question: when did the first fleet arive in australia

answers: 18 January 1788

answers: 1788

title: Spanish ship Juan Carlos I

text: that pitted the design against the similar but smaller French , the Prime Minister of Australia announced on 20 June 2007, that Australia would purchase and build two ships of the same design to become the s. Navantia was responsible for construction of the ships from the keel to the flight deck in Spain, after which the hulls were transported to Australia for completion by BAE Systems Australia. The first of these ships was commissioned on 28 November 2014, the second ship was commissioned on 4 December 2015. Both commissioning ceremonies took place at the Garden Island naval base in

title: International Fleet Review 2013

text: ships arrived at Jervis Bay, New South Wales, where the rest of the Australian fleet joined them: the protected cruiser "Encounter", the light cruiser "Melbourne", and the destroyers "Parramatta", "Warrego", and "Yarra". On 4 October 1913 the ships, led by "Australia", entered Sydney Harbour in an event that was witnessed by thousands of sightseers around the harbour, amidst nationalistic euphoria. A summary of the main events planned for the IFR 2013 week is listed below. As of 2 October 2013, the following participants from about 20 nations were confirmed. Participating naval bands included: International Fleet Review 2013 The International Fleet

title: HMAS Canberra (D33)

text: the catafalque party was supplied by the Australian Navy Cadets unit TS "Canberra". Another memorial is located at the Police Memorial Park in Rove, Honiara, Solomon Islands. The memorial is shaped like the bow of a ship, and points toward Savo Island. A previous memorial to the ship, which had been located in the grounds of the Vilu Private Museum, was destroyed in 2000 during "the Tensions". A memorial plague is also dedicated to HMAS "Canberra" and her Tasmanian RAN personnel at the Tasmanian Seafarers' Memorial at Triabunna on the east coast of Tasmania. The ship's service is also recognised

title: International Fleet Review 2013

text: Bryce, from Bradleys Head on 4 October. She and Prince Harry officially reviewed the fleet on 5 October as part of the Ceremonial Fleet Review. The tall ships departed on 10 October, and the warships did so on 11 October to take part in the naval exercise "Triton Centenary". In addition to the fleet review itself, the following events were scheduled to coincide with the IFR: On 21 June 1913, the battlecruiser HMAS "Australia" was commissioned at Portsmouth, and sailed towards Australia on 25 July 1913 accompanied by the also new light cruiser HMAS "Sydney". On 2 October 1913 both

title: International Fleet Review 2013

text: International Fleet Review 2013 The International Fleet Review 2013 was a review that took place on the week 3 to 11 October 2013, as part of the celebrations to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the entry of the first Royal Australian Navy fleet in Sydney Harbour, on 4 October 1913. In 2011 the RAN invited over 50 nations to send a ship to participate in a fleet review to commemorate the centenary of the first entry in Sydney of the Australian Fleet. This event was considered a milestone in Australia’s maturity as a nation. The event was planned in partnership

title: International Fleet Review 2013

text: with the New South Wales and the City of Sydney governments. The IFR was expected to have similar scale and public impact to that experienced during previous reviews held in Sydney, as the RAN 75th Anniversary (1986) and the Bicentennial Naval Salute (1988). It was also confirmed that Prince Harry would attend the IFR as part of his first official visit to Australia. Some 40 warships and 16 tall ships were expected to participate in the review, of which a line of seven RAN ships symbolised the 1913 entry itself. The ships were greeted by the Governor-General of Australia, Quentin

title: Alan Payne (naval architect)

text: 1945 graduate and colleague Keith Lawson at Seawork Pty Ltd, Payne developed the design for the first catamaran ferry on Sydney Harbour, the "First Fleet class". The "Charlotte", one of the First Fleet ferries is alongside the wharf at the Australian National Maritime Museum, Darling Harbour, Sydney. He also engineered the means by which the flag at the Australian Parliament House in Canberra (completed 1988) was raised and lowered on its flagstaff. Whilst yachts tended to be the major output of his design work he also prepared plans for launches and motorboats, dinghies, a small number of commercial fishing trawlers

title: History of the Royal Australian Navy

text: carrier to replace "Melbourne", Britain's offer of the carrier was withdrawn after the Falklands War. As a result, "Melbourne" was decommissioned without replacement in 1982 and the Fleet Air Arm retired almost all of its fixed wing aircraft on 30 June 1983. In 1987, the Hawke Government's Defence White Paper called for the RAN to become a more self-reliant "two-ocean" navy with major fleet bases in New South Wales and Western Australia. The plan called for the expansion of "Stirling" on Garden Island and Jervis Bay to accommodate an expanded RAN combat surface and submarine fleets. The plan originally called

text: York Street. Events were hampered by rainy weather. On the weekend of 13 to 14 September 2008, Albany held an event to commemorate the centenary anniversary of the 1908 visit, with two Royal Australian Navy ships and and the American ship visiting the port to celebrate. Great White Fleet in Albany, Western Australia in 1908 The Great White Fleet (also known as the American Fleet) in Albany, Western Australia was the visit of the American naval fleet in late 1908 on its tour around the world. It was the third and final port of call in Australia (after Sydney and

title: Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute

text: service. In 2012, MBARI will also be retiring the , which has served as a launch platform for MBARI's autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). These two boats will be replaced by a single, larger boat, the , which MBARI purchased in the summer of 2011, and which is expected to be operational in 2012. The Research Vessel "Rachel Carson" will be able to launch both ROVs and AUVs, as well as conduct multi-day expeditions. MBARI has been a pioneer in the development and scientific use of two types of underwater robots—remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). ROVs are

title: Fleet Command (Australia)

text: Station was established as a separate command of the Royal Navy, responsible for all the waters around the Australian continent, in addition to the British and Australian colonial possessions in the South Pacific. It was at this stage that the forerunner of Commander Australian Fleet, Officer Commanding Imperial Squadron Australian Station, was created. Between the Federation of Australia and formation of the Commonwealth Naval Forces in 1901 to the year of 1913, the Royal Navy began a process of transferring all command responsibility in Australian waters over to the Australian Government, as well as replacing equipment and personnel with Australian

title: History of the Royal Australian Navy

text: that time referred to as Royal Australian Navy (RAN). On 4 October 1913 the new replacement fleet for the foundation fleet of 1901 steamed through Sydney Heads for the first time. The Royal Australian Navy has seen action in every ocean of the world. It first saw action in World War I, in the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic oceans. Between the wars the RAN's fortunes shifted with the financial situation of Australia: it experienced great growth during the 1920s, but was forced to reduce its fleet and operations during the 1930s. Consequently, when it entered World War II, the RAN

title: HMAS Australia (1911)

text: inspection could only be achieved with a remote operated vehicle (ROV). The RAN was approached in 2007 for assistance, but although they supported the project, the RAN did not have the equipment to assist. In March 2007, the United States Navy loaned the deep-sea ROV "CURV-21" to the Australian Government, to locate and recover a Black Hawk helicopter which crashed during the Australian response to the 2006 Fijian coup d'état. While en route back to Australia, the ROV, carried aboard Defence Maritime Services vessel , was directed to Fugro's coordinates at the request of the NSW Heritage Office to verify

title: Rove, Honiara

text: 3 gazetted officers, 4 inspectors, 4 sub-inspectors and 201 Constables with European officers stationed at Headquarters Renovation and refurbishment of existing Royal Solomon Islands Police Force buildings at Rove commenced in 2009. In 2008 the New Zealand Government in partnership with RAMSI and the Solomon Islands Government constructed new houses for the police to ensuring a functional police force across the country. The Rove Botanical Gardens is located immediately behind the Rove Prison. HMAS Canberra Memorial In August 1942, HMAS "Canberra" was wrecked by torpedoes and gunfire during the Battle of Savo Island. The original memorial to HMAS "Canberra" in

title: History of Australian naval aviation

text: purchase of the "Majestic"-class light fleet carriers, "Majestic" and "Terrible" from the Royal Navy in June 1947. A Fleet Air Arm was established on 3 July 1947 by the Commonwealth Defence Council to operate aircraft from these two carriers, and also maintain two former RAAF bases as support facilities: these became at Nowra, New South Wales, and at Schofields, New South Wales. As "Terrible" was the closer of the two ships to completion, construction was finished without major modification. The ship was commissioned into the RAN as on 16 December 1948. "Sydney"s maiden voyage saw the delivery of the first

title: Spanish ship Juan Carlos I

text: Sydney. The internal fit out of "Canberra" and "Adelaide" differ from "Juan Carlos I", and are not equipped to deploy with or support fixed-wing fighter jet aircraft. In September 2009, Russia invited Navantia to take part in the competition to supply Russian Navy with the new generation of amphibious assault ships to compete against the French ships. In January 2011 Russia chose the "Mistral" design over the Spanish concept. Navantia will provide design, technology transfer, equipment and technical assistance to Sedef Shipyard of Turkey for the design and development of TCG "Anadolu" (L-408), a heavily modified Turkish derivative of the

title: History of Australian naval aviation

text: arrived in Australia with three Bristol Sycamore helicopters for the Fleet Air Arm. Although not the first helicopters to see military service in Australia (that title belonging to a Sikorsky S-51 of the RAAF), the Sycamores formed the first Australian military helicopter squadron, and prompted the establishment of Australia's first helicopter pilot school. "Vengeance" was returned to the United Kingdom in 1955, with the crew transferred to "Majestic", which was commissioned into the RAN as on 28 October 1955. The new carrier delivered new aircraft to the Fleet Air Arm: the de Havilland Sea Venom jet fighter-bomber for 805 and

title: HMAS Canberra (L02)

text: HMAS Canberra (L02) HMAS "Canberra" (L02) is the lead ship of the "Canberra"-class landing helicopter dock in service with the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). It is the current flagship of the RAN fleet. Construction of the ship started in Spain in 2008, with the hull launched by Navantia in 2011. The hull was then transported to Australia in late 2012 for completion by BAE Systems Australia. "Canberra" was commissioned on 28 November 2014. The "Canberra" class design is based on the warship "Juan Carlos I", built by Navantia for the Spanish Navy. The contract was awarded to Navantia and Australian

text: Great White Fleet in Albany, Western Australia in 1908 The Great White Fleet (also known as the American Fleet) in Albany, Western Australia was the visit of the American naval fleet in late 1908 on its tour around the world. It was the third and final port of call in Australia (after Sydney and Melbourne) for the 16 battleships participating in the third leg of the voyage, from San Francisco to Manila. The logistics of this stage of the itinerary required coaling ships. Most intervals between ports were adequate for re-coaling, however the stop in Albany was for travelling to

title: Canberra-class landing helicopter dock

text: deck, launched, then transported by heavy lift ship to Williamstown, Victoria, where the installation of the island superstructure and the internal fitout of the hull will be completed by BAE Systems Australia (which acquired Tenix in mid-2008). Construction of "Canberra" began in September 2008, when the first steel was cut. The first three blocks were laid down on 23 September 2010. She was launched on 17 February 2011. The hull was loaded onto the heavy lift ship on 4 August 2012, with "Blue Marlin" departing Ferrol for Williamstown on 17 August, and arriving in Port Phillip on 17 October. "Canberra"

title: History of Australian naval aviation

text: Since 2000, when the last pair of HS 748s were retired, the Fleet Air Arm has been an entirely rotary-winged force, although the RAN continues to operate a Bombardier Dash 8 aircraft under the control of the Australian Hydrographic Service. The Fleet Air Arm became responsible for the operation and maintenance of the RAN's helicopter force from the frigates of the "Adelaide" and "Anzac" classes and from the RAN's amphibious and support ships. History of Australian naval aviation The first involvement Australia had with naval aviation was in 1911, when an Australian-born Royal Navy officer became one of the first

title: HMAS Adelaide (L01)

text: Navantia for the Spanish Navy. The contract was awarded to Navantia and Australian company Tenix Defence following a request for tender which ran from February 2004 to June 2007, beating the enlarged "Mistral"-class design offered by the French company Direction des Constructions Navales. "Adelaide" has the same physical dimensions as "Juan Carlos I", but differs in the design of the island superstructure and the internal layout, in order to meet Australian conditions and requirements. Unlike the Spanish vessel, the Australian ships are built to meet Lloyd's Naval Rules. The "Canberra"-class vessels are long overall, with a maximum beam of ,

title: First Fleet-class ferry

text: First Fleet-class ferry The First Fleet class is a class of ferry operated by Harbour City Ferries on Sydney Harbour. In the early 1980s, the Urban Transit Authority ordered nine catamaran ferries from Carrington Slipways, Tomago. They were named after ships of the First Fleet being delivered between 1984 and 1986. They replaced the wooden "K" and "Lady" class ferries on Sydney Harbour. It was originally intended that they operate services on the Parramatta River, but they generated too much wash. In 2006/07, the class were repowered with MTU Series 60 engines. Today, all nine remain in service with Harbour

title: V Australia

text: to Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, Las Vegas, and New York. Permission from the United States Department of Transportation was given after the signing of the open skies agreement. V Australia placed orders with Boeing for six Boeing 777-300ER aircraft. Pending delivery of the six aircraft, V Australia leased its first Boeing 777-300ER from the International Lease Finance Corporation; named "Didgeree Blue", it was delivered to V Australia at Boeing's Seattle headquarters on 26 January 2009. On 9 February "Didgeree Blue" touched down at Sydney Airport after flying from Seattle via Los Angeles where it was launched to the US

title: HMAS Jervis Bay (AKR 45)

text: was decommissioned and returned to the builder. In 2002, the ferry was sent to Europe, operating briefly in the Mediterranean before being chartered by Speed Ferries for a cross-English Channel ferry service as HSC "SpeedOne". She is now owned by Condor Ferries and is named HSC "Condor Rapide". The ship was laid down as "Incat 045" in 1997, at Incat's shipyards in Hobart, Tasmania. She was launched in November 1997. The catamaran had not been ordered by any company. Four Ruston 20RK270 medium-speed diesels propel the catamaran at speeds of up to . The ship's first period of service was

title: Arima Ryōkitsu

text: the three-masted corvette in 1885 and graduated 16th out of 19 cadets from the Navy Academy in 1886 after "Tsukuba" made a long distance navigational voyage from Japan to Newcastle, Sydney, Wellington, Fiji, Samoa, Honolulu, Apia and Pago Pago lasting most of 1886. On graduation, Arima was assigned to , followed by the gunboat in 1889. His subsequent military service included both sea and staff assignments. Arima was assigned to in 1890, and accompanied it to the United Kingdom the following year. From 1892 to 1894, he served in staff assignments for the Readiness Fleet. He was sent back to

title: First Fleet-class ferry

text: City Ferries. First Fleet-class ferry The First Fleet class is a class of ferry operated by Harbour City Ferries on Sydney Harbour. In the early 1980s, the Urban Transit Authority ordered nine catamaran ferries from Carrington Slipways, Tomago. They were named after ships of the First Fleet being delivered between 1984 and 1986. They replaced the wooden "K" and "Lady" class ferries on Sydney Harbour. It was originally intended that they operate services on the Parramatta River, but they generated too much wash. In 2006/07, the class were repowered with MTU Series 60 engines. Today, all nine remain in service

title: History of the Royal Australian Navy

text: Australian fleet, consisting of the battle cruiser , the cruisers and , the protected cruiser , and the torpedo-boat destroyers "Parramatta", "Yarra" and , entered Sydney Harbour for the first time. The manpower of the fleet stood at four hundred officers and men and, for the next two years, ships were built for the fledgling navy. The Royal Navy continued to support the RAN and provide blue-water defence capability in the Pacific up to the early years of World War II. In 1958, the boundaries of Australia Station was redrawn again, now to include Papua New Guinea. On 3 August

title: HMAS Canberra (L02)

text: in Williamstown, Victoria integrating C3 and sensors to the ship's superstructures. "Canberra" commenced sea trials on 3 March 2014, sailing under power for the first time. The trials program included a visit to Fleet Base East in Sydney for drydocking tests, before returning to Williamstown for communications and weapons testing. The first phase of the trials resulted in vibration damage to decking when the thruster pods were run independently at high speed (instead of in tandem, as designed), and a melted circuit breaker board when primary and emergency power systems were activated simultaneously, along with the discovery of a crack

title: Arthur Phillip

text: The 11 ships of the First Fleet set sail on 13 May 1787. The leading ship, HMS Supply reached Botany Bay setting up camp on the Kurnell Peninsula, on 18 January 1788.  Phillip soon decided that this site, chosen on the recommendation of Sir Joseph Banks, who had accompanied James Cook in 1770, was not suitable, since it had poor soil, no secure anchorage and no reliable water source. After some exploration Phillip decided to go on to Port Jackson, and on 26 January the marines and convicts landed at Sydney Cove, which Phillip named after Lord Sydney.

title: Arthur Phillip


question: who came up with the idea of the transcontinental railroad

answers: Dr. Hartwell Carver

title: First Transcontinental Railroad

text: and Emigrant Gap, over Donner Pass, and south to Truckee. They discovered a way across the Sierras that was gradual enough to be made suitable for a railroad, although it still needed a lot of work. Four northern California businessmen formed the Central Pacific Railroad: Leland Stanford, (1824–1893), President; Collis Potter Huntington, (1821–1900), Vice President; Mark Hopkins, (1813–1878), Treasurer; Charles Crocker, (1822–1888), Construction Supervisor. All became substantially wealthy from their association with the railroad. Former ophthalmologist Dr. Thomas Clark "Doc" Durant was nominally only a vice president of Union Pacific, so he installed a series of respected men like John

title: First Transcontinental Railroad

text: the central route railroad was Asa Whitney. He envisioned a route from Chicago and the Great Lakes to northern California, paid for by the sale of land to settlers along the route. Whitney traveled widely to solicit support from businessmen and politicians, printed maps and pamphlets, and submitted several proposals to Congress, all at his own expense. In June 1845, he led a team along part of the proposed route to assess its feasibility. Legislation to begin construction of the "Pacific Railroad" (called the "Memorial of Asa Whitney") was first introduced to Congress by Representative Zadock Pratt. Congress did not

title: Asa Whitney

text: no matter how hard he tried, his plan was never accepted, and he stopped campaigning in 1851. Asa Whitney lived long enough to see his dream become a reality; he was alive when the first transcontinental railroad was completed. He died in 1874, five years after the golden spike was laid. Although Whitney’s plan fell through, word began spreading of the idea of a transcontinental railroad. His plan inspired many young, ambitious engineers, one of which being Theodore Judah, a man who helped make the dream of a transcontinental railroad into a reality. Asa Whitney Asa Whitney (1797-1874) was a

title: Union Pacific Railroad

text: the recent Civil War. Under the guidance of its dominant stockholder Dr. Thomas Clark Durant, the namesake of the city of Durant, Iowa, the first rails were laid in Omaha. The two lines were joined together at Promontory Summit, Utah, west of Ogden on May 10, 1869, hence creating the first transcontinental railroad in North America.Subsequently, the UP purchased three Mormon-built roads: the Utah Central Railroad extending south from Ogden to Salt Lake City, the Utah Southern Railroad extending south from Salt Lake City into the Utah Valley, and the Utah Northern Railroad extending north from Ogden into Idaho. The

title: Ambrose Bierce

text: the First Transcontinental Railroad. Central Pacific executive Collis P. Huntington persuaded a friendly member of Congress to introduce a bill excusing the companies from repaying the loans, amounting to $130 million (worth $ today). In January 1896 Hearst dispatched Bierce to Washington, D.C. to foil this attempt. The essence of the plot was secrecy; the railroads' advocates hoped to get the bill through Congress without any public notice or hearings. When the angered Huntington confronted Bierce on the steps of the Capitol and told Bierce to name his price, Bierce's answer ended up in newspapers nationwide: "My price is one

title: First Transcontinental Railroad

text: major investor in the Union Pacific was Thomas Clark Durant, who had made his stake money by smuggling Confederate cotton with the aid of Grenville M. Dodge. Durant chose routes that would favor places where he held land, and he announced connections to other lines at times that suited his share dealings. He paid an associate to submit the construction bid to another company he controlled, Crédit Mobilier, manipulating the finances and government subsidies and making himself another fortune. Durant hired Dodge as chief engineer and Jack Casement as construction boss. In the East, the progress started in Omaha, Nebraska,

title: Transcontinental railroad

text: had learned their trade keeping the trains running during the American Civil War. The Central Pacific Railroad faced a labor shortage in the more sparsely settled West. It recruited Cantonese laborers in China, who did prodigious work building the line over and through the Sierra Nevada mountains and then across Nevada to their meeting in northern Utah. George J. Gould attempted to assemble a truly transcontinental system in the 1900s. The line from San Francisco, California, to Toledo, Ohio, was completed in 1909, consisting of the Western Pacific Railway, Denver and Rio Grande Railroad, Missouri Pacific Railroad, and Wabash Railroad.

title: First Transcontinental Railroad

text: the Civil War fighting in Missouri; it was the shortest route to South Pass in the Rockies in Wyoming; and it would follow a fertile river that would encourage settlement. Durant had hired the future president Abraham Lincoln in 1857 when he was an attorney to represent him in a business matter about a bridge over the Missouri. Now Lincoln was responsible for choosing the eastern terminus, and he relied on Durant's counsel. Durant advocated for Omaha, and he was so confident of the choice that he began buying up land in Nebraska. One of the most prominent champions of

title: First Transcontinental Railroad

text: California in 1860. He continued to search for a more practical route through the Sierra suitable for a railroad. In mid-1860, local miner Daniel Strong had surveyed a route over the Sierra for a wagon toll road, which he realized would also suit a railroad. He described his discovery in a letter to Judah. Together, they formed an association to solicit subscriptions from local merchants and businessmen to support their proposed railroad. From January or February 1861 until July, Judah and Strong led a 10-person expedition to survey the route for the railroad over the Sierra Nevada through Clipper Gap

title: First Transcontinental Railroad

text: of Colorado. The Kansas Pacific Railroad linked with the Denver Pacific Railway via Denver to Cheyenne in 1870. The original transcontinental railroad route did not pass through the two biggest cities in the so-called Great American Desert—Denver, Colorado, and Salt Lake City, Utah. Feeder railroad lines were soon built to service these two and other cities and states along the route. Modern-day Interstate 80 roughly follows the path of the railroad from Sacramento across modern day California, Nevada, Wyoming and Nebraska, with a few exceptions. Most significantly, the two routes are different between Wells, Nevada and Echo, Utah. In this

title: George Francis Train

text: been involved for several years, despite the advice of Vanderbilt, who told him it would never work. Forming a finance company called Credit Foncier of America, Train made a fortune from real estate when the transcontinental railway opened up settlement and development of huge swathes of western America, including large amounts of land in Council Bluffs, Iowa, and Omaha and Columbus, Nebraska. He was responsible for building the Cozzens Hotel and founding Train Town in pioneer Omaha. Train was noted for having created the Crédit Mobilier in 1864, which he started specifically to finance the Union Pacific. While appearing to

title: Denver Pacific Railway and Telegraph Company

text: Cheyenne and Denver was widely credited at the time for reviving the city of Denver, which had been founded at the time of the Colorado Gold Rush and incorporated on November 7, 1861. The decision to build the transcontinental railroad to the north had left the fledgling city stranded from the major transportation routes. Many at the time expected that Cheyenne would blossom into the major population center of the region. As a result, Thomas Durant, vice president of the Union Pacific, pronounced Denver "too dead to bury." Colorado Territorial Governor John Evans declared that "Colorado without railroads is comparatively

title: Indiana Colony

text: they could live among citrus groves and perennial flowers. With the laying of the Transcontinental Railroad in 1869, the idea of moving west became more possible and affordable. It was at the home of Dr. and Mrs. Thomas Elliott that a group of neighbors including Mrs. Elliot's brother, Daniel M. Berry, that the idea of going west was first discussed...adamantly. Berry was a former teacher become journalist who also had a great interest in his brother-in-law's granary. He was also an asthmatic and the midwest weather went hard on him. He contacted Harris Newmark who had recently purchased Rancho Santa

title: First Transcontinental Railroad

text: First Transcontinental Railroad The First Transcontinental Railroad (also called the Great Transcontinental Railroad, known originally as the "Pacific Railroad" and later as the "Overland Route") was a continuous railroad line constructed between 1863 and 1869 that connected the existing eastern U.S. rail network at Omaha, Nebraska/Council Bluffs, Iowa with the Pacific coast at the Oakland Long Wharf on San Francisco Bay. The rail line was built by three private companies over public lands provided by extensive US land grants. Construction was financed by both state and US government subsidy bonds as well as by company issued mortgage bonds. The Western

title: First Transcontinental Railroad

text: immediately act on Whitney's proposal. Theodore Judah was a fervent supporter of the central route railroad. He lobbied vigorously in favor of the project and undertook the survey of the route through the rugged Sierra Nevada, one of the chief obstacles of the project. In 1852, Judah was chief engineer for the newly formed Sacramento Valley Railroad, the first railroad built west of the Mississippi River. Although the railroad later went bankrupt once the easy placer gold deposits around Placerville, California were depleted, Judah was convinced that a properly financed railroad could pass from Sacramento through the Sierra Nevada mountains

title: First Transcontinental Railroad

text: at either Winnemucca or Wells. The joining of the Union Pacific line with the Central Pacific line in May 1869 at Promontory Summit, Utah, was one of the major inspirations for French writer Jules Verne's book entitled "Around the World in Eighty Days", published in 1873. While not exactly accurate, John Ford's 1924 silent movie "The Iron Horse" captures the fervent nationalism that drove public support for the project. Among the cooks serving the film's cast and crew between shots were some of the Chinese laborers who worked on the Central Pacific section of the railroad. The feat is depicted

title: First Transcontinental Railroad

text: to reach the Great Basin and hook up with rail lines coming from the East. In 1856, Judah wrote a 13,000-word proposal in support of a Pacific railroad and distributed it to Cabinet secretaries, congressmen and other influential people. In September 1859, Judah was chosen to be the accredited lobbyist for the Pacific Railroad Convention, which indeed approved his plan to survey, finance and engineer the road. Judah returned to Washington in December 1859. He had a lobbying office in the United States Capitol, received an audience with President James Buchanan, and represented the Convention before Congress. Judah returned to

title: Transcontinental railroad

text: united the country by rail. The first of these, the "Pacific Railroad", was built by the Central Pacific Railroad and Union Pacific Railroad to link the San Francisco Bay at Alameda, California, with the nation's existing eastern railroad network at Council Bluffs, Iowa/Omaha, Nebraska, thereby creating the world's first transcontinental railroad when it opened in 1869. Its construction was made possible by the US government under Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862, 1864, and 1867. The world's First Transcontinental Railroad was built between 1863 and 1869 to join the eastern and western halves of the United States. Begun just before the

title: First Transcontinental Railroad

text: they realized that the so-called "Iron Horse" threatened their existence. Security measures were further strengthened, and progress on the railroad continued. Six years after the groundbreaking, laborers of the Central Pacific Railroad from the west and the Union Pacific Railroad from the east met at Promontory Summit, Utah Territory. It was here on May 10, 1869, that Leland Stanford drove "The Last Spike" (or golden spike) that joined the rails of the transcontinental railroad. The spike is now on display at the Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University, while a second "Last" Golden Spike is also on display at the

title: First Transcontinental Railroad

text: of track, reaching Fremont, Nebraska, and a further of roadbed. At the end of 1865, Peter A. Dey, Chief Engineer of the Union Pacific, resigned over a routing dispute with Thomas C. Durant, one of the chief financiers of the Union Pacific. With the end of the Civil War and increased government supervision in the offing, Durant hired his former M&M engineer Grenville M. Dodge to build the railroad, and the Union Pacific began a mad dash west. Former Union General John "Jack" Casement was hired as the new Chief Engineer of the Union Pacific. He equipped several railroad cars

title: William Jackson Palmer

text: South. Heading west in 1867, while Palmer helped build the Kansas Pacific Railway he met a young English doctor, Dr. William Abraham Bell who became his friend and partner in most of his business ventures in which we would generally find Palmer as president with Bell as vice president. The two men are best known as co-founders of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad (Rio Grande). The Rio Grande and its successors eventually operated the largest network of narrow gauge railroad in the United States, and ultimately became part of the 21st century Union Pacific Railroad. Palmer and Bell

title: Oliver Ames Jr.

text: With a change in the route of the railroad, the monument today is not on any major transportation route. Oliver Ames Jr. Oliver Ames Jr. (November 5, 1807 – March 9, 1877) was president of Union Pacific Railroad when the railroad met the Central Pacific Railroad in Utah for the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in North America. Born in Plymouth, Massachusetts, he was a son of Oliver Ames Sr. and Susannah (Angier) Ames, and a brother of Oakes Ames. Young Oliver attended public schools for a few years, then Franklin Academy in North Andover. He briefly entered the

title: First Transcontinental Railroad

text: Adams Dix as president of the railroad. Durant and its financing arrangements were, unlike those of the CPRR, mired in controversy and scandals. In February 1860, Iowa Representative Samuel Curtis introduced a bill to fund the railroad. It passed the House but died when it could not be reconciled with the Senate version due to opposition from southern states who wanted a southern route near the 42nd parallel. Curtis tried and failed again in 1861. After the southern states seceded from the Union, the House of Representatives approved the bill on May 6, 1862, and the Senate on June 20.

title: Central Pacific Railroad

text: 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1876 1877 1883 1885 1888 1899 1959 Central Pacific Railroad The Central Pacific Railroad (CPRR) was a rail route between California and Utah built eastwards from the West Coast in the 1860s, to complete the western part of the "First Transcontinental Railroad" in North America. It later became part of the Union Pacific Railroad. Many 19th century national proposals to build a transcontinental railroad failed because of the energy consumed by political disputes over slavery. With the secession of the South, the modernizers in the Republican Party controlled the US Congress. They passed legislation authorizing

title: First Transcontinental Railroad

text: Pacific Railroad Company built of track from Oakland/Alameda to Sacramento, California. The Central Pacific Railroad Company of California (CPRR) constructed eastward from Sacramento to Promontory Summit, Utah Territory (U.T.). The Union Pacific built from the road's eastern terminus at Council Bluffs near Omaha, Nebraska westward to Promontory Summit. The railroad opened for through traffic on May 10, 1869 when CPRR President Leland Stanford ceremonially drove the gold "Last Spike" (later often referred to as the "Golden Spike") with a silver hammer at Promontory Summit. The coast-to-coast railroad connection revolutionized the settlement and economy of the American West. It brought the

title: Charles Crocker

text: The Big Four), who formed the Central Pacific Railroad, which constructed the western portion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in North America. His position with the company was that of construction supervisor and president of Charles Crocker & Co., a Central Pacific subsidiary founded expressly for the purpose of building the railroad. Crocker bought train plows to plow the tracks of snow through the mountains, but they derailed due to ice on the tracks. He had more than of snow sheds built to cover the tracks in the Sierra Nevada mountains, to prevent the tracks from getting covered with snow

title: Asa Whitney

text: Asa Whitney Asa Whitney (1797-1874) was a highly successful dry-goods merchant and transcontinental railroad promoter. He was one of the first backers of an American transcontinental railway. A trip to China in 1842-44 impressed upon Whitney the need for a transcontinental railroad from the Atlantic to the Pacific. When Whitney returned to the United States in 1844, he realized the benefits from such an undertaking, and spent a great deal of money trying to get the Congress to take up the project. In 1849, he published A Project for a Railroad to the Pacific. For years he continued to write

title: Alexander Majors

text: rise, Majors and his colleagues proposed to deliver the mail over a central route through Salt Lake City, Utah and proposed doing it in 10 days via a horse relay called the Pony Express. Even though they succeeded in making the deliveries, they did not get the contract. They went bankrupt after the Transcontinental Telegraph opened in October 1861, as its competition eliminated the need for some mail service. He provided rail ties for the crews of the Union Pacific Railroad working on the First Transcontinental Railroad. After the railroad was completed, he continued to haul freight to towns not

title: First Transcontinental Railroad

text: hear his proposal in detail. Huntington persuaded Judah to accept financing from himself and four others: Mark Hopkins, his business partner; James Bailey, a jeweler; Leland Stanford, a grocer; and Charles Crocker, a dry-goods merchant. They initially invested $1,500 each and formed a board of directors. These investors became known as The Big Four, and their railroad was called the Central Pacific Railroad. Each eventually made millions of dollars from their investments and control of the Central Pacific Railroad. Before major construction could begin, Judah traveled back to New York City to raise funds to buy out The Big Four.

title: First Transcontinental Railroad

text: Building a railroad line that connected the United States coast-to-coast was advocated in 1832 when Dr. Hartwell Carver published an article in the New York Courier & Enquirer advocating building a transcontinental railroad from Lake Michigan to Oregon.  In 1847 he submitted to the U.S. Congress a "Proposal for a Charter to Build a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean", seeking a congressional charter to support his idea.

title: First Transcontinental Railroad


question: when are the opening ceremonies for the 2018 olympic games

answers: 9 February 2018

answers: 9 February 2018

title: 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony

text: extinguished. 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony The closing ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics took place at Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium in Pyeongchang, South Korea, on 25 February 2018 at 20:00 KST (UTC+9). The flag bearers of 92 National Olympic Committees arrived into the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium. The flag bearers from each participating country entered the stadium informally in single file, ordered by "ganada" order of the Korean alphabet, and behind them marched all the athletes, without any distinction or grouping by nationality. Marching alongside the athletes were Soohorang, the Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic mascot, and Hodori, mascot of the 1988 Summer

title: 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony

text: 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony The closing ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics took place at Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium in Pyeongchang, South Korea, on 25 February 2018 at 20:00 KST (UTC+9). The flag bearers of 92 National Olympic Committees arrived into the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium. The flag bearers from each participating country entered the stadium informally in single file, ordered by "ganada" order of the Korean alphabet, and behind them marched all the athletes, without any distinction or grouping by nationality. Marching alongside the athletes were Soohorang, the Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic mascot, and Hodori, mascot of the 1988 Summer Olympics

title: 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony

text: heaven, earth, and mankind. No Olympic or Paralympic events will be held at the stadium, which will only be used for the opening and closing ceremonies. The venue will be torn down afterwards. The broadcast of the Opening Ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympic Games was available in more than 200 countries around the world. The ceremony's message centered on peace, passion, harmony, and convergence. Five children from rural Gangwon province led the ceremony, which included one Inmyeonjo (a mythical creature with a body of a bird and a head of a human, a creature that only appears when the

title: 2020 Summer Olympics opening ceremony

text: games and ceremony preparations. Capacity during the Olympic Games will be 60,102 taking into account press and executive seating areas. 2020 Summer Olympics opening ceremony The opening ceremony of the 2020 Summer Olympics is scheduled to take place on the evening of Friday 24 July 2020 in the Olympic Stadium, Tokyo. As mandated by the Olympic Charter, the proceedings combined the formal ceremonial opening of this international sporting event (including welcoming speeches, hoisting of the flags and the parade of athletes) with an artistic spectacle to showcase the host nation's culture and history. Ticket prices for the Opening Ceremony will

title: 2020 Summer Olympics opening ceremony

text: 2020 Summer Olympics opening ceremony The opening ceremony of the 2020 Summer Olympics is scheduled to take place on the evening of Friday 24 July 2020 in the Olympic Stadium, Tokyo. As mandated by the Olympic Charter, the proceedings combined the formal ceremonial opening of this international sporting event (including welcoming speeches, hoisting of the flags and the parade of athletes) with an artistic spectacle to showcase the host nation's culture and history. Ticket prices for the Opening Ceremony will range between ¥12,000 and ¥300,000. The Organising Committee prepared a so-called “Basic Policy”, that includes aspects to highlight the appeal

title: 2020 Summer Olympics opening ceremony

text: of Japan and Tokyo to the world; including feedback from experts and opinions of the Japanese public. The final version was released in December 2017. The Basic Policy consists of three sections: Naomi Kawase will direct the Official film of the Olympic Games of Tokyo 2020. The New National Stadium will serve as the main stadium for the opening ceremony. Demolition of old National Stadium was completed in May 2015, then the construction of new stadium began at the same site on 11 December 2016. The stadium will be handed over to the IOC on 30 November 2019 for necessary

title: 2018 Winter Olympics

text: to the modified schedule, as well as the attendance levels of the sessions themselves. Conversely, and somewhat controversially, eight of the eleven biathlon events were scheduled at night, making it necessary for competitors to ski and shoot under floodlights, with colder temperatures and blustery winds. Three podium sweeps were recorded during the Games. The closing ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium on 25 February 2018, as Thomas Bach, the IOC president, declared the Games closed, and the cauldron extinguished. Broadcast rights to the 2018 Winter Olympics in some countries were already sold as

title: 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony

text: in Seoul. First, the Greek flag was raised while its anthem played. The Olympic flag was then lowered and passed, by the mayor of Pyeongchang County, Shim Jae-kook, to IOC President, Thomas Bach, who then handed it over to the mayor of Beijing, Chen Jining. This was then followed by the raising of the flag of China, and the playing of its anthem. The flag will be raised again in Tokyo, Japan, for the opening ceremony of the 2020 Summer Olympics on 24 July 2020. Beijing, the host city of the 2022 Winter Olympic Games, presented a special performance "See

title: 2018 Winter Olympics

text: the ceremonies were still shown on TV via tape delay only, but NBC did, for the first time, offer live streaming of the opening ceremony online. Notably, figure skating events were deliberately scheduled for the morning in Pyeongchang to accommodate the network’s live broadcast to a peak U.S. audience in the evening. NHK and Olympic Broadcasting Services (OBS) once again filmed portions of the Games, including 90 hours of footage of selected events and the opening ceremonies, in high-dynamic-range 8K resolution video. In South Korea, ATSC 3.0 digital terrestrial television at 4K resolution was introduced in 2017 in time for

text: 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony flag bearers During the closing ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, the flag bearers of 92 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) arrived into Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium. The flag bearers from each participating country entered the stadium informally in single file, and behind them marched all the athletes, without any distinction or grouping by nationality. The blending of all the athletes is a tradition that dates from the 1956 Summer Olympics, after a suggestion by Australian-born British student John Ian Wing, who thought it would be a way of bringing the athletes of the world

title: 2018 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony

text: have a range of experiences in producing the ceremonies of events as they have previously done for 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne and the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. On 22 November 2017, the GOLDOC revealed some of the key artistic personnel working on the ceremonies of the games. The creative team for the opening and closing ceremonies consisted of a roster of renowned individuals. Leading the ceremonies team as Artistic Director and Project Director was David Zolkwer, Head of Jack Morton Worldwide Public Events. David previously led the teams for the 2004 Summer Olympics

title: 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony

text: "Red Flavor" by Red Velvet. "Red Flavor" was cut off just as the unified Korean team was introduced. The Olympic flame was on a 101-day relay across South Korea. The start of the ceremony takes place in Olympia of Greece. Apostles Angelis, 24 years old cross-country skier, is selected to be the first torchbearer. He said "It is a great honour for me to be chosen as the first torchbearer for the Olympic Winter Games of 2018. It is truly a unique moment that I am looking forward to. I feel very proud and with a unique sense of happiness."

title: 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony

text: Park Ji-Sung, football player in Republic of Korea, was the second person to hold the torch. After the flame touring around Greece for a week, it reached the Acropolis on 30th of October. There were 36 ceremonies held in different cities over a week, then the flame arrived to the PyeongChang Panathenaic Stadium. More than 500 torchbearers participated to follow the rituals of Olympic cycle, and carried the message of peace. In the stadium, Opera soloist Sumi Hwang sang the Olympic anthem during the torch lighting ceremony. The final person to hold the torch was Inbee Park, the golfer from

title: Olympic Games ceremony

text: a standard 18-event program was established. In order to open a Games in ancient Greece the organizers would hold an Inauguration Festival. This was followed by a ceremony in which athletes took an oath of sportsmanship. The first competition, an artistic competition of trumpeters and heralds, concluded the opening festivities. The Olympic opening ceremonies represent the official commencement of an Olympic Games. In recent Olympics, athletic competition began prior to the opening ceremonies. For example, the football competitions for both men and women at the 2008 Summer Olympics began two days prior to the opening ceremonies. The 2014 Winter Olympics

title: 2014 Winter Olympics closing ceremony

text: were shown on the stage, concluding with the logo of the 2018 Winter Olympics. The games were formally closed by International Olympic Committee President Thomas Bach at 22:04 MSK, calling them 'The Athlete's Games'. He invited the world to assemble in four years' time in Pyeongchang for the 2018 Olympic Games. A final appearance was made by the three children accompanied by giant animatronic models of the three official mascots of the 2014 Olympic Games. A series of large mirrors combined and floated into the air to reveal the Olympic flame. The Olympic flame in the stadium and outside was

title: 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony

text: you in Beijing in 2022" directed by Chinese film director Zhang Yimou, who also presented the 2008 Summer Olympics opening and closing ceremonies. The presentation featured two pandas skating and people forming red lines that became a dragon, as pandas and dragons are national icons for China. The skaters also trail lines to form the emblem of the games. China's Paramount leader Xi Jinping made a cameo appearance by video expressing the welcome message on behalf of the Chinese people. IOC President Thomas Bach formally closed the games, calling them 'The Games of New Horizons.' Soon after, the cauldron was

title: 2016 Summer Olympics closing ceremony

text: actual dancers who will be in the 2017 Rio Carnival. Brazil - Globo TV; United States - NBC 2016 Summer Olympics closing ceremony The closing ceremony of the 2016 Summer Olympics was held on 21 August 2016 from 20:00 to 22:50 BRT at the Maracanã Stadium, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. As per traditional Olympic protocol, the ceremony featured cultural presentations from both the current (Brazil) and following (Japan) host countries, as well as closing remarks by International Olympic Committee (IOC) president Thomas Bach and the leader of the Games' organizing committee Carlos Arthur Nuzman, the official handover of the Olympic

title: 2016 Summer Olympics opening ceremony

text: 2016 Summer Olympics opening ceremony The opening ceremony of the 2016 Summer Olympics took place on the evening of Friday 5 August 2016 in the Maracanã Stadium, Rio de Janeiro, starting at 20:00 BRT (23:00 UTC). As mandated by the Olympic Charter, the proceedings combined the formal ceremonial opening of this international sporting event (including welcoming speeches, hoisting of the flags and the parade of athletes, as well as a new feature—the presentation of the International Olympic Committee's Olympic Laurel distinction) with an artistic spectacle to showcase the host nation's culture and history. The ceremony reportedly cost under $6,526,500 (£5

title: Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium

text: announced some changes in the venue plan and the ceremonies were moved to Hoenggye. The main reasons were organisational, with possible interference between the preparation of the ceremonies and the ski jumping training, and the weather conditions for the spectators. The construction of the stadium which took one year and ten months was completed on 30 September 2017. The Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium had been used 5 times before being demolished. It was used as a K-pop concert venue of the 2017 Dream Concert in PyeongChang , marking the 100 Days before the Olympics, the opening and closing ceremonies of the

title: 2018 Winter Olympics torch relay

text: Stadium, the main venue of the 2018 Olympics. The final torch was lit by figure skater Yuna Kim. 2018 Winter Olympics torch relay The 2018 Winter Olympics torch relay was ran from October 24, 2017 until February 9, 2018, in advance of the 2018 Winter Olympics. After being lit in Olympia, Greece, the torch traveled to Athens on 31 October. The torch began its Korean journey on 1 November, visiting all Regions of Korea. The Korean leg began in Incheon: the torch travelled across the country for 101 days. 7,500 relay runners participated in the torch relay over a distance

title: 2016 Summer Olympics closing ceremony

text: 2016 Summer Olympics closing ceremony The closing ceremony of the 2016 Summer Olympics was held on 21 August 2016 from 20:00 to 22:50 BRT at the Maracanã Stadium, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. As per traditional Olympic protocol, the ceremony featured cultural presentations from both the current (Brazil) and following (Japan) host countries, as well as closing remarks by International Olympic Committee (IOC) president Thomas Bach and the leader of the Games' organizing committee Carlos Arthur Nuzman, the official handover of the Olympic flag from Rio de Janeiro mayor Eduardo Paes to Tokyo governor Yuriko Koike, whose city will host the

title: 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony

text: television audiences were shown a version that had been recorded the previous December. During the opening ceremony the organizing committee was a victim of a cyber attack, but without major consequences. The Parade of Nations was led, according to custom due to hosting the original ancient Olympics, by the Greek team, followed by other competing countries in alphabetical order based on their names in the Korean language, with the host country, South Korea, concluding the march. The delegations from both the host nation South Korea and North Korea (Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics) marched under the Korean unification flag.

title: Olympic Games

text: Olympian Games, which were an inspiration to Pierre de Coubertin for the Olympic Games. As mandated by the Olympic Charter, various elements frame the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games. This ceremony takes place before the events have occurred. Most of these rituals were established at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. The ceremony typically starts with the hoisting of the host country's flag and a performance of its national anthem. The host nation then presents artistic displays of music, singing, dance, and theatre representative of its culture. The artistic presentations have grown in scale and complexity as successive hosts

title: 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony

text: Olympic rings. The Shooting Star drones carried on the symbol of unity and progress from lighting of the torch. While there is no protocol requiring guests to stand for the host country's arrival, United States Vice President Mike Pence was criticized for not standing, as North and South Korean athletes entered during the Parade of Athletes. Pence was accused of hypocrisy, with critics drawing parallels to national anthem protests by NFL athletes. On 24 February, the "Washington Post" reported that U.S. intelligence uncovered Russian spies hacked computers during the Opening Ceremony, an act that was previously speculated to be the

title: 2018 Asian Games opening ceremony

text: the first part of the footage ended, a motorcyclist dressed as the President entered the stadium and headed to the basement. The second part of footage then showed President Widodo riding the motorcycle before reaching an elevator, at which point the real President entered the VVIP seating area. The entrance drew comparisons to the London 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony's segment, which featured Daniel Craig (as James Bond) and Queen Elizabeth II making an impressive entrance with a helicopter, and the Rio 2016 Summer Olympics closing ceremony's Warming up! Tokyo 2020 segment, in which the Prime Minister of Japan Shinzō

title: 2016 Summer Olympics opening ceremony

text: The new roof covers 95% of the seats inside the stadium, unlike the former design, where protection was only afforded to some seats in the upper ring and those above the gate access of each sector. Fernando Meirelles said in September 2015 that the ceremony would be a vision of the country "and what I hope it will become". Meirelles said he would try to steer away from clichés, but not all of them; for example, the carnival was confirmed to be a part of the ceremony. The opening ceremony began with aerial images of the city of Rio de

title: Olympic Games ceremony

text: basic events of each ceremony have remained unchanged. The presentation of the Opening and Closing Ceremonies continue to increase in scope, scale, and expense with each successive celebration of the Games, but they are still steeped in tradition. The 2028 Los Angeles Olympics organisers propose that the opening and closing ceremonies will each, for the first time, be staged across two different stadiums. The Ancient Games, held in Greece from ca. 776 BC to ca. 393 AD, provide the first examples of Olympic ceremonies. The victory celebration, elements of which are in evidence in the modern-day medal and closing ceremonies,

title: Olympic Games ceremony

text: all nations have entered, the President of the Organizing Committee makes a speech, followed by the IOC president. At the end of his speech, he introduces the representative or head of state of the host country who officially declares the opening of the Games. Despite the Games having been awarded to a particular city and not to the country in general, the Olympic Charter presently requires the opener to be the host country's head of state. However, there have been many cases where someone other than the host country's head of state opened the Games. The first example was at

title: 2018 Asian Games

text: also connecting the airport with the light rail transit (LRT) terminal by building a skybridge. Other transportation facilities such as toll roads, flyovers, and bridges will be also built in and around the city. The opening ceremony started at 19:00 Western Indonesian Time (UTC+7) on Saturday, 18 August 2018. Wishnutama, CEO of Indonesian TV network NET. was the creative director for the ceremony. The ceremony stage showcased a towering 26 meter-high mountain with a waterfall as its background, accompanied by Indonesian plants and flowers. North and South Korea delegates marched together under one unified flag of Korea, which marked the

title: 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony

text: The opening ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium in Pyeongchang, South Korea on 9 February 2018.  It began at 20:00 KST and finished at approximately 22:20 KST. The Games were officially opened by President of the Republic of Korea Moon Jae-in.

title: 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony


question: is the united states a country or nation

answers: country

title: United States entity

text: non-U.S. citizens or non-U.S. entities. United States entity United States entity is a designation given to some entities (firms, etc.), e.g. for International Traffic in Arms Regulations purposes: For purposes of the preceding paragraph, a U.S. entity is a firm incorporated in the United States (or an unincorporated U.S. firm with its principal place of business in the United States) that is controlled by U.S. citizens or by another U.S. entity. An entity is not a U.S. entity if 50 percent plus one share of its stock (if a corporation, or a similar ownership interest of an unincorporated entity) is

title: Deportation of Americans from the United States

text: deported as aliens[.]" The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), which was enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1952, states that an alien is a person who cannot qualify as a national of the United States. "The term 'national of the United States' means (A) a citizen of the United States, or (B) a person who, though not a citizen of the United States, owes permanent allegiance to the United States." Congress and the U.S. Attorney General have long said that a lawful permanent resident (LPR) may claim to be a national of the United States "by any means whatsoever." The

title: Lawful permanent residents (United States)

text: totalitarian states, such as Afghanistan, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, etc. Unlike other aliens, these refugee families permanently lost everything, including their former nationalities, and gradually became nationals of the United States (i.e., Americans). In 1986, less than a year before the United Nations Convention against Torture (CAT) became effective, Congress expressly and intentionally expanded the definition of "nationals but not citizens of the United States" by adding paragraph (4) to 8 U.S.C. § 1408, which plainly states that: The natural reading of § 1408(4) demonstrates that it was not exclusively written for the 55,000 American Samoans but also for LPRs who

title: United States passport

text: revocation) does not render the U.S. citizen either unable to leave the United States, or inadmissible into the United States. The United States is a signatory of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which guarantees residents of its signatories wide-ranging rights to enter or depart their own countries. In "Nguyen v. INS", the Supreme Court stated that U.S. citizens are entitled "...to the absolute right to enter its borders." Lower federal courts went as far as to declare that "...the Government cannot say to its citizen, standing beyond its border, that his reentry into the land of his

title: Boycotts of Israel

text: foreign commerce of the United States. The term "U.S. person" includes all individuals, corporations and unincorporated associations resident in the United States, including the permanent domestic affiliates of foreign concerns. U.S. persons also include U.S. citizens abroad (except when they reside abroad and are employed by non-U.S. persons) and the controlled in fact affiliates of domestic concerns. The test for "controlled in fact" is the ability to establish the general policies or to control the day-to-day operations of the foreign affiliate. The scope of the EAR, as defined by Section 8 of the EAA, is limited to actions taken with

title: Preamble to the United States Constitution

text: years to explain the nature of the governmental entity that the Constitution created (i.e., the federal government). In contemporary international law, the world consists of sovereign states (or "sovereign nations" in modern equivalent). A state is said to be "sovereign," if any of its ruling inhabitants are the supreme authority over it; the concept is distinct from mere land-title or "ownership." While each state was originally recognized as sovereign unto itself, the Supreme Court held that the "United States of America" consists of only one sovereign nation with respect to foreign affairs and international relations; the individual states may not

title: United States nationality law

text: in the Armed Forces of the United States, or periods of employment with the United States Government or with an international organization." Additionally citizens, who spent time living abroad as the "dependent unmarried son or daughter and a member of the household of a person" in any of the previously mentioned organizations can also be counted. A person's record of birth abroad, if registered with a U.S. consulate or embassy, is proof of citizenship. Such a person may also apply for a passport or a Certificate of Citizenship to have a record of citizenship. Such documentation is often useful to

title: United States entity

text: United States entity United States entity is a designation given to some entities (firms, etc.), e.g. for International Traffic in Arms Regulations purposes: For purposes of the preceding paragraph, a U.S. entity is a firm incorporated in the United States (or an unincorporated U.S. firm with its principal place of business in the United States) that is controlled by U.S. citizens or by another U.S. entity. An entity is not a U.S. entity if 50 percent plus one share of its stock (if a corporation, or a similar ownership interest of an unincorporated entity) is controlled, directly or indirectly, by

title: U.S. state

text: U.S. state A state is a constituent political entity of the United States. There are currently 50 states, which are bound together in a union with each other. Each state holds governmental jurisdiction over a defined geographic territory and shares its sovereignty with the United States federal government. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the federal government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons restricted by certain types of

title: United States nationality law

text: the most recent changes to the law having been made by Congress in 2001. Adult citizens of the United States who are residents of one of the 50 states or the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.) have the right to participate in the political system of the United States, as well as their state and local governments, (with most states having restrictions on voting by persons convicted of felonies, and a federal constitutional prohibition on naturalized persons running for President and Vice President of the United States), to be represented and protected abroad by the United States (through U.S. embassies

title: United States nationality law

text: 24, 1952 to present the definition of the "United States" for nationality purposes, was expanded to add Guam; and, effective November 3, 1986, the Northern Mariana Islands (in addition to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands of the United States). Persons born in these territories on or after December 24, 1952 acquire U.S. citizenship at birth on the same terms as persons born in other parts of the United States; and "Outlying possessions of the United States" was restricted to American Samoa and Swains Island. Congressional Research Service Report number RL30527 of April 17, 2000, titled "Presidential Elections in the

title: Wartime Measure Act of 1918

text: both. Additionally, any "officer, director or agent of any corporation" convicted of a violation could be punished by such fine or imprisonment, or both. Any "vehicle or vessel, together with its or her appurtenances, equipment, tackle, apparel, and furniture, concerned in any such violation, shall be forfeited to the United States." The United States is defined as including the Canal Zone, and all territories and their respective waters, "continental or insular." A person is defined as any "individual, partnership, association, company, or other unincorporated body of individuals, or corporation, or body politic." An article from the New York Times, published

title: Travel document

text: connection to the U.S. is through birth in an outlying possession (which is defined in as American Samoa and Swains Island (which is administered as part of American Samoa)), or through descent from a person so born, acquires U.S. nationality but not U.S. citizenship. This was formerly the case in only four other current or former U.S. overseas possessions. The U.S. passport issued to non-citizen nationals contains the endorsement code 9 which states: "THE BEARER IS A UNITED STATES NATIONAL AND NOT A UNITED STATES CITIZEN." on the annotations page. Non-citizen U.S. nationals may reside and work in the United

title: Americans

text: citizens living outside of the United States. A person born in Asia to one American and one Asian parent is called an Amerasian. Americans Americans are nationals and citizens of the United States of America. Although nationals and citizens make up the majority of Americans, some dual citizens, expatriates, and permanent residents, may also claim American nationality. The United States is home to people of many different ethnic origins. As a result, American culture and law does not equate nationality with race or ethnicity, but with citizenship and permanent allegiance. English-speakers, and even speakers of many other languages, typically use

title: Political divisions of the United States

text: States, however, are not sovereign in the Westphalian sense in international law which says that each State has sovereignty over its territory and domestic affairs, to the exclusion of all external powers, on the principle of non-interference in another State's domestic affairs, and that each State (no matter how large or small) is equal in international law. Additionally, the 50 U.S. states do not possess international legal sovereignty, meaning that they are not recognized by other sovereign States such as, for example, France, Germany or the United Kingdom. The 50 states of the United States of America are as follows

title: United States and the United Nations

text: United States and the United Nations The United States of America is a charter member of the United Nations and one of five permanent members of the UN Security Council. The United States is host to the headquarters of the United Nations, which includes the usual meeting place of the General Assembly in New York City, the seat of the Security Council and several bodies of the United Nations. The United States is the largest provider of financial contributions to the United Nations, providing 22 percent of the entire UN budget in 2017 (in comparison the next biggest contributor is

title: United States nationality law

text: United States nationality law The United States nationality law is a uniform rule of naturalization of the United States set out in the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, enacted under the power of Article I, section 8, clause 4 of the United States Constitution (also referred to as the Nationality Clause), which reads: Congress shall have Power - "To establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization..." The 1952 Act sets forth the legal requirements for the acquisition of, and divestiture from, American nationality. The requirements have become more explicit since the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, with

title: United States nationality law

text: if the Office of Special Investigations has been able to prove that the citizenship was obtained by concealing their involvement in war crimes committed by the Nazis in World War II. United States nationality law The United States nationality law is a uniform rule of naturalization of the United States set out in the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, enacted under the power of Article I, section 8, clause 4 of the United States Constitution (also referred to as the Nationality Clause), which reads: Congress shall have Power - "To establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization..." The 1952 Act

title: Torture

text: 18 U.S.C. § 2340 "et seq." define and forbid torture committed by U.S. nationals outside the United States or non-U.S. nationals who are present in the United States. As the United States recognizes customary international law, or the law of nations, the U.S. Alien Tort Claims Act and the Torture Victim Protection Act also provides legal remedies for victims of torture outside of the United States. Specifically, the status of torturers under the law of the United States, as determined by a famous legal decision in 1980, "Filártiga v. Peña-Irala", 630 F.2d 876 (2d Cir. 1980), is that, "the torturer

title: Freedom of movement

text: 36 (1873) and "United States v. Harris," 106 U.S. 629 (1883). Internationally, § 215 of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (currently codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1185), it is unlawful for a United States citizen to enter or exit the United States without a valid United States passport. No federal Australian legislation guarantees freedom of movement within the Commonwealth of Australia. Various Australian laws restrict the right on various grounds. Until 1 July 2016, Norfolk Island had immigration controls separate from those of the remainder of Australia and a permit was required for Australian citizens or residents to

title: United States passport

text: and the District of Columbia only. By acts of Congress, every person born in Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands is a United States citizen by birth. Also, every person born in the former Panama Canal Zone whose father or mother (or both) was a citizen is a United States citizen by birth. Other acts of Congress provide for acquisition of citizenship by persons born abroad. Every citizen is a national of the United States, but not every national is a citizen. There is a small class of American Samoans, born in American Samoa,

title: Citizenship of the United States

text: in an unincorporated U.S. Minor Outlying Island is not specifically mentioned by law, but under international law and Supreme Court dicta, they are also regarded as non-citizen nationals of the United States. Non-citizen nationals of the United States may reside and work in the United States without restrictions, and may apply for U.S. citizenship under the same rules as permanent U.S. residents. Both of these groups are not allowed to vote in federal or state elections, although there is no constitutional prohibition against their doing so. Every national of the United States statutorily transmits nationality to children born outside the

title: Tax protester statutory arguments

text: argument, the latter term deals with the authority the 50 States delegated to the United States government to represent American interests outside of America, grouping all those that are bound by the United States Constitution as one body, relative to those that are not bound, such as France or Britain. Under this argument, the term "private international law" signifies the foreignness of the sovereign states, or nations, of the United States system to each other, within the system. Tax protesters argue that the importance of the definition applies where the term "state" is the reference to the federal state as

title: United States nationality law

text: visit 174 countries and territories visa-free or with visa on arrival. The United States passport is currently ranked joint 3rd alongside in terms of travel freedom in the world. In 2017, the United States nationality is ranked twenty-seventh in the Nationality Index (QNI). This index differs from the Visa Restrictions Index, which focuses on external factors including travel freedom. The QNI considers, in addition to travel freedom, on internal factors such as peace & stability, economic strength, and human development as well. Although all U.S. citizens are also U.S. nationals, the reverse is not true. As specified in , a

title: Americans

text: Americans Americans are nationals and citizens of the United States of America. Although nationals and citizens make up the majority of Americans, some dual citizens, expatriates, and permanent residents, may also claim American nationality. The United States is home to people of many different ethnic origins. As a result, American culture and law does not equate nationality with race or ethnicity, but with citizenship and permanent allegiance. English-speakers, and even speakers of many other languages, typically use the term "American" to exclusively mean people of the United States; this developed from its original use to differentiate English people of the

text: Relinquishment of United States nationality Relinquishment of United States nationality is the process under federal law by which a U.S. citizen or national voluntarily and intentionally gives up that status and becomes an alien with respect to the United States. In U.S. law, renunciation of United States citizenship is a legal term encompassing two specific procedures for giving up U.S. citizenship by swearing an oath of renunciation before a designated U.S. government official, but the five other acts by which an American may give up U.S. citizenship are sometimes also informally referred to as "renunciation of citizenship". Relinquishment is distinct

title: United States person

text: United States person The term United States person or US person is used in various contexts in US laws and regulations with different meanings. The term "US person" is used in the context of data collection and intelligence by the United States, particularly with respect to the provisions of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act. If information from, about, or to a US person who is not a named terrorist is captured in the course of US foreign intelligence activities, there are strict rules about preserving the anonymity of such a person in any subsequent intelligence report. Only if the US

title: Citizenship of the United States

text: For example, as specified in , a person whose only connection to the U.S. is through birth in an outlying possession (which, as of March 2015, was defined under as American Samoa and Swains Island), or through descent from a person so born, acquires only U.S. nationality but not U.S. citizenship. Such person is said to be a non-citizen national of the United States. American Samoans continue to be U.S. nationals but not U.S. citizens. People born in American Samoa receive passports declaring the holder is only a U.S. national, not a U.S. citizen. For an America Samoan to become

title: United States nationality law

text: of the other. However, as fewer countries require military service and most base other obligations (such as the payment of taxes) on residence and not citizenship, these conflicts have become less frequent. A U.S. citizen may lose his or her dual citizenship by obtaining naturalization in a foreign state, by taking an oath or making an affirmation or other formal declaration of allegiance to a foreign state or political subdivision thereof, by serving in the armed forces of a foreign state, or by performing certain other acts, but only if the act was performed "voluntarily and with the intention to

title: United States

title: United States

long_answer: The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America (/əˈmɛrɪkə/), is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions. At 3.8 million square miles (9.8 million km) and with over 324 million people, the United States is the world's third- or fourth-largest country by total area and the third-most populous. The capital is Washington, D.C., and the largest city by population is New York City. Forty-eight states and the capital's federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, stretching across nine official time zones. The extremely diverse geography, climate, and wildlife of the United States make it one of the world's 17 megadiverse countries.


question: when does jim propose to pam on the office

answers: In the Season 5 premiere

title: Christmas Party (The Office)

text: from Phyllis Lapin (Phyllis Smith) and introduces a "Yankee Swap", in which someone can choose to steal someone else's gift or open a new one. Jim is left feeling uncertain about the fate of his special present for Pam—which is eventually claimed by Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson)—while the staff competes for the iPod. Although Pam ends up with the iPod at the end of the swap, she elects to trade the iPod for Jim's gift that was meant for her to show her appreciation. While she goes through the various aspects of her gift, Jim sneaks the letter he wrote

title: Hot Girl (The Office)

text: an angry Pam corrects him that they are engaged. Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) convinces Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) that he should approach Katy and if all else fails, he should buy a purse, which he does to Pam and Jim's delight. When Michael hears she'll need a ride home, he does his best to offer himself, going so far as to spend the aforementioned $1000 on an espresso machine to impress her. While Pam is sitting on Jim's desk and talking to him, Roy comes up and tries to apologize to Pam, eventually getting her out of her bad mood

title: Roy's Wedding

text: critics. Many applauded the emotional drama in Pam and Jim's storyline. However, many reviews gave the episode's two subplots mixed reviews. "Roy's Wedding" was viewed by an estimated 4.13 million viewers and received a 2.1 rating/6 percent share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. The episode ranked fourth in its timeslot and was also the highest-rated NBC series of the night. In the cold open, Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer) creates a chore wheel after the office janitor is on vacation, but after everyone else in the office says the wheel is no fun, Pam changes the wheel

title: The Lover (The Office)

text: to install a recording device in Jim's office, by giving him a wooden mallard as an apology for their long rivalry. Jim (John Krasinski) and Pam (Jenna Fischer) return from their honeymoon in Puerto Rico and Michael (Steve Carell) tells Jim that he has been dating Pam's mother, Helene (Linda Purl), after spending the night with her at their wedding in Niagara. Jim is shocked and tells Michael not to mention anything to Pam (which he reluctantly agrees to do) and to break it off with Helene immediately (which he does not agree to). However, when Jim and Pam give

title: Pam Beesly

text: In "Moving On", Pam interviews for a job in Philadelphia to be closer to Jim, but she is turned off by the idea when her prospective new boss bears a striking resemblance in behavior to Michael Scott. Over dinner, Pam reveals to Jim that she doesn't really want to move to Philadelphia after all. However, in "Livin' the Dream", when Athlead is bought out and Jim is offered a large sum of money for 3 months to pitch the company across the country, Pam overhears Jim refuse the opportunity because of her and appears to have mixed feelings about this

title: Pam Beesly

text: that they have started dating after the camera crew catches them kissing. The office ultimately learns of their relationship in "Dunder Mifflin Infinity". In "Chair Model", after teasing Pam about his impending proposal, Jim tells the documentary crew he is not kidding around about an engagement and shows them a ring he bought a week after he and Pam started dating. In the next few episodes, Jim fake-proposes to Pam multiple times. In "Goodbye, Toby", Pam discovers she's been accepted at Pratt Institute, an art and design school in Brooklyn . In an interview later in the episode, Jim announces

title: Jim Halpert

text: Pam is describing her lack of satisfaction with the current state of her relationship with Jim. Jim then suddenly interrupts the session to ask her to dinner, much to her surprise. She becomes flustered and overjoyed, and accepts the invitation. Jim replies "All right. Then... it's a date," and leaves abruptly. Pam turns back to the camera, smiling, only to ask, "What was the question?" In a webisode titled "Office Summer Vacation", found on NBC's website, Karen states that Jim "dumped my ass" and left her crying at a fountain. In the season premiere, "Fun Run", Pam and Jim reveal

title: Jim Halpert

text: encourages Jim to speak to Michael. As a new receptionist has already been hired, Pam is re-hired in sales alongside Jim. During "Company Picnic", Pam injures her ankle during a volleyball game and Jim takes her to the hospital. The camera crew is stationed outside an exam room while a doctor updates Jim and Pam on her condition. There is no audio as the camera shows Jim and Pam suddenly embracing, looking shocked and ecstatic, before Jim emerges to call Dwight and inform him they won't be returning to the game. It is heavily implied that Pam is pregnant, and

title: Pam Beesly

text: coffee and says that even though Jim is dating Karen, she should at least make an effort to date him (in as much as she called off the wedding because of him). In season 5, Jim and Roy run into each other at a bar and Roy learns that Jim and Pam are engaged. The mood is somewhat awkward, but Roy is congratulatory, but then makes a somewhat passive-aggressive comment, seemingly meant to make Jim feel insecure about his current role in Pam's life, which tempts him to drive to Pratt, where she is attending art classes. Jim gets on

title: Diwali (The Office)

text: only their ninth date, and drives home, leaving Michael to find a ride. Meanwhile, in Stamford, Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) decides to bike to work. Working late, Andy Bernard (Ed Helms), Karen Filippelli (Rashida Jones), and Jim turn a late night of paperwork into an excuse to drink, although Karen, unbeknownst to Jim and Andy, pours her shots into her wastebasket. Pam sends a text message to Jim, who does not answer because he is passed out on his desk. At the end of the evening, Michael mistakenly thinks that he and Pam have a connection, and is rejected when

title: Pam Beesly

text: witnesses Pam kissing Jim Halpert in the break room, which prompts him to issue a memo about public displays of affection in the workplace. Later, when Jim and Pam admit they are dating and ask to fill out a disclosure form, he hesitates to give them a form saying they should wait and see. In "Night Out", Toby awkwardly rubs her knee while they share a laugh (and while Jim sits just on her other side), and the rest of the office watches in horror. In his mortification, Toby immediately announces that he is moving to Costa Rica before jumping

title: Valentine's Day (The Office)

text: gifts from her boyfriend Bob Vance (Robert R. Shafer), while Pam Beesly is irritated with Roy Anderson (David Denman) when the only thing he gives her for Valentine's Day is the promise of the "best sex of [her] life". Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) is forced to listen to, and witness Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak) turn Kelly Kapoor (Mindy Kaling) down for a date. At the end of the day, Jim tells Pam "Happy Valentine's Day" and she watches him longingly as he leaves. This episode was the fourth episode of the series directed by series creator Greg Daniels. Daniels

title: PDA (The Office)

text: Jim (John Krasinski) and Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer) have too much champagne during lunch, causing complications when they have to return to work. During the PDA meeting, Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) mentions a list of people who have had sex in the workplace, and Jim and Pam are not mentioned. Due to their intoxication, they agree to give it a try, but they have a hard time finding a place to do it, from hidden places in the warehouse to Ryan Howard's (B. J. Novak) closet. They eventually return to their desks. The two tell the interviewers that they left

title: The Promotion (The Office)

text: Pam, is upset at him about the raise situation. Michael returns to give Jim his own new "World's Best Boss" mug and they share some gin together. Meanwhile, Pam is trying to discreetly ask everyone to give cash as wedding gifts instead of actual gifts. She first tries Phyllis (Phyllis Smith) to no avail. She manages to get Kevin (Brian Baumgartner) to write her a $40 check, and starts to feel guilty about asking people for simple cash, but she gets ecstatic when she sees that the check is made out to "Mrs. Pam Halpert". When she then tries Ryan

title: Business Ethics (The Office)

text: Pam (Jenna Fischer) is talking to Jim (John Krasinski) on the phone, and Jim reluctantly reveals their engagement to the office, to no congratulations, aside from a surprised reaction from Oscar, who had assumed they were already engaged, and much insulting commentary from everyone else. Michael (Steve Carell), however, is elated by the news and tackles Jim with a flying hug when he hears the news. Following Ryan's (B. J. Novak) recent actions, corporate wants Holly (Amy Ryan) to set up a seminar regarding business ethics, where Michael invites the office to tell her about their personal time-theft stories without

title: Pam Beesly

text: and Pam on her condition. There is no audio as the camera shows Jim and Pam embrace, looking shocked and ecstatic. It is implied that she is pregnant and is confirmed in the Season 6 premiere, "Gossip". Jim and Pam marry early in the season, at Niagara Falls, during the highly anticipated, hour long episode, "Niagara". The ending of the episode, in which their co-workers dance down the aisle, is an imitation of a viral YouTube video — JK Wedding Entrance Dance. Following the wedding, a multi-episode story arc begins in which it is revealed that Michael hooked up with

title: Stairmageddon

text: him back upstairs. Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) talks with Toby Flenderson (Paul Lieberstein) about his going to marriage counseling with Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer), and Pam does the same with Nellie Bertram (Catherine Tate). Toby points out to Jim that it is not fair to tell Pam that he needs an indeterminate amount of time before Athlead pays off for the family; Pam vents to Nellie that Jim is always making unilateral decisions involving her and they each agree they are not leaving Philly for Scranton or vice versa. The Halperts leave the office looking sad and awkward together. Meanwhile,

title: Customer Survey

text: Kelly (Mindy Kaling), who had just bought a white bridesmaid dress; she is now forced to return it for a partial refund. Pam (Jenna Fischer) buys a miniature Bluetooth device for her and Jim (John Krasinski) so they can stay in touch throughout the day without being caught. Dwight (Rainn Wilson) overhears several of their conversations but assumes that Jim is talking to himself. During their survey reviews with Michael, Dwight and Jim are shocked to find out that their feedback is abysmal. Jim is somewhat disappointed as he was intending to use his anticipated bonus to buy his parents'

title: Promos (The Office)

text: everyone in the office is excited when international promos for the documentary surface, but are soon horrified to discover how much candid filming has taken place. While everyone panics about their secrets being revealed, Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer) reflects upon how much she and Jim (John Krasinski) have changed over the past nine years. Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) makes Angela Lipton (Angela Kinsey) jealous when he starts dating a Brussels sprout farmer. Meanwhile, at Athlead's office in Philadelphia, Jim and Darryl Philbin (Craig Robinson) have a big meeting with baseball player Ryan Howard, who pitches a bizarre sci-fi sports movie

title: Pam Beesly

text: large part in her efficiency as office administrator and was crucial to her being promoted to the previously non-existent position. The "will they or won't they" tension between Jim and Pam is a strong storyline in the early episodes of "The Office", encompassing much of Seasons 1 to 3. In the opener of Season 4, the two characters are revealed to be dating, and as such, other character romances, such as the romance between fellow co-workers Dwight Schrute and Angela Martin, begin to move more toward the forefront of episodes. In Season 6, Jim and Pam are married in the

title: Jim Halpert

text: the pregnancy is confirmed in the Season 6 premiere, "Gossip". Jim is promoted to Regional Co-Manager, alongside Michael, in "The Meeting." His promotion causes problems in the office as the staff doesn't take him seriously and he is often in a power struggle with Michael. When Dunder Mifflin files for bankruptcy and is taken over by Sabre, a company that sells printers, Jim chooses to become a salesman again (largely because Sabre's uncapped commission means a huge pay increase). Jim and Pam marry in the highly anticipated, hour-long episode, "Niagara". When their guests' craziness threatens to ruin the wedding day,

title: Jim Halpert

text: "Casino Night", he confesses his love for Pam in the office. Pam, whose wedding to Roy was planned out and just weeks away, clearly shows her anguish but gently turns him down. Jim tearfully walks away, later kisses her in the office, and the season ends. In the third season premiere "Gay Witch Hunt", it is revealed that he did transfer to Stamford despite the fact that Pam has called off her wedding and he clearly still harbors intense feelings for her. His reason is later stated as "It's just, I kinda put it all on the line. Twice. And

title: Email Surveillance

text: nothing is happening. In order to keep Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) from exposing the party, Jim tells him that it is a surprise party for Michael. Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) notices some things that lead her to suspect that Dwight and Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) are dating. However, she discreetly abandons her suspicions when she asks Phyllis Lapin (Phyllis Smith) if she noticed any office romances and Phyllis guesses that Pam meant her and Jim. Jim and Pam bond when she sees Jim's room for the first time and looks through his high school yearbook. After ruining an improv class,

title: Booze Cruise (The Office)

text: off the ship, the captain temporarily detains him by zip tying him to the railing on the deck outside. Just before Roy Anderson (David Denman) talks to the captain, Michael asks Jim who he would save on a sinking ship. Jim covers up in saying that he would save the customer, but makes it clear afterwards that he would save the receptionist. He approaches Pam to perhaps tell her his feelings at the same time that Roy is hearing a war story from the captain. A drunken Roy is inspired to announce a date for his wedding with Pam, just

title: The Office (U.S. TV series)

text: he is moving to Costa Rica, and is replaced by Holly Flax, who quickly shows a liking for Michael. Pam decides to follow her artistic interests and attends a three-month graphic design course at the Pratt Institute in New York City. In the season finale, Jim almost proposes to Pam, but is interrupted by Andy proposing to Angela, who reluctantly agrees. Phyllis then catches Dwight and Angela having sex in the office. The fifth season consists of 28 half-hours of material, divided into 24 half-hour episodes and two hour-long episodes, one of which aired after Super Bowl XLIII. Jim proposes

title: The Convention (The Office)

text: for being superior to him, tries to one-up both Jim and Josh at every opportunity. Meanwhile, Kelly Kapoor (Mindy Kaling) sets up Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) on a double date with one of her friends which goes nowhere. Toby Flenderson's (Paul Lieberstein) interest in Pam is piqued, beginning an unrequited crush on his part. The first draft of the script included a scene suggesting that Angela was pregnant with Dwight's child, but this was cut by showrunner Greg Daniels. Initially, there were plans for the cast members from the British version of "The Office" to appear in this episode, but

title: Heavy Competition

text: steals everything on Michael's desk, including his Rolodex contact list, and places a dead fish in the air conditioning vent. Meanwhile, Jim (John Krasinski) and Pam (Jenna Fischer) are attempting to get bargain deals on wedding plans from Andy (Ed Helms). When Pam turns down his ideas, Andy suspects that Pam might be acting controlling and cruelly to Jim, in the same way Angela (Angela Kinsey) treated Andy. Andy warns Jim, who tries to convince Andy that he and Pam are really happy. Andy remains convinced that Pam will betray him, so Jim asks Andy to provide for his emotional

title: Paper Airplane (The Office)

text: airplane contest. Meanwhile, Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) prepares for a potential acting job, and Jim (John Krasinski) and Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer) utilize new skills that they learned in couples' counseling. The episode received mostly mixed reviews from critics; some felt that the episode was humorous, whereas others were critical of the main plot involving Pam and Jim. The episode was viewed by 3.25 million viewers and received a 1.7/5 rating among adults between the ages of 18 and 49, giving it the lowest viewership rating of any episode of "The Office". "Paper Airplane" ranked fourth in its timeslot, but

title: The Delivery (The Office)

text: waits for Pam and Jim's baby to be born; Jim urges Pam to let him take her to the hospital, but Pam would rather wait until midnight like she and Jim wanted to do initially (arriving after midnight means a longer hospital stay under the terms of their health insurance). She finds comfort in watching the rest of the office performing absurd activities to distract her from the pain. When Jim reaches his breaking point, Pam reveals that their baby is a girl, which calms Jim's nerves a bit, but then she tells him that her water broke. Since Pam

title: Pam Beesly

title: Pam Beesly

long_answer: In the Season 5 premiere, "Weight Loss", Pam begins her three-month course at the Pratt Institute. In this episode, Jim proposes in the pouring rain at a rest stop, saying that he "can't wait". In "Business Trip", Pam learns that she is failing one of her classes and will have to remain in New York another three months to retake it. Although Jim is supportive and tells her he will wait for her to come back "the right way", she ultimately makes the decision to return home, saying that she realized she hated graphic design and missed Scranton. A deleted scene for the episode shows Jim looking through Pam's graphic design projects, which he thinks are "cool", as well as a notebook filled with pencil sketches, which he finds a lot more impressive than her graphic design projects, implying her talents lie in hand-drawn works. In "Two Weeks", Pam agrees to become Michael's first saleswoman in his not-yet-established company, The Michael Scott Paper Co., as a supportive Jim looks on. When David Wallace makes an offer to buy the company Michael negotiates in order to get their jobs at Dunder Mifflin back instead, including adding Pam to the sales team. In "Company Picnic", Pam, after dominating the company volleyball tournament, injures her ankle during a game and is taken to the hospital against her wishes. At the hospital, the camera crew is stationed outside an exam room while a doctor updates Jim and Pam on her condition. There is no audio as the camera shows Jim and Pam embrace, looking shocked and ecstatic. It is implied that she is pregnant and is confirmed in the Season 6 premiere, "Gossip".