question: legends of tomorrow season 3 finale air date

answers: April 9, 2018

answers: April 9, 2018

title: Legends of Tomorrow

text: 11 reviews. while IGN gave the season an approval rating of 8.1 /10, stating : "When "Legends of Tomorrow" works, it's easily among the best superhero shows on television (if not shows in general). Unfortunately, while Season 3 reached some impressive highs, it also gave us some of the weakest installments of the series. Season 3 ultimately suffered from its inability to create a conflict worthy of this cast of misfit heroes, and that casts a shadow that will linger when the series returns for Season 4." In May 2015, Renée made a cameo in the final episode of "The

title: Legends of Tomorrow

text: much time travel and so many eras to create. "Legends of Tomorrow" premiered in the United States on January 21, 2016, and the first season consisted of sixteen episodes. The series premiere in Australia was originally announced as January 20, 2016, however it was pushed back until January 22. It started airing in the United Kingdom on March 3, 2016. The pilot was well reviewed for its potential. Russ Burlingame from ComicBook.com praised it saying, "The series delivers a sharp, enjoyable pilot that's arguably the most attention-grabbing and entertaining from any of the current crop of superhero shows." Jesse Schedeen

title: Legends of Tomorrow (season 2)

text: Legends of Tomorrow (season 2) The second season of the American television series "Legends of Tomorrow", which is based on characters from DC Comics, premiered on The CW on October 13, 2016 and ran for 17 episodes until April 4, 2017. The season follows the Legends, a dysfunctional team of time-traveling superheroes and anti-heroes, and their mission to correct aberrations in time resulting from their first mission together. It is set in the Arrowverse, sharing continuity with the other television series of the universe, and is a spin-off of "Arrow" and "The Flash". The season is produced by Berlanti Productions,

title: Legends of Tomorrow (season 1)

text: premiere was prefaced with a special airing on January 19, 2016, titled ""DC's Legends of Tomorrow: Their Time Is Now"". It featured the origin stories of the heroes and villains of the season, as well as show clips and interviews. The series premiere in Australia was originally announced as January 20, 2016, however it was pushed back until January 22. It started airing in the United Kingdom on March 3, 2016. The season was released on Blu-ray on August 23, 2016. The pilot was well reviewed for its potential. Russ Burlingame from ComicBook.com praised it saying, "The series delivers a

title: Legends of Tomorrow (season 4)

text: Bros. Television, and DC Entertainment, with Phil Klemmer and Keto Shimizu serving as showrunners. The season was ordered in April 2018, and production began that July. Principal cast members Brandon Routh, Caity Lotz, Maisie Richardson-Sellers, Tala Ashe, Amy Louise Pemberton, Nick Zano, and Dominic Purcell return from previous seasons, while Matt Ryan, Jes Macallan, and Courtney Ford were promoted to the principal cast from their recurring statuses in season three. They are joined by new cast member Ramona Young. After killing the demon Mallus, the Legends were ready to relax until John Constantine informed them that, in solving one problem,

title: Legends of Tomorrow (season 1)

text: infrastructure, so you end up shooting more on location. The only set that was built was the Waverider. That being said, because we knew there was a pickup for the show, it wasn't a conventional pilot. All the resources of construction went into the Waverider. That's continuing into the series. I don't think they tend to build much. I think they tend to adapt locations because there's so much time travel and so many eras to create. The season began airing on January 21, 2016 on The CW in the United States, and concluded on May 19, 2016. The series

title: Legends of Tomorrow (season 4)

text: quotes praising the series. The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 94% approval rating for the fourth season, with an average rating of 8.08/10 based on 33 reviews. General references Legends of Tomorrow (season 4) The fourth season of the American television series "Legends of Tomorrow", which is based on characters from DC Comics, premiered on The CW on October 22, 2018, and is set to consist of 16 episodes. The season follows the Legends, a dysfunctional team of time-traveling superheroes and anti-heroes, and their mission to recapture the magical fugitives that they accidentally released throughout time. It is

title: Legends of Tomorrow (season 4)

text: Legends of Tomorrow (season 4) The fourth season of the American television series "Legends of Tomorrow", which is based on characters from DC Comics, premiered on The CW on October 22, 2018, and is set to consist of 16 episodes. The season follows the Legends, a dysfunctional team of time-traveling superheroes and anti-heroes, and their mission to recapture the magical fugitives that they accidentally released throughout time. It is set in the Arrowverse, sharing continuity with the other television series of the universe, and is a spin-off of "Arrow" and "The Flash". The season is produced by Berlanti Productions, Warner

title: Legends of Tomorrow (season 3)

text: sense of humor." Jesse Schedeen of IGN said, "while Season 3 reached some impressive highs, it also gave us some of the weakest installments of the series. Season 3 ultimately suffered from its inability to create a conflict worthy of this cast of misfit heroes, and that casts a shadow that will linger when the series returns for Season 4." "Vox" writer Sara Ghaleb wrote, "The goofiest corner of The CW's Arrowverse became its best self in season three". General references Legends of Tomorrow (season 3) The third season of the American television series "Legends of Tomorrow", which is based

title: Legends of Tomorrow (season 4)

text: his reason being his desire to seek other acting opportunities. This is the first season not to feature Arthur Darvill, who starred as Rip Hunter in the first two seasons, and recurred in the third season. It is also the first not to feature Victor Garber and Franz Drameh, who starred as Martin Stein and Jefferson Jackson respectively, in the previous seasons. Production for the season began on July 5, 2018, in Vancouver, and is expected to conclude on January 24, 2019. On June 20, The CW released its fall schedule, revealing that the series would move from the 8:00

title: Legends of Tomorrow (season 1)

text: Legends of Tomorrow (season 1) The first season of the American television series "Legends of Tomorrow", which is based on characters from DC Comics, premiered on The CW on January 21, 2016 and ran for 16 episodes until May 19, 2016. The season follows a group of heroes and villains who are called to travel through time in order to fight a greater threat. It is set in the Arrowverse, sharing continuity with the other television series of the universe, and is a spin-off of both "Arrow" and "The Flash". The season is produced by Berlanti Productions, Warner Bros. Television,

title: Legends of Tomorrow (season 2)

text: Warner Bros. Television, and DC Entertainment, with Phil Klemmer serving as showrunners. The season was ordered in March 2016. Production began that July and ended in February 2017. Principal cast members Principal cast members Victor Garber, Brandon Routh, Arthur Darvill, Caity Lotz, Franz Drameh, Amy Pemberton, and Dominic Purcell return from the previous season. They are joined by new cast members Maisie Richardson-Sellers, Nick Zano, and "The Flash" alum Matt Letscher. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> On March 11, 2016, "Legends of Tomorrow" was renewed for a second season. After the first season, the producers considered adjusting the Legends team for additional seasons, with

title: Legends of Tomorrow (season 1)

text: January 2016 premiere. The series shot a presentation for the network's upfront showcase, which was filmed over the course of one night, and directed by "Arrow" and "The Flash" veteran Dermott Downs. Filming of the series began on September 9, 2015, in Vancouver, British Columbia. Director/producer Glen Winter discussed in a January 2016 interview with "Comic Book Resources" the process of filming key elements of the series' pilot, The new facet for "Legends" was that there's no #1 [actor] on the call sheet. There are seven or eight leads. For me, that was the intimidating part. I wasn't as worried

title: Legends of Tomorrow (season 4)

text: soon to announce anything just yet. On April 2, The CW renewed the series for its fourth season. Marc Guggenheim stepped down as co-showrunner at the end of the third season, with co-showrunner Phil Klemmer originally set to emerge as sole showrunner for the fourth season. However, Keto Shimizu ultimately replaced Guggenheim as co-showrunner, to serve alongside Klemmer for this season. Guggenheim, the series' co-developer along with Klemmer, remains involved as an executive consultant. Phil Klemmer said that Mallus, the main antagonist of the third season, was "a sort of bellwether of bad guys to come in Season 4", which

title: Legends of Tomorrow (season 4)

text: pm Monday time-slot to the 9:00 pm time-slot, to serve as the lead-out to "Arrow". The season began airing in the United States on The CW on October 22, 2018. The main cast of the season as well as Phil Klemmer attended San Diego Comic-Con on July 21, 2018, to promote the season. On October 15, 2018, Routh released a mock political ad on his Twitter page, voiced by Zano. The ad jokingly claimed that "Arrow", "The Flash", and "Supergirl" were trying to keep attention away from "Legends of Tomorrow", followed by many headlines as well as real and fake

title: Legends of Tomorrow (season 2)

text: the crossover episodes also featured appearances by Melissa Benoist, reprising her role as Kara Danvers / Supergirl from the TV series "Supergirl". The season began airing on October 13, 2016 on The CW in the United States, and concluded on April 4, 2017. The season was made available for streaming on Netflix in late April 2017, soon after the season finale aired. It was later released on Blu-ray on August 15, 2017. Rotten Tomatoes gave the season an 80% approval rating, with an average rating of 6.06/10 based on 15 reviews. The website's consensus reads: "Though the narrative remains too

title: Legends of Tomorrow (season 3)

text: portrayed himself in a guest appearance. Jes Macallan, Adam Tsekhman and Hiro Kanagawa recurred as the Time Bureau agents Ava Sharpe, Gary Green and Wilbur Bennett, respectively. Filming for the season began in July 2017, and ended in February 2018. "Here I Go Again" was written as the season's bottle episode, and focused mainly on Ashe's character Zari. Sellers called her experience playing an 80-year-old version of Amaya Jiwe "horrible" because of the practical elements that were involved in creating the character's look, particularly the makeup. She recalled, "I was sent to a full head cast [...] I was covered

title: Legends of Tomorrow (season 3)

text: Television, and DC Entertainment, with Phil Klemmer serving as showrunners. The season was ordered in January 2017. Production began that July and ended in February 2018. Principal cast members Victor Garber, Brandon Routh, Caity Lotz, Franz Drameh, Maisie Richardson-Sellers, Amy Pemberton, Nick Zano, and Dominic Purcell return from previous seasons. They are joined by new cast members Tala Ashe and "The Flash" alum Keiynan Lonsdale. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> In January 2017, "Legends of Tomorrow" was renewed by The CW for a third season. Showrunner Phil Klemmer said the season would be "more in the world of the occult and monsters", unlike the

title: Legends of Tomorrow

text: Legends of Tomorrow DC's Legends of Tomorrow, or simply Legends of Tomorrow, is an American superhero television series developed by Greg Berlanti, Marc Guggenheim, Andrew Kreisberg, and Phil Klemmer, who are also executive producers along with Sarah Schechter and Chris Fedak; Klemmer and Fedak serve as showrunners. The series, based on the characters of DC Comics, airs on The CW and is a spin-off featuring characters introduced in "Arrow" and "The Flash" along with new characters, set in the Arrowverse, the same fictional universe. The series premiered in January 2016. "Legends of Tomorrow" has been renewed for a fourth season

title: Legends of Tomorrow (season 3)

text: the episode "Return of the Mack". "Legends of Tomorrow" co-creator Marc Guggenheim explained that, part of the motivation for adding a Muslim superhero (Zari) to the series was the "political climate" in the US after the 2016 elections. Pemberton physically portrayed Gideon in the episode "Here I Go Again", unlike most episodes where she only voiced the character. This was the final season to feature Garber and Drameh as regulars; both left midway through the season, with the latter returning for the season finale, while the former left to resume his career in Broadway theatre. It also remains Lonsdale's only

title: Legends of Tomorrow (season 2)

text: into Season 2... [since] something that happens on "Arrow" can create ripples that appear on our show in a huge way. It fundamentally alters the DNA of our series." The second season initially consisted of 13 episodes, with four more ordered in November 2016 to bring the season total to 17. Teasing the premise of season two in April 2016, Klemmer stated, "We're coming at it from a completely different angle. We're determined to make every part of season two feel like its own show. [The first episode of season two] will very much be a new pilot with new

title: Legends of Tomorrow

text: the series would air in the 2015–16 midseason. Additionally, Kreisberg stated more would be revealed about the nature of the series by the end of "Arrow"s third season, specifically why Lotz is slated to appear, given her previous character, Sara, was killed at the start of "Arrow" season three. Berlanti also stated there was a particular reason for the other half of Firestorm—Ronnie Raymond (Robbie Amell), as seen on "The Flash"—not being mentioned in the initial cast announcement. On the purpose of the series, Berlanti said it was designed to be "most similar to our crossover episodes, where you feel

title: Legends of Tomorrow (season 1)

text: 2015, it was announced that Phil Klemmer had been made the series showrunner as well as executive producer; Chris Fedak serves as executive producer and co-showrunner with Klemmer. In August 2015, Casper Crump was cast as Savage, and Falk Hentschel as Carter Hall / Hawkman. Although initially advertised as a regular cast member, Hentschel was credited as a guest star for his appearances in episodes airing after the season's second episode. In January 2016, Martin Donovan was cast as Rip Hunter's mentor Zaman Druce, a Time Master. In May 2015, Garber revealed filming would begin in August 2015, for a

title: Legends of Tomorrow (season 2)

text: season, adding, "The bow was tied so tightly and neatly with their story in the finale, that everything we thought of felt very forced. After 4000 years, they were no longer under the specter of Vandal [Savage], and we felt they need some time off." He added that bringing the duo back at the very beginning of the second season felt "premature." Shooting for the season began in July 2016 at Vancouver, and ended in February 2017. In November 2016, the cast of "Legends of Tomorrow" appeared on "The Flash" and "Arrow" as part of the three-part "Invasion!" crossover event;

title: Legends of Tomorrow

text: second season of "The Flash" and the fourth season of "Arrow". In November 2016, the cast of "Legends of Tomorrow" appeared on "The Flash" and "Arrow" as part of the three-part "Invasion!" crossover event; the crossover episodes also featured appearances by Melissa Benoist, reprising her role as Kara Danvers / Supergirl from the TV series "Supergirl". Legends of Tomorrow DC's Legends of Tomorrow, or simply Legends of Tomorrow, is an American superhero television series developed by Greg Berlanti, Marc Guggenheim, Andrew Kreisberg, and Phil Klemmer, who are also executive producers along with Sarah Schechter and Chris Fedak; Klemmer and Fedak

title: Legends of Tomorrow (season 1)

text: a TV series". In March 2015, Stephen Amell, who portrays Oliver Queen / Green Arrow on "Arrow", confirmed the series would air in the 2015–16 midseason. Additionally, Kreisberg stated more would be revealed about the nature of the series by the end of "Arrow"s third season, specifically why Lotz is slated to appear, given her previous character, Sara, was killed at the start of "Arrow" season three. Berlanti also stated there was a particular reason for the other half of Firestorm—Ronnie Raymond (Robbie Amell), as seen on "The Flash"—not being mentioned in the initial cast announcement. On the purpose of

title: Legends of Tomorrow (season 4)

text: he said would go deep into the "world of fantastic myths and monsters", without abandoning the time travel nature of the series. He also said the season would further explore the Time Bureau, which was introduced in season three. Klemmer added that at least one of the Legends would "break bad" in the season. Tala Ashe, who joined the series as Zari Tomaz during the third season, said the fourth season would further explore the character's backstory, in addition to the prejudice and xenophobia experienced by her. Courtney Ford, who recurred in the third season as Damien Darhk's daughter Nora,

title: Hedy Lamarr

text: television series "Legends of Tomorrow" in the sixth episode of the third season, titled Helen Hunt. The episode is set in 1937 Hollywoodland. The episode aired on November 14, 2017. Also during 2017, "", written and directed by Alexandra Dean and produced by Susan Sarandon, a documentary about Lamarr's career as an actress and later as an inventor, premiered at the 2017 Tribeca Film Festival. It was released in theaters on November 24, 2017, and aired on PBS "American Masters" in May 2018. In 2018, actress Alyssa Sutherland portrayed Lamarr on the NBC television series "Timeless" in the third episode

title: Legends of Tomorrow (season 4)

text: hoped the fourth season would explore what the character is without the influence of her father and Mallus. Main cast members Brandon Routh, Caity Lotz, Amy Louise Pemberton, Dominic Purcell, Nick Zano, and Tala Ashe return from previous seasons as Ray Palmer / Atom, Sara Lance / White Canary, Gideon, Mick Rory / Heat Wave, Nate Heywood / Steel, and Zari Tomaz, respectively. Maisie Richardson-Sellers, who played Amaya Jiwe / Vixen in seasons two and three, also returned as a series regular, portraying a new character named Charlie, one of the season's magical fugitives. While Sellers spoke with an American

title: List of Legends of Tomorrow episodes

text: As of April 9, 2018, 51 episodes of Legends of Tomorrow have aired, concluding the third season.  On April 2, 2018, The CW renewed the series for a fourth season.

title: List of Legends of Tomorrow episodes


question: where is the meridian that is opposite the prime meridian located

answers: the 180th meridian

answers: antimeridian

title: Geographic coordinate system

text: ellipses (often called great circles), which converge at the North and South Poles. The meridian of the British Royal Observatory in Greenwich, in south-east London, England, is the international prime meridian, although some organizations—such as the French Institut Géographique National—continue to use other meridians for internal purposes. The prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E. This is not to be conflated with the International Date Line, which diverges from

title: Prime meridian (Greenwich)

text: passing through the Earth's rotation axis, is 102.478 metres to the east of the prime meridian. A 2015 analysis by Malys et al. shows the offset between the Airy transit circle and the ITRF/WGS 84 meridians can be explained by this deflection of the vertical alone; other possible sources of the offset that have been proposed in the past are smaller than the current uncertainty in the deflection of the vertical near the observatory. The astronomical longitude of the Greenwich prime meridian was found to be 0.19″ ± 0.47″ East, i.e. the plane defined by the local vertical on the

title: Longitude

text: and −180° westward. Specifically, it is the angle between a plane through the Prime Meridian and a plane through both poles and the location in question. (This forms a right-handed coordinate system with the -axis (right hand thumb) pointing from the Earth's center toward the North Pole and the -axis (right hand index finger) extending from the Earth's center through the Equator at the Prime Meridian.) A location's north–south position along a meridian is given by its latitude, which is approximately the angle between the local vertical and the equatorial plane. If the Earth were perfectly spherical and radially homogeneous,

title: 32nd meridian west from Washington

text: as the international Prime Meridian. On August 12, 1912, the United States adopted the Prime Meridian of Greenwich for all uses, domestic and international. 32nd meridian west from Washington The 32nd meridian of longitude west from Washington is a line of longitude approximately 109°02′48″ west of the Prime Meridian of Greenwich. In the United States of America, the meridian 32 degrees west of the Washington Meridian defines the western boundaries of the State of Colorado and the State of New Mexico and the eastern boundaries of the State of Utah and the State of Arizona. On February 28, 1861, the

title: Meridian (geography)

text: two main locations that were acknowledged as the geographic location of the meridian, France and Britain. These two locations often conflicted and a settlement was reached only after there was an International Meridian Conference held, in which Greenwich was recognized as the 0° location. The meridian through Greenwich (inside Greenwich Park), England, called the Prime Meridian, was set at zero degrees of longitude, while other meridians were defined by the angle at the center of the earth between where it and the prime meridian cross the equator. As there are 360 degrees in a circle, the meridian on the opposite

title: Prime meridian

text: a consistent meridian for a world map in his "Geographia". Ptolemy used as his basis the "Fortunate Isles", a group of islands in the Atlantic which are usually associated with the Canary Islands (13° to 18°W), although his maps correspond more closely to the Cape Verde islands (22° to 25° W). The main point is to be comfortably west of the western tip of Africa (17.5° W) as negative numbers were not yet in use. His prime meridian corresponds to 18° 40' west of Winchester (about 20°W) today. At that time the chief method of determining longitude was by using

title: Meridian (geography)

text: measuring 20,003.93 km (12,429.9 miles). The first prime meridian was set by Eratosthenes in 276 BCE. This prime meridian was used to provide measurement of the earth, but had many issues because of the lack of latitude measurement. Many years later around the 19th century there was still concerns of the prime meridian. The idea of having one prime meridian came from William Parker Snow, because he realized the confusion of having multiple prime meridian locations. Many of theses geographical locations were traced back to the ancient Greeks, and others were created by several nations. Multiple locations for the geographical

title: Prime meridian

text: D.C., United States to be the common zero of longitude and standard of time reckoning throughout the world. The modern prime meridian, the IERS Reference Meridian, is placed very near this meridian and is the prime meridian that currently has the widest use. The modern prime meridian, based at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, was established by Sir George Airy in 1851. The position of the Greenwich Meridian has been defined by the location of the Airy Transit Circle ever since the first observation was taken with it by Sir George Airy in 1851. Prior to that, it was defined by

text: United Kingdom Ordnance Survey Zero Meridian The United Kingdom Ordnance Survey Zero Meridian is the prime meridian used by the Ordnance Survey (OSGB36 datum). It is about six metres to the west of the Airy meridian marked at Greenwich. When the first Ordnance Survey map was published in 1801, the official Prime Meridian of Great Britain was the one established by the third Astronomer Royal, James Bradley. When Airy's new Prime Meridian ("new" by virtue of Sir George Airy's instrument being placed in a room next to that housing James Bradley's instrument) superseded it fifty years later in 1851, the

title: Prime meridian (Greenwich)

text: strip is indeed at "astronomical" longitude zero degrees, zero minutes, and zero seconds—but GPS receivers show "geodetic" longitude, which equalises the higher mass, otherwise seen, of the eastern hemisphere (specifically per Standard ITRF/WGS 84). Before the establishment of a common meridian, most maritime countries established their own prime meridian, usually passing through the country in question. In 1721, Great Britain established its own meridian passing through an early transit circle at the newly established Royal Observatory at Greenwich. The meridian was moved around 10 metres or so east on three occasions as transit circles with newer and better instruments were

title: Prime meridian (Greenwich)

text: Greenwich prime meridian and the plane passing through the Earth's rotation axis on the ITRF zero meridian are effectively parallel. However, the claim, found, e.g., in a BBC article that this difference between astronomical and geodetic coordinates means that any measurements of transit time across the IRTF zero meridian will occur 0.352 seconds (or 0.353 sidereal seconds) before the transit across the "intended meridian" is based on a failure of understanding. The explanation by Malys et al. on the other hand is both lucid and correct. As of 2018 the Greenwich meridian passes through: Prime meridian (Greenwich) A prime meridian,

text: Ordnance Survey simply continued to use Bradley's. United Kingdom Ordnance Survey Zero Meridian The United Kingdom Ordnance Survey Zero Meridian is the prime meridian used by the Ordnance Survey (OSGB36 datum). It is about six metres to the west of the Airy meridian marked at Greenwich. When the first Ordnance Survey map was published in 1801, the official Prime Meridian of Great Britain was the one established by the third Astronomer Royal, James Bradley. When Airy's new Prime Meridian ("new" by virtue of Sir George Airy's instrument being placed in a room next to that housing James Bradley's instrument) superseded

title: Principal meridian

text: Principal meridian A principal meridian is a meridian used for survey control in a large region. The Dominion Land Survey of Western Canada took its origin at the First (or Principal) Meridian, located at 97°27′28.41″ west of Greenwich, just west of Winnipeg, Manitoba. This line is exactly ten miles west of the Red River at the Canada-United States border. Six other meridians were designated at four-degree intervals westward, with the seventh located in British Columbia; the second and fourth meridians form the general eastern border and the western border of Saskatchewan. In the United States Public Land Survey System, a

title: Royal Observatory, Greenwich

text: scientists determined that in the Ordnance Survey system the longitude of the international Greenwich meridian was not 0° but 0°00'00.417" (about 8 m) East. Besides the change of the reference line, imperfections of the surveying system added another discrepancy to the definition of the origin, so that the Bradley line itself is now 0°00'00.12" East of the Ordnance Survey Zero Meridian (about 2.3m). This old astronomical prime meridian has been replaced by a more precise prime meridian. When Greenwich was an active observatory, geographical coordinates were referred to a local oblate spheroid called a datum known as a geoid, whose

title: 32nd meridian west from Washington

text: 32nd meridian west from Washington The 32nd meridian of longitude west from Washington is a line of longitude approximately 109°02′48″ west of the Prime Meridian of Greenwich. In the United States of America, the meridian 32 degrees west of the Washington Meridian defines the western boundaries of the State of Colorado and the State of New Mexico and the eastern boundaries of the State of Utah and the State of Arizona. On February 28, 1861, the Act Organizing the Territory of Colorado defined the western boundary of the new territory as the 32nd meridian of longitude west from Washington. The

title: 90th meridian east

text: Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 90th meridian east passes through: 90th meridian east The meridian 90° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. It is the border between two tropical cyclone basins: the Australian region, and the Southwest Indian Ocean basin. The Ninety East Ridge is named after the meridian. The 90th meridian east forms a great circle with the 90th meridian west. This meridian is halfway between

title: 35th parallel north

text: Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 35° north passes through: 35th parallel north The 35th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 35 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Africa, the Mediterranean Sea, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America and the Atlantic Ocean. In the United States, the parallel defines the southern border of Tennessee, and the border between North Carolina and Georgia, as well as the southernmost point of Nevada. At this northern latitude, the Sun is visible for 14 hours, 31 minutes on its summer solstice (in June) and for 9 hours,

title: Longitude by chronometer

text: as a standard, although the world’s navigators have generally come to accept the reference longitudes tabulated by the British. The reference longitude adopted by the British became known as the Prime Meridian and is now accepted by most nations as the starting point for all longitude measurements. The Prime Meridian of zero degrees longitude runs along the meridian passing through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England. Longitude is measured east and west from the Prime Meridian. To determine "longitude by chronometer," a navigator requires a chronometer set to the local time at the Prime Meridian. Local time at the Prime

title: Washington meridians

text: NAD 27). If NAD27, the latter would be which seems to be within a few meters of the actual longitude, at worst. This meridian was repealed by Congress on August 22, 1912 to allow the Greenwich meridian to become the legal prime meridian of the United States. Many western states have borders that are meridians of "longitude west of Washington", that is, west of the legal 1850 meridian through the Old Naval Observatory. However, their present boundaries follow the subsequently surveyed boundary, even when inaccurately marked a few miles (kilometers) east or west of the meridian in the statute. Other

title: Meridian arc

text: shown to be equal to so that the arc length of an infinitesimal element of the meridian is (with in radians). Therefore, the meridian distance from the equator to latitude is The distance formula is simpler when written in terms of the parametric latitude, where and . The distance from the equator to the pole, the quarter meridian, is Even though latitude is normally confined to the range , all the formulae given here apply to measuring distance around the complete meridian ellipse (including the anti-meridian). Thus the ranges of , , and the rectifying latitude , are unrestricted. The

title: Prime meridian

text: local vertical to using a meridian based on the centre of the Earth caused the modern prime meridian to be 5.3" east of the astronomic Greenwich prime meridian through the Airy Transit Circle. At the latitude of Greenwich, this amounts to 102 metres. This was officially accepted by the Bureau International de l'Heure (BIH) in 1984 via its BTS84 (BIH Terrestrial System) that later became WGS84 (World Geodetic System 1984) and the various ITRFs (International Terrestrial Reference Systems). Due to the movement of Earth's tectonic plates, the line of 0° longitude along the surface of the Earth has slowly moved

title: Longitude

text: Longitude Longitude (, ), is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east–west position of a point on the Earth's surface. It is an angular measurement, usually expressed in degrees and denoted by the Greek letter lambda (λ). Meridians (lines running from pole to pole) connect points with the same longitude. By convention, one of these, the Prime Meridian, which passes through the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, England, was allocated the position of 0° longitude. The longitude of other places is measured as the angle east or west from the Prime Meridian, ranging from 0° at the Prime Meridian to +180° eastward

title: Meridian (geography)

text: to the previous one (to maintain the service to shipping). Such changes had no significant practical effect. Historically, the average error in the determination of longitude was much larger than the change in position. The adoption of WGS84 ("World Geodetic System 84") as the positioning system has moved the geodetic prime meridian 102.478 metres east of its last astronomic position (measured at Greenwich). The position of the current geodetic prime meridian is not identified at all by any kind of sign or marking (as the older astronomic position was) in Greenwich, but can be located using a GPS receiver. It

title: Prime meridian (Greenwich)

text: the circle was aligned with the local vertical or plumb line, which is deflected slightly from the normal, or line perpendicular, to the reference ellipsoid used to define geodetic latitude and longitude in the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (which is nearly the same as the WGS-84 system used by GPS). While the local vertical defined at the Airy transit circle still points to the modern celestial meridian (the intersection of the prime meridian plane with the celestial sphere), it does not pass through the Earth's rotation axis. As a result of this, the ITRF zero meridian, defined by a plane

title: Prime meridian (Greenwich)

text: night sky. Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers show that the marking strip for the prime meridian at Greenwich is not exactly at zero degrees, zero minutes, and zero seconds but at approximately 5.3 seconds of arc to the west of the meridian (meaning that the meridian appears to be 102.478 metres east). In the past, this offset has been attributed to the establishment of reference meridians for space-based location systems such as WGS 84 (which GPS relies on) or that errors gradually crept into the International Time Bureau timekeeping process. The actual reason for the discrepancy is that the marking

title: Navigation

text: the prime meridian or Greenwich meridian. Longitude is usually expressed in degrees (marked with °) ranging from 0° at the Greenwich meridian to 180° east and west. Sydney, for example, has a longitude of about 151° east. New York City has a longitude of 74° west. For most of history, mariners struggled to determine longitude. Longitude can be calculated if the precise time of a sighting is known. Lacking that, one can use a sextant to take a lunar distance (also called "the lunar observation", or "lunar" for short) that, with a nautical almanac, can be used to calculate the

title: Meridian (geography)

text: Meridian (geography) A (geographical) meridian (or line of longitude) is the half of an imaginary great circle on the Earth's surface, terminated by the North Pole and the South Pole, connecting points of equal longitude, as measured in angular degrees east or west of the Prime Meridian. The position of a point along the meridian is given by that longitude and its latitude, measured in angular degrees north or south of the Equator. Each meridian is perpendicular to all circles of latitude. Each is also the same length, being half of a great circle on the Earth's surface and therefore

title: 10th parallel north

text: Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 10° north passes through: In the last scene of the final episode of the Spanish thriller series "La casa de papel", a point near Palawan island, Philippines, with the coordinates of 10th parallel north and 118,5º, was the meeting point of "El Professor" and "Raquel" one year after the heist. 10th parallel north The 10th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 10 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Africa, the Indian Ocean, the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Central America, South America and the Atlantic

title: 90th meridian west

text: Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 90th meridian west passes through: 90th meridian west The meridian 90° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Gulf of Mexico, Central America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. In Antarctica, the meridian defines the western limit of Chile's territorial claim. The land further west is not claimed by any nation. The 90th meridian west forms a great circle with the 90th meridian east, located midway between

title: Prime meridian

text: A prime meridian is a meridian (a line of longitude) in a geographical coordinate system at which longitude is defined to be 0°. Together, a prime meridian and its antimeridian (the 180th meridian in a 360°-system) form a great circle.  This great circle divides the sphere, e.g., the Earth, into two hemispheres. If one uses directions of East and West from a defined prime meridian, then they can be called Eastern Hemisphere and Western Hemisphere.

title: Prime meridian

short_answers:
antimeridian
the 180th meridian


question: where is the orinoco river located on a map

answers: in South America

title: Ciudad Guayana

text: Félix port the union of the Caroní and Orinoco rivers can be seen; the different colors of the water of both rivers make a very distinct demarcation line. Taking Puerto Ordaz as a starting point, the Orinoco Delta can be visited as well as Canaima's National Park and Guri's reservoirs. Other points of interest are the colonial castles at the Orinoco riverside and the "Cerro del Elefante" (Elephant's hill) which can be reached in a 4x4 vehicle. The Castles of Guayana are located at the right side of the Orinoco River, about 35 kilometers from San Félix. The first explorations

title: Orinoco Basin

text: in the mountiest rivers (a phenomenon that is briefly explained in the articles on the Venezuelan Guayana, in the Amazon river and especially in the article on diathermy), the great extension of dunes or dunes in the Apure state, which is located between the Cinaruco, Capanaparo, Arauca and the own rivers Apure, the comparison of the flow between the different tributaries and between the Guaviare and the Orinoco and others, are also issues that deserve separate treatment, something more detailed than the one that is included later in the documentary study of the basin of the great river Columbia-Venezuelan. In

title: Orinoco Basin

text: forming most of the Venezuelan plains and the delta Orinoco. The southern part of the basin contains most of the waters that come from the Venezuelan Guiana. The sources of the Orinoco River are located at Cerro Carlos Delgado Chalbaud, at 1047 meters above sea level, discovered in 1951 by the Franco-Venezuelan expedition that went back and explored the Upper Orinoco course to the Sierra Parima, headed By Venezuelan army officer Frank Risquez Iribarren. The first reference to this expedition was that of Alberto Contramaestre Torres in 1954. And there are other references to this expedition, for example, that of

title: Orinoco Basin

text: (more than 5000 meters above sea level), which forms part of the Eastern Andean Cordillera of Colombia. The north-western edge of the basin would consist of the Colombian-Venezuelan Andean slopes and the southern slopes of other mountainous reliefs of northern Venezuela, while the southern edge of the basin would be marked for the most part by the watershed between the Orinoco and the Amazon, which is located on the Guayanés massif. Between the two sides extends the Venezuelan Guayana on the right bank of the Orinoco and the Llanos, both Colombian and Venezuelan on the left bank. As we see,

title: Orinoco Basin

text: relief, climate, hydrography, vegetation, soils, and mineral resources. The Orinoco basin covers an area of almost 989000 km of which 643480 km or slightly more than 65% remain in Venezuelan territory, while the remaining 35% is in Colombian territory in the Colombian Llanos and The eastern slope of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia, a stretch of the great mountain range of the Andes. This Colombian region is called Orinoquía. Of the part located in Venezuela, just over half extend from the Venezuelan Andes and the Cordillera de la Costa to the north-western bank of the Orinoco River (the left bank),

title: Orinoco

text: four stretches of unequal length that roughly correspond to the longitudinal zonation of a typical large river: At its mouth, the Orinoco River forms a wide delta that branches off into hundreds of rivers and waterways that flow through of swampy forests. In the rainy season, the Orinoco River can swell to a breadth of and a depth of . Most of the important Venezuelan rivers are tributaries of the Orinoco River, the largest being the Caroní, which joins it at Puerto Ordaz, close to the Llovizna Falls. A peculiarity of the Orinoco river system is the Casiquiare canal, which

title: Orinoco Delta swamp forests

text: elevations of above sea level, but in the south there are terra firme levees up to high. The soils are alluvial deposits carried by rivers from the Andes of Colombia and Venezuela. The Orinoco fans out into large and small distributaries in the delta, which wind through a landscape of permanent wetlands and marshes, oxbow lakes and levees. The Köppen climate classification is "Af": equatorial, fully humid. Annual rainfall varies by location from , and is highest in the south. A wet season generally lasts from April/May to December. At a sample location at coordinates the temperature is relatively stable

title: Orinoco wetlands

text: found in seven separate patches north of the main Orinoco channel, surrounded by mangroves, swamp forest, moist forest and llanos. The main part is near Tucupita along the Caño Manamo, the westernmost distributary of the Orinoco. The second largest patch is along the Caño Macarao. To the north they are found along the Boca Grande and San Juan rivers, and in the alluvial fan at the mouth of the Amacuro River. There are other patches between the coastal mangroves and the swamp forests. The terrain is flat, mostly about above sea level but rising to in levees along the coast.

title: Orinoco Basin

text: river (with its tributary Guaniamo, on the left bank, a river where the gold has been exploited for a long time), the Caura (with its Erebato tributary on its left bank), a very flowing river and with one of the most notable leaps of Guayana (not so much because of its height but Caudal), the Pará jump, the Aro and finally the Caroní with its tributary the Paragua, dammed both rivers in the Necoima Canyon or Necuima, in a hydro-electric dam of more than 200 m of height that originates a reservoir, the Lake of Guri, with more than 4000

title: Negro-Branco moist forests

text: Venezuela and the Rio Negro, which is known as the Guainía River in Colombia and is a major tributary of the Amazon River. Rivers include nutrient-poor clearwater and blackwater rivers, the latter type stained dark by tannin, and nutrient-rich whitewater rivers. The blackwater Vichada River forms the northern border in Colombia, and the clearwater Ventuari River forms the northern border in Venezuela, both tributaries of the Orinoco. In Colombia the whitewater Guaviare and Inírida rivers are in the Orinoco Basin. The southern border in Colombia is defined by the middle Guaviare and by the upper reaches of the blackwater Guainía

title: Orinoco Basin

text: the precipitations are quite smaller than they should be. The Orinoco, with its tributaries, constitutes an extensive hydrographic network with rivers very flowing and of considerable length. Of all its basin, the longest tributary is the Guaviare, longer (about 1550 km) than the Orinoco itself at the point of its confluence, while the largest is the Caroni. Many of its tributaries are navigable rivers, especially those on the left bank, which come from the Llanos, both Colombian and Venezuelan, while the Guayan rivers (tributaries on the right bank) are more flowing but with jumps and rains, which make them very

title: Orinoco Basin

text: (at the moment it is very easy to observe it through programs with satellite images, generally of free access in Internet). This lagoon has about 400 m of length by 270 of width, approximately. It is the only lagoon in Venezuelan Guiana, which confirms the irregular nature of the relief of this natural region, which is not favorable to them, and also contradicts the myth of the sixteenth century, of the existence of a huge lake (Lake Parima) from which the Orinoco and Amazon rivers were born, with almost all its tributaries. On the left bank we can mention the

title: Orinoco

text: The river is navigable for most of its length, and dredging enables ocean ships to go as far as Ciudad Bolívar, at the confluence of the Caroní River, upstream. River steamers carry cargo as far as Puerto Ayacucho and the Atures Rapids. In 1926, a Venezuelan mining inspector found one of the richest iron ore deposits near the Orinoco delta, south of the city of San Felix on a mountain named "El Florero". Full-scale mining of the ore deposits began after World War II, by a conglomerate of Venezuelan firms and US steel companies. At the start in the early

title: Orinoco Delta

text: fringed with mangroves. Orinoco Delta The Orinoco Delta is a vast river delta of the Orinoco River, located in eastern Venezuela. The Orinoco Delta is one of the eight natural regions of Venezuela. It is covers the whole of Delta Amacuro State and a few square kilometers of Monagas State and Sucre State, comprising all the mouths of the Orinoco. It is divided into two sections: the principal, at the northernmost part of the system, located between Caño Manamo and the left shore of Caño Araguao, where the majority of villages are established, including the state capital, Tucupita; and the

title: Geography of Venezuela

text: gradient is slight. Downstream from its headwaters, it splits into two; one-third of its flow passes through the Brazo Casiquiare (Casiquiare Channel) into a tributary of the Amazon, and the remainder passes into the main Orinoco channel. This passageway allows vessels with shallow drafts to navigate from the lower Orinoco to the Amazon River system after unloading and reloading on either side of two falls on the Orinoco along the Colombian border. Most of the rivers rising in the northern mountains are flowing southeastward to the Río Apure, a tributary of the Orinoco. From its headwater, the Apure crosses the

title: Orinoco

text: starts as an arm of the Orinoco, and finds its way to the Rio Negro, a tributary of the Amazon, thus forming a 'natural canal' between Orinoco and Amazon. The boto and the giant otter inhabit the Orinoco River system. The Orinoco crocodile is one of the rarest reptiles in the world. Its range in the wild is restricted to the middle and lower Orinoco River Basin. More than 1000 fish species have been recorded in the river basin and about 15% are endemic. Among the fish in the river are species found in brackish or salt water in the

title: Fiery squirrel

text: is found south of the Orinoco from the Colombian border to Ciudad Bolívar at the confluence of the Río Caroní into the Orinoco (thus east of the Caroní), whereas de Vivo & Carmignotto give it south of the Orinoco and to the west of the Río Caroní to the Guyana border, to the Brazilian border at the Serra de Pacaraima. Both may be correct; specimens have been collected in the municipalities of Cedeño (Caura River near La Union, Mocho River, Suapure), Gran Sabana (19 Km NE Icabaru in the Pacaraima), Heres (Ciudad Bolívar), and Sucre (El Yagual). It is likely

title: Inírida River

text: the east, on the plain it flows in a northeasterly direction. The river mouth is located in the department of Guainía near the town of Inírida, about from the border with Venezuela. The Guaviare River takes waters of the Inírida, then flows north-east for , and together with the Atabapo merges with the Orinoco near the city of San Fernando de Atabapo. Inírida River The Inírida (, Spanish: Río Inírida) is a river in the north-west of South America, in the territory of Colombia, the largest tributary of the Guaviare (the Orinoco River basin). The length of the river is

title: Orinoco Delta

text: Orinoco Delta The Orinoco Delta is a vast river delta of the Orinoco River, located in eastern Venezuela. The Orinoco Delta is one of the eight natural regions of Venezuela. It is covers the whole of Delta Amacuro State and a few square kilometers of Monagas State and Sucre State, comprising all the mouths of the Orinoco. It is divided into two sections: the principal, at the northernmost part of the system, located between Caño Manamo and the left shore of Caño Araguao, where the majority of villages are established, including the state capital, Tucupita; and the secondary, between the

title: Apure

text: tributary of the Orinoco from its left border, and the second longest in the country: it covers some 1000 km from its source to its mouth. All of the lands in the south of the state constitute a zone where the springs, the branches, the rivers, the lagoons, and the swamps extraordinarily complicate the hydrography. Apure relies on an abundant phreatic zone that supplies the cities and towns with potable water, and a few decades ago networks of modules were created that allowed water storage for use in periods of drought. The most important rivers in the state are: the

title: Caura River (Venezuela)

text: the river with an island in the middle Both branches have some rapids and join in one of the most remarkable waterfalls in the Orinoco basin, not because of its height, but because of the impressive flow of water. The Caura is a Blackwater river, like the Caroní, the Ventuari River and the upper Orinoco. The Caura is wide at Musinacio (Musiú Ignacio ), the point where it joins the Orinoco, wide at this point. Satellite images in the Intertropical Zone show an interesting lack of clouds above the biggest rivers, such as the Caura and Orinoco, and also in

title: Rio Negro (Amazon)

text: After roughly 400 km the river starts forming the border between Colombia's Department of Guainía and Venezuela's Amazonas State. After passing the Colombian community of Tonina and Macanal the river turns Southwest. Maroa is the first Venezuelan town the river passes. 120 km further downstream the river receives the Casiquiare canal from the right-hand, forming a unique link between the Orinoco and the Amazon river basin. Henceforth the river is called "Rio Negro". The river now continues in a southeastern direction passing the Venezuelan town of San Carlos de Río Negro, its largest settlement on the river, and Colombia's San

title: Monagas

text: The basins are the basin of Atlantic Ocean and the basin of the Orinoco River. Rivers such as Guanipa, Río Tigre, Morichal Largo, Caño Mánamo, Amana, Tonoro, Tabasca, Uracoa flow into the Orinoco River. On the other hand, the rivers Guarapiche, San Juan, Río de Oro, Caripe flow into the Atlantic Ocean. The rivers of the Atlantic Ocean basin come from the mountains located in the northwest of the state and the rivers of the Orinoco river basin come from the many plateaus located in the southwest of Monagas State and from Anzoategui State. Vegetation The vegetation is the intertropical

title: Orinoco Basin

text: Guárico. And some rivers also llaneros of minor importance and caudal, like the Manapire, Iguana, Zuata and Pao. Finally, the Caño Manamo will end up in the Orinoco delta, the Taiga with its tributary by its right margin, the Long Morichal and the Guanipa with its tributary by its left bank, the Amana. Each of the named tributaries of the Orinoco River deserves a more detailed study. Also, some problems that are scarcely investigated, such as the different coloration of the waters of these tributaries, as seen in the image, the phenomenon of the lack of cloudiness in the mornings

title: Orinoco Basin

text: useful in the production of hydro-electric energy, but without use as navigational routes, except for some very short stretches. There are numerous islands, both rocky (erosion reliefs) and sedimentary (sand and other sediments), as well as many pipes or arms, abandoned meanders and horseshoe lakes. The main tributaries on the right bank are the Manaviche, Ocamo, Padamo (with its Matacuni tributary on its left bank), Cunucunuma, Ventuari (very flowing river, with its Manapiare tributary on the right), Sipapo with its tributaries Autana and Cuao, both on the right), Samariapo, Parguaza (with several tributaries with a curious bayonet drainage), Suapure, Cuchivero

title: Orinoco

text: 2006 a second bridge was completed near Ciudad Guayana, Venezuela, known as the Orinoquia Bridge. The first powerline crossing of the Orinoco River was completed in 1981 for an 800kVTL single span of using two towers tall. In 1992, an overhead power line crossing for two 400kV-circuits was completed just west of Morocure (between the cities of Ciudad Bolivar and Ciudad Guayana), north of the confluence of Routes1 and 19. It had three towers, and the two spans measured and , respectively. The course of the Orinoco forms a wide ellipsoidal arc, surrounding the Guiana Shield; it is divided in

title: Orinoco Basin

text: the Orinoco river itself marks the natural boundary between these two regions; it could be said that the Orinoco is one of the most remarkable natural borders in the world, although this fact has a simple explanation: the rivers have little slope and have been building for millions of years a level of accumulation with the sediments that they carry from the mountain ranges where they are born. And it is these sediments that push the channel of the Orinoco against the Guayanese shield itself, to the point that in most of its course, the channel is riding on the

title: Apure River

text: six braided river branches west of Cabruta, Guárico State, across from Caicara, Bolívar State, at about . The Apure is long from the Uribante's starting point to the Orinoco. It is navigable for about above the Orinoco, where it has a sluggish course across the llanos, despite rapids at about the mark. From the north, its principal tributaries are the Caparo, Portuguesa and Guarico. The Caucagua is its only major tributary from the south. Because of the flatness of the land its meanders and bayous to the south are mingled with those of the Arauca River creating an extensive area

title: Orinoco

text: Ocean was documented by Columbus on 1August 1498, during his third voyage. Its source at the Cerro Delgado–Chalbaud, in the Parima range, was not explored until 1951, 453 years later. The source, near the Venezuelan–Brazilian border, at above sea level (), was explored in 1951 by a joint Venezuelan–French team. The Orinoco Delta, and tributaries in the eastern llanos such as the Apure and Meta, were explored in the 16th century by German expeditions under Ambrosius Ehinger and his successors. In 1531 Diego de Ordaz, starting at the principal outlet in the delta, the Boca de Navios, sailed up the

title: Orinoco

text: The Orinoco River is one of the longest rivers in South America at 2,140 kilometres (1,330 mi).  Its drainage basin, sometimes known as the Orinoquia, covers 880,000 square kilometres (340,000 sq mi), with 76.3 percent of it in Venezuela and the remainder in Colombia. It is the fourth largest river in the world by discharge volume of water. The Orinoco River and its tributaries are the major transportation system for eastern and interior Venezuela and the llanos of Colombia. The Orinoco River is extremely diverse, and hosts a wide variety of flora and fauna.

title: Orinoco


question: what does zonia receive from reuben in the play

answers: kiss

title: Joe Turner's Come and Gone

text: be bound; that she is better off just letting him find his own path in life. Jeremy intervenes and suggests that Mattie stays with him as to cure both of their loneliness. The scene ends with Zonia and Reuben, the little boy from next door. Reuben discloses Bynum's odd tendencies to Zonia and tells her a story about his friend Eugene that used to sell pigeons to Bynum so he could use their blood in his rituals. "Scene Two"- It is a week later and the audience again finds Seth and Bertha eating breakfast in the kitchen. Seth is still

title: Patience (play)

text: faced with the question if all events connect or if they just happen randomly. The play focuses on the dialogue of the play and less on the story. The message of the play can be seen in those monologues. The play's structure does not go through chronological order it focuses on how closely the scenes are tied together. The central question in this play is, "Are you happy with your life?" This is the concept that is present throughout the play. The long monologues try to give rhyme or reason to what has caused these tragic events in Reuben's life.

title: Patience (play)

text: tries to tell Reuben that he should not try to find the connections between events and that attempting to pinpoint the starting point would only drive him insane. Reuben does not want to hear his theory and leaves. Reuben is wandering around the city when he runs into a Rabbi who convinces him to come and perform a minyan. A minyan refers to a quorum required for certain obligations; it is usually done in public with ten men. On their way to the shul they find out that they knew each other when they were younger. He asks how his

title: Patience (play)

text: himself. At dinner an old friend named Paul comes into the restaurant and strikes up a conversation. Paul asks what Reuben would do if he lost everything, a question Reuben does not understand. Paul asks, “Do you have everything you need and do you need everything you have?” Reuben, who is still confused by the conversation, heads home. His wife, Donna, confronts him about love letters between him and another girl. He explains that they were from a long time ago, but she kicks him out of the house. Reuben then heads to a bar where he runs into another

title: Joe Turner's Come and Gone

text: abilities. "Scene Three"- The scene opens with Bertha reassuring Mattie that she will find everything that she wants and needs in life and that she just has to be patient. The scene ends with Loomis telling Mattie that he's noticed her watching him and that he finds her attractive. He goes to touch her, however, but feels awkward and says "I done forgot how to touch". "Scene Four"- It is the next morning and Zonia and Reuben are in the yard. Reuben tells Zonia that he has seen the ghost of Seth's mother earlier that morning and she made him

title: Patience (play)

text: But they are simply ways to try to help him cope with his losses. This play really makes one examine one's life and analyze what went wrong and why, to see if they are really happy with their life. It asks the audience questions like, do you have everything you need and do you need everything you have? If you were to lose everything you had tomorrow would you be able to cope? Reuben comes as a prime example of what not to do. He is overly self-centered and therefore he tries to blame everyone else. He never looks at

title: Patience (play)

text: himself that he cannot see the events that are going to happen to him. Reuben's story follows a similar one of a David Mamet play called "Edmond". Edmond is also a middle-class man who loses everything. Edmond's path to redemption is a much more violent and physical one as he deals with his feeling on race and homosexuality. Reuben's situation is much more a path through his mentality. He is obsessed with finding out why and how all these events got started. It takes the entire play for him to finally come to a peace although it is a very

title: Patience (play)

text: Reuben does lose everything, he gets fired, his wife leaves him, and his brother dies. The question is then what will he do if he lost everything? 4. Rising action- This takes place three months later, why? Because his state of mind during those three months had not changed. Reuben has many talks with his brother Phil, Sarah, Liz, and a Rabbi about finding the point that started all of this. Why did this happen to him. Each character’s opinion and conversation helps him on his journey but leads to more question. 5. Climax- He runs into Donna at the

title: Patience (play)

text: her away. Sarah- was the love interest of Reuben many years before, and was the one who wrote the love letters back and forth with Reuben. They date again but it never was the same. Paul- is Reuben's old friend and Sarah’s husband, who acts as the inciting incident. After their encounter Reuben finds out that he had died in a plane crash a year before. Rabbi- he knew Reuben and his family as a young boy. He is able to really give much insight into how Reuben is feeling and leads him unknowingly right to Sarah. Peter- is Reuben's

title: Patience (play)

text: from afar and are not involved in the story. It also follows a real issue of storyline, the time. This play was written in 1998 and is about a successful businessman who loses everything. Something that could be very possible in that time and especially in the world today. The play does not give the audience a fairytale ending. It ends with Reuben finally coming to grips with the fact that he is at fault for all the bad events in his life. Although most realist plays run in chronological order, other realist plays do not and are still considered

title: Patience (play)

text: down a passenger jet” (Sherman 73). Reuben likes this analogy and superimposes his story right on top. He does not fully understand because he still feels like he controls his own destiny and that his actions mean something, but Liz explains that the decisions he make have an effect; he just cannot predict what that effect will be. They come to a stalling point in their conversation about what happened to Reuben, so Reuben asks her to play the piano for him and she does. Sarah and Reuben are at a restaurant when Reuben tells Sarah about his encounter with

title: Patience (play)

text: life out of you” 7. New state of equilibrium-At the end of the play Reuben says “I know” as a response to the end of a monologue by Phil in a flash back from the party. The basic outcome was that we are all alone and can either wait alone in the darkness or share our love with the ones that love us. Although it seems that Reuben has chosen the first route of being alone. Reuben- He is the Protagonist. He travels along Freytag’s Pyramid while dealing with all that has happened to him. Donna- This is Reuben's wife.

title: Patience (play)

text: Paul before they talked on that fateful day. They find out that this encounter was stranger than it seemed as everything he told Reuben about his life was in fact true. They come to the same question that Paul left both of them: “Do you need everything you have?” There are three other characters in this scene: a man, a woman and a man on the phone. They seem to almost be reacting to the events of Reuben's life. The man and woman are fighting about the man cheating on her and the man on the cell phone is talking

title: Patience (play)

text: that Sarah was the girl Reuben had written those letters to. With those flashbacks it is easy to see the seven components of a well-made-play. The order of these is as follows: 1. State of equilibrium-Reuben is a successful businessman and has a happy marriage with two kids. 2. Inciting incident- A friend from the past comes to visit Reuben while at dinner. He asks Reuben if he is happy and what he would do if he lost everything? He leaves Reuben with a final question, “Do you need everything you have?” 3. Point of Attack or Major Dramatic Question-

title: Patience (play)

text: from his cell phone to find the answer to what is the point of being good. This play falls under the genre of a classic tragedy. It starts with a state of equilibrium where there is a basic moral code. In "Patience" it is if you do your work you will be rewarded. Reuben worked hard at his job and became successful. He had a girl fall in love with him and they got married and had kids. Then the inciting incident happens when a character commits an act of shame. Reuben's business partners find that he has stolen from

title: Patience (play)

text: play very well. “Dr. Susan Nolen-Hoeksema has attributed the greater susceptibility to depression to their more ruminative style of coping when distressed… it may explain the vulnerability to depression in Jewish men, whose religious training reinforces a ruminative quest for knowledge” (Why are Jewish…) Reuben is obsessed with finding an answer; his inability to find that answer leads him farther and farther down the path of depression. The language in this play moves from fast to slow. It goes from fast paced dialogues to slower monologues. In the normal conversations the characters are often interrupting each other. Quickly moving through

title: Patience (play)

text: but nothing ever came of it and before he has a chance to tell Phil of the details, Phil receives a call from his mother informing him that Johnny has died. Act two starts with Phil and his new girlfriend, Liz, at her place three months later. Reuben is still not at ease about the events of that day three months ago. Reuben wants so desperately to know what caused this train wreck of events. Reuben believes there should be a starting point where everything was set into motion, an exact moment. He can’t seem to find the moment and

title: Patience (play)

text: Patience (play) Patience is a play written and published in 1998 by Jason Sherman (Doollie.com). It is about Reuben, who one day loses everything. The play follows a path similar to David Mamet's play "Edmond". It traces a psychological journey through Reuben's head while he tries to figure out how everything happened. The play was written at a time when the story would hit home for a lot of middle-aged, middle-class men. The play opens with the lead character, Reuben, playing squash with Peter, a business partner. They get into an argument which causes Reuben to go to dinner by

title: Patience (play)

text: the company and his wife finds love letters to another woman. The plot develops as the character undergoes suffering. Reuben's brother dies and everywhere he searches for answers he is not able to find any. At the climax, the character receives some insight. Reuben runs into his ex-wife at the subway where she shows him how he is the reason for all that has gone wrong in his life. Not something or someone else. At the resolution the universal code is restored by some act of redemption. Reuben does not go through some act of redemption but he understands that

title: Patience (play)

text: because of his actions he deserves to be alone and that is what he intends to do. Jason Sherman wrote "Patience" mainly in a realist style. These scenes happen in real time; although he jumps from scene to scene each individual scene takes as long as it would in real time. The characters do not go to unrealistic places; they remain in the actual real world except for Reuben's encounter with Paul. This play stays on one storyline, Reuben is the main character and the play follows his path. The audience is an objective one; we are viewing the play

title: Patience (play)

text: negative one. Reuben may be seen as the average middle class man and therefore his story can really hit home to a lot of people. Although his outcome is not one to hope for, the viewers are able to see his mistakes and misguided thought and learn from them. Phil, Liz and Sarah act as Reuben's confidants; he goes to them and tells them about his troubles. They try to help him but Reuben will not accept their advice. Paul acts as the messenger; he brings the warning of what is to come by acting as the force behind the

title: Patience (play)

text: much the theatre of absurd is involved: “The purpose of writing, therefore, is simply to express their despair and perhaps to share it with others; to find in a sense, comfort in knowing that they are not alone in realizing that they are in fact, completely alone” (Rush 232). This is almost the exact realization that Reuben finds at the end. "Patience" can also be seen as a postmodern play. Sherman gives the audience many thought-provoking monologues where characters explain their ideas on whether individuals control their destiny or that their actions have no barring on outcomes. The audience is

title: Patience (play)

text: Korean deal and that they knew he had stolen money from the company. Reuben attempts to explain but there is no use. They are not willing to negotiate, and they have already agreed that Reuben is fired. Reuben calls Sarah again and insists that he must see her, and she agrees to meet in a half hour. After the conversation there is a flashback to the party at Sarah and Paul’s house when they had last seen each other. During the party it is revealed that the girl Reuben had been writing the love letters to was Sarah. At the

title: Patience (play)

text: about taking money from his company that he built from the ground up. Reuben still wants to know how this whole thing started and Sarah attempts to explain that things do just happen for no rhyme or reason. Sarah goes with him on this journey to find out where everything started going wrong, and during the process confesses that she would have run away with him if he had called. Reuben felt the same but both were too afraid to make the first move. Sarah comes to the conclusion that the time they kissed at the party ten years ago

title: Patience (play)

text: of Time (1999/2000) • Afghanada (2006) Patience (play) Patience is a play written and published in 1998 by Jason Sherman (Doollie.com). It is about Reuben, who one day loses everything. The play follows a path similar to David Mamet's play "Edmond". It traces a psychological journey through Reuben's head while he tries to figure out how everything happened. The play was written at a time when the story would hit home for a lot of middle-aged, middle-class men. The play opens with the lead character, Reuben, playing squash with Peter, a business partner. They get into an argument which causes

title: Patience (play)

text: later in the play and could be seen as a call to Reuben to focus on the present. In the playwright's notes Jason Sherman states “this play can and ought to be staged with elegance and simplicity. The first production features a multi-use set piece which became a car, a table in a restaurant, a desk and whatever else it was required to be.” (Sherman) It is not what is surrounds the characters that affects the audience, it is what the characters say that is the real spectacle. The play intrigues the audience to think about their lives and it

title: Patience (play)

text: realism because their scenes seem to fit together correctly in the order presented. This is true for "Patience" as there are flashbacks but at very strategic points that give the audience insight into why things have just happened as they did. In "Patience" there are elements of absurdism. Reuben, within his mentality is living in a world full of absurdism. He is at the mercy of a higher power, whatever that might be. By the end of the play he comes to terms that his life cannot be changed. A quote from "A Student's Guide to Play Analysis" demonstrates how

title: Patience (play)

text: time. Reuben goes back to Phil and Liz’s place, this time looking for Liz. She is playing the piano and says she has written something for him, something goofy. He tells Liz that he has started dating Sarah, the girl from the past and that even though he fell in love with her ten years ago he cannot stop thinking of someone else. He does not understand how he can think of someone else when he is finally with the woman he wanted to spend his entire life with. Liz asks if he has told the other woman. Reuben has

title: Patience (play)

text: make movies. Sarah does most of the talking and Reuben leaves after he has no answer for her about whether Paul thought of her or his new lover in Vancouver. Later Reuben is back at his car when his phone rings. It is Phil, his brother. Phil is obviously rattled and is having trouble formulating his thoughts. Phil tells Reuben that Johnny, the third brother, was about to die and that he should come to Florida immediately. Reuben agrees and is on the next flight to Florida. The next scene Phil has just picked up Reuben from the airport. There

title: Joe Turner's Come and Gone

text: Scene Four- It is the next morning and Zonia and Reuben are in the yard. Reuben tells Zonia that he has seen the ghost of Seth's mother earlier that morning and she made him keep his promise to Eugene and release the pigeons. They marvel at the idea that people could come back to life in the form of spirits. Reuben then asks Zonia if he can kiss her on the lips and she agrees.  They decide that later in life they will find each other to get married.

title: Joe Turner's Come and Gone


question: dynamin is associated with which type of vesicle

answers: newly formed vesicles

title: Dynamin

text: pinching off the vesicle from the parent membrane. Constriction may be in part the result of the twisting activity of dynamin, which makes dynamin the only molecular motor known to have a twisting activity. In mammals, three different dynamin genes have been identified with key sequence differences in their Pleckstrin homology domains leading to differences in the recognition of lipid membranes: Mutations in Dynamin II have been found to cause dominant intermediate Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Epileptic encephalopathy–causing de novo mutations in dynamin have been suggested to cause dysfunction of vesicle scission during synaptic vesicle endocytosis. Dynamin Dynamin is a GTPase responsible

title: Synaptojanin

text: scaffolding protein and functions in actin recruitment. Dynamin is a GTPase involved in vesicle budding, specifically modulating the severance of the vesicle from the neuronal membrane. Dynamin appears to be playing a larger role in neurite formation because its vesicle pinching role and the possibility of it recycling plasma membrane and growth factor receptor proteins. Mutation in this gene have been associated with autosomal recessive, early-onset parkinsonism. Synaptojanin, through its interactions with a variety of proteins and molecules is thought to play a role in the development of nervous systems. Synaptojanin 1 has been found to be influenced by the

title: Dynamin

text: 96 kDa enzyme, and was first isolated when researchers were attempting to isolate new microtubule-based motors from the bovine brain. Dynamin has been extensively studied in the context of clathrin-coated vesicle budding from the cell membrane. Beginning from the N-terminus, Dynamin consists of a GTPase domain connected to a helical stalk domain via a flexible neck region containing a Bundle Signalling Element and GTPase Effector Domain. At the opposite end of the stalk domain is a loop that links to a membrane-binding Pleckstrin homology domain. The protein strand then loops back towards the GTPase domain and terminates with a Proline

title: Dynamin

text: Rich Domain that binds to the Src Homology domains of many proteins. During clathrin-mediated endocytosis, the cell membrane invaginates to form a budding vesicle. Dynamin binds to and assembles around the neck of the endocytic vesicle, forming a helical polymer arranged such that the GTPase domains dimerize in an asymmetric manner across helical rungs. The polymer constricts the underlying membrane upon GTP binding and hydrolysis via conformational changes emanating from the flexible neck region that alters the overall helical symmetry. Constriction around the vesicle neck leads to the formation of a hemi-fusion membrane state that ultimately results in membrane fission,

title: DNM2

text: DNM2 Dynamin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the "DNM2" gene. Dynamins represent one of the subfamilies of GTP-binding proteins. These proteins share considerable sequence similarity over the N-terminal portion of the molecule, which contains the GTPase domain. Dynamins are associated with microtubules. They have been implicated in cell processes such as endocytosis and cell motility, and in alterations of the membrane that accompany certain activities such as bone resorption by osteoclasts. Dynamins bind many proteins that bind actin and other cytoskeletal proteins. Dynamins can also self-assemble, a process that stimulates GTPase activity. Four alternatively spliced transcripts

title: DNM2

text: encoding different proteins have been described. Additional alternatively spliced transcripts may exist, but their full-length nature has not been determined. DNM2 has been shown to interact with: Mutations in this gene have been associated to cases of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, or congenital myopathy (centronuclear type). DNM2 Dynamin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the "DNM2" gene. Dynamins represent one of the subfamilies of GTP-binding proteins. These proteins share considerable sequence similarity over the N-terminal portion of the molecule, which contains the GTPase domain. Dynamins are associated with microtubules. They have been implicated in cell processes such as

title: Vesicular transport adaptor protein

text: used by making "abortive" or "futile" interactions until enough interactions occur simultaneously to allow the structure to continue to develop. The last step in the formation of a transport vesicle is "pinching off" from the donor membrane. This requires energy, but even in the well studied case of CCVs, not all require dynamin. The accompanying illustration shows the case for AP-2 CCVs, however AP-1 and AP-3 CCVs do not use dynamin. Which cargo molecules are incorporated into a particular type of vesicle relies on specific interactions. Some of these interactions are directly with AP complexes and some are indirectly with

title: Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate

text: vesicles that include endosomes, lysosomes, and lysosome-related organelles and secretory vesicles and acidocalcisomes. They are a highly dynamic continuum of vesicles with a rich variety of established biochemical roles in cells, to which Ca storage can now be added. Their luminal pH is one characteristic that distinguishes a given vesicle class from another: where endosomes are weakly acidic (pH 6-6.5), lysosomes are typically the most acidic (pH 4.5-5.0) and secretory vesicles are typically pH 5.5. Ca is seen to be increasingly important for endo-lysosomal function, e.g. trafficking and autophagy. Aberrations in Ca signals can have pathophysiological consequences, including lysosomal storage

title: DNM1

text: transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described. DNM1 has been shown to interact with: DNM1 Dynamin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the "DNM1" gene. This gene encodes a member of the dynamin subfamily of GTP-binding proteins. The encoded protein possesses unique mechanochemical properties used to tubulate and sever membranes, and is involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis and other vesicular trafficking processes. Actin and other cytoskeletal proteins act as binding partners for the encoded protein, which can also self-assemble leading to stimulation of GTPase activity. More than sixty highly conserved copies of the 3' region of this

title: DNM1

text: DNM1 Dynamin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the "DNM1" gene. This gene encodes a member of the dynamin subfamily of GTP-binding proteins. The encoded protein possesses unique mechanochemical properties used to tubulate and sever membranes, and is involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis and other vesicular trafficking processes. Actin and other cytoskeletal proteins act as binding partners for the encoded protein, which can also self-assemble leading to stimulation of GTPase activity. More than sixty highly conserved copies of the 3' region of this gene are found elsewhere in the genome, particularly on chromosomes Y and 15. Alternatively spliced

title: Cortactin

text: by lamellipodia and identify/migrate toward a target via chemotaxis; thus, cortactin must also be activated by receptor kinases that pick up a large variety of chemical signals. Studies have implicated cortactin in both clathrin-mediated endocytosis and clathrin-independent endocytosis. In both kinds of endocytosis, it has long been known that actin localizes to sites of vesicle invagination and is a vital part of the endocytic pathway, but the actual mechanisms by which actin facilitates endocytosis are still unclear. Recently, however, it has been found that dynamin, the protein responsible for breaking the newly formed vesicular bud off the inside of the

title: Dynactin

text: together in a sucrose gradient, but can be induced to form a tight complex in the presence of the N-terminal 400 amino acids of Bicaudal D2 (BICD2), a cargo adaptor that links dynein and dynactin to Golgi derived vesicles. In the presence of BICD2, dynactin binds to dynein and activates it to move for long distances along microtubules. A cryo-EM structure of dynein, dynactin and BICD2 showed that the BICD2 coiled coil runs along the dynactin filament. The tail of dynein also binds to the Arp1 filament, sitting in the equivalent site that myosin uses to bind actin. The contacts

title: DNM1L

text: DNM1L Dynamin-1-like protein is a GTPase that regulates mitochondrial fission. In humans, dynamin-1-like protein, which is typically referred to as dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), is encoded by the "DNM1L" gene. Drp1, which is a member of the dynamin superfamily of proteins, consists of a GTPase and GTPase effector domain that are separated from each other by a helical segment of amino acids. There are 3 mouse and 6 human isoforms of Drp1, including a brain-specific variant. Drp1 exists as homooligomers and its function relies on its oligomerization ability. Mitochondria routinely undergo fission and fusion events that maintain a dynamic reticular

title: Dynactin

text: Dynactin Dynactin is a 23 subunit protein complex that acts as a co-factor for the microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein-1. It is built around a short filament of actin related protein-1 (Arp1). Dynactin was identified as an activity that allowed purified cytoplasmic dynein to move membrane vesicles along microtubules in vitro. It was shown to be a multiprotein complex and named "dynactin" because of its role in dynein activation. The main features of dynactin were visualized by quick-freeze, deep-etch, rotary shadow electron microscopy. It appears as a short filament, 37-nm in length, which resembles F-actin, plus a thinner, laterally oriented arm.

title: Dynamin-like 120 kDa protein

text: types of isoforms: long isoforms (L-OPA1), which attach to the IMM, and short isoforms (S-OPA1), which localize to the intermembrane space (IMS) near the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). S-OPA1 is formed by proteolysis of L-OPA1 at the cleavage sites S1 and S2, removing the transmembrane domain. This gene product is a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial protein with similarity to dynamin-related GTPases. It is a component of the mitochondrial network. The OPA1 protein localizes to the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it regulates mitochondrial fusion and cristae structure. OPA1 mediates mitochondrial fusion in cooperation with mitofusins 1 and 2 and participates in cristae remodeling

title: Intracellular transport

text: in the intracellular transport of membrane-bound vesicles and organelles, and this process is propelled by motor proteins such as dynein. Microtubules are cytoskeletal fibers that have an important role in the mitotic spindle during mitosis. They are organized in such a way that their plus ends extend through the periphery of the cells and their minus ends are anchored within the centrosome, so they utilize the motor proteins kinesin’s (positive end directed) and dynein’s (negative end directed) to transport vesicles and organelles in opposite directions through the cytoplasm (cite: the cell a molecular approach). Each type of membrane vesicle is

title: Dynactin

text: with β-spectrin. The pointed end complex (PEC) has been shown to be involved in selective cargo binding. PEC subunits p62/DCTN4 and Arp11/Actr10 are essential for dynactin complex integrity and dynactin/dynein targeting to the nuclear envelope before mitosis. Dynactin p25/DCTN5 and p27/DCTN6 are not essential for dynactin complex integrity, but are required for early and recycling endosome transport during the interphase and regulation of the spindle assembly checkpoint in mitosis. Dynein and dynactin were reported to interact directly by the binding of dynein intermediate chains with p150. The affinity of this interaction is around 3.5μM. Dynein and dynactin do not run

title: Dynamin-like 120 kDa protein

text: Dynamin-like 120 kDa protein Dynamin-like 120 kDa protein, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the "OPA1" gene. This protein regulates mitochondrial fusion and cristae structure in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) and contributes to ATP synthesis and apoptosis, and small, round mitochondria. Mutations in this gene have been implicated in dominant optic atrophy (DOA), leading to loss in vision, hearing, muscle contraction, and related dysfunctions. Eight transcript variants encoding different isoforms, resulting from alternative splicing of exon 4 and two novel exons named 4b and 5b, have been reported for this gene. They fall under two

title: G protein-coupled receptor

text: trafficked back to the plasma membrane or targeted to lysosomes for degradation. At any point in this process, the β-arrestins may also recruit other proteins—such as the non-receptor tyrosine kinase (nRTK), c-SRC—which may activate ERK1/2, or other mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling through, for example, phosphorylation of the small GTPase, Ras, or recruit the proteins of the ERK cascade directly (i.e., Raf-1, MEK, ERK-1/2) at which point signaling is initiated due to their close proximity to one another. Another target of c-SRC are the dynamin molecules involved in endocytosis. Dynamins polymerize around the neck of an incoming vesicle, and their

title: Endocytic cycle

text: it activates acetylcholine receptors on the postsynaptic terminal and triggers an electrical impulse in that cell. The membrane added to the presynaptic terminal is recovered by endocytosis and recycled to form fresh vesicles full of neurotransmitter, ready for another cycle of postsynaptic excitation. Thus, the function of the nervous system is dependent on this endocytic cycle. An example of this dependence is found in fruit flies. A key protein required for endocytosis is dynamin: It assists in budding a coated pit into a cell to form a coated vesicle. Mutations in the dynamin gene in which the activity of the

title: Dynactin

text: nuclear position in Drosophila, zebrafish or in different fungi. Dynein and dynactin concentrate on the nuclear envelope during the prophase and facilitate nuclear envelope breakdown via its DCTN4/p62 and Arp11 subunits. Dynactin is also required for microtubule anchoring at centrosomes and centrosome integrity. Destabilization of the centrosomal pool of dynactin also causes abnormal G1 centriole separation and delayed entry into S phase, suggesting that dynactin contributes to the recruitment of important cell cycle regulators to centrosomes. In addition to transport of various organelles in the cytoplasm, dynactin also links kinesin II to organelles. Dynactin Dynactin is a 23 subunit protein

title: Bulk endocytosis

text: activity, presynaptic intracellular calcium activates calcineurin which dephosphorylates dynamin. The F-BAR-protein syndapin interacts with dephosphorylated dynamin and is a crucial factor in anchoring dynamin at the plasma membrane. In line with the hypothesis that syndapin I induces bulk endocytosis, characterization of syndapin I knock-out mice revealed a crucial role of syndapin I in presynaptic membrane trafficking processes and accumulation of endocytic intermediates was especially evident under high-capacity retrieval conditions. Mechanistically, the F-BAR domain protein syndapin I possibly acts through further interactions with Arp2/3 and N-WASP. The GTPase dynamin then pinches off the large membrane-vacuole, which is either degraded or reused

title: DCTN6

text: and it is essential for p25 stability since they are co-knockdown by p27 RNAi. However, both p27 and p25 are not required for 19S dynactin complex integrity verified by velocity sedimentation. p27/DCTN6 and other dynactin pointed-end complex subunits (Arp11/Actr10, p62/DCTN4, and p25/DCTN5) have been suggested to be involved in dynactin binding to specific intracellular cargoes. Co-depletion of dynactin p27 and p25 by p27 RNAi affects dynactin binding to endomembrane, and early and recycling endosome movements are impaired, suggesting that p27/p25 form a selective endomembrane cargo-targeting module. In mitosis, unlike dynactin or dynein perturbation that causes mitotic spindle disarrangement and mitotic

title: Anna Akhmanova

text: of their projects concerns the mechanisms involved in microtubule-based vesicle transport. They identified several structures that link the microtubule motors, kinesin and dynein, to vesicles, and they developed procedures to show the function of the linkers when gathering motor proteins to associate with membrane organelles. Inside the cell, kinesin and dynein protein motors are required for long-range transport along microtubules. Akhmanova's team focuses mainly on dynein, the motor that moves toward the minus end of the microtubule, and how it is linked to the various organelles and vesicles it transfers. They also study how dynein coordinates with kinesin, the motor

title: Dynein

text: organelles in the cell. It also helps transport cargo needed for cell function such as vesicles made by the endoplasmic reticulum, endosomes, and lysosomes (Karp, 2005). Dynein is involved in the movement of chromosomes and positioning the mitotic spindles for cell division. Dynein carries organelles, vesicles and possibly microtubule fragments along the axons of neurons toward the cell body in a process called retrograde axoplasmic transport. Cytoplasmic dynein positions the spindle at the site of cytokinesis by anchoring to the cell cortex and pulling on astral microtubules emanating from centrosome. Budding yeast have been a powerful model organism to study

title: DCTN2

text: DCTN2 Dynactin subunit 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DCTN2 gene This gene encodes a 50-kD subunit of dynactin, a macromolecular complex consisting of 23 subunits (11 individual proteins ranging in size from 22 to 150 kD). The subunit is commonly referred to as p50 or dynamitin. Dynactin binds to both microtubules and cytoplasmic dynein. It is involved in a diverse array of cellular functions, including ER-to-Golgi transport, the centripetal movement of lysosomes and endosomes, spindle formation, chromosome movement, nuclear positioning, and axonogenesis. This subunit is present in 4 copies per dynactin molecule. It contains

title: Vesicle fusion

text: the vesicle is in position it must wait until Ca enters the cell by the propagation of an action potential to the presynaptic membrane. Ca binds to specific proteins, one of which is Synaptotagmin, in neurons which triggers the complete fusion of the vesicle with the target membrane. SNARE proteins are also thought to help mediate which membrane is the target of which vesicle. Assembly of the SNAREs into the "trans" complexes likely bridges the opposing lipid bilayers of membranes belonging to cell and secretory granule, bringing them in proximity and inducing their fusion. The influx of calcium into the

title: Dynamin-like 120 kDa protein

text: with OPA1-derived hearing loss. Mitochondrial fusion involving OPA1 and MFN2 may be associated with Parkinson's disease. OPA1 has been shown to interact with: Dynamin-like 120 kDa protein Dynamin-like 120 kDa protein, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the "OPA1" gene. This protein regulates mitochondrial fusion and cristae structure in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) and contributes to ATP synthesis and apoptosis, and small, round mitochondria. Mutations in this gene have been implicated in dominant optic atrophy (DOA), leading to loss in vision, hearing, muscle contraction, and related dysfunctions. Eight transcript variants encoding different isoforms, resulting from

title: Vesicle (biology and chemistry)

text: the vesicles from flooding. Matrix vesicles are located within the extracellular space, or matrix. Using electron microscopy they were discovered independently in 1967 by H. Clarke Anderson and Ermanno Bonucci. These cell-derived vesicles are specialized to initiate biomineralisation of the matrix in a variety of tissues, including bone, cartilage and dentin. During normal calcification, a major influx of calcium and phosphate ions into the cells accompanies cellular apoptosis (genetically determined self-destruction) and matrix vesicle formation. Calcium-loading also leads to formation of phosphatidylserine:calcium:phosphate complexes in the plasma membrane mediated in part by a protein called annexins. Matrix vesicles bud from the

title: Dynamin

text: Dynamin is a GTPase responsible for endocytosis in the eukaryotic cell. Dynamins are principally involved in the scission of newly formed vesicles from the membrane of one cellular compartment and their targeting to, and fusion with, another compartment, both at the cell surface (particularly caveolae internalization) as well as at the Golgi apparatus.  Dynamin also plays a role in many processes including division of organelles, cytokinesis and microbial pathogen resistance.

title: Dynamin