similar to that of the common myna. It builds its nest in holes. The eggs are bluish-glaucous. Javan mynas are bold and not very afraid of humans. Javan mynas are kept in

title: Canberra Indian Myna Action Group

text: the sixteenth most prevalent species, with anecdotal evidence of increased observations and nesting by native bird species. The action group has been associated with scientific research in Canberra into the effect of Indian mynas on native bird species and whether controlling Indian myna populations affects the prevalence of native bird species. Canberra Indian Myna Action Group The Canberra Indian Myna Action Group (CIMAG) is a voluntary public action group started in Canberra in 2006 to combat the invasive Indian myna that since its introduction to Canberra in 1968 had become the third most prevalent bird species, competing with and crowding

title: Brahminy starling

text: it within the genus "Sturnia". Brahminy starling The brahminy myna or brahminy starling ("Sturnia pagodarum") is a member of the starling family of birds. It is usually seen in pairs or small flocks in open habitats on the plains of the Indian subcontinent. This myna is pale buff creamy with a black cap and a loose crest. The bill is yellow with a bluish base. The iris is pale and there is a bluish patch of skin around the eye. The outer tail feathers have white and the black primaries of the wings do not have any white patches. The

title: Canberra Indian Myna Action Group

text: Canberra Indian Myna Action Group The Canberra Indian Myna Action Group (CIMAG) is a voluntary public action group started in Canberra in 2006 to combat the invasive Indian myna that since its introduction to Canberra in 1968 had become the third most prevalent bird species, competing with and crowding out other native birds. In November 2013 the action group won the 2014 Keep Australia Beautiful Award for 'Environmental Innovation and Protection'. As of July 2014, the action group has captured and humanely disposed an estimated 49,000 Indian mynas. The prevalence of the Indian myna in Canberra has been reduced to

title: Bali myna

text: Bali myna The Bali myna ("Leucopsar rothschildi"), also known as Rothschild's mynah, Bali starling, or Bali mynah, locally known as jalak Bali, is a medium-sized (up to long), stocky myna, almost wholly white with a long, drooping crest, and black tips on the wings and tail. The bird has blue bare skin around the eyes, greyish legs and a yellow bill. Both sexes are similar. It is critically endangered and fewer than 100 adults are assumed to currently exist in the wild. Placed in the monotypic genus Leucopsar, it appears to be most closely related to "Sturnia" and the brahminy

title: Javan myna

text: cages in Malaysia and Indonesia. Javan myna The Javan myna ("Acridotheres javanicus"), also known as the white-vented myna, is a species of myna. It is a member of the starling family. The Javan myna is sometimes included in the great myna ("Acridotheres grandis") or the jungle myna ("A. fuscus"). The International Ornithologists' Union recommends not using the name "white-vented myna" to avoid confusion. The Javan myna is mainly black. The wings are brownish-black, and the primaries have white bases. The undertail-coverts are white. There is a crest on the forehead. The beak and feet are yellow. The eyes are lemon-yellow.

title: Myna

text: their relationships. This range was colonized twice during the evolution of starlings, first by rather ancestral starlings related to the coleto and "Aplonis" lineages, and millions of years later by birds related to the common starling and wattled starling's ancestors. These two groups of mynas can be distinguished in the more terrestrial adaptions of the latter, which usually also have less glossy plumage except on the heads and longer tails. The Bali myna which is nearly extinct in the wild is highly distinctive. Some mynas are considered talking birds, for their ability to reproduce sounds, including human speech, when in

title: Bali myna

text: legs. The Bali myna is restricted to the island of Bali (and its offshore islands) in Indonesia, where it is the island's only endemic vertebrate species. (An endemic subspecies, the Bali tiger, has been extinct since 1937). The bird was discovered in 1910, and in 1991 was designated the faunal emblem of Bali. Featured on the Indonesian 200 rupiah coin, its local name is "jalak Bali". In its natural habitat it is inconspicuous, using tree tops for cover and–unlike other starlings–usually coming to the ground only to drink or to find nesting materials; this would seem to be an adaptation

title: Sri Lanka hill myna

text: Sri Lanka hill myna The Sri Lanka hill myna, Ceylon myna or Sri Lanka myna ("Gracula ptilogenys"), is a myna, a member of the starling family. This bird is endemic to Sri Lanka. This passerine is typically found in forest and cultivation. The Sri Lanka myna builds a nest in a hole. The normal clutch is two eggs. These 25 cm long birds have green-glossed black plumage, purple-tinged on the head and neck. There are large white wing patches, which are obvious in flight. The strong legs are bright yellow, and there are yellow wattles on the nape. The different

title: Common myna

text: The common myna/Indian mynah (Acridotheres tristis), sometimes spelled mynah, also sometimes known as "Indian myna", is a member of the family Sturnidae (starlings and mynas) native to Asia.  An omnivorous open woodland bird with a strong territorial instinct, the myna has adapted extremely well to urban environments.

title: Common myna

short_answers:
Asia
native to Asia


question: who was the famous scientist that ran the research lab moseley went to in manchester

answers: Sir Ernest Rutherford

title: Henry Moseley

text: year at Manchester, he had a teaching load as a graduate teaching assistant, but following that first year, he was reassigned from his teaching duties to work as a graduate research assistant. He declined a fellowship offered by Rutherford, preferring to move back to Oxford, in November 1913, where he was given laboratory facilities but no support. Experimenting with the energy of beta particles in 1912, Moseley showed that high potentials were attainable from a radioactive source of radium, thereby inventing the first atomic battery, though he was unable to produce the 1MeV necessary to stop the particles. In 1913,

title: Henry Moseley

text: Henry Moseley Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley (; 23 November 1887 – 10 August 1915) was an English physicist, whose contribution to the science of physics was the justification from physical laws of the previous empirical and chemical concept of the atomic number. This stemmed from his development of Moseley's law in X-ray spectra. Moseley's law advanced atomic physics, nuclear physics and quantum physics by providing the first experimental evidence in favour of Niels Bohr's theory, aside from the hydrogen atom spectrum which the Bohr theory was designed to reproduce. That theory refined Ernest Rutherford's and Antonius van den Broek's model,

title: Henry Moseley

text: step of demonstrating the actual foundation of atomic numbers. Ernest Rutherford commented that Moseley's work, "Allowed him to complete during two years at the outset of his career a set of researches that would surely have brought him a Nobel prize". Memorial plaques to Moseley were installed at Manchester and Eton, and a Royal Society scholarship, established by his will, had as its second recipient the physicist P. M. S. Blackett, who later became president of the Society. Henry Moseley Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley (; 23 November 1887 – 10 August 1915) was an English physicist, whose contribution to the

title: Henry Moseley (mathematician)

text: in 1836. In 1870 he was given an honorary degree of LL.D. Moseley was ordained deacon in 1827 and priest in 1828, and became curate at West Monkton, near Taunton. On 20 January 1831 he was appointed Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy and Astronomy at King's College, London. He held the post till 12 January 1844, when he was appointed one of the first of H. M. inspectors of normal schools. He was also chaplain of King's College from 31 October 1831 to 8 November 1833. As one of the jurors of the International Exhibition of 1851 he came

title: Henry Moseley

text: not been invented yet in Moseley's time. Moseley's method in early X-ray spectroscopy was able to sort out the above chemical problems promptly, some of which had occupied chemists for a number of years. Moseley also predicted the existence of element 61, a lanthanide whose existence was previously unsuspected. Quite a few years later, this element 61 was created artificially in nuclear reactors and was named promethium. Before Moseley and his law, atomic numbers had been thought of as a semi-arbitrary ordering number, vaguely increasing with atomic weight but not strictly defined by it. Moseley's discovery showed that atomic numbers

title: Henry Moseley (mathematician)

text: Henry Moseley (mathematician) Henry Moseley (9 July 1801 – 20 January 1872) was an English churchman, mathematician, and scientist. The son of Dr. William Willis Moseley, who kept a school at Newcastle-under-Lyme, and his wife Margaret (née Jackson), he was born on 9 July 1801. He was sent at an early age to the grammar school there, and when fifteen or sixteen to a school at Abbeville. Later he attended, for a short time, a naval school in Portsmouth. In 1819 Moseley went to St John's College, Cambridge. He graduated B.A. in 1826, coming out seventh wrangler, and proceeded M.A.

title: Henry Moseley

text: at the age of 27. Experts have speculated that Moseley could otherwise have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1916. As a consequence, the British government instituted new policies for eligibility for combat duty. Henry G. J. Moseley, known to his friends as Harry, was born in Weymouth in Dorset in 1887. His father Henry Nottidge Moseley (1844–91), who died when Henry Moseley was quite young, was a biologist and also a professor of anatomy and physiology at the University of Oxford, who had been a member of the Challenger Expedition. Moseley's mother was Amabel Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley,

title: Moseley's law

text: show that the frequencies of certain characteristic X-rays emitted from chemical elements are proportional to the square of a number which was close to the element's atomic number; a finding which supported Van den Broek and Bohr's model of the atom in which the atomic number is the same as the number of positive charges in the nucleus of the atom. In brief, the law states that the square root of the frequency of the emitted x-ray is proportional to the atomic number. William Lawrence Bragg had discovered X-ray crystallography in 1911 which was a method of using an x-ray

title: Moseley's law

text: Moseley's law Moseley's law is an empirical law concerning the characteristic x-rays that are emitted by atoms. The law was discovered and published by the English physicist Henry Moseley in 1913. It is historically important in quantitatively justifying the conception of the nuclear model of the atom, with all, or nearly all, positive charges of the atom located in the nucleus, and associated on an integer basis with atomic number. Until Moseley's work, "atomic number" was merely an element's place in the periodic table, and was not known to be associated with any measurable physical quantity. Moseley was able to

title: Chemistry: A Volatile History

text: – there cannot be any fractional values. Moseley realised it was the atomic number, not the atomic weight that determines the order of the elements. What's more, because the atomic number increases in whole numbers from one element to the next there can be no extra elements between Hydrogen (atomic number 1) and Uranium (atomic number 92) – there can only be 92 elements, there is no room for any more. Moseley was just 26 when he completed this research. Aged 27 he was killed in action during the First World War – shot through the head by a sniper.

title: Henry Nottidge Moseley

text: Henry Nottidge Moseley Henry Nottidge Moseley FRS (14 November 1844 – 10 November 1891) was a British naturalist who sailed on the global scientific expedition of HMS "Challenger" in 1872 through 1876. Moseley was born in Wandsworth, London, the son of Henry Moseley. He was educated at Harrow School, at Exeter College, Oxford (Arts) and at the University of London (medicine). He married Amabel Gwyn Jeffreys, daughter of the conchologist John Gwyn Jeffreys, in 1881, and they were the parents of the noted British physicist Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley. Moseley delivered the Royal Society Croonian Lecture in 1878 and was

title: Henry Moseley

text: time of his death, Moseley could, in the opinion of some scientists, have contributed much to the knowledge of atomic structure had he survived. Niels Bohr said in 1962 that Rutherford's work "was not taken seriously at all" and that the "great change came from Moseley." Robert Millikan wrote, "In a research which is destined to rank as one of the dozen most brilliant in conception, skillful in execution, and illuminating in results in the history of science, a young man twenty-six years old threw open the windows through which we can glimpse the sub-atomic world with a definiteness and

title: Henry Moseley

text: and also one more step towards the creation of X-ray crystallography. In addition, Moseley's methods and analyses substantially supported the concept of atomic number, placing it on a firm, physics-based foundation. Moreover, Charles Barkla of Great Britain was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1917 for his experimental work in using X-ray spectroscopy in discovering the characteristic X-ray frequencies emitted by the various elements, especially the metals. "Siegbahn, who carried on Moseley's work, received one [the 1924 Nobel Prize in Physics]." Moseley's discoveries were thus of the same scope as those of his peers, and in addition, Moseley made the larger

title: Henry Moseley

text: by Ernest Rutherford and Antonius van den Broek of the atom, with a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons in which the atomic number is understood to be the exact physical number of positive charges (later discovered and called protons) in the central atomic nuclei of the elements. Moseley mentioned the two scientists above in his research paper, but he did not actually mention Bohr, who was rather new on the scene then. Simple modification of Rydberg's and Bohr's formulas were found to give theoretical justification for Moseley's empirically derived law for determining atomic numbers. X-ray spectrometers are

title: Henry Nottidge Moseley

text: Burnett Tylor, oversaw the transfer of Pitt-Rivers' collection from London to Oxford Moseley exerted significant influences on his noted students Halford Mackinder and Walter Garstang, who changed his career choice from medicine to zoology under Moseley's supervision. Moseley was awarded the Royal Society's Royal Medal in 1887. Moseley's publications include : Moseley studied invertebrate biology and the phylogeny of arthropods, coral, and molluscs. Moseley is commemorated in the Latin name of the species, northern rockhopper penguin, the "Eudyptes moseleyi". Henry Nottidge Moseley Henry Nottidge Moseley FRS (14 November 1844 – 10 November 1891) was a British naturalist who sailed on

title: Moseley's law

text: tube to aim x-rays at an element and measure the diffraction lines and spectra produced. Moseley and other physicists used this technique to study various elements. The use of x-rays does not produce the full spectrum of a heated element, but produces a limited number of spectral lines within the x-ray region with the most visually prominent or intense line denoted as the K-alpha line. Following conversations in 1913 with Niels Bohr, a fellow worker in Ernest Rutherford's Cavendish laboratory, Moseley had become interested in the Bohr model of the atom, in which the spectra of light emitted by atoms

title: Philip J. Withers

text: and in 3D. In 2008 Withers set up the Henry Moseley Manchester X-ray Imaging Facility (MXIF), which has extensive suites of 3D X-ray Imaging facilities. In 2012, Withers became the inaugural Director of the BP International Centre for Advanced Materials (ICAM) aimed understanding and developing materials across the energy industry. ICAM is a collaboration between BP, The University of Manchester, The University of Cambridge, Imperial College London and the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. With Bill Clyne, he is a co-author of the textbook "An Introduction to Metal Matrix Composites". His research has been funded by the Engineering and Physical

title: Henry Moseley

text: which proposed that the atom contains in its nucleus a number of positive nuclear charges that is equal to its (atomic) number in the periodic table. This remains the accepted model today. When World War I broke out in Western Europe, Moseley left his research work at the University of Oxford behind to volunteer for the Royal Engineers of the British Army. Moseley was assigned to the force of British Empire soldiers that invaded the region of Gallipoli, Turkey, in April 1915, as a telecommunications officer. Moseley was shot and killed during the Battle of Gallipoli on 10 August 1915,

title: Henry Moseley

text: Moseley observed and measured the X-ray spectra of various chemical elements (mostly metals) that were found by the method of diffraction through crystals. This was a pioneering use of the method of X-ray spectroscopy in physics, using Bragg's diffraction law to determine the X-ray wavelengths. Moseley discovered a systematic mathematical relationship between the wavelengths of the X-rays produced and the atomic numbers of the metals that were used as the targets in X-ray tubes. This has become known as Moseley's law. Before Moseley's discovery, the atomic numbers (or elemental number) of an element had been thought of as a semi-arbitrary

title: Chemistry: A Volatile History

text: chemist Henry Moseley speculated that the answer to the number of protons lay in the nucleus. By firing a radioactive source at copper, he was able to knock electrons from their atoms, releasing a burst of energy in the form of an x-ray. When measured, the x-rays always had the same energy, unique to copper. He discovered each element released x-rays of different energies. Moseley's brilliance was to realise the x-ray energy is related to the number of protons inside the atom: the atomic number. Because this is the number of protons, the atomic number must be a whole number

title: Moseley's law

text: electron spectroscopy a similar phenomenon with increased x-ray yield from species of higher atomic number. Moseley's law Moseley's law is an empirical law concerning the characteristic x-rays that are emitted by atoms. The law was discovered and published by the English physicist Henry Moseley in 1913. It is historically important in quantitatively justifying the conception of the nuclear model of the atom, with all, or nearly all, positive charges of the atom located in the nucleus, and associated on an integer basis with atomic number. Until Moseley's work, "atomic number" was merely an element's place in the periodic table, and

title: Henry Moseley

text: the foundation-stones of X-ray crystallography. The X-ray spectrometers as Moseley knew them worked as follows. A glass-bulb electron tube was used, similar to that held by Moseley in the photo at the top of this article. Inside the evacuated tube, electrons were fired at a metallic substance (i.e. a sample of pure element in Moseley's work), causing the ionization of electrons from the inner electron shells of the element. The rebound of electrons into these holes in the inner shells next causes the emission of X-ray photons that were led out of the tube in a semi-beam, through an opening

title: Henry Moseley

text: in the external X-ray shielding. These are next diffracted by a standardized salt crystal, with angular results read out as photographic lines by the exposure of an X-ray film fixed at the outside the vacuum tube at a known distance. Application of Bragg's law (after some initial guesswork of the mean distances between atoms in the metallic crystal, based on its density) next allowed the wavelength of the emitted -rays to be calculated. Moseley participated in the design and development of early X-ray spectrometry equipment, learning some techniques from William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg at the University of

title: Discovery of the neutron

text: the electromagnetic emission spectra of heavier elements such as cobalt and nickel would follow their ordering by weight, or by their position in the periodic table. In 1913-1914 Moseley tested the question experimentally by using x-ray diffraction techniques. He found that the most intense short-wavelength line in the x-ray spectrum of a particular element, known as the K-alpha line, was related to the element's position in the periodic table, that is, its atomic number, "Z". Indeed, Moseley introduced this nomenclature. Moseley found that the frequencies of the radiation were related in a simple way to the atomic number of the

title: Henry Moseley (mathematician)

text: and other journals. The observed motion of the lead on the roof of Bristol Cathedral, under changes of temperature, caused him to advance the theory that the motion of glaciers might be explained in the same way. Moseley married, on 23 April 1835, Harriet, daughter of William Nottidge of Wandsworth Common, Surrey. Henry Nottidge Moseley was their son. Henry Moseley (mathematician) Henry Moseley (9 July 1801 – 20 January 1872) was an English churchman, mathematician, and scientist. The son of Dr. William Willis Moseley, who kept a school at Newcastle-under-Lyme, and his wife Margaret (née Jackson), he was born on

title: Telephony in Greater Manchester

text: after obtaining a licence from the Post Office, Moseley installed a telephone between a hardware merchants establishment (Thomas Hudson Ltd) on Shudehill, Manchester to the companies' offices on Dantzic Street: the first such telephone in regular use in the country Moseley and Sons as a licensed telephone agent supplied private telephones to local customers. Their head of construction, Alexander Marr, patented in 1879, a type of granular carbon microphone (originally for the transmission of the sound of opera), which enabled them to get a foothold in the business of manufacturing telephones in the UK. Together with another local company (Peel

title: Henry Nottidge Moseley

text: elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1879.He participated as naturalist in expeditions to Ceylon, to California, and to Oregon, and most notably he was in the "Challenger" expedition aboard of 1872 through 1876 which covered over of the world's oceans. Moseley began working at the University of London in 1879, and he was awarded the Linacre chair of human and comparative anatomy at Merton College, Oxford in 1881. In the same year, Moseley became involved in the negotiations for the donation of the Pitt-Rivers donation, which would form the Pitt Rivers Museum from 1884. Moseley, with Edward

title: Moseley's law

text: be in the soft X-ray range (easily absorbed in air), Moseley was required to use vacuum tube techniques to measure them. Using x-ray diffraction techniques in 1913-1914, Moseley found that the most intense short-wavelength line in the x-ray spectrum of a particular element was indeed related to the element's periodic table atomic number, "Z". This line was known as the K-alpha line. Following Bohr's lead, Moseley found that for more general lines, this relationship could be expressed by a simple formula, later called "Moseley's Law". where: For example, the values for formula_3 and formula_4 are the same for all formula_7

title: Henry Moseley

text: of a missing element in the Periodic Table, which was later found to be filled by technetium, and Bohuslav Brauner had predicted the existence of another missing element in this Table, which was later found to be filled by promethium. Henry Moseley's experiments confirmed these predictions, by showing exactly what the missing atomic numbers were, 43 and 61. In addition, Moseley predicted the existence of two more undiscovered elements, those with the atomic numbers 72 and 75, and gave very strong evidence that there were no other gaps in the Periodic Table between the elements aluminium (atomic number 13) and

title: Henry Moseley

title: Henry Moseley

long_answer: Henry Moseley had been a very promising schoolboy at Summer Fields School (where one of the four 'leagues' is named after him), and he was awarded a King's scholarship to attend Eton College. In 1906 he won the chemistry and physics prizes at Eton. In 1906, Moseley entered Trinity College of the University of Oxford, where he earned his bachelor's degree. Immediately after graduation from Oxford in 1910, Moseley became a demonstrator in physics at the University of Manchester under the supervision of Sir Ernest Rutherford. During Moseley's first year at Manchester, he had a teaching load as a graduate teaching assistant, but following that first year, he was reassigned from his teaching duties to work as a graduate research assistant. He declined a fellowship offered by Rutherford, preferring to move back to Oxford, in November 1913, where he was given laboratory facilities but no support.