question: who inaugurated 'world teachers' day'

answers: UNESCO

answers: ILO

title: Visakha Valley School

text: with the District Collector as the chief guest and Sailaja Rao as the guest of honour. During these programmes, the principal of the school reads the school annual report. 5 September, the birthday of the second President of India, academic philosopher Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan is celebrated as Teachers' Day. It is considered a "celebration" day, where teachers and students report to school but the usual activities and classes are replaced by activities of celebration, thanks, and remembrance. The responsibility of teaching is taken up by the senior students to show appreciation for their teachers. Students come dressed in colorful sarees

title: Sabah Tshung Tsin Secondary School

text: outside the school. The event resumed and commenced on 23 January 2010 Teacher's Day celebration is held in July. A party is usually held by each class to thank their teachers and express their gratitude. Students organise the party, prepare catering and decorate classrooms. All teachers and students are invited into the school hall where there is a Teachers' Day Celebration Ceremony with exclusive student performances and entertainments for the teachers. An audition is held to select those students and classes who are interested in performing, making it the only 'open-for-all' performance in the school, in contrast to the Tshung

title: Global Teacher Prize

text: was awarded to a Palestinian teacher, Hanan Al Hroub. The 2017 prize was awarded to an Inuit teacher, Maggie MacDonnell from Salluit, Quebec, Canada. The 2018 prize was awarded to Andria Zafirakou, an Arts and Textiles teacher in Brent, northwest London, England. Global Teacher Prize The Global Teacher Prize is an annual US $1 million award by the Varkey Foundation to a teacher who has made an outstanding contribution to the profession. Nominations of teachers who meet specific criteria are open to the worldwide public, and teachers can also nominate themselves. The judging is done by the Global Teacher Prize

title: National Award for Teachers (India)

text: In 2014, the principal of Al Ameer English School Ajman, S.J.Jacob was given this award. National Award for Teachers (India) National Award for Teachers is the National award to the Teachers awarded by the President of India on 5 September (Teacher's Day) every year to give public recognition to meritorious teachers working in primary, middle and secondary schools in India. A similar recognition for university teacher has been instituted in 2015 in the form of Inspired Teacher recognition. Instituted in 1958, there are 366 awards out of which 20 awards are reserved for Sanskrit, Persian and Arabic teachers. Each State/Union

title: Global Teacher Prize

text: nominations from 127 countries. The Global Teacher Prize, which has been referred to by journalists as the Nobel Prize for teaching, highlights and celebrates the profession while giving greater recognition to the work of teachers all over the world The head of the Varkey Foundation has asserted that, "We want to promote teachers as stars and to support the quality of education to highlight the enormous impact teachers have on our lives"; "Teaching needs to be the most important profession in the world and they've got to be given their due respect." The first annual Global Teacher Prize was awarded

title: Global Teacher Prize

text: Global Teacher Prize The Global Teacher Prize is an annual US $1 million award by the Varkey Foundation to a teacher who has made an outstanding contribution to the profession. Nominations of teachers who meet specific criteria are open to the worldwide public, and teachers can also nominate themselves. The judging is done by the Global Teacher Prize Academy, consisting of head teachers, education experts, commentators, journalists, public officials, tech entrepreneurs, company directors, and scientists from around the world. The annual prize was launched at the second annual Global Education and Skills Forum in March 2014 and received over 5,000

title: Harold Cressy

text: (HCHS). In 2014, HCHS was declared a Provincial Heritage Site under the National Heritage Resources Act of 1999, with a commemorative plaque unveiled on Heritage Day, 24 September. The Teachers League of South Africa (TLSA), which Cressy created, became a powerful group. In the 1950s the organisation organised political resistance by South African teachers to the emergence of Bantu education based on apartheid ideals. In the 1950s Benjamin Kies, a teacher at Trafalgar High School, was banned from teaching for life for being involved with the TLSA. Harold Cressy Harold Cressy (1 February 1889 – 23 August 1916) was a

title: National Award for Teachers (India)

text: National Award for Teachers (India) National Award for Teachers is the National award to the Teachers awarded by the President of India on 5 September (Teacher's Day) every year to give public recognition to meritorious teachers working in primary, middle and secondary schools in India. A similar recognition for university teacher has been instituted in 2015 in the form of Inspired Teacher recognition. Instituted in 1958, there are 366 awards out of which 20 awards are reserved for Sanskrit, Persian and Arabic teachers. Each State/Union Territory/Organization has an earmarked quota based on the number of teachers. The Scheme also covers

title: Adarsh Public School

text: Adarsh Public School Adarsh Public School (APS) (Hindi : आदर्श पब्लिक स्कूल) is a senior secondary public school located in Vikaspuri in Delhi, India. The school is affiliated with the Central Board of Secondary Education. APS was founded by Dr. Bhagat Ram Sahgal, an educationist and social reformer, who laid the foundation of the school in 1936 in Lahore, Pakistan. After partition of India, the school was shifted to Amritsar in 1955. The school was then shifted to Vikaspuri in 1986. Annual days include Teacher's Day, Children's Day, Republic Day, and Independence Day. Celebrations of Teacher's Day are organised by

title: Adarsh Public School

text: basketball team. Clubs include Eco Club, Interact Club, Student Council, ACC, QCC and MUN. Adarsh Public School Adarsh Public School (APS) (Hindi : आदर्श पब्लिक स्कूल) is a senior secondary public school located in Vikaspuri in Delhi, India. The school is affiliated with the Central Board of Secondary Education. APS was founded by Dr. Bhagat Ram Sahgal, an educationist and social reformer, who laid the foundation of the school in 1936 in Lahore, Pakistan. After partition of India, the school was shifted to Amritsar in 1955. The school was then shifted to Vikaspuri in 1986. Annual days include Teacher's Day,

title: Dawood Public School

text: Public School launched 'A' levels education too. DPS recently organized an event simulating the mode of United Nations which catered children from all the other schools around the country to propose conflict resolution on different world affairs. On 16 June 2013 the school has hosted another event to increase the awareness and education system of Pakistan, the school named the event as DPS Open Day Festival which was held in Karachi DPS was established by Ahmed Dawood in 1983. He took the initiative to promote education among women. Initially, it served classes from nursery to Class V, but with time

title: National Education Day (India)

text: National Education Day (India) National Education Day is an annual observance in India to commemorate the birth anniversary of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the first education minister of independent India, who served from 15 August 1947 until 2 February 1958. National Education Day of India is celebrated on 11 November every year. The Ministry of Human Resource Development announced on 11th September 2008, "The Ministry has decided to commemorate the birthday of this great son of India by recalling his contribution to the cause of education in India. November 11 every year, from 2008 onwards, will be celebrated as the

title: Dawood Public School

text: Day Festival was celebrated on 16 June 2013 World Wide Fund for Nature Pakistan arranges an event named nature carnival every year in PAF Museum, Karachi, the school has joined hands with WWF to increase the awareness about the protection of environment and follow the green revolution ambitiously. DALMUN is the event which followed the mode of United Nations and simulated the same by the students, an event in which school practised how the UN system works in resolving the issues in the world. The annual sports day is celebrated every year by school and it is one of the

title: Singapore Teachers' Union

text: was then submitted to every Member of Parliament, including the newly appointed Education Minister Dr Tony Tan. On Teachers' Day in 1982, STU organised a walkathon, which attracted over 2,000 members, and raised $75,000 each for the Singapore Labour Foundation and Mendaki. Eleven Ministers and MPs joined the throng. According to then STU's General Secretary Swithun Lowe, Devan Nair informed him that then Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew had asked Dr Goh to carry on his plans to reform the Education system, but to "leave STU alone". Singapore Teachers' Union Ordinary membership is open to all Education Officers employed by

title: Rasammah Bhupalan

text: women teachers and tried to bring disparate teachers' unions under an umbrella. The former school principal was the first Asian representative of the World Confederation of Organisations of the Teaching Profession for two successive terms. She was also very active in the National Council of Women's Organisation (NCWO) and Pemadam. Bhupalan was a teacher in the Methodist Boys School Kuala Lumpur (MBSSKL) from 1959 to 1964 and was the principal of Methodist Girls School Kuala Lumpur (MGSKL) for 14 years from 1969 until she retired in 1982. On 11 November 2007, Mrs.Bhupalan was among the few veteran teachers who were

title: National Education Day (India)

text: evaluating the country's current performance in the field.It is also seen as an opportunity to improve the current situation of education in India . National Education Day (India) National Education Day is an annual observance in India to commemorate the birth anniversary of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the first education minister of independent India, who served from 15 August 1947 until 2 February 1958. National Education Day of India is celebrated on 11 November every year. The Ministry of Human Resource Development announced on 11th September 2008, "The Ministry has decided to commemorate the birthday of this great son of

title: Teachers Without Borders

text: Teachers Without Borders Teachers Without Borders ("TWB") is an international organization launched in 2000, with a mission to connect teachers to information and each other in order to close the education divide and based upon the premise that teachers are community change agents and key catalysts of global development priorities. The organization was founded by Dr. Fred Mednick Teachers Without Borders received the 2018 Luxembourg Peace Prize for Outstanding Peace Education, recognized for a free Peace Education program involving teachers from regions in conflict, for having embedded peace education into all TWB courses (see below), and its Voice of Teachers

title: World Federation of Teachers Unions

text: Paris but was expelled in 1952 for "fifth column activities". It then moved to the Soviet sector of Vienna, but was expelled, again, in February 1956. The location of the headquarters immediately after the expulsion from Vienna is unclear, though FISEs' journal "Teachers of the World" was published from 10 Rue de Solférino, Paris 7ème. In 1978 its headquarters is reported at Wilhelm Wolff Strasse 21, East Berlin 111. It was at the same address in 1985. Its current headquarters is at 6/6 Kalicharan Ghosh Road, 700 050, Kolkata, India. After the 18th Congress of FISE is currently located in

title: Inspired Teacher

text: Inspired Teacher Inspired Teacher (alternatively termed President's Inspired Teacher) is the highest civilian recognition for University-level teachers in the Republic of India in the form of an in-residence program with the President of India at Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi. This recognition is not related to the National Award for teachers, which is the highest recognition for school teachers. The Inspired Teacher honour is instituted by the President of India in 2015 to recognize top performing faculties at the Central Universities and to give a platform to have their voice heard among the top bureaucrats to solicit suggestions from teachers on

title: Singapore Teachers' Union

text: and saw the adoption of the union's constitution. The founding members were H N Balhatchet (President), Yapp Thean Chye (General Secretary), P V Sharma (General Secretary), Lim Choo Sye (Treasurer), N Scharenguivel (Editor), Kiang Ai Kim, Quah Quek Tin, Frank James, J E K Retnam, Seow Cheng Fong and Tay Kheng Hock. Since then, its notable leaders included former President of the Republic of Singapore C V Devan Nair, Minister of State for Labour Sia Kah Hui, former Member of Parliament Lawrence Seah and Vice President of NTUC Edwin Lye Teck Hee. STU was one of the unions that supported

title: Guru Purnima

text: and special hats called "topi" made with indigenous fabric. Students often organize fanfares in schools to appreciate the hard work done by teachers. This is taken as a great opportunity to consolidate the bond of teacher student relationships. Irrespective of their religions, Indian academics celebrate this day by thanking their teachers. Many schools, colleges and universities have events in which students thank their teachers and remember past scholars. Alumni visit their teachers and present gifts as a gesture of gratitude. According to Jain traditions, it was on this day, falling at the beginning of "Chaturmaas", the four month rainy season

title: World Federation of Teachers Unions

text: book with the proceedings. It held meetings with trade unionists teachers from different countries and unions: Cuba, Germany, Egypt, Palestine, Greece, Italy, Mexico, etc. FISE publishes every year announcements and posters useful for every trade union, concerning the International Workers’ May Day (May 1), the International Teachers Day, the International Women's Day (March 8), the Day of the Anti-fascist Victory of Peoples (May 9), the day against violence towards women, against child labour, for the refugees, the xenophobia and racism, and other relevant topics or subjects of commemoration. It particularly focuses on the expression of concrete solidarity. It denounced the

title: World Maths Day

text: the International Mathematical Olympiad or days such as Pi Day. In 2010, World Maths Day created a Guinness World Record for the "Largest Online Maths Competition". In 2011, the team behind the competition added a second event World Spelling Day - and officially rebranded as the World Education Games. In 2012, a third event was added - World Science Day. The World Maths Day and World Education Games are now sponsored by Samsung, and supported by UNICEF as global charity partner. No event was held in 2014, and the schedule was changed to hold the event in October 2015. World

title: GEMS Education

text: has made an outstanding contribution to the profession, presented at the third annual GESF in March 2015. Nancie Atwell, an English teacher in rural Maine with 42 years of innovative and pioneering teaching, was awarded the inaugural prize; she donated the full amount to her nonprofit Center for Teaching and Learning, a demonstration school created for the purpose of developing and disseminating teaching methods. The 2016 Global Teacher Prize was awarded to a Palestinian teacher, Hanan Al Hroub. The Varkey Foundation hopes the annual $1million award will become a "Nobel Prize" of teaching. In 2014 the Varkey Foundation, together with

title: Kaumudi Teacher

text: Kaumudi Teacher Kaumudi teacher (16 July 1917, Vayakkara - 4 August 2009) was a Gandhian and an Indian freedom fighter from Kannur, Kerala. She was known for voluntarily donating her ornaments to Gandhi when the latter visited Vatakara in 14 January 1934 which was acknowledged by Gandhi when he wrote an article "Kaumudi's renunciation" in Young India. Kaumudi Teacher died on 4 August 2009 at Kadachira in Kannur. Kaumudi Teacher, an ardent Gandhian whose voluntary act of renunciation of her gold ornaments to Mahatma Gandhi in the year 1934, for the cause of freedom struggle elevated her to an inspirational

title: Sarah Jane Brown

text: Special Envoy for Global Education Gordon Brown, and messages of support from UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and actor Rainn Wilson. The petition aims to hold world leaders to account for the promise of universal primary education made in the Millennium Development Goals (MDG2). The petition mobilised support and campaigning from a wide variety of organisations and individuals. 2015 Nobel Peace Prize winner Kailash Satyarthi headlined the London launch event in November 2015. Other notable supporters and participants include his fellow Nobel Peace Prize winner, Malala Yousafzai, Justin Bieber, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Laura Carmichael, the Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic

title: Fiji Teachers Union

text: in Levuka. A teacher by the name of Dukhharan travelled with his group from the Western Districts to attend this meeting. Among other matters a plan for a united organization of teachers was kumar Another conference of the Methodist Teachers’ Association was held at Methodist Boys’ School in Toorak in 1928 where the following office bearers were elected: President: Sewak Masih, Vice President: P M Stephen, Secretary: G P Andrew and Assistant Secretary: HR Narayan. John Bairagi was elected as Secretary International and BR Padarath was chosen as the Treasurer. Professional lectures were presented during the afternoon dinner by I

title: Varkey Foundation

text: is attended by hundreds of delegates from 35 to 50 countries, and speakers and participants include education ministers, current and former heads of state, business leaders, academics, and representatives of governments and NGOs. The forum also aims to increase the importance of global education issues in the concerns of large-scale philanthropy, international aid, and businesses. In October 2013, the foundation published the Global Teacher Status Index, a 53-page study on the public and social status of teachers in 21 countries around the world. The Indian subcontinent and sub-Saharan Africa were not included in the survey. In-depth opinion polling was done

title: Nepal National Teachers Association

text: and professional organizations in Nepal and around the world. The 12th national general convention of the NNTA took place from 30-31, May 2018. A 33-member central working committee was elected at the convention. The gathering elected Laxman Sharma as NNTA chairperson. Nepal National Teachers Association The Nepal National Teachers Association (NNTA) is an organization of teachers' trade unions in Nepal. It is the first and the most influential organization of teachers' association in Nepal. The NNTA was established in 1979, and registered under the educational act of that time, and then become a trade union. Currently, it has more than

title: World Teachers' Day

text: World Teachers' Day, also known as International Teachers Day, is held annually on October 5. Established in 1994, it commemorates the signing of the 1966 "Teaching in Freedom". "Empowering Teachers” is the theme of this year's (2017) World Teachers' Day, celebrated around the world since 1994 after the UNESCO/ILO Recommendation concerning the Status of Teachers.

title: World Teachers' Day

short_answers: ILO UNESCO


question: what kind of animals live in the great victoria desert

answers: malleefowl

answers: water-holding frog

answers: great desert skink

answers: sandhill dunnart

answers: dingo

answers: sand goanna

answers: crest-tailed mulgara

answers: southern marsupial mole

answers: chestnut-breasted whiteface

answers: perentie

title: Great Victoria Desert

text: In 1891, David Lindsey's expedition traveled across this area from north to south. Frank Hann was looking for gold in this area between 1903 and 1908. Len Beadell explored the area in the 1960s. The Great Victoria desert is a World Wildlife Fund ecoregion and an Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA) region of the same name. As this area has had very limited use for agriculture, habitats remain largely undisturbed while parts of the desert are protected areas including Mamungari Conservation Park (formerly known as Unnamed Conservation Park) in South Australia, a large area of pristine arid zone wilderness

title: Great Victoria Desert

text: which possesses cultural significance and is one of the fourteen World Biosphere Reserves in Australia. Habitat is also preserved in the large Aboriginal local government area of Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara in South Australia and in the Great Victoria Desert Nature Reserve of Western Australia. The nuclear weapons trials carried out by the United Kingdom at Maralinga and Emu Field in the 1950s and early 1960s have left areas contaminated with plutonium-239 and other radioactive material. Only the hardiest of plants can survive in much of this environment. Between the sand ridges there are areas of wooded steppe consisting of "Eucalyptus

title: Great Victoria Desert

text: Great Victoria Desert The Great Victoria Desert, an interim Australian bioregion, is a sparsely populated desert area in Western Australia and South Australia. The Great Victoria is the largest desert in Australia and consists of many small sandhills, grassland plains, areas with a closely packed surface of pebbles (called desert pavement or gibber plains) and salt lakes. It is over wide (from west to east) and covers an area of from the Eastern Goldfields region of Western Australia to the Gawler Ranges in South Australia. The Western Australia Mallee shrub ecoregion lies to the west, the Little Sandy Desert to

title: Great Victoria Desert

text: the northwest, the Gibson Desert and the Central Ranges xeric shrublands to the north, the Tirari and Sturt Stony deserts to the east, while the Nullarbor Plain to the south separates it from the Southern Ocean. Average annual rainfall is low and irregular, ranging from per year. Thunderstorms are relatively common in the Great Victoria Desert, with an average of 15–20 thunderstorms per annum. Summer daytime temperatures range from while in winter, this falls to . The majority of people living in the region are Indigenous Australians from different groups including the Kogara, the Mirning and the Pitjantjatjara. It is

title: Great Victoria Desert

text: the part of Australia with the most populous and most healthy indigenous population. Aboriginal populations have been increasing in this region. Young Indigenous adults from the Great Victoria Desert region work in the Wilurarra Creative programs to maintain and develop their culture. Despite its isolated location the Great Victoria is bisected by very rough tracks including the Connie Sue Highway and the Anne Beadell Highway. Human activity has included some mining and nuclear weapons testing. In 1875, British explorer Ernest Giles became the first European to cross the desert. He named the desert after the then-reigning British monarch, Queen Victoria.

title: Deserts of Australia

text: where vegetation is very limited in height or extent. The Great Victoria Desert lies in Western Australia and South Australia. It is over wide and covers an area of . The Gibson Desert lies in central Western Australia. The desert is about in size. Most of the inhabitants of the area are Indigenous Australians. Australia's climate is mostly determined by the hot, sinking air of the subtropical high pressure belt. Dry conditions are associated with an El Niño–Southern Oscillation in Australia. Vegetation in arid areas is primarily dependent upon soil type. Extensive areas are covered by longitudinal dunes. Forty percent

text: Wyperfeld, Big Desert and Ngarkat Important Bird Area The Wyperfeld, Big Desert and Ngarkat Important Bird Area comprises a 9743 km tract of semiarid mallee woodlands and shrublands in south-eastern Australia, straddling the border between the states of South Australia and Victoria. The site incorporates a large area of contiguous mallee habitat. It overlaps the following protected areas, the Ngarkat Conservation Park in south-east South Australia and the Wyperfeld National Park and the Big Desert Wilderness Park in north-west Victoria, as well as several adjacent smaller reserves and state forests. The Victorian part of the site contains a chain of

title: Great Sandy-Tanami desert

text: is hot and dry and the area is mostly uninhabited. The vegetation is very thin and consists of spinifex grass and saltbush shrubs that are adapted to the desert conditions. There are also occasional acacias and desert oaks. Much of the wildlife of this hot climate is nocturnal including the rabbit-sized marsupial the Bilby and the Rufous hare-wallabies of the Tanami Desert. The wildlife of these deserts includes communities of wild camels, descendants of animals brought here as transport in earlier times. Great Sandy-Tanami desert The Great Sandy-Tanami desert is a World Wildlife Fund ecoregion of Western Australia extending into

title: Big Desert Wilderness Park

text: Big Desert Wilderness Park The Big Desert Wilderness Park is a protected area in the Australian state of Victoria, Australia located in the state's west adjoining the border with South Australia. It is the oldest of Victoria's three wilderness parks. The wilderness park consists of an area of , with no vehicular access, and no defined walking tracks. It includes part of the Big Desert and also adjoins Ninety Mile Desert across the border in South Australia. As it is a dedicated wilderness area, there are no facilities of any kind, including toilets or campsites. However, hiking and small fuel

title: Yarra Ranges National Park

text: to Victoria's faunal emblem – the Leadbeater's Possum, as well as many other threatened species of fauna within the park. Parks Victoria and DELWP have management strategies in place that do protect these threatened species from pest species and human interaction, however there are no measures to combat the increased threat of climate change. When it comes to protecting threatened species of fauna, there are breeding programs implemented in Healesville Sanctuary to increase specific species population rates. Once these animals reach a certain age, Zoo's Victoria coordinates their efforts with the Parks Ranger, to release these animals into the park.

title: Alice Springs Desert Park

text: to find in the desert. The Woodland habitat includes enclosures for kangaroos and emus. Visitors can walk among the kangaroos in their exhibit area. Presentations at the Nature Theatre show visitors some of the animals that might be seen while walking through the park, including demonstrations with free-flying birds of prey. Presentations at the park, include information on Aboriginal Survival one focusing on water gathering and another on food gathering. The food gathering presentation is particularly focused on the Arrernte People and includes information on sex roles, with the distinct jobs of men and women. Information on kinship focuses on

title: Barmah National Park

text: Murray River occurring sporadically, both naturally and due to flow regulation of the river. The main fauna type found within the park are waterbirds. The area is a rich breeding, nesting and foraging area for over 200 bird species. It is also one of the largest breeding grounds of water birds in Victoria. Reptiles and amphibians are also found within the river red gum forest, as well as many native fish species in the river, including the Murray Cod. The main native mammals found include the grey kangaroo, koala, emu and possum species. Introduced animals such as rabbits, foxes and

title: Wimmera

text: of the key preservation areas is contained within the Grampians National Park, which possesses many unusual wildflowers and the greatest diversity of flora and fauna in Victoria west of the Snowy River. The Grampians also possess many important Aboriginal artifacts. A local Aboriginal name "Gariwerd" was adopted by the National Park in 1991 in recognition of this fact; however, this change was soon reversed after a change of state government in 1992. The Little Desert National Park, south of Nhill and west of Dimboola, is a large wilderness area of sand dunes that were too infertile for productive farming even

title: Ord Victoria Plain

text: become depleted or disappeared from these grasslands include the bilby ("Macrotis lagotis"), northern quoll ("Dasyurus hallucatus") and golden bandicoot ("Isoodon auratus"). Birds include Australian bustards, singing bushlark, and red-backed fairy-wren while there are important populations of purple-crowned fairywren ("Malurus coronatus") along the rivers especially the Victoria. The eucalyptus trees are habitat for lorikeets, friarbirds, and honeyeaters. Termites are a source of food for many of these birds and animals. The wildlife of the grasslands is still being researched so for example a new species of Ctenotus skink has been discovered quite recently. In general this is a large area of

title: Great Sandy Desert

text: Great Sandy Desert The Great Sandy Desert is an interim Australian bioregion, located in the North West of Western Australia straddling the Pilbara and southern Kimberley regions. It is the second largest desert in Australia after the Great Victoria Desert and encompasses an area of The Gibson Desert lies to the south and the Tanami Desert lies to the east of the Great Sandy Desert. The Great Sandy Desert contains large ergs, often consisting of longitudinal dunes. In the North East of the desert there is a meteorite impact crater, the Wolfe Creek crater. The region is sparsely populated. The

title: Bright, Victoria

text: even ferns can be seen close to each other. Within literally 350 metres of the town centre, just a few minutes walk, can be seen platypus, fish, yabbies and amphibians in their natural environment. Overhead there are dragonflies, harmless native bees and many species of birds including willy wagtail, kookaburra, magpie and cockatoo. They give the area an intermittent background soundtrack and can be quite communicative and sometimes emphatic if not occasionally boisterous. Lyrebirds can be heard outside of town and wombats and the occasional echidna can be seen. Several species of mostly small reptile such as lizards live in

title: Joshua Tree National Park

text: be seen because they are largely active during the day. However, it is at night that desert animals come out to roam. Mostly nocturnal animals include snakes, bighorn sheep, kangaroo rats, coyotes, lynx, and black-tailed jackrabbits. Animals that thrive in Joshua Tree often have special adaptations for dealing with limited water and high summer temperatures. The smaller mammals and all reptiles take refuge from the heat underground. Desert mammals make more efficient use of their bodies’ water supply than does the human body. Reptiles are physiologically adapted to getting along with little water, and birds can fly to water sources

title: Great Basin Desert

text: turn led to many small, isolated populations of genetically unique plant and animal species throughout the region. According to Grayson, more than 600 species of vertebrates live in the floristic Great Basin, which has a similar areal footprint to the ecoregion. Sixty-three of these species have been identified as species of conservation concern due to contracting natural habitats (for example, "Centrocercus urophasianus", "Vulpes macrotis", "Dipodomys ordii", and "Phrynosoma platyrhinos"). The ecology of the desert varies across geography, also. The desert’s high elevation and location between mountain ranges influences regional climate: the desert formed by the rain shadow of the Sierra

title: Anza-Borrego Desert State Park

text: many types of fauna, especially for bird-watching. Throughout the park, visitors may see bighorn sheep, mountain lions, kit foxes, mule deer, coyotes, greater roadrunners, golden eagles, black-tailed jackrabbits, ground squirrels, kangaroo rats, quail, and prairie falcons. In the reptile class, desert iguanas, chuckwallas, and the red diamond rattlesnakes can be seen. Some areas of ABDSP are habitats for the Peninsular bighorn sheep, often called desert bighorn sheep. Few park visitors see them, and the sheep avoid human contact. Observers count this endangered species to study the population, and monitor its current decline from human encroachment. The expanses of ABDSP's eroded

title: Alice Springs Desert Park

text: animals and people. The area is culturally important to the local Arrernte people. Much of the work of the park is under the auspices of their "apmereke-artweye" (decision-makers) and "kwertengerle" (caretakers) – people once known as the park's traditional owners. The park contains three separate walk-through desert habitat areas accessed through a trail: Desert Rivers, Sand Country, and Woodland. In addition, it has a Nocturnal House and a Nature theatre. The entrance area includes an exhibition center, rest rooms, and cafe. In this habitat, visitors walk through dry river beds,and areas that have been flooded, and past swamps and water

title: Pilbara

text: environment. There is a high diversity of invertebrates, including hundreds of species of subterranean fauna (both stygofauna and troglofauna), which are microscopic invertebrates that live underground in the caves, vugs or groundwater aquifers of the region and terrestrial fauna (see short-range endemic invertebrates). The Pilbara olive python, the western pebble-mound mouse, and the Pilbara ningaui of the Hamersley Range are among the many species of animals within the fragile ecosystems of this desert ecoregion. Birds include the Australian hobby, nankeen kestrel, spotted harrier, mulga parrot and budgerigars. Wildlife has been damaged by the extraction of iron, natural gas and asbestos

title: Patagonian Desert

text: desert iguana, western ribbon snake, and various species of eagle and hawk are a few of the variety of animals living in the region. The flora of the region is quite common for its climate and includes several species of desert shrubs like "Acantholippia" and "Benthamiella" and tuft grasses like "Stipa" and "Poa". Aquatic grasses and larger flora exist on the outskirts of the desert and around the ephemeral lakes that form from the Andes' runoff. The desert has hosted various indigenous peoples in its past, as evidenced by cave paintings in the area. The earliest inhabitants of the desert

title: Deserts of Australia

text: of Australia is covered by dunes. Central Australia is very dry, averaging 150 mm of rainfall each year. Many introduced species have affected the fauna and flora of Australia's desert regions. The Australian feral camel affects native vegetation. This is partly because Australian desert vegetation evolved without any major herbivores present. Uncontrolled access to more sensitive areas by four-wheel-drive vehicles is also an issue. Deserts of Australia Named deserts of Australia cover , or 18% of the Australian mainland. However, approximately 35% of the Australian continent receives so little rain it is effectively desert. The deserts in Australia are primarily

title: Wilsons Promontory National Park

text: tents uninvited. It is however illegal to feed wildlife and if one is found to be feeding them you will be issued with a fine by Parks Victoria staff. Outside the camping area, the wildlife is less accustomed to humans, and may be more difficult to spot. Possums can be quite easily found with a torch at night, and kangaroos and emus are often seen in large numbers on either side of the road on the way in to the National Park. Swamp wallabies are frequently spotted on many of the walks, as are a variety of bird species. The

title: Animal

text: including salt water, hydrothermal vents, fresh water, hot springs, swamps, forests, pastures, deserts, air, and the interiors of animals, plants, fungi and rocks. Animals are however not particularly heat tolerant; very few of them can survive at constant temperatures above . Only very few species of animals (mostly nematodes) inhabit the most extreme cold deserts of continental Antarctica. The blue whale ("Balaenoptera musculus") is the largest animal that has ever lived, weighing up to 190 metric tonnes and measuring up to long. The largest extant terrestrial animal is the African bush elephant ("Loxodonta africana"), weighing up to 12.25 tonnes and

title: Australian feral camel

text: the Northern Territory where they are confined to two main regions: the Simpson Desert and the western desert area of the Central Ranges, Great Sandy Desert and Tanami Desert. Some traditional food plants harvested by Aboriginal people in these areas are seriously affected by camel-browsing. While having soft-padded feet makes soil erosion less likely, they do destabilise dune crests, which can contribute to erosion. Feral camels do have a noticeable impact on salt lake ecosystems, and have been found to foul waterholes. Camels can do significant damage to infrastructure such as taps, pumps and even toilets as a means to

title: Little Desert National Park

text: Little Desert National Park The Little Desert National Park is a national park in the Western District of Victoria, Australia. The national park is situated near Dimboola, approximately west of Melbourne and extends from the Wimmera River in the east to the South Australian border in the west near . While the region is surrounded by agricultural land, the area of the Little Desert itself "consists mainly of deep sandy soils with very low fertility, interspersed with small pockets of clay soils. There are occasional rocky, sandstone outcrops and buckshot rises. Average yearly rainfall varies remarkably from the east to

title: Great Sandy-Tanami desert

text: Great Sandy-Tanami desert The Great Sandy-Tanami desert is a World Wildlife Fund ecoregion of Western Australia extending into the Northern Territory. This very large ecoregion consists of the Little Sandy Desert, Great Sandy Desert, and Tanami Desert Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA) regions. The landscape is desert sands with areas of wooded steppe and shrubby grassland. The Great Sandy Desert is a large area of red desert sand dunes, while the Tanami Desert to the east is flat sand broken up with areas of hills. One prominent landmark in the region is the large sandstone rock Uluru. The climate

title: Atacama Desert

text: Atacama. Humboldt penguins live year-round along the coast, nesting in desert cliffs overlooking the ocean. On salt flats both near the Pacific and inland, Andean flamingos flock to eat algae. Other birds (including species of hummingbirds and sparrows) visit the "lomas" seasonally to feed on insects, nectar, seeds, and flowers. The "lomas" help sustain several threatened species, such as the endangered Chilean woodstar. Because of the desert's extreme aridity, only a few specially adapted mammal species live in the Atacama, such as Darwin's leaf-eared mouse. The less arid parts of the desert are inhabited by the South American gray fox

title: Great Victoria Desert

title: Great Victoria Desert

long_answer: Wildlife adapted to these harsh conditions includes few large birds or mammals. However, the desert does sustain many types of lizard including the vulnerable great desert skink (Egernia kintorei) and a number of small marsupials including the endangered sandhill dunnart (Sminthopsis psammophila) and the crest-tailed mulgara (Dasycercus cristicauda). One way to survive here is to burrow into the sands, as a number of the desert's animals, including the southern marsupial mole (Notoryctes typhlops), and the water-holding frog do. Birds include the chestnut-breasted whiteface (Aphelocephala pectoralis) found on the eastern edge of the desert and the malleefowl of Mamungari Conservation Park. Predators of the desert include the dingo (as the desert is north of the Dingo Fence) and two large monitor lizards, the perentie (Varanus giganteus) and the sand goanna (Varanus gouldii).

short_answers:
chestnut-breasted whiteface
crest-tailed mulgara
dingo
great desert skink
malleefowl
perentie
sand goanna
sandhill dunnart
southern marsupial mole
water-holding frog


question: what is the oath that new citizens take

answers: United States Oath of Allegiance

title: Oath of citizenship

text: citizens take an oath to that effect at the end of their naturalization process: Giuro di essere fedele alla Repubblica e di osservare la Costituzione e le leggi dello Stato. I swear to be faithful to the Republic and to observe the Constitution and the laws of the State. I, [name], do swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, Her Heirs and Successors, according to law and that I will faithfully observe the laws of Jamaica and fulfill my duties as a citizen of Jamaica. According to New Zealand law, new

title: Oath of Citizenship (New Zealand)

text: new citizens to publicly declare their allegiance to their new country and for the local community to welcome them on behalf of all New Zealanders. Here, applicants stand before an official person (normally the local Mayor) and take the Oath or Affirmation of Allegiance. In doing so, applicants declare that they applicants will honour Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of New Zealand (or if the oath is recited solely in Maori, to pledge to Kuini Irihapeti te Tuarua, te Kuini o Aotearoa), obey the laws of New Zealand and be a good citizen. It is only after swearing allegiance that applicants

title: Oath of Citizenship (New Zealand)

text: become a New Zealand citizen, and are presented with a Citizenship Certificate from the local mayor (or government officials in a private ceremony in the absence of the Mayoral ceremony). New citizens then join in the singing of God Defend New Zealand before enjoying a cup of tea or glass of wine, normally following the Loyal toast. Oath of Citizenship (New Zealand) The Oath of Citizenship, as opposed to the Oath of Allegiance, is for new New Zealand citizens to pledge loyalty to the Queen of New Zealand, Elizabeth II, and faithfully observe to the laws of New Zealand. The

title: Oath of citizenship

text: is taken by a new citizen, as opposed to an oath. Officially called the "Pledge of Commitment": All new citizens have the choice of making the pledge with or without the words "under God". Som norsk statsborger lover jeg troskap til mitt land Norge og det norske samfunnet, og jeg støtter demokratiet og menneskerettighetene og vil respektere landets lover.As a citizen of Norway I pledge loyalty to my country Norway and the Norwegian society, and I support democracy and human rights and will respect the laws of the country.Applicants for Norwegian citizenship are not required to take the oath; it

title: Oath of citizenship

text: and will fulfill allegiance upon them, that I will highly honor the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Indonesia and will solemnly defend them, that I assume these obligations freely and will not diminish them even a little. Non-jews who wish to become citizens by way of naturalization must take an oath reading: In Italy, Article 54 of the Constitution states that every citizen has the duty to be loyal to the Republic and to uphold its Constitution and laws, while Provision XVIII requires every citizen to faithfully observe the Constitution as the fundamental law of the Republic. New

title: Oath of citizenship

text: Oath of citizenship An Oath of Citizenship is an oath taken by immigrants that officially naturalizes immigrants into citizens. It is often the final step in this process, and is usually done in a ceremonial capacity. An oath of citizenship is designed to be a statement of loyalty and patriotism to the new country. In countries which retain a monarchical system of government, an oath of allegiance to the monarch is often required as well. Adding an oath to God to the end of an oath is usually optional. Portuguese version:Declaro expressamente que assumo o compromisso de bem cumprir os

title: Oath of Citizenship (New Zealand)

text: Oath of Citizenship (New Zealand) The Oath of Citizenship, as opposed to the Oath of Allegiance, is for new New Zealand citizens to pledge loyalty to the Queen of New Zealand, Elizabeth II, and faithfully observe to the laws of New Zealand. The Oath, recited by citizenship recipients in New Zealand, is as follows: The oath of citizenship in Māori (known as "Te Oati Haumi") is as follows (without macrons): The Oath of citizenship may be recited either in English or in Maori. For those who object to adding 'God' to the end of an oath, may chose to take

title: Oath of citizenship

text: 8 C.F.R. Part 337 (2008)) is an oath that must be taken by all immigrants who wish to become United States citizens. I hereby declare, on oath, that I absolutely and entirely renounce and abjure all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, state, or sovereignty of whom or which I have heretofore been a subject or citizen; that I will support and defend the Constitution and laws of the United States of America against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I will bear arms on behalf of

title: Oath of citizenship

text: abide by Canada's laws and customs; upon signing the oath, citizenship is granted to the signer. New citizens must take the oath. As Canada is officially bilingual in English and French,the presiding official leads new citizens in both languages at citizenship ceremonies. It is mandatory that the presiding official and/or the citizenship officials observe each applicant reciting the oath. English version:I swear (or affirm) that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Second, Queen of Canada, Her Heirs and Successors, and that I will faithfully observe the laws of Canada and fulfil my

title: Oath of Citizenship (New Zealand)

text: an Affirmation: In Māori (called "Te Whakautanga Haumi"), this is (without macrons), When an application for New Zealand citizenship is granted, applicants are required to attend a public citizenship ceremony. Citizenship ceremonies were first held in 1954. Since 1955, groups of new citizens have publicly sworn allegiance to the Queen. New citizens from Commonwealth realms could take the oath in writing and get their certificates by post until 1996, when applicants were required to attend a public ceremony. The public ceremony is a very important step in the process of becoming a New Zealand citizen. It is an opportunity for

title: Oath of citizenship

text: will observe its laws faithfully and fulfil my duties and obligations as a British citizen.Persons acquiring British overseas territories citizenship make an equivalent pledge to the relevant British Overseas Territory. In the very unusual cases of an acquisition of British Overseas citizenship, or British subject status, no pledge would be required. Oath of citizenship An Oath of Citizenship is an oath taken by immigrants that officially naturalizes immigrants into citizens. It is often the final step in this process, and is usually done in a ceremonial capacity. An oath of citizenship is designed to be a statement of loyalty and

title: Oath of Citizenship (Canada)

text: Oath of Citizenship (Canada) The Oath of Citizenship, or Citizenship Oath (in ), is a statement recited and signed by those who apply to become citizens of Canada. Administered at a ceremony presided over by a designated official, the oath is a promise or declaration of fealty to the Canadian monarch and a promise to abide by Canada's laws and uphold the duties of a Canadian citizen; upon signing the oath, citizenship is granted to the applicant. The vow's roots lie in the oath of allegiance taken in the United Kingdom, the modern form of which was implemented in 1689

title: Oath of office

text: federal oath of constitutional allegiance. Typical would be the oath taken by all New York government officials: All elected county officials and the appointed officers such as clerk and master, and deputies to these officers, are required to take an oath of office which actually consists of two oaths: the constitutional oath, and an oath for the particular office or fidelity oath (Tenn. Const. Art. X, Sec. 1). The following is combination fidelity and constitutional oath: The simple constitutional oath and fidelity oath are taken by persons who do not have a more specific oath prescribed by law (T.C.A. §

title: Oath of Citizenship (Canada)

text: an abstraction or a corporation. The Oath of Citizenship is today a legally binding oral and written contract intended to ensure that new Canadian citizens promise to obey the laws and customs of their new country, fulfil their duties as citizens, and recognize the authority of the monarch as the personification of the state and various entities and concepts. Its current form is as follows: The equally valid French language version of the oath of citizenship is as follows: Or, the French affirmation: The Oath of Citizenship must be recited by all citizenship applicants in Canada in order to obtain

title: Oath of office

text: other member of the Knesset, in turn: I pledge myself. The Prime Minister of Israel has to make the following "declaration of allegiance" upon taking office: Each of the other Ministers has to swear: In Italy, before taking office, the President is required by Article 91 of the Constitution to take an oath of allegiance to the Republic and swear to uphold the Constitution before Parliament in joint session. The oath of office of the President is the following: Also, Article 54 of the Constitution requires public officials to fulfil their functions with discipline and honour, taking an oath to

title: Oath of Allegiance (United Kingdom)

text: heirs and successors, and additionally make a pledge to follow the laws of the country and uphold its democratic values. The applicants are then presented with their certificate of citizenship. Citizenship Oath of Allegiance: Citizenship Pledge The principle of swearing an oath, or form of promise, is well exemplified in the constitution of the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM), Article II, paragraph 2: "Adherence to a promise and law," the principles of Duty to God, Duty to others and Duty to self. The Scout Promise; On my honour I promise that I will do my best—To do my

title: Oath of Citizenship (Canada)

text: and that I will faithfully observe the laws of Canada and fulfil my duties as a Canadian citizen""; Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King was the first person to take this oath. Though new citizens were thereafter required by law to recite the Oath of Citizenship, on 1 April 1949, 359,000 Newfoundlanders became Canadian citizens without taking the oath, when the British crown colony joined Canadian Confederation. By the mid-1970s, it was thought that because Canada had a shared monarch the Oath of Citizenship should clarify for new citizens that the fealty they were offering was specifically to the monarch

title: Oath of office

text: and 'I promise' are sometimes used. All members of the Australian Parliament are required to take before taking their seat in Parliament an Oath or Affirmation of Allegiance before the Governor-General of Australia. The requirement to take the oath is set out in section 42 of the Australian Constitution and the wording of the oath and affirmation are set out in a schedule to the Constitution. The oath is: The affirmation is: Upon taking office, the Governor-General of Australia is required to take the above Oath of Allegiance as well as a second Oath of Office: In addition to swearing,

title: Oath of office

text: age, and any Regents, upon taking office, are required by the Constitution to take the same oath, adding to it a vow of allegiance to the King. In an inauguration ceremony a new Spanish Prime Minister takes an oath or affirmation of office over an open Constitution, which may be next to a cross and a Bible, and before the King of Spain and other dignitaries. Other ministers take a similar oath. In Sweden, a judge, whether a legally trained judge or a lay judge () shall take the following oath before assuming the duties of their office: In Switzerland,

title: Oath of citizenship

text: citizens are given the option of taking the oath in either English or Maori when swearing in at a citizenship ceremony. English versions: Oath of allegiance: I, [full name], swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her (or His) Majesty [specify the name of the reigning Sovereign, as thus: Queen Elizabeth the Second, Queen of New Zealand] Her (or His) heirs and successors according to law, and that I will faithfully observe the laws of New Zealand and fulfil my duties as a New Zealand citizen. So help me God. Those who object to adding "God"

title: Oath of Allegiance (New Zealand)

text: Oath of Allegiance (New Zealand) The New Zealand Oath of Allegiance is defined by the Oaths and Declarations Act 1957. All Oaths can be taken in either Māori or English form. It is possible to take an affirmation, which has the same legal effect as an Oath. The Oath, in its present form, is: In Māori, this is: A modified version, with the added phrase "and I will obey the laws of New Zealand and fulfil my duties as a New Zealand citizen" is used as New Zealand's Oath of Citizenship. An affirmation begins with "I, [name], solemnly, sincerely, and

title: Oath of office

text: according to the Federal Act on the Federal Assembly, people elected at the Swiss Federal Assembly or elected by it (such as the Swiss Federal Council) have to take an oath in front of the assembly. The oath is as follows: The solemn promise is as follows: In the Republic of China (mostly Taiwan and surrounding islands), oath of office is required to be taken by the President-elect before he or she assumes office. The Oath of office for the President of the Republic of China is specified in the Constitution of the Republic of China (Article 48): All members

title: Oath of Allegiance (New Zealand)

text: truly declare and affirm,” and continues with the words of the oath prescribed by law, omitting any reference to God. For simplification, the oaths set out below take the form they would have if used today in English. The Constitution Act 1986 requires that, before being permitted to sit or vote in the House of Representatives, members of Parliament must take the Oath of Allegiance. In May 2004, the Minister of Justice, Phil Goff, announced a review of New Zealand's oaths and affirmations stating that "This review also offers a chance for people to express a view on whether our

title: Oath of citizenship

text: the United States when required by the law; that I will perform noncombatant service in the Armed Forces of the United States when required by the law; that I will perform work of national importance under civilian direction when required by the law; and that I take this obligation freely without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; so help me God. For people who object to taking an oath (or are not religious), the words "on oath" can be replaced with "and solemnly affirm", and the words "so help me God" can be omitted. In some countries, a pledge

title: Oath of citizenship

text: deveres de cidadão brasileiro, observando e respeitando os preceitos da Constituição Federal.The English translation:I expressly declare that I assume the commitment to well comply the Brazilian citizen duties, observing and respecting the principles of the Federal Constitution. The Oath of Citizenship, or Citizenship Oath (in French: "serment de citoyenneté"), is a statement recited and signed by candidates who wish to become citizens of Canada. Administered at a ceremony presided over by assigned officers, most often a citizenship judge. The oath is a promise or declaration of fealty to Canada in the name of the Canadian monarch and a promise to

title: Oath of Allegiance (Australia)

text: not required. The current Oath of Office is: The oath taken by a member of the navy, army or air force is: The affirmation: The wording of the Oath of Allegiance taken by newly naturalising Australian citizens has changed over time. Australian nationality was created by the "Nationality and Citizenship Act 1948", which came into effect on 26 January 1949. British subjects could become Australian citizens after one year's residence in Australia as an immigrant by registration, and there was no requirement to attend a citizenship ceremony or take an oath of allegiance. Non-British subjects, on the other hand, were

title: Oath of Allegiance (New Zealand)

text: from the chamber by the Speaker of the House, Lockwood Smith, for not pledging the oath of allegiance as required by law. Oath of Allegiance (New Zealand) The New Zealand Oath of Allegiance is defined by the Oaths and Declarations Act 1957. All Oaths can be taken in either Māori or English form. It is possible to take an affirmation, which has the same legal effect as an Oath. The Oath, in its present form, is: In Māori, this is: A modified version, with the added phrase "and I will obey the laws of New Zealand and fulfil my duties

title: Oath of office

text: on July 2, 1862, required "every person elected or appointed to any office ... under the Government of the United States ... excepting the President of the United States" to swear or affirm that they had never previously engaged in criminal or disloyal conduct. Those government employees who failed to take the 1862 Test Oath would not receive a salary; those who swore falsely would be prosecuted for perjury and forever denied federal employment. The 1862 oath's second section incorporated a different rendering of the hastily drafted 1861 oath. Although Congress did not extend coverage of the Ironclad Test Oath

title: Oath of Citizenship (Canada)

text: that I will faithfully observe the laws of Canada, including Treaties with Indigenous Peoples, and fulfill my duties as a Canadian citizen." Lawyer Charles Roach, a permanent resident of Canada and executive board member of Citizens for a Canadian Republic (CCR) who refused to swear the Oath of Citizenship, attempted through the courts to have struck down the requirement to pledge allegiance to the monarch to obtain citizenship. With the support of his own law firm and CCR, Roach launched a number of suits against the Crown, beginning in 1994, when he argued to the federal court that being forced

title: Oath of Allegiance (United States)

text: The United States Oath of Allegiance, officially referred to as the "Oath of Allegiance," 8 C.F.R. Part 337 (2008), is an allegiance oath that must be taken by all immigrants who wish to become United States citizens.

title: Oath of Allegiance (United States)


question: active absorption of water from the soil by the root is mainly affected by

answers: SURFACE AREA OF ROOTS

answers: ATP

title: Absorption of water

text: it is called active absorption. According to Renner, active absorption takes place in low transpiring and well-watered plants, and 4% of total water absorption is carried out in this process. The active absorption is carried out by two theories; active osmotic water absorption and Active non-osmotic water absorption. In this process energy is required. This theory was given by Pari (1910) and Priestley (1921). According to this theory, the root cells behave as an ideal osmotic pressure system through which water moves up from the soil solution to the root xylem along an increasing gradient of D.P.D. (suction pressure, which

title: Absorption of water

text: than the soil water.If stated, water potential is comparatively positive in the soil water. This gradient of water potential causes endosmosis. The endosmosis of water continues till the water potential both in the root and soil becomes equal. It is the absorption of minerals that utilise metabolic energy, but not water absorption. Hence, absorption of water is indirectly an active process in a plant's life.Active transport is in an opposite direction to that of diffusion. This theory was given by Thimann (1951) and Kramer (1959). According to the theory, sometimes water is absorbed against a concentration gradient. This requires expenditure

title: Absorption of water

text: occurs simultaneously to compensate the water loss from the leaf end. Most volume of water entering plants is by means of passive absorption. Passive transport is no different from diffusion, it requires no input of energy: there is free movement of molecules from their higher concentration to their lower concentration. The water will enter the plant via the root cells that can be found in the roots where mainly passive absorption occurs. Also, with the absorption of water, minerals and nutrients are also absorbed. Absorption of water-Plants generally absorb capillary water from the soil through their roots.The diffusion pressure deficit

title: Soil

text: movement of water in soil is the means by which plants acquire it and their nutrients. Most soil water is taken up by plants as passive absorption caused by the pulling force of water evaporating (transpiring) from the long column of water (xylem sap flow) that leads from the plant's roots to its leaves, according to the cohesion-tension theory. The upward movement of water and solutes (hydraulic lift) is regulated in the roots by the endodermis and in the plant foliage by stomatal conductance, and can be interrupted in root and shoot xylem vessels by cavitation, also called "xylem embolism".

title: Absorption of water

text: of metabolic energy released from respiration of root cells. There is no direct evidence, but some scientists suggest involvement of energy from respiration. In conclusion, it is said that, the evidences supporting active absorption of water are themselves poor. This mechanism is carried out without utilisation of metabolic energy. Here, only the roots act as an organ of absorption or passage. Hence, sometimes it is called water absorption 'through roots', rather 'by' roots. It occurs in rapidly transpiring plants during the daytime, because of the opening of stomata and the atmospheric conditions. The force for absorption of water is created

title: Aerial root

text: intake from the air. There are many types of aerial roots, some such as mangrove aerial roots, are used for aeration and not for water absorption. In other cases they are used mainly for structure, and in order to reach the surface. Many plants rely on the leaf system for gathering the water into pockets, or onto scales. These roots function as terrestrial roots do. Most aerial roots directly absorb the moisture from fog or humid air. Some surprising results in studies on aerial roots of orchids show that the 'Velamen' - the white spongy envelop of the aerial roots,

title: Absorption of water

text: in a cell of a leaf is developed because of transpiration then water from the adjacent cell moves towards the cell.in the same way diffusion pressure deficit is developed in the second cell and water moves to it from the adjacent cell.this way a continuous diffusion pressure deficit is extended upto root hair and a suction force is developed. Absorption of water The absorption of water by plants is essential for various metabolic activities. Terrestrial plants get their water supply from soil which serves as the source of water and [minerals]. The way in which water from soil enters roots,

title: Absorption of water

text: at the leaf end i.e. the transpiration pull. The main cause behind this transpiration pull, water is lifted up in the plant axis like a bucket of water is lifted by a person from a well. Transpiration pull is responsible for dragging water at the leaf end, the pull or force is transmitted down to the root through column of water in the xylem elements. The continuity of the water column remains intact due to the cohesion between the molecules and it act as a rope. Roots simply act as a passive organ of absorption. As transpiration proceeds, water absorption

title: Soil

text: osmotic pressure differences between the plant interior and the soil solution. Plant roots must seek out water and grow preferentially in moister soil microsites, but some parts of the root system are also able to remoisten dry parts of the soil. Insufficient water will damage the yield of a crop. Most of the available water is used in transpiration to pull nutrients into the plant. Water is retained in a soil when the adhesive force of attraction that water's hydrogen atoms have for the oxygen of soil particles is stronger than the cohesive forces that water's hydrogen feels for other

title: Root pressure

text: studied by removing the shoot of a plant near the soil level. Xylem sap will exude from the cut stem for hours or days due to root pressure. If a pressure gauge is attached to the cut stem, the root pressure can be measured. Root pressure is caused by active distribution of mineral nutrient ions into the root xylem. Without transpiration to carry the ions up the stem, they accumulate in the root xylem and lower the water potential. Water then diffuses from the soil into the root xylem due to osmosis. Root pressure is caused by this accumulation of

title: Soil

text: point, seeds will not germinate, plants begin to wilt and then die. Water moves in soil under the influence of gravity, osmosis and capillarity. When water enters the soil, it displaces air from interconnected macropores by buoyancy, and breaks aggregates into which air is entrapped, a process called slaking. The rate at which a soil can absorb water depends on the soil and its other conditions. As a plant grows, its roots remove water from the largest pores (macropores) first. Soon the larger pores hold only air, and the remaining water is found only in the intermediate- and smallest-sized pores

title: Root rot

text: to only water plants when the soil becomes dry, and to put the plant in a well-drained pot. Using a heavy soil, such as one dug up from outdoors can also cause root rot. Many cases of root rot are caused by members of the water mold genus "Phytophthora"; perhaps the most aggressive is "P. cinnamomi". Spores from root rot causing agents do contaminate other plants, but the rot cannot take hold unless there is adequate moisture. Spores are not only airborne, but are also carried by insects and other arthropods in the soil. A plant with root rot will

title: Soil

text: given growth period, and thus the volume of water taken up by the root system over this period. Root architecture, i.e. the spatial configuration of the root system, plays a prominent role in the adaptation of plants to soil water and nutrient availabiity, and thus in plant productivity. Roots must seek out water as the unsaturated flow of water in soil can move only at a rate of up to 2.5 cm (one inch) per day; as a result they are constantly dying and growing as they seek out high concentrations of soil moisture. Insufficient soil moisture, to the point

title: Vascular plant

text: energy to be used by the plant. Transpiration assists the plant in absorbing nutrients from the soil as soluble salts. Living root cells passively absorb water in the absence of transpiration pull via osmosis creating root pressure. It is possible for there to be no evapotranspiration and therefore no pull of water towards the shoots and leaves. This is usually due to high temperatures, high humidity, darkness or drought. Xylem and phloem tissues are involved in the conduction processes within plants. Sugars are conducted throughout the plant in the phloem, water and other nutrients through the xylem. Conduction occurs from

title: Root hair

text: and prevent harmful bacterial organisms from entering the plant through the xylem vessels. They have a large surface area for absorption of water. Increasing root surface area aids plants to be more efficient in absorbing nutrients and establishing relationships with microbes. Cross-section of root hair cell: a roughly rectangular shape with a long, thin tail extending to the right and a nucleus at the top left. Water passes from the soil water to the root hair cell’s cytoplasm by osmosis. This happens because the soil water has a higher water potential than the root hair cell cytoplasm. The function of

title: Osmoregulation

text: have to absorb water from such a soil which has higher salt concentration and therefore lower water potential(higher osmotic pressure). Halophytes cope with this situation by activating salts in their roots. As a consequence, the cells of the roots develop lower water potential which brings in water by osmosis. The excess salt can be stored in cells or excreted out from salt glands on leaves. The salt thus secreted by some species help them to trap water vapours from the air, which is absorbed in liquid by leaf cells. Therefore, this is another way of obtaining additional water from air,

title: Soil

text: In addition, the high concentration of salts within plant roots creates an osmotic pressure gradient that pushes soil water into the roots. Osmotic absorption becomes more important during times of low water transpiration caused by lower temperatures (for example at night) or high humidity, and the reverse occurs under high temperature or low humidity. It is these process that cause guttation and wilting, respectively. Root extension is vital for plant survival. A study of a single winter rye plant grown for four months in one cubic foot of loam soil showed that the plant developed 13,800,000 roots, a total of

title: Root hair

text: Root hair A root hair, or absorbent hair, the rhizoid of a vascular plant, is a tubular outgrowth of a trichoblast, a hair-forming cell on the epidermis of a plant root. As they are lateral extensions of a single cell and only rarely branched, they are visible to the naked eye and light microscope. They are found only in the region of maturation of the root. Just prior to, and during, root hair cell development, there is elevated phosphorylase activity. The root hairs are where most water absorption happens. They are long and so they can penetrate between soil particles,

title: Root mucilage

text: throughout the network so that the network is not disrupted by a lack of carbohydrate input. Root mucilage also helps soil to stick to roots. The purpose of this is to maintain the plant's contact with the soil so that the plant can regulate the levels of water it can absorb, decrease friction so that roots can penetrate through the soil, and maintain a micro-climate. Root mucilage Root mucilage is made of plant-specific polysaccharides or long chains of sugar molecules. This polysaccharide secretion of root exudate forms a gelatinous substance that sticks to the caps of roots. Root mucilage is

title: Soil

text: holds about 95 percent of the soil nitrogen, 5 to 60 percent of the soil phosphorus and about 80 percent of the soil sulfur. Where crops are produced, the replenishment of nutrients in the soil must usually be augmented by the addition of fertilizer or organic matter. Because nutrient uptake is an active metabolic process, conditions that inhibit root metabolism may also inhibit nutrient uptake. Examples of such conditions include waterlogging or soil compaction resulting in poor soil aeration, excessively high or low soil temperatures, and above-ground conditions that result in low translocation of sugars to plant roots. Plants obtain

title: Root rot

text: Root rot Root rot is a condition found in both indoor and outdoor plants, although more common in indoor plants with poor drainage. As the name states, the roots of the plant rot. Usually, this is a result of overwatering. In houseplants, it is a very common problem, and is slightly less common in outdoor plants. In both indoor and outdoor plants, it is usually lethal and there is no effective treatment. The excess water makes it very difficult for the roots to get the air that they need, causing them to decay. To avoid root rot, it is best

title: Root

text: shoots can grow. Roots often function in storage of food and nutrients. The roots of most vascular plant species enter into symbiosis with certain fungi to form mycorrhizae, and a large range of other organisms including bacteria also closely associate with roots. When dissected, the arrangement of the cells in a root is root hair, epidermis, epiblem, cortex, endodermis, pericycle and, lastly, the vascular tissue in the centre of a root to transport the water absorbed by the root to other places of the plant. Perhaps the most striking characteristic of roots (that makes it distinguishable from other plant organs

title: Root rot

text: of aeroponics. Root rot Root rot is a condition found in both indoor and outdoor plants, although more common in indoor plants with poor drainage. As the name states, the roots of the plant rot. Usually, this is a result of overwatering. In houseplants, it is a very common problem, and is slightly less common in outdoor plants. In both indoor and outdoor plants, it is usually lethal and there is no effective treatment. The excess water makes it very difficult for the roots to get the air that they need, causing them to decay. To avoid root rot, it

title: Myrothamnus flabellifolius

text: mesophyll cells fold their cell wall in response to desiccation. Sclerenchyma and vascular cells do not fold, providing support for the plant. Once water is re-introduced, water absorption happens mostly via the roots, as leaves are unable to absorb any water at all. Water transport is aided with the help lipids found in the xylem. The lipids help prevents cavitation which helps in re-hydration. This plant was first described by Friedrich Welwitschs in 1859. "Myrothamnus flabellifoliusis" is a geophyte that can be found growing along mountain formations in central and southern Africa. It is typically found growing in altitudes between

title: Soil

text: is far greater than that of clay minerals. All in all, small amounts of humus may remarkably increase the soil's capacity to promote plant growth. Nutrients in the soil are taken up by the plant through its roots. To be taken up by a plant, a nutrient element must be located near the root surface; however, the supply of nutrients in contact with the root is rapidly depleted. There are three basic mechanisms whereby nutrient ions dissolved in the soil solution are brought into contact with plant roots: All three mechanisms operate simultaneously, but one mechanism or another may be

title: Soil

text: (micropores). The water in the smallest pores is so strongly held to particle surfaces that plant roots cannot pull it away. Consequently, not all soil water is available to plants, with a strong dependence on texture. When saturated, the soil may lose nutrients as the water drains. Water moves in a draining field under the influence of pressure where the soil is locally saturated and by capillarity pull to drier parts of the soil. Most plant water needs are supplied from the suction caused by evaporation from plant leaves (transpiration) and a lower fraction is supplied by suction created by

title: Nitrogen assimilation

text: the shoot via the xylem in the form of nitrate, dissolved ammonia and amino acids. Usually (but not always) most of the nitrate reduction is carried out in the shoots while the roots reduce only a small fraction of the absorbed nitrate to ammonia. Ammonia (both absorbed and synthesized) is incorporated into amino acids via the glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase (GS-GOGAT) pathway. While nearly all the ammonia in the root is usually incorporated into amino acids at the root itself, plants may transport significant amounts of ammonium ions in the xylem to be fixed in the shoots. This may help avoid

title: Soil respiration

text: this respiration occurs in roots, it adds to soil respiration. Root respiration usually accounts for approximately half of all soil respiration. However, these values can range from 10–90% depending on the dominate plant types in an ecosystem and conditions under which the plants are subjected. Thus the amount of CO produced through root respiration is determined by the root biomass and specific root respiration rates. Directly next to the root is the area known as the rhizosphere, which also plays an important role in soil respiration. The rhizosphere is a zone immediately next to the root surface with its neighboring

title: Hydrotropism

text: of the root. Hydrotropism is difficult to observe in underground roots, since the roots are not readily observable, and root gravitropism is usually more influential than root hydrotropism. Water readily moves in soil and soil water content is constantly changing so any gradients in soil moisture are not stable. Root hydrotropism research has mainly been a laboratory phenomenon for roots grown in humid air rather than soil. Its ecological significance in soil-grown roots is unclear because so little hydrotropism research has examined soil-grown roots. Recent identification of a mutant plant that lacks a hydrotropic response may help to elucidate its

title: Absorption of water

text: Active absorption refers to the absorption of water by roots with the help of ATP, generated by the root respiration: as the root cells actively take part in the process, it is called active absorption.  According to Renner, active absorption takes place in low transpiring and well-watered plants, and 4% of total water absorption is carried out in this process. The active absorption is carried out by two theories; active osmotic water absorption and Active non-osmotic water absorption. In this process energy is required.

title: Absorption of water


question: who played tom hagon in the godfather series

answers: Robert Duvall

title: Tom Rosqui

text: following a long struggle with cancer. He was survived by a son and two stepchildren. Tom Rosqui Thomas Francis Rosqui (June 12, 1928 – April 12, 1991) was an American character actor with extensive stage experience. Rosqui was born in Oakland, California, the son of a Portuguese mother, Sally (née Fernandes), a homemaker, and an Italian father, Thomas A. Rosqui, a traffic manager. Rosqui appeared on Broadway in "Sticks and Bones" and "The Price", among other productions. He also appeared on television, but his most prominent role was as Corleone family bodyguard Rocco Lampone in the first two "Godfather" movies.

title: Garrick Hagon

text: Garrick Hagon Garrick Hagon (born 27 September 1939) is a British-born Canadian actor on film, stage, television and radio, best known for his role as Biggs Darklighter in "Star Wars: A New Hope". His many films include "Batman", "Spy Game", "Me and Orson Welles" and "The Message". He was the rebel leader Ky in "Doctor Who: The Mutants", and played Simon Gerrard, Debbie Aldridge's husband in the BBC’s "The Archers". Hagon was born in London, England, and brought up in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, where he attended UTS and Trinity College (Hon. English, 1963). He acted with Alec Guinness in "Richard

title: Garrick Hagon

text: Richard Linklater's "Me and Orson Welles", Fr. Loughton in Xie Jin's "The Opium War", James Halgate III in Philip Stolzl's "The Expatriate", Lt. Rafferty in Richard Attenborough's "A Bridge Too Far", the British General in Paul Verhoeven's "Black Book", Eros in Charlton Heston’s "Antony and Cleopatra", Jack Ives in "Some Kind of Hero", and the American doctor in Olivier Dahan's "La Vie en rose". In 2006, he appeared in an episode of "The Line of Beauty". In 2012, Hagon had a role in "Doctor Who" series 7 episode 3, "A Town Called Mercy". Filming took place in Almeria, Spain, March

title: Louis Guss

text: at the age of 90 in 2008 from natural causes. He is survived by his wife and son. Louis Guss Louis Guss (January 4, 1918 – September 29, 2008) was an American character actor with a long line of screen credits, having appeared in hundreds of TV series, feature films and stage productions, specializing in blue-collar ethnic roles, over a five decade career. He is perhaps best known for his roles as Don Zaluchi in "The Godfather" (1972), Joseph Magliocco in "Crazy Joe" (1974), Raymond Capomaggi in "Moonstruck" (1987), Nathan Grodner in "The Yards" (2000), and Jerry "the Hammer" Fungo

title: Carmine Caridi

text: Genco Abbandando in "Godfather Part II" and a bystander to the fight between Sonny Corleone and Carlo Rizzi in "The Godfather", and Sofia Coppola, who played Mary Corleone in "Godfather Part III" and the infant son of Carlo and Connie baptized in the final scenes of "The Godfather" as well as a child on the ship at the beginning of "Godfather Part II"). According to studio executive Robert Evans in his 1994 memoir "The Kid Stays in the Picture", Caridi was director Francis Ford Coppola's first choice for the role of Sonny Corleone, but Evans insisted on James Caan because

title: Rick Pasqualone

text: 1996 short film, "Tales of Erotica", which also starred a young Mira Sorvino. Michael Sorvino, Mira's brother, voiced the protagonist Tommy Angelo in the 2002 prequel to "Mafia II", "". In addition to television, he also does voice-over work for commercials and video games. Some of his more notable works include "Civilization V", "", "", "The Darkness II" and "Grand Theft Auto V". In 2009, he became the new voice of Aldo Trapani in "The Godfather II". He was also the voice of Diego in the video game "" and Dan Turpin in "The Death of Superman". Rick Pasqualone Richard

title: Richard Bright (actor)

text: her face. Bright also played Neri in both sequels, becoming one of five actors to appear in all three Godfather films; his character murdered both Fredo Corleone (John Cazale) at the end of "The Godfather Part II" and the Vatican banker Archbishop Gilday at the end of "The Godfather Part III". Bright played another hired killer, Chicken Joe, in Sergio Leone's gangster epic "Once Upon a Time in America" (1984). Other roles include "Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid" (1973), "Rancho Deluxe" (1975), "Marathon Man" (1976), "Looking for Mr. Goodbar" (1977), the film adaptation of "Hair" (1979), "Red Heat" (1988),

title: Jeff Wilpon

text: he's King Tut waiting for his camel." Many commentators on the internet and in broadcast media have referred to Jeff Wilpon as "Fredo" Wilpon, after the ineffectual member of the Corleone family played by John Cazale in "The Godfather" and "The Godfather Part II". In media guides Mr Wilpon stated that he had played in the Montreal Expos system to further his baseball credibility while in fact he was simply signed by the team as a favor to his father and never played professional baseball. Jeff Wilpon attended the University of Miami for one year and was a member of

title: Richard Bright (actor)

text: "The Panic in Needle Park" (1971), playing Al Pacino's brother Hank. In 1972 he appeared in Francis Ford Coppola's adaptation of "The Godfather" as Al Neri, Michael Corleone (Al Pacino)'s primary enforcer and bodyguard. Michael, as the don of the Corleone Family, implements a security detail that keeps Neri and Rocco Lampone close by at all times. A deleted scene from "The Godfather" shows former consiglieri and family attorney Tom Hagen reviewing the payroll ledgers and finding both Neri and Lampone being paid much more than their nominal jobs are worth. It is soon revealed that both are, in fact,

title: Al Pacino

text: agency Creative Management Associates (CMA). His role as a heroin addict in "The Panic in Needle Park" (1971) brought Pacino to the attention of director Francis Ford Coppola, who cast him as Michael Corleone in what became a blockbuster Mafia film, "The Godfather" (1972). Although Jack Nicholson, Robert Redford, Warren Beatty, and the little-known Robert De Niro were tried out for the part, Coppola selected Pacino, to the dismay of studio executives who wanted someone better known. Pacino's performance earned him an Academy Award nomination, and offered a prime example of his early acting style. This was described by "Halliwell's

title: Corrado Gaipa

text: Corrado Gaipa Corrado Gaipa (March 13, 1925 – September 21, 1989) was an Italian actor and voice actor. Born in Palermo, Sicily, Gaipa enrolled in the Silvio d’Amico Academy of Dramatic Arts, graduating in 1946. He appeared in many Italian films. Internationally, he was well known for having played Don Tommasino in Francis Ford Coppola's "The Godfather" in 1972. Also active on stage, radio and television, he was mainly active as a voice actor and a dubber. He was in a wheelchair. At the time of his death, he had just signed to reprise the role of Don Tommasino in

title: Garrick Hagon

text: III" at the Stratford Festival, where he played for seven seasons and won the Tyrone Guthrie Award in 1963. He guest-starred (as Johnnie Nipick) in the episode "The River" in the CBC television series "The Forest Rangers" in 1964. After studying for a spell with the Royal Court Theatre Studio in London, Hagon then acted with Prospect Productions, in many repertory theatres, in the West End in Arthur Miller’s "All My Sons" (as Chris Kellar) and at the Royal National Theatre in "After The Fall". As a voice actor he has been heard in many films and TV series including

title: Richard Bright (actor)

text: the time he was struck. Bright was 68 years old at that time. He was survived by his wife, Rutanya Alda, son Jeremy, daughter Diane, and brother Charles. Richard Bright (actor) Richard James Bright (June 28, 1937 – February 18, 2006) was an American actor well known for his role as Al Neri in the "Godfather" films. Bright was born in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, New York City, the son of Matilda (née Scott) and Ernest Bright, who was a shipbuilder. Bright began his career doing live television in Manhattan at the age of 18 and made his film debut in

title: Godfather (2012 film)

text: Another budding actress, Catherine Tresa was also roped in to reprise the role originally played by Kanika Subramaniam in the Tamil version. It was P. C. Sreeram who insisted his longtime friend A. R. Rahman compose the music for the movie. Initial reports wrongly reported that cinematographer P. C. Sreeram would be the director of the film. Sethu Sriram, who had apprenticed under the veteran cinematographer and independently shot films like Dil Se.., Kuch Kuch Hota Hai, Desires of the Heart, , Tere Naam, Thanmathra, Annavaram, Money Hai Toh Honey Hai, Tere Sang, Wanted, Milenge Milenge, Samurai, The Terrorist, Halo,

title: The Godfather II (video game)

text: reprising the role of Tom Hagen from the films and the first game, but, as in the first game, Al Pacino would not be appearing in voice or likeness in the role of Michael Corleone. A major concern for the developers was the behavior of the other families. Whereas in "Godfather", the other families were relatively inactive, and simply waited for the player to attack them, in "Godfather II", they are more proactive and will attack the player, and each other, on a regular basis. In the first game, once a player took over a business, they couldn't lose that

title: The Godfather Part II

text: to write the character's dialogue in the film. The part in the plot originally intended for the latter-day Clemenza was then filled by the character of Frank Pentangeli, played by Michael V. Gazzo. Troy Donahue, in a small role as Connie's boyfriend, plays a character named Merle Johnson, which was his birth name. Two actors who appear in the film played different character roles in other "Godfather" films: Carmine Caridi, who plays Carmine Rosato, also went on to play crime boss Albert Volpe in "The Godfather Part III"; Frank Sivero, who plays a young Genco Abbandando, appears as a bystander

title: Vito Corleone

text: In "The Godfather", Don Vito Corleone was portrayed by Marlon Brando. He was portrayed as a younger man in "The Godfather Part II" by Robert De Niro. Both performances won Academy Awards — Best Actor for Brando, Best Supporting Actor for De Niro. Vito Corleone is the only motion picture character played by two different actors to be awarded an Oscar for both portrayals. Brando declined his Oscar, having Sacheen Littlefeather state his reasons during the awards show. "Premiere Magazine" listed Vito Corleone as the greatest film character in history. He was also selected as the 53rd greatest film character

title: The Godfather (film series)

text: The Godfather (film series) The Godfather is an American film series that consists of three crime drama films directed by Francis Ford Coppola inspired by the novel of the same name by Italian American author Mario Puzo. The series follows the trials of the Corleone family, Italian Americans whose patriarch, Vito Corleone, rises to be a major figure in American organized crime. His youngest son, Michael Corleone, becomes his successor. The films were distributed by Paramount Pictures and released in 1972, 1974 and 1990. The series achieved success at the box office, with the films earning over $550 million worldwide.

title: The Godfather

text: he acted out the fight between Rizzi and Connie. Nearing the start of filming on March 29, Michael Corleone had yet to be cast. Paramount executives wanted a popular actor, either Warren Beatty or Robert Redford. Producer Robert Evans wanted Ryan O'Neal to receive the role in part due to his recent success in "Love Story". Pacino was Coppola's favorite for the role as he could picture him roaming the Sicilian countryside, and wanted an unknown actor who looked like an Italian-American. However, Paramount executives found Pacino to be too short to play Michael. Dustin Hoffman, Martin Sheen, and James

title: Vincent Corleone

text: Vincent Corleone Vincent Santino Corleone (né Mancini) is a fictional character in the 1990 feature film "The Godfather Part III", in which he is portrayed by Andy García, who was nominated for an Academy Award for his performance. Vincent is the illegitimate son of Sonny Corleone and his mistress Lucy Mancini. He eventually succeeds his uncle Michael as head of the Corleone family. Retroactive continuity ("retcon") was employed to create the character's existence for "The Godfather Part III", as it is evident from Mario Puzo's original novel that Lucy did not conceive a child with Sonny. Coppola has said that

title: John Cazale

text: John Cazale John Holland Cazale (; ; August 12, 1935 – March 13, 1978) was an American actor. He appeared in five films over six years, all of which were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture: "The Godfather", "The Conversation", "The Godfather Part II", "Dog Day Afternoon", and "The Deer Hunter." He appeared in archival footage in "The Godfather Part III", also nominated for Best Picture. From his start as a theater actor, he became one of Hollywood's premier character actors, starting with his role as the doomed, weak-minded Fredo Corleone opposite longtime friend Al Pacino in Francis

title: Marlon Brando

text: nomination, for "Sayonara." Brando's performance as Vito Corleone, the "Don," in "The Godfather" (1972), Francis Ford Coppola's adaptation of Mario Puzo's 1969 best-selling novel of the same name, was a career turning point, putting him back in the Top Ten and winning him his second Best Actor Oscar. Paramount production chief Robert Evans, who had given Puzo an advance to write "The Godfather" so that Paramount would own the film rights, hired Coppola after many major directors had turned the film down. Evans wanted an Italian-American director who could provide the film with cultural authenticity. Coppola also came cheap. Evans

title: Michael V. Gazzo

text: in "The Godfather Part II". He lost to Robert De Niro, who played Vito Corleone in the same film. Gazzo died on February 14, 1995 at age 71 due to complications from a stroke. He was buried in the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles. Michael V. Gazzo Michael Vincenzo Gazzo (April 5, 1923 – February 14, 1995) was an American playwright who later in life became a film and television actor. He was nominated for an Academy Award for his role in "The Godfather Part II" (1974). Gazzo was born on April 5, 1923. He was a

title: Sonny Marinelli

text: he played the role of mobster John Gotti in the television movie "Boss of Bosses". He also voiced the character Henry Tomasino in the 2010 video game "Mafia II" and went on to provide additional voices in "Mafia III". Marinelli is also a founding member of the Actors Gym Theater Company along with Robert Moresco. Sonny Marinelli Anthony Savino "Sonny" Marinelli (born May 2, 1967) is an American actor and voice actor. Marinelli is best known for his acting roles in "Vegas", "Entourage" and "Noel". Marinelli also played the role of mobster John Gotti in the 2001 television movie "Boss

title: The Godfather (film series)

text: been released to supplement the film series. The releases include: "The Godfather", "The Godfather: The Game" and "The Godfather II". The Godfather (film series) The Godfather is an American film series that consists of three crime drama films directed by Francis Ford Coppola inspired by the novel of the same name by Italian American author Mario Puzo. The series follows the trials of the Corleone family, Italian Americans whose patriarch, Vito Corleone, rises to be a major figure in American organized crime. His youngest son, Michael Corleone, becomes his successor. The films were distributed by Paramount Pictures and released in

title: Michael V. Gazzo

text: Michael V. Gazzo Michael Vincenzo Gazzo (April 5, 1923 – February 14, 1995) was an American playwright who later in life became a film and television actor. He was nominated for an Academy Award for his role in "The Godfather Part II" (1974). Gazzo was born on April 5, 1923. He was a member of the Actors Studio and would later go on to train such actors as Debra Winger, Henry Silva and Tony Sirico. He authored the gritty Broadway play about drug addiction "A Hatful of Rain", which ran for 389 performances in 1955 and 1956. It starred Ben

title: Tony Giorgio

text: Tony Giorgio Tony Giorgio (born Joseph Anthony Giorgio; September 27, 1923 – February 1, 2012) was an Italian-American actor and magician and known for his portrayal of Bruno Tattaglia in Francis Ford Coppola's 1972 film "The Godfather". He also appeared in films such as "Black Gunn" (1972), "Magnum Force" (1973), "Foxy Brown" (1974), "Capone" (1975), "Escape to Witch Mountain" (1975), "The Sting II" (1983), "The Lonely Guy" (1984), "Night Train to Terror" (1985) and "American Me" (1992). He played the part of a dealer in the episode entitled "The System" in "Mission Impossible", Season 3, and originated the role of

title: Richard Bright (actor)

text: Richard Bright (actor) Richard James Bright (June 28, 1937 – February 18, 2006) was an American actor well known for his role as Al Neri in the "Godfather" films. Bright was born in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, New York City, the son of Matilda (née Scott) and Ernest Bright, who was a shipbuilder. Bright began his career doing live television in Manhattan at the age of 18 and made his film debut in Robert Wise's "Odds Against Tomorrow" (1959). He also worked on several movies early in his career with his friend Sam Peckinpah. In 1965 Bright starred in poet Michael

title: Richard S. Castellano

text: the role. Bruno Kirby portrayed Clemenza as a young man in "The Godfather Part II". He had played the son of Castellano's character in "The Super". Castellano died from a heart attack in 1988 at age 55. Richard S. Castellano Richard Salvatore Castellano (September 4, 1933 – December 10, 1988) was an American actor who is best remembered for his Oscar-nominated role in "Lovers and Other Strangers" and his subsequent role as Peter Clemenza in "The Godfather". Richard S. Castellano was born in the Bronx, New York to an Italian Catholic family. According to Castellano's widow, he was the nephew

title: Tom Hagen

text: Thomas "Tom" Hagen is a fictional character in Mario Puzo's novel Godfather and Francis Ford Coppola's films The Godfather and The Godfather Part II. He is portrayed by Robert Duvall in the films.

title: Tom Hagen