question: total strength of judges in supreme court of india

answers: 24

answers: 24 judges

title: Supreme Court of India

text: However, in an interview in June 2018 with NDTV, Justice Chelameswar revealed that most Supreme court judges including him work around 14 hours per day, and continue to work for an average of 7 hours per day even during vacations. He further reminded that while the Supreme court of United States delivers judgement on just 120 cases while every judge in the Supreme court of India delivers judgements on 1000-1500 cases per year. Supreme Court of India The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal under the Constitution of India, the highest constitutional

title: Bombay High Court

text: Senior Counsel Iqbal Chagla. In 2011, a couple of petitions came to be filed challenging housing societies built by judges upon plots of land reserved for other purposes. The court has a Sanctioned strength of 94 (Permanent:71, Additional:23) judges. The court has a judge to people ratio of 1 to 1.61 million. The total pending cases in High Court are about 4,64,074. The Judge to case ratio is 1:6630. The strength of judges in Maharashtra as on 01.01.2018 was 70 High Court Judges, 399 District Judges, 484 Senior Civil Judges and 1267 Junior Civil Judges against the sanctioned strength of

title: Supreme Court of India

text: court as on 1 November 2017 is 55,259 which includes 32,160 admission matters (miscellaneous) and 23,099 regular hearing matters. In May, 2014, former Chief Justice of India, Justice R.M. Lodha, proposed to make Indian judiciary work throughout the year (instead of the present system of having long vacations, specially in the higher courts) in order to reduce pendency of cases in Indian courts; however, as per this proposal there is not going to be any increase in the number of working days or working hours of any of the judges and it only meant that different judges would be going

title: Supreme Court of India

text: Supreme Court of India The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal under the Constitution of India, the highest constitutional court, with the power of judicial review. Consisting of the Chief Justice of India and a maximum of 30 other judges, it has extensive powers in the form of original, appellate and advisory jurisdictions. As the final court of appeal of the country, it takes up appeals primarily against verdicts of the high courts of various states of the Union and other courts and tribunals. It safeguards fundamental rights of citizens and settles

title: Allahabad High Court

text: water fountain to the High court. The seat of the court is at Prayagraj. Allahabad High Court maintains a permanent circuit bench at Lucknow, the administrative capital of the state. The maximum number of serving judges is 160, the highest in India. Justice Govind Mathur is the current Chief Justice of the Court. The court has a Sanctioned strength of 160 (Permanent:76, Additional:84) judges. The strength of judges in Allahabad high court as on 22.11.2018 was 109 High Court Judges. Judges elevated to the Supreme Court of India- Judges transferred from the Allahabad High Court- Private journals that report Allahabad

title: Supreme Court of India

text: of India provided for a supreme court with a chief justice and 7 judges. In the early years, a full bench of the supreme court sat together to hear the cases presented before them. As the work of the court increased and cases began to accumulate, parliament increased the number of judges(including CJI) from the original 8 in 1950 to 11 in 1956, 14 in 1960, 18 in 1978, 26 in 1986 and 31 in 2008 (current strength). As the number of the judges has increased, they sit in smaller benches of two or three (referred to as a division

title: High Court of Gujarat

text: judge can resign by writing to the President of India. Terms of appointment of judges cannot be altered to their disadvantage after their appointment. The following are qualifications to be judge of Gujarat High Court. and The present strength of Gujarat High court is 31 against sanctioned strength of 42. High Court of Gujarat The Gujarat High Court is the High Court of the state of Gujarat. It was established on 1 May 1960 under the "Bombay State Re-organisation Act, 1960" after the state of Gujarat split from Bombay State. The seat of the court is Ahmedabad. The present strength

title: Madras High Court

text: Constitution of India. It consists of 74 judges and a chief justice who are in charge of the general policy adopted in the administration of justice. In September 2016, the centre government forwarded names of 15 new judges to the President for his signature on their warrants of appointment. Of the 15, nine are from among lawyers and six from the subordinate judiciary. Justice V.K. Tahilramani of the Bombay High Court has been appointed as Chief Justice of Madras High Court, though she is yet to assume office, after Justice Indira Banerjee was elevated to the Supreme Court of India.

title: Bombay High Court

text: 2642 judges. Thus the judge to people ratio of Maharashtra is approximately 1:55000. The Law Commission in its 120th report has recommended a ratio of 1:20000. As on 01.03.2018 the number of practicing Advocates in Maharashtra is 95,378. As per National Judicial Data Grid, the total pending cases in District and Taluka Courts in Maharashtra are 33,57,582. On an average 1,31,000 cases are filed every month and 1,21,000 cases are disposed monthly. Judges elevated to the Supreme Court of India. Judges transferred from the Bombay High Court. The court has jurisdiction over the states of Maharashtra, Goa and the Union

title: Judicial activism in India

text: Allahabad High Court rejected the candidature of Indira Gandhi. The introduction of public interest litigation by Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer further expanded its scope. Judicial activism in India The Supreme Court of India () is the highest judicial forum and the final court of appeal of India, established under Constitution of India, according to which the Supreme Court is the highest constitutional court and acts as the guardian of Constitution. India has an integrated and yet independent judiciary. Since independence, the judiciary has played a very active role in dispensing justice since the "A K Gopalan vs State of Madras"

title: Government of India

text: The supreme court is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal under the Constitution of India, the highest constitutional court, with the power of constitutional review. Consisting of the Chief Justice of India and 30 sanctioned other judges, it has extensive powers in the form of original, appellate and advisory jurisdictions. As the final court of appeal of the country, it takes up appeals primarily against verdicts of the high courts of various states of the Union and other courts and tribunals. It safeguards fundamental rights of citizens and settles disputes between various governments in the country. As

title: Government of Kerala

text: other judges who are appointed by the President of India. At present, the sanctioned Judge strength of the High Court of Kerala is 27 Permanent Judges including the Chief Justice H.L. Dattu and two additional judges. Every judge including the Chief Justice is appointed by the President of India by Warrant under his hand and seal. Every permanent and additional judge will continue in office until the age of 62. The High Court of Kerala is located in Kochi and there are courts in every district centres and some municipal centres. Like in other Indian states, the Executive arm of

title: Judicial activism in India

text: Judicial activism in India The Supreme Court of India () is the highest judicial forum and the final court of appeal of India, established under Constitution of India, according to which the Supreme Court is the highest constitutional court and acts as the guardian of Constitution. India has an integrated and yet independent judiciary. Since independence, the judiciary has played a very active role in dispensing justice since the "A K Gopalan vs State of Madras" case (1950) followed by the Shankari Prasad case, etc. However, the judiciary remained submissive until the 1960s but its assertiveness started in 1973 when

title: Judiciary of India

text: on 2 July 1862, whereas the Allahabad High Court is the largest, having a sanctioned strength of judges at 160. High courts which handle a large number of cases of a particular region, have permanent "benches" (or a branch of the court) established there. For litigants of remote regions, 'circuit benches' are set up, which work for those days in a month when judges visit. The District Courts of India are established by the State governments of India for every district or for one or more districts together taking into account the number of cases, population distribution in the district.

title: Supreme Court of India

text: India. In 2010, Justice S. H. Kapadia coming from a Parsi minority community became the Chief Justice of India. In 2017, Justice Jagdish Singh Khehar became the first Sikh Chief Justice of India. Indu Malhotra is the first women justice to be selected directly from bar. The constitution seeks to ensure the independence of supreme court judges in various ways. Per of directive principles of state policy, the state shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive. Independence of the judiciary, the supremacy of the constitution and rule of law are the features of the basic structure of

title: Judiciary of India

text: miserly 0.2 per cent of the gross domestic product. The judge-population ratio is 10.5 to one million, which should be 50 to one million. The government has been the largest, single party litigating before the courts, and has kept adding cases to the over-burdened courts despite losing most, and then on losing, has relentlessly taken them to the next court, much of this being avoidable, according to the Law Commission The vast number of cases pending in the Supreme Court as well as the other lower courts has defeated the very purpose of the judicial system. For justice delayed, is

title: Indian High Courts Act 1861

text: one High Court at Guwahati which serves Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram and Nagaland. Composition: In every High Court, there is a Chief Justice and many other judges whose number is defined by the President of India. Appointment of the Judges: The Chief Justice of a High Court is appointed by the President with the consultation of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the Governor of the State. The other judges are appointed by the will of President, Governor and the Chief Justice of High Court. Qualifications for the Judges (a) He should be a citizen of India. (b)

title: Kerala High Court

text: criminal matters, and the power to answer references to it under some statutes. The High Court has the superintendence and visitorial jurisdiction over all courts and tribunals of inferior jurisdiction covered under its territorial jurisdiction. At present, the sanctioned Judge strength of the High Court of Kerala is 27 Permanent Judges including the Chief Justice and 20 Additional Judges. Depending on the importance and nature of the question to be adjudicated, the judges sit as Single (one judge), Division (two judges), Full (three judges) or such other benches of larger strengths. The foundation stone for the new multi-storied building now

title: Supreme Court of India

text: Inquiry (Amendment) Bill 2008 in parliament for setting up of a panel called the National Judicial Council, headed by the Chief Justice of India, that will probe into allegations of corruption and misconduct by High Court and supreme court judges. According to supreme court newsletter, there are 58,519 cases pending in the supreme court, out of which 37,385 are pending for more than a year, at the end of 2011. Excluding connected cases, there are still 33,892 pending cases. As per the latest pendency data made available by the supreme court, the total number of pending cases in the supreme

title: Judiciary of India

text: of High Court. The precise territorial jurisdiction of each High Court varies Judges in a high court are appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, Chief Justice of High Court and the governor of the state. The number of judges in a court is decided by dividing the average institution of main cases during the last five years by the national average, or the average rate of disposal of main cases per judge per year in that High Court, whichever is higher. The Calcutta High Court is the oldest High Court in the country, established

title: Karnataka High Court

text: be filed in the Karnataka High court and the case was heard in the very building that was supposed to be demolished. In August 1984, the judges M. N. Venkatachaliah and Vittal Rao pronounced a judgement that stayed the demolition. The High Court has a sanctioned judge strength of 62. Many judges have presided in the High Court with four of them including E. S. Venkataramiah, M. N. Venkatachaliah, S. Rajendra Babu and H.L. Dattu, going on to become the Chief Justice of India and others including Kalmanje Jagannatha Shetty, N. Venkatachala, R. V. Raveendran, Shivaraj Patil, Venkate Gopala Gowda,

title: Supreme Court of India

text: bench)—coming together in larger benches of five or more (referred to as a constitution bench) when required to settle fundamental questions of law. A bench may refer a case before it to a larger bench, should the need arise. A citizen of India not exceeding 65 years age as per of the constitution who has been is eligible to be recommended for appointment, a judge of the supreme court. In practice, judges of the supreme court have been selected so far, mostly from amongst judges of the high courts. Barely seven justices—S. M. Sikri, S. Chandra Roy, Kuldip Singh, Santosh

title: Supreme court

text: In India, the Supreme Court of India was created on January 28, 1950 after adoption of the Constitution. Article 141 of the Constitution of India states that the law declared by Supreme Court is to be binding on all Courts within the territory of India. It is the highest court in India and has ultimate judicial authority to interpret the Constitution and decide questions of national law (including local bylaws). The Supreme Court is also vested with the power of judicial review to ensure the application of the rule of law. Note that within the constitutional framework of India, Jammu

title: K. M. Joseph

text: at number 42 in the All India High Court Judges’ Seniority list and there are presently 11 Chief Justices of various High Courts who are senior to him. If his name is returned, the Collegium can reiterate his name which will make it incumbent upon the government to issue a warrant for his appointment to the Supreme Court. On the same day of government’s refusal to appoint Justice Joseph as the Supreme Court Judge, the Supreme Court Bar Association moved a petition signed by 100 lawyers seeking a stay on the warrant appointing Indira Malhotra as a Supreme Court judge

title: Madras High Court

text: largest number of courts in Asia. The current Chief Justice of the Madras High Court is Hon'ble Justice Vijaya Kamlesh Tahilramani. it currently has 57 judges, including the Chief Justice, who exercise civil, criminal, writ, testamentary and admiralty jurisdiction. The Madurai Bench has been functioning since 2004. The vestiges of the colonial High Court continue to characterise the premises till date. In a rare tradition which is today a distinction, Judges of the Madras High Court are still led by orderlies who bear a ceremonial mace made of silver. This is a practice so old and Anglican that most High

title: Bombay High Court

text: been Chief Justice of India. The court has Original Jurisdiction in addition to its Appellate. The decisions of this court can be appealed "only" to the Supreme Court of India. The Mumbai High Court has a sanctioned strength of 94 judges (71 permanent, 23 additional). The building is part of The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble of Mumbai, which was added to the list of World Heritage Sites in 2018. The Bombay High Court was one of the three High Courts in India established at the Presidency Towns by Letters patent granted by Queen Victoria, bearing date June 26, 1862.

title: Chief Justice of India

text: been laid down in "The Supreme Court Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Act, 1958". This remuneration was revised in 2006-2008, after the sixth central pay commission's recommendation. Chief Justice of India The Chief Justice of India (CJI) is the head of the judiciary of India and the Supreme Court of India. The CJI also heads their administrative functions. As head of the supreme court, the chief justice is responsible for the allocation of cases and appointment of constitutional benches which deal with important matters of law. In accordance with Article 145 of the Constitution of India and the Supreme

title: Supreme Court of India

text: that the state/judiciary shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing a social order in which social, economic and political justice is animated/informed in all institutions of life. B. R. Ambedkar clarified as given below in the Constituent Assembly debates on high lighting its inevitable implementation. As per the constitution, as held by the court in the Three Judges Cases – (1982, 1993, 1998), a judge is appointed to the supreme court by the president on the recommendation of the "collegium" — a closed group of the Chief Justice of India, the four most senior judges of

title: Supreme Court of India

text: being on 26 January 1950. It replaced both the Federal Court of India and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council which were then at the apex of the Indian court system. Supreme court initially had its seat at Chamber of Princes in the parliament building where the previous Federal Court of India sat from 1937 to 1950. The first Chief Justice of India was H. J. Kania. In 1958, the supreme court moved to its present premises. Originally, the Constitution of India envisaged a supreme court with a chief justice and seven judges; leaving it to parliament to increase

title: List of sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India

text: This is a list of judges of the Supreme Court of India, the highest court in the Republic of India. The list is ordered according to seniority. There are currently 24 judges, against a maximum possible strength of 31.  As per the Constitution of India, judges of the Supreme Court judges retire at age 65.


question: who is the original singer of just when i needed you most

answers: Randy VanWarmer

title: Just When I Needed You Most

text: John Sebastian on autoharp, reached No. 62 on the "Billboard" country music chart. Other artists who either recorded or performed the song in concert include country music singers Tim McGraw, Donna Fargo, Skeeter Davis and Conway Twitty, R&B vocalist Millie Jackson, the German disco musician Peter Griffin, British glam rock band Smokie, reggae artists Barbara Jones, and Eddie Lovette, Filipino singer Pops Fernandez, Bob Dylan, Paul Butterfield, Billy Joe Royal, and the Spanish group Mocedades. In 2002, the American-Taiwanese singer Will Pan released a bilingual English/Chinese version of the song. Dana Winner recorded "Just When I Needed You Most" for

title: Just When I Needed You Most

text: her 2011 album "Unforgettable". Anne Nolan recorded "Just When I Needed You Most" for her 2013 debut solo album "Just One Voice". A Finnish rendering of "Just When I Needed You Most" entitled "Juuri Kun Tarvitsin Sua" was recorded by ELF () for their 1979 album "Tarantella-Joe". Ingela "Pling" Forsman wrote lyrics in Swedish as "När jag behövde dig mest", which was recorded by Swedish dansband Wizex on the 1980 album "You Treated Me Wrong". A Spanish rendering entitled "Necesitando Tu Amor" was recorded by Mocedades for their 1982 album "Amor De Hombre". An Austrian rendering entitled "Ausg´lacht" was recorded

title: Just When I Needed You Most

text: 8. VanWarmer attributed his single's success to empathy for its heartbreak scenario: "It's happened to everyone. That emotion is universal...I always hoped the record wasn't wallowing in self-pity and it had some redeeming value, and I guess it does." VanWarmer also attributed his single's success to the autoharp instrumental break between the second and third verses, performed by John Sebastian. The song's co-writer Tony Wilson recorded "Just When I Needed You Most" for his 1979 album "Catch One". Dolly Parton recorded a cover version of the song for her 1996 album, "Treasures": this version, which like the VanWarmer original featured

title: Just When I Needed You Most

text: the flip was the original intended A-side of VanWarmer's single. Released as a single in February 1979, VanWarmer's "Just When I Needed You Most" spent two weeks atop the US "Billboard" adult contemporary chart in May of that year and in June 1979 reached its peak position of No. 4 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart accruing an overall Top 40 tenure of 14 weeks and earning RIAA Gold record status. In addition, the track reached No. 71 on the "Billboard" country music chart. and in September 1979 made the Top 10 on the UK Singles Chart, peaking at No.

title: Warmer (album)

text: of view." It reached No. 4 on "Billboard" in 1979. By December 1980, VanWarmer toured in Europe to support the release of "Warmer", as well as Japan and Hong Kong. A brief review in a 1979 issue of "Billboard" compares VanWarmer's style of singing on "Warmer" to that of The Bee Gees, and although the writer felt the album lacked diversity, "Just When I Needed You Most" was regarded as a good cut. According to "The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music", "Just When I Needed You Most" was the song VanWarmer was "best remembered for." All track composed by Randy

title: Just When I Needed You Most

text: for an album recorded for the UK division of Bearsville Records, VanWarmer then flew to the US to pressure Bearsville's head office to promote the album which was duly remixed and released with "Just When I Needed You Most" as lead single although VanWarmer would recall that Bearsville evinced little enthusiasm for the track: "Nobody thought my version was an especially good version of the song [which] a few other people were thinking of cutting...Everybody just assumed mine was a demo for people to listen to who'd [then] cut the definitive version". It has also been asserted that "Your Light"

title: Barbara Jones (singer)

text: Barbara Jones (singer) Barbara Nation ( – 19 December 2014), better known as Barbara Jones, was a Jamaican singer who had a UK hit single in 1981 with "Just When I Needed You Most". Born in Kingston and raised in Manchester, Jamaica, she began her career in 1971 with the single "Sad Movies". She had her greatest success in January 1981 with "Just When I Needed You Most", which reached number 31 on the UK Singles Chart. She toured as backing singer with Jimmy Cliff in the late 1970s and early 1980s; In 1991, she became a devout Christian and

title: Where Were You When I Needed You

text: They include Jan & Dean, Herman's Hermits, Tommy Roe, Del Shannon, The Hitmakers and The Bangles. All songs written by P.F. Sloan and Steve Barri except as noted. Where Were You When I Needed You Where Were You When I Needed You is the debut studio album by the American rock band The Grass Roots, released in October 1966 by Dunhill Records. Most of the album is performed by the songwriter/producer duo of P.F. Sloan and Steve Barri. Some of the album features members of a San Francisco band that became the first Grass Roots. The members who recorded are

title: Where Were You When I Needed You

text: I Needed You", with Fulton's voice replacing Sloan's as the lead vocal, was finally released in June 1966 and reached the Top 40, peaking at #28. But that success was too late for the band members, who were frustrated by Dunhill's reluctance to let them record as a band. Although much of the first album had already been recorded at that time, the band (except for Larson) decided to return to San Francisco in early 1966. After the band quit, Sloan once again took over as lead singer of the Grass Roots sessions, as he had been on the original

title: Where Were You When I Needed You

text: Where Were You When I Needed You Where Were You When I Needed You is the debut studio album by the American rock band The Grass Roots, released in October 1966 by Dunhill Records. Most of the album is performed by the songwriter/producer duo of P.F. Sloan and Steve Barri. Some of the album features members of a San Francisco band that became the first Grass Roots. The members who recorded are vocalist Willie Fulton and drummer Joel Larson. The A and B side singles released are "Mr. Jones (Ballad Of A Thin Man)", "You're a Lonely Girl", "Where Were

title: Michelle Creber

text: of originals with Gabriel Brown. Other recent singing features include lead vocals for the theme song of NBCs Nina’s World and a duet with Billy Joel for the TV movie soundtrack of Just the Way You Are. Michelle Creber Michelle Nicole Creber (born September 7, 1999) is a Canadian actress, singer, dancer, musician, song-writer and voice actress who is known around the world as the speaking/singing voice of Apple Bloom (and the singing voice of Sweetie Belle until 2013) in the TV series "". She was born to jazz pianist/producer Michael Creber, and vocalist/producer Monique Creber. Michelle first appeared on

title: Rob Grill

text: Sloan and Steve Barri (The Mamas & the Papas, Tommy Roe, Four Tops and Dusty Springfield) were asked by Dunhill to write songs that would capitalize on the growing interest in the folk-rock movement. Their song “Where Were You When I Needed You”, recorded as a demo with P.F. Sloan as lead singer was released under the name “The Grass Roots” and started to get airplay in San Francisco Bay area. Dunhill searched for a band to become The Grass Roots. After the first group they chose departed, a Los Angeles band composed of Creed Bratton, Rick Coonce, Warren Entner,

title: Where Were You When I Needed You

text: radio stations in San Francisco area and received a favorable review. However, Dunhill insisted that they find a "real group" to tour as the Grass Roots, since they were too valuable to Dunhill as songwriters for the label to allow them to perform live concerts or make TV appearances. Sloan and Barri chose a San Francisco band to become the Grass Roots. The band consisted of lead singer/lead guitarist Fulton, rhythm guitarist Denny Ellis, bassist David Stensen and drummer Larson. The band quickly had no shortage of live performances, as they became a resident band at the Los Angeles club

title: Just the Way You Are (Bruno Mars song)

text: and the Manufactured Superstars were among the names to remix the original version into electronic dance music versions. A deluxe edition which includes the remix and the music video was released on November 25, 2010, worldwide. "Just The Way You Are" is a pop, R&B and soft rock ballad. Its instrumentation features piano, keyboard sounds and breakbeat. The instruments are arranged into what critics described as a "nice smooth ballad with vocals". Tim Byron of The Vine said "the steeply rising melody at the start of the chorus introduces a little tension before defusing it with the, catchy tag of

title: The Cover Girls

text: group. Lead vocals where then taken over by Gayle Ellis. On "I Need Your Lovin'" the album vocals where by Valentine and the single remix vocals where handled by Ellis and Escalera (who had then returned to the group from hiatis). Nicki Richards also recorded her lead vocals on some of the "Satisy" album tracks; notably "Whenever You Need Me" and "Keep On Giving Me Love". In 1997, Sabrina Nieves contributed the track "Supersonic" under the name Sabrina Sang on the Jock Jams Vol. 3 album. In 1998, Lorraine Munoz released the single "Ritmo De La Noche" under the name

title: Where Were You When I Needed You

text: demos. Sloan stated that Dunhill policy at the time required albums to include "other people's hits" that "they were trying to get into stores", which is why the album does not only feature Sloan and Barri originals. Because there was no longer a band for TV appearances or live concerts, Sloan and Barri were never able to continue the success of "Where Were You When I Needed You". The twelve track vinyl album featured three songs sung by Fulton and the rest by Sloan, including Sloan's single version of "Where Were You When I Needed You". It failed to chart.

title: The Grass Roots

text: Were You When I Needed You," which was recorded by Sloan and Barri. Sloan provided the lead vocals and played guitar, Larry Knechtel played keyboards, Joe Osborn played the bass and Bones Howe was on drums. The song was released under "The Grass Roots" name and sent, as a demo, to several radio stations of the San Francisco Bay area. When moderate interest in this new band arose, Sloan and Barri went to look for a group that could incorporate the Grass Roots name. They found one, The Bedouins, in a San Francisco band that won a Battle of the

title: When I Need You

text: to release "When I Need You" as a promotional single in Brazil (September 1998). Two previous singles were very successful in Brazil. However, with no music video and no promotion "When I Need You" failed to repeat the success of Dion's earlier songs. Authors of "When I Need You" worked with Dion also on several other songs. Albert Hammond wrote "Just Walk Away", included on "The Colour of My Love" album (1993) and Carole Bayer Sager wrote "The Prayer", which became a part of "These Are Special Times" (1998). EW editor David Browne wrote: "an obligatory remake (a precisely enunciated

title: The Grass Roots

text: one who remained in Los Angeles (he later returned to the group in 1971). Fulton, Ellis and Stensen continued to appear as the Grass Roots, with original Bedouins drummer Bill Shoppe, until Dunhill ordered them to cease since they decided to start all over again with another group they would groom to be the Grass Roots. In the meantime, the second version of "Where Were You When I Needed You" peaked in the Top 40 in mid-1966, while an album of the same name sold poorly. Still looking for a group to record their material and promote it with live

title: Craig Powell (musician)

text: the band In 2004 with the songs "Out of Touch" and "You and Me". Powell performed at many high end events including at "Top of the Pops" and appeared in the official music video of the song. The single "You and Me" reached #12 in the UK charts. The main vocals for the band's third single, "Ai No Corrida" a remake of a Quincy Jones hit, featured the vocals of Laura More also known for her vocals on Eric Prydz' hit "Call on Me". The remake reached #18 in the UK. The band released their debut album "One World" after

title: Where Were You When I Needed You

text: "The Trip" and made frequent appearances at San Francisco's Avalon Ballroom. They also supported the Dunhill artists The Mamas and the Papas, Johnny Rivers and Barry McGuire on their TV performances. However, with the exception of Fulton's vocals and Larson on drums, they did not appear on the Grass Roots records, which featured Sloan and various session musicians. The band's single version of Bob Dylan's "Ballad of a Thin Man" (issued under the name "Mr. Jones") only reached the lower reaches of the Billboard Magazine charts, peaking at #121 in late 1965. A new single of "Where Were You When

title: Where Were You When I Needed You

text: titled "Tip of My Tongue" by Sloan. This CD version of the album included a total of ten songs sung by Sloan and eight songs sung by Fulton. In 2005, an English CD reissue on Rev-Ola Records included all of the previous tracks plus two more bonus tracks. They were the second and third vocal versions of "Where Were You When I Needed You" sung by Fulton first and then by the most famous Grass Roots lead singer Rob Grill. Since the original demo of "Where Were You When I Needed You" the song has been covered by other artists.

title: Emotion (Carly Rae Jepsen album)

text: brought in for additional work on the song. In a similar affair, Jepsen's admiration of Sky Ferreira's work led her to Rechtshaid and the pair began meeting for coffee dates, figuring out a session date as he was in the midst of producing with Brandon Flowers. Rechtshaid further contributed to "Emotion" by aiding in the selection process of its track list and finalizing the production on its closer, "When I Needed You". Rostam Batmanglij was a prior fan of Jepsen's work when he reached out to her in the summer of 2014, after learning that she was in Los Angeles

title: Maria Taylor

text: Conor Oberst of Bright Eyes, Gretta Cohn of Cursive, Andy LeMaster and Mike Mogis as both musicians and producers. Grey's Anatomy named its March 31, 2011 episode Song Beneath the Song after a track from the album and also featured the song on the original soundtrack. Taylor later recorded a new song for Grey's Anatomy's 2005 Christmas episode entitled "Christmas After All." Her second solo album, "Lynn Teeter Flower", was released on March 6, 2007, also on Saddle Creek. "A Good Start," the first track off "Lynn Teeter Flower", was subsequently named one of NPR's 10 best songs of the

title: All I Need Is You

text: All I Need Is You "All I Need Is You" is a single by Australian singer Guy Sebastian. "All I Need Is You" is the second single from the album "Just as I Am", following "Angels Brought Me Here". "All I Need Is You" reached number one on the ARIA Singles Chart and was accredited Platinum in Australia, and reached number five in New Zealand. The song also peaked at number two in Malaysia. As a B-side for this single, Sebastian recorded his own modern arrangement of "Climb Ev'ry Mountain" from "The Sound of Music", a song which he had

title: David Grellier

text: name Julia Lanoë). She is also part of the band Mansfield.TYA . Their first albums were released as burned CD-R by alternative distributors like Wonderground. An EP and an album were then released in 2009 by Scandale Records. David Grellier David Grellier (born July 2, 1979, Nantes, France) is a French electronica musician and founder of the musical projects College (2005) and Valerie (2007). Under the stage name Mitch Silver, he is also a member of the electroclash band Sexy Sushi, active since 2004. College, in Grellier's words, was an attempt "to synthesize into my music the emotions of my

title: All I Ever Need Is You (song)

text: recorded by Tom Jones, Sammi Smith and several others. All I Ever Need Is You (song) "All I Ever Need Is You" is a popular song written by Jimmy Holiday and Eddie Reeves, and initially recorded by Ray Charles for his 1971 album, "Volcanic Action of My Soul". The most well-known version of the song is the hit single by Sonny & Cher which, in 1971, reached No. 7 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, and was their single of greatest chart longevity, spending 15 weeks on that chart. Their album by the same title sold over 500,000 copies reaching

title: Where Were You When I Needed You

text: Fulton later was guitarist and vocalist in Tower of Power on their albums "East Bay Grease" (1970), "Bump City" (1972), "Direct" (1981) and "Power" (1987). Larson played with Gene Clark, The Merry-Go-Round, The Turtles and Lee Michaels before returning to the Grass Roots in 1971. Ellis and Stensen joined a San Francisco group named The Serpent Power led by Beat poet David Meltzer and his wife Tina. They released a self-titled album in 1967. In 1994, the original CD version of the album was released on Varèse Sarabande. It included six bonus tracks. Five were sung by Fulton and one

title: Dom Kelly

text: singer-songwriter Rachael Sage and legendary singer Judy Collins, as well as Canadian songwriter Kevin Parent. In early 2017, Dom announced the release of his debut solo album "Everything Is Just Enough" on MPress Records. The album will be released by NYC-based label Mpress Records. It features appearances by Emily Saliers of Indigo Girls, Lucy Wainwright Roche, Chris Trapper of The Push Stars, Sarah Bettens of K's Choice, Doris Muramatsu of Girlyman, and his identical brother and A Fragile Tomorrow bandmate Sean Kelly. He announced dates with Indigo Girls, Seth Glier and Rachael Sage in support of the album, and he

title: Just When I Needed You Most

text: "Just When I Needed You Most" is the title of a 1979 hit single by the American singer-songwriter Randy VanWarmer.

title: Just When I Needed You Most


question: where is the highest level of fluoride stored in the teeth

answers: surface of the enamel

title: Water fluoridation

text: bacteria, its effect on bacterial growth does not seem to be relevant to cavity prevention. Fluoride's effects depend on the total daily intake of fluoride from all sources. About 70–90% of ingested fluoride is absorbed into the blood, where it distributes throughout the body. In infants 80–90% of absorbed fluoride is retained, with the rest excreted, mostly via urine; in adults about 60% is retained. About 99% of retained fluoride is stored in bone, teeth, and other calcium-rich areas, where excess quantities can cause fluorosis. Drinking water is typically the largest source of fluoride. In many industrialized countries swallowed toothpaste

title: Toothpaste

text: States has 1,000 to 1,100 parts per million fluoride. In European countries, such as the UK or Greece, the fluoride content is often higher; a NaF content of 0.312% w/w (1,450 ppm fluoride) is common. All of these concentrations are likely to prevent tooth decay, according to a 2010 Cochrane review. Concentrations below 1,000 ppm are not likely to be preventive, and the preventive effect increases with concentration. Clinical trials support the use of high fluoride dentifrices, as it was found to reduce the amount of plaque accumulated, decrease the number of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli and possibly promote calcium

title: Fluoridation by country

text: Fluoridation by country Water fluoridation is the controlled addition of fluoride to a public water supply to reduce tooth decay, and is handled differently by country. Fluoridated water has fluoride at a level that is effective for preventing cavities; this can occur naturally or by adding fluoride. Fluoridated water operates on tooth surfaces: in the mouth it creates low levels of fluoride in saliva, which reduces the rate at which tooth enamel demineralizes and increases the rate at which it remineralizes in the early stages of cavities. Typically a fluoridated compound is added to drinking water, a process that in

title: Dental fluorosis

text: is fluoridated at the level of 1 ppm, one must consume one litre of water in order to take in 1 mg of fluoride. It is thus improbable a person will receive more than the tolerable upper limit from consuming optimally fluoridated water alone. Fluoride consumption can exceed the tolerable upper limit when someone drinks a lot of fluoride-containing water in combination with other fluoride sources, such as swallowing fluoridated toothpaste, consuming food with a high fluoride content, or consuming fluoride supplements. The use of fluoride supplements as a prevention for tooth decay is rare in areas with water fluoridation,

title: Fluoridation by country

text: While fluoridation can result in mild dental fluorosis, this effect is barely detectable and causes no concerns with the appearance or health of teeth. Countries practicing artificial water fluoridation vary in their recommended fluoride levels according to what health authorities in each have determined to be most effective for its citizens. The US recently reset the recommended optimal level of fluoride in drinking water, lowering it slightly, because of observed increased Fluorosis levels, likely due to additional fluoride sources like toothpaste and mouthwash which were not present when this level was originally set. Of Africa's 1.1 billion people, about 400,000

title: Fluoridation by country

text: Prevention study determined that "40.7% of adolescents aged 12–15 had dental fluorosis [in 1999–2004]". In response, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services together with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency are proposing to reduce the recommended level of fluoride in drinking water to the lowest end of the current range, 0.7 milligrams per liter of water (mg/L), from the previous recommended maximum of 0.7 to 1.2 mg/L in recognition of the increase in sources of fluoride such as fluoridated toothpastes and mouthwashes This could effectively terminate municipal water fluoridation in areas where fluoride levels from mineral deposits and industrial

title: Water fluoridation

text: Water fluoridation Water fluoridation is the controlled addition of fluoride to a public water supply to reduce tooth decay. Fluoridated water contains fluoride at a level that is effective for preventing cavities; this can occur naturally or by adding fluoride. Fluoridated water operates on tooth surfaces: in the mouth, it creates low levels of fluoride in saliva, which reduces the rate at which tooth enamel demineralizes and increases the rate at which it remineralizes in the early stages of cavities. Typically a fluoridated compound is added to drinking water, a process that in the U.S. costs an average of about

title: Tooth enamel

text: QAS was found stronger antimicrobial effect on many oral bacteria associated with dental decay, including "S. mutans". Many groups of people have spoken out against fluoridated drinking water, for reasons such as the neurotoxicity of fluoride or the damage fluoride can do as fluorosis. Fluorosis is a condition resulting from the overexposure to fluoride, especially between the ages of 6 months and 5 years, and appears as mottled enamel. Consequently, the teeth look unsightly, although the incidence of dental decay in those teeth is very small. Where fluoride is found naturally in high concentrations, filters are often used to decrease

title: Fluoridation by country

text: with guidelines set by provincial, territorial, and federal governments. Brantford, Ontario became the first city in Canada to fluoridate its water supplies in 1945. In 1955, Toronto approved water fluoridation, but delayed implementation of the program until 1963 due to a campaign against fluoridation by broadcaster Gordon Sinclair. The city continues to fluoridate its water today. In 2008 the recommended fluoride levels in Canada were reduced from 0.8–1.0 mg/L to 0.7 mg/L to minimize the risk of dental fluorosis. Ontario, Alberta, and Manitoba have the highest rates of fluoridation, about 70–75%. The lowest rates are in Quebec (about 6%), British

title: Tooth enamel

text: the amount of fluoride in water. For this reason, codes have been developed by dental professionals to limit the amount of fluoride a person should take. These codes are supported by the American Dental Association and the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry; Furthermore, whereas topical fluoride, found in toothpaste and mouthwashes, does not cause fluorosis, its effects are now considered more important than those of systemic fluoride, such as when drinking fluorinated water. However, systemic fluoride works topically as well with fluoride levels in saliva increase also when drinking fluoridated water. Lately, dental professionals are looking for other ways to

title: Fluoride

text: dental fluorosis, the upper limit of fluoride is set at 10 mg/day regardless of weight. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Dietary Reference Intakes, which is the "highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects" specify 10 mg/day for most people, corresponding to 10 L of fluoridated water with no risk. For infants and young children the values are smaller, ranging from 0.7 mg/d for infants to 2.2 mg/d. Water and food sources of fluoride include community water fluoridation, seafood, tea, and gelatin. Soluble fluoride salts, of which sodium

title: Water fluoridation in the United States

text: that most had fluoride levels well below the 1 mg/L level common in tap waters. Community water fluoridation in the United States is partly due to the research of Dr. Frederick McKay, who pressed the dental community for an investigation into what was then known as "Colorado Brown Stain." The condition, now known as dental fluorosis, when in its severe form is characterized by cracking and pitting of the teeth. Of 2,945 children examined in 1909 by Dr. McKay, 87.5% had some degree of stain or mottling. All the affected children were from the Pikes Peak region. Despite the negative

title: Oral hygiene

text: Eating a balanced diet and limiting snacks can help prevent tooth decay and periodontal disease. The "Fédération dentaire internationale" (FDI World Dental Federation) has promoted foods such as raw vegetables, plain yogurt, cheese, or fruit as dentally beneficial—this has been echoed by the American Dental Association (ADA). Community water fluoridation is the addition of fluoride to adjust the natural fluoride concentration of a community's water supply to the level recommended for optimal dental health, approximately 1.0 ppm (parts per million). Fluoride is a primary protector against dental cavities. Fluoride makes the surface of teeth more resistant to acids during the

title: Fluorine deficiency

text: fluoride is incorporated into their developing enamel. This in turn causes their teeth to become less prone to decay. Therefore, a relationship can be formulated, in that the more fluoride entering the body, the overall decline in the rate of decay. Fluorine is the 13th most aboundant element in the Earth's crust. The ionic form of fluorine is called fluoride. Fluoride is most commonly found as inorganic or organic fluorides such as naturally occurring calcium fluoride or synthetic sodium fluoride. There are a number of sources of fluoride, these include: In Australia fluoride occurs naturally within water supplies, at a

title: Dental fluorosis

text: but was recommended by many dentists in the UK until the early 1990s. Dental fluorosis can be prevented by lowering the amount of fluoride intake to below the tolerable upper limit. In November 2006 the American Dental Association published information stating that water fluoridation is safe, effective and healthy; that enamel fluorosis, usually mild and difficult for anyone except a dental health care professional to see, can result from ingesting more than optimal amounts of fluoride in early childhood; that it is safe to use fluoridated water to mix infant formula; and that the probability of babies developing fluorosis can

title: Tooth enamel

text: Fluoride can be found in many locations naturally, such as the ocean and other water sources. The recommended dosage of fluoride in drinking water depends on air temperature. Fluoride catalyzes the diffusion of calcium and phosphate into the tooth surface, which in turn remineralizes the crystalline structures in a dental cavity. The remineralized tooth surfaces contain fluoridated hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite, which resist acid attack much better than the original tooth did. Fluoride therapy is used to help prevent dental decay. Fluoride ion, as an antimicrobial, may activate bacteria fluoride-induced genes associated with fluoride riboswitches. The combination of fluoride ion and

title: Water fluoridation

text: is the main source of fluoride exposure in unfluoridated communities. Other sources include dental products other than toothpaste; air pollution from fluoride-containing coal or from phosphate fertilizers; trona, used to tenderize meat in Tanzania; and tea leaves, particularly the tea bricks favored in parts of China. High fluoride levels have been found in other foods, including barley, cassava, corn, rice, taro, yams, and fish protein concentrate. The U.S. Institute of Medicine has established Dietary Reference Intakes for fluoride: Adequate Intake values range from 0.01 mg/day for infants aged 6 months or less, to 4 mg/day for men aged 19 years

title: Halogen

text: to 10 grams. Prolonged consumption of fluoride above concentrations of 1.5 mg/L is associated with a risk of dental fluorosis, an aesthetic condition of the teeth. At concentrations above 4 mg/L, there is an increased risk of developing skeletal fluorosis, a condition in which bone fractures become more common due to the hardening of bones. Current recommended levels in water fluoridation, a way to prevent dental caries, range from 0.7 to 1.2 mg/L to avoid the detrimental effects of fluoride while at the same time reaping the benefits. People with levels between normal levels and those required for skeletal fluorosis

title: Fluoride toxicity

text: for a 50 kg person) than lethal doses. Although it is helpful for dental health in low dosage, chronic exposure to fluoride in large amounts interferes with bone formation. In this way, the most widespread examples of fluoride poisoning arise from consumption of ground water that is abnormally fluoride-rich. For optimal dental health, the World Health Organization recommends a level of fluoride from 0.5 to 1.0 mg/L (milligrams per liter), depending on climate. Fluorosis becomes possible above this recommended dosage. As of 2015, the United States Health and Human Services Department recommends a maximum of 0.7 milligrams of fluoride per

title: Fluoride

text: In areas where water is fluoridated this can be expected to be a significant source of fluoride, however fluoride is also naturally present in virtually all foods and beverages at wide range of concentrations. The maximum safe daily consumption of fluoride is 10 mg/day for an adult (U.S.) or 7 mg/day (European Union). The upper limit of fluoride intake from all sources (fluoridated water, food, beverages, fluoride dental products and dietary fluoride supplements) is set at 0.10 mg/kg/day for infants, toddlers, and children through to 8 years old. For older children and adults, who are no longer at risk for

title: Water fluoridation in the United States

text: to reduce incidences of fluorosis, and (2) to encourage communities with a low concentration of fluoride in drinking water to add fluoride in order to help prevent tooth decay. By 2006, 69.2% of the U.S. population on public water systems were receiving fluoridated water, amounting to 61.5% of the total U.S. population; 3.0% of the population on public water systems were receiving naturally occurring fluoride. In April 2015, fluoride levels in the United States were lowered for the first time in 50 years, to the minimum recommended levels of 0.7ppm, because too much fluoride exposure has become a common issue

title: Fluorine deficiency

text: concentration of approximately 0.1 mg/L. However, this number varies amongst different populations, as specific fluoridated communities exceed this amount, ranging from 0.6-1.0 mg/L of fluoride present. The process of incorporating more fluoride into water systems is an affordable mechanism that can provide many beneficial effects in the long term. Fluoride toothpaste came into production in the 1890s, after its benefits were investigated. This product has become available to most industrialised countries, and within Australia accounts for "90% of total toothpaste purchased". Fluoride supplements were first recognised and highly suggested by health professionals, in areas where the practice of fluoridating water

title: Water fluoridation

text: the prime source of exposure to fluoride. The effectiveness of water fluoridation can vary according to circumstances such as whether preventive dental care is free to all children. Fluoride's adverse effects depend on total fluoride dosage from all sources. At the commonly recommended dosage, the only clear adverse effect is dental fluorosis, which can alter the appearance of children's teeth during tooth development; this is mostly mild and is unlikely to represent any real effect on aesthetic appearance or on public health. In April 2015, recommended fluoride levels in the United States were changed to 0.7 ppm from 0.7–1.2 ppm

title: Fluoridation by country

text: average fluoride level of 0.48 mg/L, and a maximum of 0.69 mg/L. Water fluoridation is not practiced in India. Due to naturally-occurring fluoride, both skeletal and dental fluorosis have been endemic in India in at least 20 states, including Uttarakhand, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh. The maximum permissible limit of fluoride in drinking water in India is 1.2 mg/L, and the government has been obligated to install fluoride removal plants of various technologies to reduce fluoride levels from industrial waste and mineral deposits. Now reverse osmosis plants are widely used. Household and public system reverse osmosis plants are common in the market.

title: Remineralisation of teeth

text: Community water fluoridation is the addition of fluoride in the drinking water with the aim of reducing tooth decay by adjusting the natural fluoride concentration of water to that recommended for improving oral health. The NHMRC released the public statement of efficacy and safety of fluoridation 2007 to set the recommended water fluoridation to the target range of 0.6 to 1.1 mg/L, depending on climate, to balance reduction of dental caries (tooth decay) and occurrence of dental fluorosis (mottling of teeth). Moreover the public statement states that the fluoridation of drinking water is an effective way to ensure the community

title: Water fluoridation

text: Other reviews have found not enough evidence to determine if water fluoridation reduces oral-health social disparities. Health and dental organizations worldwide have endorsed its safety and effectiveness. Its use began in 1945, following studies of children in a region where higher levels of fluoride occur naturally in the water. Further research showed that moderate fluoridation prevents tooth decay. Fluoridation does not affect the appearance, taste, or smell of drinking water. It is normally accomplished by adding one of three compounds to the water: sodium fluoride, fluorosilicic acid, or sodium fluorosilicate. These compounds were chosen for their solubility, safety, availability, and

title: Water fluoridation

text: world reduce fluoride levels to regulated maximum levels in regions where natural levels are high, and the WHO and other groups work with countries and regions in the developing world with naturally excessive fluoride levels to achieve safe levels. The World Health Organization recommends a guideline maximum fluoride value of 1.5 mg/L as a level at which fluorosis should be minimal. In rare cases improper implementation of water fluoridation can result in overfluoridation that causes outbreaks of acute fluoride poisoning, with symptoms that include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Three such outbreaks were reported in the U.S. between 1991 and 1998,

title: Fluoridation by country

text: cavities when water fluoridation was used by children who had no access to other sources of fluoride to be 35% in baby teeth and 26% in permanent teeth. Most European countries have experienced substantial declines in tooth decay without its use. Recent studies suggest that water fluoridation, particularly in industrialized countries, may be unnecessary because topical fluorides (such as in toothpaste) are widely used and caries rates have become low. Although fluoridation can cause dental fluorosis, which can alter the appearance of developing teeth or enamel fluorosis, the differences are mild and usually not considered to be of aesthetic or

title: Water fluoridation

text: to parts per million), depending on the average maximum daily air temperature; the optimal level is lower in warmer climates, where people drink more water, and is higher in cooler climates. These standards are not appropriate for all parts of the world, where fluoride levels might be excessive and fluoride should be removed from water, and is based on assumptions that have become obsolete with the rise of air conditioning and increased use of soft drinks, processed food, fluoridated toothpaste, and other sources of fluorides. In 2011 the World Health Organization stated that 1.5 mg/L should be an absolute upper

title: Water fluoridation

title: Water fluoridation

long_answer: All fluoridation methods, including water fluoridation, create low levels of fluoride ions in saliva and plaque fluid, thus exerting a topical or surface effect. A person living in an area with fluoridated water may experience rises of fluoride concentration in saliva to about 0.04 mg/L several times during a day. Technically, this fluoride does not prevent cavities but rather controls the rate at which they develop. When fluoride ions are present in plaque fluid along with dissolved hydroxyapatite, and the pH is higher than 4.5, a fluorapatite-like remineralized veneer is formed over the remaining surface of the enamel; this veneer is much more acid-resistant than the original hydroxyapatite, and is formed more quickly than ordinary remineralized enamel would be. The cavity-prevention effect of fluoride is mostly due to these surface effects, which occur during and after tooth eruption. Although some systemic (whole-body) fluoride returns to the saliva via blood plasma, and to unerupted teeth via plasma or crypt fluid, there is little data to determine what percentages of fluoride's anticavity effect comes from these systemic mechanisms. Also, although fluoride affects the physiology of dental bacteria, its effect on bacterial growth does not seem to be relevant to cavity prevention.


question: ganglion axons forming the optic nerve run to the

answers: pretectal nucleus

answers: suprachiasmatic nucleus

answers: photoreceptor cells

answers: lateral geniculate nucleus

answers: optic chiasma

title: Chiasmal syndrome

text: tract on the ipsilateral side. This arrangement allows the left half of the visual field to end up on the right side of the brain and the right half of the visual field to locate to the left side. The optic nerves consist of the axons from the retinal ganglion of each eye. At the chiasm, 53% of the axons from the nasal retina cross the midline to join the uncrossed temporal fibers. These nasal fibers carry information from the temporal visual field. Similarly, the temporal fibers transmit images from the nasal field. The two optic tracts, representing the right

title: Optic disc

text: Optic disc The optic disc or optic nerve head is the point of exit for ganglion cell axons leaving the eye. Because there are no rods or cones overlying the optic disc, it corresponds to a small blind spot in each eye. The ganglion cell axons form the optic nerve after they leave the eye. The optic disc represents the beginning of the optic nerve and is the point where the axons of retinal ganglion cells come together. The optic disc is also the entry point for the major blood vessels that supply the retina. The optic disc in a

title: Retina

text: two of synapses, including the unique ribbon synapse. The optic nerve carries the ganglion cell axons to the brain, and the blood vessels that supply the retina. The ganglion cells lie innermost in the eye while the photoreceptive cells lie beyond. Because of this counter-intuitive arrangement, light must first pass through and around the ganglion cells and through the thickness of the retina, (including its capillary vessels, not shown) before reaching the rods and cones. Light is absorbed by the retinal pigment epithelium or the choroid (both of which are opaque). The white blood cells in the capillaries in front

title: Ophthalmic nerve

text: of the trigeminal ganglion as a short, flattened band, about 2.5 cm. long, which passes forward along the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus, below the oculomotor and trochlear nerves; just before entering the orbit, through the superior orbital fissure, it divides into three branches, lacrimal, frontal, and nasociliary. It carries sensory branches from the eyes, conjunctiva, lacrimal gland, nasal cavity, frontal sinus, ethmoidal cells, falx cerebri, dura mater in the anterior cranial fossa, superior parts of the tentorium cerebelli, upper eyelid, dorsum of the nose, and anterior part of the scalp. Roughly speaking, the ophthalmic nerve supplies general somatic

title: Optic disc

text: patients without glaucoma. Optic disc The optic disc or optic nerve head is the point of exit for ganglion cell axons leaving the eye. Because there are no rods or cones overlying the optic disc, it corresponds to a small blind spot in each eye. The ganglion cell axons form the optic nerve after they leave the eye. The optic disc represents the beginning of the optic nerve and is the point where the axons of retinal ganglion cells come together. The optic disc is also the entry point for the major blood vessels that supply the retina. The optic

title: Optic disc drusen

text: retinal ganglion cell axons. The optic nerve head, or optic disc is the anterior end of the nerve that is in the eye and hence is visible with an ophthalmoscope. It is located nasally and slightly inferior to the macula of the eye. There is a blind spot at the optic disc because there are no rods or cones beneath it to detect light. The central retinal artery and vein can be seen in the middle of the disc as it exits the scleral canal with the optic nerve to supply the retina. The vessels send branches out in all

title: Optic neuritis

text: nerve comprises axons that emerge from the retina of the eye and carry visual information to the primary visual nuclei, most of which is relayed to the occipital cortex of the brain to be processed into vision. Inflammation of the optic nerve causes loss of vision, usually because of the swelling and destruction of the myelin sheath covering the optic nerve. The most common cause is multiple sclerosis or ischemic optic neuropathy (Blood Clot). Blood Clot that supplies the optic nerve. Up to 50% of patients with MS will develop an episode of optic neuritis, and 20-30% of the time

title: Optic neuropathy

text: permanent and progressive. The optic nerve contains axons of nerve cells that emerge from the retina, leave the eye at the optic disc, and go to the visual cortex where input from the eye is processed into vision. There are 1.2 million optic nerve fibers that derive from the retinal ganglion cells of the inner retina. Optic neuropathy Optic neuropathy is damage to the optic nerve from any cause. Damage and death of these nerve cells, or neurons, leads to characteristic features of optic neuropathy. The main symptom is loss of vision, with colors appearing subtly washed out in the

title: Sensory root of ciliary ganglion

text: Sensory root of ciliary ganglion Sensory fibers from the eyeball (the cornea, iris, and ciliary body) run posteriorly through the short ciliary nerves and pass through the ciliary ganglion without forming synapses. They leave the ciliary ganglion in the sensory root of ciliary ganglion, which joins the nasociliary nerve—a branch of the ophthalmic nerve. From there, the signal travels back through the ophthalmic nerve to the trigeminal nerve and back into specific nuclei in the thalamus where they are relayed to areas in the cerebral cortex. The exact distribution of sensory fibers, like the distribution of sympathetic fibers, is anatomically

title: Optic nerve

text: (dura, arachnoid, and pia mater) rather than the epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium found in peripheral nerves. Fiber tracts of the mammalian central nervous system (as opposed to the peripheral nervous system) are incapable of regeneration, and, hence, optic nerve damage produces irreversible blindness. The fibres from the retina run along the optic nerve to nine primary visual nuclei in the brain, from which a major relay inputs into the primary visual cortex. The optic nerve is composed of retinal ganglion cell axons and glial cells. Each human optic nerve contains between 770,000 and 1.7 million nerve fibers, which are axons

title: Lacrimal gland

text: (which contains postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion) to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal (vidian nerve) which then traverses through the pterygoid canal to the pterygopalatine ganglion. Here, the fibers synapse and postganglionic fibers join the fibers of the maxillary nerve. In the pterygopalatine fossa itself, the parasympathetic secretomotor fibers branch off with the zygomatic nerve and then branch off again, joining with the lacrimal branch of the ophthalmic division of CN V, which supplies sensory innervation to the lacrimal gland along with the eyelid and conjunctiva. The "sympathetic postganglionic fibers" originate from the superior cervical

title: Ciliary ganglion

text: Ciliary ganglion The ciliary ganglion is a parasympathetic ganglion located just behind the eye in the posterior orbit. It measures 1–2 millimeters in diameter and in humans contains approximately 2,500 neurons. The oculomotor nerve coming into the ganglion contains "preganglionic" axons from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (a part of the brainstem) which form synapses with the ciliary neurons. The "postganglionic" axons run in the short ciliary nerves and innervate two eye muscles: Both of these muscles are "involuntary" – they are controlled by the autonomic nervous system. It is one of four parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck. (The others

title: Retina

text: to various visual centres of the brain through the fibres of the optic nerve. Neural signals from the rods and cones undergo processing by other neurons, whose output takes the form of action potentials in retinal ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve. Several important features of visual perception can be traced to the retinal encoding and processing of light. In vertebrate embryonic development, the retina and the optic nerve originate as outgrowths of the developing brain, specifically the embryonic diencephalon; thus, the retina is considered part of the central nervous system (CNS) and is actually brain tissue. It

title: Retina

text: The vertebrate retina has ten distinct layers. From closest to farthest from the vitreous body: These layers can be grouped into 4 main processing stages: photoreception; transmission to bipolar cells; transmission to ganglion cells, which also contain photoreceptors, the photosensitive ganglion cells; and transmission along the optic nerve. At each synaptic stage there are also laterally connecting horizontal and amacrine cells. The optic nerve is a central tract of many axons of ganglion cells connecting primarily to the lateral geniculate body, a visual relay station in the diencephalon (the rear of the forebrain). It also projects to the superior colliculus,

title: Ciliary ganglion

text: to make this distinction. Ciliary ganglion The ciliary ganglion is a parasympathetic ganglion located just behind the eye in the posterior orbit. It measures 1–2 millimeters in diameter and in humans contains approximately 2,500 neurons. The oculomotor nerve coming into the ganglion contains "preganglionic" axons from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (a part of the brainstem) which form synapses with the ciliary neurons. The "postganglionic" axons run in the short ciliary nerves and innervate two eye muscles: Both of these muscles are "involuntary" – they are controlled by the autonomic nervous system. It is one of four parasympathetic ganglia of the head

title: Long ciliary nerves

text: Long ciliary nerves The long ciliary nerves, two or three in number, are given off from the nasociliary nerve as it crosses the optic nerve. The nasociliary nerve that the long ciliary nerves branch from is itself a branch of the ophthalmic branch (V) of the trigeminal nerve (CN V). They accompany the short ciliary nerves from the ciliary ganglion, pierce the posterior part of the sclera, and running forward between it and the choroid, are distributed to the iris and cornea. The long ciliary nerves provide sensory innervation to the eyeball, including the cornea. In addition, they contain sympathetic

title: Sympathetic root of ciliary ganglion

text: Sympathetic root of ciliary ganglion The sympathetic root of ciliary ganglion is one of three roots of the ciliary ganglion, a tissue mass behind the eye. It contains "postganglionic" sympathetic fibers whose cell bodies are located in the superior cervical ganglion. Their axons ascend with the "internal carotid artery" as a plexus of nerves, the carotid plexus. Sympathetic fibers innervating the eye separate from the carotid plexus within the cavernous sinus. They run forward through the superior orbital fissure and merge with the long ciliary nerves (branches of the "nasociliary nerve") and the short ciliary nerves (from the ciliary ganglion).

title: Retinal ganglion cell

text: remain in the optic nerve. "Vax1", a transcription factor is expressed by the ventral diencephalon and glial cells in the region where the chiasm is formed, and it may also be secreted to control chiasm formation. When RGCs approach the optic chiasm, the point at which the two optic nerves meet, at the ventral diencephalon around E10-E11 in the mouse, they have to make the decision to decussate to the contralateral optic tract or remain in the ipsilateral optic tract. In the mouse, about 5% of RGCs, mostly those coming from the ventral-temporal crescent (VTc) region of the retina, will

title: Iris sphincter muscle

text: reflex) or during accommodation. In lower animals, the muscle cells themselves are photosensitive causing iris action without brain input. It is controlled by parasympathetic fibers of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3) that originate from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, travel along the oculomotor nerve (CN III), synapse in the ciliary ganglion, and then enter the eye via the short ciliary nerves.. The short ciliary nerves then run forward and pierce the sclera at the back of the eye, traveling between the sclera and the choroid to innervate the iris sphincter muscle. Iris sphincter muscle The iris sphincter muscle (pupillary sphincter, pupillary constrictor,

title: Diencephalon

text: prosencephlon gradually divides into the telencephalon and the diencephalon. The diencephalon consists of the following structures: The optic nerve (CNII) attaches to the diencephalon. The optic nerve is a sensory (afferent) nerve responsible for vision; it runs from the eye through the optic canal in the skull and attaches to the diencephalon. The retina itself is derived from the optic cup, a part of the embryonic diencephalon. The diencephalon is the region of the embryonic vertebrate neural tube that gives rise to anterior forebrain structures including the thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior portion of the pituitary gland, and pineal gland. The diencephalon

title: Retinal ganglion cell

text: several regions in the thalamus, hypothalamus, and mesencephalon, or midbrain. Retinal ganglion cells vary significantly in terms of their size, connections, and responses to visual stimulation but they all share the defining property of having a long axon that extends into the brain. These axons form the optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic tract. A small percentage of retinal ganglion cells contribute little or nothing to vision, but are themselves photosensitive; their axons form the retinohypothalamic tract and contribute to circadian rhythms and pupillary light reflex, the resizing of the pupil. The six types of retinal neurons are bipolar cells,

title: Mammalian eye

text: percentage of the ganglion cells in the retina contain melanopsin and, thus, are themselves photosensitive. The light information from these cells is not involved in vision and it reaches the brain not directly via the optic nerve but via the retinohypothalamic tract, the RHT. By way of this light information, the body clock's inherent approximate 24-hour cycling is adjusted daily to nature's light/dark cycle. Signals from these photosensitive ganglion cells have at least two other roles in addition. They exercise control over the size of the pupil, and they lead to acute suppression of melatonin secretion by the pineal gland.

text: short ciliary nerves. These nerves enter the posterior aspect of the eyeball to innervate the sphincter pupillae and ciliaris muscles. The "sphincter pupillae" constricts the iris. The "ciliaris" muscle changes the shape of the lens, allowing the eye to focus on nearby objects (accommodation). Neither of these muscles is under voluntary control. Parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion The parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion provides parasympathetic innervation to the ciliary ganglion. The ciliary ganglion is a "parasympathetic" ganglion. Incoming parasympathetic nerve fibers form synapses with the dendrites of nerve cells within the ganglion. However, the ciliary ganglion is not simply a

title: Short ciliary nerves

text: the inner surface of the sclera, and are distributed to the ciliary muscle, iris, and cornea. The short ciliary nerve contains parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve fibers. The parasympathetics arise from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and synapse in the ciliary ganglion via the oculomotor nerve, the postganglionic parasympathetics leave the ciliary ganglion in the short ciliary nerve and supply the ciliary body and iris. Sympathetics are provided by the superior cervical ganglion and they reach the ganglion either as branches of the nasociliary nerve or directly from the extension of the plexus on the ophthalmic artery (sympathetic branch to ciliary ganglion). Damage

title: Optic nerve

text: field terminate more superiorly, to the cuneus. The optic nerve transmits all visual information including brightness perception, color perception and contrast (visual acuity). It also conducts the visual impulses that are responsible for two important neurological reflexes: the light reflex and the accommodation reflex. The light reflex refers to the constriction of both pupils that occurs when light is shone into either eye; the accommodation reflex refers to the swelling of the lens of eye that occurs when one looks at a near object as in reading (lens adjusts to near vision). The eye's blind spot is a result of

title: Sipuncula

text: runs along the esophagus and ends blindly posteriorly. Some evidence points towards their involvement in ultrafiltration. The nervous system consists of a nerve ring (the cerebral ganglion) around the oesophagus, which functions as a brain, and a single ventral nerve cord that runs the length of the body. In some species, there are simple light-sensitive ocelli associated with the brain. Two organs, likely functioning as a unit for chemoreception are located near the anterior margin of the cerebral ganglion: the non-ciliated cerebral organ, which possesses bipolar sensory cells, and the nuchal organ, located posterior to the cerebral organ. Similar light-sensing

title: Sympathetic root of ciliary ganglion

text: the ciliary ganglion) will produce pupillary constriction (miosis) and eyelid droop (ptosis) – the classic signs of Horner's syndrome. Sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion innervate blood vessels (vasoconstriction), sweat glands, and 4 eye muscles: the dilator pupillae, the superior tarsal muscle, the inferior tarsal muscle and the orbitalis. The "dilator pupillae" dilates the pupil; its action is antagonistic to the "sphincter pupillae". Pupil size is therefore under the dual control of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. Postsynaptic sympathetic signals that originate in the superior cervical ganglion are carried by the nasociliary nerve or directly extend from the internal carotid

title: Pseudunela cornuta

text: rhinophore. A small, unpigmented eye is connected by the thin optic nerve to the rhinophoral nerve, slightly anterior to the rhinophoral ganglion. An optic ganglion is attached laterally to each cerebral ganglion and connected to the latter by a thin nerve. The optic ganglion is surrounded by an additional layer of connective tissue shared with the cerebral ganglion. Precerebral anterior accessory ganglia, as described for microhedylacean acochlidians and "Tantulum elegans", are absent. A Hancock's organ could not be detected. The paired pedal ganglia lie posteroventrally to the cerebral ganglia, and are connected by a commissure which is slightly longer than

title: OPN1LW

text: LWS cone cells into horizontal cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and finally ganglion cells before continuing to the brain via the optic nerve. Ganglion cells compile the signal from the LWS cones with all other cone signals that occurred in response to the light that was seen, and pass the overall signal into the optic nerve. The cones themselves do not process colour, it is the brain that decides what colour is being seen by the signal combination it receives from the ganglion cells. Before humans evolved to be a trichromatic species, our vision was dichromatic and consisted of only

title: Optic nerve

title: Optic nerve

long_answer: The optic nerve leaves the orbit (eye socket) via the optic canal, running postero-medially towards the optic chiasm, where there is a partial decussation (crossing) of fibres from the temporal visual fields (the nasal hemi-retina) of both eyes. The proportion of decussating fibers varies between species, and is correlated with the degree of binocular vision enjoyed by a species. Most of the axons of the optic nerve terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus from where information is relayed to the visual cortex, while other axons terminate in the pretectal nucleus and are involved in reflexive eye movements. Other axons terminate in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. Its diameter increases from about 1.6 mm within the eye to 3.5 mm in the orbit to 4.5 mm within the cranial space. The optic nerve component lengths are 1 mm in the globe, 24 mm in the orbit, 9 mm in the optic canal, and 16 mm in the cranial space before joining the optic chiasm. There, partial decussation occurs, and about 53% of the fibers cross to form the optic tracts. Most of these fibres terminate in the lateral geniculate body.

short_answers:
lateral geniculate nucleus
pretectal nucleus
suprachiasmatic nucleus


question: when does i'm a celebrity get me out of here start in the uk

answers: 2018

text: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series) I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out Of Here! (often shortened to I'm a Celebrity or I'm a Celeb) is a British survival reality television game show, created by London Weekend Television (LWT), produced by ITV Studios, and aired live on ITV from Australia. The format sees a group of celebrities living together within an Australian jungle camp, coping with a few creature comforts. Each member not only undertakes in challenges to secure additional food and treats for the group, but also to avoid being voted out by viewers during their

text: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 8) I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! returned to ITV for an eighth series from 16 November to 5 December 2008. Ant & Dec returned to present the main show on ITV, whilst Matt Willis, Emma Willis and Mark Durden-Smith returned to host spin-off show "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!" on ITV2. It was the first series to use a redesigned logo, which imitates the Hollywood Sign. The winner of this series was Joe Swash. The show began with 10 celebrity contestants. On 19 November, they

text: to Danniella walking out of the jungle. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food All ratings are taken from the UK Programme Ratings website, BARB. Series average = 8.55 million viewers. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 2) The second series of I'm a Celebrity... Get Me out of Here! was broadcast on ITV from 28 April to 12 May 2003. Ant & Dec presented the main show on ITV, whilst Mark Durden-Smith and former contestant Tara Palmer-Tomkinson hosted the spin-off show "I'm A Celebrity... Get Me Out Of Here... Now!" on ITV2. The

text: camp.<br> Official ratings are taken from the Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 10) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! returned for its tenth series on 14 November 2010. It ran for 3 weeks. Ant & Dec returned as the presenters for the main show, and its spin off show "Get Me out of Here... Now" returned, with Caroline Flack and Joe Swash as main presenters. On 4 December 2010, singer Stacey Solomon won the show. On 10 November, ITV officially confirmed the 10 celebrities taking part. Dom Joly, Gail Porter and

text: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 17) "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" returned for its seventeenth series on 19 November 2017 on ITV. The series is the third in a three-year contract, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show in December 2016. In October 2017, it was confirmed that Ant & Dec will return to host the series, despite rumours suggesting that the pair would not be present due to Ant's admittance to rehab earlier in the year for drugs and alcohol addiction. "Made in Chelsea" star Georgia

text: are signed and again before entering the jungle. We also have contact where necessary with the celebrities' GPs. Medical personnel are also available 24 hours a day in Australia to provide support if needed." I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 12) "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" returned for its twelfth series on 11 November 2012 and finished on 1 December 2012. Ant & Dec returned as main hosts, with Laura Whitmore and Joe Swash returning as hosts of spin-off show "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!". On 16 June 2012, it was announced

text: million viewers. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 1) The first series of 'I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!' was broadcast on ITV from 25 August to 8 September 2002. Ant & Dec presented the main show on ITV, whilst Louise Loughman hosted the spin-off show "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!" on ITV2. The winner of this series was radio DJ Tony Blackburn. The show began with 8 celebrity contestants. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food All ratings are taken from the UK Programme Ratings website, BARB. Series average

text: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 1) The first series of 'I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!' was broadcast on ITV from 25 August to 8 September 2002. Ant & Dec presented the main show on ITV, whilst Louise Loughman hosted the spin-off show "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!" on ITV2. The winner of this series was radio DJ Tony Blackburn. The show began with 8 celebrity contestants. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food All ratings are taken from the UK Programme Ratings website, BARB. Series average = 7.57

title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!

text: by ITV Studios and has been licensed globally to countries including the United States, Germany, France, Hungary, Sweden, the Netherlands, Denmark, Romania, Australia and India. The UK, German and the 2003 US versions of the series take place in New South Wales, Australia, at a permanently-built up camp in Dungay near Murwillumbah. However the first UK series of the show was filmed on a smaller site at King Ranch, near Tully, Queensland, in Australia. The Australian series is filmed in Kruger National Park, South Africa. Other versions of the show have been filmed in Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Suriname, Indonesia

title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!

text: ITV to end the "abuse of animals" in "I'm A Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!". He described the trials as "out of date" and "silly". Colour: Upcoming Season I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! is a reality TV series in which a number of celebrities live together in a jungle environment for a number of weeks. They have no luxuries, and compete to be crowned "King" or "Queen of the Jungle". The show was originally created in the United Kingdom by the factual programmes department of ITV's then London franchise, London

text: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (U.S. season 2) The second season of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me out of Here! premiered on June 1, 2009 and concluded on June 24, 2009. The season, aired on NBC, a revival of the ABC series of the same name and continued to follow the same format as the original British series. It is also broadcast in Ireland and the United Kingdom. In Ireland, the show airs on TV3, three days behind the original NBC airings, and in the UK, it airs on ITV2 with a seven-day delay. This show has been airing

text: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (U.S. TV series) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (often referred to as I'm a Celebrity) is an American reality television series based on the British television show of the same name, in which celebrities live in jungle conditions with few comforts. The series is produced by ITV, Independent Television, a British company, and was picked up from ABC, which aired in early 2003. The new series, shown on NBC, ran for 14 episodes, and followed the same format as the United Kingdom version of the same show. On March 8, 2010,

text: in the second battle. This feature replaced the 'Celebrity Chests' for five episodes. All ratings are taken from the UK Programme Ratings website, BARB. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 8) I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! returned to ITV for an eighth series from 16 November to 5 December 2008. Ant & Dec returned to present the main show on ITV, whilst Matt Willis, Emma Willis and Mark Durden-Smith returned to host spin-off show "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!" on ITV2. It was the first series to use a redesigned logo,

text: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 7) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! returned to ITV for its seventh series on 12 November, and ran until 30 November 2007. Series 6 winner Matt Willis and his fiancée, Emma Griffiths, presented spin-off show "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!" in Australia, while Mark Durden-Smith returned to front the United Kingdom segment of the show. The "I'm a Celebrity...Exclusive" teatime programme is not shown as part of the new series. The official line-up was confirmed by ITV on 10 November 2007. The series was won by

text: in the trial I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 5) The fifth series of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" began on 20 November 2005 and ended on 5 December 2005. The programme ran for 16 days (18 days if counting the day the celebrities arrived and the morning the finalists exited). The series was won by Carol Thatcher. 12 contestants participated, one more than in the previous series. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food. The participants are chosen by the public, up until the first eviction, when the campers decide who

text: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 10) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! returned for its tenth series on 14 November 2010. It ran for 3 weeks. Ant & Dec returned as the presenters for the main show, and its spin off show "Get Me out of Here... Now" returned, with Caroline Flack and Joe Swash as main presenters. On 4 December 2010, singer Stacey Solomon won the show. On 10 November, ITV officially confirmed the 10 celebrities taking part. Dom Joly, Gail Porter and Alison Hammond, initially reported to be joining the show, were not

text: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 12) "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" returned for its twelfth series on 11 November 2012 and finished on 1 December 2012. Ant & Dec returned as main hosts, with Laura Whitmore and Joe Swash returning as hosts of spin-off show "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!". On 16 June 2012, it was announced that Russell Kane would be leaving "Get Me Out of Here! NOW!". He has been replaced by comedian Rob Beckett. On 1 December 2012, the series was won by "EastEnders" actress Charlie Brooks, with

text: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 13) "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" returned for its thirteenth series on 17 November 2013 on ITV, and ended on 8 December 2013. The show was confirmed to be returning to ITV at the end of the previous series. On 21 October 2013, two teasers were revealed for the new series, which were broadcast on air across the ITV network in the run up to the series' premiere. Ant & Dec both returned as presenters of the show, whilst Joe Swash, Laura Whitmore and Rob Beckett returned to present

text: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 2) The second series of I'm a Celebrity... Get Me out of Here! was broadcast on ITV from 28 April to 12 May 2003. Ant & Dec presented the main show on ITV, whilst Mark Durden-Smith and former contestant Tara Palmer-Tomkinson hosted the spin-off show "I'm A Celebrity... Get Me Out Of Here... Now!" on ITV2. The winner of this series was former English cricketer Phil Tufnell. The series was sponsored by the energy drink V. The show began with ten celebrity contestants: There was no elimination on Day 9 due

text: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 14) "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" returned for its fourteenth series on 16 November 2014 on ITV and ended on 7 December 2014. The show was confirmed to be returning to ITV at the end of the previous series. On 22 October 2014, the trailer was revealed for the new series, which was broadcast on air across the ITV network in the run up to the series' premiere. Ant & Dec both returned as presenters of the show, whilst Joe Swash, Laura Whitmore and Rob Beckett returned to present

text: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 16) "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" returned for its sixteenth series on 13 November 2016 on ITV. It was the second in a three-year contract, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the "Coming Out" show on 9 December 2015. Following the end of the previous series, the spin-off show, "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!" was rebranded "I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp". It was also announced that Laura Whitmore and David Morgan had quit the show and were replaced by Vicky Pattison, Stacey

text: a question is asked to the celebrities still in camp via the telephone box. It is often joked that Ant & Dec make up these questions and their answers. If the question is answered correctly, the celebrities can take the items back to camp. If wrong, they receive nothing and Kiosk Keith will close the shack. Official ratings are taken from BARB. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 16) "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" returned for its sixteenth series on 13 November 2016 on ITV. It was the second in a three-year contract, as confirmed

text: ratings are taken from the UK Programme Ratings website, BARB. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 4) The fourth series of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" began on 21 November 2004 and ended on 6 December 2004. The programme ran for 16 days, one more than in the previous series (18 days if counting the day the celebrities arrived and the morning the finalists exited). The series was won by comedian Joe Pasquale. 11 contestants participated, one more than in the previous two series. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food. Day

text: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 5) The fifth series of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" began on 20 November 2005 and ended on 5 December 2005. The programme ran for 16 days (18 days if counting the day the celebrities arrived and the morning the finalists exited). The series was won by Carol Thatcher. 12 contestants participated, one more than in the previous series. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food. The participants are chosen by the public, up until the first eviction, when the campers decide who will take part

text: camp. If wrong, they receive nothing and Kiosk Keith will close the shack. The second and third challenges had a twist with them, and was sabotaged by members of the "Celebrity Intelligence Agency " (CIA). Official ratings are taken from BARB. There were no shows on the 18 and 25 November due to live Champions League football being shown On ITV, but "Get Me Out of Here! NOW!" still aired as normal. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 14) "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" returned for its fourteenth series on 16 November 2014 on ITV

text: November – 6 December 2004: 12 contestants, broadcast from 20 November – 5 December 2005: 12 contestants, broadcast from 13 November – 1 December 2006: 11 contestants, broadcast from 12–30 November 2007: 12 contestants, broadcast from 16 November – 5 December 2008: 13 contestants, broadcast from 15 November – 4 December 2009: "I'm a Celebrity... Get Me out of Here!" returned on 14 November 2010 at 9 pm on ITV and ITV1 HD for its tenth series, as confirmed by presenters Ant and Dec at the end of the "Coming Out" show at the conclusion of series 9. This is

text: achieved the highest ever rating for an opening "I'm a Celebrity" episode. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 13) "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" returned for its thirteenth series on 17 November 2013 on ITV, and ended on 8 December 2013. The show was confirmed to be returning to ITV at the end of the previous series. On 21 October 2013, two teasers were revealed for the new series, which were broadcast on air across the ITV network in the run up to the series' premiere. Ant & Dec both returned as presenters of the

text: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 6) I'm a Celebrity... Get Me out of Here! returned to ITV for a sixth series on Monday 13 November 2006 and ran until Friday 1 December 2006. Once again the series was hosted by Ant and Dec. Kelly Osbourne and Brendon Burns initially presented the ITV2 spin-off show "I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out Of Here!" with Burns broadcasting from London, and Osbourne from Australia. However Burns was later replaced by Mark Durden Smith, and Osbourne was joined by Steve Wilson, and later Jeff Brazier. The "I'm a Celebrity...Exclusive" teatime

text: confirmed that Holly Willoughby will replace McPartlin as co-presenter alongside Declan Donnelly. The lineup was confirmed on 12 November. Note for "Average rating": Since 2010 incl. HD viewers and since 2011 incl. "ITV +1" consumers. A companion show, I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp (previously I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW! from 2002–2015) is broadcast on ITV2 following every episode. It has been shown since the first series in 2002 and has featured a variety of presenters. The show is currently presented by Scarlett Moffatt, Joel Dommett and Joe Swash. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV

text: The show will return in 2018, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 15 December 2017.  It is the first series in a new two-year contract.