question: what drug does the mom use in requiem for a dream

answers: weight-loss amphetamines

answers: amphetamines

title: Requiem for a Dream (soundtrack)

text: and reworked it with the score. Aronofsky saw Requiem as a "monster movie, only when something goes bad you hear the music." All of the music in the film is influenced by the characters and goes with the drugs in the film. Even though none of the characters actually say the word "Heroin", they still base the music around heroin and cravings. The soundtrack has been widely praised, and in particular the track "Lux Aeterna" (which itself is much used in the film) has subsequently been used in various forms of media. The theme was reorchestrated for "" trailer and

title: Requiem for a Dream (novel)

text: escape life in the ghetto. To achieve these dreams, they buy a large amount of heroin, planning to get rich by selling it. Sara, Harry’s lonely widowed mother, dreams of being on television. When a phone call from a reality show casting company gets her hopes up, she goes to a doctor, who gives her diet pills to lose weight. She spends the next few months on the pills, wanting desperately to look thin on TV and fit into a red dress from her younger days. However, the casting company does not notify her about the details of her show.

title: Requiem for a Dream

text: "drug depiction, coarse language and sex". In Australia the film was rated R18+ by the ACB for "drug use and adult themes". "Requiem for a Dream" received positive reviews from critics and has an approval rating of 78% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 134 reviews, with an average rating of 7.4/10. The critical consensus states, "Though the movie may be too intense for some to stomach, the wonderful performances and the bleak imagery are hard to forget." The film also has a score of 68 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 32 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews." Film critic

title: Requiem for a Dream (soundtrack)

text: in 2000, and all of Aronofsky's films since. Requiem for a Dream (soundtrack) Requiem for a Dream is the soundtrack album from the 2000 film "Requiem for a Dream". It was composed by Clint Mansell and performed by the Kronos Quartet. The music for the film is noted for its minimalist qualities in which it uses constant harmonies, a steady pulse, and often variation of musical phrases to drive a point. The album is best known for the track "Lux Aeterna." With the success of the film also came a successful soundtrack. Composer of the soundtrack Clint Mansell has worked

title: Requiem for a Dream (soundtrack)

text: Requiem for a Dream (soundtrack) Requiem for a Dream is the soundtrack album from the 2000 film "Requiem for a Dream". It was composed by Clint Mansell and performed by the Kronos Quartet. The music for the film is noted for its minimalist qualities in which it uses constant harmonies, a steady pulse, and often variation of musical phrases to drive a point. The album is best known for the track "Lux Aeterna." With the success of the film also came a successful soundtrack. Composer of the soundtrack Clint Mansell has worked very closely with Darren Aronofsky throughout his movie

title: Requiem for a Dream

text: Requiem for a Dream Requiem for a Dream is a 2000 American psychological drama film directed by Darren Aronofsky and starring Ellen Burstyn, Jared Leto, Jennifer Connelly, and Marlon Wayans. The film is based on the novel of the same name by Hubert Selby, Jr., with whom Aronofsky wrote the screenplay. The film depicts four different forms of drug addiction, which lead to the characters' imprisonment in a world of delusion and reckless desperation that is subsequently overtaken by reality, thus leaving them as hollow shells of their former selves. "Requiem for a Dream" was screened out of competition at

title: Requiem for a Dream

text: scene in the film was inspired by Satoshi Kon's 1997 anime film "Perfect Blue". The majority of reviewers characterized "Requiem for a Dream" in the genre of "drug movies", along with films like "The Basketball Diaries", "Trainspotting", "Spun", and "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas". However, Aronofsky has said: As in his previous film, "π", Aronofsky uses montages of extremely short shots throughout the film (sometimes termed a hip hop montage). While an average 100-minute film has 600 to 700 cuts, "Requiem" features more than 2,000. Split-screen is used extensively, along with extremely tight closeups. Long tracking shots (including those

title: Requiem for a Dream

text: miss it." Owen Gleiberman of "Entertainment Weekly", who gave the work an "A" grade, argued that it "may be the first movie to fully capture the way drugs dislocate us from ourselves" and said, "The movie, a full-throttle mind-bender, is hypnotically harrowing and intense, a visual and spiritual plunge into the seduction and terror of drug addiction." Scott Brake of IGN gave the film a 9.0 out of 10 and argued, "The reason it works so well as a film about addiction is that, in every frame, the film itself is addictive. It's absolutely relentless, from Aronofsky's bravura cinematic techniques

title: Requiem for a Dream (novel)

text: her addiction. In jail, Tyrone faces frequent abuse from the guards due to his race. The novel was later adapted into a critically acclaimed homonymous film, released in 2000. The film was directed by Darren Aronofsky and starred Jared Leto, Jennifer Connelly, Marlon Wayans and Ellen Burstyn. Burstyn was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance as Sara. Requiem for a Dream (novel) Requiem for a Dream is a 1978 novel by American writer Hubert Selby, Jr., that concerns four New Yorkers whose lives spiral out of control as they succumb to their addictions. This story

title: Requiem for a Dream (novel)

text: Requiem for a Dream (novel) Requiem for a Dream is a 1978 novel by American writer Hubert Selby, Jr., that concerns four New Yorkers whose lives spiral out of control as they succumb to their addictions. This story follows the lives of Sara Goldfarb, her son Harry, his girlfriend Marion Silver, and his best friend Tyrone C. Love, who are all searching for the key to their dreams in their own ways. In the process, they fall into devastating lives of addiction. Harry and Marion are in love and want to open their own business; their friend Tyrone wants to

title: Requiem for a Dream (novel)

text: She becomes addicted to the diet pills and eventually develops amphetamine psychosis after her life continues to go downhill. She eventually ends up in a mental institution, where she undergoes electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Harry, Marion, and Tyrone become addicted to their own product. Eventually, when heroin becomes scarce, they turn on each other, slowly hiding the drugs they obtain from the other two members. On their way to Miami, Harry and Tyrone are arrested, convicted, and sentenced to jail. Harry's arm has become infected from repeated injections, and has to be amputated. Left alone, Marion becomes a prostitute to support

title: Requiem for a Dream

text: James Berardinelli considered "Requiem for a Dream" the second best film of the decade, behind "The Lord of the Rings" film trilogy. Roger Ebert gave the film 3½ stars out of four, stating that "What is fascinating about "Requiem for a Dream,"...is how well [Aronofsky] portrays the mental states of his addicts. When they use, a window opens briefly into a world where everything is right. Then it slides shut, and life reduces itself to a search for the money and drugs to open it again." Elvis Mitchell, writing for "The New York Times", gave the film a positive review,

title: Requiem for a Dream

text: Paul Oakenfold, Josh Wink, Jagz Kooner, and Delerium, among others. "Lux Aeterna" is an orchestral composition by Mansell, the leitmotif of "Requiem for a Dream", and the penultimate piece in the film's soundtrack. The popularity of this piece led to its use in popular culture outside the film, in film and teaser trailers, and with multiple remixes and remakes by other producers. The movie was referenced in "The Simpsons" episode "I'm Spelling As Fast As I Can" where Homer gets addicted to the latest Krusty Burger called Ribwich, he gets instant-hit happiness to the tune of "Requiem"-style cuts. Requiem for

title: Darren Aronofsky

text: 278 reviews, and an average rating of 6.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "There's no denying that "mother!" is the thought-provoking product of a singularly ambitious artistic vision, though it may be too unwieldy for mainstream tastes." Aronofsky's first two films, "Pi" and "Requiem for a Dream", were low-budget and used montages of extremely short shots, also known as hip hop montages. While an average 100-minute film has 600 to 700 cuts "Requiem for a Dream" features more than 2,000. Split-screen is used extensively, along with extremely tight closeups. Long tracking shots, including those shot with an apparatus strapping a

title: Requiem for a Dream (soundtrack)

text: is known by the name "Requiem for a Tower", presented by "Corner Stone Cues". The theme has been featured in trailers for other films, including "Babylon A.D.", "The Da Vinci Code", "I Am Legend", "Sunshine", and "Valley of Flowers". It also appeared in the video games "Total Miner: Forge" (Xbox Live Indie Game 2011), "Assassin's Creed", and in numerous TV spots and advertisements, and at sporting events. Use of the theme has extended to the point where it is interchangeable with the name "Requiem for a Dream." A remix album, "Requiem for a Dream: Remixed", contained new mixes of the

title: Requiem for a Dream

text: are distraught by her almost vegetative state. Harry wakes emotionally distraught after the amputation, knowing that Marion will not be visiting him. Tyrone thinks of his mother in prison and suffers from drug withdrawal. Marion comes home from the show and lies on her sofa, clutching her score of heroin. Sara dreams that she is on television, and has won the grand prize, with Harry as the guest of honor. The film rights to Hubert Selby, Jr.'s book were optioned by Scott Vogel for Truth and Soul Pictures in 1997 prior to the release of Aronofsky's film "π". The bathtub

title: Requiem for a Dream (soundtrack)

text: of 18, he was a merchant seaman during World War II. During that time he was hospitalized for three years for treatment of tuberculosis and other illnesses or injuries he acquired. Six months before Hubert wrote "Requiem for a Dream", he was sick with pneumonia, going in and out of comas. His wife was worried about his health but he refused to go to a hospital. One night, his wife woke up from a dream about two spirits that had opened the door in their room; she says that she could tell that they were male and female. The two

title: Requiem for a Dream

text: empathy is structurally advanced by the use of intertitles (Summer, Fall, Winter), marking the temporal progress of addiction. The average scene length shortens as the film progresses (beginning around 90 seconds to two minutes) until the movie's climactic scenes, which are cut together very rapidly (many changes per second) and are accompanied by a score which increases in intensity accordingly. After the climax, there is a short period of serenity, during which idyllic dreams of what may have been are juxtaposed with portraits of the four shattered lives. "Requiem for a Dream" premiered at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival on

title: Requiem for a Dream

text: the 2000 Cannes Film Festival and received positive reviews from critics upon its U.S. release. Burstyn was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance. During the summer in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn, widow Sara Goldfarb spends her time watching infomercials. Meanwhile, her son, Harry, occasionally pawns her television set to fund his girlfriend Marion, and his best friend Tyrone's drug use. After Sara receives a call that she has won a spot on a television game show, she becomes excited about attending it. To fit back into her red dress, the favorite of her deceased husband Seymour,

title: Requiem for a Dream (soundtrack)

text: career. Mansell also has worked on Aronofsky's first film "π". Both Pi and Requiem for a Dream are noted for their off notes and range of tenebrous emotions. In the opening credits before the title of the movie appears we can hear the quartet tuning their instruments, before hearing a conductor tap on his music stand to ready the quartet for a performance. The maestro bringing them to attention is Aronofsky. Aronofsky and Mansell both grew up listening to Hiphop which they based a lot of their decision making on that type of music. Mansell took a classic hiphop record

title: Requiem for a Dream

text: stating that "After the young director's phenomenal debut with the barely budgeted "Pi," which was like watching a middleweight boxer win a fight purely on reflexes, he comes back with a picture that shows maturation." Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian", lauded the film. "His agonising and unflinchingly grim portrait of drug abuse, taken from a novel by Hubert Selby Jr (with whom Aronofsky co-wrote the screenplay), is a formally pleasing piece of work - if pleasing can possibly be the right word." Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" wrote that "no one interested in the power and magic of movies should

title: Requiem for a Dream

text: May 14, 2000 and the 2000 Toronto International Film Festival on September 13 before a wide release on October 27. In the United States, the film was originally rated NC-17 by the MPAA, but Aronofsky appealed the rating, claiming that cutting any portion of the film would dilute its message. The appeal was denied and Artisan decided to release the film unrated. An R-rated version was released on video, with the sex scene edited, but the rest of the film identical to the unrated version. In the United Kingdom, the film was given an 18 certificate by the BBFC for

title: Darren Aronofsky

text: the acting and narratives. Aronofsky filmed both works with a muted palette and a grainy style. Part of this consistent style involves collaborations with frequent partners cinematographer Matthew Libatique, editor Andrew Weisblum and composer Clint Mansell. Mansell's music is an often important element of the films. "Pi" features several references to mathematics and mathematical theories. In a 1998 interview, Aronofsky acknowledged several influences for "Pi": The visual style of "Pi" and "Requiem for a Dream" features numerous similarities to "Tetsuo: The Iron Man". The majority of reviewers characterized "Requiem for a Dream" in the genre of "drug movies", along with

title: A Daughter's Nightmare

text: Ariel explains that tuberculosis is the reason behind the death of Adam's mother. The doctor finds out that Ben is not taking this medication voluntarily. Ariel explains that Adam is drugging him and she also argues that Adam is drugging her mother as well. She tells the doctor to call the cops and she rushes with Ben outside to rescue her mother. They go home however, Dana is not there. The cops refuse to take any actions towards Adam because there are no evident signs of abduction. Ariel and Ben start to call all the pharmacies in the region to

title: Requiem for a Dream

text: Tim, who trades heroin for sex. Harry and Tyrone decide that to put their business back on track; they will drive to Florida to buy directly from the wholeseller there. After a series of horrifying hallucinations, Sara flees her apartment for the office of the casting agency in Manhattan, to confirm when she will be on TV. She is taken away by ambulance and committed to a psychiatric ward where she is subjected to degrading treatments. When none work, the physician induces a barely lucid Sara to approve electroconvulsive therapy. On the drive to Miami, Harry and Tyrone visit a

title: Requiem for a Dream (soundtrack)

text: spirits told her that if Hubert did not get medical attention, he might die. She eventually called a friend, who happened to be a respiratory therapist. She told him about all the things that have been happening with Hubert and he scolded him about his health and told her to take him to the hospital. Clint Mansell, the composer of this soundtrack, is an English musician, composer, and former lead singer and guitarist of the band Pop Will Eat Itself (1996). Aronofsky, the director of the film, hired him to score his film "Pi". He scored "Requiem for a Dream"

title: Dream's Ashes

text: his dead child. He tries to ignore the hallucinations as a side effect of the drug, but they increasingly occupy his thoughts. Carol is now going out with a local hard man called Tommy, who traps her in an abusive relationship. Carol calls out to Lee for help and so Tommy challenges Lee but to no avail. Lee shuns Carol and does not fight Tommy, despite still having feelings for her. Lee is becoming increasingly confused about what is important to him and the repeated hallucinations of his baby become more vivid. Lee is arrested after a nightclub fight with

title: Requiem for a Dream

text: (split screens, complex cross-cutting schemes, hallucinatory visuals) to Clint Mansell's driving, hypnotic score (performed by the Kronos Quartet), the movie compels you to watch it." Some critics were less positive, however. On "Mr. Showbiz", Kevin Maynard stated that the film is "never the heart-wrenching emotional experience it seems intended to be." J. Rentilly billed the work as "chilling and technically proficient and, also, fairly hollow." Desson Thompson of "The Washington Post" argued that its characters are "mostly relegated to human mannequins in Aronofsky's visual schemes". David Sterritt of the "Christian Science Monitor" wrote that "Aronofsky's filmmaking gets addicted to its

title: Requiem for a Dream

text: Picture Editors Guild listed "Requiem for a Dream" as the 29th best-edited film of all time based on a survey of its members. In a 2016 international critics' poll conducted by BBC, the film, Toni Erdmann and Carlos were tied together and were three voted together as the 100 greatest motion pictures since 2000. The soundtrack was composed by Clint Mansell with the string ensemble performed by Kronos Quartet. The string quartet arrangements were written by Pulitzer Prize-winning composer David Lang. The soundtrack was re-released with the album "Requiem for a Dream: Remixed", which contains remixes of the music by

title: Requiem for a Dream

title: Requiem for a Dream

long_answer: Harry and Tyrone plan to sell heroin to make enough to live off; that summer, their small-time dealing business thrives. Harry and Marion plan to open up a dress shop for Marion's designs, and Tyrone dreams of escaping the ghetto to make his mother proud. Sara and her friends wait expectantly every day for the game show invitation to arrive. With the extra money, Harry stops by to tell his mother he ordered her a new television set, but when he implores her to get off the amphetamines, she confesses that the only thing she has to live for anymore is the dream of looking glamorous on a television stage, and the extra attention she receives now from her friends.


question: how long was dark side of the moon number 1

answers: a week

answers: 42:49

title: The Dark Side of the Moon

text: US under the age of 50 is estimated to own, or to have owned, a copy. Upon a change in methodology in 2009 allowing catalogue titles to be included in the "Billboard" 200, "The Dark Side of the Moon" returned to the chart at number 189 on 12 December of that year for its 742nd charting week. It has continued to sporadically appear on the Billboard 200 since then, with the total at 938 weeks on the chart as of December 2018. "The combination of words and music hit a peak," explained Gilmour. "All the music before had not had

title: Pink Floyd

text: involvement." Throughout March 1973, "The Dark Side of the Moon" featured as part of Pink Floyd's US tour. The album is one of the most commercially successful rock albums of all time; a US number 1, it remained on the "Billboard" chart for more than fourteen years, selling more than 45 million copies worldwide. In Britain, the album peaked at number 2, spending 364 weeks on the UK chart. "Dark Side" is the world's third best-selling album, and the twenty-first best-selling album of all time in the US. The success of the album brought enormous wealth to the members of

title: The Dark Side of the Moon

text: the 200th-best-selling album of that year – nearly three decades after its initial release. The album has sold 9,502,000 copies in the US since 1991 when Nielsen SoundScan began tracking sales for Billboard. To this day, it occupies a prominent spot on "Billboard"s Pop Catalog Chart. It reached number one when the 2003 hybrid CD/SACD edition was released and sold 800,000 copies in the US. On the week of 5 May 2006 "The Dark Side of the Moon" achieved a combined total of 1,716 weeks on the "Billboard" 200 and Pop Catalog charts. One in every fourteen people in the

title: Roger Waters

text: Blake believes is "a testament to his mellower old age or twenty years of dedicated psychotherapy". "" reached number 5 on the "Billboard" Classical Music Chart in the United States. In June 2006, Waters commenced The Dark Side of the Moon Live tour, a two-year, world-spanning effort that began in Europe in June and North America in September. The first half of the show featured both Pink Floyd songs and Waters' solo material, while the second half included a complete live performance of the 1973 Pink Floyd album "The Dark Side of the Moon", the first time in over three

title: The Dark Side of the Moon

text: The Dark Side of the Moon The Dark Side of the Moon is the eighth studio album by English rock band Pink Floyd, released on 1 March 1973 by Harvest Records. It built on ideas explored in Pink Floyd's earlier recordings and performances, but without the extended instrumentals that characterised their earlier work. A concept album, its themes explore conflict, greed, time, and mental illness, the latter partly inspired by the deteriorating health of founding member Syd Barrett, who left in 1968. Developed during live performances, Pink Floyd premiered an early version of "The Dark Side of the Moon" several

title: The Dark Side of the Moon

text: The album re-appeared on the "Billboard" charts with the introduction of the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart in May 1991, and has been a perennial feature since then. In the UK, it is the seventh-best-selling album of all time and the highest selling album never to reach number one. In the US the LP was released before the introduction of platinum awards in 1976. It therefore held only a gold disc until 16 February 1990, when it was certified 11× platinum. On 4 June 1998 the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified the album 15× platinum, denoting sales of

title: The Dark Side of the Moon

text: on Columbia Records. "The Dark Side of the Moon" was the last album that Pink Floyd were obliged to release before formally signing a new contract. Menon's enthusiasm for the new album was such that he began a huge promotional advertising campaign, which included radio-friendly truncated versions of "Us and Them" and "Time". In some countries – notably the UK – Pink Floyd had not released a single since 1968's "Point Me at the Sky", and unusually "Money" was released as a single on 7 May, with "Any Colour You Like" on the B-side. It reached number 13 on the

title: The Dark Side of the Moon

text: food?", before moving on to themes more central to the album (such as madness, violence, and death). Questions such as "When was the last time you were violent?", followed immediately by "Were you in the right?", were answered in the order they were presented. Roger "The Hat" Manifold proved difficult to find, and was the only contributor recorded in a conventional sit-down interview, as by then the flashcards had been mislaid. Waters asked him about a violent encounter he had had with another motorist, and Manifold replied "... give 'em a quick, short, sharp shock ..." When asked about death

title: The Dark Side of the Moon

text: on 20 January 1972, and after the commercial failure of Medicine Head's album the title was changed back to the band's original preference. "Dark Side of the Moon: A Piece for Assorted Lunatics", as it was then known, was performed in the presence of an assembled press on 17 February 1972 – more than a year before its release – at the Rainbow Theatre, and was critically acclaimed. Michael Wale of "The Times" described the piece as "bringing tears to the eyes. It was so completely understanding and musically questioning." Derek Jewell of "The Sunday Times" wrote "The ambition of

title: The Dark Side of the Moon

text: "kitsch masterpiece" that can be charming with highlights such as taped speech fragments, Parry's saxophone, and studio effects which enhance Gilmour's guitar solos. "The Dark Side of the Moon" was released first in the US on 1 March 1973, and then in the UK on 16 March. It became an instant chart success in Britain and throughout Western Europe; by the following month, it had gained a gold certification in the US. Throughout March 1973 the band played the album as part of their US tour, including a midnight performance at Radio City Music Hall in New York City on

title: Dark of the Moon (play)

text: extended to the Texas UIL One Act Play State Meet where there were two productions of "Dark of the Moon", with one of the plays placing third at the 1998 State Meet. At Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota, the theater group, Players, performed the play in 1963. Folk music was popular at the time and some campus "folkies" replaced the old musical numbers in the play with current favorites. The play was a great success. The production was directed by John R ("Jack") Woodruff and featured a number of Carleton students including Erica Rosenfeld, Jim Ekberg, and Jack Turner. Dark of

title: Dark Side of the Moon (film)

text: Dark Side of the Moon (film) Dark Side of the Moon is a French mockumentary by director William Karel which originally aired on Arte in 2002 with the title Opération Lune. The basic premise for the film is the theory that the television footage from the Apollo 11 Moon landing was faked and recorded in a studio by the CIA with help from director Stanley Kubrick. It features some surprising guest appearances, most notably by Donald Rumsfeld, Dr. Henry Kissinger, Alexander Haig, Vernon Walters, Buzz Aldrin and Stanley Kubrick's widow, Christiane Kubrick. The first part tells in an apparently neutral

title: The Dark Side of the Moon

text: in "The Observer"s 2006 list of "The 50 Albums That Changed Music", and 37th in "The Guardian"s 1997 list of the "100 Best Albums Ever", as voted for by a panel of artists and music critics. The album's cover has been lauded by critics and listeners alike, VH1 proclaiming it the fourth greatest in history, and Planet Rock listeners the greatest of all time. In 2013, "The Dark Side of the Moon" was selected for preservation in the United States National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress for being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". In 2014, readers of

title: The Dark Side of the Moon

text: position on the magazine's list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time".and was voted 43rd again on the magazine's 2012 list. In 2006, it was voted "My Favourite Album" by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's audience. "NME" readers voted the album eighth in their 2006 "Best Album of All Time" online poll, and in 2009, Planet Rock listeners voted the album the "greatest of all time". The album is also number two on the "Definitive 200" list of albums, made by the National Association of Recording Merchandisers "in celebration of the art form of the record album". It came 29th

title: Dark Side of the Moon (film)

text: names originally appeared. The following list reproduces the correct answers of the quiz. Arte aired the film for the first time on 16 October 2002, and a second time on 1 April 2004, followed by a debate and accompanied by a web site including an interview of William Karel and a quiz demonstrating some of the giveaways including the fake witnesses and out-of-context quotes from interviews. At the press screening before the first airing, some people who had missed the beginning left the screening room infuriated. Australian broadcaster SBS television aired the film on 1 April 2003 as an April

title: The Dark Side of the Moon

text: the quadraphonic mix of the album was not then complete, the band (with the exception of Wright) boycotted the press reception held at the London Planetarium on 27 February. The guests were, instead, presented with a quartet of life-sized cardboard cut-outs of the band, and the stereo mix of the album was presented through a poor-quality public address system. Generally, however, the press were enthusiastic; "Melody Maker"s Roy Hollingworth described side one as "so utterly confused with itself it was difficult to follow", but praised side two, writing: "The songs, the sounds, the rhythms were solid and sound, Saxophone hit

title: The Dark Side of the Moon

text: "Rhythm" voted it the seventh most influential progressive drumming album. One of the more notable covers of "The Dark Side of the Moon" is "Return to the Dark Side of the Moon: A Tribute to Pink Floyd". Released in 2006, the album is a progressive rock tribute featuring artists such as Adrian Belew, Tommy Shaw, Dweezil Zappa, and Rick Wakeman. In 2000, The Squirrels released "The Not So Bright Side of the Moon", which features a cover of the entire album. The New York dub collective Easy Star All-Stars released "Dub Side of the Moon" in 2003 and "Dubber Side

title: Bhaskar Menon

text: had blocked the release of singles. Menon pushed for the songs, "Us and Them" and "Time" to be edited and released as singles for American radio. To date, "The Dark Side of the Moon" has spent 741 weeks on the USA-based "Billboard" 200 album chart, the longest duration of any album in history. It is also the fourth highest selling album globally of all time, selling more than forty million units. Menon was featured in the documentary , "The Making of The Dark Side of the Moon." Menon’s contributions to the "Dark Side of the Moon" album’s success were recognized

title: The Dark Side of the Moon

text: "Billboard" Hot 100 in July 1973. A two-sided white label promotional version of the single, with mono and stereo mixes, was sent to radio stations. The mono side had the word "bullshit" removed from the song – leaving "bull" in its place – however, the stereo side retained the uncensored version. This was subsequently withdrawn; the replacement was sent to radio stations with a note advising disc jockeys to dispose of the first uncensored copy. On 4 February 1974, a double A-side single was released with "Time" on one side, and "Us and Them" on the opposite side. Menon's efforts

title: Eclipse (song)

text: listener, "and everything under the sun is in tune, but the sun is eclipsed by the moon." Waters explained the meaning of these words as well as the entire song by asserting: The doorman of Abbey Road Studios, Gerry O'Driscoll, is heard speaking at 1:37, answering the question: "What is 'the dark side of the moon'?" with: "There is no dark side in the moon, really. Matter of fact, it's all dark. The only thing that makes it look light is the sun." A section of an orchestral version of the Beatles song "Ticket to Ride" can be heard faintly

title: The Dark Side of the Moon (1990 film)

text: The Dark Side of the Moon (1990 film) The Dark Side of the Moon is a 1990 direct-to-video science fiction horror film. It was directed by D. J. Webster from the screenplay by brothers Chad and Carey Hayes. In the near future, a maintenance vehicle is orbiting the Earth on a mission to repair nuclear-armed satellites. Suddenly, the crew experiences a mysterious, inexplicable power failure that cannot be accounted for. As the ship grows colder, they find themselves drifting toward the dark side of the Moon. An old NASA shuttle, the "Discovery", drifts toward them, although NASA has not been

title: October Project

text: recorded "From the Dark Side of the Moon" for V2 Records. The album, produced by Mark Doyle and David Werner, is an interpretation of Pink Floyd's "The Dark Side of the Moon". Following the restructuring of V2, the album was put in storage for several years. It was released independently by Fahl in late 2011. In late 2013, Fahl released her latest full-length album, "Love and Gravity". In late 2014 came the 2CD "Live at the Mauch Chunk Opera House", and in 2016 "Four Songs", a collection of Italian Arias, available only through her website. The band's self-titled major-label debut

title: A Saucerful of Secrets

text: album not to chart. However, when reissued as "A Nice Pair" with the original version of "The Piper at the Gates of Dawn" after the success of "The Dark Side of the Moon", the album did chart at number 36 on the "Billboard" 200. "Let There Be More Light" was released as a single, backed with "Remember a Day", in the US on 19 August 1969. The CD stereo mix of the album was first released in 1988, and in 1992 was digitally remastered and reissued as part of the "Shine On" box set. The remastered stereo CD was released

title: The Dark Side of the Moon (1990 film)

text: operating for 30 years. Two of the crew members board the ship and find a dead body. The mission records of the crew's own ship indicate that the shuttle they have found disappeared in the Bermuda Triangle many years before. So what is it doing in space? As they attempt to solve this mystery, it quickly becomes apparent that a malevolent force has been waiting on the NASA shuttle, using the aforesaid dead body as its host and it now begins to stalk the crew members one at a time. The film was released on VHS by Vidmark Entertainment on

title: The Dark Side of the Moon

text: 17 March before an audience of 6,000. The album reached the "Billboard" Top LPs & Tape chart's number one spot on 28 April 1973, and was so successful that the band returned two months later for another tour. Much of the album's early American success is attributed to the efforts of Pink Floyd's US record company, Capitol Records. Newly appointed chairman Bhaskar Menon set about trying to reverse the relatively poor sales of the band's 1971 studio album "Meddle". Meanwhile, disenchanted with Capitol, the band and manager O'Rourke had been quietly negotiating a new contract with CBS president Clive Davis,

title: Dark Side of the Moon Tour

text: – A Piece for Assorted Lunatics", the name under which it made its press debut in February 1972 at London's Rainbow Theatre. The title changed for the first part of the US tour to "Eclipse (A Piece for Assorted Lunatics)" during April and May before reverting to "Dark Side of the Moon – A Piece for Assorted Lunatics" in September for the second part of the US tour and finally released in 1973 under the title of "The Dark Side of the Moon". Remarkably, at its first full live performance at Guildhall, Portsmouth, England on 21 January 1972, most of

title: Dark Side of the Moon (film)

text: had been sold to NASA, and the tenth one is at the German Movie Museum in Frankfurt. There is no evidence that NASA ever lent one of their own lenses to Kubrick. Dark Side of the Moon (film) Dark Side of the Moon is a French mockumentary by director William Karel which originally aired on Arte in 2002 with the title Opération Lune. The basic premise for the film is the theory that the television footage from the Apollo 11 Moon landing was faked and recorded in a studio by the CIA with help from director Stanley Kubrick. It features

title: The Dark Side of the Moon

text: any great lyrical point to it. And this one was clear and concise. The cover was also right. I think it's become like a benevolent noose hanging behind us. Throughout our entire career, people have said we would never top the "Dark Side" record and tour. But "The Wall" earned more in dollar terms." In 1979, "The Dark Side of the Moon" was released as a remastered LP by Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab, and in April 1988 on their "Ultradisc" gold CD format. The album was released by EMI on the then-new compact disc format in 1984, and in 1992

title: The Dark Side of the Moon

text: of the Moon" in 2010. The group Voices on the Dark Side released the album "Dark Side of the Moon a Cappella", a complete a cappella version of the album. The bluegrass band Poor Man's Whiskey frequently play the album in bluegrass style, calling the suite "Dark Side of the Moonshine". A string quartet version of the album was released in 2004. In 2009, The Flaming Lips released a track-by-track remake of the album in collaboration with Stardeath and White Dwarfs, and featuring Henry Rollins and Peaches as guest musicians. Several notable acts have covered the album live in its

title: The Dark Side of the Moon

title: The Dark Side of the Moon

long_answer: The Dark Side of the Moon was a commercial and critical success. It topped the Billboard Top LPs & Tapes chart for a week and remained in the chart for 741 weeks from 1973 to 1988. After the rules were changed in 2009, the album re-entered the chart and eventually topped out at 937 total weeks. With an estimated 45 million copies sold, it is Pink Floyd's most successful album and one of the best-selling worldwide. It has been remastered and re-released several times, and covered in its entirety by several acts. It produced two singles, "Money" and "Us and Them". It is often ranked as one of the greatest albums of all time.


question: who is the actor that plays jt on the young and the restless

answers: Thaddeus Rowe Luckinbill

title: Kelly Andrews (The Young and the Restless)

text: on the process of gaining the role of Kelly. She revealed, "I got an email from "Y&R" casting director, Judy Blye Wilson asking me to send a reel of my work over for the possibility that they may need to recast Cynthia Watros, because it looked like her pilot was going to get picked up. Luckily, Jon Lindstrom had just helped me make a beautiful reel of some of my soap and film work. We sent that over, and then it was quiet for awhile. I know they were looking at a lot of actresses, who of course, wanted to

title: J. T. Hellstrom

text: J. T. Hellstrom J. T. Hellstrom is a fictional character from "The Young and the Restless", an American soap opera on the CBS network. The role was portrayed by actor Thad Luckinbill from August 27, 1999, to November 5, 2010. Luckinbill originally appeared on a recurring basis until he was put on contract in November 2002. On November 3, 2017, it was announced that Luckinbill would reprise the role of J.T., beginning December 12, 2017. Luckinbill exited on April 16, 2018, when the character was killed off. J. T. Hellstrom is introduced in 1999 as a high school friend of

title: Redaric Williams

text: Redaric Williams Jimmie Williams, known professionally as Redaric Williams, is an American actor, model, author and musician. As an actor, he is best known for his role as Tyler Michaelson on the U.S. daytime drama, "The Young and the Restless". Redaric Williams was born in Petoskey and raised in Detroit. He has four older sisters, a twin sister, as well as a younger sister and a younger brother. Frequently moving as a youth, he attended three different high schools before graduating from Denby High School in Detroit Williams attended the University of North Texas as a student athlete for UNT's

title: Quinn Redeker

text: Michael Cimino. As an actor, Redeker was twice nominated for the "Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series" Daytime Emmy Award for his role on "The Young and the Restless", both in 1989 and 1990. He also won a Soapy Award for Best Villain for his role on "Days of our Lives" in 1983, along with a Soap Opera Digest Award for "Outstanding Actor in a Supporting Role: Daytime" for "The Young and the Restless". Quinn Redeker Quinn K. Redeker (born May 2, 1936) is an American actor and screenwriter, who is well known for his work on soap operas.

title: Aaron Lustig

text: Aaron Lustig Aaron Lustig (born September 17, 1956) is an American film and television actor. He was nominated for an Emmy Award in 1997, for Best Supporting Actor on "The Young and the Restless" as Tim Reid, whom he has also portrayed on "The Bold and the Beautiful". He guest-starred in "Criminal Minds" as Walter Kern, a serial killer who has been inactive for eighteen years, in the episode "Unfinished Business". He made guest appearances in the seventh season of "Desperate Housewives" as a transplant coordinator working on the case of Susan Delfino (Teri Hatcher). Lustig currently resides in Sherman

title: Doug Davidson

text: not renewed. Davidson confirmed that he was "not included" in the new direction for "The Young and the Restless". He has been married to actress Cindy Fisher since 1984. They have two children, daughter Calyssa and son Caden. Doug Davidson Douglas Donald Davidson (born October 24, 1954 in Glendale, California) is an American television actor. He portrayed private investigator Paul Williams on the CBS soap opera "The Young and the Restless" from May 1978 until 2018, which made him the series' longest-serving cast member. Davidson appeared as captain of "The Young and the Restless" team when they played for charity

text: in the Daytime Emmy Award category for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. Paul Williams (The Young and the Restless) Paul Williams is a fictional character on the American CBS soap opera "The Young and the Restless". Paul was introduced to the show on May 23, 1978, and has been portrayed by Doug Davidson ever since. Initially Paul was a "bad boy", who had a romance with Nikki Newman (Melody Thomas Scott), giving her an STD. The relationship ultimately ended, but the two have remained friends since. After a year on the series, Bell gave the character a proper

title: Ryan Ashton

text: Carolina School of the Arts School of Filmmaking where he received a BFA in Directing for Film. Ryan Ashton Ryan Ashton (born September 24, 1984) is an American actor, director, and screenwriter. Ashton is best known for his portrayal of Zack Sinnett on the CBS daytime soap opera "The Young and the Restless", which earned a nomination for the Daytime Emmy Award for Guest Performer in a Drama Series in 2018. He appeared in the feature film, , and wrote, directed, and starred in the Bedsider series The Guys Guide to Birth Control, which was featured in The New York

title: Marnie Schulenburg

text: plans to devote her spare time to pursuing acting jobs in theater. On September 15, 2013 she married her boyfriend of 10 years, actor Zack Robidas. She made her debut on "The Young and the Restless" then moved to "As the World Turns" as Alison Stewart. The appearance began a crossover between "ATWT" and "TYaTR" that included a special online-only series called "L.A. Diaries". Schulenburg, a Cape Cod native, was cast on the daytime drama "As the World Turns" and signed to a three-year contract. In 2013, she was cast on "One Life to Live" in the role of Jo

title: Aaron Lustig

text: Oaks, California. Aaron Lustig Aaron Lustig (born September 17, 1956) is an American film and television actor. He was nominated for an Emmy Award in 1997, for Best Supporting Actor on "The Young and the Restless" as Tim Reid, whom he has also portrayed on "The Bold and the Beautiful". He guest-starred in "Criminal Minds" as Walter Kern, a serial killer who has been inactive for eighteen years, in the episode "Unfinished Business". He made guest appearances in the seventh season of "Desperate Housewives" as a transplant coordinator working on the case of Susan Delfino (Teri Hatcher). Lustig currently resides

title: Emily O'Brien

text: she graduated in 2003, and at MiraCosta College, where she completed a theater major in 2005. She attended Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London, England and wrote, produced and directed her first project "Beatrice" in 2011. She portrayed Jana Hawkes Fisher in "The Young and the Restless". O'Brien was nominated for three Daytime Emmy Awards for her performance in "The Young and the Restless". She portrayed the role again in November 2008, when a parody of the show was the theme of the 1st showcase on "The Price Is Right". O'Brien portrayed the role initially on a recurring

title: Ryan Ashton

text: Ryan Ashton Ryan Ashton (born September 24, 1984) is an American actor, director, and screenwriter. Ashton is best known for his portrayal of Zack Sinnett on the CBS daytime soap opera "The Young and the Restless", which earned a nomination for the Daytime Emmy Award for Guest Performer in a Drama Series in 2018. He appeared in the feature film, , and wrote, directed, and starred in the Bedsider series The Guys Guide to Birth Control, which was featured in The New York Times and The Huffington Post. He grew up in Scituate, Massachusetts before attending The University of North

title: Kate Linder

text: from his first marriage, Jay, Jon, and Karyn. Kate Linder Kate Linder (born November 2, 1947) is an American actress, best known for her role as Esther Valentine on "The Young and the Restless", which she has played since 1982. Linder was born in Pasadena, California, and graduated with a BA in theatre arts from San Francisco State University. During that time, she also began working as a flight attendant for Transamerica Airlines. After graduation, Linder found work on television, including roles on "Archie Bunker's Place" and "Bay City Blues". In 1982 she was cast as Esther Valentine on CBS

title: Adrienne Frantz

text: Adrienne Frantz Adrienne Danielle Frantz (born June 7, 1978) is an American actress and singer-songwriter. She appeared as Amber Moore in "The Bold and the Beautiful" (1997–2005, 2010–2012) and "The Young and the Restless" (2006–2010, 2013). Frantz was born in Mount Clemens, Michigan. She first broke into the soap opera genre in 1997 as Tiffany Thorne on "Sunset Beach", Frantz left the show later that year for her role as the villainess turned sympathetic heroine Amber on "The Bold and the Beautiful". In 2001, her portrayal garnered Frantz a Daytime Emmy in the Outstanding Younger Actress category. Frantz played the

title: Ashley Abbott

text: September 25, 2008. In May 2012, Davidson informed followers on her Twitter page that she had been let go from "The Young and the Restless". Davidson further confirmed she did not know why she was let go, but was seeing the positive light from it. It was then announced by Nelson Branco that Sony Pictures Entertainment wanted Davidson on both "The Young and the Restless" and "Days of Our Lives", but that "Y&R" would not share the actress, leading to Sony terminating her contract with the soap. Thus it was announced that Davidson would reprise her role as Kristen Blake

title: The Young and the Restless

text: Paul Williams, played by Doug Davidson, and Jack Abbott, played by Terry Lester- both of whom had a relatively insignificant presence on the show," Bell said. "They didn't have families. Hell, they didn't even have bedrooms. But these became the two characters I would build our two families around." The characters from the Abbott and Williams families were integrated into the series while the Brooks and Foster families, with the exception of Jill, were phased out. The continuity of the feud between Jill and Katherine, which began in the early years of the show, smoothed the transition. The relationship between

title: Kristoff St. John

text: Kristoff St. John Kristoff St. John (born July 15, 1966) is an American actor, best known for his role as Neil Winters on the daytime US drama "The Young and the Restless". Kristoff St. John was born July 15, 1966, in New York City. His father, Christopher St. John, is an actor and director, while his stepmother, Marie, is an actress who graduated from London's Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. As a child, St. John portrayed a young Alex Haley in the ABC miniseries "". He also made a small but notable appearance as Booker Brown on the ABC sitcom

title: Christel Khalil

text: "The Young and the Restless". In 2012, she was featured in musician Johnny Britt's music video for his single "Beautiful Queen". In 2008, she married musician Stephen Hensley. "The Young and the Restless" co-star Elizabeth Hendrickson served as a bridesmaid while Bryton James was a groomsman. Khalil gave birth to their son in April 2010, during an at home water birth. Bryton James is his godfather and actress Fadhia Marcelin is his godmother. She and Hensley split in early 2011, divorced later that year, and share custody of their son. In 2015, Khalil stated she had been in a relationship

title: Amber Moore

text: contract expired in June 2005. That October, it was announced that Frantz would reprise the role on "The Young and the Restless", introduced by former executive producer and head writer Lynn Marie Latham. When the character joined the show's sister soap, her intentions laid the same, to try and attract a handsome bartender Cane Ashby who was destined for a fortune (thought to be Phillip Chancellor III). In 2010, it was announced Frantz would be leaving "The Young and the Restless" and returning to "The Bold and the Beautiful". For her portrayal, Frantz has won a Daytime Emmy Award for

title: The D'Ambrosio Twins

text: with video, commercial and film director Paul Boyd to look great. The D'Ambrosio Twins released a video and single for “Young And Free" on June 1 and was directed by Paul Boyd. The song was co-written by Marko DeSantis of the band Sugarcult and features musical.ly sensation, Hayden Summerall. The video was premiered on Celebmix. The D'Ambrosio Twins Bianca D'Ambrosio and Chiara D'Ambrosio (born April 28, 2005), also known collectively as the D'Ambrosio Twins, are American child actresses and musicians. The twins made their acting debut playing Summer Newman on the soap opera "The Young and the Restless". At the

title: Judith Chapman

text: of Anjelica Devereaux Curtis on "Days of Our Lives", playing that part from 1989-1990 and briefly in 1991. She made her first appearance on "The Young and the Restless" after that, briefly subbing for Jess Walton as Jill Abbott. She joined the cast of "The Young and the Restless" full-time in January 2005, replacing Joan Van Ark in the contract role of Gloria Fisher. In March 2011, it was announced that Chapman had been taken off her contract and bumped to recurring. In October 2014, it was announced that she would make a guest appearance as Gloria on "The Bold

title: Eli Grant

text: due to begin taping in late August and expected to begin appearing by early 2017. In December 2016, it was reported that Lamon Archey, known for his portrayal of Mason Wilder on "The Young and the Restless" had been cast in a role and would debut in early 2017. Archey had previously appeared on "Days of Our Lives" in an "under-five" role which he says lead to his casting on "The Young and the Restless". Seaforth Hayes announced the casting on December 11, 2016, and revealed he would portray the role of Eli Grant. Archey's debut was slated for February

title: Brooke Marie Bridges

text: Brooke Marie Bridges Brooke Marie Bridges (born August 5, 1991, in Los Angeles, California) is an American actress. She is best known for playing the young Lily Winters on "The Young and the Restless" from 1996 to 1998 and again in 2000. She is the daughter of Jimmy Bridges and the niece of actor Todd Bridges and Verda Bridges. She is currently working a full-time job and preparing for college. She is trying to pursue her dream as a singer/songwriter as well as a fashion model. She has two sisters, Penny Bridges and Rachel Bridges. She is also cousin of

title: James Michael Gregary

text: James Michael Gregary James Michael Gregary (born May 20, 1953) is an American actor, best known for playing the recurring role of Clint Radison on the CBS soap opera "The Young and the Restless", which he had played from 1989 to 1990, and again briefly in 1991, and returned to the role briefly in early 2009. Between his break from the soap, he had no other TV or movie appearances. His first and only role in movies was in 1989 when he appeared as "Selim" on "The Favorite". James Michael Gregary (born May 20, 1953) is a Greek–American actor, best

title: Jana Hawkes

text: Jana Hawkes Jana Hawkes is a fictional character from the American CBS soap opera "The Young and the Restless". The role was portrayed by Emily O'Brien, first on a recurring status and then on contract until the character's death onscreen on May 6, 2011. Jana was married to Kevin Fisher, is the murderer of Carmen Mesta, and was involved in a number of illegal activities. She died of an aneurysm during a fight with her ex-husband's girlfriend, Chloe Mitchell. O'Brien portrayed the role initially on a recurring status from May 11 to September 5, 2006, and then on contract from

title: Eileen Davidson

text: as Ashley on September 26, 2008. In 2012, Nelson Branco announced that Sony Pictures Entertainment wanted Davidson on both "The Young and the Restless" and "Days of Our Lives", but that "Y&R" would not share the actress, leading Sony to terminate her contract with them. Thus, it was announced that Davidson would reprise her role as Kristen Blake DiMera on "Days of Our Lives". Davidson made a brief appearance on "The Young and the Restless" in February 2013 for the soap's 40th anniversary. In July 2013, it was announced that Davidson made the decision to leave "Days of Our Lives"

title: Jason Morgan and Sam McCall

text: 11 years prior. Miller is a three-time Daytime Emmy Award winner. He won for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2010 and 2013 for his role as Billy Abbott on "The Young and the Restless." In 2014, he won Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series for the same role. The couple's official song is "Just You and Me" by Rie Sinclair. The song was first played for the couple on March 30, 2005, when they shared a romantic rooftop dance in the rain. In 2006, by popular demand, the couple's song was featured on SOAPnet's, television talk

title: Bryton James

text: in commercials and magazine ads, including one with singer Michael Jackson. At the age of four, he began portraying Richie Crawford on the sitcom "Family Matters", where he appeared from 1990 to 1997 in over 200 episodes. He has portrayed Devon Hamilton on the CBS soap opera "The Young and the Restless" since June 2004. He won the 2007 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series, and earned nominations for the same award in 2006 and 2008. After being nominated for the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Daytime Drama Series from 2005 through

title: Kevin Fisher (The Young and the Restless)

text: with Jana Hawkes (Emily O'Brien), which was well received by viewers and garnered a fan following, as well, with Chloe Mitchell (Elizabeth Hendrickson). Their romance has been subject to mixed reviews. Rikaart has been praised for his portrayal of the role; Michael Fairman of "On-Air On-Soaps" considers him to be "one of the most talented and best young actors on daytime". Rikaart won a Daytime Emmy Award for his portrayal in 2005. Kevin was introduced as an internet predator, and later committed multiple other felonies. After his criminal activity died down, Rikaart commented that, "In a way, it's almost like

title: Thad Luckinbill

text: Thaddeus Rowe Luckinbill (born April 24, 1975) is an American actor and producer best known for playing J.T. Hellstrom on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless, from August 1999 to November 2010.  He revived the role of J.T. in December 2017.

title: Thad Luckinbill


question: when was the first commercial cell phone released

answers: 1983

answers: 1973

title: Douglas H. Ring

text: invented and developed by Bell Labs engineers. Douglas H. Ring Douglas H. Ring (March 28, 1907 in Montana – September 8, 2000 in Red Bank, New Jersey) was one of the Bell Labs engineers that invented the cell phone. The history of cellular phone technology began on December 11, 1947 with an internal memo written by Douglas H. Ring in which he proposed development of a cellular telephone system by AT&T. Although Martin Cooper of Motorola is considered the inventor of the first handheld cellular telephone and the first person to demonstrate to reporters a handheld cell phone call, Cooper's

title: Motorola DynaTAC

text: 8000s, and continuing with periodic updates of increasing frequency until 1993's Classic II. The DynaTAC was replaced in most roles by the much smaller Motorola MicroTAC when it was first introduced in 1989, and by the time of the Motorola StarTAC's release in 1996, it was obsolete. The first cellular phone was the culmination of efforts begun at Bell Labs, which first proposed the idea of a cellular system in 1947, and continued to petition the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for channels through the 1950s and 1960s, and research conducted at Motorola. In 1960, electrical engineer John F. Mitchell, became

title: W. Rae Young

text: W. Rae Young William Rae Young, Jr. (October 30, 1915 – March 7, 2008) was one of the Bell Labs engineers that invented the cell phone. The history of cellular phone technology began in December 1947 with a Bell Labs internal report in which Rae Young suggested the hexagonal cell concept for a cellular mobile telephone system. Young graduated from the University of Michigan in 1937 with a B.S. degree in electrical engineering. After graduation, Young began working at Bell Labs in what became his lifetime employment. Young did research and development for Bell Labs in the fields of radar,

title: History of mobile phones

text: of the iconic early commercial cell phones such as the Motorola DynaTAC Analog AMPS were eventually superseded by Digital AMPS (D-AMPS) in 1990, and AMPS service was shut down by most North American carriers by 2008. In February 1986 Australia launched its Cellular Telephone System by Telecom Australia. Peter Reedman was the first Telecom Customer to be connected on 6 January 1986 along with five other subscribers as test customers prior to the official launch date of 28 February. In the 1990s, the 'second generation' mobile phone systems emerged. Two systems competed for supremacy in the global market: the European

title: Nokia 7110

text: model featured in the first "Matrix" movie, which is the Nokia 8110 (made three years prior), which was adapted with a spring mechanism to feature in the 1999 film. Nokia 7110 The Nokia 7110 is a GSM mobile phone announced in February 1999 and released in October 1999. It was the first mobile phone to run Series 40 and to come with a WAP browser. The Nokia 71** series of mobile phones in general featured a special, navi-roller button. It was considered to be one of the first true media phones with WAP and messaging capabilities. The 7110 was Nokia's

title: Camera phone

text: first commercial camera phone complete with infrastructure was the J-SH04, made by Sharp Corporation; it had an integrated CCD sensor, with the Sha-Mail (Picture-Mail in Japanese) infrastructure developed in collaboration with Kahn's LightSurf venture, and marketed from 2001 by J-Phone in Japan today owned by Softbank. The first commercial deployment in North America of camera phones was in 2004. The Sprint wireless carriers deployed over one million camera phone manufactured by Sanyo and launched by the PictureMail infrastructure (Sha-Mail in English) developed and managed by LightSurf. While early phones had Internet connectivity, working web browsers and email-programs, the phone menu

title: Advanced Mobile Phone System

text: Motorola, led a team that produced the DynaTAC8000x, the first commercially available cellular phone small enough to be easily carried, and made the first phone call from it. He later introduced the so-called Bag Phone. In 1992 the first smartphone, called IBM Simon, used AMPS. Frank Canova led its design at IBM and it was demonstrated that year at the COMDEX computer-industry trade-show. A refined version of the product was marketed to consumers in 1994 by BellSouth under the name Simon Personal Communicator. The Simon was the first device that can be properly referred to as a "smartphone", even though

title: Motorola MicroTAC

text: three models. The MicroTAC, released by Motorola on April 25, 1989, was the smallest and lightest phone available at the time. Upon its release, it made headlines across the world. The phone was released as the "MicroTAC Pocket Cellular Telephone." The first MicroTACs were known as the Motorola 9800X, a continuation of the numerical name Motorola gave their phones in the 1980s. The MicroTAC was designed to fit into a shirt pocket. These very rare phones featured a black plastic housing and a red 8-character dot-matrix LED display, which was able to show more information than the display of its

title: Motorola International 3200

text: Motorola International 3200 The Motorola International 3200 was the first digital hand-held mobile telephone introduced in 1992, along with the more compact 5200, 7200 and 7500 "flip phones" introduced in 1994. It was preceded by the International 1000 and 2000 GSM phones, quite big (small portable suitcase), and although being the first GSM portable phones, they were not GSM certified, therefore couldn't be officially connected to the network (first to be certified was Orbitel TPU 900). The International 3200 was designed to substitute the phones using the original analog cell technology developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s and

title: Nokia 7110

text: Nokia 7110 The Nokia 7110 is a GSM mobile phone announced in February 1999 and released in October 1999. It was the first mobile phone to run Series 40 and to come with a WAP browser. The Nokia 71** series of mobile phones in general featured a special, navi-roller button. It was considered to be one of the first true media phones with WAP and messaging capabilities. The 7110 was Nokia's second handset with a sliding cover that could be used to answer and terminate voice calls. As with the 8110 before, with the cover deployed, the microphone was brought

title: Bell Mobility

text: are generally the same as offered by the other two large carriers in Canada, Rogers Wireless and Telus Mobility. Due to the age of the technology as deployed by Bell, CDMA smartphones are no longer sold by Bell Mobility. The first cell phone conversation in Canada took place on the Bell network between Jean Drapeau and Art Eggleton, the mayors of Montreal and Toronto, on July 1, 1985. The first cell phone customer in Canada was Victor Surerus, a travelling funeral director out of Peterborough, Ontario who purchased a $2,700 CAD telephone set and took out a service subscription with

title: Motorola

text: Germany. In 1994, Motorola introduced the world's first commercial digital radio system that combined paging, data and cellular communications and voice dispatch in a single radio network and handset. In 1995, Motorola introduced the world's first two-way pager which allowed users to receive text messages and e-mail and reply with a standard response. In 1997, to optimize cell phone production with room for future growth, production was moved to the new giant factory in Harvard, Il. Later with Motorola losing market share, phone assembly was moved to Fort Worth, Tx. leaving the Harvard facility. In 1998, Motorola was overtaken by

title: Martin Cooper (inventor)

text: passers-by prior to walking into a scheduled press conference at the New York Hilton in midtown Manhattan. Standing on Sixth avenue near the Hilton, Cooper made the first handheld cellular phone call in public from the prototype DynaTAC. The call connected him to a base station Motorola had installed on the roof of the Burlington House (now the AllianceBernstein Building) and into the AT&T land-line telephone system. Reporters and onlookers watched as Cooper dialed the number of his chief competitor Dr. Joel S. Engel at ATT. "Joel, this is Marty. I'm calling you from a cell phone, a real handheld

title: Advanced Mobile Phone System

text: September 2000, in Pakistan by October 2004, and Brazil by 2010. The first cellular network efforts began at Bell Labs and with research conducted at Motorola. In 1960, John F. Mitchell, an electrical engineer who had graduated from the Illinois Institute of Technology, became Motorola's chief engineer for its mobile-communication products. Mitchell oversaw the development and marketing of the first pager to use transistors. Motorola had long produced mobile telephones for automobiles, but these large and heavy models consumed too much power to allow their use without the automobile's engine running. Mitchell's team, which included the gifted Dr. Martin Cooper,

title: Nokia 8110

text: Nokia 8110 Nokia 8110 is a mobile phone released in 1996. It was announced on September 9, 1996 as the first of Nokia's high-end "8000" series of phones. Its distinctive styling was the first example of a 'slider' form factor. A sliding cover protected the keypad when being carried in the pocket and extended downwards in use, bringing the microphone closer to the mouth. The action of opening the cover also answered an incoming call. The prominent curvature of the case, particularly when open, earned it the nickname "banana phone". It was also the first Nokia phone with monochrome graphic

title: Motorola A760

text: Motorola A760 The Motorola A760 is a Linux-based camera equipped mobile telephone ('cell phone') developed at Motorola's laboratory in China and released in the Chinese market on February 16, 2003. The particular Linux distribution used was MontaVista Linux. It is the first phone to use Linux. The A760 is particularly significant in that Motorola was a founding member of the Symbian OS initiative (a software platform competing against Linux, Windows Mobile and Palm OS for mobile phones) and in spite of this, used Linux instead of Symbian for the phone. As such the A760 may mark the beginning of the

title: Motorola

text: the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved the DynaTAC 8000X telephone, the world's first commercial cellular device. By 1998, cell phones accounted for two-thirds of Motorola's gross revenue. The company was also strong in semiconductor technology, including integrated circuits used in computers. In particular, it is known for the 6800 family and 68000 family of microprocessors and related peripheral ICs; the processors were used in Atari ST, Commodore Amiga, Color Computer, and Apple Macintosh personal computers and in the early HP laser printers, and some 6800-family peripheral devices were used in the IBM PC series of personal computers. The PowerPC

title: Personal Communications Devices

text: smart phone available on the market at that time. It began as the cellphone division of Audiovox in 1984, and was acquired by UTStarcom in 2004. In 2008, it became a privately owned company. The company worked with global manufacturers including Fujitsu, Huawei, Netgear, Sharp, Wistron Corporation, and ZTE; has partnerships with wireless service providers throughout the Americas including AT&T, T-Mobile, Sprint, Verizon, Virgin Mobile, Cricket, U.S. Cellular, Clear, C Spire, Telus, Claro, Cox Communications, Movilnet, Iusacell, Telefónica, Digicel, MTS and Centennial; and has introduced several first-to-market cellular devices within its 25-year history, including the introduction of the first smart

title: Camera phone

text: cell phone. Cameras on cell phones proved popular right from the start, as indicated by the J-Phone in Japan having had more than half of its subscribers using cell phone cameras in two years. The world soon followed. In 2003, more camera phones were sold worldwide than stand-alone digital cameras largely due to growth in Japan and Korea. In 2005, Nokia became the world's most sold digital camera brand. In 2006, half of the world's mobile phones had a built-in camera. In 2006, Thuraya released the first satellite phone with an integrated camera. The Thuraya SG-2520 was manufactured by Korean

title: History of Nokia

text: digital, portable and encrypted text-based communications device for the Finnish Defence Forces. In 1979, the merger of Nokia and Salora resulted in the establishment of "Mobira Oy". Mobira developed mobile phones for the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) network, called the "1G" and was the first fully automatic cellular phone system. It became commercially available in 1981. In 1982, Mobira introduced its first car phone, the "Mobira Senator" for NMT 450 networks. In 1984, Nokia purchased Salora. Nokia's telecommunications division was renamed "Nokia-Mobira Oy". In the same year, the "Mobira Talkman", an early portable phone was launched. In 1987, Nokia introduced

title: Samsung Telecommunications

text: developed its first CDMA mobile phone in March 1996, to coincide with the launch of CDMA service. The first digital handset, the SCH-100, was extra light and slim, and enabled clear voice communication. Before long, Samsung became the leader in the Personal Communications Service (PCS) market. It partnered with KTFreetel and Hansol PCS to provide PCS phones. Its first PCS phone, the SCH-1100, entered the market with innovative features, including a lightweight body, enhanced battery life, and the ability to capture delicate sounds. The design was targeted at the young generation because the young generation had emerged as a large

title: Nokia 8810

text: Nokia 8810 "Not to be confused with Nokia 8110" The Nokia 8810 is a slider style mobile phone handset manufactured by Nokia, announced on March 18, 1998. It is most notable as being among the first phones to have an internal antenna. It was designed to be the flagship and the most luxurious of all Nokia phones at the time, and also one of the first phones with chrome plating. The phonebook can store up to 250 names and numbers. Ten text messages can be stored on the internal memory. Contacts can also be stored on the SIM card, which

title: Motorola MicroTAC

text: The phone's software offered advanced menu features, and each category, when accessed, was indicated with green icons at the bottom of the display. Categories included Phone Book, Timers, Security, Tone Control, Phone Options, and Answering Machine / Messaging. This was the first mobile phone to have a built-in, recordable answering machine. It was also the first mobile phone to use a Lithium-Ion battery. A series of GSM models were produced beginning in 1994, mostly in the UK, such as the International 5200, International 7500, and the International 8400, all running on the GSM 900 network. Many of these models are

title: Nokia 7650

text: to the user) and 16 MB ROM. Nokia 7650 The Nokia 7650 is a 2.5G consumer-oriented smartphone belonging to the fashion and experimental (7xxx) series. It was introduced in Barcelona on 19 November 2001, and was described by CEO Jorma Ollila as the company's most important launch of that year. Feature-rich, it was the first Nokia phone with a built-in camera (VGA resolution), and thus its imaging capabilities was widely marketed. It has a large (at the time) 2.1" colour display with a resolution of 176x208 pixels. The 7650 was also the company's first to feature Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS),

title: Twig Com

text: by this stage, its former partner Nokia was already bringing to market GSM handsets such as the Nokia 1610. Benefon's first GSM phone was the 1997 Benefon Gamma, and the company continued to release new GSM handsets. The Benefon ESC!, released in 1999, was introduced and was one of the first cellular devices with a built in GPS. The Benefon Forte, operated on the NMT-450 standard and remained on the market for eleven years, until 2000. Engineered for tough operating conditions and equipped with a powerful antenna and transmitter, the phone found a niche operating on the edges of networks

title: John Francis Mitchell

text: his previous decision and championed the portable cell phone concept." U.S. Patent 5,650,776, July 22, 1997 for a Communications Receiver with Thomas F. Holmes John Francis Mitchell John Francis Mitchell (January 1, 1928 – June 9, 2009) was an American electronics engineer and President & COO of Motorola. Mitchell led the pioneering development and implementation of the Motorola’s mobile phone technology producing the first portable transistorized pager and cell phone; was the driving force behind building quality into engineering, and the establishment of the Motorola University and Six Sigma Institute; and launched the global Iridium Satellite Constellation. He was born

title: Nokia 6210

text: connectivity batteries were available separately. A software upgrade was needed for existing 6210 owners. For this reason, an upgraded 6210 was the earliest cellular phone with bluetooth connectivity. The upgrade pack was ready several months before the launch of the first cellphone with bluetooth built-in, however, it was not released to market until sometime after the first integrated-bluetooth phone had been launched. It can certainly be considered to be the first phone with a bluetooth option. Speaking in 2014, the human-rights activist and former punk rock star Bob Geldof said that he still uses a Nokia 6210 14 years after

title: Nokia 101 (1992)

text: phone was launched. Nokia 101 (1992) The Nokia 101 is an analogue mobile phone from Nokia released in 1992 that have variants for the NMT, AMPS and ETACS cellular networks. The 101 is considered to have been a significant handset for Nokia, one that started the company's major success in the market that decade. It was the first model in the new 3-digit naming strategy for analogue handsets. It was also Nokia's first in a candybar form as opposed to the previous "bricks" such as Nokia Talkman 600 or Nokia P4000. It weighed 280 grams, with Nokia marketing it as

title: Motorola DynaTAC

text: Field in Chicago, is considered to be a major turning point in communications. Later, Richard H. Frenkiel, the head of system development at Bell Laboratories, said about the DynaTAC: "It was a real triumph; a great breakthrough." U.S. Patent 3,906,166, September 16, 1975 for a Radio Telephone System. the cell phone. Martin Cooper, Richard W. Dronsurth, Albert J. Leitich, Charles N. Lynk, James J. Mikulski, John F. Mitchell, Roy A. Richardson, and John H. Sangster. N.B. Two names were botched in the original filing; Albert Leitich's surname was erroneously omitted, and Dr. Mikulski's first name was omitted. The original document

title: History of mobile phones

text: On 6 March 1983, the DynaTAC 8000X mobile phone launched on the first US 1G network by Ameritech.  It cost $100m to develop, and took over a decade to reach the market. The phone had a talk time of just thirty-five minutes and took ten hours to charge. Consumer demand was strong despite the battery life, weight, and low talk time, and waiting lists were in the thousands.

title: History of mobile phones


question: when did the first ice age come out

answers: 2002

answers: March 15, 2002

title: Ice age

text: has occurred over the same period, and a chief contributor to the accelerated melting of the remaining glaciers and polar ice. A 2012 investigation finds that dinosaurs released methane through digestion in a similar amount to humanity's current methane release, which "could have been a key factor" to the very warm climate 150 million years ago. William Ruddiman has proposed the early anthropocene hypothesis, according to which the anthropocene era, as some people call the most recent period in the earth's history when the activities of the human species first began to have a significant global impact on the earth's

title: Ice age

text: where evidence for this ice age was first clearly identified. There were extensive polar ice caps at intervals from 360 to 260 million years ago in South Africa during the Carboniferous and early Permian Periods. Correlatives are known from Argentina, also in the center of the ancient supercontinent Gondwanaland. The Quaternary Glaciation / Quaternary Ice Age started about 2.58 million years ago at the beginning of the Quaternary Period when the spread of ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere began. Since then, the world has seen cycles of glaciation with ice sheets advancing and retreating on 40,000- and 100,000-year time

title: Ice age

text: current ice age began 2.6 million years ago at the start of the Pleistocene epoch, and the Greenland, Arctic, and Antarctic ice sheets still exist. In 1742, Pierre Martel (1706–1767), an engineer and geographer living in Geneva, visited the valley of Chamonix in the Alps of Savoy. Two years later he published an account of his journey. He reported that the inhabitants of that valley attributed the dispersal of erratic boulders to the glaciers, saying that they had once extended much farther. Later similar explanations were reported from other regions of the Alps. In 1815 the carpenter and chamois hunter

title: Late Cenozoic Ice Age

text: Dronning Maud ice cap merged with the main ice cap 27.9 million years ago. This was the formation of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. 25 million years ago brought about the first deer. It also was the time period in which the largest flying bird existed, the Pelagornis sandersi. Global refrigeration set in 22 million years ago. 20 million years ago brought about the first bears, giraffes, giant anteaters, and hyenas. There was also an increase in the diversity of birds. The first bovids, kangaroos, and mastodons came about 15 million years ago. This was the warmest part of the

title: Late Cenozoic Ice Age

text: the first anatomically modern humans. The last glacial period began 115,000 years ago and ended 11,700 years ago. This time period saw the great advancement of polar ice sheets into the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Around 75,000 years ago was the eruption of the Toba Supervolcano at present-day Lake Toba, Sumatra, Indonesia. The eruption caused a world-wide volcanic winter that lasted six to ten years. It is possible that it may have even had a cooling effect on the climate that lasted for a thousand years. There is a bottleneck in the human DNA, and it is believed

title: Late Cenozoic Ice Age

text: 8,000 years ago. Around 3,200 BC (5,200 years ago) was the first writing system. It was the cuneiform script used in Mesopotamia (present day Iraq). The last mammoths at Wrangle Island off the coast of Siberia went extinct around 3,700 years ago. According to Berkeley Earth's list of average global temperatures by year, the average global temperature for the 1850-1899 period was 13.8 °C (56.9 °F). Because greenhouse gases have increased rapidly since the 1800s, the average global temperature was 15.0 °C (58.9 °F) for the 2013-2017 period. Being in an interglacial, there is less ice than there was during

title: Ice age

text: in support of the controversial idea that the introduction of large-scale rice agriculture in Asia, coupled with extensive deforestation in Europe began to alter world climate by pumping significant amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere over the last 1,000 years. In turn, a warmer atmosphere heated the oceans making them much less efficient storehouses of carbon dioxide and reinforcing global warming, possibly forestalling the onset of a new glacial age. The geological record appears to show that ice ages start when the continents are in positions which block or reduce the flow of warm water from the equator to

title: Scandinavian prehistory

text: the last ice age, the Weichselian glaciation. At the end of the ice age, large parts of south and middle Sweden were covered by water. Parts of Denmark, Scania and the Norwegian coast line were free from ice around 13000 BC, and around 10000 BC the rim of ice was around Dalsland, Västergötland and Östergötland. It wasn't until 7000 BC that all of Svealand and the modern coastal regions of North-eastern Sweden were free of ice, although the land was by then deeply pressed underwater. In Scandinavia, the time following the ice age begins at circa 9500 BC and is

title: Ice age

text: climate and ecosystems, did not begin in the 18th century with the advent of the Industrial Era, but dates back to 8,000 years ago, due to intense farming activities of our early agrarian ancestors. It was at that time that atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations stopped following the periodic pattern of the Milankovitch cycles. In his overdue-glaciation hypothesis Ruddiman states that an incipient glacial would probably have begun several thousand years ago, but the arrival of that scheduled glacial was forestalled by the activities of early farmers. At a meeting of the American Geophysical Union (December 17, 2008), scientists detailed evidence

title: Ice age

text: deposits from Western Australia. The Huronian ice age was caused by the elimination of atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, during the Great Oxygenation Event. The next well-documented ice age, and probably the most severe of the last billion years, occurred from 850 to 630 million years ago (the Cryogenian period) and may have produced a Snowball Earth in which glacial ice sheets reached the equator, possibly being ended by the accumulation of greenhouse gases such as produced by volcanoes. "The presence of ice on the continents and pack ice on the oceans would inhibit both silicate weathering and photosynthesis, which

title: Late Cenozoic Ice Age

text: glacial maximum ran from 26,500 years ago to 20,000 years ago. Although different ice sheets reached maximum extent at somewhat different times, this was the time when ice sheets overall were at maximum extent. According to Blue Marble 3000 (a video by the Zurich University of Applied Sciences), the average global temperature around 19,000 BC (about 21,000 years ago) was 9.0 °C (48.2 °F). This is about 6.0 °C (10.8°F) colder than the 2013-2017 average. The figures given by the Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change (IPCC) estimate a slightly lower global temperature than the figures given by the Zurich University

title: Ice age

text: ice age would usually begin within 1,500 years. They go on to say that emissions have been so high that it will not. The causes of ice ages are not fully understood for either the large-scale ice age periods or the smaller ebb and flow of glacial–interglacial periods within an ice age. The consensus is that several factors are important: atmospheric composition, such as the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane (the specific levels of the previously mentioned gases are now able to be seen with the new ice core samples from EPICA Dome C in Antarctica over the past

title: Ice age

text: glacial period ended about 11,500 years ago. Since then, Earth has been in an interglacial period called the Holocene. The major glacial stages of the current ice age in North America are the Illinoian, Eemian and Wisconsin glaciation. The use of the Nebraskan, Afton, Kansan, and Yarmouthian stages to subdivide the ice age in North America has been discontinued by Quaternary geologists and geomorphologists. These stages have all been merged into the Pre-Illinoian in the 1980s. During the most recent North American glaciation, during the latter part of the Last Glacial Maximum (26,000 to 13,300 years ago), ice sheets extended

title: Würm glaciation

text: sheet advances does not correlate automatically with the farthest extent of the Scandinavian ice sheet. In North America the corresponding "last ice age" is called the Wisconsin glaciation. In the Gelasian, i.e. at the beginning of the Quaternary period around 2.6 million years ago, an ice age began in the northern hemisphere which continues today. Characteristic of such ice ages is the glaciation of the polar caps. After the Gelasian followed the Early, Middle and Late Pleistocene with a succession of several warm and cold periods. The latter are often called "ice ages" or "glacials", the former term often being

title: History of Norfolk

text: Ice-Age. The average temperature in July has been estimated as 13 °C and the area would have been below freezing for most of the winter months. From plant and insect remains it has been deduced that the area was marshy and covered with small areas of open still water similar to the modern day broads. Upper Paleolithic(40,000 to 10,000 BCE) During the last Ice age, reaching its greatest extent between 22,000 and 17,000 years ago, the so-called Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)the whole of Britain was either ice sheet or polar desert thus wiping out the entire gene pool. The return

title: Late Cenozoic Ice Age

text: the Earth's climate. Over a 100,000 year cycle, Earth oscillates between having a circular orbit to having a more elliptical orbit. From 2.58 million years ago to about 1.73 million ± 50,000 years years ago, the degree of axial tilt was the main cause of glacial and interglacial periods. 2.5 million years ago brought about the evolution of the earliest Smilodon species. Homo habilis came about two million years ago. This was the first species of the genus Homo. Conifer trees became more diverse in the high latitudes. The ancestor of cattle evolved in India, the Bos primigenus (aurochs). The

title: Timeline of glaciation

text: Timeline of glaciation There have been five or six major ice ages in the history of Earth over the past 3 billion years. The Late Cenozoic Ice Age began 34 million years ago, its latest phase being the Quaternary glaciation, in progress since 2.58 million years ago. Within ice ages, there exist periods of more severe glacial conditions and more temperate referred to as glacial periods and interglacial periods, respectively. The Earth is currently in such an interglacial period of the Quaternary glaciation, with the last glacial period of the Quaternary having ended approximately 11,700 years ago, the current interglacial

title: Earth

text: known supercontinents, Rodinia, began to break apart. The continents later recombined to form Pannotia , then finally Pangaea, which also broke apart . The present pattern of ice ages began about and then intensified during the Pleistocene about . High-latitude regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating about every . The last continental glaciation ended ago. Chemical reactions led to the first self-replicating molecules about four billion years ago. A half billion years later, the last common ancestor of all current life arose. The evolution of photosynthesis allowed the Sun's energy to be harvested directly by

title: Mälaren

text: Norse for "The Lake". By the end of the last ice age about 11,000 years ago, much of northern Europe and North America was covered by ice sheets up to 3 km thick. At the end of the ice age when the glaciers retreated, the removal of the weight from the depressed land led to a post-glacial rebound. Initially the rebound was rapid, proceeding at about 7.5 cm/year. This phase lasted for about 2,000 years, and took place as the ice was being unloaded. Once deglaciation was complete, uplift slowed to about 2.5 cm/year, and decreased exponentially after that. Today,

title: Late Cenozoic Ice Age

text: commenced with Greenland becoming increasingly covered by an ice sheet in late Pliocene (2.9-2.58 Ma ago). The evolution of the Paranthropus occurred 2.7 million years ago. 2.58 million years ago was the official start of the Pleistocene Glaciation, the current phase of the Late Cenozoic Ice Age. Throughout the Pleistocene, there have been glacial periods (cold periods with extended glaciation) and interglacial periods (warm periods with less glaciation). The term stadial is a rough equivalent of the term glacial period. And interstadial is a rough equivalent of the term interglacial period. The oscillation between glacial and interglacial periods is due

title: Climate state

text: when there are no glaciers on Earth is considered a greenhouse climate state. An ice age implies the presence of extensive ice sheets at Earth polar regions. The time during an Ice Age glacial period, when glaciers reach their maximum extent is referred to as icehouse climate state. There have been five known ice ages in the Earth's past, with the Earth experiencing currently an interglacial period (warming) during the present Quaternary Ice Age, identified as the "marine isotope stage 1" (MIS1) in the Holocene epoch (or recently the Anthropocene epoch). The current climate state and evidence from the past

title: Late Cenozoic Ice Age

text: of the years from 1850 to 1899, the average temperature comes out to 13.8 °C (56.9°F). When subtracting 5.5 ± 1.5 °C (9.9 ± 2.7 °F) from the 1850-1899 average, the average temperature for the last glacial maximum comes out to 8.3 ± 1.5 °C (47.0 ± 2.7 °F). This is about 6.7 ± 1.5 °C (12.1 ± 2.7 °F) colder than the 2013-2017 average. This figure is open to interpretation because the IPCC does not specify 1850-1899 as being the present, or give any exact set of years as being the present. It also does not state whether or

title: Late Cenozoic Ice Age

text: the last glacial period. However, the last glacial period was just one part of the ice age that still continues today. Even though Earth is in an interglacial, there is still more ice than times outside of ice ages. There are also currently ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere, which means that there is more ice on Earth than there was during the first 31 million years of the Late Cenozoic Ice Age. During that time, only the Antarctic ice sheets existed. Currently (as of 2012), about 3.1% of Earth's surface and 10.7% of the land area is covered in

title: Late Cenozoic Ice Age

text: Late Cenozoic Ice Age, with average global temperatures around 18.4 °C (65.1 °F). This is about 3.4 °C (6.2 °F) warmer than the 2013-2017 average. Atmospheric CO2 levels were around 700 ppm. This time period was called the Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO). By 14 million years ago, the Antarctic ice sheets were similar in size and volume to present times. Glaciers were starting to form in the mountains of the Northern Hemisphere. The Great American Interchange occurred 9.5 million years ago. This was the migration of different land and freshwater animals between North and South America. During this time, armadillos,

title: Quaternary glaciation

text: as evidenced most clearly by ice cores for the past 800,000 years and marine sediment cores for the earlier period. Over the past 740,000 years there have been eight glacial cycles. The entire Quaternary Period, starting 2.58 Ma, is referred to as an ice age because at least one permanent large ice sheet—the Antarctic ice sheet—has existed continuously. There is uncertainty over how much of Greenland was covered by ice during each interglacial. Currently, Earth is in an interglacial period, which marked the beginning of the Holocene epoch. The current interglacial began between 15,000 and 10,000 years ago; this caused

title: Late Cenozoic Ice Age

text: Late Cenozoic Ice Age The Late Cenozoic Ice Age, Holarctic-Antarctic Ice Age or Antarctic Glaciation began 33.9 million years ago at the Eocene-Oligocene Boundary and is ongoing. It is Earth's current ice age or icehouse period. Its beginning is marked by the formation of the Antarctic ice sheets. The Late Cenozoic Ice Age gets its name due to the fact that it covers roughly the last half of Cenozoic Era so far. Six million years after the start of the Late Cenozoic Ice Age, the East Antarctic Ice Sheet had formed, and 14 million years ago it had reached its

title: History of Earth

text: world. The large amounts of water held in the ice allowed for various bodies of water to shrink and sometimes disappear such as the North Sea and the Bering Strait. It is believed by many that a huge migration took place along Beringia which is why, today, there are camels (which evolved and became extinct in North America), horses (which evolved and became extinct in North America), and Native Americans. The ending of the last ice age coincided with the expansion of man, along with a massive die out of ice age mega-fauna. This extinction, nicknamed "the Sixth Extinction", has

title: Late Cenozoic Ice Age

text: bit of 30 million years of an ice age." Although the term "Late Cenozoic Ice Age" isn't used, it appears to be referring to the same time period. It is uncertain when the term "Late Cenozoic Ice Age" was first used. But it dates back to at least 1973. Many early geophysicists lived in and studied landscapes of the Northern Hemisphere shaped by glacial processes of the last 1-2 million years. The name "Quaternary" became closely associated with these glaciations (more recently often the "Pleistocene Ice Age"). In contrast, the Antarctic ice sheet seemed more like a permanent feature, and

title: Beringia

text: current ice age, which occurred during the last years of the Pleistocene era. The Ice Age reached its peak during the Last Glacial Maximum, when ice sheets began advancing from 33,000YBP and reached their maximum limits 26,500YBP. Deglaciation commenced in the Northern Hemisphere approximately 19,000YBP and in Antarctica approximately 14,500 yearsYBP, which is consistent with evidence that glacial meltwater was the primary source for an abrupt rise in sea level 14,500YBP and the bridge was finally inundated around 11,000 YBP. The fossil evidence from many continents points to the extinction of large animals, termed Pleistocene megafauna, near the end of

title: Ice Age (franchise)

title: Ice Age (franchise)

long_answer: Ice Age is an American media franchise centering on a group of mammals surviving the Paleolithic ice age. It is produced by Blue Sky Studios, a division of 20th Century Fox, and featuring the voices of Ray Romano, John Leguizamo, Denis Leary, and Chris Wedge. Five films have been released in the series thus far with Ice Age in 2002, Ice Age: The Meltdown in 2006, Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs in 2009, Ice Age: Continental Drift in 2012, and Ice Age: Collision Course in 2016. It has received some criticism for making no attempt to be scientifically accurate. As of April 2016, the franchise had generated $6 billion in revenue, making it one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time.