question: state the position of india in terms of population size

answers: second

title: 2011 Census of India

text: in population census in India for first time in 2011. The overall sex ratio of the population is 943 females for every 1,000 males in 2011. The official count of the third gender in India is 490,000 The population of India as per 2011 census was . India added 181.5 million to its population since 2001, slightly lower than the population of Brazil. India, with 2.4% of the world's surface area, accounts for 17.5% of its population. Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state with roughly 200 million people. Over half the population resided in the six most populous states

title: Uttarakhand

text: 2011 Census of India, Uttarakhand has a population of 10,086,292 comprising 5,137,773 males and 4,948,519 females, with 69.77% of the population living in rural areas. The state is the 20th most populous state of the country having 0.83% of the population on 1.63% of the land. The population density of the state is 189 people per square kilometre having a 2001–2011 decadal growth rate of 18.81%. The gender ratio is 963 females per 1000 males. The crude birth rate in the state is 18.6 with the total fertility rate being 2.3. The state has an infant mortality rate of 43,

title: Uttar Pradesh

text: with a total area of , is India’s fourth-largest state in terms of land area and is roughly of same size as United Kingdom. It is situated on the northern spout of India and shares an international boundary with Nepal. The Himalayas border the state on the north, but the plains that cover most of the state are distinctly different from those high mountains. The larger Gangetic Plain region is in the north; it includes the Ganges-Yamuna Doab, the Ghaghra plains, the Ganges plains and the Terai. The smaller Vindhya Range and plateau region is in the south. It is

title: Demographics of Uttar Pradesh

text: released Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 "caste population data" for every single non-SC/ST castes (General castes, OBC/EBCs) in India. Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in India with a population of over 199.5 million people on 1 March 2011. It is more populated than the world's 242 countries. If independent it would be the 6th largest country in the world as per Population. At the 2001 census of India, about 80% of Uttar Pradesh population is Hindu, while Muslims make up around 18% of the population. The remaining population consists of Sikhs, Buddhists, Christians and Jains. The population

title: Flora and fauna of Madhya Pradesh

text: in and around forests in Madhya Pradesh. The main tribal groups are: Flora and fauna of Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh is often called the "Heart of India", is a state in central India. Its capital is Bhopal. Madhya Pradesh was originally the largest state in India until November 1, 2000 when the state of Chhattisgarh was carved out. It borders the states Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan. Lying between latitude 21°04'N-26.87°N and longitude 74°02'-82°49' E, it is a reservoir of biodiversity. The geographical area of the state is 308,252 km which constitutes 9.38% of the land area of

title: South India

text: Other threatened and endangered species found in the region include grizzled giant squirrel, grey slender loris, sloth bear, nilgiri tahr, nilgiri langur, lion-tailed macaque, and Indian leopard. As per the 2011 census of India, the estimated population of South India is 252 million, around one fifth of the total population of India. The region's total fertility rate (TFR) was less than the population replacement level of 2.1 for all states with Kerala and Tamil Nadu having the lowest TFRs in India at 1.7. As a result, the proportion of the population of South India to India's total population has declined

title: Multinational state

text: 212 scheduled tribal groups, which together constitute about 7.5% of the country's population. India has a Muslim-majority state (Jammu and Kashmir) and a Muslim-majority union territory (Lakshadweep); three Christian-majority states (Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Nagaland); and a Sikh-majority state (Punjab). Most of its states are based on ethnicity, including Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Chhatisgarh (Hindustani), Tamil Nadu (Tamil), Andhra Pradesh and Telangana (Telugu), Karnataka (Kannadigas), Odisha (Odia), Jammu and Kashmir (Dogras and Kashmiris), Goa (Konkanis), Gujarat (Gujarati), West Bengal (Bengali), Maharashtra (Marathi), Punjab (Punjabi), Haryana (Haryanvi), and Kerala (Malayali). Furthermore, several Indian states are themselves ethnically, religiously, and linguistically

title: Andhra Pradesh

text: the sea level. It is also nicknamed as the "Kashmir of Andhra Pradesh" and the temperature ranges from 0 °C to 10 °C. Census of India, the state had a population of with a population density of . According to Polavaram ordinance bill 2014, 7 mandals of Khammam district in Telangana state merged with Andhra Pradesh to facilitate polavaram project, due to which population of 2,47,515 added to Andhra Pradesh. Thus the final population of Andhra Pradesh in the year 2014, as per census 2011 is 4,96,34,314, with a density of 304.5/km. The total population constitute, 70.4% of rural population

title: Maharashtra

text: a population of 112,374,333 (9.28% of India's population) of which male and female are 58,243,056 and 54,131,277 respectively. The total population growth in 2011 was 15.99 percent while in the previous decade it was 22.57 percent. Since independence, the decadal growth rate of population has remained higher (except in the year 1971) than the national average. For the first time, in the year 2011, it was found to be lower than the national average. The 2011 census for the state found 55% of the population to be rural with 45% being urban based. Marathis comprise the majority of the population.

title: Mizoram

text: as a Union Territory. It became the 23rd state of India, a step above Union Territory, on 20 February 1987, with Fifty-Third Amendment of Indian Constitution, 1986. Mizoram's population was 1,091,014, according to a 2011 census. It is the 2nd least populous state in the country. Mizoram covers an area of approximately 21,087 square kilometres. About 91% of the state is forested. About 95% of the current population is of diverse tribal origins who settled in the state, mostly from Southeast Asia, over waves of migration starting about the 16th century but mainly in the 18th century. This is the

title: Demographics of Uttar Pradesh

text: Demographics of Uttar Pradesh The demographics of Uttar Pradesh is a complex topic, which is undergoing dynamic change. Uttar Pradesh is India`s most populous state. It has a population of about 227,920,005 as per the 2011 census. If it were a separate country, Uttar Pradesh would be the world's fifth most populous nation, next only to China, India, the United States of America and Indonesia. Uttar Pradesh has a population more than that of Pakistan. There is an average population density of 828 persons per km² i.e. 2,146 per sq mi. The capital of Uttar Pradesh is Lucknow. Hindus and

title: 2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election

text: Akhilesh Yadav was nominated as chief minister by the party. Uttar Pradesh is the largest province in India in terms of population, but the fourth largest in terms of landmass after the bifurcation to create Uttarakhand. It is also considered politically important because of the number of seats it returns to the "Lok Sabha" and as including the constituencies of such nationally notable figures as Sonia Gandhi, Rahul Gandhi, Varun Gandhi and Maneka Gandhi of the Nehru-Gandhi family dynasty. It was also previously the home of Prime Ministers Indira Gandhi and Atal Behari Vajpayee. The legislative assembly has 403 seats,

title: Flora and fauna of Madhya Pradesh

text: Flora and fauna of Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh is often called the "Heart of India", is a state in central India. Its capital is Bhopal. Madhya Pradesh was originally the largest state in India until November 1, 2000 when the state of Chhattisgarh was carved out. It borders the states Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan. Lying between latitude 21°04'N-26.87°N and longitude 74°02'-82°49' E, it is a reservoir of biodiversity. The geographical area of the state is 308,252 km which constitutes 9.38% of the land area of the country. The forest area of the state is 95,221 km constituting

title: Himachal Pradesh

text: as per the final results of the Census of India 2011. This is only 0.57 per cent of India's total population, recording a growth of 12.81 per cent. The scheduled castes and scheduled tribes account for 25.19 per cent and 5.71 per cent of the population respectively. The sex ratio stood at 972 females per 1000 males, recording a marginal increase from 968 in 2001. The child sex ratio increased from 896 in 2001 to 909 in 2011. The total fertility rate (TFR) per woman in 2015 stood at 1.7, one of the lowest in India. In the census, the

title: Udaipur State, Chhattisgarh

text: on the west by the British Bilaspur district of the Central Provinces. In 1881 the State contained 196 villages and covered an area of 2,732 square km. The total population according to the 1901 Census of India was around 45,000, mostly Hindus. The state was mostly covered by forested hills of sandstone with carboniferous strata, but the extensive coalfields were not exploited. Gold and iron were also found, but in much smaller quantities. The ranges in the area of the state were relatively low, the highest point being Lotta Hill, reaching an elevation of 640 m. The forests were dense,

title: BIMARU states

text: better invitation to the businessmen for investment.Also Madhya Pradesh enlisted at II position in U.N.O. GDP development ranking's with a record of 22.5%. The BIMARU states have some of the highest fertility rates in India. In 2010, the total fertility rate was 3.9 for Bihar, 3.5 for Uttar Pradesh, 3.2 for Madhya Pradesh, and 3.1 for Rajasthan, compared to 2.5 for India as a whole. This leads to high population growth in these states than rest of India. The literacy rates in these states according to the 2011 census are Bihar 63.8%, Rajasthan 67.1%, Jharkhand 67.6%, Madhya Pradesh 70.6% and

title: Western India

text: around 290 per square km. The average fertility rate is about 2.2, while the average household size is about 4.7. The states of Maharashtra, Gujarat and Goa are culturally varied and distinct. Maharashtrian culture derives from the ancient Hindu Vedic culture influenced deeply by the Maratha Empire. Maharashtrians take great pride in the Maratha Empire, and many places in Maharashtra are named after the founder of the Empire, Shivaji. Marathi literature and cinema are popular in the state as well as across India. Bollywood has had a huge impact on the lifestyle and culture of this part of India as

title: Geography of Uttar Pradesh

text: Geography of Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh is India's fourth largest and most populous [States of India ], located in the north-central part of the country. It spreads over a large area, and the plains of the state are quite distinctly different from the high mountains in the north. The climate of this state can also vary widely - primarily due to it being far from the moderating effect of the sea and the occasional cold air arising due to western disturbances - with temperatures reaching as high as 49 °C in summer, and as low as -1 °C in winter.

title: P. K. Monnappa

text: Mysore. The unified state police got a uniform dress code under Mysore Police. Similarly the Telugu speaking parts of Hyderabad and Madras were brought together. At the time of India's independence, Hyderabad was the largest Indian princely state in terms of population and GNP. Its territory of was more than that of England and Scotland put together. The 1941 census had estimated its population to be 16.34 million, over 85% of who were Hindus and with Muslims accounting for about 12%. It was also a multi-lingual state consisting of peoples speaking Telugu (48.2%), Marathi (26.4%), Kannada (12.3%) and Urdu (10.3%).

title: Proposed states and territories of India

text: Maharashtra state government. Jambuwantrao Dhote led a popular struggle for Vidarbha statehood in the 1970s. Two politicians, N. K. P. Salve and Vasant Sathe, have led attempts to bring about a state of Vidarbha in recent times. Delhi, Meerut, Baghpat, Muzaffarnagar, Gurgaon, Sonipat, Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Noida and Greater Noida form the National Capital Region, with a population of about 22 million. The political administration of Delhi more closely resembles that of a state than a union territory, with its own legislature, high court and an executive council of ministers headed by a Chief Minister. New Delhi is jointly administered by

title: Demographics of Arunachal Pradesh

text: Demographics of Arunachal Pradesh The Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh has a total population of roughly 1.4 million (as of 2011) on an area of 84,000 km, amounting to a population density of about 17 pop./km (far below the Indian average of 370 pop./km but significantly higher than similarly mountainous Ladakh). Much of Arunachal Pradesh is forested. The "indigenous groups" account for about two thirds of population, while immigrants, mostly of Bengali/Hindi belt origin, account for a third. As one of the Seven Sister States of eight if including Sikkim in India's remote north-east, it is culturally at least as

title: Demographics of Andhra Pradesh

text: "42,442,146" males and "42,138,631" females. The rural population of the state is recorded as 56,361,702 and urban as 28,219,075. The sex ratio is way above the national average at "992" as against 978 in 2001. Spread over an area of "160,205 km", the state has a population density of "308" as against 277 in 2001 Census, which is below the national average. Registered growth rate of the population is 11.10 as against 14.59 recorded in the 2001 census. The decadal growth rate has come down by 3.49 during the 2001-2011. Literacy rate in 2011 was "67.77%" as against 60.47% recorded

title: Demographics of India

text:
(09.02.2011) (Census) (Includes data for the Indian-administered part of Jammu and Kashmir): Population pyramid 2016 (estimates) From the Demographic Health Survey: The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated. 1,166,079,217 (July 2009 est. CIA), 1,210 million (2011 census), 1,281,935,911 (July 2017 est.) 72.2%; male: 381,668,992, female: 360,948,755 (2001 census) "0–14 years:" 27.34% (male 186,087,665/female 164,398,204)
"15-24 years:" 17.9% (male 121,879,786/female 107,583,437)
"25-54 years:" 41.08% (male 271,744,709/female 254,834,569)
"55-64 years:" 7.45% (male 47,846,122/female 47,632,532)
"65+ years:" 6.24% (male 37,837,801/female 42,091,086) (2017 est.) 27.9 years 1.17% (2017 est.) 74% (age 7 and above, in 2011)
81.4% (total

title: Demographics of Bihar

text: Demographics of Bihar According to the 2001 Census of India, the state of Bihar was the third most populated state of India with total population of 82,998,509, of which 43,243,795 were male and 39,754,714 were female. The 2011 Census of India recorded a total of 104,099,452 (54,278,157 male and 49,821,295 female). Hindi and Urdu are the official languages of the state, whilst the majority of the people speak one of the Bihari languages - Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Maithili or Angika. Bhojpuri and Magahi are sometimes considered dialects of Hindi, while Maithili and Angika are not. Maithili is also one of the

title: Politics of Kerala

text: Politics of Kerala Political activity in the Indian State of Kerala takes place in a multi-party framework, within the overall context of the National Politics of India. The state holds an invariable position of having the largest politically aware and active population in the Country. The state Legislature is unicameral and has a membership of 141, where 140 are elected and one is nominated from the Anglo-Indian community. It has 20 seats in the Lok Sabha and 9 seats in the Rajya Sabha. Elections are also held to choose representatives to the civic bodies at various levels within the State,

title: Demographics of India

text: lived in more than 5,100 towns and over 380 urban agglomerations. India's population exceeded that of the entire continent of Africa by 200 million people in 2010. However, because Africa's population growth is nearly double that of India, it is expected to surpass both China and India by 2025. The table below summarises India's demographics (excluding the Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati District of Manipur state due to cancellation of census results) according to religion at the 2011 census in per cent. The data is "unadjusted" (without excluding Assam and Jammu and Kashmir); the 1981 census was not

title: Jharkhand

text: the reason for the variety and diversity of flora and fauna found in Jharkhand state may be accredited to the Palamau Tiger Reserves under the Project Tiger. This reserve is abode to hundreds of species of flora and fauna, as indicated within brackets: mammals (39), snakes (8), lizards (4), fish (6), insects (21), birds (170), seed bearing plants and trees (97), shrubs and herbs (46), climbers, parasites and semi-parasites (25), and grasses and bamboos (17). According to the 2011 Indian Census, Jharkhand has a population of 32.96 million, consisting of 16.93 million males and 16.03 million females. The sex ratio

title: Female foeticide in India

text: the normal natural range in all eastern and southern states of India, but significantly higher in certain western and particularly northwestern states such as Maharashtra, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir (118, 120 and 116, as of 2011, respectively). The western states of Maharashtra and Rajasthan 2011 census found a child sex ratio of 113, Gujarat at 112 and Uttar Pradesh at 111. The Indian census data suggests there is a positive correlation between abnormal sex ratio and better socio-economic status and literacy. This may be connected to the dowry system in India where dowry deaths occur when a girl is seen

title: Himachal Pradesh

text: state is placed 21st on the population chart, followed by Tripura at 22nd place. Kangra district was top ranked with a population strength of 1,507,223 (21.98%), Mandi district 999,518 (14.58%), Shimla district 813,384 (11.86%), Solan district 576,670 (8.41%), Sirmaur district 530,164 (7.73%), Una district 521,057 (7.60%), Chamba district 518,844 (7.57%), Hamirpur district 454,293 (6.63%), Kullu district 437,474 (6.38%), Bilaspur district 382,056 (5.57%), Kinnaur district 84,298 (1.23%) and Lahaul Spiti 31,528 (0.46%). The life expectancy at birth in Himachal Pradesh increased significantly from 52.6 years in the period from 1970-75 (above the national average of 49.7 years) to 72.0 years for

title: List of states and union territories of India by population

long_answer: India is a union of 29 states and 7 union territories. As of 2011, with an estimated population of 1.2 billion, India is the world's second most populous country after the People's Republic of China. India occupies 2.4% of the world's land surface area and is home to 17.5% of the world's population. After the Indo-Gangetic Plain, the eastern and western coastal regions of the Deccan Plateau are the most densely populated regions of India. The Thar Desert in western Rajasthan is one of the most densely populated deserts in the world. The northern and north-eastern states along the Himalayas contain cold arid deserts with fertile valleys.


question: who became a leader of the indian national congress

answers: Mahatma Gandhi

title: Ram Subhag Singh

text: led by the Congress party. Lok Sabha Ram Subhag Singh Ram Subhag Singh (7 July 1917 – 16 December 1980) was an Indian politician, a member of the Indian National Congress political party and a member of the 3rd and 4th Lok Sabha. He was elected from Bikramganj and Buxar in Bihar state of India in 1962 and 1967 respectively. After the split in the Congress party in 1969, he stayed with the Indian National Congress (Organisation). He was briefly the leader of the opposition in the Lok Sabha in 1969. He participated in the Indian independence movement. He was

title: Kedar Pandey

text: Indian National Congress. Kedar Pandey Kedar Pandey (9 December 1920 – 3 July 1982) was an Indian freedom fighter and Indian National Congress politician, who remained the Chief Minister of Bihar from March 1972 to 2 July 1973, and Minister of Railways in the Union Cabinet from 12 November 1980 to 14 January 1982 as a part of the Government of India. Pandey was a part of the famous Young Turks of Bihar Congress during the independence movement along with Bindeshwari Dubey, Bhagwat Jha Azad, Chandrashekhar Singh, Satyendra Narayan Sinha, Abdul Ghafoor all future chief ministers and Sitaram Kesri, future

title: Ram Subhag Singh

text: Ram Subhag Singh Ram Subhag Singh (7 July 1917 – 16 December 1980) was an Indian politician, a member of the Indian National Congress political party and a member of the 3rd and 4th Lok Sabha. He was elected from Bikramganj and Buxar in Bihar state of India in 1962 and 1967 respectively. After the split in the Congress party in 1969, he stayed with the Indian National Congress (Organisation). He was briefly the leader of the opposition in the Lok Sabha in 1969. He participated in the Indian independence movement. He was a cabinet minister in the Union Government

title: Ananthula Madan Mohan

text: Ananthula Madan Mohan Ananthula Madan Mohan (1931 or 1932 – 2004) was a former politician from undivided Andhra Pradesh who was a four-time Member of Legislative Assembly and three-time Minister in Andhra Pradesh holding various portfolios. He was the Leader of Opposition when N. T. Rama Rao of Telugu Desam Party won a landslide victory in the 1983 Assembly election. He represented Siddipet Assembly in Medak district, present-day Telangana state, and was first elected to the Assembly as an independent from Siddipet in the 1970 by-poll. He later joined the Indian National Congress party and won the subsequent elections in

title: Ganpatrao Devji Tapase

text: Ganpatrao Devji Tapase Ganpatrao Devji Tapase (30 October 1908–3 October 1991, Mumbai) was an Indian politician, an Indian independence activist and later a leader of the Indian National Congress political party in Maharashtra. He had studied in Fergusson College and Law College Pune. He was elected to the Bombay Legislative Assembly in 1946 and 1952 from Satara district. He was a member of the Rajya Sabha from 3 April 1962 to 2 April 1968. He was the Governor of Uttar Pradesh state from 2 October 1977 to 27 February 1980 and the Governor of Haryana state from 28 February 1980

title: Pattom A. Thanu Pillai

text: joined the Indian National Congress. He became the leader of Indian National Congress in the erstwhile princely state of Travancore. Pattom Thanu Pillai remained as one of the leaders of Indian National Congress during the period when Kingdom of Tranvancore became an Independent state and later mergered with Cochin to form Travancore-Cochin. On 3 June 1947, United Kingdom accepted demands for a partition and announced its intention to quit India within a short period. The Maharaja of Travancore desired to declare himself independent. Supported by the then Diwan, C. P. Ramaswami Iyer, Chithira Thirunal issued a declaration of independence on

title: Sriballav Panigrahi

text: Sriballav Panigrahi Sriballav Panigrahi (2 September 1940 – 9 July 2015) was an Indian politician, a leader of the Indian National Congress party in Odisha and was a member of the All India Congress Committee (AICC). He was elected to the Parliament of India from the Deogarh Lok Sabha constituency, three times, 1984, 1991 and 1996. Born into a freedom fighter's family at Bargaon, Sambalpur district, Odisha in 1940, he has held various positions in the party as well in the government. He was thrice elected as a Member of Parliament (Lok Sabha) from the Deogarh Parliamentary Constituency (1984, 1991

title: N. R. Thiagarajan

text: N. R. Thiagarajan N.R.Thiagarajan (1913-1969) was a freedom fighter, congress leader and social activist, born in Lakshimupram village in Theni District in Tamil Nadu. He was the uncontested leader of the congress party in Madurai district for more than 25 years from 1944 . He joined in the Indian freedom movement during his school days and organised agitations against the British government. He was arrested and imprisonned for more than 5 years in various jails. He was responsible for strengthening the Indian National Congress in madurai district. He strengthened village congress committees in remote villages around madurai Theni and Periyakulam

title: Ramesh Chennithala

text: Ramesh Chennithala Ramesh Chennithala (born 25 May 1956) is an Indian politician, affiliated to the Indian National Congress, and the Leader of the Opposition in the Kerala Legislative Assembly since 2016. He has served as a Member of Parliament and as state home minister in the Government of Kerala. He was born at Chennithala, Mavelikara, Kerala on 25 May 1956 to V. Ramakrishnan Nair and Devakiamma. He studied B.A.(Economics), LLB. Started political life from early school days. In 1982, he became All India President of NSUI and later, in the same year got elected as MLA from Haripad Constituency. In

title: Chittu Pandey

text: the arrested Congress leaders. But within a week, soldiers marched in and the leaders had to flee. He used to call himself a Gandhian. Chittu Pandey Chittu Pandey (10 May 1865 – 1946), popularly referred to as the "Shere Ballia" (Lion of Ballia), was an Indian independence activist. Pandey was born in Rattuchak, a village in Ballia District of Uttar Pradesh. A distinguished independence activist, he led the Quit India Movement in Ballia; described as the "Tiger of Ballia" by Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose, he headed the National Government declared and established on 19 August 1942 for a

title: Ram Dulari Sinha

text: Ram Dulari Sinha Ram Dulari Sinha (1922–1994) was a nationalist, freedom fighter Indian National Congress, Indian parliamentarian and a Union Minister. She was elected Vice Chairman of the International Labour Organization, was the first woman in Bihar to gain a master's degrees and also the first woman from Bihar to be appointed as Governor when she became Governor of Kerala from 23 February 1988 to 12 February 1990. Assembly Election results Lok Sabha Election results The legacy is being carried forward by her son Dr. (Prof.) Madhurendra Kumar Singh, Member All India Congress Committee who has contested Lok Sabha election

title: Ansuyabai Borkar

text: Ansuyabai Borkar Ansuyabai Bhaorao Borkar was a social activist, Indian National Congress politician and member of the 1st Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian Parliament from 1955–57. Ansuyabai was born in Kampti, Madhya Pradesh (then a part of Central Provinces and Berar) in 1929 to a family of cultivators. She received education from Salem Girls Hindi English Middle School of Raipur. Borkar was an active social worker and conducted education programs for adult women in Nagpur. She was also a member of the Nagpur district committee of the Indian National Congress (INC) party. After the death of her

title: Indian National Congress

text: election, Congress leaders urged Sonia Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi's widow, to assume leadership of the party. She had previously declined offers to become actively involved in party affairs, and had stayed away from politics. After her election as party leader, a section of the party that objected to the choice because of her Italian ethnicity broke away and formed the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP), led by Sharad Pawar. The breakaway faction commanded strong support in the state of Maharashtra and limited support elsewhere. The remainder continued to be known as the Indian National Congress. Sonia Gandhi struggled to revive the party

title: Awadhesh Pratap Singh

text: Singh, became the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh. He died on 16 June 1967 in Kanpur. The Awadhesh Pratap Singh University in Rewa was named in his honour. Awadhesh Pratap Singh Captain Kunwar Awadhesh Pratap Singh (born October 1888, Rampur Baghelan–died 16 June 1967, Kanpur) was a noted Indian politician and Indian independence activist. He was a member of the Indian National Congress party in Madhya Pradesh. He was a member of the Indian Constituent Assembly, the Provisional Parliament and the Rajya Sabha between 1952 and 1960. He became the Prime Minister of Rewa State in 1948 and the Chief

title: Arif Mohammad Khan

text: as student leader. He contested the first legislative assembly election from Siyana constituency of Bulandshahar on Bharatiya Kranti Dal party's banner but defeated. He became member of legislative assembly of UP in 1977 at the age of 26. Khan joined the Indian National Congress party and was elected to the Lok Sabha in 1980 from Kanpur and 1984 from Bahraich. In 1986, he quit the Indian National Congress due to differences over the passage of Muslim Personal Law Bill which was piloted by Rajiv Gandhi in the Lok Sabha. He was against the triple talaq legislation and resigned because of

title: Hari Dev Joshi

text: Hari Dev Joshi Hari Deo Joshi (17 December 1921 – 1995) was an Indian politician and a freedom fighter. He was born in Khandu, a small village near Banswara, and became the leader of the Indian National Congress party in Rajasthan state in India. He was chief minister of Rajasthan at three times, first from 11 October 1973 to 29 April 1977, second time from 10 March 1985 to 20 January 1988 and finally for a short time from 4 December 1989 to 4 March 1990. He has served as a governor of Assam, Meghalaya and West Bengal. He died

title: Ananthula Madan Mohan

text: Opposition. Ananthula Madan Mohan Ananthula Madan Mohan (1931 or 1932 – 2004) was a former politician from undivided Andhra Pradesh who was a four-time Member of Legislative Assembly and three-time Minister in Andhra Pradesh holding various portfolios. He was the Leader of Opposition when N. T. Rama Rao of Telugu Desam Party won a landslide victory in the 1983 Assembly election. He represented Siddipet Assembly in Medak district, present-day Telangana state, and was first elected to the Assembly as an independent from Siddipet in the 1970 by-poll. He later joined the Indian National Congress party and won the subsequent elections

title: A. A. Rahim

text: Loksabha from Chirayinkeezhu Constituency and served as the Union Minister of State for External Affairs in the Indira Gandhi Government. In 1989 -90 he also served as the Governor of Meghalaya. A. A. Rahim Abubakar Abdul Rahim (7 February 1920 – 31 August 1995) was an Indian politician, freedom fighter and Union Minister. He was born on to Sri Abubecker and Smt. Fathima in Kollam. He came through the Student Movement of the Indian National Congress, He became the President of the District Congress Committee of Kollam, He also held position viz. K.P.C.C. Executive Member, A.I.C.C. Member. He held portfolios

title: Hitendra Kanaiyalal Desai

text: Hitendra Kanaiyalal Desai Hitendra Kanaiyalal Desai (9 August 1915 – 12 September 1993) was the Chief Minister of Gujarat and a leader of Indian National Congress and later Indian National Congress (O). Desai was born in Surat. As a student, he took leading part in debates, sports and other activities at School and College. In 1941-42, he was arrested during the ‘Quit India’ freedom Movement for offering individual Satyagrah and went to jail for one year. He was Education Minister in the reorganised Bombay state. Hitendra Desai was the Minister of Law in the ministry headed by Dr. Jivraj Narayan

title: Sitaram Kesri

text: the formation of the Nationalist Congress Party. Sitaram Kesri Sitaram Kesri (15 November 1919 – 24 October 2000) was an Indian politician and parliamentarian. He became a union minister and served as President of the Indian National Congress from 1996 to 1998. Kesri became politically active at the age of 13, with his involvement in the Indian independence movement. Kesri was arrested for his political activities several times between 1930 and 1942. Kesri was a part of the famous Young Turks of Bihar Congress during the independence movement along with Bindeshwari Dubey, Bhagwat Jha Azad, Chandrashekhar Singh, Satyendra Narayan Sinha,

title: K. Kamaraj

text: K. Kamaraj Kumaraswami Kamaraj (15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975), was a leader of the Indian National Congress (INC), widely acknowledged as the "Kingmaker" in Indian politics during the 1960s. He served as INC president for two terms i.e. four years between 1964–1967 and was responsible for the elevation of Lal Bahadur Shastri to the position of Prime Minister of India after Nehru's death and Indira Gandhi after Shastri's death. Kamaraj was the 3rd Chief Minister of Madras State (Tamil Nadu) during 1954–1963 and a Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha during 1952–1954 and 1969–1975. He was known for his

title: Ajoy Mukherjee

text: Ajoy Mukherjee Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee (15 April 1901 – 27 May 1986) was an Indian independence activist and politician who served three short terms as the fourth And sixth Chief Minister of West Bengal. He hailed from Tamluk, Purba Medinipur district, West Bengal. Born in 1901, he was one of the leaders of Tamralipta Jatiya Sarkar (Tamrlipta National Government), which came into effect on 17 December 1942 during the Quit India Movement, a programme of civil disobedience launched in India in 1942. He was greatly influenced by Swami Vivekananda. Earlier a member of the Indian National Congress, he later became

title: Makhan Lal Fotedar

text: Makhan Lal Fotedar Makhan Lal Fotedar (born 5 March 1932 in Mattan village, Anantnag – died 28 September 2017 in Gurgaon, Haryana ) was a senior leader of the Indian National Congress party. He was a close aide of the Nehru–Gandhi family, especially Indira Gandhi. He was also a leader of the Kashmiri Pandits. He had been a cabinet minister in the Government of India and had held important cabinet posts. From 1967 to 1977, he was member of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly from the Pahalgam constituency and was also cabinet minister in the government of Jammu and Kashmir

title: O. P. Ramaswamy Reddiyar

text: O. P. Ramaswamy Reddiyar Omandur Ramasamy Reddiyar (1895 – 1970) was an Indian freedom-fighter and politician of the Indian National Congress. He served as the Premier of Madras Presidency from 23 March 1947 to 6 April 1949.. Omandur Ramaswamy Reddy was born in 1895 in the village of Omandur near Tindivanam in the South Arcot district of Madras Presidency. He belonged to a Reddiar family. He had his schooling at Walter Scudder school and entered the Indian independence movement at an early age. Ramaswamy Reddy was a devotee of Vallalar. Ramaswamy Reddy became the Chief Minister or Premier of Madras

title: P. Kakkan

text: of the Janata Party. Good gentlemen in his life time P. Kakkan P. Kakkan (18 June 1908 – 23 December 1981) or fondly known as Kakkanji, was an Indian politician and freedom fighter who served as a member of the Constituent Assembly of India, Member of Parliament, President of the Tamil Nadu Congress Committee and in various ministerial posts in Congress governments in the erstwhile Madras state between 1957 and 1967. Kakkan was born into a Tamil family on 18 June 1908 in a village called Thumbaipatti in Melur Taluk, Madurai district of Madras Presidency. His father Poosari Kakkan was

title: Poonam Chand Vishnoi

text: Poonam Chand Vishnoi Poonam Chand Vishnoi is a former speaker of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from 7 July 1980 to 20 March 1985. He is a senior leader of Indian National Congress Party in Rajasthan. He hails from Jodhpur region of Rajasthan. He was elected to Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from Bhinmal , Phalodi and Luni , They also served as deputy speaker of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly and Cabinet Minister in Rajasthan Government . His daughter Vijay laxmi Bishnoi was Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly and Parliament Secretary between 1998 and 2003, She is Ex Chief of Woman Wing of Indian National

title: Nanduri Prasada Rao

text: Nanduri Prasada Rao Nanduri Prasada Rao (Telugu:నండూరి ప్రసాద రావు) NPR was Prominent communist leader,contributed communist movement in India,he was former member of Indian Parliament upper house Rajya Sabha and former Member of Legislative council(MLC)of Andhra Pradesh.He actively participated in Indian freedom struggle. He was born to Shri Janakiramayya (father), Shrimati Sumitra (mother). Prasada Rao one of founding members of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and Centre of Indian Trade Unions (CITU).He continued to be Central Committee member of CPI (M) till his death. He joined the freedom struggle while studying at the Banaras Hindu University. Inspired by Puchalapalli Sundarayya,

title: Kamaluddin Ahmed

text: from Hanamkonda in Andhra Pradesh. Kamaluddin Ahmed Kamaluddin Ahmed (born 15 August 1930) is an Indian politician. He was a leader of the Indian National Congress political party till 2000, when he left the party and joined the Bharatiya Janata Party. He was the union minister of state, civil supplies and public distribution and Minister of State, Commerce in Government of India from June 1991 to September 1994. Born in Warangal in 1930, Ahmed studied at Osmania University. He was first elected to Lok Sabha in 1980 from Warangal constituency in Andhra Pradesh state. He was re-elected to the 9th,

title: S. M. Krishna

text: politician from Indian National Congress (INC) for whom Jawaharlal Nehru had campaigned in Maddur. He served multiple terms as an MP from the Mandya district of Karnataka starting from 1968 in the 4th, 5th, 7th and 8th Lok Sabha.In 1968 he was influential in reconciliation between members of the Indian National Congress and Praja Socialist Party. He later joined the Congress and served as minister under Indira Gandhi between 1983–84 and Rajiv Gandhi between 1984 and 1985 as minister of state for industry and finance respectively. He was member of the Rajya Sabha in the years 1996 and 2006. He

title: Indian National Congress

text: The Indian National Congress ( pronunciation (help·info)) (INC, often called Congress) is a broadly based political party in India. Founded in 1885, it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa. From the late 19th century, and especially after 1920, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, Congress became the principal leader of the Indian independence movement, with over 15 million members and over 70 million participants.  Congress led India to independence from Great Britain, and powerfully influenced other anti-colonial nationalist movements in the British Empire.

title: Indian National Congress


question: what is the filename extension used for all java source files

answers: .java

title: Filename

text: Multiple output files created by an application use the same basename and various extensions. For example, a compiler might use the extension codice_3 for source input file (for Fortran code), codice_4 for the object output and codice_5 for the listing. Although there are some common extensions, they are arbitrary and a different application might use codice_6 and codice_7. On filesystems that do not segregate the extension, files will often have a longer extension such as codice_8. There is no general encoding standard for filenames. Because file names have to be exchanged between software environments (think network file transfer, file system

title: Filename extension

text: Filename extension A filename extension is an identifier specified as a suffix to the name of a computer file. The extension indicates a characteristic of the file contents or its intended use. A file extension is typically delimited from the filename with a full stop (period), but in some systems it is separated with spaces. Some file systems implement filename extensions as a feature of the file system itself and may limit the length and format of the extension, while others treat filename extensions as part of the filename without special distinction. Filename extensions may be considered a type of

title: File format

text: of the filename is known as the filename extension. For example, HTML documents are identified by names that end with .html (or .htm), and GIF images by .gif. In the original FAT filesystem, file names were limited to an eight-character identifier and a three-character extension, known as an 8.3 filename. There are only so many three-letter extensions, so, often any given extension might be linked to more than one program. Many formats still use three-character extensions even though modern operating systems and application programs no longer have this limitation. Since there is no standard list of extensions, more than one

title: Java (programming language)

text: developers to access documentation within the IDE. The traditional "Hello, world!" program can be written in Java as: Source files must be named after the public class they contain, appending the suffix codice_6, for example, codice_7. It must first be compiled into bytecode, using a Java compiler, producing a file named codice_8. Only then can it be executed, or "launched". The Java source file may only contain one public class, but it can contain multiple classes with other than public access modifier and any number of public inner classes. When the source file contains multiple classes, make one class "public"

title: Filename

text: a file with a complete pathname that exceeds implementation limits, since length checking may apply only to individual parts of the name rather than the entire name. Many Windows applications are limited to a MAX_PATH value of 260, but Windows file names can easily exceed this limit . Many file systems, including FAT, NTFS, and VMS systems, allow a filename extension that consists of one or more characters following the last period in the filename, dividing the filename into two parts: a "base name" or "stem" and an "extension" or "suffix" used by some applications to indicate the file type.

title: JAR (file format)

text: JAR (file format) A JAR (Java ARchive) is a package file format typically used to aggregate many Java class files and associated metadata and resources (text, images, etc.) into one file for distribution. JAR files are archive files that include a Java-specific manifest file. They are built on the ZIP format and typically have a codice_1 file extension. A JAR file allows Java runtimes to efficiently deploy an entire application, including its classes and their associated resources, in a single request. JAR file elements may be compressed, shortening download times. A JAR file may contain a manifest file, that is

title: Filename extension

text: extensions used. Without extensions, a program always has the same extension-less name, with only the interpreter directive and/or magic number changing, and references to the program from other programs remain valid. The default behavior of File Explorer, the file browser provided with Microsoft Windows, is for filename extensions to not be displayed. Malicious users have tried to spread computer viruses and computer worms by using file names formed like codice_24. The hope is that this will appear as codice_25, a harmless text file, without alerting the user to the fact that it is a harmful computer program, in this case,

title: HTML

text: larger than plain text. The most common filename extension for files containing HTML is .html. A common abbreviation of this is .htm, which originated because some early operating systems and file systems, such as DOS and the limitations imposed by FAT data structure, limited file extensions to three letters. An HTML Application (HTA; file extension ".hta") is a Microsoft Windows application that uses HTML and Dynamic HTML in a browser to provide the application's graphical interface. A regular HTML file is confined to the security model of the web browser's security, communicating only to web servers and manipulating only web

title: Filename extension

text: in the main filename, and filenames can have multiple extensions, usually representing nested transformations, such as codice_8 (the codice_9 indicates that the file is a tar archive of one or more files, and the codice_10 indicates that the tar archive file is compressed with gzip). Programs transforming or creating files may add the appropriate extension to names inferred from input file names (unless explicitly given an output file name), but programs reading files usually ignore the information; it is mostly intended for the human user. It is more common, especially in binary files, for the file itself to contain internal

title: Filename extension

text: file with its media type as an extended attribute. The KDE and GNOME desktop environments associate a media type with a file by examining both the filename suffix and the contents of the file, in the fashion of the file command, as a heuristic. They choose the application to launch when a file is opened based on that media type, reducing the dependency on filename extensions. macOS uses both filename extensions and media types, as well as file type codes, to select a Uniform Type Identifier by which to identify the file type internally. Filename extension A filename extension is

title: File Allocation Table

text: JIS) Kanji characters in a proprietary FAT file system variant. In order to support Java applications, the FlexOS-based IBM 4690 OS version 2 introduced its own virtual file system (VFS) architecture to store long filenames in the FAT file system in a backwards compatible fashion. If enabled, the virtual filenames (VFN) are available under separate logical drive letters, whereas the real filenames (RFN) remain available under the original drive letters. The FAT file system itself is not designed for supporting Alternate Data Streams (ADS), but some operating systems that heavily depend on them have devised various methods for handling them

title: Java Naming and Directory Interface

text: or top of a directory tree for a file system. Below is an example of creating an initial context: A context is then used to look up previously bound names in that context. For example: Alternative to above code is as below: The Context object can also be configured by adding jndi.properties file in classpath containing initial context factory class name and provider URL. The above code will be reduced as shown below: A context is then used to look up previously bound names in that context. For example: Attributes may be attached to special entries called directories. Directories enable

title: Long filename

text: support Java applications without implementing a VFAT-compatible scheme, the FlexOS-based IBM 4690 OS version 2 introduced its own virtual file system (VFS) architecture to store long filenames in the FAT file system in a backwards compatible fashion. If enabled, the virtual filenames (VFN) are available under separate logical drive letters, whereas the real filenames (RFN) remain available under the original drive letters. Long filename Long filename (LFN) support is Microsoft's backward compatible extension of the 8.3 filename (short filename) naming scheme used in DOS. Long filenames can be more descriptive, including longer filename extensions common on other operating systems such

title: Java Naming and Directory Interface

text: most common way to name an object. A name is bound to an object in the directory by storing either the object or a reference to the object in the directory service identified by the name. The JNDI API defines a context that specifies where to look for an object. The initial context is typically used as a starting point. In the simplest case, an initial context must be created using the specific implementation and extra parameters required by the implementation. The initial context will be used to look up a name. The initial context is analogous to the root

title: MPEG-4 Part 14

text: While the only official filename extension defined by the standard is .mp4, various filename extensions are commonly used to indicate intended content: M4A stands for MPEG 4 Audio and is a filename extension used to represent audio files. The existence of two different filename extensions, .MP4 and .M4A, for naming audio-only MP4 files has been a source of confusion among users and multimedia playback software. Some file managers, such as Windows Explorer, look up the media type and associated applications of a file based on its filename extension. But because MPEG-4 Part 14 is a container format, MPEG-4 files may

title: Filename extension

text: while those using Macintosh or UNIX computers could use the recommended codice_21 filename extension. This also became a problem for programmers experimenting with the Java programming language, since it "requires" source code files to have the four-letter suffix codice_22 and compiles object code output files with the five-letter codice_23 suffix. Eventually, Windows 95 introduced support for long file names, and removed the 8.3 name/extension split in file names from non-NT Windows, in an extended version of the commonly used FAT file system called VFAT. VFAT first appeared in Windows NT 3.5 and Windows 95. The internal implementation of long file

title: Filename extension

text: metadata. They are commonly used to imply information about the way data might be stored in the file. The exact definition, giving the criteria for deciding what part of the file name is its extension, belongs to the rules of the specific filesystem used; usually the extension is the substring which follows the last occurrence, if any, of the dot character ("example:" codice_1 is the extension of the filename codice_2, and codice_3 the extension of codice_4). On file systems of some mainframe systems such as CMS in VM, VMS, and of PC systems such as CP/M and derivative systems such

title: Java package

text: specific application or perform a specific set of tasks. Programmers also typically use packages to organize classes belonging to the same category or providing similar functionality. In a Java source file, the package that this file's class or classes belong to is specified with the codice_1 keyword. This keyword is usually the first keyword in the source file. At most one package declaration can appear in a source file. To use a package's classes inside a Java source file, it is convenient to import the classes from the package with an codice_2 declaration. The following declaration imports all classes from

title: .properties

text: .properties .properties is a file extension for files mainly used in Java related technologies to store the configurable parameters of an application. They can also be used for storing strings for Internationalization and localization; these are known as Property Resource Bundles. Each parameter is stored as a pair of strings, one storing the name of the parameter (called the "key"), and the other storing the value. Each line in a .properties file normally stores a single property. Several formats are possible for each line, including codice_1, codice_2, codice_3, and codice_4. Note that single-quotes or double-quotes are considered part of the

title: Java Naming and Directory Interface

text: Java Naming and Directory Interface The Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI) is a Java API for a directory service that allows Java software clients to discover and look up data and resources (in the form of Java objects) via a name. Like all Java APIs that interface with host systems, JNDI is independent of the underlying implementation. Additionally, it specifies a service provider interface (SPI) that allows directory service implementations to be plugged into the framework. The information looked up via JNDI may be supplied by a server, a flat file, or a database; the choice is up to

title: Enterprise JavaBeans

text: If an XML descriptor and annotations are both applied to the same attribute within an Enterprise Bean, the XML definition overrides the corresponding source-level annotation, although some XML elements can also be additive (e.g., an activation-config-property in XML with a different name than already defined via an @ActivationConfigProperty annotation will be added instead of replacing all existing properties). Starting with EJB 3.1, the EJB specification defines two variants of the EJB container; a full version and a limited version. The limited version adheres to a proper subset of the specification called EJB 3.1 Lite and is part of Java EE

title: 8.3 filename

text: (after any directory specifier), followed optionally by a filename extension consisting of a period codice_1 and at most three further characters. For systems that only support 8.3 filenames, excess characters are ignored and if a file name has no extension, the codice_1, if present, has no significance (that is, codice_3 and codice_4 are equivalent). Furthermore, in these systems file and directory names are uppercase, although systems that use the 8.3 standard are usually case-insensitive (hence codice_5 will be equivalent to the name codice_6). However, on non-8.3 "Operating Systems" (such as almost any modern operating systems) accessing 8.3 "File Systems" (including

title: Java package

text: subclasses of the declaring class. JAR files are created with the jar command-line utility. The command compresses all .class files into the JAR file "myPackage.jar". The 'c' option on the command line tells the jar command to "create new archive." The ' f ' option tells it to create a file. The file's name comes next before the contents of the JAR file. Packages are usually defined using a hierarchical naming pattern, with some levels in the hierarchy separated by periods (codice_11, pronounced "dot"). Although packages lower in the naming hierarchy are often referred to as "subpackages" of the corresponding

title: JAR (file format)

text: write Zip and JAR archives, including support for Unix filesystem extensions. The org.apache.tools.zip package is released under the Apache Software Foundation license and is designed to be usable outside Ant. Several related file formats build on the JAR format: JAR (file format) A JAR (Java ARchive) is a package file format typically used to aggregate many Java class files and associated metadata and resources (text, images, etc.) into one file for distribution. JAR files are archive files that include a Java-specific manifest file. They are built on the ZIP format and typically have a codice_1 file extension. A JAR file

title: Java Platform, Standard Edition

text: a file system. codice_69 objects support the creation, deletion and renaming of files and directories and the manipulation of file attributes such as "read-only" and "last modified timestamp". codice_69 objects that represent directories can be used to get a list of all the contained files and directories. The class is a file descriptor that represents a source or sink (destination) of bytes. Typically this is a file, but can also be a console or network socket. codice_71 objects are used to create codice_69 streams. They are obtained from codice_69 streams and codice_74 sockets and datagram sockets. In J2SE 1.4, the

title: Classpath (Java)

text: however, it is advised to include the current folder codice_7 into the classpath in the case when loading classes from current folder is desired. The same applies not only to java launcher but also to javac, the java compiler. If a program uses a supporting library enclosed in a Jar file called "supportLib.jar", physically in the directory "D:\myprogram\lib\" and the corresponding physical file structure is: the following command-line option is needed: or alternatively: In Java 6 and higher, one can add all jar-files in a specific directory to the classpath using wildcard notation. Windows example: Linux example: This works for

title: Filename extension

text: an extension. The convention of using suffixes continued, even though HPFS supported extended attributes for files, allowing a file's type to be stored in the file as an extended attribute. Microsoft's Windows NT's native file system, NTFS, supported long file names and did not divide the file name into a name and an extension, but again, the convention of using suffixes to simulate extensions continued, for compatibility with existing versions of Windows. When the Internet age first arrived, those using Windows systems that were still restricted to 8.3 filename formats had to create web pages with names ending in codice_20,

title: JAR (file format)

text: only for the purpose of archiving do not use the codice_7 file. Most uses of JAR files go beyond simple archiving and compression and require special information in the manifest file. If an application is contained in a JAR file, the Java Virtual Machine needs to know the application's entry point. An entry point is any class with a codice_10 method. This information is provided in the Main-Class header, which has the general form: In this example codice_11 executes at application launch. Optionally, a package within a JAR file can be sealed, which means that all classes defined in that

title: Java security

text: trusted entities may be allowed to read certain specific files, and that all other code should be fully sandboxed. The Java Class Library provides a number of APIs related to security, such as standard cryptographic algorithms, authentication, and secure communication protocols. There are a number of possible sources of security vulnerabilities in Java applications, some of which are common to non-Java applications and some of which are specific to the Java platform. (Note that these refer to "potential" sources of vulnerabilities which need to be kept in mind by security-conscious programmers: this is not intended as a list of "actual"

title: Filename extension

text: When the Internet age first arrived, those using Windows systems that were still restricted to 8.3 filename formats had to create web pages with names ending in .HTM, while those using Macintosh or UNIX computers could use the recommended .html filename extension. This also became a problem for programmers experimenting with the Java programming language, since it requires source code files to have the four-letter suffix .java and compiles object code output files with the five-letter .class suffix.

title: Filename extension


question: who cracked the enigma code in world war 2

answers: Turing

title: Joan Clarke

text: Joan Clarke Joan Elisabeth Lowther Murray, MBE ("née" Clarke; 24 June 1917 – 4 September 1996) was an English cryptanalyst and numismatist best known for her work as a code-breaker at Bletchley Park during the Second World War. Though she did not personally seek the spotlight, her role in the Enigma project that decrypted Nazi Germany's secret communications earned her awards and citations, such as appointment as a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE), in 1946. Joan Elisabeth Lowther Clarke was born on 24 June 1917 in West Norwood, London, England. She was the youngest child of

title: Keith Batey

text: Keith Batey Keith Batey (4 July 1919 – 28 August 2010) was a codebreaker who, with his wife, Mavis Batey (5 May 1921 – 12 November 2013), worked on the German Enigma machine at Bletchley Park during World War II. Keith Batey was at Carlisle Grammar School and went on to study mathematics at Trinity College, Cambridge, under a state scholarship, where he met Gordon Welchman, who would later assemble a group of code-breakers for Bletchley Park at the outbreak of the war. Batey was recruited by Welchman in 1940 and worked in Hut Six, which was responsible for breaking

title: Family of Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge

text: Park, along with her twin sister, Mary. Valerie and Mary Glassborow were children of Frederick Glassborow and Constance Robinson. Codebreaking penetrated the secret communications of the Axis Powersmost importantly the German Enigma and Lorenz ciphers and is the birthplace of the world's first programmable, digital, electronic computer: Colossus. Her Bletchley Park colleague and friend, Lady Body (née Marion Graham), recalled in 2014 that she had shared a "rather special moment" with Valerie: "Our superior officer, Commander Williams, came into the room smiling and he said, ‘Well done, girls. A signal has been intercepted from Tokyo to Geneva and it's the

title: Enigma (2001 film)

text: when the Second World War was at its height. The cryptanalysts at Bletchley Park, Buckinghamshire, have a problem: the Nazi U-boats have changed one of their code reference books used for Enigma machine ciphers, leading to a blackout in the flow of vital naval signals intelligence. The British cryptanalysts have cracked the "Shark" cipher once before, and they need to do it again in order to keep track of U-boat locations. The film begins with Tom Jericho returning to Bletchley after a month recovering from a nervous breakdown brought on by his failed love affair with a coworker named Claire

title: Hugh Foss

text: Hugh Foss Hugh Rose Foss (13 May 1902 – 23 December 1971) was a British cryptanalyst. At Bletchley Park during World War II he made significant contributions both to the breaking of the German Enigma code and headed the section tasked with breaking Japanese Naval codes. Foss was born in Kobe, Japan, one of five children of the Rt Revd Hugh Foss, Bishop of Osaka and his wife Janet Ovans. As a child of a missionary family stationed in Japan he developed fluency in Japanese from an early age. Foss was later educated at Marlborough College and graduated from Christ's

title: Mavis Batey

text: that the Germans believed the Double-Cross intelligence they were being fed by the double agents who were recruited by Britain as spies. While at Bletchley Park she met Keith Batey, a mathematician and fellow codebreaker whom she married in 1942. Mavis Batey wrote a biography of Dilly Knox: ‘Dilly: The Man Who Broke Enigmas’. The book gives a summary of the government codes and cypher school's codebreaking operation in Bletchley Park. It also describes her code breaking of the Italian Enigma which contributed to the British Navy's success at the Battle of Cape Matapan. Batey spent some time after 1945

title: John Herivel

text: John Herivel John William Jamieson Herivel (29 August 1918 – 18 January 2011) was a British science historian and former World War II codebreaker at Bletchley Park. As a codebreaker concerned with Cryptanalysis of the Enigma, Herivel is remembered chiefly for the discovery of what was soon dubbed the Herivel tip or Herivelismus. Herivelismus consisted of the idea, the Herivel tip and the method of establishing whether it applied using the Herivel square. It was based on Herivel's insight into the habits of German operators of the Enigma cipher machine that allowed Bletchley Park to easily deduce part of the

title: Women in Bletchley Park

text: for the History of Mathematics (BSHM). Joan Elisabeth Lowther Murray ("née" Clarke; 24 June 1917 – 4 September 1996) was a cryptanalyst and numismatist. Though she did not personally seek the spotlight, her important role in the Enigma project that decrypted Nazi Germany's secret communications earned her awards and citations, such as appointment as a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE), in 1946. There have been many efforts to commemorate the contribution of women in Bletchley Park; in particular, there has been a proliferation of online articles devoted to examining the role of women in Bletchley Park

title: Poles in the United Kingdom

text: when the mathematician-cryptologist Marian Rejewski, with limited aid from French military intelligence, constructed a double of the sight-unseen German Enigma cipher machine used by the German civil and military authorities. Five weeks before the outbreak of war, in late July 1939, Rejewski and his fellow cryptologists, Henryk Zygalski and Jerzy Rozycki had disclosed to French and British intelligence in Warsaw the techniques and technologies they had developed for "breaking" German Enigma ciphers. Poland's "Biuro Szyfrów" (Cipher Bureau, operated by the Polish General Staff) gave the British and French an Enigma double, each. This enabled the British, who had been unable

title: Enigma (2001 film)

text: discovered by Mr Archer from the Met. section of Bletchley Park. According to Hugh Alexander, from June 1943 Joan Clarke, Mahon, Pendered and Noskwith, were responsible for the whole of the cryptographic work until the end of the war. Strangely Joan Clarke is not present in the film as none of the team of cryptanalysts are female. In the film Cave, from Naval Intelligence, played by Matthew Macfadyen, mentioned Fasson and Grazier gave their lives to rescue the code books from a sinking submarine. There were actually three men who retrieved the books: First Lieutenant Anthony Fasson, Able Seaman Colin

title: Marian Rejewski

text: 1980 also saw a Polish TV series with a similar theme, "Tajemnice Enigmy" ("The Secrets of Enigma"). Marian Rejewski Marian Adam Rejewski (; 16 August 1905 – 13 February 1980) was a Polish mathematician and cryptologist who reconstructed the Nazi German military Enigma cipher machine sight-unseen in 1932. The cryptologic achievements of Rejewski and colleagues Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski enabled the British to begin reading German Enigma-encrypted messages at the start of World War II, seven years after Rejewski's original reconstruction of the machine. The intelligence that was gained by the British from Enigma decrypts formed part of what

title: Women in computing

text: was listed as a linguist instead. While Clarke developed a method of increasing the speed of double-encrypted messages, unlike many of the men, her decryption technique was not named after her. Other cryptographers at Bletchley included Margaret Rock, Mavis Lever (later Batey), Ruth Briggs and Kerry Howard. In 1941, Batey's work enabled the Allies to break the Italian's naval code before the Battle of Cape Matapan. In the United States, several faster Bombe machines were created. Women, like Louise Pearsall, were recruited from the WAVES to work on code breaking and operate the American Bombe machines. Hedy Lamarr and co-inventor,

title: Dennis Babbage

text: relative of the 19th century mathematician Charles Babbage, but was not a descendant. During World War II Babbage was the chief cryptanalyst in Hut 6 at Bletchley Park, which decrypted German Army and Air Force Enigma messages. Babbage and Hugh Alexander were leaders in the Machine Room and in all matters related to the techniques of breaking Enigma keys. Babbage was a Major in the Army Intelligence Corps. Gordon Welchman who was also in Hut 6 wrote that before the war they were "members of a group of geometers known as Professor Baker’s "Tea Party", who met once a week

title: History of cryptography

text: sink Atlantic convoys. It was only Ultra intelligence that finally persuaded the admiralty to change their codes in June 1943. This is surprising given the success of the British Room 40 code breakers in the previous world war. At the end of the War, on 19 April 1945, Britain's top military officers were told that they could never reveal that the German Enigma cipher had been broken because it would give the defeated enemy the chance to say they "were not well and fairly beaten". US Navy cryptographers (with cooperation from British and Dutch cryptographers after 1940) broke into several

title: Hamilton Princess & Beach Club

text: Coordination (BSC), before being routed to their destination. Rumor has it that it was nicknamed 'Bletchley-in-the-Tropics' after the English country house where the "Enigma" code was broken (Sir William Stephenson, the Canadian-born British spymaster who was the subject of the book and film "A Man Called Intrepid" resided for a time at the Princess, following the war, before buying a home on the island, and was often visited there by his former subordinate, James Bond novelist Ian Fleming). "A thousand people worked in the basement, checking to see if letters contained messages in invisible ink or if an extra period,

title: Edward Fokczyński

text: Bureau's mathematician-cryptologist Marian Rejewski in December 1932 deduced the wiring in the German Enigma rotor cipher machine, AVA produced Enigma "doubles" and all the electro-mechanical equipment that was designed at the Cipher Bureau to facilitate decryption of the German ciphers. The Poles' reading of German ciphers laid the foundation for the western Allies' Ultra cipher-breaking operations, beginning seven years later, during World War II. Before the war, AVA also produced the Cipher Bureau-designed Lacida rotor cipher machine. After the invasion of Poland in 1939, Fokczyński was one of the essential Cipher Bureau and AVA personnel who made it to France

title: Dilly Knox

text: of Enigma ciphers until his death in 1943. He built the team and discovered the method that broke the Italian Naval Enigma, producing the intelligence credited with Allied victory at the Battle of Cape Matapan. In 1941, Knox broke the Abwehr Enigma. By the end of the war, Intelligence Service Knox had disseminated 140,800 Abwehr decrypts, including intelligence important for D-Day. Dillwyn Knox, the fourth of six children, was the son of Edmund Arbuthnott Knox, tutor at Merton College and later Bishop of Manchester; he was the brother of E. V. Knox, Wilfred Knox and Ronald Knox, and uncle of

title: Dilly Knox

text: Dilly Knox Alfred Dillwyn "Dilly" Knox, CMG (23 July 1884 – 27 February 1943) was a British classics scholar and papyrologist at King's College, Cambridge and a codebreaker. As a member of the World War I Room 40 codebreaking unit, he helped decrypt the Zimmermann Telegram which brought the USA into World War I. He joined the GC&CS at the war's end. As Chief Cryptographer, Knox played an important role in the Polish-French-British meetings on the eve of World War II which disclosed Polish cryptanalysis of the Axis Enigma to the Allies. At Bletchley Park he worked on the cryptanalysis

title: Jerry Roberts

text: BBC Tom Hepworth for the news on TV and radio on 11 April 2013, for his Investiture stamps issued by Bletchley. Herewith the BBC website for this event. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-22113297 Jerry Roberts Captain Raymond C. "Jerry" Roberts, MBE (18 November 1920 – 25 March 2014) was a British wartime codebreaker and businessman. During the Second World War, Roberts worked at the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park from 1941-45. He was a leading codebreaker and linguist, who worked on the Lorenz cipher system — Hitler's most top-level code. Jerry Roberts was born in Wembley, London. His father Herbert,

title: Women in Bletchley Park

text: that she could determine that two of them had a girlfriend called Rosa and this insight allowed her to develop a successful technique. In December 1941 she broke a message between Belgrade and Berlin that enabled Dilly Knox's team to work out the wiring of the Abwehr Enigma, an Enigma machine previously thought to be unbreakable. While at Bletchley Park she met Keith Batey, a mathematician and fellow codebreaker whom she married in 1942. Jane Hughes was assigned to Hut 6, a "Decoding Room" of women only. The conditions were poor—dimly lit, poorly heated, and poorly ventilated—and the women worked

title: Tony Sale

text: code breaking in the UK, Europe and the US. He was technical adviser for the 2001 film "Enigma". Sale's web site, Codes and Ciphers in the Second World War is a source of information on aspects of World War II code breaking. His booklet "Colossus 1943–1996" outlines the breaking of the German Lorenz cipher and his remarkable rebuilding of the Colossus computer. As a result of his Colossus rebuild work, Sale was awarded the Comdex IT Personality of the Year for 1997. He also received the 2000 Royal Scottish Society of Arts Silver Medal. After his death, the British Computer

title: Keith Batey

text: the German Army and Air Force Enigma ciphers. While there he met fellow code-breaker, Mavis Lever, who worked with Dilly Knox's research section, reconstructing new Enigma machines as they were introduced. Batey assisted Lever in reconstructing one of the rotors of a new Italian Enigma machine. They married in 1942. In 1942, Batey wished for a more physically active role in the war as a pilot in the RAF, but was rejected due to his knowledge of Ultra and the risk of getting captured. Instead, he persuaded the authorities to allow him to train as a pilot with the Fleet

title: Henryk Zygalski

text: Liss, England, was cremated and his ashes taken to London. Shortly before his death, he was honored by the Polish University in Exile with an honorary doctorate for his role in breaking Enigma. Henryk Zygalski Henryk Zygalski (; 15 July 1908 – 30 August 1978) was a Polish mathematician and cryptologist who worked at breaking German Enigma ciphers before and during World War II. Zygalski was born on 15 July 1908 in Posen, German Empire (now Poznań, Poland). He was, from September 1932, a civilian cryptologist with the Polish General Staff's "Biuro Szyfrów" (Cipher Bureau), housed in the Saxon Palace

title: Otto Buggisch

text: Otto Buggisch Otto Buggisch (June 28, 1910 – September 15, 1991) was a German mathematician who, during World War II, was a cryptanalyst working in the cipher bureau of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces, the Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht (OKW/Chi) responsible for deciphering of the opposing forces Communications. He also dealt with the security control of own key procedures. Through research and revelations exposed by two Polish officers, late in the war, he recognized the true cryptographic weaknesses of the Enigma rotor cipher, key machine used by the German armed forces to encrypt

title: Operation FB

text: contribution to the Red Army in tanks and aircraft far exceeded that of the US. The British Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) based at Bletchley Park housed a small industry of code-breakers and traffic analysts. By June 1941, the code-breakers could read quickly German Enigma machine cyphers in the Home Waters settings used by surface ships and U-boats. On 1 February 1942, the Enigma machines used in U-boats in the Atlantic and Mediterranean were made more complex, which the British were unable to read until December 1942 but German ships and the U-boats in Arctic waters continued with the

title: Edward Fokczyński

text: as slave labor to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, near Berlin, where both died before war's end. Palluth was killed in an Allied air raid; Fokczyński died from exhaustion. None of the Poles betrayed to the Germans the secret of Enigma decryption. Edward Fokczyński Edward Fokczyński was one of the four directors of the AVA Radio Company, an electronics firm established in Warsaw, Poland, in 1929. AVA produced radio equipment for the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau, which was responsible for the radio communications of the General Staff's Intelligence Section ("Oddział II"). After the Cipher Bureau's mathematician-cryptologist Marian Rejewski in December

title: Millennium Mathematics Project

text: On Maths Roadshow presenting creative methods of exploring mathematics, and in 2004 took on the running of Simon Singh's Enigma schools workshops, exploring maths through cryptography and codebreaking. Both are taken to primary and secondary schools and public venues such as shopping centres across the UK and Ireland. James Grime is the Enigma Project Officer and gives talks in schools and to the general public about the history and mathematics of code breaking - including the demonstration of a genuine World War II Enigma Machine. In November 2005, the MMP won the Queen's Anniversary Prize for Higher and Further Education.

title: Enigma (2001 film)

text: the code-breakers less than four days to find a solution to reading the changed Shark cipher. But someone else at Bletchley has a personal interest in the stolen intercepts, and may be responsible for Claire's disappearance. The film was shot on location in England, Scotland and the Netherlands, with Bletchley Park mansion substituted by Chicheley Hall. Other locations include the Great Central Railway, Loughborough and Tigh Beg Croft, near Oban, Scotland. Interiors were filmed at Elstree Film Studios. The film was produced by Mick Jagger of the Rolling Stones. Jagger makes a cameo appearance as an RAF officer at a

title: Colin Grazier

text: though remained a secret for over 30 years due to the Official Secrets Act. The awards were published in the "London Gazette" on 14 September 1943. Fasson and Grazier had managed to pass out the vital code books that reached Bletchley Park on 24 November 1942. They proved to be the Discriminant Book (short weather key) and Kurzsignalheft (short signals) code books, which yielded a priceless information in breaking the u-boat Enigma codes. Convoys could now be rerouted to avoid wolfpacks and losses were halved in January and February, 1943]]. In Grazier's home town of Tamworth there is an avenue,

title: Alan Turing

title: Alan Turing

long_answer: During the Second World War, Turing worked for the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park, Britain's codebreaking centre that produced Ultra intelligence. For a time he led Hut 8, the section which was responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. Here he devised a number of techniques for speeding the breaking of German ciphers, including improvements to the pre-war Polish bombe method, an electromechanical machine that could find settings for the Enigma machine. Turing played a pivotal role in cracking intercepted coded messages that enabled the Allies to defeat the Nazis in many crucial engagements, including the Battle of the Atlantic, and in so doing helped win the war. Counterfactual history is difficult with respect to the effect Ultra intelligence had on the length of the war, but at the upper end it has been estimated that this work shortened the war in Europe by more than two years and saved over fourteen million lives.


question: what is the job of the whip in congress

answers: to ensure party discipline

text: leadership structure; and daily meetings in the Leader's office (or at breakfast, lunch, or dinner) to lay out floor strategy or political objectives for the minority party. A whip manages their party's legislative program on the House floor. The whip keeps track of all legislation and ensures that all party members are present when important measures are to be voted upon. The Majority Whip is an elected member of the majority party who assists the Speaker of the House and the majority leader to coordinate ideas on, and garner support for, proposed legislation. The Minority Whip is a member of

title: Parliament of Singapore

text: upon being elected as WP's new secretary-general on 8th April 2018. The primary role of a party whip in Parliament is to enforce party discipline and ensure that sufficient numbers of MPs from his or her political parties attend sittings of the House and vote along party lines. From time to time, a whip may "lift the whip" and allow MPs to vote according to their consciences. In March 2009, the whip was lifted for PAP MPs during debates on amendments to the Human Organ Transplant Act that would permit financial compensation to be paid to organ donors. A whip

title: Whip (politics)

text: the House of Representatives and Senate, have majority and minority whips. They in turn have subordinate "regional" whips. While members of Congress often vote along party lines, the influence of the whip is weaker than in the UK system. One reason is that a considerable amount of money is raised by individual candidates, and members of Congress, or any other person, cannot be expelled from a political party, which are formed simply by open registration. In addition, because preselection of candidates for office is generally done through a primary election open to a wide number of voters, candidates who may

title: Whip (politics)

text: the speaker. Unlike the Senate's presiding officer, the Speaker is the leader of his or her party's caucus in the House. In both the House and the Senate, the minority whip is the second highest-ranking individual in the minority party (the party with the lesser number of legislators in a legislative body), outranked only by the minority leader. The whip position was created in the House of Representatives in 1897 by Republican Speaker Thomas Reed, who appointed James A. Tawney as the first whip. The first Democratic whip, Oscar Wilder Underwood, was appointed around 1900. In the Senate, the position

title: Whip (politics)

text: party discipline among members of the caucus. The whip is also responsible for assigning offices and scheduling speakers from his or her party for various bills, motions and other proceedings in the House. In India, the concept of the whip was inherited from colonial British rule. Every major political party appoints a whip who is responsible for the party's discipline and behaviours on the floor of the house. Usually, they direct the party members to stick to the party's stand on certain issues and directs them to vote as per the direction of senior party members. However, there are some

title: Party-line vote

text: retain cohesion in order to implement its goals: In the United States Congress it is the function of the party whip of each party in each house to ensure that members adhere to party policies and in particular that members vote for or against bills, amendments, and (in the case of the United States Senate) for or against treaties and Administration appointments as determined by senior party leadership. The leverage available to the party whip may be in rewards (such as the negotiation of side deals for pork barrel spending), or in punishments (such as withholding appointments to powerful committees).

title: Party whip (Australia)

text: five paid whips, three in the House and two in the Senate; the Nationals have two whips in the House of Representatives and one in the Senate, and the Greens have a Senate whip. The Government and Opposition chief whips in the House of Representatives earn an additional salary equal to 26% and 23%, respectively, of their base pay as MPs. This is roughly equal to an assistant minister (until 2015 called a parliamentary secretary) (25%). Their counterparts in the Senate earn slightly less: 20% for the Government Chief Whip and 18% for the Opposition Chief Whip. Additional salaries for

title: Whip (politics)

text: support their constituents' views rather than the party line cannot easily be rejected by their party. Because members of Congress cannot serve simultaneously in executive positions, a whip in the United States cannot bargain for votes by using potential promotion or demotion in a sitting administration as an inducement. There is, however, a highly structured committee system in both houses of Congress, and a whip may be able to offer promotion or threaten demotion within that system instead. In the House of Representatives, the influence of a single member individually is relatively small and therefore depends a great deal on

title: Party Whip (Canada)

text: Whip. Party Whip (Canada) In Canada the Party Whip is the member of a political party in the House of Commons of Canada, the Senate of Canada or a provincial legislature charged with ensuring party discipline among members of the caucus. The whip is also responsible for assigning offices and scheduling speakers from his or her party for various bills, motions and other proceedings in the House. The party whip works to ensure that the number of MPs in the House or at committee meetings is adequate to win a vote if one is called. When a vote is called

title: Party Whip (Canada)

text: Party Whip (Canada) In Canada the Party Whip is the member of a political party in the House of Commons of Canada, the Senate of Canada or a provincial legislature charged with ensuring party discipline among members of the caucus. The whip is also responsible for assigning offices and scheduling speakers from his or her party for various bills, motions and other proceedings in the House. The party whip works to ensure that the number of MPs in the House or at committee meetings is adequate to win a vote if one is called. When a vote is called in

title: Party whip (Malaysia)

text: the House of Representatives. The right can also be exercised by another whip acting on the Chief Whip's behalf. Whips also play a central role in voting. During each vote (or "division"), whips ensure that their fellow party members are present and seated on the correct side of the house while votes are counted. Acting as tellers, the whips also count the votes. In a typical vote in the House of Representatives, where the Government and Opposition are on opposite sides, each will provide two tellers. One Government whip and one Opposition whip will count the votes in favour of

title: Whip (politics)

text: as "Your attendance is absolutely essential" next to each debate in which there will be a vote, underlined one, two or three times according to the severity of the whip: In the United States there are legislatures at the local (city councils, town councils, county boards, etc.), state, and federal levels. The federal legislature (Congress), the legislatures in all states except for Nebraska, and many county and city legislative bodies are divided along party lines and have whips, as well as majority and minority leaders. The whip is also the assistant majority or assistant minority leader. Both houses of Congress,

title: Whip (politics)

text: the representative's seniority (i.e., in most cases, on the length of time they have held office). In the Senate, the majority whip is the third-highest ranking individual in the majority party (the party with the most seats). The majority whip is outranked by the majority leader and, unofficially, the president pro tempore. As the office of president pro tempore is largely honorific and usually given to the longest-serving senator of the majority, the majority whip is in reality the second-ranking senator in the majority conference. Similarly, in the House, the majority whip is outranked by both the majority leader and

title: Party whip (Australia)

text: Liberals, the chief whip is assisted by two deputy whips. Similar arrangements exist in the six state and the two self-governing territory parliaments. Whips are essential to the day-to-day running of the house. They assist the party business managers (the Leader of the House, Manager of Opposition Business in the House, Manager of Government Business in the Senate, and Manager of Opposition Business in the Senate and their four deputies) arrange the order of business on the floor. They also draw up lists of speakers in debates, which (though not binding) assist the occupant of the chair in deciding whom

text: the minority party who assists the minority leader in coordinating the party caucus in its responses to legislation and other matters. However, the U.S. House of Representatives does not use the term "minority whip," instead calling the position "Republican Whip" or "Democratic Whip" depending on the minority party. The Chief Deputy Whip is the primary assistant to the whip, who is the chief vote counter for their party. The current chief deputy majority whip is Republican Patrick McHenry. Within the House Republican Conference, the chief deputy whip is the highest appointed position and often a launching pad for future positions

text: during the convening of the Congress. If the Minority Leader's party takes control of the House, and the party officers are all re-elected to their seats, the Minority Leader is usually the party's top choice for Speaker for the next Congress, while the Minority Whip is typically in line to become Majority Leader. The Minority Leader usually meets with the Majority Leader and the Speaker to discuss agreements on controversial issues. The Speaker, Majority Leader, Minority Leader, Majority Whip and Minority Whip all receive special office suites in the United States Capitol. The floor leaders and whips of each party

title: Whip (politics)

text: roles in the chamber include taking divisions, and maintaining a "pairs book" which controls the ability of members and senators to leave the parliament building during sittings, as well as the entitlement to be absent during divisions. Liberal Party whips are appointed by the leader of the party, while Australian Labor Party whips are elected by the Caucus. For Labor and the Liberals, the chief whip is assisted by two deputy whips. In Canada the Party Whip is the member of a political party in the Canadian House of Commons, the Canadian Senate or a provincial legislature charged with ensuring

title: United States House of Representatives

text: who is a member of the Democratic Party. The whip is supported by chief deputy whips. In the 115th Congress, the Democratic Party has an additional Assistant Minority Leader, Jim Clyburn, who ranks between the whips and the caucus/conference chair. After the whips, the next ranking official in the House party's leadership is the Party Conference Chair (styled as the Republican Conference Chair and Democratic Caucus Chair). After the Conference Chair, there are differences between each party's subsequent leadership ranks. After the Democratic Caucus Chair is the Campaign Committee Chair (Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee), then the co-chairs of the Steering

title: United States House of Representatives

text: consider bills. Each party elects a floor leader, who is known as the Majority Leader or Minority Leader. The Minority Leader heads their party in the House, and the Majority Leader is their party's second-highest-ranking official, behind the Speaker. Party leaders decide what legislation members of their party should either support or oppose. Each party also elects a Whip, who works to ensure that the party's members vote as the party leadership desires. The current majority whip in the House of Representatives is Steve Scalise, who is a member of the Republican Party. The current minority whip is Steny Hoyer,

title: Party whip (Australia)

text: responsible for business in the second chamber. That arrangement persists today. Labor and the Liberals each have a chief whip and two whips in the House of Representatives and a chief whip and a two deputy whips in the Senate. The Nationals have a chief whip and whip in the House and one whip in the Senate. In addition, the Greens have had a whip in the Senate since May 1995. Other parties have also had whips. When the Democratic Labor Party (now the Democratic "Labour" Party) increased from two to four senators in July 1968, it elected a whip

title: Whip (politics)

text: list of things and go to Parliament as parliamentarians of the ANC [...] There will be no voting against the ANC" . In British politics, the chief whip of the governing party in the House of Commons is customarily appointed as Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury so that the incumbent, who represents the whips in general, has a seat and a voice in the Cabinet. By virtue of holding the office of Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury, the government chief whip has an official residence at 12 Downing Street, although the chief whip's office is currently located at 9 Downing

title: Chief Whip

text: Chief Whip The Chief Whip is a political office in some legislatures whose task is to administer the whipping system that tries to ensure that members of the party attend and vote as the party leadership desires. = United Kingdom = In British politics, the Chief Whip of the governing party in the House of Commons is usually also appointed as Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury, a Cabinet position. The Government Chief Whip has an official residence at 12 Downing Street. However, the Chief Whip's office is currently located at 9 Downing Street. The Chief Whip can wield great power

title: Party whip (Australia)

text: to call on. The whips play the primary role in managing business in the parallel debating chamber (the Federation Chamber). The Government Chief Whip has the same power as ministers and parliamentary secretaries to move business motions. This right was extended with the creation of the parallel chamber (then called the Main Committee) to facilitate movement of business between it and the floor of the House of Representatives. The right can also be exercised by another whip acting on the Chief Whip's behalf. Whips also play a central role in voting. During each vote (or "division"), whips ensure that their

title: Jatiya Sangsad

text: Sangsad, the House Committee and Parliament Secretariat. The House Committee consists of the Parliament Speaker, Deputy Speaker and Whips. Every major political party appoints a whip who is responsible for the party's discipline and behaviour on the floor of the house. The Committee is the coordination hub, determining the daily legislative agenda and assigning committee chairpersons based on Parliamentary group representation. The Parliament Secretariat, headed by a Senior Secretary, is in charge of all its administrative duties, including its clerical, broadcasting and information activities. Most of the legislative work in the Parliament is done in the standing committees, which exist

title: Whip (politics)

text: Human Life In Pregnancy Act . From 1998, whips and assistant whips may be entitled to an allowance on top of their base legislator's salary. In 2011, these allowances varied proportional to the size of the group, with Fianna Fáil's Dáil whip's allowance the highest at €19,000. In New Zealand, the concept of the whip was inherited from British rule. All political parties that have four or more members in Parliament have at least one party whip, although Green Party whips are called musterers. Parties with 25 to 44 members are allowed two whips (one senior and one junior), and

title: Party whip (Malaysia)

text: of the house. They assist the party business managers arrange the order of business on the floor. They also draw up lists of speakers in debates, which (though not binding) assist the occupant of the chair in deciding whom to call on. The whips play the primary role in managing business in the parallel debating chamber. The Government Chief Whip has the same power as ministers and deputy ministers to move business motions. This right was extended with the creation of the parallel chamber (then called the Main Committee) to facilitate movement of business between it and the floor of

title: Chief Whip of the Labour Party

text: Chief Whip of the Labour Party The Chief Whip of the Labour Party is responsible for administering the whipping system in the party which ensures that members attend and vote in parliament when the party leadership requires a majority vote. Whips, of which two are appointed in the party, a member of the House of Commons and a member of the House of Lords also help to organise their party’s contribution to parliamentary business. On some occasions, the party leadership may allow MP's to have a free vote based on their own conscience rather than party policy, of which the

title: Chief Whip

text: are Lords Commissioners of the Treasury. Assistant Whips, and Whips of opposition parties, generally do not receive such appointments. Outside the government, the Official Opposition Chief Whip in the Commons, like the Leader of the Opposition, receives a stipend in addition to their parliamentary salary, because their additional responsibilities will make them unable to hold down another job. The whips, although superficially dictatorial, do act as communicators between the backbenchers and the party leadership. Ultimately if backbenchers are unhappy with the leadership's position they can threaten to revolt during a vote and force the leadership to compromise. While the whip

text: Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives Party leaders and whips of the United States House of Representatives, also known as floor leaders, are elected by their respective parties in a closed-door caucus by secret ballot. With the Republicans holding a majority of seats and the Democrats holding a minority, the current leaders are: Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy, Majority Whip Steve Scalise, Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, and Minority Whip Steny Hoyer. Unlike in Westminster style legislatures or as with the Senate Majority Leader, the House Majority Leader's duties and prominence vary depending upon the style and power of

title: Whip (politics)

text: In countries influenced by the British political system, a whip is an official of a political party whose task is to ensure party discipline in a legislature.  Whips are the party's "enforcers"; they invite their fellow legislators to attend voting sessions and to vote according to the official party policy. The term is taken from the "whipper-in" during a hunt, who tries to prevent the hounds from wandering away from the pack.

title: Whip (politics)