question: when was the last time the military drafted

answers: 1973

answers: 1972

answers: December 1972

title: Conscription in the United States

text: soldier still on active duty, retired in 2011. Chief Warrant Officer 5 Ralph E. Rigby, the last Vietnam War-era drafted soldier of Warrant Officer rank, retired from the army on November 10, 2014 after a 42-year career. On July 2, 1980, President Jimmy Carter issued Presidential Proclamation 4771 and re-instated the requirement that young men register with the Selective Service System. At that time it was required that all males, born on or after January 1, 1960, register with the Selective Service System. Those now in this category are male U.S. citizens and male immigrant non-citizens between the ages of

title: Satchel Paige

text: Connie Johnson, Buck O'Neil, and Ted Strong entered military service that year, and Willard Brown followed them the following season. Paige's Selective Service records show that during the war his draft status evolved from 1-A (available to be drafted) to 2-A ("deferred in support of national health, safety, or interest") to the final 4-A (too old for service, even though when he registered he gave a birth date of 1908, two years younger than his actual birth date). Paige continued to play, and the available statistics show a slip in performance in 1943, with a 6–8 record and a 4.59

title: Draft evasion

text: he was no longer eligible for the draft. In a 2015 book critical of Sanders, journalist Harry Jaffe revisited that portion of the "Atlantic" article, emphasizing that by the time Sanders's "numerous hearings" had run their course he was "too old to be drafted". Donald Trump, who became President of the United States in 2017, graduated from college in the spring of 1968, making him eligible to be drafted and sent to Vietnam; but he received a diagnosis of bone spurs in his heels. The diagnosis resulted in a medical deferment, exempting him from military service. Due to this deferment

title: Conscription in the United States

text: those born between 1944 and 1950. Those with a high number no longer had to be concerned about the draft. Nearly 500,000 men were disqualified for criminal records, but less than 10,000 of them were convicted of draft violations. Finally, as many as 100,000 draft eligible men fled the country. During the 1968 presidential election, Richard Nixon campaigned on a promise to end the draft. He had first become interested in the idea of an all-volunteer army during his time out of office, based upon a paper by Martin Anderson of Columbia University. Nixon also saw ending the draft as

title: Tomas Claudio

text: to register in the U.S. military drafts of June 5, 1917, June 5, 1918 and September 12, 1918. Some volunteered, others were drafted. Most of them served in Schofield Barracks, Ft. Shafter and Hawaiian National Guard from the ranks of private to sergeant Claudio decided to apply in the U.S. Army. After being denied twice, he was finally enlisted on November 2, 1917. He became a member of the 41st Infantry Division and left for Europe on December 15. His last destination was France, where he served, initially, in the trenches of the Toul Sector and, later, with the reserve

title: Allen Hoskins

text: movies did not flourish. In 1940 President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Selective Service Act. Hoskins volunteered to serve in the Army in August 1940, shortly before the first draft registration took place on September 16, 1940. In 1941 Hoskins was stationed at Monterey, California, where a reporter found him:<br> In one of her 1945 columns (published in various newspapers including the "Lowell Sun") Louella Parsons wrote about Hoskins and other actors who served in World War II. "No one at Fort Roach knew the drama back of Sgt. Allen Hoskins appearance there on his last day in the Air

title: Conscription in the United Kingdom

text: election to parliament. A few National Servicemen stood for election in the 1951 and 1955 general elections in order to be dismissed from service. National Service ended gradually from 1957. It was decided that those born on or after 1 October 1939 would not be required, but conscription continued for those born earlier whose call-up had been delayed for any reason. In November 1960 the last men entered service, as call-ups formally ended on 31 December 1960, and the last National Servicemen left the armed forces in May 1963. Currently, the British overseas territory of Bermuda practises conscription. Recruitment into

title: Draft lottery (1969)

text: birth date would be called to serve at once. The first 195 birthdates drawn were later called to serve in the order they were drawn; the last of these was September 24. Also on December 1, 1969, a second lottery, identical in process to the first, was held with the 26 letters of the alphabet. The first letter drawn was "J", which was assigned number 1. The second letter was "G", and so on, until all 26 letters were assigned numbers. Among men with the same birthdate, the order of induction was determined by the ranks of the first letters

title: Bill Clinton

text: (311), meaning that those whose birthdays had been drawn as numbers 1 to 310 would have to be drafted before him, making it unlikely that he would be drafted. (In fact, the highest number drafted was 195.) Colonel Eugene Holmes, the Army officer who had been involved with Clinton's ROTC application, suspected that Clinton attempted to manipulate the situation to avoid the draft and avoid serving in uniform. He issued a notarized statement during the 1992 presidential campaign: During the 1992 campaign, it was revealed that Clinton's uncle had attempted to secure him a position in the Navy Reserve, which

title: Thomas C. Fleming

text: could drive those big army rigs, they could drive those buses on the street too. They were demonstrating in front of the Key System's office, carrying placards denouncing Jim Crow practices in hiring." In February 1945, although he was the sole supporter of his invalid mother and two years over the age limit of 35, Fleming was drafted into the U.S. Army. A woman at the draft board told him in confidence, "They don't like those editorials you're writing." He spent seven months in uniform, then returned to his desk at the newspaper. In 1947 he was chosen as one

title: Canada and the Vietnam War

text: military service. This changed in 1968. On May 22, 1969, Ottawa announced that immigration officials would not and could not ask about immigration applicants' military status if they showed up at the border seeking permanent residence in Canada. According to Valerie Knowles, draft dodgers were usually college-educated sons of the middle class who could no longer defer induction into the Selective Service System. Deserters, on the other hand, were predominantly sons of the lower-income and working classes who had been inducted into the armed services directly from high school or who had volunteered, hoping to obtain a skill and broaden

title: Conscription in the United States

text: extend exemptions again to fathers and others. Channeling was also seen as a means of preempting the early loss of the country's "best and brightest" who had historically joined and died early in war. In the only extended period of military conscription of U.S. males during a major peacetime period, the draft continued on a more limited basis during the late 1950s and early 1960s. While a far smaller percentage of eligible males were conscripted compared to war periods, draftees by law served in the Army for two years. Elvis Presley and Willie Mays were two of the most famous

title: Draft lottery (1969)

text: many state National Guards had long waiting lists to enlist. Still others chose legal sanctions such as imprisonment, showing their disapproval by illegally burning their draft cards or draft letters, or simply not presenting themselves for military service. Others left the country, commonly moving to Canada. The 1970s were a time of turmoil in the United States, beginning with the civil rights movement which set the standards for practices by the anti-war movement. The 1969 draft lottery only encouraged resentment of the Vietnam War and the draft. It strengthened the anti-war movement, and all over the United States, people decried

title: One from the GHL

text: immigrants were drafted to the IDF during the war composing a third of the Israeli army manpower, some three hundreds of them died in battle. Nathan Alterman wrote this poem in his weekly column in the daily newspaper Davar and published it in the last day of the war, in protest of the inhuman treatment of these soldiers. The poem criticizes with irony the instrumental use of the state towards the soldiers compared with pretension of the state to serve as homeland to Jewish refugees. Later the poem was composed as a song by Shem Tov Levy and first performed

title: Draft evasion

text: while punishment would be canceled, military service would still be required. "Now the war is practically at its end, which means enlisting is no longer such a fearful situation", he said. "We expect we'll have very large numbers taking advantage of the amnesty". Tunisia has had a draft since winning its independence in 1956. Most males are required to submit documents to local officials at age18 and to begin service two years later. However, according to the Lebanon-based Carnegie Middle East Center, the Tunisian draft has long been poorly enforced and draft evasion has long been rampant. In order to

title: Jake Scott

text: CFL. Based on his 20 July birth date, Scott's military draft lottery number of record was 187. The highest administrative draft number called for Scott's year group was 195, suggesting that Scott could have been, but was not, drafted for military service during the Vietnam War as he had previously served in the U.S. Marines. Scott began his professional career in 1969 in the Canadian Football League as a defensive back and kick returner with the BC Lions. He was drafted by the Dolphins in seventh round of the 1970 NFL Draft, where in his rookie year, he recorded five

title: Michael Ferber

text: gave a short sermon at the ceremony on Oct. 16 ("A Time to Say No") and, as the only member of the Boston Five who actually had a draft card, joined some 200 men who turned over their cards to several dozen ministers and priests; he then took the cards to Washington where they were added to hundreds more from around the country and given to the Attorney General. The charge against Ferber and the others was conspiracy to aid, abet, and counsel others to violate the draft law. Technically, persons who advocate refusal of military service in wartime are

title: Conscription in the United States

text: means of reducing the chances of being killed. Vocations to the ministry and the rabbinate soared, because divinity students were exempt from the draft. Doctors and draft board members found themselves being pressured by relatives or family friends to exempt potential draftees. The marriage deferment ended suddenly on August 26, 1965. Around 3:10pm President Johnson signed an order allowing the draft of men who married after midnight that day, then around 5pm he announced the change for the first time. Some conscientious objectors objected to the war based on the theory of Just War. One of these, Stephen Spiro, was

title: Ronny Lee

text: Canteen Show. As the show was being prepared to go on network radio, Lee turned eighteen and was drafted "shortly after his eighteenth birthday". Since that birthday was 2 March 1945, we can assume he would have arrived at a military camp by 1 April 1945. If Lee was drafted into the U. S. Army ground forces to serve as a rifleman—the most needed speciality, he would then have received 17 weeks of training before being considered ready to report to a front-line unit. By 1 August 1945 World War II had been over in Europe for nearly 3 months.

title: Donald Gets Drafted

text: Donald Gets Drafted Donald Gets Drafted is a 1942 American animated short film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by RKO Radio Pictures. The cartoon has Donald Duck being drafted into the U. S. Army during World War II and follows his introduction to military life. The film was directed by Jack King and introduced the song "The Army's Not the Army Anymore" by Carl Barks and Leigh Harline. The voice cast includes Clarence Nash as Donald, John McLeish as an officer, and Billy Bletcher as Pete who is Donald's drill sergeant. "Donald Gets Drafted" was the first of

title: Selective Service System

text: all registrants were placed in one of five new classifications. Men in Class I were the first to be drafted, and men in lower classifications were deferred. Dependency deferments for registrants who were fathers or husbands were especially widespread. The age limit was later raised in August 1918 to a maximum age of 45. The military draft was discontinued in 1920. The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 was passed by Congress on September 16, 1940, establishing the first peacetime conscription in United States history. It required all men between the ages of 18 to 64 to register with

title: Jackson Barracks

text: Act of 1940 required that all men aged 18 to 45 were liable for military service for a term of one year. By the early summer of 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked the U.S. Congress to extend the term of duty for the draftees beyond twelve months. Many of the drafted soldiers threatened to desert at the conclusion of their initial twelve months of service. A plan submitted by Louisiana Adjutant General Raymond Fleming was to organize a conference and study the best way to procure manpower in the event of an emergency and develop a new Selective Service

title: Draft lottery (1969)

text: drawing date, one drum was rotated for an hour and the other for a half-hour (its rotating mechanism failed). Pairs of capsules were then drawn, one from each drum, one with a 1951 birthdate and one with a number 1 to 366. The first date and number drawn were September 16 and 139, so all men born September 16, 1951, were assigned draft number 139. The 11th draws were the date July 9 and the number 1, so men born July 9 were assigned draft number 1 and drafted first. Draft lotteries were conducted again from 1971 to 1975 (for

title: Hank Greenberg

text: made up my mind to go when I was called. My country comes first." In November, while serving as an anti-tank gunner, he was promoted to sergeant, but was honorably discharged on December 5 (the United States Congress released men aged 28 years and older from service), two days before Japan bombed Pearl Harbor. Greenberg re-enlisted as a sergeant on February 1, 1942, and volunteered for service in the Army Air Forces, becoming the first major league player to do so. He graduated from Officer Candidate School and was commissioned as a first lieutenant in the Air Corps (the new

title: Andy Stapp

text: president of SENSE, Students for Peace. Frustrated by difficulties building draft resistance among other students, Stapp dropped out of Penn State and decided to build resistance within the military. Stapp was drafted into the Army in May 1966. He had trouble enlisting because of his arrest record and destroyed draft card but convinced his local draft board that he had had a change of heart. He was stationed in Oklahoma at Fort Sill. He formed an informal group with whom he collected leftist literature and engaged in minor annoyance actions. After their library was surrendered for inspection and not returned,

title: Stephen Herbits

text: the Draft – The Case for an All-Volunteer Army". The book received national as well as international attention and subsequently, Herbits was appointed to the President's Commission on An All-Volunteer Armed Force (Gates Commission). Herbits was the youngest Commissioner to receive the appointment, being only 27 years of age. He served alongside noted economists Milton Friedman and Alan Greenspan. During Herbits' second year of law school he was called by the Assistant Secretary of Defense of Manpower and Reserve Affairs to help utilize research related to ending the Volunteer Army. Subsequently, hired as the Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary

title: Donald Gets Drafted

text: was mobilizing itself for war. Donald Gets Drafted Donald Gets Drafted is a 1942 American animated short film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by RKO Radio Pictures. The cartoon has Donald Duck being drafted into the U. S. Army during World War II and follows his introduction to military life. The film was directed by Jack King and introduced the song "The Army's Not the Army Anymore" by Carl Barks and Leigh Harline. The voice cast includes Clarence Nash as Donald, John McLeish as an officer, and Billy Bletcher as Pete who is Donald's drill sergeant. "Donald Gets

title: Conscription in the United States

text: 2004 found that 29% would resist if drafted. In November 2006, Representative Charles B. Rangel (D-NY) again called for the draft to be reinstated; Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi rejected the proposal. On December 19, 2006, President George W. Bush announced that he was considering sending more troops to Iraq. The next day, the Selective Service System's director for operations and chief information officer, Scott Campbell, announced plans for a "readiness exercise" to test the system's operations in 2006, for the first time since 1998. On December 21, 2006, Veterans Affairs Secretary Jim Nicholson, when asked by a reporter

title: Mel Lastman

text: city later that week. Lastman paid back the soldiers by giving them each a free NHL Toronto Maple Leafs Hockey pass in honour of their hard work. These tickets were obtained free of charge due to an agreement with the Toronto Maple Leafs' management claiming that if these soldiers had not come out to shovel the snow, then the Leafs game that day wouldn't have had as many people attending. Ten years later, in 2009, Lastman gave an interview to the "Toronto Star" newspaper, stating he is proud of his decision to bring in the army during the Blizzard of

title: Conscription in the United States

title: Conscription in the United States

long_answer: Conscription in the United States, commonly known as the draft, has been employed by the federal government of the United States in five conflicts: the American Revolution, the American Civil War, World War I, World War II, and the Cold War (including both the Korean War and the Vietnam War). The third incarnation of the draft came into being in 1940 through the Selective Training and Service Act. It was the country's first peacetime draft. From 1940 until 1973, during both peacetime and periods of conflict, men were drafted to fill vacancies in the United States Armed Forces that could not be filled through voluntary means. The draft came to an end when the United States Armed Forces moved to an all-volunteer military force. However, the Selective Service System remains in place as a contingency plan; all male civilians between the ages of 18 and 25 are required to register so that a draft can be readily resumed if needed. United States Federal Law also provides for the compulsory conscription of men between the ages of 17 and 45 and certain women for militia service pursuant to Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution and 10 U.S. Code § 246.


question: where was the capital of the habsburg empire located

answers: Prague

answers: Vienna

title: Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor

text: of Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Rama, Serbia, Galicia, Lodomeria, Cumania, Bulgaria, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, Brabant, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Margrave of Moravia, Duke of Luxemburg, of the Higher and Lower Silesia, of Württemberg and Teck, Prince of Swabia, Count of Habsburg, Tyrol, Kyburg and Goritia, Marquess of the Holy Roman Empire, Burgovia, the Higher and Lower Lusace, Lord of the Marquisate of Slavonia, of Port Naon and Salines, etc. etc." Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II (9 July 1578 – 15 February 1637), a member of the House of Habsburg, was Holy Roman Emperor (1619–1637), King

title: Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II (9 July 1578 – 15 February 1637), a member of the House of Habsburg, was Holy Roman Emperor (1619–1637), King of Bohemia (1617–1619, 1620–1637), and King of Hungary (1618–1637). He was the son of Archduke Charles II of Inner Austria, and Maria of Bavaria. In 1590, his parents, who were devout Catholics, sent him to study at the Jesuits' college in Ingolstadt, because they wanted to isolate him from the Lutheran nobles. In the same year, he inherited Inner AustriaStyria, Carinthia, Carniola and smaller provincesfrom his father. Rudolph II, Holy Roman Emperor, who

title: Captaincies of the Kingdom of Hungary

text: ("Alsó-Magyarországi" in Hungarian, also called "Bányavárosok", "Bányavidék" and "Dunán-innen") was established in 1563 as Article of 16 of 1563 stipulated. Its territory was located mainly at the region of present-day western and central Slovakia. Its headquarter was in Nyitra (now Nitra), and later, in accordance with the military situation, in Surány (now Šurany) (from 1568 to 1581), Léva (now Levice) (from 1581 to 1589), Érsekújvár (now Nové Zámky) (from 1589 to 1663) and from 1663 in Komárom (Komárno). The Captaincy of Upper Hungary ( or "Kassai Főkapitányság") was located mainly at the northeastern parts of Kingdom of Hungary (mainly present-day

title: Habsburg Castle

text: Habsburg Castle Habsburg Castle () is a medieval fortress located in Habsburg, Switzerland, in the canton of Aargau, near the Aar River. At the time of its construction, the location was part of the Duchy of Swabia. Habsburg Castle is the originating seat of the House of Habsburg, which became one of the leading imperial and royal dynasties in Europe. It is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance. Around 1020–1030, Count Radbot, of the nearby county of Klettgau in the Duchy of Swabia, had the castle erected 35 km southwest of Klettgau, on the Aar, the largest

title: History of Slovakia

text: is referred to by some modern historians as the "Royal Hungary". Ferdinand I, prince of Austria was elected king of Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary. After the conquest of Buda in 1541 by the Ottomans, "Pressburg" (the modern-day capital of Slovakia, Bratislava) became, for the period between 1536 and 1784/1848 the capital and the coronation city of the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary. From 1526 to 1830, nineteen Habsburg sovereigns went through coronation ceremonies as Kings and Queens of the Kingdom of Hungary in St. Martin's Cathedral. After the Ottoman invasion, the territories that had been administered by the Kingdom of Hungary

title: Captaincies of the Kingdom of Hungary

text: eastern Slovakia, Carpathian Ruthenia and northeastern part of the Great Hungarian Plain). In 1554 town of Kassa (now Košice) became its seat. Its Captain-general was usually called just "Captain of Kassa" ("Kassai kapitány"). Also known as the Karlstadt (Karlovac) Captaincy. It was located on the border of Croatia and Bosnia. This part of the Military Frontier included the geographic regions of Lika, Kordun, Banovina (named after "Banska krajina"), and bordered the Adriatic Sea to the west, Venetian Republic to the south, Habsburg Croatia(the river Sava) to the west, and the Ottoman Empire to the east. It existed from 1553 to

title: Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress

text: Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress Archduchess Maria of Austria (21 June 1528 – 26 February 1603) was Holy Roman Empress and queen consort of Bohemia and Hungary as the spouse of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia and Hungary. She served as regent of Spain in the absence of her father Emperor Charles V from 1548 until 1551, and in the absence of her brother Philip II, from 1558 to 1561. Maria was born in Madrid to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, and Isabella of Portugal. She grew up mostly between Toledo

title: Frankenau-Unterpullendorf

text: the government in Budapest. After the end of World War I, German West Hungary was awarded, after tough negotiations in the Treaty of St. Germain and Trianon, to Austria in 1919. The locations are from 1921 to the newly founded State of Burgenland. Frankenau-Unterpullendorf Frankenau-Unterpullendorf (, ) is a town in the district of Oberpullendorf in the Austrian state of Burgenland. In ancient times, the area was part of the Celtic kingdom of Noricum, and belonged to the surroundings of the Celtic hillfort castle on Castle Hill Schwarzenbacher. Later under the Romans, the modern-day places of Frankenau und Unterpullendorf were

title: House of Habsburg

text: II prevailed again, when his son and successor as regent of Inner Austria (i.e. the Duchy of Styria, the Duchy of Carniola with March of Istria, the Duchy of Carinthia, the Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca, and the Imperial City of Trieste, ruled from Graz) Ferdinand II in 1619 became Archduke of Austria and Holy Roman Emperor as well as King of Bohemia and Hungary in 1620. The Further Austrian/Tyrolean line of Ferdinand's brother Archduke Leopold V survived until the death of his son Sigismund Francis in 1665, whereafter their territories ultimately returned to common control with the other

title: Elizabeth of Luxembourg

text: on 29 September instead of that of Francis of Assisi. The only remaining question, namely the exact day is educed from the engagement date of his daughter to Archduke Albert which was held on 7 October 1411, Pozsony, Hungary (now Bratislava, Slovakia, Pressburg in German) and probably may have adjusted to a former important event because it belongs to no religious feasts. The birthplace is also inferential and is traced back to the traditional place for the queen's labours that was in Visegrád and which is referred to in her Memoirs by Helene Kottannerin in the case of Queen Elisabeth

title: Further Austria

text: Emperor Ferdinand I of Habsburg in 1564, Further Austria and Tyrol was inherited by his second son: In 1619 the Habsburg hereditary lands were re-unified under the rule of Emperor Ferdinand II. He gave Further Austria to his younger brother: In 1665 the Habsburg lands were finally re-unified under the rule of Emperor Leopold I. Further Austria Further Austria, Outer Austria or Anterior Austria (, formerly "die Vorlande" (pl.)) was the collective name for the early (and later) possessions of the House of Habsburg in the former Swabian stem duchy of south-western Germany, including territories in the Alsace region west

title: Rijeka

text: series "" ("The Paper"), which has been streaming on Netflix since April 2018, is based in Rijeka and the city was used as the main filming location. Rijeka Rijeka (; , ; ; ) is the principal seaport and the third-largest city in Croatia (after Zagreb and Split). It is located in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County on Kvarner Bay, an inlet of the Adriatic Sea and has a population of 128,624 inhabitants. Historically, because of its strategic position and its excellent deep-water port, the city was fiercely contested, especially among Italy, Hungary (serving as the Kingdom of Hungary's largest and most

title: Inner Austria

text: March) bordered on the Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia. In the west, the Carinthian lands stretched to the Archbishopric of Salzburg and the Habsburg County of Tyrol, while in the east, the Mur River formed the border with the Kingdom of Hungary. In the south, the County of Görz, which had passed to the House of Habsburg in 1500, and Duino ("Tybein") bordered on the "Domini di Terraferma" of Venice. The Imperial Free City of Trieste on the Adriatic Coast linked to assorted smaller possessions in the March of Istria around Pazin and the free port of Rijeka (later "corpus separatum"

title: Captaincies of the Kingdom of Hungary

text: Their attempt succeeded and the Ottomans were held there until Slavonia was returned to the Kingdom of Hungary in 1743. The capital city was Zagreb (Agram) and the official languages were Latin and Kajkavian. Captaincies of the Kingdom of Hungary The Captaincies of the Kingdom of Hungary () were administrative divisions, military districts in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Ottoman Empire meant a constant threat to the kingdom therefore the Habsburg Hungarian kings needed to establish a well-working military administration. The captaincy ("főkapitányság") was administered by the Royal Captain-general of the Captaincy. In 1542, the Hungarian kingdom, primarily for

title: Perchtoldsdorf

text: III of Austria. Duchess Beatrice established a hospital in 1407, now demolished, and an attached church which is still preserved. The conflict between the Habsburg emperor Frederick III and his younger brother Archduke Albert VI of Austria started an unstable period in the region. In 1446, many homes in the town were burned during the invasion of the Hungarian regent John Hunyadi. During this time, the castle was occupied by various rival forces, including mercenaries of King Matthias Corvinus from 1477 until about 1490, when Frederick's son King Maximilian I re-established Habsburg control over the area. This turbulent period interrupted

title: Ilz, Styria

text: Ilz, Styria The Austrian town of Ilz is located at 47° 05' N, 15° 56' O and approx. 300 m above sea level, at the Left Bank of the river Ilz, in the 1 km wide and fruitful Ilz valley, 43 km to the east of Graz, 19 km to the east of Gleisdorf, and 13 km to the west of Fürstenfeld. It was named first in a writ issued on 14 October 1265 in Graz by Herbord of Fullnstein, who was sewer of bishop Bruno of Olmütz. In this writ a witness is mentioned: Dominus Wernherus de Ylnz, probably

title: Antun Vrančić

text: His travels throughout the Transylvania, Balkan and Asia minor resulted in writing extensive travel accounts. In 1573 he urged Maximilian II to approach rebellious serfs conciliatory during Croatian–Slovene Peasant Revolt. On September 25, 1573, he crowned Rudolf II as a king of Hungary and Croatia in Pressburg. He died in Eperjes, Kingdom of Hungary (present-day Prešov, Slovakia), just days after having learned that the Pope appointed him cardinal. Following his own wish, Vrančić was buried in Saint Nicholas church in Nagyszombat, Kingdom of Hungary (present-day Trnava, Slovakia). Antun Vrančić was in touch with German philosopher, theologian and reformer Philipp Melanchthon

title: Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)

text: Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg) The Kingdom of Croatia (Croatian: "Kraljevina Hrvatska"; ) was part of the Habsburg Monarchy that existed between 1527 and 1868 (also known between 1804 and 1867 as the Austrian Empire), as well as a part of the Lands of the Hungarian Crown, but was subject to direct Imperial Austrian rule for significant periods of time, including its final years. Its capital was Zagreb. Until the 18th century, the Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia included only a small north-western part of present-day Croatia around Zagreb, and a small strip of coastland around Rijeka that was not part of

title: Salzburg

text: Austria, Hungary, Slovenia and Italy, as well as one Czech team. Salzburg was a candidate city for the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics, but lost to Vancouver and Sochi respectively. Salzburg is twinned with: Salzburg Salzburg (;), literally "salt castle", is the fourth-largest city in Austria and the capital of Salzburg state. Its historic centre ("Altstadt") is renowned for its baroque architecture and is one of the best-preserved city centres north of the Alps, with 27 churches. It was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996. The city has three universities and a large population of students. Tourists

title: Further Austria

text: town of Belfort in southern Alsace and the adjacent Breisgau region east of the Rhine, including Freiburg im Breisgau after 1368. Also ruled from the Habsburg residence in Ensisheim near Mühlhausen were numerous scattered territories stretching from Upper Swabia to the Allgäu region in the east, the largest being the margravate of Burgau between the cities of Augsburg and Ulm. During the Habsburg Monarchy they were humorously called "tail feathers of the Imperial Eagle". Some estates in Vorarlberg possessed by the Habsburgs were also considered part of Further Austria, though they were temporarily directly administered from Tyrol. The original home

title: Juraj Drašković

text: Holy Roman Emperor and Croato-Hungarian king Ferdinand I of Habsburg and in 1555 he took over the prepositure of Požun (present day Bratislava, Slovakia). On 22 April 1557, Drašković became bishop of Pécs in southern Hungary and in 1563 he took over the bishop's chair in Zagreb, the capital of the Kingdom of Croatia within the Habsburg Monarchy, where he stayed until 1578. In the meantime he was in 1567 chosen to be Ban of Croatia, together with knez (duke) Franjo Frankopan Slunjski, a member of Frankopan noble family. After Frankopan's death on 2 December 1572, Drašković reigned alone until

title: Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria

text: Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria Ferdinand II, Archduke of Further Austria (Linz, 14 June 1529 – 24 January 1595, Innsbruck) was ruler of Further Austria including Tirol. The son of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, he was married to Philippine Welser in his first marriage. In his second marriage to Anna Juliana Gonzaga, he was the father of Anna of Tyrol, the would-be Holy Roman Empress. Archduke Ferdinand of Austria was the second son of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and Anna of Bohemia and Hungary. He was a younger brother of Emperor Maximilian II. At the behest of his

title: University of Graz

text: University of Graz The University of Graz (), located in Graz, Austria, is the largest and oldest university in Styria, as well as the second-largest and second-oldest university in Austria. The university was founded in 1585 by Archduke Charles II of Austria. The bull of 1 January 1586, published on 15 April 1586, was approved by Pope Sixtus V. For most of its existence it was controlled by the Catholic Church, and was closed in 1782 by Emperor Joseph II in an attempt to gain state control over educational institutions. Joseph II transformed it into a "lyceum", where civil servants

title: Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)

text: (, ), was the name of the portion of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary where the Habsburgs were recognized as Kings of Hungary in the wake of the Ottoman victory at the Battle of Mohács (1526) and subsequent partition of the country. Temporary territorial division between the rival rules (John I and Ferdinand I) occurred only in 1538 at Treaty of Nagyvárad, when the Habsburgs got the north and west parts of the country (Royal Hungary), with the new capital Pressburg (Pozsony, now Bratislava). John I secured the eastern part of the kingdom (known as Eastern Hungarian Kingdom). Habsburg monarchs

title: Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor

text: of Germany, King of Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Rama, Serbia, Galicia, Lodomeria, Cumania and Bulgaria, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, Brabant, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Margrave of Moravia, Duke of Luxemburg, of the Higher and Lower Silesia, of Württemberg and Teck, Prince of Swabia, Count of Habsburg, Tyrol, Kyburg and Goritia, Marquess of the Holy Roman Empire, Burgovia, the Higher and Lower Lusace, Lord of the Marquisate of Slavonia, of Port Naon and Salines, etc. etc. Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III (13 July 1608 – 2 April 1657) was Holy Roman Emperor from 15 February 1637 until

title: Archduke Alexander Leopold of Austria

text: Archduke Alexander Leopold of Austria Archduke Alexander Leopold of Austria (Alexander Leopold Johann Joseph; ; 14 August 1772 – 12 July 1795) was Palatine of Hungary, appointed during the reign of his father, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II, and serving into the reign of his elder brother, Holy Roman Emperor Francis II. Archduke Alexander Leopold was born in Florence, Tuscany, as the sixth child and fourth son of Leopold I, Grand Duke of Tuscany (later Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor), and Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain. During his education, Alexander Leopold excelled in mathematics and chemistry. He had a fine

title: Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Rama, Serbia, Galicia, Lodomeria, Cumania, Bulgaria, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, Brabant, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Margrave of Moravia, Duke of Luxemburg, of the Higher and Lower Silesia, of Württemberg and Teck, Prince of Swabia, Count of Habsburg, Tyrol, Kyburg and Goritia, Landgrave of Alsace, Marquess of the Holy Roman Empire, Burgovia, the Enns, the Higher and Lower Lusace, Lord of the Marquisate of Slavonia, of Port Naon and Salines, etc. etc." Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I (full name: "Leopold Ignaz Joseph Balthasar Felician"; ; 9 June 1640 – 5 May 1705) was Holy Roman

title: Capuchin Church, Vienna

text: (, though usually called Capuchin Crypt, ) that has been the principal place of entombment for the Habsburg dynasty, Emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, and their descendants. The lying in repose for the last heir to the Austrian and Hungarian throne, Otto von Habsburg, took place in a side chapel on 15 July 2011. The church is also used daily by the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter for the celebration of the 1962 extraordinary form of the Roman Rite. The face of the Capuchin Church building was restored in 2016, removing the line dividing the colors of the church

title: History of Bratislava

text: this period the city became a safe haven for the Saint Crown of the Kingdom of Hungary, kepts safe from Turkish and Habsburg hands. As a consequence of Ottoman advances through Hungarian territory and the capture of Buda, the city was designated as the capital of Royal Hungary in 1536. The Kingdom of Hungary was part of the Habsburg Monarchy from 1526 to 1918. It was also made a meeting place of the Hungarian Diet from 1542 to 1848 (with interruptions) and the coronation town for Hungarian kings and queens from 1536 to 1830 (in the St. Martin's Cathedral). The

title: Habsburg Monarchy

title: Habsburg Monarchy

long_answer: The Habsburg Monarchy (German: Habsburgermonarchie) or Empire is an unofficial appellation among historians for the countries and provinces that were ruled by the junior Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg between 1521 and 1780 and then by the successor branch of Habsburg-Lorraine until 1918. The Monarchy was a composite state composed of territories within and outside the Holy Roman Empire, united only in the person of the monarch. The dynastic capital was Vienna, except from 1583 to 1611, when it was moved to Prague. From 1804 to 1867 the Habsburg Monarchy was formally unified as the Austrian Empire, and from 1867 to 1918 as the Austro-Hungarian Empire.


question: who plays general hux in the last jedi

answers: Domhnall Gleeson

title: General Hux

text: Starkiller Base weapon against the Republic; Hux believes that the Republic is a threat to galactic stability, and that it is his destiny to rule the galaxy. Hux first appears in "The Force Awakens" as the general of the First Order. Hux is part of a mission to Jakku to recover a map to Luke Skywalker, the last Jedi. Kylo Ren leads the search for the map, which they are unable to locate. To prevent the return of the Jedi and to eliminate the Resistance, which, under the command of General Leia Organa, emerged to combat the First Order, Snoke

title: Domhnall Gleeson

text: their third collaboration together. "Ex Machina" was met with critical acclaim for its performances, screenplay, direction, and visual effects. In the romantic period drama "Brooklyn", he appeared in a supporting role as a romantic interest of Saoirse Ronan's character, a young Irish woman living in Brooklyn in the 1950s. Gleeson was announced to be a part of the "Star Wars" sequel trilogy in April 2014. The first instalment, "", was released in December 2015. Gleeson plays the ruthless General Hux, commander of the First Order's Starkiller Base. Throughout the film, Hux is vying for power with First Order commander Kylo

title: General Hux

text: mobile MOBA "", released in late 2017. In his review of "The Force Awakens", Henry Barnes of "The Guardian" wrote that Gleeson's "screechy pseudo-Nazi role" as General Hux is "not as colourful or as nuanced" as Adam Driver's part as Kylo Ren, "but – given he's a functionary – Gleeson certainly makes an impression." Reviewing Hux and his role in the film, David Rutz of "The Washington Free Beacon" wrote that while Hux is portrayed as a villain, he is shown to be a capable general and "a committed soldier to his cause with laser-like focus on achieving the First

title: General Hux

text: allows Hux to use the Starkiller weapon against the Republic's capital world of Hosnian Prime. The Resistance is left without military support from the Republic, so Hux soon turns the Starkiller weapon towards the Resistance base on D'Qar. Before he could destroy them, however, an attack squadron led by Commander Poe Dameron, with ground support from Han Solo, former stormtrooper Finn, and the Jakku scavenger Rey, destroys Starkiller Base, forcing Hux, his troops, and a defeated Ren to flee the planet. Hux appears in "" as the primary general reporting directly to Supreme Leader Snoke. He attempts to respond to

title: Lieutenant Connix

text: J. J. Abrams. Lourd reprised the character in "The Last Jedi", in which she played a larger role than in "The Force Awakens". Connix is one of many members of the Resistance who land on Takodana together with General Leia Organa after the battle ends. Later she coordinates communications from pilots to officers in the battle to destroy Starkiller Base. She is later promoted to lieutenant for her efforts in the battle. Connix is first seen on D'Qar, leading the evacuation of the Resistance Base. She and the others flee on Organa's flagship, the "Raddus". Vice Admiral Holdo takes command

title: General Hux

text: finish off the Resistance. When Ren orders his men to fire on Luke Skywalker, Hux admonishes him to focus on the escaping Resistance members; Ren silences him by using the Force to slam him into a wall, knocking him out. Hux will return in "", with Gleeson reprising the role. Some details about the backstory of Hux and his father Brendol appear in the 2016 novel "" by Chuck Wendig. Hux and Brendol are also characters in the 2017 novel "" by Delilah S. Dawson. Hux also is a playable Dark Side squad leader in a sequel-era update to the

title: General Hux

text: a transmission from Dameron, who pretends not to hear him and describes him as "pasty". Hux then leads the subsequent battle, during which both sides sustain heavy losses. He also oversees the bombardment of the remaining three ships of the Resistance. When he discovers that Snoke is dead, he initially protests Ren's claim to be the new Supreme Leader, but is swiftly persuaded otherwise when Ren uses the Force to choke him, proclaiming "The Supreme Leader is dead, long live the Supreme Leader." At the end of the film, he accompanies Ren to the planet Crait in their attempt to

title: Sebastian Shaw (actor)

text: Mark Hamill, during the moment aboard the second Death Star when Luke Skywalker unmasks his dying father. Since the scene was unquestionably the emotional climax of the film, the casting crew sought an experienced actor for the role. When Shaw arrived at the set for filming, he ran into his friend Ian McDiarmid, the actor playing Emperor Palpatine. When McDiarmid asked him what he was doing there, Shaw responded, "I don't know, dear boy, I think it's something to do with science-fiction." His presence during the filming was kept secret from all but the minimum cast and crew, and Shaw

title: Kelly Hu

text: the Sith woman who joins the Jedi Exile's party, and "" as Lady Shiva, among the eight assassins hired by Black Mask to kill Batman. In a personal first, she lent both her face and voice to the in-game character Khai Minh Dao in Battlefield Hardline, who partnered alongside the protagonist in roughly half of the game levels. Hu has been featured twice in "Maxim" magazine (May 2002 and May 2005). In 2015, she became the face of Viagra, appearing in the commercials. Hu is an avid poker fan and has frequently taken part in competitions such as the World

title: First Order (Star Wars)

text: Han Solo and Leia Organa who had been an apprentice to his uncle, the Jedi Master Luke Skywalker. Masked and using the name Kylo Ren, he is one of Snoke's enforcers, much like his grandfather Darth Vader had been the enforcer of Emperor Palpatine during the days of the Empire decades earlier. Kylo is the master of the Knights of Ren, a mysterious group of elite warriors. Kylo and Hux are rivals for Snoke's approval, and the third member of the "commanding triumvirate" of the First Order is the formidable Captain Phasma, the commander of the stormtroopers. Kylo is searching

title: Star Wars: The Last Jedi

text: Lewis Jones and Adrian Edmondson play Captains Canady and Peavey respectively. BB-8 is controlled by puppeteers Dave Chapman and Brian Herring, with initial voice work by Ben Schwartz and final sound effects voiced by Bill Hader modulated through a synthesizer. Jimmy Vee portrays R2-D2, taking over the role from Kenny Baker, who died on August 13, 2016. Veronica Ngo portrays Rose's sister Paige Tico, a Resistance gunner who sacrifices her life to destroy a First Order dreadnought. Justin Theroux plays the master codebreaker. Lily Cole plays his companion. Joseph Gordon-Levitt has a voice cameo as Slowen Lo. Warwick Davis plays

title: Star Wars: Aftermath: Empire's End

text: in the rise of the Empire. Chris Taylor of Mashable wrote that the situation reflects real life in that adults disliked Jar Jar in the films, but children were entertained by him. Ben Solo, the son of Leia and Han who becomes Kylo Ren, is born on the planet Chandrila, the day a peace treaty is signed between the Empire and the New Galactic Republic. Rae Sloane coins the term "First Order" as she establishes the reborn empire that will eventually take that name. General Armitage Hux, a character introduced in the 2015 film "", appears as a child; his

title: Alec Guinness

text: (1962), General Yevgraf Zhivago in "Doctor Zhivago" (1965), and Professor Godbole in "A Passage to India" (1984). He is also known for his portrayal of Obi-Wan Kenobi in George Lucas's original "Star Wars" trilogy; for the original film, he was nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the 50th Academy Awards. Guinness was one of three British actors, along with Laurence Olivier and John Gielgud, who made the transition from Shakespearean theatre to blockbuster films immediately after World War II. Guinness served in the Royal Naval Reserve during the war and commanded a landing craft during the invasion of Sicily and

title: Star Wars: Aftermath: Life Debt

text: General Hux, a character introduced in the 2015 film "". Temmin would go on to appear in the 2015 film " The Force Awakens " as an X-wing fighter pilot Snap Wexley, portrayed by Greg Grunberg. IGN's Jared Petty awarded the novel a score of 6.8 out of ten, saying ""Star Wars Life Debt: Aftermath" is an interesting but uneven return to a galaxy far, far away." Star Wars: Aftermath: Life Debt Star Wars: Aftermath: Life Debt is a "Star Wars" novel by Chuck Wendig, published on July 12, 2016 by Del Rey Books. Set after the events of the

title: First Order (Star Wars)

text: Holdo then directs the command carrier on a suicide run, making a faster-than-light jump directly into Snoke's flagship – cutting it in half, and destroying much of the First Order fleet in the wreckage. With the old Rebel base on Crait hardened against orbital bombardment, Kylo Ren commands Hux to land all of their surviving ground forces to wipe them out: only a few dozen Resistance members are left alive, but Leia is among them, and if they escape they could rally the rest of the galaxy against them. Leia sends out transmissions to allies "in the Outer Rim" begging

title: Star Wars: The Force Awakens

text: Fleetwood play First Order Petty Officers, Thanisson and Unamo, respectively. Billie Lourd, daughter of Carrie Fisher, appears as Connix, a lieutenant in the Resistance. Members of the Resistance include Emun Elliott as Brance and Maisie Richardson-Sellers as Korr Sella while Harriet Walter appears as Kalonia, the doctor who tends to Chewbacca. Mark Stanley appears as a Knight of Ren. Sebastian Armesto portrays Lieutenant Mitaka and Pip Torrens portrays Colonel Caplan, both serving the First Order. Daniel Craig, Michael Giacchino and Nigel Godrich cameo as stormtroopers. Abrams's assistant, Morgan Dameron, appears as a Resistance officer, while his father, Gerald W. Abrams,

title: Darth Vader

text: casting crew sought an experienced actor for the role of Anakin Skywalker since his death was unquestionably the emotional climax of the film, and Sebastian Shaw was selected for the role. When Shaw arrived at the set for filming, he ran into his friend Ian McDiarmid, the actor playing the Emperor. When McDiarmid asked him what he was doing there, Shaw responded, "I don't know, dear boy, I think it's something to do with science-fiction." His presence during the filming was kept secret from all but the minimum cast and crew, and Shaw was contractually obliged not to discuss any

title: Star Wars (film)

text: Luke and Han with medals for their heroism. Other actors include Phil Brown and Shelagh Fraser, respectively, as Owen and Beru, Luke's uncle and aunt; Jack Purvis, Kenny Baker's partner in his London comedy act, as the Chief Jawa in the film; Eddie Byrne as Vanden Willard, a Rebel general; Denis Lawson and Garrick Hagon as rebel pilots Wedge Antilles and Biggs Darklighter (Luke's childhood friend), respectively. Don Henderson and Leslie Schofield appear as Imperial Generals Cassio Tagge and Moradmin Bast, respectively, and Richard LeParmentier plays Admiral Motti. Alex McCrindle portrays General Jan Dodonna, Alfie Curtis portrays Dr. Evazan and

title: Domhnall Gleeson

text: by Wilson. It will be his second collaboration with director Lenny Abrahamson, following "Frank". Gleeson will play a supporting role in the upcoming crime drama "The Kitchen" (2019) as a Vietnam War veteran who becomes a hitman for the Irish Mob. He will reprise his role as General Hux once more in "" (2019), the third and final installment of the "Star Wars" sequel trilogy. Gleeson resides in Dublin, Ireland, his place of birth. Gleeson shares a love of the English football team Aston Villa with his father Brendan. He described the team's FA Cup semifinal win over Liverpool at

title: Lego Star Wars: The Force Awakens

text: escape after stormtroopers destroy Poe's ship. BB-8 flees with the map while the First Order captures Poe for interrogation. Ren tries to kill San Tekka but due to a malfunction in his lightsaber, he instead throws him into space. Aboard the Finalizer, Ren and General Hux attempt to force Poe to talk, with little success. Poe is saved by a stormtrooper named FN-2187, who rebels from the First Order. With the help of an Imperial droid, they infiltrate the hanger bay, fighting off many stormtroopers before managing to escape in a stolen TIE fighter. They are shot by the Finalizer's

title: Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (video game)

text: only actor from the films to do so. All other voice actors have either before or since provided voice work in the "Star Wars" universe. James Arnold Taylor, who voices Obi-Wan Kenobi in the series, provides the voice of Obi-Wan. Mat Lucas provides the voice of Anakin Skywalker, having also doubled for Hayden Christensen in the video game, "", as well as in the 2003 "Clone Wars" series. Voice actor Corey Burton, primary talent for the animated version of Count Dooku, voices various minor characters as well as Dooku himself. General Grievous is voiced by Matthew Wood, who also provided

title: Lieutenant Connix

text: Lieutenant Connix Lieutenant Kaydel Ko Connix is a fictional character in the "Star Wars" franchise. Introduced in the 2015 film "", she is portrayed by Billie Lourd. Connix is a minor character in "The Force Awakens", and becomes more prominent in the sequel, "". Lourd is the daughter of Carrie Fisher, who portrayed Princess Leia in the "Star Wars" films. Lourd said that she auditioned for the lead role of Rey in "The Force Awakens", which ultimately went to Daisy Ridley. In the film, Lourd played the minor role of Lieutenant Connix, a character created specifically for her by director

title: Star Wars: The Force Awakens

text: General Hux to use the weapon for the first time. Snoke questions Kylo's ability to deal with emotions relating to his father, Han Solo, who Kylo says means nothing to him. The "Falcon" crew determines BB-8's map is incomplete. Han explains that Luke attempted to rebuild the Jedi Order but exiled himself when an apprentice turned to the dark side, destroyed the temple, and slaughtered the other apprentices. The crew travels to the planet Takodana and meets with cantina owner Maz Kanata, who offers assistance getting to the Resistance. Rey is drawn to a secluded vault and finds the lightsaber

title: Silas Carson

text: Silas Carson Silas Carson (born 1965) is an English actor, mostly known for playing Jedi Master Ki-Adi-Mundi and Viceroy Nute Gunray in all three of the Star Wars prequels and providing the voice of the Ood in "Doctor Who". In "", Carson also plays two other speaking parts, the Senator of the Trade Federation, Lott Dod (although his voice was replaced with that of actor Toby Longworth) and Antidar Williams, the co-pilot of the ship that Qui-Gon Jinn (Liam Neeson) and Obi-Wan Kenobi (Ewan McGregor) are on in the first scene. He also made a guest appearance on the BBC

title: Adam Driver

text: series: David Edelstein of "Vulture" wrote, "the core of "The Last Jedi" — of this whole trilogy, it seems — is Driver's Kylo Ren, who ranks with cinema's most fascinating human monsters." In 2018, Driver portrayed a Jewish police detective, Flip Zimmerman, who helps infiltrate the Ku Klux Klan, in Spike Lee's comedy-drama "BlacKkKlansman". The film premiered at Cannes Film Festival and was theatrically released on August 10. He also starred as the lead character Toby Grisoni in Terry Gilliam's adventure-comedy "The Man Who Killed Don Quixote", which also premiered at the same festival. Driver will co-star with Scarlett Johansson

title: Star Wars: Poe Dameron

text: their missions by X-wing pilots Snap Wexley, a character played by Greg Grunberg in the film and resembling the actor in the comic, and Jess Pava, also from "The Force Awakens", where she is played by Jessica Henwick. The series also includes cameos by Leia, appearing in Carrie Fisher's likeness as in the film, and stormtrooper commander Captain Phasma (Gwendoline Christie). New characters include Resistance pilots Karé Kun and L'ulo L'ampar, as well as X-wing tech Oddy Muva. "Poe Dameron" also introduces a new villain, Agent Terex of the First Order Security Bureau, a cocky ex-stormtrooper whom series creator Charles

title: General Hux

text: worker. Hux and his father are rescued from the Academy when it is about to fall to the New Republic near the end of the Galactic Civil War. When the war ends with the Battle of Jakku and the signing of the Galactic Concordance, the young Hux and his father are part of the Imperial Navy forces who retreat into the Unknown Regions. These forces later emerge as the First Order. The Republic believes that the First Order is just an unimportant band of Imperial holdouts, but Hux's training methods forge a formidable military. He also longs to use the

title: Kelly Marie Tran

text: Wars: The Last Jedi". Rose Tico is a rebel mechanic who joins up with main character Finn after the sacrifice of her oldest sister, Paige Tico (Veronica Ngo), a gunner trained by Resistance commander Poe Dameron. She was unable to tell her family that she had won the role. When she went to film her scenes at Pinewood Studios in early 2016, she said she was filming a small movie in Canada. With her role in "The Last Jedi", Tran became the first Asian-American woman to play a main role in a "Star Wars" film. In 2017, she also became

title: Death Star

text: simultaneously, making it a far deadlier superweapon than the Death Star. General Hux gave an intense speech while Starkiller Base demonstrated its lethality by obliterating the five planets of the Hosnian Prime system (the location of the Republic government, which rotates every few years), the cataclysm witnessed by Han Solo, Chewbacca, Rey and Finn from Maz Kanata's castle. After Rey was captured by Kylo Ren, he interrogated her within the base. Han, Chewbacca and Finn approached the base at light-speed because the Starkiller's shield kept out anything going under the speed of light. They found Rey and successfully lowered the

title: General Hux

text: General Armitage Hux is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. First introduced in the 2015 film Star Wars: The Force Awakens, he is portrayed by Domhnall Gleeson.  He is a ruthless commander in a power struggle with Kylo Ren for the First Order leadership, and being exceeded only by Supreme Leader Snoke. The character first featured in The Force Awakens media and merchandising, and returned in the film's sequel, Star Wars: The Last Jedi.

title: General Hux


question: when were the winnie the pooh books written

answers: 1924

answers: 1926

answers: 1927

answers: 1928

title: Winnie-the-Pooh (book)

text: by the Hungarian Lénárd Sándor (Alexander Lenard), "Winnie ille Pu", was first published in 1958, and, in 1960, became the first foreign-language book to be featured on the "New York Times" Best Seller List, and the only book in Latin ever to have been featured therein. It was also translated into Esperanto in 1972, by Ivy Kellerman Reed and Ralph A. Lewin, "Winnie-La-Pu". The work was featured in the iBooks app for Apple's iOS as the "starter" book for the app. Following Disney's licensing of certain rights to Pooh from Stephen Slesinger and the A. A. Milne Estate in the

title: Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree

text: them over and over, and then many years later to my children, and now to my grandchildren." As early as 1938, Disney expressed interest in obtaining the film rights to the Pooh books by first corresponding with the literary agency Curtis Brown. In June 1961, Disney acquired the film rights. By 1964, Disney told his animation staff that he was planning to make a full-length animated feature film based on the books. A meeting was held with senior staff members to discuss the proposed film, and during the meeting, Disney decided not to make a feature film, but instead a

title: Winnie-the-Pooh Meets the Queen

text: iconic London sights as Piccadilly and Trafalgar Square. The Queen happens to be out for a stroll in front of Buckingham Palace, allowing Pooh the opportunity to deliver the hum in person. Prince George of Cambridge has an appearance in the story when Piglet presents him with a red balloon. George is not named but is described as “much younger than Christopher Robin and almost as bouncy as Tigger”. Winnie-the-Pooh Meets the Queen Winnie-the-Pooh Meets the Queen (e-book edition published as Winnie-the-Pooh and the Royal Birthday) is a 2016 children's book written to celebrate the 90th birthdays of both the

title: Winnie-the-Pooh (book)

text: Pooh returned with his friends Tigger, Piglet and Eeyore as well as a new companion Lottie the Otter. The illustrations are by Mark Burgess, who had also worked on reviving the Paddington Bear stories. "The Best Bear in All The World", by Paul Bright, Jeanne Willis, Kate Saunders and Brian Sibley is the second official post-Milne Pooh book, published by Egmont on 6 October 2016. The four different authors have written four short stories around the four seasons of Winter, Spring, Summer, and Fall, and the book is again illustrated by Mark Burgess. In 2001, Disney bought all rights to

title: The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh

text: derived from three previously released animated featurettes Disney produced based upon the Winnie-the-Pooh books by A. A. Milne: "Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree" (1966), "Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day" (1968), and "Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too" (1974). Extra material was used to link the three featurettes together to allow the stories to merge into each other. A fourth, shorter featurette was added to bring the film to a close, originally made during production of "Blustery Day" (based on the presence of Jon Walmsley as Christopher Robin). The sequence was based on the final chapter of

title: Winnie-the-Pooh Meets the Queen

text: with a hand-painted Christopher Robin tea set. A PDF e-book version was also released by Disney. In this edition, Jane Riordan is not credited as author. Christopher Robin informs Winnie-the-Pooh, Piglet, Eeyore, Rabbit, Tigger, and Kanga that Queen Elizabeth II is about to celebrate her 90th birthday. The toys discuss the need for a very special present to mark the occasion. Pooh comes up with a hum that everyone agrees would make a charming gift. Christopher Robin, Pooh, Piglet, and Eeyore set off to London to deliver the hum in person. They take a bus from Victoria and enjoy such

title: Winnie the Pooh (comic strip)

text: as part of a "classics" package. Winnie the Pooh (comic strip) Winnie the Pooh is a comic strip based on the characters created by A.A. Milne in his 1920s books, which ran from June 19, 1978, until April 2, 1988. Based on the Disney adaptations of the characters, the strip was written by Don Ferguson and drawn by Richard Moore, although the feature was usually billed as "by Disney." To the established cast of characters, Ferguson and Moore added Sir Brian and the Dragon, inspired by characters from Milne's poetry. The strip originally was syndicated by King Features. Up until

title: Winnie-the-Pooh (book)

text: 1960s, the Milne story lines were used by Disney in its cartoon featurette "Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree". The "look" of Pooh was adapted by Disney from Stephen Slesinger's distinctive American Pooh with his famous red shirt that had been created and used in commerce by Slesinger since the 1930s. "Winnie-the-Pooh" was shortly followed by "The House at Pooh Corner", also by Milne. "Return to the Hundred Acre Wood", by David Benedictus was the first official post-Milne Pooh book written with the full backing of A. A. Milne's estate, which took the trustees ten years to agree to.

title: Winnie the Pooh (comic strip)

text: Winnie the Pooh (comic strip) Winnie the Pooh is a comic strip based on the characters created by A.A. Milne in his 1920s books, which ran from June 19, 1978, until April 2, 1988. Based on the Disney adaptations of the characters, the strip was written by Don Ferguson and drawn by Richard Moore, although the feature was usually billed as "by Disney." To the established cast of characters, Ferguson and Moore added Sir Brian and the Dragon, inspired by characters from Milne's poetry. The strip originally was syndicated by King Features. Up until April 2010, Creators Syndicate offered reprints

title: Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore

text: Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore is a 1983 Disney Winnie the Pooh animated featurette, based on two chapters from the books "Winnie-the-Pooh" and "The House at Pooh Corner", originally released theatrically on March 25, 1983, with the 1983 re-issue of "The Sword in the Stone". It is the fourth and final of Disney's original theatrical featurettes adapted from the Pooh books by A. A. Milne. Produced by Rick Reinert Productions, this was the first Disney animated film since the 1938 Silly Symphonies short "Merbabies" to be produced by an

title: Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree

text: Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree is a 1966 animated featurette based on the first two chapters of the book "Winnie-the-Pooh" by A. A. Milne. The film was produced by Walt Disney Productions. Its songs were written by the Sherman Brothers (Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman) and the score was composed and conducted by Buddy Baker. This featurette was shown alongside the live-action feature "The Ugly Dachshund", and was later included as a segment in the 1977 compilation film "The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh". Winnie the Pooh is

title: Winnie the Pooh (franchise)

text: bounce and get caught in a tree. "Winnie the Pooh Discovers the Seasons" is a short film made by Walt Disney Productions' educational media division, released on September 6, 1981. "Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore" is the Disney's Winnie the Pooh animated featurette, based on two chapters from the books "Winnie-the-Pooh" and "The House at Pooh Corner", originally released theatrically on March 11, 1983, with the 1983 re-issue of "The Sword in the Stone". It is the fourth and final of Disney's original theatrical featurettes adapted from the Pooh books by A. A. Milne. Produced by Rick

title: Winnie-the-Pooh (book)

text: Bath". The bouncy toy-tiger character of Tigger is not introduced until the sequel, "The House at Pooh Corner". In 2003, "Winnie the Pooh" was listed at number 7 on the BBC's survey The Big Read. The book "Winnie-the-Pooh" is the first in a series of books published in the 1920s about Winnie the Pooh and friends. In creating these volumes, Milne adapted stories he had originally published in "Punch", "St. Nicholas Magazine", "Vanity Fair" and other periodicals. Illustrations for those magazines had been provided by J. H. Dowd, Reginald Birch, E. H. Shepard, A. H. Watson and others. The first

title: Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree

text: the wisdom to dip right into the Milne pages, just the way Pooh paws after honey...The flavoring, with some nice tunes stirred in, is exactly right—wistful, sprightly and often hilarious. English critic Felix Barker strongly disliked it. E.H. Shepard called the short a travesty. A.A. Milne's widow, Daphne, is said to have liked it. Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree is a 1966 animated featurette based on the first two chapters of the book "Winnie-the-Pooh" by A. A. Milne. The film was produced by Walt Disney Productions. Its songs were written by

title: Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree

text: autobiography, "Walt's Time": The film's plot is based primarily on two A. A. Milne stories: "In which we are introduced to Winnie-the-Pooh and some bees, and the stories begin" (Chapter I of Winnie-the-Pooh), and "In which Pooh goes visiting and gets into a tight place" (Chapter II of Winnie-the-Pooh). Walt Disney first learned of the Winnie the Pooh books from his daughter, Diane. "Dad would hear me laughing alone in my room and come in to see what I was laughing at," Diane later recalled. "It was usually the gentle, whimsical humor of A. A. Milne's Pooh stories. I read

title: The Book of Pooh

text: The Book of Pooh The Book of Pooh is an American children's television series that aired on Disney Channel. It is the third television series to feature the characters from the Disney franchise based on A. A. Milne's works; the other two were the live-action "Welcome to Pooh Corner" (to which this series bears resemblance) and the animated "The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh" which ran from 1988–1991. It premiered on January 22, 2001 and completed its run on October 1, 2003. It was repeated on Playhouse Disney until September 4, 2005 (May 2007 in the UK). The show

title: The Unwritten

text: of the Winnie the Pooh books. Milne grew up feeling that his father had stolen his childhood from him, turned a profit from it and then given it back to him in a form he couldn’t use. Our Tom is very much in that situation when we first meet him, although we take his identity crisis a fair bit further than that." The series is being collected into trade paperbacks: Additionally, Vertigo released in September 2013 an original graphic novel called "The Unwritten: Tommy Taylor and the Ship that Sank Twice" (hardcover, ), a standalone story about the origin of

title: The Book of Pooh

text: is produced by Shadow Projects and Playhouse Disney. Walt Disney Pictures released the first of two films, a direct-to-video spin-off film based on the puppetry television series titled "" in 2001. In 2011, Relient K re-recorded the theme song for the show for Disney Junior - Live on Stage! The series appears to take place some time after the events of Milne's original stories since his son Christopher Robin Milne is clearly a sixth grader and 11 years old. The series departs from many of the established facts of Milne's books; for example, Tigger resides in the Hundred Acre Wood

title: See 'n Say

text: Doctor Dolittle Says edition was released after the 1967 film "Doctor Dolittle", and See 'N Says featuring Disney characters were introduced in 1968. In 1968 Mattel created a Winnie the Pooh See 'N Say exclusively for Sears and Roebuck department stores. Also introduced in 1968 were See 'N Say Talking Storybooks. Children would open the book to a page, aim the pointer at the arrow printed on the page, and pull the chatty ring. A pull-lever version of See 'N Say Talking Storybooks was released in the 1990s with different titles. A Mother Goose and a "Snoopy Says" See 'N

title: Winnie-the-Pooh

text: published in 1958, and, in 1960, became the only Latin book ever to have been featured on "The New York Times" Best Seller list. Hyphens in the character's name were omitted by Disney when the company adapted the Pooh stories into a series of features that would eventually become one of its most successful franchises. In popular film adaptations, Pooh has been voiced by actors Sterling Holloway, Hal Smith, and Jim Cummings in English, and Yevgeny Leonov in Russian. A. A. Milne named the character Winnie-the-Pooh after a teddy bear owned by his son, Christopher Robin Milne, on whom the

title: Winnie the Pooh (2011 film)

text: Winnie the Pooh (2011 film) Winnie the Pooh is a 2011 American animated musical comedy film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It is the 51st Disney animated feature film. Inspired by A. A. Milne's stories of the same name, the film is part of Disney's "Winnie the Pooh" franchise, the fifth theatrical "Winnie the Pooh" film released, and a stand-alone sequel to the 1977 film "The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh". It is also their most recent film to be made using traditional animation. Jim Cummings and Travis Oates reprise their vocal

title: Winnie-the-Pooh

text: Piglet" to explain Taoism. Similarly, Frederick Crews wrote essays about the Pooh books in abstruse academic jargon in "The Pooh Perplex" and "Postmodern Pooh" to satirise a range of philosophical approaches. "Pooh and the Philosophers" by John T. Williams uses Winnie the Pooh as a backdrop to illustrate the works of philosophers including Descartes, Kant, Plato, and Nietzsche. Epic Pooh is a 1978 essay by Michael Moorcock that compares much fantasy writing to AA Milne's as work intended to comfort, not challenge. One of the best known characters in British children's literature, a 2011 poll saw Winnie the Pooh voted

title: Winnie the Pooh (franchise)

text: Piglet, Tigger and Roo search for a mysterious and fearsome creature that has entered the Hundred Acre Wood, but Roo discovers that the creature is not what it seems. In April 2015, it was reported that Disney is making a live-action movie based on A. A. Milne's "Winnie-the-Pooh" stories and characters. Written by Alex Ross Perry, the film will be about an adult Christopher Robin who returns to the Hundred Acre Wood to spend time with Pooh and the gang. It was announced on November 18, 2016 that Marc Forster will direct the film and that it will be titled

title: Winnie the Pooh (franchise)

text: action-adventure video game by Gotham Games, Disney Interactive Studios and Doki Denki Studio. The game centers around Piglet and how he tries to show how he can help. The game is based on "Piglet's Big Movie". "Winnie the Pooh's Rumbly Tumbly Adventure" is an action-adventure video game of the action-adventure genre released in 2005. It was published by Ubisoft and Disney Interactive and developed by Phoenix Studio. "Ready to Read with Pooh" is a Disney Interactive CD-ROM game that helps youngsters ages three to six learn to read. There are nine activities in the game. When youngsters complete an activity

title: Winnie-the-Pooh

text: the World", was published by Egmont in 2016. The sequel consists of four short stories by four leading children's authors, Kate Saunders, Brian Sibley, Paul Bright, and Jeanne Willis. Illustrations are by Mark Burgess. "The Best Bear in All The World" sees the introduction of a new character, a Penguin, which was inspired by a long-lost photograph of Milne and his son Christopher with a toy penguin. A further special story, "Winnie-the-Pooh Meets the Queen", was published in 2016 to mark the 90th anniversary of Milne's creation and the 90th birthday of Elizabeth II. It sees Winnie the Pooh meet

title: The Book of Pooh

text: DVD with Rolie Polie Olie: A Spookie Ookie Halloween on a DVD called Playhouse Disney Halloween) The Book of Pooh The Book of Pooh is an American children's television series that aired on Disney Channel. It is the third television series to feature the characters from the Disney franchise based on A. A. Milne's works; the other two were the live-action "Welcome to Pooh Corner" (to which this series bears resemblance) and the animated "The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh" which ran from 1988–1991. It premiered on January 22, 2001 and completed its run on October 1, 2003. It

title: Winnie the Pooh (franchise)

text: animated feature film. Inspired by A. A. Milne's stories of the same name, the film is part of Disney's "Winnie the Pooh" franchise, the fifth theatrical Winnie the Pooh film released, and Walt Disney Animation Studios' second adaptation of "Winnie-the-Pooh" stories. Upon learning that Eeyore has lost his tail, the residents of the Hundred Acre Wood start a contest to see who can find a new one for the melancholy donkey — with a pot of honey going to the winner. Amid the goings-on, Owl mistakenly relates the news that Christopher Robin has been abducted by a monster called The

title: Winnie the Pooh (franchise)

text: chapters of the "Winnie-the-Pooh" book and the second, eighth and ninth chapters of "The House at Pooh Corner" by A. A. Milne. The featurette was produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by Buena Vista Distribution Company on December 20, 1968 before "The Horse in the Gray Flannel Suit". This was the second of the studio's Winnie the Pooh shorts. It was later added as a segment to the March 1977 film "The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh". The music was written by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman. It was notable for being the last animated short

title: Winnie the Pooh (franchise)

text: album was released simultaneously and featured such songs as "The Honey Tree" and "Birthday, Birthday." The film, whose name is a play on the slogan "Tippecanoe and Tyler too" made famous during the 1840 United States presidential election, is based on the fourth and seventh chapters of "The House at Pooh Corner", and as well as the third chapter of the book "Winnie-the-Pooh". Rabbit is tired of Tigger always bouncing him, so he gets Pooh and Piglet together to come up with an idea to get the bounce out of Tigger. Then, Tigger and little Roo go out for a

title: Winnie-the-Pooh

text: The first collection of stories about the character was the book Winnie-the-Pooh (1926), and this was followed by The House at Pooh Corner (1928). Milne also included a poem about the bear in the children's verse book When We Were Very Young (1924) and many more in Now We Are Six (1927).  All four volumes were illustrated by E. H. Shepard.

title: Winnie-the-Pooh


question: where does the electron transport chain pumps protons

answers: mitochondrial membrane

answers: across a membrane

title: Electron transport chain

text: their cell membrane. In chloroplasts, light drives the conversion of water to oxygen and NADP to NADPH with transfer of H ions across chloroplast membranes. In mitochondria, it is the conversion of oxygen to water, NADH to NAD and succinate to fumarate that are required to generate the proton gradient. Electron transport chains are major sites of premature electron leakage to oxygen, generating superoxide and potentially resulting in increased oxidative stress. The electron transport chain consists of a spatially separated series of redox reactions in which electrons are transferred from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule. The underlying force

title: Electron transport chain

text: ions to reduce molecular oxygen to water. Four membrane-bound complexes have been identified in mitochondria. Each is an extremely complex transmembrane structure that is embedded in the inner membrane. Three of them are proton pumps. The structures are electrically connected by lipid-soluble electron carriers and water-soluble electron carriers. The overall electron transport chain: In "Complex I" (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, NADH-CoQ reductase, or NADH dehydrogenase; ), two electrons are removed from NADH and ultimately transferred to a lipid-soluble carrier, ubiquinone (UQ). The reduced product, ubiquinol (UQH), freely diffuses within the membrane, and Complex I translocates four protons (H) across the membrane, thus

title: Electron transport chain

text: proton pumps; others are not. Most oxidases and reductases are proton pumps, but some are not. Cytochrome "bc" is a proton pump found in many, but not all, bacteria (it is not found in "E. coli"). As the name implies, bacterial "bc" is similar to mitochondrial "bc" ("Complex III"). Proton pumps are the heart of the electron transport process. They produce the transmembrane electrochemical gradient that enables ATP Synthase to synthesize ATP. Cytochromes are pigments that contain iron. They are found in two very different environments. Some cytochromes are water-soluble carriers that shuttle electrons to and from large, immobile macromolecular

title: Electron transport chain

text: proton gradient). ATP synthase is also readily reversible. Thus ATP can be used to build a proton gradient, which in turn can be used to make NADH. This process of "reverse electron transport" is important in many prokaryotic electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, NADH is the most important electron donor. The associated electron transport chain is NADH → "Complex I" → Q → "Complex III" → cytochrome "c" → "Complex IV" → O where "Complexes I, III" and" IV" are proton pumps, while Q and cytochrome "c" are mobile electron carriers. The electron acceptor is molecular oxygen. In prokaryotes (bacteria

title: Electron transport chain

text: chain electrons move from an electron donor (NADH or QH) to a terminal electron acceptor (O) via a series of redox reactions. These reactions are coupled to the creation of a proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane. There are three proton pumps: "I", "III", and "IV". The resulting transmembrane proton gradient is used to make ATP via ATP synthase. The reactions catalyzed by "Complex I" and "Complex III" work roughly at equilibrium. This means that these reactions are readily reversible, by increasing the concentration of the products relative to the concentration of the reactants (for example, by increasing the

title: Electron transport chain

text: powers most cellular reactions. A small amount of ATP is available from substrate-level phosphorylation, for example, in glycolysis. In most organisms the majority of ATP is generated in electron transport chains, while only some obtain ATP by fermentation. Most eukaryotic cells have mitochondria, which produce ATP from products of the citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and amino acid oxidation. At the mitochondrial inner membrane, electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass through the electron transport chain to oxygen, which is reduced to water. The electron transport chain comprises an enzymatic series of electron donors and acceptors. Each electron donor will

title: Electrochemical gradient

text: 200mV. This drives the flux of protons back into the matrix through ATP synthase which produces ATP by adding an inorganic phosphate to ADP. Thus, generation of a proton electrochemical gradient is crucial for energy production in mitochondria. The total equation for the electron transport chain is: Similar to the electron transport chain, the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis pump protons into the thylakoid lumen of chloroplasts to drive the synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase. The proton gradient can be generated through either noncyclic or cyclic photophosphorylation. Of the proteins that participate in noncyclic photophosphorylation, photosystem II (PSII), plastiquinone, and

title: Electron transport chain

text: to the acceptor through another electron transport chain. Photosynthetic electron transport chains have many similarities to the oxidative chains discussed above. They use mobile, lipid-soluble carriers (quinones) and mobile, water-soluble carriers (cytochromes, etc.). They also contain a proton pump. It is remarkable that the proton pump in "all" photosynthetic chains resembles mitochondrial "Complex III". Photosynthetic electron transport chains are discussed in greater detail in the articles Photophosphorylation, Photosynthesis, Photosynthetic reaction center and Light-dependent reaction. Electron transport chains are redox reactions that transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor. The transfer of electrons is coupled to the translocation

title: Chemiosmosis

text: of redox reactions to pump protons (hydrogen ions) out across the membrane, separating the charge across the membrane. In mitochondria, energy released by the electron transport chain is used to move protons from the mitochondrial matrix (N side) to the stroma (P side). Moving the protons out of the mitochondrion creates a lower concentration of positively charged protons inside it, resulting in excess negative charge on the inside of the membrane. The electrical potential gradient is about -170 mV , negative inside (N). These gradients - charge difference and the proton concentration difference both create a combined electrochemical gradient across

title: Oxidative phosphorylation

text: positive P-side by the proton-pumping enzymes of the electron transport chain. These enzymes are like a battery, as they perform work to drive current through the circuit. The movement of protons creates an electrochemical gradient across the membrane, which is often called the "proton-motive force". It has two components: a difference in proton concentration (a H gradient, ΔpH) and a difference in electric potential, with the N-side having a negative charge. ATP synthase releases this stored energy by completing the circuit and allowing protons to flow down the electrochemical gradient, back to the N-side of the membrane. The electrochemical gradient

title: Photodissociation

text: water molecules has been converted to four protons released into the thylakoid lumen (Dolai's S-state diagrams). These protons, as well as additional protons pumped across the thylakoid membrane coupled with the electron transfer chain, form a proton gradient across the membrane that drives photophosphorylation and thus the generation of chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The electrons reach the P700 reaction center of photosystem I where they are energized again by light. They are passed down another electron transfer chain and finally combine with the coenzyme NADP and protons outside the thylakoids to form NADPH. Thus, the

title: Oxidative phosphorylation

text: removed from NADH and passed to oxygen through a series of enzymes that each release a small amount of the energy. This set of enzymes, consisting of complexes I through IV, is called the electron transport chain and is found in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. Succinate is also oxidized by the electron transport chain, but feeds into the pathway at a different point. In eukaryotes, the enzymes in this electron transport system use the energy released from the oxidation of NADH to pump protons across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. This causes protons to build up in

title: Proton pump

text: inner membrane where is functions as a proton transport-driven ATP synthase. In mitochondria, reducing equivalents provided by electron transfer or photosynthesis power this translocation of protons. For example, the translocation of protons by cytochrome c oxidase is powered by reducing equivalents provided by reduced cytochrome c. ATP itself powers this transport in the plasma membrane proton ATPase and in the ATPase proton pumps of other cellular membranes. The FF ATP synthase of mitochondria, in contrast, usually conduct protons from high to low concentration across the membrane while drawing energy from this flow to synthesize ATP. Protons translocate across the inner

title: Electron transport chain

text: subunits. Protons in the inter-membranous space of mitochondria first enters the ATP synthase complex through "a" subunit channel. Then protons move to the c subunits. The number of c subunits it has determines how many protons it will require to make the F turn one full revolution. For example, in humans, there are 8 c subunits, thus 8 protons are required. After "c" subunits, protons finally enters matrix using "a" subunit channel that opens into the mitochondrial matrix. This reflux releases free energy produced during the generation of the oxidized forms of the electron carriers (NAD and Q). The free

title: Electron transport chain

text: driving these reactions is the Gibbs free energy of the reactants and products. The Gibbs free energy is the energy available ("free") to do work. Any reaction that decreases the overall Gibbs free energy of a system is thermodynamically spontaneous. The function of the electron transport chain is to produce a transmembrane proton electrochemical gradient as a result of the redox reactions. If protons flow back through the membrane, they enable mechanical work, such as rotating bacterial flagella. ATP synthase, an enzyme highly conserved among all domains of life, converts this mechanical work into chemical energy by producing ATP, which

title: Anoxygenic photosynthesis

text: transport chain, proteins such as halorhodopsin capture light energy with the aid of diterpenes to move ions against the gradient and produce ATP via chemiosmosis in the manner of mitochondria. There are two main types of anaerobic photosynthetic electron transport chains in bacteria. The type I reaction centers found in GSB, Chloracidobacterium, and Heliobacteria and the type II reaction centers found in FAPs and Purple Bacteria Type I Reaction Centers The electron transport chain of green sulfur bacteria — such as is present in model organism "Chlorobaculum tepidum" — uses the reaction centre bacteriochlorophyll pair, P840. When light is absorbed

title: Mitochondrial matrix

text: that contains the complexes of oxidative phosphorylation. which contains the electron transport chain that is found on the cristae of the inner membrane and consists of four protein complexes and ATP synthase. These complexes are Protein complex I (NADH:Coenzyme Q Oxidoreductase), protein complex II (Succinate:Coenzyme Q Oxidoreductase), protein complex III (Coenzyme Q: Cytochrome C Oxidoreductase), and protein complex IV (Cytochrome C Oxidase). The electron transport chain is responsible for establishing a pH and electrochemical gradient that facilitates the production of ATP through the pumping of protons. The gradient also provides control of the concentration of ions such as Ca driven

title: Ion transporter

text: electron transport chain is regulated by the precense of H+ ions (pH of the solution) in solution. Ion transporter In biology, an ion transporter (or ion pump) is a transmembrane protein that moves ions across a plasma membrane against their concentration gradient through active transport. These primary transporters are enzymes that convert energy from various sources—including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), sunlight, and other redox reactions—to potential energy stored in an electrochemical gradient. This potential energy is then used by secondary transporters, including ion carriers and ion channels, to drive vital cellular processes, such as ATP synthesis. Ion transporters are classified as

title: Electron transport chain

text: to two molecules of cytochrome "c", a water-soluble electron carrier located within the intermembrane space. The two other electrons sequentially pass across the protein to the Q site where the quinone part of ubiquinone is reduced to quinol. A proton gradient is formed by one quinol (<chem>2H+2e-</chem>) oxidations at the Q site to form one quinone (<chem>2H+2e-</chem>) at the Q site. (in total four protons are translocated: two protons reduce quinone to quinol and two protons are released from two ubiquinol molecules). When electron transfer is reduced (by a high membrane potential or respiratory inhibitors such as antimycin A), Complex

title: Electron transport chain

text: Acceptor". Individual bacteria use multiple electron transport chains, often simultaneously. Bacteria can use a number of different electron donors, a number of different dehydrogenases, a number of different oxidases and reductases, and a number of different electron acceptors. For example, "E. coli" (when growing aerobically using glucose as an energy source) uses two different NADH dehydrogenases and two different quinol oxidases, for a total of four different electron transport chains operating simultaneously. A common feature of all electron transport chains is the presence of a proton pump to create a transmembrane proton gradient. Bacterial electron transport chains may contain as

title: Chemiosmosis

text: chemiosmotic hypothesis in 1961. The theory suggests essentially that most adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis in respiring cells comes from the electrochemical gradient across the inner membranes of mitochondria by using the energy of NADH and FADH formed from the breaking down of energy-rich molecules such as glucose. Molecules such as glucose are metabolized to produce acetyl CoA as an energy-rich intermediate. The oxidation of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) in the mitochondrial matrix is coupled to the reduction of a carrier molecule such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). The carriers pass electrons to the electron transport

title: Electron transport chain

text: electron donors (e.g., fatty acids and glycerol 3-phosphate) also direct electrons into Q (via FAD). Complex 2 is a parallel electron transport pathway to complex 1, but unlike complex 1, no protons are transported to the intermembrane space in this pathway. Therefore, the pathway through complex 2 contributes less energy to the overall electron transport chain process. This complex is inhibited by Carboxin. In "Complex III" (cytochrome "bc" complex or CoQH-cytochrome "c" reductase; ), the Q-cycle contributes to the proton gradient by an asymmetric absorption/release of protons. Two electrons are removed from QH at the Q site and sequentially transferred

title: Reactive oxygen species

text: chain. In the electron transport chain, electrons are passed through a series of proteins via oxidation-reduction reactions, with each acceptor protein along the chain having a greater reduction potential than the previous. The last destination for an electron along this chain is an oxygen molecule. In normal conditions, the oxygen is reduced to produce water; however, in about 0.1–2% of electrons passing through the chain (this number derives from studies in isolated mitochondria, though the exact rate in live organisms is yet to be fully agreed upon), oxygen is instead prematurely and incompletely reduced to give the superoxide radical (),

title: Cotransporter

text: move protons and ions against their concentration gradient. In plants the proton is considered a secondary substance and high proton concentration in the apoplast powers the inward movement of certain ions by symporters. A Proton gradient moves the ions into the vacuole by proton-sodium antiporter or the proton-calcium antiporter. In plants, sucrose transport is distributed throughout the plant by the proton-pump where the pump, as discussed above, creates a gradient of protons so that there are many more on one side of the membrane than the other. As the protons diffuse back across the membrane, the free energy liberated by

title: Electron transport chain

text: can synthesize different transmembrane complexes and produce different electron transport chains in their cell membranes. Bacteria select their electron transport chains from a DNA library containing multiple possible dehydrogenases, terminal oxidases and terminal reductases. The situation is often summarized by saying that electron transport chains in bacteria are "branched", "modular", and "inducible". In oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from a low-energy electron donor (e.g., NADH) to an acceptor (e.g., O) through an electron transport chain. In photophosphorylation, the energy of sunlight is used to "create" a high-energy electron donor and an electron acceptor. Electrons are then transferred from the donor

title: Electron transport chain

text: structures imbedded in the membrane. The mobile cytochrome electron carrier in mitochondria is cytochrome "c". Bacteria use a number of different mobile cytochrome electron carriers. Other cytochromes are found within macromolecules such as "Complex III" and "Complex IV". They also function as electron carriers, but in a very different, intramolecular, solid-state environment. Electrons may enter an electron transport chain at the level of a mobile cytochrome or quinone carrier. For example, electrons from inorganic electron donors (nitrite, ferrous iron, etc.) enter the electron transport chain at the cytochrome level. When electrons enter at a redox level greater than NADH, the

title: Electron transport chain

text: and archaea) the situation is more complicated, because there are several different electron donors and several different electron acceptors. The generalized electron transport chain in bacteria is: Note that electrons can enter the chain at three levels: at the level of a dehydrogenase, at the level of the quinone pool, or at the level of a mobile cytochrome electron carrier. These levels correspond to successively more positive redox potentials, or to successively decreased potential differences relative to the terminal electron acceptor. In other words, they correspond to successively smaller Gibbs free energy changes for the overall redox reaction "Donor →

title: Mitochondrion

text: of FADH) that are a source of electrons for the "electron transport chain", and a molecule of GTP (that is readily converted to an ATP). The redox energy from NADH and FADH is transferred to oxygen (O) in several steps via the electron transport chain. These energy-rich molecules are produced within the matrix via the citric acid cycle but are also produced in the cytoplasm by glycolysis. Reducing equivalents from the cytoplasm can be imported via the malate-aspartate shuttle system of antiporter proteins or feed into the electron transport chain using a glycerol phosphate shuttle. Protein complexes in the inner

title: Electron transport chain

text: via NADH dehydrogenase (similar to "Complex I" in mitochondria) or succinate dehydrogenase (similar to "Complex II"). Other dehydrogenases may be used to process different energy sources: formate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, H dehydrogenase (hydrogenase), etc. Some dehydrogenases are also proton pumps; others funnel electrons into the quinone pool. Most dehydrogenases show induced expression in the bacterial cell in response to metabolic needs triggered by the environment in which the cells grow. Quinones are mobile, lipid-soluble carriers that shuttle electrons (and protons) between large, relatively immobile macromolecular complexes embedded in the membrane. Bacteria use "ubiquinone" (the same quinone that mitochondria

title: Electron transport chain

title: Electron transport chain

long_answer: An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H ions) across a membrane. This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a molecule that stores energy chemically in the form of highly strained bonds. The molecules of the chain include peptides, enzymes (which are proteins or protein complexes), and others. The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration is molecular oxygen although a variety of acceptors other than oxygen such as sulfate exist in anaerobic respiration.