question: when was 1 john 5 7 added to the bible

answers: the 9th century

title: An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture

text: With minor exceptions, it was only in the nineteenth century that Bible translations appeared changing these passages. Modern versions of the Bible from the Critical Text usually omit the addition to 1 John 5:7, but some place it in a footnote, with a comment indicating that "it is not found in the earliest manuscripts". Modern translations of 1 Timothy 3:16 following the Critical Text now typically replace "God" with "He" or "He who", while the literal Emphasized has "who". A number of papers in the years following responded to Newton, notably John Berriman in 1741, who had seen at least

title: Matthew 1:7

text: early copier of the Gospel could have added the letter. Matthew 1:7 Matthew 1:7 is the seventh verse of the first chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. The verse is part of the section where the genealogy of Joseph, the legal father of Jesus, is listed. In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads: The World English Bible translates the passage as: This part of the list coincides with the list of the Kings of Judah that is present in a number of other parts of the Bible. Unlike other parts of Matthew's

title: 1 John 5

text: 1 John 5 1 John 5 is the fifth and the last chapter of the First Epistle of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The epistle is traditionally attributed to John the Apostle. This chapter can be grouped (with cross references to other parts of the Bible): From the New King James Version: Whoever believes that Jesus is the Christ is born of God, and everyone who loves Him who begot also loves him who is begotten of Him. From the New King James Version: This is He who came by water and blood—Jesus Christ; not only

title: Matthew 1:5

text: Matthew 1:5 Matthew 1:5 is the fifth verse of the Matthew 1 of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. The verse is part of the section where the genealogy of Joseph, the legal father of Jesus, is listed. In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads: The World English Bible translates the passage as: This genealogy matches that given in several other places in the Bible, including . It covers the period after the Exodus to around the founding of the Kingdom of Israel. The passage carries the genealogy through Salmon, Boaz, Obed, and Jesse

title: John 7

text: Bezae is also the earliest surviving Latin manuscript to contain it. Out of 23 Old Latin manuscripts of John 7-8, seventeen contain at least part of the pericope, and represent at least three transmission-streams in which it was included. The New King James Version includes the text with the explanation that the words from John 7:53 to 8:11 "are bracketed by NU-Text as not original. They are present in over 900 manuscripts" and the Jerusalem Bible claims "the author of this passage is not John". John 7 John 7 is the seventh chapter of the Gospel of John in the

title: Matthew 1:7

text: Matthew 1:7 Matthew 1:7 is the seventh verse of the first chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. The verse is part of the section where the genealogy of Joseph, the legal father of Jesus, is listed. In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads: The World English Bible translates the passage as: This part of the list coincides with the list of the Kings of Judah that is present in a number of other parts of the Bible. Unlike other parts of Matthew's genealogy this list is fully in keeping with the other

title: Johannine Comma

text: Commentators generally see the Armenian text from the 13th century on as having been modified by the interaction with the Latin church and Bible, including the addition of the comma in some manuscripts. There are a number of special manuscript notations and entries relating to 1 John 5:7. Vulgate scholar Samuel Berger reports on MS 13174 in the Bibliothèque nationale in Paris that shows the scribe listing four distinct textual variations of the heavenly witnesses. Three are understood by the scribe to have textual lineages of Athanasius, Augustine and Fulgentius. The Franciscan Correctorium gives a note about there being manuscripts

title: Codex Vaticanus

text: 5:3; 1 John 5:7 were supplemented from popular Greek printed editions. The number of errors was extraordinarily high, and also no attention was paid to distinguish readings of the first hand versus correctors. There was no detailed examination of the manuscript's characteristics. As a consequence, this edition was deemed inadequate for critical purposes. An improved edition was published in 1859, which became the source of Bultmann's 1860 NT. In 1843 Tischendorf was permitted to make a facsimile of a few verses, in 1844 Eduard de Muralt saw it, and in 1845 S. P. Tregelles was allowed to observe several points

title: Matthew 1:5

text: meet other traditions. No other source has her marrying Salmon and giving birth to Boaz. Jewish tradition has her as the wife of Joshua, and thus, also in a different time period. Matthew 1:5 Matthew 1:5 is the fifth verse of the Matthew 1 of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. The verse is part of the section where the genealogy of Joseph, the legal father of Jesus, is listed. In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads: The World English Bible translates the passage as: This genealogy matches that given in several other places

title: 1 John 5

text: is true; This is the true God and eternal life.</poem> Source of one of the names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament as "Son of God". 1 John 5 1 John 5 is the fifth and the last chapter of the First Epistle of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The epistle is traditionally attributed to John the Apostle. This chapter can be grouped (with cross references to other parts of the Bible): From the New King James Version: Whoever believes that Jesus is the Christ is born of God, and everyone who loves Him

title: John 5

text: John 5 John 5 is the fifth chapter of the Gospel of John of the New Testament of the Christian Bible. As the chapter opens, Jesus goes again to Jerusalem for "a feast". Because the gospel records Jesus' visit to Jerusalem for the Passover in , and another Passover was mentioned in , some commentators have speculated whether also referred to a Passover (implying that the events of John 2-6 took place over at least three years), or whether a different feast is indicated. Bengel's Gnomen lists a number of authorities for the proposition that the feast referred to was

title: John 20:7

text: is doubted by many. In the work Asarim, the Sudarium is described as a Turban. It can be seen in the Cathedral of Oviedo, Spain. John 20:7 John 20:7 is the seventh verse of the twentieth chapter of the Gospel of John in the Bible. In this verse, Peter is standing in Jesus's empty tomb. The Beloved Disciple and perhaps Mary Magdalene are outside. This verse describes the arrangement of the grave clothes they see. In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads: The English Standard Version translates the passage as: The translation and meaning of this

title: John 7

text: John 7 John 7 is the seventh chapter of the Gospel of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It recounts Jesus' visit to Jerusalem for the feast of Tabernacles, the possibility of his arrest and debate as to whether he is the Messiah. The book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that John composed this Gospel. The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges describes this chapter as "very important for the estimate of the fourth Gospel. In it the scene of the Messianic crisis shifts from Galilee to Jerusalem; and, as we

title: Matthew 5:7

text: Matthew 5:7 Matthew 5:7 is the seventh verse of the fifth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. It is the fifth verse of the Sermon on the Mount, and also fifth of what are known as the Beatitudes. In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads: The World English Bible translates the passage as: For a collection of other versions see here: Like this verse has no parallel in Luke's Sermon on the Plain. Gundry feels that this fairly straightforward construction was probably thus a creation by the author of Matthew. The theme

title: Matthew 3:5

text: Matthew 3:5 Matthew 3:5 is the fifth verse of the third chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. The verse occurs in the section introducing John the Baptist with this verse describing his popularity in the region. In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads: The World English Bible translates the passage as: For a collection of other versions see here: This verse describes Jews coming from Jerusalem all of Judea and the areas around the Jordan River to hear John the Baptist preach. It is a slight rewording of . While placed John

title: Matthew 3:5

text: disputed references. Matthew 3:5 Matthew 3:5 is the fifth verse of the third chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. The verse occurs in the section introducing John the Baptist with this verse describing his popularity in the region. In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads: The World English Bible translates the passage as: For a collection of other versions see here: This verse describes Jews coming from Jerusalem all of Judea and the areas around the Jordan River to hear John the Baptist preach. It is a slight rewording of . While

title: James 5

text: according to the will of God. James 5 James 5 is the fifth (and last) chapter of the Epistle of James in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The author identifies himself as "James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ" and the epistle is traditionally attributed to James the brother of Jesus. This chapter can be grouped (with cross references to other parts of the Bible): New King James Version New King James Version New King James Version This must be understood of sins committed against one another; which should be acknowledged, and repentance for

title: Matthew 5:8

text: and the soul, though today the verse is read metaphorically. Davies and Allison read a pure heart as being one that is simple and undivided in allegiance. Matthew 5:8 Matthew 5:8 is the eighth verse of the fifth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. It is the sixth verse of the Sermon on the Mount, and also sixth of what are known as the Beatitudes. In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads: The World English Bible translates the passage as: For additional translations see here: This verse is generally believed to have

title: John 5

text: not found in the most reliable manuscripts of John, although they appear in the King James Version of the Bible (which is based on the Textus Receptus). Most modern textual critics believe that John 5:3b-4 is an interpolation, and not an original part of the text of John. The New English Translation and the English Revised Version omit this text completely, but others such as the New International Version refer to it in a note. The Jews begin to persecute Jesus (and in some texts, the gospel says that they seek to kill him). Anglican clergyman Charles Ellicott argued that

title: John 7

text: the Sanhedrin (with Barnes) The pericope commencing with John 7:53 is not found in most of the early Greek Gospel manuscripts. It is not in P, and it is not in P, both of which have been assigned to the late 100s or early 200s. Nor is it in two important manuscripts produced in the early/mid 300s, Sinaiticus and Vaticanus. The first surviving Greek manuscript to contain the pericope is the Latin/Greek diglot Codex Bezae, produced in the 400s or 500s (but displaying a form of text which has affinities with "Western" readings used in the 100s and 200s). Codex

title: Development of the Hebrew Bible canon

text: that “apocryphal” additions found in the books of the LXX represented later augmentations in the Greek to the Hebrew texts. In connection with this, the Masoretic text (MT) established by the rabbis in the medieval period has been accepted as the faithful witness to the Hebrew Bible of the 1st century. Yet, this presupposition is now being challenged in light of the Dead Sea Scrolls." Evidence that supports these challenges include the fact that "copies of some Biblical books found at Qumran reveal sharp divergences from the MT." As an example of such evidence, Barber asserts that "scholars were amazed

title: John 8

text: to be found in its usual place in "many Greek and Latin manuscripts" in Rome and the Latin West in the late 4th century. This is confirmed by some Latin Fathers of the 4th and 5th centuries CE, including Ambrose and Augustine. The latter claimed that the passage may have been improperly excluded from some manuscripts in order to avoid the impression that Christ had sanctioned adultery: Certain persons of little faith, or rather enemies of the true faith, fearing, I suppose, lest their wives should be given impunity in sinning, removed from their manuscripts the Lord's act of forgiveness

title: Johannine Comma

text: reference and Exposito Fidei. Also Old Latin manuscripts including La Cava, and the moving up of the date of the Vulgate Prologue due to its being found in Codex Fuldensis. Ezra Abbot wrote on 1 John V.7 and Luther's German Bible and Scrivener's analysis came forth in Six Lectures and Plain Introduction. In the 1881 Revision came the full removal of the verse. Daniel McCarthy noted the change in position among the textual scholars, and in French there was the sharp Roman Catholic debate in the 1880s involving Pierre Rambouillet, Auguste-François Maunoury, Jean Michel Alfred Vacant, Elie Philippe and Paulin

title: Matthew 3:11

text: Greek. This would also link it to the next verse. This all changed with the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls found at Qumran, near where John the Baptist was said to be preaching. In a number of the texts the Holy Spirit is linked to God's wrath and judgement leading most scholars to include that the wording here is original and that there were different views of the Holy Spirit circulating in the first century. Nolland notes that many scholars have attempted to use this verse as evidence for the Christian baptism ritual, but he does not believe that

title: First Epistle of John

text: first century church. A Trinitarian gloss added to Latin translations of the epistle in the 4th century was interpolated in the text over the course of the Middle Ages, known as the Johannine Comma. Although no Greek manuscripts before the 15th century include the passage, Erasmus added it to later editions of his edition of the New Testament, beginning in 1522. Bibles translated from his edition integrate the passage, including the King James Version (1611), which renders it as follows ("in italics"): Translations made since the 18th century and based on a critical edition do not include this text, or

title: Matthew 1:4

text: Matthew 1:4 Matthew 1:4 is the fourth verse of the Matthew 1 of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. The verse is part of the section where the genealogy of Joseph, the legal father of Jesus, is listed. In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads: The World English Bible translates the passage as: For a collection of other versions see BibRef Matthew 1:4 This genealogy matches that given in several other places in the Bible, including . It covers the period when the Jews were of the captivity in Egypt up to near or

title: John 1

text: John 1 John 1 is the first chapter in the Gospel of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that John composed this gospel. The first chapter of the Gospel of John has 51 verses and can be divided in three parts: The first part (verses 1–18), often called the "Hymn to the Word", is a prologue to the gospel as a whole, stating that the Logos is "God" ("divine", "god-like", or "a god" according to some translations). Comparisons can be made between these verses

title: Biblical apocrypha

text: early Protestant editions of the Bible (notably the Luther Bible in German and 1611 King James Version in English) did not omit these books, but placed them in a separate "Apocrypha" section apart from the Old and New Testaments to indicate their status. This famous edition of the Vulgate was published in 1455. Like the manuscripts on which it was based, the Gutenberg Bible lacks a specific Apocrypha section. Its Old Testament includes the books that Jerome considered apocryphal and those Clement VIII later moved to the appendix. The Prayer of Manasses is located after the Books of Chronicles, 3

title: Matthew 1:11

text: Matthew 1:11 Matthew 1:11 is the eleventh verse of the first chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. The verse is part of the section where the genealogy of Joseph, the father of Jesus, is listed. It is the last verse of the middle third of the listing. In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads: The World English Bible translates the passage as: This portion is part of the listing of the Kings of Judah and covers the period from the mid-7th century BC to the beginning of the Babylonian captivity. Josiah was

title: Comma Johanneum

title: Comma Johanneum

long_answer: The Comma Johanneum, also called the Johannine Comma or the Heavenly Witnesses, is a comma (a short clause) found in Latin manuscripts of the First Epistle of John at 5:7–8. The comma first appeared in the Vulgate manuscripts of the 9th century. The first Greek manuscript that contains the comma dates from the 15th century. The comma is absent from the Ethiopic, Aramaic, Syriac, Slavic, Armenian, Georgian, and Arabic translations of the Greek New Testament. The scholarly consensus is that that passage is a Latin corruption that entered the Greek manuscript tradition in some subsequent copies. As the comma does not appear in the manuscript tradition of other languages, the debate is mainly limited to the English-speaking world due to the King James Only movement.


question: the part of the cytoskeleton made from the protein actin is called

answers: Microfilaments

answers: microfilament

title: Cytoskeleton

text: in eukaryotic cells. Spectrin forms pentagonal or hexagonal arrangements, forming a scaffolding and playing an important role in maintenance of plasma membrane integrity and cytoskeletal structure. In budding yeast (an important model organism), actin forms cortical patches, actin cables, and a cytokinetic ring and the cap. Cortical patches are discrete actin bodies on the membrane and are vital for endocytosis, especially the recycling of glucan synthase which is important for cell wall synthesis. Actin cables are bundles of actin filaments and are involved in the transport of vesicles towards the cap (which contains a number of different proteins to polarize

title: Cytoskeleton

text: vibrioid forms of bacteria, but the mechanism by which it does this is currently unclear. Additionally, curvature could be described by the displacement of crescentic filaments, after the disruption of peptidoglycan synthesis. By definition, the cytoskeleton is composed of proteins that can form longitudinal arrays (fibres) in all organisms. These filament forming proteins have been classified into 4 classes. Tubulin-like, actin-like, Walker A cytoskeletal ATPases (WACA-proteins), and intermediate filaments. Tubulin-like proteins are tubulin in eukaryotes and FtsZ, TubZ, RepX in prokaryotes. Actin-like proteins are actin in eukaryotes and MreB, FtsA in prokaryotes. An example of a WACA-proteins, which are mostly

title: ACTG1

text: maintenance of the cytoskeleton. In vertebrates, three main groups of actin isoforms, alpha, beta and gamma have been identified. The alpha actins are found in muscle tissues and are a major constituent of the sarcomere contractile apparatus. The beta and gamma actins co-exist in most cell types as components of the cytoskeleton, and as mediators of internal cell motility. Actin, gamma 1, encoded by this gene, is found in non-muscle cells in the cytoplasm, and in muscle cells at costamere structures, or transverse points of cell-cell adhesion that run perpendicular to the long axis of myocytes. In myocytes, sarcomeres adhere

title: Prefoldin

text: two strings of beads wound round each other and is one of the three main parts of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. Prefoldin bonds specifically to cytosolic chaperonin protein. This complex of prefoldin and chaperonin then forms molecules of actin in the cytosol. The prefoldin acts as a transporter molecule that transports bound, unfolded target proteins to the chaperonin (C-CPN) molecule. For example, the prefoldin that is used in the formation of actin also transfers α or β tubulin to a cytosolic chaperonin. The prefoldin, however, does not form a ternary complex with tubulin and chaperonin. Once the tubulins are

title: Actin

text: physiology, in addition to similar functions in prokaryotes. The majority of mammals possess six different actin genes. Of these, two code for the cytoskeleton ("ACTB" and "ACTG1") while the other four are involved in skeletal striated muscle ("ACTA1"), smooth muscle tissue ("ACTA2"), intestinal muscles ("ACTG2") and cardiac muscle ("ACTC1"). The actin in the cytoskeleton is involved in the pathogenic mechanisms of many infectious agents, including HIV. The vast majority of the mutations that affect actin are point mutations that have a dominant effect, with the exception of six mutations involved in nemaline myopathy. This is because in many cases the

title: Actin

text: filaments depending on the concentration of calcium cations in the surrounding medium. Actin is one of the most abundant proteins in eukaryotes, where it is found throughout the cytoplasm. In fact, in muscle fibres it comprises 20% of total cellular protein by weight and between 1% and 5% in other cells. However, there is not only one type of actin; the genes that code for actin are defined as a gene family (a family that in plants contains more than 60 elements, including genes and pseudogenes and in humans more than 30 elements). This means that the genetic information of

title: Cytoskeleton

text: use of tubulin, but in prokaryotes either WACA proteins, actin-like or tubulin-like proteins can be used. Cell division is mediated in eukaryotes by actin, but in prokaryotes usually by tubulin-like (often FtsZ-ring) proteins and sometimes (Crenarchaeota) ESCRT-III, which in eukaryotes still has a role in the last step of division. Cytoplasmic streaming, also known as cylcosis, is the active movement of a cell’s contents along the components of the cytoskeleton. While mainly seen in plants, all cell types use this process for transportation of waste, nutrients, and organelles to other parts of the cell. Plant and algae cells are generally

title: Actin

text: the control of the structure's size is totally apical and it is controlled in some way by gene expression, that is, by the total quantity of protein monomer synthesized in any given moment. The actin cytoskeleton "in vivo" is not exclusively composed of actin, other proteins are required for its formation, continuance and function. These proteins are called "actin-binding proteins" (ABP) and they are involved in actin's polymerization, depolymerization, stability, organisation in bundles or networks, fragmentation and destruction. The diversity of these proteins is such that actin is thought to be the protein that takes part in the greatest number

title: Cytoskeleton

text: forces in so-called actomyosin fibers, both in muscle as well as most non-muscle cell types. Actin structures are controlled by the Rho family of small GTP-binding proteins such as Rho itself for contractile acto-myosin filaments ("stress fibers"), Rac for lamellipodia and Cdc42 for filopodia. Functions include: Intermediate filaments are a part of the cytoskeleton of many eukaryotic cells. These filaments, averaging 10 nanometers in diameter, are more stable (strongly bound) than actin filaments, and heterogeneous constituents of the cytoskeleton. Like actin filaments, they function in the maintenance of cell-shape by bearing tension (microtubules, by contrast, resist compression but can also

title: Tropomyosin

text: Tropomyosin Tropomyosin is a two-stranded alpha-helical coiled coil protein found in cell cytoskeletons. All organisms contain structures that provide physical integrity to their cells. These structures are collectively known as the cytoskeleton, and one of the most ancient systems is based on filamentous polymers of the protein actin. A second polymer of the protein, tropomyosin, is an integral part of most actin filaments in animals. Tropomyosins are a large family of integral components of actin filaments that play a critical role in regulating the function of actin filaments in both muscle and nonmuscle cells. These proteins consist of rod-shaped coiled-coil

title: Cytoskeleton

text: division, is involved in cytokinesis (the division of a mother cell into two daughter cells), provides a scaffold to organize the contents of the cell in space and for intracellular transport (for example, the movement of vesicles and organelles within the cell); and can be a template for the construction of a cell wall. Furthermore, it forms specialized structures, such as flagella, cilia, lamellipodia and podosomes. A large-scale example of an action performed by the cytoskeleton is muscle contraction. In the muscle, there are groups of highly specialized cells that work together to perform a function known as muscle contraction.

title: Actin

text: cell adhesion in order to form cell tissue. Other enzymes or organelles such as cilia can be anchored to this scaffolding in order to control the deformation of the external cell membrane, which allows endocytosis and cytokinesis. It can also produce movement either by itself or with the help of molecular motors. Actin therefore contributes to processes such as the intracellular transport of vesicles and organelles as well as muscular contraction and cellular migration. It therefore plays an important role in embryogenesis, the healing of wounds and the invasivity of cancer cells. The evolutionary origin of actin can be traced

title: Cell mechanics

text: together, the three types of polymers can organize themselves to counter the applied external forces and resist deformation. However, there are differences between the three polymers. The primary structural component of the cytoskeleton is actin filaments. Being the narrowest with a diameter of 7nm and most flexible out of the three types of polymers, actin filaments are typically found at the very edge of the cytoplasm in animal cells. Formed by the linking of polymers of a protein called actin, they help give cells shape and structure and are able to transport protein packages and organelles. Furthermore, actin filaments have

title: Eukaryote

text: with the cell's cytoplasm. Microfilamental structures composed of actin and actin binding proteins, e.g., α-actinin, fimbrin, filamin are present in submembraneous cortical layers and bundles, as well. Motor proteins of microtubules, e.g., dynein or kinesin and actin, e.g., myosins provide dynamic character of the network. Centrioles are often present even in cells and groups that do not have flagella, but conifers and flowering plants have neither. They generally occur in groups that give rise to various microtubular roots. These form a primary component of the cytoskeletal structure, and are often assembled over the course of several cell divisions, with one

title: Actin

text: is between 40−50 % among different bacteria and archaea species. Some authors suggest that the ancestral protein that gave rise to the model eukaryotic actin resembles the proteins present in modern bacterial cytoskeletons. Some authors point out that the behaviour of actin, tubulin and histone, a protein involved in the stabilization and regulation of DNA, are similar in their ability to bind nucleotides and in their ability of take advantage of Brownian motion. It has also been suggested that they all have a common ancestor. Therefore, evolutionary processes resulted in the diversification of ancestral proteins into the varieties present today,

title: Actin

text: genes that regulate actin production in humans can cause muscular diseases, variations in the size and function of the heart as well as deafness. The make-up of the cytoskeleton is also related to the pathogenicity of intracellular bacteria and viruses, particularly in the processes related to evading the actions of the immune system. Actin was first observed experimentally in 1887 by W.D. Halliburton, who extracted a protein from muscle that 'coagulated' preparations of myosin that he called "myosin-ferment". However, Halliburton was unable to further refine his findings, and the discovery of actin is credited instead to Brunó Ferenc Straub, a

title: Actin

text: F-actin filament found in muscles also contains a tropomyosin molecule, a 40-nanometre protein that is wrapped around the F-actin helix. During the resting phase the tropomyosin covers the actin's active sites so that the actin-myosin interaction cannot take place and produce muscular contraction (the interaction gives rise to a movement between the two proteins that, because it is repeated many times, produces a contraction). There are other protein molecules bound to the tropomyosin thread, these include the troponins that have three polymers: troponin I, troponin T, and troponin C. Tropomyosin's regulatory function depends on its interaction with troponin in the

title: Prokaryotic cytoskeleton

text: ring structure located in the middle of the cell called the Z-ring that constricts during cell division, similar to the actin-myosin contractile ring in eukaryotes. The Z-ring is a highly dynamic structure that consists of numerous bundles of protofilaments that extend and shrink, although the mechanism behind Z-ring contraction and the number of protofilaments involved are unclear. FtsZ acts as an organizer protein and is required for cell division. It is the first component of the septum during cytokinesis, and it recruits all other known cell division proteins to the division site. Despite this functional similarity to actin, FtsZ is

title: Cytoskeleton

text: the other cells or the fluids surrounding it. Additionally, the microtubules control the beating (movement) of the cilia and flagella. Also, the dynein arms attached to the microtubules function as the molecular motors. The motion of the cilia and flagella is created by the microtubules sliding past one another, which requires ATP. They play key roles in: In addition to the roles described above, Stuart Hameroff and Roger Penrose have proposed that microtubules function in consciousness. Septins are a group of the highly conserved GTP binding proteins found in eukaryotes. Different septins form protein complexes with each other. These can

title: Cytoskeleton

text: shape. All non-spherical bacteria have genes encoding actin-like proteins, and these proteins form a helical network beneath the cell membrane that guides the proteins involved in cell wall biosynthesis. Some plasmids encode a separate system that involves an actin-like protein ParM. Filaments of ParM exhibit dynamic instability, and may partition plasmid DNA into the dividing daughter cells by a mechanism analogous to that used by microtubules during eukaryotic mitosis. The bacterium "Caulobacter crescentus" contains a third protein, crescentin, that is related to the intermediate filaments of eukaryotic cells. Crescentin is also involved in maintaining cell shape, such as helical and

title: Cytoplasm

text: the motion of cytoplasmic particles independent of the nature of the cytoplasm. In such an alternative approach, the aggregate random forces within the cell caused by motor proteins explain the non-Brownian motion of cytoplasmic constituents. The three major elements of the cytoplasm are the cytosol, organelles and inclusions. The cytosol is the portion of the cytoplasm not contained within membrane-bound organelles. Cytosol makes up about 70% of the cell volume and is a complex mixture of cytoskeleton filaments, dissolved molecules, and water. The cytosol's filaments include the protein filaments such as actin filaments and microtubules that make up the cytoskeleton,

title: Actin

text: each individual contains instructions that generate actin variants (called isoforms) that possess slightly different functions. This, in turn, means that eukaryotic organisms express different genes that give rise to: α-actin, which is found in contractile structures; β-actin, found at the expanding edge of cells that use the projection of their cellular structures as their means of mobility; and γ-actin, which is found in the filaments of stress fibres. In addition to the similarities that exist between an organism's isoforms there is also an evolutionary conservation in the structure and function even between organisms contained in different eukaryotic domains: in bacteria

title: Actin remodeling

text: actin filaments throughout the actin remodeling process. These proteins account for the diverse structure and changes in shape of Eukaryotic cells. Despite its complexity, actin remodeling may result in complete cytoskeletal reorganization in under a minute. Actin remains one of the most abundant proteins in all of Eukarya and is an enzyme (ATPase) that gradually hydrolyzes ATP. It exists in two forms within eukaryotic cells: globular or G-actin and filament/filamentous or F-actin. Globular actin is the monomeric form of the protein while the filamentous actin is a linear polymer of globular subunits. The assembly of filamentous actin arises as a

title: Cytokinesis

text: contraction of the actin-myosin ring leads to ingression of the attached plasma membrane, which partitions the cytoplasm into two domains of emerging sister cells. The force for the contractile processes is generated by movements along actin by the motor protein myosin II. Myosin II uses the free energy released when ATP is hydrolyzed to move along these actin filaments, constricting the cell membrane to form a cleavage furrow. Continued hydrolysis causes this cleavage furrow to ingress (move inwards), a striking process that is clearly visible through a light microscope. The cytokinetic furrow ingresses until a so-called midbody structure (composed of

title: Actin

text: to prokaryotic cells, which have equivalent proteins. Actin homologs from prokaryotes and archaea polymerize into different helical or linear filaments consisting of one or multiple strands. However the in-strand contacts and nucleotide binding sites are preserved in prokaryotes and in archaea. Lastly, actin plays an important role in the control of gene expression. A large number of illnesses and diseases are caused by mutations in alleles of the genes that regulate the production of actin or of its associated proteins. The production of actin is also key to the process of infection by some pathogenic microorganisms. Mutations in the different

title: Cytoskeleton

text: found in prokaryotes, is MinD. Examples for intermediate filaments, which have almost exclusively been found in animals (i.e. eukaryotes) are the lamins, keratins, vimentin, neurofilaments, and desmin. Although tubulin-like proteins share some amino acid sequence similarity, their equivalence in protein-fold and the similarity in the GTP binding site is more striking. The same holds true for the actin-like proteins and their structure and ATP binding domain. Cytoskeletal proteins are usually correlated with cell shape, DNA segregation and cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Which proteins fulfill which task is very different. For example, DNA segregation in all eukaryotes happens through

title: Actin

text: the motor-protein myosin (typically around 15 nm in diameter). These myofibrils use energy derived from ATP to create movements of cells, such as muscle contraction. Using the hydrolysis of ATP for energy, myosin heads undergo a cycle during which they attach to thin filaments, exert a tension, and then, depending on the load, perform a power stroke that causes the thin filaments to slide past, shortening the muscle. In contractile bundles, the actin-bundling protein alpha-actinin separates each thin filament by ~35 nm. This increase in distance allows thick filaments to fit in between and interact, enabling deformation or contraction. In

title: Myofibril

text: the thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments along each other. The filaments of myofibrils, myofilaments, consist of two types, thick and thin: The protein complex composed of actin and myosin is sometimes referred to as "actinomyosin". In striated muscle, such as skeletal and cardiac muscle, the actin and myosin filaments each have a specific and constant length on the order of a few micrometers, far less than the length of the elongated muscle cell (a few millimeters in the case of human skeletal muscle cells). The filaments are organized into repeated subunits along the length of the myofibril. These subunits

title: Tropomyosin

text: cues and undergo structural re-organisation has led to the belief that this system regulates specific structural changes within different cellular regions. Within humans, there are only six actin isoforms, and these isoforms are responsible for an array of unique and complex cellular structures and key cellular interactions. It is thought that the function and form of the actin cytoskeleton is controlled largely by actin-binding proteins (ABP) that are associated with the actin polymer. ABP are a group of proteins that bind to actin. Although tropomyosin is sometimes included as an ABP, it is not a true ABP. The tropomyosin dimer

title: Cytoskeleton

title: Cytoskeleton

long_answer: A large-scale example of an action performed by the cytoskeleton is muscle contraction. In the muscle, there are groups of highly specialized cells that work together to perform a function known as muscle contraction. A main component in the cytoskeleton that helps show the true function of this muscle contraction is known as a microfilament. Microfilaments are composed of the most abundant cellular protein known as actin. During contraction of a muscle, within each muscle cell, myosin molecular motors collectively exert forces on parallel actin filaments. Muscle contraction starts from nerve impulses which then causes increased amounts of calcium to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Increases in calcium in the cytosol allows muscle contraction to begin with the help of two proteins, tropomyosin and troponin. Tropomyosin inhibits the interaction between actin and myosin, while troponin senses the increase in calcium and releases the inhibition. This action contracts the muscle cell, and through the synchronous process in many muscle cells, the entire muscle.

short_answers: Microfilaments microfilament


question: who plays jack in battle of the sexes

answers: Bill Pullman

answers: (Bill Pullman

title: Battle of the Sexes (2017 film)

text: Actor in a Comedy; Carell also received a nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role. In 1970, Billie Jean King and Gladys Heldman confront Jack Kramer, who has organized a tennis tournament where the top prize for women is one-eighth of the men's prize, despite equal ticket sales. King and Heldman threaten to start their own tour but Kramer won't alter the terms, citing the inferiority of women's tennis. When Billie Jean, Julie Heldman, Valerie Ziegenfuss, Judy Dalton, Kristy Pigeon, Peaches Bartkowicz, Kerry Melville Reid, Nancy Richey, and Rosie Casals sign on as the “Original

title: Battle of the Sexes (2017 film)

text: April: Eric Christian Olsen as Lornie Kuhle, Jessica McNamee as tennis player Margaret Court, Alan Cumming as designer Ted Tinling, and Natalie Morales as player Rosie Casals. Principal photography on the film began in Los Angeles on April 13, 2016, with a budget of more than $25 million. For the tennis match scenes, tennis players Kaitlyn Christian (who portrays “Original 9” member Kerry Melville Reid) and Vince Spadea were the body doubles of Stone and Carell, respectively. "Battle of the Sexes" had its world premiere at the Telluride Film Festival on September 2, 2017. It also screened at the Toronto

title: The Battle of the Sexes (1928 film)

text: Billy (William Bakewell) discover him dancing with Marie at a nightclub, J.C. leaves home the next day. Ruth seeks out Marie to shoot her, but is interrupted by Marie's boyfriend, jazz hound Babe Winsor (Don Alvarado), who takes a shine to her. When Judson walks in on them he condemns her licentiousness, but is forced to face his double standard when he witnesses a violent argument between Marie and Babe. Full of contrition, J.C. returns to home and hearth and the bosom of his loving family. The Battle of the Sexes (1928 film) The Battle of the Sexes is a

title: Emma Stone

text: Globe and a SAG award for Best Actress. Stone's sole film release of 2017 was the sports drama "Battle of the Sexes", based on the 1973 eponymous match between tennis players Billie Jean King (Stone) and Bobby Riggs (Steve Carell). In preparation, Stone met with King, watched old footage and interviews of her, trained with a dialect coach to speak in King's accent, and drank high-calorie protein shakes to gain . The film premiered to positive reviews at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival, and certain critics considered Stone's performance to be the best of her career. Benjamin Lee of

title: Jack Laskey

text: played The Other in Jon Fosse's two hander "I Am The Wind", Patrice Chéreau's only ever English language production. Most recently on stage, in 2013 at the Arcola theatre, Jack played the role of Platonov in Helena Kaut-Hausen's production of "Sons Without Fathers", another performance for which he garnered a phenomenal critical reception. His early theatre credits include Romeo in "Romeo and Juliet" (English Theatre of Vienna), Cornelius/Reynaldo in "Hamlet" (Old Vic), Carney in "Biloxi Blues" (Couch Potato Productions), Juliet in an all-male production of Romeo and Juliet (Blood in the Alley), and Hamlet in "Hamlet" (Haymarket Theatre Basingstoke). Jack

title: Battle of the Sexes (2017 film)

text: 2017. It received positive reviews from critics, who praised the performances of Stone and Carell and the direction, with some calling it the best performance of Stone's career. Despite the positive reviews, the film was a box office disappointment, grossing $18.4 million against a $25 million budget. At the 75th Golden Globe Awards, Stone and Carell received nominations for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy and Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy respectively. At the 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards, both received Critics Choice Awards nominations in the categories Best Actress in a Comedy and Best

title: Jack Yabsley

text: films The Virgin, and Super Nice both premiered at Flickerfest Short Film Festival in Sydney, and went on to play at international film festivals around the world, gaining awards for best actor, and best screenplay. He is currently a reporter for Sydney Weekender on the Seven Network. Previously, Jack was a host on Saturday Disney on Australia's Seven Network from 3 February 2007 - 2011, the host of the game show Match It on the Seven Network, and a presenter on Totally Wild on Network Ten, he hosted over 100 episodes from 2004- 2006. Yabsley studied Broadcast Journalism at Charles

title: Battle of the Sexes (tennis)

text: of the Sexes", directed by Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris, is about the King/Riggs match, and stars Emma Stone and Steve Carell as King and Riggs, respectively. Nineteen years later, a third "Battle of the Sexes" match, entitled "Battle of Champions", was played in 1992. Outdoors at Caesars Palace in Paradise, Nevada, it matched 40 year-old Jimmy Connors and Martina Navratilova, age 35. Navratilova had previously turned down invitations to take on John McEnroe and Ilie Năstase, as she considered them undignified. The promoters initially tried to match Connors with the then top-ranked female player, Monica Seles. Connors called the

title: The Battle of the Sexes (1928 film)

text: The Battle of the Sexes (1928 film) The Battle of the Sexes is a 1928 American comedy film directed by D. W. Griffith, starring Jean Hersholt, Phyllis Haver, Belle Bennett, Don Alvarado, and Sally O'Neil, and released by United Artists. The film was a remake by Griffith of an earlier film he directed in 1914, which starred Lillian Gish. Both films are based on the novel "The Single Standard" by Daniel Carson Goodman; the story was adapted for this production by Gerrit J. Lloyd. The film was released as both a silent film, and in a sound version using the

title: The Battle of the Sexes (1959 film)

text: a very old-fashioned firm in the New Town. The Justerini & Brooks premises in George Street serves as their shop in the film. Martin is called to the death-bed of the owner, old MacPherson, at Moray Place. He is offered a whisky and declines. Old MacPherson drinks both and promptly dies. The new owner of the Tweed company, played by Robert Morley, is enamoured of a zealous American woman who is an efficiency expert and who wants to turn her hand to revolutionise the very traditional company. She insists on visiting "the factory" on the island, only to discover the

title: Battle of the Sexes (2017 film)

text: slow start, King wins the match and Riggs reunites with his wife. The project and its two leads were announced in April 2015. Brie Larson was, for a brief period, set to replace Stone due to scheduling conflicts, but these were cleared up. On March 3, 2016, Andrea Riseborough was cast to play Marilyn Barnett, King's hairdresser and lover. Later that month, three more were cast in the film, Elisabeth Shue as Riggs' wife; Austin Stowell as Larry King, Billie Jean's husband; and Sarah Silverman as Gladys Heldman, the founder of "World Tennis" magazine. Four actors joined the cast in

title: The Battle of the Sexes (1928 film)

text: Movietone sound-on-film system. In 2004, the film was released on DVD by Image Entertainment. The theme song of the motion picture, "Just a Sweetheart", by Dave Dryer, Josef Pasternack, and Nathaniel Shilkret (recorded versions of which are available, for example, on a commercially issued Paul Whiteman CD) was omitted from the DVD. Marie Skinner (Phyllis Haver) is a gold digger with her hooks out for devoted middle-aged family man J.C. Judson (Jean Hersholt), a portly real estate tycoon, who falls for her when she contrives to meet him. When his wife (Belle Bennett) and grown children, Ruth (Sally O'Neil) and

title: The War Between Men and Women

text: The War Between Men and Women The War Between Men and Women is a 1972 American comedy-drama film starring Jack Lemmon, Barbara Harris and Jason Robards. The film is based on the writings of humorist James Thurber, and was released in 1972 by Cinema Center Films. It features animated cartoons interspersed in the story based on Thurber's works. The film was directed by Melville Shavelson, creator of the 1969 Thurber-based television series "My World and Welcome to It". The screenplay was by Shavelson and by Danny Arnold, who also worked on the 1969 series. Lisa Gerritsen, who plays Linda Kozlenko

title: Richard Gant

text: of Colin Bateman's "Divorcing Jack". He had a minor role as a senior naval officer in Roland Emmerich's "Godzilla". Gant was also in the 2007 comedy film, "Daddy Day Camp", as Col. Buck Hinton. On February 6, 2007, Gant joined the ABC daytime drama "General Hospital" in the role of Dr. Russell Ford. He starred in "Men of a Certain Age" for its entire two-season run on TNT (2009–2011). Gant was the campaign manager for federal elections in the country of Nigeria. He has been honored for his achievements by being presented the Keys to the City of Oakland, California

title: The Battle of the Sexes (1959 film)

text: station he is moved to buy her a flower. He may have won the battle, but he hasn't won the war. Film rights to the story were owned by Hecht Hill Lancaster. Billy Wilder was signed to direct. Eventually they sold the rights. On its 1960 release, the film was very warmly reviewed by "The New York Times", with critic A. H. Weiler calling it a "gentle, tongue-in-cheek ribbing that cleaves to the spirit, if not entirely to the letter of Thurber's lampoon." The Battle of the Sexes (1959 film) The Battle of the Sexes is a 1959 British black

title: Jack Ellis (actor)

text: of Stephen Kings "Shawshank Redemption", playing alongside Paul Nicholls and Ben Onwukwe. Jack Ellis (actor) John Stuart "Jack" Ellis (born 4 June 1955) is a British theatre and television actor from London, best known for his portrayal of villainous prison officer Jim Fenner in the TV series "Bad Girls". He has also appeared in ITV soap "Coronation Street" as Bookmaker Harry Mason. He and his former wife Christine Kavanagh, from whom he is now divorced, have two children, Theo and Alice. He was educated at Highgate School as were his older brothers Robin Ellis, also an actor, and the director

title: Lee Mead

text: appeared in the second series of the science fiction drama, Bedlam, in the episode entitled "Jude" playing Scott, the brother of the title character, on Sky Living in June 2012. In December 2012, he starred in his first pantomime as the title character "Jack" in Jack and the Beanstalk at the Mayflower Theatre, Southampton alongside Julian Clary and Nigel Havers. Mead returned to the West End in May 2013, starring in The West End Men in concert at the Vaudeville Theatre alongside Matt Willis, Glenn Carter, Stephen Rahman-Hughes and David Thaxton. In December 2013, he starred in his second pantomime

title: Jack Ryder (actor)

text: in the play "The Safari Party" by Tim Firth and in Kenneth Branagh's production of "The Play What I Wrote" which toured the UK extensively. In Spring 2008 he was in Christopher Luscombe's production of Alan Bennett's play "Single Spies" playing opposite Nigel Havers. Then Ryder played Romeo in Michael Bogdanov's production of "Romeo and Juliet" with Sara Lloyd-Gregory as Juliet. In October 2008, Ryder joined "The Archers" as Ryan. From 2009, he played the photographer Laurence in the West End production of "Calendar Girls" at the Noël Coward Theatre, where he was also the assistant director. He currently continues

title: Gen-X Cops

text: terrorist attack. Jack (played by Nicholas Tse) The main protagonist of the movie. Jack is the tough cool one of the group. He will do almost anything to win. Match (Played by Stephen Fung) Match is the playboy of the group, as he is always more concerned with the girl instead of the task at hand. Alien (Played by Sam Lee) As his name suggests, Alien is the goofy guy of the bunch. He doesn't really like authority or doing much work but does his fair share in the group. Y2K (Played by Grace Ip) Y2K is the girl of

title: Jack Montgomery (actor)

text: Jack Montgomery (actor) Jack Montgomery (born 17 February 1992 in Alvechurch, Worcestershire) is a British actor, who has appeared in television, stage productions and films. He is managed by Gavin Barker Associates and studies at St Augustine's High School, Redditch He portrayed Jeremy Potts in "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang" at the London Palladium and he was also part of the original cast of "Mary Poppins" in which he played Michael Banks. He returned to the London Palladium to play "Kurt von Trapp" in the 2006 London revival of "The Sound of Music". He appeared as young Simon in "Tristan &

title: Peter Sellers

text: San Sebastián International Film Festival Award for Best Actor and a BAFTA award nomination for his performance, and it was well received by the critics. Stanley Kubrick asked Sellers to play the role of Clare Quilty in the 1962 film "Lolita", opposite James Mason and Shelley Winters. Kubrick had seen Sellers in "The Battle of the Sexes" and listened to the album "The Best of Sellers", and was impressed by the range of characters he could portray. Sellers was apprehensive about accepting the role, doubting his ability to successfully portray the part of a flamboyant American television playwright who was

title: TGS Hates Women

text: positive reviews from television critics. Alan Sepinwall of HitFix praised Moretz's performance, describing Kaylee Hooper as "wonderfully played" and opining that "Alec Baldwin is often at his funniest in this role when Jack is going up against a completely ridiculous foe or obstacle, and I think a 14-year-old schemer makes a better foil for him than, say, Devon Banks has been". Ian McDonald of TV Overmind agreed, calling Jack's plot the "saving grace of the episode", and describing Liz's plot as "a chore to sit through, mostly because Milioti played the role of the female gross-out comic so believably that

title: Jack Holden (actor)

text: Jack Holden (actor) Jack Holden is an English actor, from Tonbridge in Kent, who graduated from the Bristol Old Vic theatre school in 2011. He is most notable for playing the lead role in the West End play War Horse, although he has also appeared in the ITV series Lewis. He is represented by Lindy King of United Agents. In 2014 Holden played the role of Joe in the UK première of the play Johnny Got His Gun. His performance received a positive review from The Independent newspaper. His performance as Bobby in an adaptation of Awkward Conversations With Animals

title: Dean Collins (actor)

text: of "monkeynuts1069". Collins and Lerman also formed a band called Indigo, along with musician Daniel Pashman. Collins sang lead vocals, Lerman played keyboard and guitar, and Pashman played drums. Dean Collins (actor) Dean Richard Collins (born May 30, 1990) is an American actor, best known for playing the character Mike Gold in the Fox television sitcom "The War at Home". The series ran from September 2005 to April 2007. Previously, he had recurring roles in "MADtv"s "Reading Caboose" skit as Ernie, and as Warren Feide in "Jack & Bobby". Collins also appeared as Harry Beardsley in the 2005 film "Yours,

title: The Battle of the Sexes (1914 film)

text: The Battle of the Sexes (1914 film) The Battle of the Sexes is a 1914 American silent drama film directed by D. W. Griffith for the Majestic Motion Picture Company. No complete prints of the film are known to exist, however, a fragment has survived. Griffith remade the film as "The Battle of the Sexes" in 1928 as a comedy-drama and this latter version is available on DVD. Frank Andrews (Donald Crisp) is a well-to-do, middle class apartment dweller who is devoted to his wife (Mary Alden) and two children, John (Robert Harron) and Jane (Lillian Gish). Andrews enters into

title: Jack Gordon (actor)

text: A Whore, a Cheek by Jowl production that would go on to tour the world. In film, he would go on to play roles such as Jamie in Andrea Arnold's Fish Tank, Jeeko in Phillip Ridley’s Heartless, Lieutenant Burridge in Julian Jarrold’s A Royal Night Out and GI Stanley in In 2014 he was cast as the rowdy Northern Soul dancer, Sean in Elaine Constantine’s Northern Soul, and starred as Max in Love Me Do opposite Rebecca Calder in 2015. His television work includes the award-winning The Great Train Robbery, directed by Julian Jarrold, where he played the role of

title: The Battle of the Sexes (1959 film)

text: The Battle of the Sexes (1959 film) The Battle of the Sexes is a 1959 British black and white comedy film starring Peter Sellers and directed by Charles Crichton, based on the short story "The Catbird Seat" by James Thurber. The story was adapted by Monja Danischewsky. A timid accountant in a Scottish Tweed weaving company (Sellers) cleverly bests the brash modern American efficiency expert (Cummings) whose ideas threaten his way of life. The film opens with Martin (Sellers) in Edinburgh buying whisky and cigarettes on the Royal Mile. We then see him at work as a head accountant in

title: Jack Donnelly

text: Jack Donnelly Jack Donnelly (born 28 October 1985) is an English actor, best known for his role in BBC series "Atlantis", in which he played the role of Jason. He is a founding member of the improvisational comedy group "Chuckle Duster", which performs occasionally in east London. His mother, Chrissie Wickham, a choreographer (of the Eurovision Bucks Fizz winning dance routine in 1981), actress and former Hot Gossip dance troupe member, performed in Starlight Express whilst up to six months pregnant with Jack, which he mentioned in an interview on the Graham Norton show on BBC Radio 2 on 21

title: Jack Lowden

text: Bevis in the 2019 comedy-drama WWE film "Fighting with My Family". Jack Lowden Jack Andrew Lowden (born 2 June 1990) is a Scottish actor. Following a highly successful and award-winning four-year stage career, his first major international onscreen success was in the 2016 BBC miniseries "War & Peace", which led to starring roles in feature films. Lowden starred as Eric Liddell in the 2012 play "Chariots of Fire" in London. In 2014 he won an Olivier Award and the Ian Charleson Award for his role as Oswald in Richard Eyre's 2013 adaptation of Ibsen's "Ghosts". Since 2013 he has been

title: Battle of the Sexes (film)

title: Battle of the Sexes (film)

long_answer: The film dramatizes the events leading up to the 1973 match between Billie Jean King (Emma Stone) and Robert Larimore Riggs (Steve Carell), and their personal lives. King and Gladys Heldman (Sarah Silverman) confront Jack Kramer (Bill Pullman) who has announced a tennis tournament where the top prize for women is one-eighth of the men’s prize, despite equal ticket sales. King and Heldman threaten to start their own tour but Kramer won't alter the terms, citing the inferiority of women’s tennis. He later expels the women who join the new tour from the Lawn Tennis Association. The women's tour struggles until Heldman wins a lucrative sponsorship from Virginia Slims cigarettes. Billie Jean begins an affair with Marilyn Barnett (Andrea Riseborough), her hairdresser, threatening her marriage to Larry King (Austin Stowell).

short_answers:
(Bill Pullman
Bill Pullman


question: is a network connection device that can build tables that identify addresses on each network

answers: routing table

answers: a router

title: Netdisco

text: Netdisco Netdisco is a network management tool suitable for small to very large networks. IP address and MAC address data is collected into a PostgreSQL database using SNMP, CLI, or device APIs. It allows network administrators to locate the exact switch port of any node connected to the network. Netdisco utilizes SNMP to fetch ARP tables from routers and MAC tables from layer 2 switches. If Cisco Discovery Protocol, Link Layer Discovery Protocol, Foundry Discovery Protocol or SynOptics Network Management Protocol is available, discovery of the network topology is mostly automatic. In case the above-mentioned protocols are not enabled (for

title: X.121

text: identify the country (one to identify a zone and two to identify the country within the zone) and one to identify the PDN (allowing only ten in each country). The NTN identifies the exact network device (DTE, data terminal equipment) in the packet-switched network (PSN) and is often provided as an NUA. There are no rules to the structure of the NTN. IPv4 addresses can be mapped to X.121 as described in RFC 1236. The 14.0.0.0/8 block used to be reserved for X.121 use but was returned to IANA in 2008 to stave off IPv4 address exhaustion. X.121 X.121 is

title: IP address

text: the NAT device maps TCP or UDP port numbers on the side of the larger, public network to individual private addresses on the masqueraded network. In residential networks, NAT functions are usually implemented in a residential gateway. In this scenario, the computers connected to the router have private IP addresses and the router has a public address on its external interface to communicate on the Internet. The internal computers appear to share one public IP address. Computer operating systems provide various diagnostic tools to examine their network interface and address configuration. Windows provides the command-line interface tools ipconfig and netsh

title: LogMeIn Hamachi

text: LogMeIn Hamachi LogMeIn Hamachi is a virtual private network (VPN) application that is capable of establishing direct links between computers that are behind Network address translation("NAT") firewalls without requiring reconfiguration (when the user's PC can be accessed directly without relays from the Internet/WAN side); in other words, it establishes a connection over the Internet that emulates the connection that would exist if the computers were connected over a local area network ("LAN"). It is currently available as a production version for Microsoft Windows and macOS, as a beta version for Linux, and as a system-VPN-based client compatible with Android and

title: Cracking of wireless networks

text: device that people use at home to connect to the internet probably also functions as a DHCP server. Nowadays many router/DHCP devices perform Network Address Translation (NAT). The NAT device is a gateway between the local network and the internet. Seen from the internet, the NAT device seems to be a single "host". With NAT, the local network can use any IP address space. Some IP address ranges are reserved for private networks. These ranges are typically used for the local area network behind a NAT device, and they are: 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255, 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255, and 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255.

title: Packet Tracer

text: could freely download and use the tool free of charge for educational use. Packet Tracer can be run on Linux and Microsoft Windows. Similar Android and iOS apps are also available. Packet Tracer allows users to create simulated network topologies by dragging and dropping routers, switches and various other types of network devices. A physical connection between devices is represented by a "cable" item. Packet Tracer supports an array of simulated Application Layer protocols, as well as basic routing with RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, BGP, to the extents required by the current CCNA curriculum. As of version 5.3, Packet Tracer also

title: Internet protocol suite

text: functionality, the internet layer makes possible internetworking, the interworking of different IP networks, and it essentially establishes the Internet. The Internet Protocol is the principal component of the internet layer, and it defines two addressing systems to identify network hosts' computers, and to locate them on the network. The original address system of the ARPANET and its successor, the Internet, is Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4). It uses a 32-bit IP address and is therefore capable of identifying approximately four billion hosts. This limitation was eliminated in 1998 by the standardization of Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) which uses 128-bit

title: Private Network-to-Network Interface

text: Private Network-to-Network Interface The Private Network-to-Network Interface (PNNI) is a link-state routing protocol used in Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks. PNNI is similar to the open shortest path first (OSPF) used for IP routing. PNNI is a suite of network protocols that can be used to discover an ATM network topology, create a database of topology information, and route calls over the discovered topology. PNNI is a link-state routing protocol, which means that the protocol collects information about the current state of links and nodes in the network to build a network database. The PNNI network database can be used

title: Address book

text: mobile phone, and the "friends lists" on their social networking services. A network address book allows them to organize and manage their address books through one interface and share their contacts across their different address books and social networks Address book An address book or a name and address book (NAB) is a book or a database used for storing entries called contacts. Each contact entry usually consists of a few standard fields (for example: first name, last name, company name, address, telephone number, e-mail address, fax number, mobile phone number). Most such systems store the details in alphabetical order

title: VQP

text: to the server informing that a device has been disconnected. VQP The VLAN Query Protocol (VQP) was developed by Cisco and allows end-devices on LANs to be authenticated via their MAC address and an appropriate VLAN attributed to the port, using a VLAN Management Policy Server (VMPS). VQP is a Cisco-only protocol that is supported only by older switches running CatOS. Many vendors (including Cisco) have turned to support dynamic VLAN assignments using the 802.1x authentication protocol with a Radius server that has additional attributes designating the VLAN. Upon physically connecting a device to a port of a switch configured

title: Windows Rally

text: expose resources through Function Discovery. PnP-X uses SSDP and WS-Discovery network communication protocols to make network-connected devices as discoverable as those that are connected directly to a computer over a bus such as Universal Serial Bus (USB). PnP-X allows network-connected devices to appear as devices inside Windows connected physically and provides an installation experience that is similar to attaching a bus-connected device. The device manufacturer implements PnP-X capabilities to supplement either UPnP or Web Services for Devices (WSD) enabled devices. As a result, for end users, the device is relatively as easy to install as traditional Plug and Play devices.

title: Network interface controller

text: Network interface controller A network interface controller (NIC, also known as a network interface card, network adapter, LAN adapter or physical network interface, and by similar terms) is a computer hardware component that connects a computer to a computer network. Early network interface controllers were commonly implemented on expansion cards that plugged into a computer bus. The low cost and ubiquity of the Ethernet standard means that most newer computers have a network interface built into the motherboard. Modern network interface controllers offer advanced features such as interrupt and DMA interfaces to the host processors, support for multiple receive and

title: Wi-Fi

text: wired devices. Wireless adapters allow devices to connect to a wireless network. These adapters connect to devices using various external or internal interconnects such as PCI, miniPCI, USB, ExpressCard, Cardbus and PC Card. , most newer laptop computers come equipped with built in internal adapters. Wireless routers integrate a Wireless Access Point, Ethernet switch, and internal router firmware application that provides IP routing, NAT, and DNS forwarding through an integrated WAN-interface. A wireless router allows wired and wireless Ethernet LAN devices to connect to a (usually) single WAN device such as a cable modem or a DSL modem. A wireless

title: Network block device

text: Network block device On some operating systems, a network block device is a device node whose content is provided by a remote machine. Typically, network block devices are used to access a storage device that does not physically reside in the local machine but on a remote one. As an example, a local machine can access a hard disk drive that is attached to another computer. Technically, a network block device is realized by three components: the server part, the client part, and the network between them. On the client machine, on which is the device node, a kernel driver

title: Windows Vista networking technologies

text: items can be a shared device such as a scanner, or a file share. The "Network Location Awareness" (NLA) service uniquely identifies each network and exposes the network's attributes and connectivity type so that applications can determine the optimal network configuration. However, applications have to use the NLA APIs explicitly to be aware of the network connectivity changes, and adapt accordingly. Windows Vista uses the Link Layer Topology Discovery (LLTD) protocol to graphically present how different devices are connected over a network, as a "Network Map". In addition, the "Network Map" uses LLTD to determine connectivity information and media type

title: Packet Tracer

text: Packet Tracer Packet Tracer is a cross-platform visual simulation tool designed by Cisco Systems that allows users to create network topologies and imitate modern computer networks. The software allows users to simulate the configuration of Cisco routers and switches using a simulated command line interface. Packet Tracer makes use of a drag and drop user interface, allowing users to add and remove simulated network devices as they see fit. The software is mainly focused towards Certified Cisco Network Associate Academy students as an educational tool for helping them learn fundamental CCNA concepts. Previously students enrolled in a CCNA Academy program

title: Linksys WRTP54G router

text: Linksys WRTP54G router Linksys WRTP54G is a Wi-Fi capable router with VoIP capability from Linksys. Launched in 2005, it is similar in function to the popular WRT54G, the device is capable of sharing Internet connections amongst several computers via 802.3 Ethernet and 802.11b/g wireless data links, but it also has two POTS ports for VoIP telephony. The router was being sold pre-configured for providers Vonage and EarthLink, but was also available without any pre-configured service. In the latter case one needed to configure the VoIP settings oneself. It sold for about $130 on launch, with a Vonage monthly plan of

title: Location information server

text: a device is determined by finding which cables are used to send packets to the device. This involves tracing data through aggregation points in the network (such as Ethernet switches, or DSL access nodes) and finding the port that packets for that device are sent to. This information is combined with data available to the LIS (usually extracted from a database) to determine a final location. How this tracing is done then depends on the type of network. In wireless networks, a range of technologies can be applied to location determination, the most basic of which uses the location of

title: NeDi

text: NeDi NeDi is an open source software tool which discovers, maps and inventories your network devices and tracks connected end-nodes. It contains a lot of features in a user-friendly GUI for managing enterprise networks. For example: MAC address mapping/tracking, traffic & error graphing, uptime monitoring, correlate collected syslog & trap messages with customizable notification, drawing network maps, extensive reporting features such as device software, PoE usage, disabled interfaces, link errors, switch usage and many more. Its modular architecture allows for simple integration with other tools. For example, Cacti graphs can be created purely based on discovered information. Due to NeDi's

title: Linksys routers

text: connections among several computers via 802.3 Ethernet and 802.11b wireless data links. With only 1 MB of flash storage and 4 MB of RAM, no third party replacement firmware is compatible with it. The Linksys WRT54G and variants WRT54GS, WRT54GL, and WRTSL54GS are Wi-Fi capable residential gateways from Linksys. The device is capable of sharing Internet connections among several computers via 802.3 Ethernet and 802.11b/g wireless data links. The WRT54GL as well as most (but not all) of the other variants in this series, are capable of running Linux-based third-party firmware for added features. Supported software includes Tomato, OpenWrt, and

title: MAC address

text: MAC address A media access control address (MAC address) of a device is a unique identifier assigned to a network interface controller (NIC) for communications at the data link layer of a network segment. MAC addresses are used as a network address for most IEEE 802 network technologies, including Ethernet, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. In this context, MAC addresses are used in the medium access control protocol sublayer. As typically represented, MAC addresses are recognizable as six groups of two hexadecimal digits, separated by hyphens, colons, or no separator (see Notational conventions below). A MAC may be referred to as the

title: Network-to-network interface

text: and subsequently sub-interfaces (VLAN headers and DLCI headers for Ethernet and frame relay network packets) on each interface used for the NNI circuit. In the case of eBGP NNI interconnection, IP routers are taught how to dynamically exchange VRF records without VLAN creation. NNI also can be used for interconnection of two VoIP nodes. In cases of mixed or full-mesh scenarios, other NNI types are possible. NNI interconnection is encapsulation independent, but Ethernet and Frame Relay are commonly used. Network-to-network interface In telecommunications, a network-to-network interface (NNI) is an interface that specifies signaling and management functions between two networks. An

title: Ngrep

text: device used for network traffic capture on a LAN, MAN, or WAN, can watch all unencrypted information related to login ID's, passwords, or URLs and content of websites being viewed in that network. Ngrep ngrep (network grep) is a network packet analyzer written by Jordan Ritter. It has a command-line interface, and relies upon the pcap library and the GNU regex library. ngrep supports Berkeley Packet Filter (BPF) logic to select network sources or destinations or protocols, and also allows matching patterns or regular expressions in the data payload of packets using GNU grep syntax, showing packet data in a

title: Computer network

text: one person. Some examples of devices that are used in a PAN are personal computers, printers, fax machines, telephones, PDAs, scanners, and even video game consoles. A PAN may include wired and wireless devices. The reach of a PAN typically extends to 10 meters. A wired PAN is usually constructed with USB and FireWire connections while technologies such as Bluetooth and infrared communication typically form a wireless PAN. A local area network (LAN) is a network that connects computers and devices in a limited geographical area such as a home, school, office building, or closely positioned group of buildings. Each

title: Database connection

text: Database connection A Database connection is facility in computer science that allows client software to talk to database server software, whether on the same machine or not. A connection is required to send commands and receive answers, usually in the form of a result set. Connections are a key concept in data-centric programming. Since some DBMS engines require considerable time to connect connection pooling was invented to improve performance. No command can be performed against a database without an "open and available" connection to it. Connections are built by supplying an underlying driver or provider with a connection string, which

title: Java Database Connectivity

text: Java Database Connectivity Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) is an application programming interface (API) for the programming language Java, which defines how a client may access a database. It is a Java-based data access technology used for Java database connectivity. It is part of the Java Standard Edition platform, from Oracle Corporation. It provides methods to query and update data in a database, and is oriented towards relational databases. A JDBC-to-ODBC bridge enables connections to any ODBC-accessible data source in the Java virtual machine (JVM) host environment. Sun Microsystems released JDBC as part of Java Development Kit (JDK) 1.1 on February

title: Address Book Server

text: and is no longer undergoing development. Address Book Server Address Book Server dates back several years before the inclusion of the feature to share contacts in 10.6 Server. This product is based on Sync Services and synchronised contacts between network Macintosh computers, thus allowing the contacts to be present in the local Address Book in the same manner as any other contacts. The server has a friendly web interface which can be used to provide access to Windows / Linux or remote users. This product is not to be confused with the Address Book Server included in Snow Leopard Server

title: Zero-configuration networking

text: such as printing devices. Computer networks use numerical network addresses to identify communications endpoints in a network of participating devices. This is similar to the telephone network which assigns a string of digits to identify each telephone. In modern networking protocols, information to be transmitted is divided into a series of network packets. Every packet contains the source and destination addresses for the transmission. Network routers examine these addresses to determine the best network path in forwarding the data packet at each step toward its destination. Similarly to telephones being labeled with their telephone number, it was a common practice

title: Seamoby

text: Seamoby The Seamoby Candidate Access Router Discovery, or CARD, is an experimental protocol outlined by RFC 4065 and RFC 4066. The protocol is designed to speed up the hand over of IP devices between wireless access routers. The protocol defines a mechanism that can be used by an access router to automatically discover its neighbor with help of mobile devices. Based on some trigger, mobile devices scan for a neighbor access points and report list of newly found access point identifiers to the connected access router. The connected access router performs reverse look up using AP id(s) to identify the

title: Routing table

text: In computer networking a routing table, or routing information base (RIB), is a data table stored in a router or a networked computer that lists the routes to particular network destinations, and in some cases, metrics (distances) associated with those routes. The routing table contains information about the topology of the network immediately around it. The construction of routing tables is the primary goal of routing protocols. Static routes are entries made in a routing table by non-automatic means and which are fixed rather than being the result of some network topology "discovery" procedure.

title: Routing table

short_answers:
a router
routing table