question: who plays the doc in back to the future

answers: Christopher Allen Lloyd

title: Back to the Future

text: Back to the Future Back to the Future is a 1985 American science fiction film directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Zemeckis and Bob Gale. It stars Michael J. Fox as teenager Marty McFly, who accidentally travels back in time to 1955, where he meets his future parents and becomes his mother's romantic interest. Christopher Lloyd portrays the eccentric scientist Dr. Emmett "Doc" Brown, inventor of the time-traveling DeLorean, who helps Marty repair history and return to 1985. Zemeckis and Gale wrote the script after Gale wondered whether he would have befriended his father if they had attended school

title: Back to the Future (TV series)

text: closed each episode while Dan Castellaneta provided the animated Doc Brown's voice. James Tolkan was also featured as a guest voice in one episode, however he returned only to voice a completely different character as opposed to his Principal Strickland character from the films. In addition, Bill Nye appeared as Dr. Brown's Lab Assistant during the live-action segments at the end of each episode performing scientific experiments related to the episode. Nye also serves as the show's technical advisor. These segments later led to Nye getting his own show. Although the show no longer airs on television, nine VHS cassettes

title: Back to the Future (franchise)

text: DeLorean, with Marty jumping out just in the nick of time. Marty reveals to Jennifer the time travel adventure and they visit the scene of the wreckage of the DeLorean. He worries that Doc has been lost in the past forever, when suddenly Doc appears in a new time machine, modeled after a locomotive. When Marty asks if Doc is going to the future, Doc replies that he has "already been there." Doc's last words of wisdom is that nobody knows their future, so they "must make it a good one." The locomotive flies across the sky and disappears, ending

title: Back to the Future Part II

text: Back to the Future Part II Back to the Future Part II is a 1989 American science fiction film directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Bob Gale. It is the sequel to the 1985 film "Back to the Future" and the second installment in the "Back to the Future" trilogy. The film stars Michael J. Fox, Christopher Lloyd, Thomas F. Wilson, and Lea Thompson. In the plot, Marty McFly (Fox) and his friend Dr. Emmett "Doc" Brown (Lloyd) travel to 2015, where bully Biff Tannen (Wilson) steals Doc's DeLorean time machine and uses it to alter history for the

title: Christopher Lloyd

text: Christopher Allen Lloyd (born October 22, 1938) is an American actor, voice actor, and comedian.  He is best known for his roles as Emmett "Doc" Brown in the Back to the Future trilogy, Judge Doom in Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), Merlock the Magician in DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp (1990), Uncle Fester in The Addams Family (1991) and its sequel Addams Family Values (1993), and Grigori Rasputin in Anastasia (1997).

title: Back to the Future: The Game

text: who appear in the game's final cutscene. Locascio was able to get the part when his audition sample ended up in the email inbox of voice director Julian Kwasneski, and managed to impress both Gale and Lloyd with how closely it resembled the sound of Fox's voice during the time the trilogy was filmed. Lloyd returned to voice Doc Brown and began his first recording session for the game in late September 2010. Later, Claudia Wells joined the cast, reprising her role as Jennifer Parker from the first film. Kid Beyond provides the voice for Biff Tannen in place of

title: Back to the Future: The Game

text: Back to the Future: The Game Back to the Future: The Game is an episodic graphic adventure based on the "Back to the Future" film franchise. The game was developed and published by Telltale Games as part of a licensing deal with Universal Pictures. Bob Gale, co-creator, co-writer and co-producer of the film trilogy, assisted Telltale in writing the game's story. Original actors Michael J. Fox and Christopher Lloyd allowed the developers to use their likenesses in the game for the lead characters Marty McFly and Doc Brown, respectively. Lloyd reprises his role as Doc, while A.J. Locascio plays the

title: Mary Steenburgen

text: times at Christmas only to rely on a Christmas miracle to save her family. In 1989 she played Karen Buckman, the wife of Steve Martin’s character in Parenthood. In "Back to the Future Part III" (1990), Steenburgen played Clara Clayton, a school teacher who falls in love with Doc Brown, played by Christopher Lloyd. She was persuaded to play the role by her children, as well as by fans of the "Back to the Future" films, and reprised the role by providing the character's voice in "". Other performances have been: in "What's Eating Gilbert Grape" (1993), as a woman

title: Back to the Future: The Ride

text: heavily from the original. Following the events of "Back to the Future Part III", Dr. Emmett "Doc" Brown moves to the present time in Hill Valley where, in 1991, he founded the Institute of Future Technology, a scientific institute specializing in his "futuristic" inventions. On May 2, 1991, he invites tourists into the facility as "volunteers" in order to test out his newest invention, the eight-passenger DeLorean time machine, by traveling one day into the future. Meanwhile, Doc travels to 2015 in the original DeLorean (a new time machine being built out of another DeLorean) to make sure the space

title: Back to the Future: The Ride

text: a convertible), which is what the riders will be using in the experiment. Unbeknownst to Doc, Biff has infiltrated the Institute – he appears to the riders, asking for assistance in finding Doc's time machine. Heather then announces that the pre-flight system checks were in progress and informs the riders to stand by for an announcement from Doc. Biff traps Doc in his office, and it was revealed that when one of the time traveling teams was conducting an experiment back in 1955, Biff stowed away. He takes the DeLorean and vanishes into time. Worried about the havoc Biff will

title: Back to the Future (TV series)

text: escape from Griff Tannen, Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen and a Biff-like dinosaur respectively). The following scene depicts the group sitting down to dinner, before noticing Einstein is missing. They subsequently find him driving the steam train time machine to an unknown time. For the second season, the intro replaces the collection of the main characters with clips of the first season and ends with the same sequence from season one's intro. Mary Steenburgen (Clara Clayton Brown) and Thomas F. Wilson (Biff Tannen) voiced their characters from the films. Christopher Lloyd played Doc Brown in the live-action segments which opened and

title: Back to the Future: The Ride

text: the vortex to the original point of departure – the present, at the Institute of Future Technology (in which they crash through the "Back to the Future" logo in front), where Biff get out and thanks the riders and Doc for saving his life, but is soon seized by security. Riders exit the vehicle, as Doc thanks them and reminds them that, "The future is what you make it!" An animated logo of the Institute of Future Technology flashs up on the screen with the words "Please lift lap bar and exit" and after a few seconds Doc warns, "Hurry

title: Back to the Future: The Game

text: Hill Valley's paper. Marty reads through her newspaper collection to find Doc had been jailed in 1931 and killed by Irving "Kid" Tannen, Biff Tannen's father. Marty and Einstein set off to 1931 in the DeLorean to prevent Doc's death. There, Marty is able to talk to Doc who explains he was accused of arson upon the Kid's illegal speakeasy, (that the new DeLorean is a temporal copy created by the lightning strike of 1955 and have been tossed to 2025 when Doc travelled into the future between the first and second movies) and thus needs to escape the jail.

title: Back to the Future (franchise)

text: the future. Arriving in the middle of a melee between the United States Cavalry and American Indians, an Indian arrow pierces a hole in the DeLorean's fuel line, emptying the fuel tank and rendering the engine useless. Marty convinces Doc to come back with him and find a way to get back to his time before it's too late. After several dramatic action scenes involving using a speeding locomotive to push the DeLorean to , Marty returns to 1985 without Doc Brown. When the DeLorean appears in 1985 on the same train track as planned, a modern train destroys the

title: Back to the Future (musical)

text: romantic interest. Marty must repair the damage to history by causing his parents-to-be to fall in love, and with the help of scientist Dr. Emmett "Doc" Brown (Lloyd), he must find a way to return to 1985. "Back to the Future" marked the start of a successful franchise, ultimately becoming a trilogy, with the total income for the three films taking over $936 million. The show will reunite some of the team behind the series. It will be adapted by Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale from their 1985 screenplay, with set and costume design by Soutra Gilmour, lighting by Jon

title: Back to the Future (franchise)

text: to 1985, a lightning bolt strikes the DeLorean and activates the time circuits, sending Doc back to 1885 and leaving Marty stranded once again in 1955. After finding out that Doc Brown is trapped in 1885, Marty sets out to find the 1955 Doc to help him fix the DeLorean (which has been waiting for him in a mineshaft for seventy years) and restore it to working order. Learning that Doc gets shot in 1885 by Biff's great-grandfather, Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen, Marty travels back in time to save Doc (who has become a blacksmith) and bring him back to

title: Back to the Future: The Ride

text: a "live" video feed from 2015 in which he explains the experiment. Riders enter the ride as "volunteers" for the time travel experiment at the Institute of Future Technology. Doc explains that the plan was for them to travel one day into the future, but this caution must be exercised as Biff, who graduated from Hill Valley High School in 1955, has escaped his time period and is now running amok in the space-time continuum. Once inside, Doc reveals some of the inventions he had been working on, including his "crowning achievement" – an 8-passenger DeLorean DMC-12 time machine (also

title: Back to the Future Part II

text: Marty McFly and his girlfriend, , to travel to the future with him and help their future children, with Biff Tannen witnessing their departure. They arrive on October 21, 2015, where Doc electronically knocks out Jennifer and leaves her asleep in an alley, explaining that she should not have too much knowledge of future events. He has Marty pose as his own son and lookalike Marty Jr. to refuse an offer to participate in a robbery with Biff's grandson Griff, thus saving both of Marty's children from prison. Marty switches places with Marty Jr. and refuses Griff's offer, but Griff

title: Back to the Future (franchise)

text: Sound Editing). Seventeen-year-old Marty McFly is accidentally sent back in time from 1985 to 1955 in a time machine built from a DeLorean by eccentric scientist Emmett "Doc" Brown, when they are attacked by Libyans from whom Doc stole the plutonium that gives the flux capacitor the 1.21 gigawatts it needs to time-travel. Soon after his arrival in 1955, Marty's mother Lorraine falls in love with him, rather than with his father George McFly, threatening to cause a paradox that would result in Marty ceasing to exist. Without plutonium to power the time machine, Marty must find the 1955 Doc

title: Back to the Future (franchise)

text: the franchise and illustrated how the idea of converting trash into fuel had become reality. The commercial was released on October 21 — the same date to which Marty, Doc and Jennifer traveled in "Back to the Future Part II". "Doc Brown Saves the World" is a 2015 direct-to-video short film directed by Robert Zemeckis and starring Christopher Lloyd as Emmett Brown. The short is featured on the 2015 Blu-ray and DVD release of the Back to the Future trilogy commemorating for the franchise's 30th anniversary. The short was written by Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale and produced by Bob

title: Back to the Future: The Ride

text: on the previous construction walls of The Simpsons Ride, the Comic Book Guy wore Marty's futuristic jacket from "Back to the Future Part II". Also, in the line satirical video, an animated Doc Brown (voiced by Christopher Lloyd) attempts to borrow money from a loan office to save the Institute of Future Technology. However, Professor Frink crashes back in time in a DeLorean and crushes the banker, and Doc is upset that he must "sell the Institute of Future Technology to that mercenary clown!". In 2016, it was officially announced that the Japan ride would close on May 31, 2016.

title: Back to the Future: The Ride

text: security guard, while Tetsuo Goto and Hironori Miyata voiced the IFT scientists. In keeping with the theme of the ride, many prop-replicas from the films were on display as guests lined up. Notable items included the Hoverboards from the second and third movies and letters from Doc Brown to Marty McFly. The locomotive from the third film and one of the modified DeLoreans were on display outside the ride; the DeLorean outside the Florida ride was removed on September 3, 2007, later to be seen with Doc driving it until it was put on display outside of Soundstage 54. The

title: Back to the Future Part III

text: Back to the Future Part III Back to the Future Part III is a 1990 American science fiction Western comedy film and the third and final installment of the "Back to the Future" trilogy. The film was directed by Robert Zemeckis, and stars Michael J. Fox, Christopher Lloyd, Mary Steenburgen, Thomas F. Wilson and Lea Thompson. The film continues immediately following "Back to the Future Part II" (1989); while stranded in 1955 during his time travel adventures, Marty McFly (Fox) discovers that his friend Dr. Emmett "Doc" Brown, trapped in 1885, was killed by Biff Tannen's great-grandfather Buford. Marty travels

title: Back to the Future (franchise)

text: of sporting events to make easy money. However, Doc talks him out of it and throws the almanac in the bin, where the 2015 Biff Tannen finds it. A sleeping Jennifer has been taken by police to her future home, needing Marty and Doc to retrieve her before returning to 1985. While Marty and Doc are at the 2015 McFly home, 2015 Biff steals the DeLorean time machine and gives the book to his 1955 self just before he goes to the dance at the end of the first film. When Doc and Marty return to 1985, they find that

title: Back to the Future: The Ride

text: cause to the space-time continuum, Doc frantically pleads with the riders to assist him and says that the only way to bring Biff back to the present is to accelerate to 88 miles per hour and bump him (which will open a time vortex that will send both time vehicles back to their original point of departure); they enter the 8-passenger time vehicle, led by one of Doc's assistants, after going over final safety instructions. Doc then informs them with some helpful advice saying that the time vehicle Biff has stolen had a sub-ether time-tracking scanner; that way whatever time

title: Emmett Brown

text: Emmett Brown Emmett Lathrop "Doc" Brown, Ph.D., is a fictional character in the "Back to the Future trilogy" in which he is the inventor of the first time machine, built out of a DeLorean sports car. The character is portrayed by Christopher Lloyd in all three films, as well as in the live action sequences of the . He is voiced by Dan Castellaneta in the animated series. The character's appearance and mannerisms are loosely inspired by Leopold Stokowski and Albert Einstein. In 2008, Dr. Emmett Brown was selected by "Empire" magazine as one of "The 100 Greatest Movie Characters

title: Back to the Future Part III

text: he has altered history. At a town festival, Buford tries killing Doc, but Marty thwarts him. Buford insults Marty and challenges him to a showdown in two days; in his anger, Marty accepts. Doc's name disappears from the photograph of the tombstone, but the date remains unchanged; Doc warns that Marty might be the one on the tombstone. Marty and Doc place the DeLorean onto the spur, and Doc makes Marty promise that once he returns to 1985 the DeLorean will be destroyed. Unable to convince Clara that he is from the future, Doc is spurned. Doc goes to the

title: Back to the Future Part II

text: new set included a featurette called "Doc Brown Saves the World", where Lloyd, reprising his role as Doc Brown, explains the reasons for the differences between the future of 2015 as depicted in "Back to the Future Part II" and in real life. The soundtrack was released by MCA Records on November 22, 1989. "AllMusic" rated it four-and-a-half stars out of five. On October 12, 2015, Intrada Records released the complete score of "Back to the Future Part II" in a 2-disc set including early scoring sessions and alternative takes. Back to the Future Part II Back to the Future

title: Back to the Future (franchise)

text: after being given the almanac by his future self. The latter is also co-written by Gale. The series has now gone on to what IDW calls "chapter 2" of the series with "Tales from the Time Train." This is a series of stories detailing where Doc and the Brown family went after time traveling at the end of Back to the Future Part III. Each film in the trilogy also received a novelization that expanded on the movies by adding scenes, characters and dialog, often culled from early-draft scripts. In 2012, Hasslein Books released "A Matter of Time: The Unauthorized

title: Emmett Brown

text: Marty departs in the DeLorean for 1985, Doc starts a family with Clara; the couple have two sons, Jules and Verne. He eventually builds another time machine out of a steam locomotive, and the Browns return to 1985 in order to pick up Einstein before setting out for another adventure. Emmett Brown Emmett Lathrop "Doc" Brown, Ph.D., is a fictional character in the "Back to the Future trilogy" in which he is the inventor of the first time machine, built out of a DeLorean sports car. The character is portrayed by Christopher Lloyd in all three films, as well as

title: Christopher Lloyd


question: when did they stop cigarette advertising on television

answers: January 2, 1971

answers: 1970

title: Regulation of nicotine marketing

text: Lucy for the series first five seasons. After WWII, heavy TV cigarette advertising lead the Federal Communications Commission required television stations to air anti-smoking advertisements at no cost to the organizations providing such advertisements. In June 1967, the Federal Communications Commission ruled that programs broadcast on a television station that discussed smoking and health were insufficient to offset the effects of paid advertisements that were broadcast for five to ten minutes each day. "We hold that the fairness doctrine is applicable to such advertisements," the Commission said. The FCC decision, upheld by the courts, essentially required television stations to air

title: Regulation of nicotine marketing

text: College of Physicians, who highlighted the health problems and recommended stricter laws on the sale and advertising of tobacco products. In 1971, an agreement between the government and the tobacco industry saw the inclusion of health warnings on all cigarette packets. All television commercials for cigarettes were banned on 1 August 1965, although commercials for loose tobacco and cigars continued until 1991. Non-television advertising campaigns were still allowed in the UK but came under stricter guidelines in 1986, which in particular, prevented adverts from actually showing a person smoking. The tobacco producers responded with increasingly indirect and abstract campaigns, among

title: Collett Dickenson Pearce

text: upper reaches of "100 Greatest TV Ads." The agency's most notorious campaign was for Benson & Hedges cigarettes – carried principally on posters and in print, because cigarette advertising had been banned from British television since 1965. To circumvent restrictions on associating smoking with youth, glamour or life style, CDP devised a memorable series of images placing the product's gold pack in highly contrived, surreal surroundings. No people were shown, and not a word of copy, apart from the obligatory Government health warnings. After years of dwindling fortune in the late 1980s and through the 1990s, Collett Dickenson Pearce ceased

title: Regulation of nicotine marketing

text: products were withdrawn from radio and television. A decade later in 1973, cigarette advertising was banned on billboards and in cinemas, and print media advertising was restricted to half a newspaper page. In 1995 all remaining tobacco advertising and sponsorship was banned except for point-of-sale advertising and some tobacco sponsorship exemptions. Point-of-sale advertising ceased on 11 December 1998. Upon point-of-sale advertising being finally banned in New Zealand there are other examples of tobacco advertising that will still remain. These include the use of tobacco packets as advertisements, exempted tobacco sponsorships, tobacco advertising and sponsorship in imported magazines and on cable

title: Tobacco advertising

title: Nicotine marketing

text: World Health Organization recommends a complete tobacco advertising ban. The effectiveness of tobacco marketing in increasing consumption of tobacco products is widely documented. Advertisements cause new people to become addicted, mostly when they are minors. Ads also keep established smokers from quitting. Advertising peaks in January, when the most people are trying to quit, although the most people take up smoking in the summer. The tobacco industry has frequently claimed that ads are only about "brand preference", encouraging existing smokers to switch to and stick to their brand. There is, however, substantial evidence that ads cause people to become, and

title: Electronic cigarette

text: what the ad describes as "vapor, not tobacco smoke", exhorting smokers with the message "We are all adults here, it's time to take our freedom back." The ads, in a context of longstanding prohibition of tobacco advertising on TV, were criticized by organizations such as Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids as undermining anti-tobacco efforts. Cynthia Hallett of Americans for Non-Smokers' Rights described the US advertising campaign as attempting to "re-establish a norm that smoking is okay, that smoking is glamorous and acceptable". University of Pennsylvania communications professor Joseph Cappella stated that the setting of the ad near an ocean was meant

title: TV advertisements by country

text: (like e.g. Canal+) broadcast their programmes uninterrupted. Furthermore, all programmes featuring sponsor's names or products are required to announce it by a short label at the beginning and end of the programme. Tobacco and alcohol adverts are banned under the Health Protection Against the Consequences of Tobacco Use and Tobacco Articles Act of November 9, 1995, and Education in Sobriety and Counteracting Alcoholism Act of October 26, 1982, but adverts for beer, although restricted, can be shown between 20:00h and 06:00h. By agreement unhealthy food ads have been banned since January 1, 2015 on children's channels such as MiniMini+, TVP

title: Vic Roby

text: colleague Howard Reig and WOR-TV's Phil Tonken) who did so. Roby made headlines in 1969 when he put an advertisement in Variety indicating that he would no longer be available for cigarette commercials, citing "evidence . . . that smoking could lead to cancer, heart attacks, strokes, emphysema and fires." He was one of a growing number of media personalities to do so, nearly two years before cigarette advertising on television was banned. Roby also served as host, narrator or interviewer on numerous public affairs shows that ran on NBC's New York radio and TV outlets. On WNBC-TV, he was

title: Regulation of nicotine marketing

text: allowed. The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, which came into effect on 27 February 2005, requires that all of the 168 countries that agreed to the treaty ban tobacco advertising unless their constitution forbade it. In Zimbabwe, tobacco advertising is still permitted on national television. In South Africa, the Tobacco Products Control Amendment Act was passed in 1999. This act bans all advertising and promotion of tobacco products, including sponsorship and free distribution of tobacco products. Tobacco advertising on Hong Kong television was outlawed on 1 December 1990, when the territory was still a British colony. However, some sporting

title: Regulation of nicotine marketing

text: which those of Benson & Hedges and Silk Cut became particularly recognisable. Until about the mid-1990s, many corner shops, newsagents and off licences had on their shop signs prominent branding by cigarette brands such as Benson & Hedges, Silk Cut, Regal etc. until the practice was outlawed. As part of their 1997 general election campaign, the Labour Party led by Tony Blair pledged to ban all advertising of tobacco products. When it was not included in their manifesto, it was introduced by Liberal Democrat Peer Tim Clement-Jones and was passed as the "Tobacco Advertising and Promotion Act 2002", which banned

title: Regulation of nicotine marketing

text: health warnings and graphic images, created and approved by the Secretariat of Health, that must cover 50% of the pack. In 1972 the federal government introduced mandatory health warnings for radio and television cigarette advertisements. In September 1976 a total ban on tobacco & cigarette advertisements on TV & radio commenced. In December 1989 tobacco advertising was banned from all locally produced print media — this left only cinema, billboard and sponsorship advertising as the only forms of direct tobacco advertising. In 1992 the "Tobacco Advertising Prohibition Act 1992" expressly prohibited almost all forms of tobacco advertising in Australia, including

title: Regulation of nicotine marketing

text: of the most famous television jingles of the era came from an advertisement for Winston cigarettes. The slogan "Winston tastes good like a cigarette should!" proved to be catchy. Another popular slogan from the 1960s was "Us Tareyton smokers would rather fight than switch!," which was used to advertise Tareyton cigarettes. America's first regular television news program, "Camel News Caravan", was sponsored by Camel Cigarettes and featured an ashtray on the desk in front of the newscaster and the Camel logo behind him. The show ran from 1949 to 1956. Meanwhile, Phillip Morris sponsored the hit TV show I Love

title: Regulation of nicotine marketing

text: events were still allowed to be sponsored by tobacco companies until it was abandoned by the government in July 1999. It took some years before it was removed from buses and trams until it was completely banned in November 2009. In Indonesia, tobacco advertising is still allowed, but showing the cigarette packaging is outlawed. Broadcast of tobacco advertising on Indonesian television is only allowed from 9:30 pm until 5:00 am. Smoking warnings are also shown at the end of the advertisement explaining "Smoking can cause cancer, heart attack, impotency and pregnancy and fetal disorders". As of late December 2013, before

title: Tobacco smoking

text: cigarette brands. All tobacco advertising and sponsorship on television has been banned within the European Union since 1991 under the Television Without Frontiers Directive (1989). This ban was extended by the Tobacco Advertising Directive, which took effect in July 2005 to cover other forms of media such as the internet, print media, and radio. The directive does not include advertising in cinemas and on billboards or using merchandising – or tobacco sponsorship of cultural and sporting events which are purely local, with participants coming from only one Member State as these fall outside the jurisdiction of the European Commission. However,

title: History of nicotine marketing

text: in consequence. Until the 1970s, most tobacco advertising was legal in the United States and most European nations. In the 1940s and 50s, tobacco was a major radio sponsor; in the 1950s and 60s, they became predominantly involved in television. In the United States, in the 1950s and 1960s, cigarette brands frequently sponsored television shows—notably "To Tell the Truth" and "I've Got a Secret". Brand jingles were commonly used on radio and television. Major cigarette companies would advertise their brands in popular TV shows such as "The Flintstones" and "The Beverly Hillbillies", which were watched by many children and teens.

title: Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act

text: the Journal of the American Medical Association published a study showing that more children aged 5 and 6 years old, could recognize Camel cigarettes' Joe Camel mascot than Mickey Mouse or Fred Flintstone. Camel increased its adolescent customer base dramatically, from less than 1% before 1988 to more than 13% in 1993. Tobacco sought protection from Congress so they could all leave broadcasting together without violating any anti-trust laws. The only lawsuit that followed was from a broadcaster in an effort to keep tobacco advertising on television and radio. Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act The Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act

title: Marketing of electronic cigarettes

text: "We are all adults here, it's time to take our freedom back." The ads, in a context of longstanding prohibition of tobacco advertising on TV, were criticized by organizations such as Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids as undermining anti-tobacco efforts. Cynthia Hallett of Americans for Non-Smokers' Rights described the US advertising campaign as attempting to "re-establish a norm that smoking is okay, that smoking is glamorous and acceptable". University of Pennsylvania communications professor Joseph Cappella stated that the setting of the ad near an ocean was meant to suggest an association of clean air with the nicotine product. In the United

title: Regulation of nicotine marketing

text: special magazines, during sporting events, in filling stations and shops, and in more rare cases on television. Some nations, including the UK and Australia, have begun anti-smoking advertisements to counter the effects of tobacco advertising. In Ukraine, tobacco advertising "in all printed mass media" has been illegal since 1 January 2010. Some countries, like Finland and Greece, had outlawed tobacco advertising on television and radio prior to the ban in 1991. As a result of the enactment of the 2016 plain tobacco packaging bill, France became the second country in the world in January 2017, after Australia, to require tobacco

title: Regulation of nicotine marketing

text: tobacco ads, on the other hand, remained on the air until a ban took effect on 28 August 1986. Even further restrictions took effect under the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act. Since 1984, cigarette companies have been forced to place Surgeon's General warnings on all cigarette packs and advertisements because of the passing of the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act. The 2010 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act prohibits tobacco companies from sponsoring sports, music, and other cultural events. It also prevents the display of tobacco logos or products on T-shirts, hats, or other apparel. The

title: Partnership for Drug-Free Kids

text: Harvard Business School. The organization is perhaps best known for its iconic TV ad "This Is Your Brain on Drugs", but it had made over 3,000 ads by 2011 while pursuing a flexible strategy. The 1960s and 1970s had been turbulent years, marked by wider acceptance of drugs than in previous decades, as well as a consumer culture encouraged by advertising in mass media. There had been sporadic efforts by anti-smoking groups to discourage cigarette smoking, and tobacco company executives learned that sales would decline overall if pro-smoking ads were shown in the same proportions as anti-smoking ads. In the

title: Backwoods Smokes

text: universal ban on cigarette advertising, which came about as both consumers and professionals became more aware of the harmful effects of cigarette smoking. Fearing loss of profit from being unable to advertise cigarettes through the heavy influence of television, several companies began to market "little cigars" instead. This allowed their new products to be advertised to the television-viewing public without violating the new ordinance enacted by President Nixon. Backwoods Smokes were designed to have a rustic, "manly" appeal to them, and to appear as natural as possible. It can be seen from the advertising—and even the product name—that marketing was

title: Regulation of nicotine marketing

text: Outside, no more than two square metres of advertisements is allowed. Inside the tobacco store, a limited amount of advertising is allowed. Salesmen can promote brands inside these stores, however their promotional material only contains dummy-cigarettes. Any other kind of advertising is a serious offence under Dutch law. In Serbia, tobacco advertising on television, on billboards and in printed media is banned, but advertisements for cigarettes are found within shops and kiosks. After World War II, cigarette companies advertised frequently on television. In the United States, in the 1950s and 1960s, cigarette brands were frequently sponsors of television programs. One

title: Virginia Slims

text: used the slogans, "It's a woman thing." in the 1990s, and "Find your voice." in the 2000s. Television and print ads often featured well-known models and designer fashions. Print ads were generally placed in women's magazines, and formed the mainstay of the marketing campaign, supplemented with billboards and point-of-purchase displays. From 1969 until 1971 (when cigarette advertising on television became prohibited), television advertising was an important component; the commercials would begin with actors dressed in period costumes re-enacting the early 20th century anecdotes in comedic fashion, followed by a glamorous modern-day model, smoking the product while proudly dressed in the

title: Debbie Reynolds

text: show for breaking its contract: When NBC explained to Reynolds that banning cigarette commercials from her show would be impossible, she kept her resolve. The show drew mixed reviews, but according to NBC, it captured about 42 percent of the nation's viewing audience. She said later she was especially concerned about the commercials because of the number of children watching the show. She did quit doing the show after about a year, which she said had cost her about $2 million of lost income: "Maybe I was a fool to quit the show, but at least I was an honest

title: History of advertising in Britain

text: the cigarette makers were resolving the issues through filters and low tar formulations. The public relations approach was successful in the short run, but the accumulation of medical evidence led to a fall in smoking, heavier taxation, and increased regulation. The agencies responded with sophisticated advertising strategies designed to encourage adolescent smokers as well as to recruit new smokers in less-developed foreign markets. Government anti-smoking programs were developed that used standard advertising techniques to degrade the prestige of cigarette smoking and warn of its dangers. New York agencies opened branches in London primarily to serve American-based multinational clients, such as

title: Tobacco-Free Pharmacies

text: Ontario before pulling tobacco altogether out of remaining stores. Walmart stopped selling cigarettes in all of its department stores across Canada when Ontario's ban on pharmacy sales came into effect in 1994. In 1962 a report published by the British Royal College of Physicians, "Smoking and Health", revealed findings which linked smoking with respiratory disease. The publication of the report led to the 1965 ban on cigarette advertising on television, and in 1987, a statement from the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain ordered that British pharmacies "should not sell tobacco or tobacco products, including cigarettes containing tobacco, from registered

title: History of nicotine marketing

text: unrestricted media. Banned on television, ads move to print; banned in all conventional media, ads shift to sponsorships; banned as in-store advertising and packaging, advertising shifts to shill (undisclosed) marketing reps, sponsored online content, viral marketing, and other stealth marketing techniques. Another method of evading restrictions is to sell less-regulated nicotine products instead of the ones for which advertising is more regulated. For instance, while TV ads of cigarettes are banned in the United States, similar TV ads of e-cigarettes are not. The most effective media are usually banned first, meaning advertisers need to spend more money to addict the

title: Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act

text: causally related to cigarette smoking. Congress previously passed the Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act in 1965; requiring that all cigarette packages sold in the United States carry a health warning. But after a recommendation by the Federal Trade Commission, the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act amended the 1965 law so that the warnings are made in the name of the Surgeon General. One of the major advocates of the cigarette advertising ban was the Federal Communications Commission. The FCC argued that since the topic of smoking is controversial, numerous TV and radio stations continued to break the Fairness Doctrine when

title: Smoking ban in England

text: smoking, doing so in May 2006. Tobacco advertising had been banned in England gradually starting with a ban on Television Advertising of cigarettes in 1965 to a complete ban on all Tobacco Advertising in 2005. On 16 November 2004 a Public Health white paper proposed a smoking ban in almost all public places in England and Wales. Smoking restrictions would be phased in, with a ban on smoking in NHS and government buildings by 2006, in enclosed public places by 2007, and pubs, bars and restaurants (except pubs not serving food) by the end of 2008. On 26 October 2005,

title: Tobacco advertising

long_answer: After World War II, cigarette companies advertised frequently on television programs. To combat this move by the cigarette companies, the Federal Communications Commission required television stations to air anti-smoking advertisements at no cost to the organizations providing such advertisements. In 1970, Congress took their anti-smoking initiative one step further and passed the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act, banning the advertising of cigarettes on television and radio starting on January 2, 1971. After the television ban, most cigarette advertising took place in magazines, newspapers, and on billboards. However, in 1999 all cigarette billboard advertisements were replaced with anti-smoking messages, with some of these anti-smoking messages playing parodies of cigarette companies advertising figures and slogans. Since 1984, cigarette companies have also been forced to place Surgeon's General warnings on all cigarette packs and advertisements because of the passing of the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act. Restrictions on cigarette companies became even tighter in 2010 with the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act. The act prohibits tobacco companies from sponsoring sports, music, and other cultural events and also prevents the display of their logos or products on T-shirts, hats, or other apparel. The constitutionality of both this act and the Food and Drug Administration's new graphic cigarette warning labels are being questioned under cigarette companies' first amendment rights.


question: who has been chosen as the brand ambassador of the campaign 'beti bachao-beti padhao

answers: Sakshi Malik

title: Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana

text: Beti Padhao (BBBP) across the country. The committee is organising a number of programs to promote "Save Girl Child" and "to Educate Girl Child" since January 2015. Dr. Rajendra Phadke is the National Convener of BBBP Abhiyan. The Beti Bachao campaign is also supported by the Indian Medical Association. Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao "(translation: "Save girl child, educate a girl child")" is a personal campaign of the Government of India that aims to generate awareness and improve the efficiency of welfare services intended for girls. The scheme was launched with an initial funding of .

title: Vikramjit Sahney

text: and empowering the under privileged sections of society. Since its inception, the Foundation has been engaged in a number of social welfare activities. Primary focus has been to reach out to poor girls/women and disabled youth and empower them through skill development programmes to lead a life of dignity. All training and skill development programmes are extended to the beneficiaries absolutely free of cost. The major initiatives launched by the Foundation are as follows: Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Campaign: The campaign raises strong concern about exacerbating sex discrimination and female foeticide through awareness campaign and screening of educational films through

title: Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana

text: Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao "(translation: "Save girl child, educate a girl child")" is a personal campaign of the Government of India that aims to generate awareness and improve the efficiency of welfare services intended for girls. The scheme was launched with an initial funding of . It mainly targets the clusters in Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Punjab, Bihar and Delhi. According to census data, the child gender ratio (0–6 years) in India was 927 girls per 1,000 boys in 2001, which dropped to 918 girls for every 1,000 boys in 2011. A 2012 UNICEF report

title: Sangita Jindal

text: life of people by empowering them and by supporting sustainable scalable solutions. She also engages in philanthropic work, including vocational training and partnerships and alliances with institutions, holistic development for the mentally challenged, and the empowerment of women through a rural BPO, infant and maternal health initiative called Mission Hazaar Campaign adopted by Ministry of Women and Child Development under the "Beti Padhao, Beti Bachao"campaign She has been working towards the protection of the environment and to the institutionalization of Earth Care Awards. Through JSW Foundation she has contributed towards conservation and restoration of the interiors of Sir J.J. School

title: Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana

text: In 26 August 2016, Olympics 2016 bronze medallist Sakshi Malik was made brand ambassador for BBBP.

title: Female foeticide in India

text: campaign uses the media to raise awareness of the gender disparities creating, and resulting from, sex-selective abortion. Beti Bachao activities include rallies, posters, short videos and television commercials, some of which are sponsored by state and local governments and other organisations. Many celebrities in India have publicly supported the Beti Bachao campaign. Female foeticide in India Female foeticide in India is the abortion of a female foetus outside of legal methods. The frequency of female foeticide in India is increasing day by day. The natural ratio is assumed to be between 103 and 107, and any number above it is

title: Tamannaah

text: Akshaya Tritiya. She was also Creative head for her jewelry brand. In January 2016 she also became the brand ambassador of the Government of India's campaign "Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao", an initiative of FOGSI. She reportedly charged Rs 50 lakhs for a 10 minute performance during the opening of IPL 2018 where she performed on four songs from four different languages of Telugu, Tamil, Kannada and Hindi. Tamannaah Tamannaah Bhatia (born 21 December 1989) known simply as Tamanna and occasionally as Thamannah, is an Indian actress who predominantly appears in Telugu and Tamil films. She has also appeared in several

title: Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana

text: ranked India 41st among 195 countries. In the Population Census of 2011 it was revealed that the population ratio of India 2011 is 943 females per 1000 of males. The Sex Ratio 2011 shows an upward trend from the census 2001 data. Speaking on the occasion of [International Day of the Girl Child] in 2014, the Prime Minister, Narendra Modi had called for the eradication of female foeticide and invited suggestions from the citizens of India via the MyGov.in portal. The Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao (BBBP) scheme was launched on 22 January 2015 by Modi. It aims to address the

title: Female infanticide in India

text: the following year. The 2011 census data showed a significant decline in the child sex ratio (CSR). Alarmed by the decline, the Government of India introduced Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao (BBBP) initiative. The program is intended to prevent gender discrimination and to ensure survival, protection and education of girls. The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) wrote in their 2005 report, "Women in an Insecure World", that at a time when the number of casualties in war had fallen, a "secret genocide" was being carried out against women. According to DCAF the demographic shortfall of women

title: Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana

text: parents to provide large dowries for their daughters is most intense in prosperous states where high standards of living, and modern consumerism, are more prevalent in Indian society. Rates of female foeticide in Madhya Pradesh are increasing; the rate of live births was 932 girls per 1000 boys in 2001, which dropped to 918 by 2011. It is expected that if this trend continues, by 2021 the number of girls will drop below 900 per 1000 boys. Strategies employed to successfully carry out the scheme are: The Bharatiya Janata Party has formed a National Executive Committee to promote Beti Bachao

title: Rakul Preet Singh

text: Rakul Preet Singh Rakul Preet Singh (born 10 October 1990) is an Indian South Indian film actress and model who predominantly works in the Telugu and Tamil film industries. She has also appeared in a number of Hindi and Kannada movies. Currently, she is appointed as the brand ambassador for Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao programme by Telangana State Government. She started career as a model while in college, during which she also made her acting debut in the Kannada film "Gilli" (2009). In 2011 she participated in the Femina Miss India pageant, in which she was placed fifth and won

title: Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana

text: his daughter Nandini and posted on Facebook on 9 June 2015. The hashtag garnered worldwide fame. Sex-selective abortion or female foeticide has led to a sharp drop in the ratio of girls born in contrast to boy infants in some states in India. Ultrasound technology has made it possible for pregnant women and their families to learn the gender of a foetus early in a pregnancy. Discrimination against girl infants, for several reasons, has combined with the technology to result in a rise in abortions of foetuses identified as female during ultrasonic testing. The trend was first noticed when results

title: Pankaj Bhadouria

text: for cooking has made her a personality of choice for many a brand. Pankaj is a part of Microsoft Lumia 535 Digital Campaign where along with Kangana Ranaut and Saina Nehwal, she encourages people to follow their dreams in an inspiring film titled "Ashaiyen" Pankaj is also the face of the Brand Knorr- Cup a soup, Soups and Noodles and has shot an extensive TV Campaign and Print Campaigns for Knorr. She is also the Brand Ambassador for MasterChef Travels Cox and Kings Worldwide. She also endorsed Eastern Masalas, a leading Spice Brand in Southern India. She was also the

title: Pankaj Bhadouria

text: face of Taaza Tea, HUL, activity- Huunar Apka, Pehchaan Hamaari, an effort to recognise the hidden talents in women from small towns in Uttar Pradesh. Pankaj Bhadouria is chosen by the Spanish Government as an Ambassador for the promotion of Olive Oil in India for the campaign called Olive Oil Revolution. Her other Brand Associations include Samsung Smart Oven, Kent Juicer & Pasta Maker, Sensodyne, Reliance Fresh, Kelloggs and Tefal. Pankaj has a number of times been invited as a speaker to many prestigious events Pankaj Bhadouria Pankaj Bhadouria is the winner of MasterChef India Season 1 (2010). She was

title: Alia Bhatt

text: cities of America for the "Dream Team 2016" tour, alongside Johar, the actors Dhawan, Malhotra, Roy Kapur, Katrina Kaif, Parineeti Chopra, and the singer Badshah. In 2013, Bhatt took part in a campaign for PETA to raise awareness on homeless animals. In 2017, she launched an ecological initiative named CoExist to raise awareness about the welfare of street animals. The following year, she collaborated with Facebook Live for a campaign named Find Your Green, to campaign for environmentalism. Bhatt designed her own clothing brand for women in 2014 for the online fashion portal Jabong.com and in 2018, she launched her

title: Manish Malhotra

text: Diya Mirza, Priya Dutt etc. the campaign raised about Rs. 10 crore and had a great impact on the policies. Manish Malhotra introduced a new dimension to his summer collection in 2015 with ‘The Blue Runway’ at the Jabong Lakme Fashion Week 2015. The show was in association with the WEvolve campaign and World Bank as the partner. WEvolve is a global campaign bringing men and women together to end inequality using the power of art and media to inspire action and change. The highlight of the show was the finale segment where the models were seen carrying messages of

title: Abhishek Bachchan

text: division of TAM Media Research conducted a study on celebrity brand endorsements for the period of Jan–Dec 2010 in which Abhishek Bachchan eats the pie with a 4.7% share ad volume out of the 41.5% film actors on the endorsement circuit. Abhishek Bachchan became the brand ambassador for TTK Prestige, part of the TTK Group in October 2013 along with his wife Aishwarya Rai Bachchan. In 2014, he became the brand ambassador for the END7 campaign of the Global Network for Neglected Tropical Diseases. The goal of the campaign is to eradicate seven different tropical diseases by 2020. In October

title: Frooti

text: on reaffirming Frooti's leading position across India in a confident manner. Historically, Frooti did not have a brand ambassador, but Bollywood 'king' Shah Rukh Khan currently endorses Frooti. He has shot a TV commercial for the brand with children, which had a Twitter hashtag "#SRKLovesFrooti". The advertisement promotes PET bottles in the ad rather than a Tetra pack which they used to normally show in all their ads till now. Along with the brand film, the marketing plan includes outdoors, BTL, mall activation, visibility at retail outlets (POP) and a strong digital presence. The first leg of this campaign was

title: Asia New Star Model Festival - Face of India

text: participate in the event. First runner-up titles went to Jitesh Thakur & Surabhi Nigam while Ankush Kukreja & Reena Barot finished as second runners-up. The jury comprised some prominent names - International model Elena Fernandez, founder of Pune Fashion Week Badal Saboo, leading fashion designer Nivedita Saboo and Delegates from Korea, along with Rohit Gupta and Vikram Kotnis. The event was witnessed by the city’s elite along with a fervent crowd at Amanora. The attending Korean families came dressed in beautiful traditional Korean attire to cheer the winners. The fashion industry now has their eyes on the Asia New Star

title: Arushi Nishank

text: to educate people about importance of Ganga. Shri Sushma Swaraj (Minister of External Affairs) has also appreciated Arushi for her contribution to this noble cause. Sparsh Ganga Campaign Arushi is also an active promoter of her own "Sparsh Ganga Campaign ". This Campaign was started in 2009 by her father Dr Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank to promote awareness among people to save and clean River Ganga. Today thousand of people are connected with this campaign to promote Ganga awareness. Recently Govt of India recognized volunteers of Sparsh Ganga Campaign as "Ganga Heroes". beti bachao beti padhao Arushi has been active in

title: Dangal (film)

text: and Madhya Pradesh – to promote Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao, a Government of India's social campaign aiming to reduce the selective abortion of females, to protect girls, and to educate them. "Dangal"s second phase of release was in the Chinese markets of East Asia, starting with Taiwan on 24 March 2017. "Dangal" was screened at the 7th Beijing International Film Festival, the first Indian film to be screened at the festival, in the non-competing panorama section in April 2017 as "Shuaijiao Baba" (Let's Wrestle, Father!), and received a standing ovation. The screening was attended by a number of Chinese celebrities,

title: Waluscha De Sousa

text: Rosary' in Dona Paula in Panjm and later moved to St. Xaviers in Goa. Waluscha modeled for leading designers in the country and subsequently took part in the Miss India pageant, where she secured herself the "Miss Body Beautiful" title. She did her first TV commercial for Pepsi with Shah Rukh Khan at the age of 17. Years later, she once again featured in a Hyundai commercial with the actor. She has also been the face of brands including Jaipur Jewels, L'Oreal. Avon Haircare naturals, Falguni and Shane's new Peacock collection 2016. In 2016 Waluscha made her debut with Shahrukh

title: Manjari Fadnis

text: has also appeared in various fashion events such as Bombay Times Fashion week 2018, Intimate Fashion Week 2017, and Dubai Fashion League 2017. She was casted in 'Hyundai i10 car' TV advertisement with Shahrukh Khan in May 2012. Earlier, she had appeared in a series of Onida Television commercials in 2009 and later on in iball pen drives TV ad in 2011, Mehfil Southall Hotel/Restaurant/Banquet TV ads in 2015 . She has also been featured in the music videos "Beat Beyond Borders" (2011) and "Raghav Sachar feat" (2014). She received the Movers and Shakers award at the MAAC 24FPS International

title: Deepika Padukone

text: a foundation to create awareness on mental health in India, named The Live Love Laugh Foundation. The following year, she launched a campaign named More Than Just Sad to assist general physicians in their treatment of patients suffering from depression or anxiety. Also in 2016, the foundation teamed with Facebook and the AASRA organisation to launch multilingual tools and educational resources in Facebook's networking site to support people with suicidal tendencies. Padukone became the brand ambassador for the NGO Indian Psychiatric Society and on her foundation's first anniversary, the two organisations collaborated to launch the video and poster campaign #DobaraPoocho

title: Giselli Monteiro

text: Harpers Bazaar, ELLE, Marie Clarie and Femina. In addition to acting, Giselli is the brand ambassador of Wills Lifestyle, Movil Mobiles and PC Jewellers in India. She has walked the ramp for Rohit Bal, Ritu Kumar and Ranna Gill. On 23 May 2010 Giselli appeared on the Fantástico broadcast by Rede Globo in her home country, Brazil speaking about Mumbai. She next appeared in "Always Kabhi Kabhi", a film under the Red Chillies Entertainment banner that released on 17 June 2011. Lately she appeared on Westside, the chain of Fashion retail stores' new brand campaign Advertisement starting September 2011. After

title: Manushi Chhillar

text: at Six Sigma Healthcare Leadership Summit 2017 in New Delhi. She was also guest speaker at the 10th C4IO by Hewlett-Packard Enterprise at Pushkar. She made a debut in 2018 edition of annual celebrity calendar by leading Indian fashion photographer Dabboo Ratnani. She made an appearance in special show "Super Nights With Padman" to promote her Beauty with a purpose project on menstrual hygiene in association with Akshay Kumar's Pad Man (film). She graced the covers of Cosmopolitan (magazine) India mag February 2018 edition, Grazia India, March 2018 edition, L'Officiel India April 2018 edition and an Indonesian lifestyle magazine HighEnd

title: Karishma Kotak

text: Dove, she was featured on huge billboards & hoardings in major cities across India. In April 2012, her two TV commercials for Idea Cellular with Abhishek Bachchan started airing on TV. Karishma was next hired by VVF Limited for the television advertisement of their bathing soap bar, Jo. The ad was released to small screens in May 2012. In July 2012, her TV commercial with Salman Khan for Relaxo Footwear was released. She has also appeared in several magazines, including as the cover girl, like Vogue, FHM, Asian Woman, Maxim, OK!, Hello!, Elle, Femina (India) Stuff (magazine) Hair Magazine, Beauty

title: Incredible India

text: purpose of promoting domestic tourism. In 2015, Aamir Khan, whose comments on perceived intolerance in the country had created a controversy, ceased to be the mascot for the Incredible India campaign when the contract for it expired. The new brand ambassador of Incredible India was Narendra Modi himself. In 2017, veteran actor Amitabh Bachchan & actress Priyanka Chopra were chosen as the new brand ambassadors for the Incredible India campaign. According to spending data released by Visa Asia Pacific in March 2006, India has emerged as the fastest growing market in the Asia-Pacific region in terms of international tourist spending.

title: Jwala Gutta

text: anti-zoo campaigns. She has also been involved in many other campaigns including the Ice Bucket Challenge, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan. Jwala also launched the Indian Badminton League's (IBL) school programme 'Shuttle Express' in Pune for school children. Speaking during the briefing, Jwala said: "I am really happy to be here with the kids who are playing not only to win the Shuttle Express but to be the next badminton champion for India. Wishing everyone all the best and I know the Pune participants will make everyone proud." Gutta has been listed as the most inspirational sportswomen from India on numerous occasions.

title: Drashti Dhami

text: a guest contestant on the eighth season of "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa to support Sanaya Irani. Dhami was the brand ambassador for Canvironment Week 2011 and 2013 to support the cause of 'Save Our Planet'. In 2016, she was part of the Swachh Survekshan 2017 Initiative for an environmentally cleaner India (Swachh Bharat Abhiyan). Dhami was also the captain for Team 'D' Celebrity Championship 2016, where six teams comprising 78 television personalities competed to help kids in need of education and food. She won, and received an award from 'I HELP A KID.COM' Celebrity Championship. In 2017, Dhami became the brand

title: Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana


question: how many seasons of prison break are on netflix

answers: five

title: Prison Break (season 5)

text: CEO Dana Walden herself stated that "Prison Break" has performed particularly well internationally and on SVOD platforms such as Netflix. Walden added that: "a logical and believable explanation to why the characters are alive and still moving around the world [...]" Walden said. "The brothers and some of the iconic characters will be back, and it will address some questions that were set up at the end of the series for a new audience." On January 15, 2016, Fox officially ordered the revival to series, with the episode order revised to nine episodes, though Fox declined to announce how many

title: Prison Break

text: return, but familiar faces and frenetic action aren't enough to make up for a plot that manages to bore while beggaring belief." On Metacritic, the season has a score of 48 out of 100, based on 18 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Concerns were raised by the Parents Television Council in the United States about the time slot in which "Prison Break" was broadcast (8:00 pm ET) since the show features some scenes which contain graphic content. In France, the broadcasting watchdog, Conseil Supérieur de l'Audiovisuel (CSA), also complained that the violence in some episodes exceeded the amount allowed

title: Prison Break (season 2)

text: received one of the lowest audiences in the series' history with 8.12 million viewers. The season averaged 9.30 million American viewers for all 22 episodes. Out of all regular primetime programming that aired during the 2005–2006 American television season, "Prison Break" ranked #51 out of #142, according to the Nielsen ratings system. In Australia, the season premiere was watched by an average of 1.22 million viewers, however ratings dropped consistently throughout the season. In the United Kingdom, ratings declined from an average audience share of 9% in the first season to 8.5% in the second. The season's penultimate episode, "Fin

title: Prison Break

text: the show for its "somber pretentiousness" and "uniformly overwrought" performances. Due to its ratings success, Fox decided to extend "Prison Break" by an extra nine episodes, making it the first new series in the 2005–2006 television season to receive a full season order of 22 episodes. The series averaged 9.2 million viewers per week in its first season. The premiere of the second season of "Prison Break" obtained an average of 9.4 million viewers. The decline was steeper among young-adult viewers with a decrease of 20% in the 18–49 demographic compared to its series premiere, but its household rating grew

title: List of Prison Break episodes

text: The first five seasons of Prison Break have been released on DVD and Blu-ray in Regions 1, 2, and 4.  Each DVD boxed set includes all of the broadcast episodes from that season, the associated special episode, commentary from cast and crew, and profiles of various parts of Prison Break, such as Fox River State Penitentiary or the tattoo. Prison Break is also available online, including iTunes, Amazon Video, and Netflix. After the premiere of the second season of Prison Break, Fox began online streaming of the prior week's episode, though it originally restricted viewing to the United States.

title: Prison Break (season 2)

text: Prison Break (season 2) The second season of "Prison Break", an American serial drama television series, commenced airing in the United States on August 21, 2006 on Mondays at 9:00 pm (EST) on the Fox Broadcasting Company. "Prison Break" is produced by Adelstein-Parouse Productions, in association with Rat Television, Original Television Movie and 20th Century Fox Television. The season contains 22 episodes, and concluded on April 2, 2007. Series creator Paul Scheuring describes the second season as ""The Fugitive" times eight," and likens it to the "second half of "The Great Escape"." "Prison Break" revolves around two brothers: one who

title: Prison Break

text: Prison Break Prison Break is an American television serial drama created by Paul Scheuring, that was broadcast on Fox for four seasons, with 81 episodes from August 29, 2005 to May 15, 2009, and a fifth season which aired from April 4, to May 30, 2017. The series revolves around two brothers, one of whom has been sentenced to death for a crime he did not commit, and the other who devises an elaborate plan to help his brother escape prison and clear his name. The series was produced by Adelstein-Parouse Productions, in association with Original Television and 20th Century

title: Prison Break (season 1)

text: of 10 million viewers each week, with "End of the Tunnel" reaching 12 million viewers, and led the debuts of television in the 2005 American fall season. "Prison Break" was originally planned for a 13-episode run, but was extended to include an extra nine episodes due to its popularity. Prison Break (season 1) The first season of "Prison Break", an American serial drama television series, commenced airing in the United States and Canada on August 29, 2005 on Mondays at 9:00 p.m. (EST) on the Fox Broadcasting Company. "Prison Break" is produced by Adelstein-Parouse Productions, in association with Rat Television,

title: Prison Break (season 1)

text: Prison Break (season 1) The first season of "Prison Break", an American serial drama television series, commenced airing in the United States and Canada on August 29, 2005 on Mondays at 9:00 p.m. (EST) on the Fox Broadcasting Company. "Prison Break" is produced by Adelstein-Parouse Productions, in association with Rat Television, Original Television Movie and 20th Century Fox Television. The season contains 22 episodes, and concluded on May 15, 2006. "Prison Break" revolves around two brothers: one who has been sentenced to death for a crime he did not commit and his younger sibling, a genius who devises an elaborate

title: Prison Break

text: Blu-ray Disc sets of each season were released after their television broadcast in various regions. At the 2006 International Consumer Electronics Show, 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment announced that the complete first season of "Prison Break" was to be released on Blu-ray in early 2007. The release date was later announced to be November 13, 2007, and "Prison Break" became the first television show to be released on Blu-ray Disc by Fox. The Blu-ray box set contains six discs and includes all the DVD box set's special features. A DVD set containing the first three seasons was released on May

title: Prison Break (season 5)

text: belief." On Metacritic, the season has a score of 48 out of 100, based on 18 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". The event series was released on Blu-ray and DVD on June 27, 2017. Special features include a behind-the-scenes featurette, "A Return Home: The Making of "Prison Break" Event Series". Prison Break (season 5) The fifth season of "Prison Break" (also known as "Prison Break: Resurrection") is a limited event television series and a revival of the original series created by Paul Scheuring that aired on Fox from 2005 to 2009. The season is produced by 20th Century Fox

title: Prison Break (season 3)

text: Prison Break (season 3) The third season of "Prison Break", an American serial drama television series, commenced airing in the United States on September 17, 2007. "Prison Break" is produced by Adelstein-Parouse Productions, in association with Rat Television, Original Television Movie and 20th Century Fox Television. The season contains 13 episodes, and concluded on February 18, 2008. The season was shorter than the previous two because of the Writer's Guild strike. "Prison Break" revolves around two brothers: one who has been sentenced to death for a crime he did not commit and his younger sibling, a genius who devises an

title: Prison Break (season 1)

text: (as opposed to the real cell block's two) and had cells much larger than real cells to allow more space for the actors and cameras. Exterior scenes were filmed in areas around Chicago, Woodstock, and Joliet in Illinois. Other locations included O'Hare International Airport in Chicago and Toronto, Ontario in Canada. "Prison Break" spent $2 million per episode in the state of Illinois, which cost them a total of $24 million in 2005. Metacritic gave the season a Metascore—a weighted average based on the impressions of a select 32 critical reviews—of 65, signifying generally favorable reviews. Based on its strong

title: Prison Break (season 5)

text: 30, 2017, consisting of 9 episodes. Wentworth Miller and Dominic Purcell reprise their respective roles as Michael Scofield and Lincoln Burrows, while Sarah Wayne Callies, Amaury Nolasco, Paul Adelstein, Robert Knepper and Rockmond Dunbar also return from the original series. New cast additions include Mark Feuerstein, Inbar Lavi, Augustus Prew, Marina Benedict, Rick Yune and Steve Mouzakis. A pilot was ordered in August 2015 and the series was greenlit in January 2016. Production on the series began in April 2016 and filming took place in Vancouver and the Moroccan cities of Rabat, Casablanca, and Ouarzazate. Seven years after his apparent

title: Chicago (Prison Break)

text: Prison Break episode "English, Fitz, or Percy". "Prison Break" continued to be placed second in the Monday 8:00pm timeslot behind NBC's "Deal or No Deal" in total viewers and the key demographic of adults 18-49. This episode achieved a 6.4% household rating and a 9% household share with an average of 10.1 million viewers, which is the highest recorded audience so far for the second season. Despite obtaining one of the series' highest recorded audience, the episode received moderate responses from some critics. A critic from "UGO", Troy Rogers, gave "Chicago" a B grade, saying that "some aspects of the

title: Prison Break (soundtrack)

text: Prison Break (soundtrack) Prison Break is the first soundtrack of the American television series "Prison Break", composed by Ramin Djawadi, and was released in 2007, bringing together music used for seasons 1 and 2. Released in August 2007, the album includes thirty-one music composed specially for seasons 1 and 2 of "Prison Break", although many will be included in the following seasons, in their original version or variant. The first title, Main Titles, lets see that generic start and end of the original form only a single music. This is a title created for the pilot episode. In addition, the

title: Prison Break (season 3)

text: so much going against it, this shortened third season of "Prison Break" could have been disastrous. But instead, the writers managed to not only salvage the season, but tell a tightly woven, compelling and action-packed story" and gave it an 8.5 out of 10. Unlike many other TV shows, "Prison Break" was primarily filmed outside of Hollywood. The first season was primarily shot in and around Chicago, Illinois. During the second season, filming was moved to Dallas, Texas. Filming for the third season continued to be done in Dallas, but the price tag increased to about $3 million per episode.

title: Prison Break (season 5)

text: clear at the studio that we'd bring "Prison Break" back at the studio [...] It's the perfect event series. But at the moment, we have nothing else to report." On June 2, 2015, it was reported that a limited series revival of Paul Scheuring's "Prison Break" was in development at Fox. On August 6, 2015, Fox confirmed a 10-episode order for the revival. The limited series is a sequel to the original series, taking place several years later, and features Miller and Purcell reprising their roles as well as the return of other original characters. Fox Television Group chairman and

title: Prison Break (season 5)

text: Prison Break (season 5) The fifth season of "Prison Break" (also known as "Prison Break: Resurrection") is a limited event television series and a revival of the original series created by Paul Scheuring that aired on Fox from 2005 to 2009. The season is produced by 20th Century Fox Television in association with Adelstein/Parouse Productions and Original Film. Paul Scheuring serves as showrunner, with himself, Marty Adelstein, Neal H. Moritz and Dawn Olmstead, Vaun Wilmott, Michael Horowitz and Nelson McCormick serving as executive producers. McCormick also serves as director. The season premiered on April 4, 2017, and concluded on May

title: Prison Break (season 2)

text: has been sentenced to death for a crime he did not commit and his younger sibling, a genius who devises an elaborate plan to help him escape prison. The brothers, along with six other prisoners at Fox River State Penitentiary, manage to escape, and the second season follows a massive manhunt chasing the group. Dubbed the Fox River Eight, the group splits and members go their individual way, occasionally meeting up to help each other. They struggle to escape from the police while avoiding a secret group of multinationals called The Company, that wants them all dead. For the season,

title: Prison Break

text: sent Fox their manuscript which was based on their own experiences of a prison break at a juvenile facility. In the 1960s, Donald Hughes planned and successfully executed a prison escape for his brother, Robert Hughes, who was wrongfully incarcerated. In Canada, "Prison Break" was broadcast on Global one hour before it aired on Fox, except in the Maritimes where it aired two hours before Fox's airing. "Prison Break" was the only new television series to be positioned in the top twenty television shows of 2005–2006 in Canada, achieving an average of 876,000 viewers in the key demographic of 18–49

title: Prison Break (season 5)

text: was interested in bringing back "Prison Break", with Miller stating: "We actually floated the idea to Fox very casually and they seemed very not casual about this interest. They seemed to think there was something there." Purcell concluded by adding, "It's something that Fox is, as Wentworth said, potentially excited about." On January 17, 2015, Fox Television Group chairman and CEO Gary Newman made it clear that they would love to bring "Prison Break" back for another run, although Fox had nothing to report. Newman himself stated, "There's some speculation in the press at "Prison Break" and we've made it

title: Prison Break

text: for its rating, which is "not for under 10s". Under France's regulations, any higher ratings would move the show away from its current primetime timeslot to a later timeslot. However, their decision to change the rating would only affect the first season, which has already been broadcast, and not the second season. Following a successful airing of the series' first thirteen episodes, "Prison Break" was nominated for its first award, the 2005 People's Choice Award for Favorite New TV Drama. The series won the award in January 2006, beating other nominees in the same category, "Commander in Chief" and "Criminal

title: Prison Break (season 1)

text: opening, "The New York Times" dubbed "Prison Break" "more intriguing than most of the new network series, and ... one of the most original" and a "suspenseful thriller", complimenting its "authentic look". "Entertainment Weekly" called it an "original drama", noting the show's "edge-of-the-seat action". On the other hand, however, "The Washington Post" criticized the show for its "somber pretentiousness" and "uniformly overwrought [performances]". The two-hour pilot episode garnered approximately 10.5 million viewers, giving Fox its "best summertime Monday numbers since episodes of "Melrose Place" and "Ally McBeal" aired there in September 1998." The show's first season attracted an average audience

title: Prison Break

text: 2016, it was confirmed that Sarah Wayne Callies, Amaury Nolasco, Robert Knepper, Rockmond Dunbar and Paul Adelstein would reprise their roles. Filming began in April 2016 in Vancouver, and several Moroccan cities including Rabat, Casablanca, and Ouarzazate. It debuted on April 4, 2017, and aired on Tuesdays at 9:00 pm. "Prison Break" maintains an ensemble cast for each season along with many recurring guest stars. The first season features a cast of ten actors who receive star billing, who were based in Chicago or at Fox River State Penitentiary. The second season features a cast of nine actors who receive

title: Prison Break (season 1)

text: plan to help him escape prison by purposely getting himself imprisoned. In addition to the 22 regular episodes, a special, "Behind the Walls", was aired on October 11, 2005. A total of ten actors received star billing in the first season, with numerous supporting roles. Filming took place mostly in and around the Chicago area; Fox River was represented by Joliet Prison, which had closed in 2002. Critical reviews of the first season were generally favorable. The first season was released on DVD in Region One as a six-disc boxed set under the title of "Prison Break: Season One" on

title: Prison Break

text: Internet. Towards the end of the first season, episodes of "Prison Break" were made available for purchase online at the iTunes Store, which began on May 9, 2006. After the premiere of the second season of "Prison Break", Fox began allowing online streaming of the current episode for free via more than 50 websites including AOL, Google, and Yahoo!, as well as its own extensive network. However, this was restricted to the United States only. The first three episodes of the second season were broadcast commercial free, available for a week after their television broadcast date. Online streaming of episodes

title: Prison Break (season 4)

text: Prison Break (season 4) The fourth season of "Prison Break", an American serial drama television series commenced airing in the United States on September 1, 2008. It consists of 24 episodes (22 television episodes and 2 straight to DVD episodes), 16 of which aired from September to December 2008. After a hiatus, it resumed on April 17, 2009 and concluded on May 15, 2009 with a two episode finale. The fourth season was announced as the final season of "Prison Break", however the series returned in a limited series format as "Prison Break: Resurrection", which premiered on April 4, 2017.

title: Prison Break

text: Airport in Chicago and Toronto, Ontario in Canada. "Prison Break" spent $2 million per episode in the state of Illinois, which cost them a total of $24 million in 2005. Renewed for a second season, "Prison Break" resumed filming on June 15, 2006, in Dallas, Texas due to the close proximity of rural and urban settings. Locations within a 30-minute radius of Dallas were chosen which included Little Elm, Decatur, Mineral Wells and McKinney. Many of these locations were used to represent various American towns. The show was expected to spend in excess of $50 million in Texas over the

title: Prison Break (season 3)

text: Several of the exterior scenes with Lincoln and Gretchen negotiating the escape from the Panama jail were shot in the Casco Viejo quarter of Panama City. Prison Break (season 3) The third season of "Prison Break", an American serial drama television series, commenced airing in the United States on September 17, 2007. "Prison Break" is produced by Adelstein-Parouse Productions, in association with Rat Television, Original Television Movie and 20th Century Fox Television. The season contains 13 episodes, and concluded on February 18, 2008. The season was shorter than the previous two because of the Writer's Guild strike. "Prison Break" revolves

title: List of Prison Break episodes


question: what was the name of atom bomb dropped by usa on hiroshima

answers: Little Boy

title: Operation Epsilon

text: and Heisenberg in Urfeld: All of the scientists expressed shock when informed of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. Some first doubted that the report was genuine. They were told initially of an official announcement that an "atomic bomb" had been dropped on Hiroshima, with no mention of uranium or nuclear fission. Harteck said that he would have understood the words "uranium" or "nuclear (fission) bomb", but he had worked with atomic hydrogen and atomic oxygen and thought that American scientists might have succeeded in stabilising a high concentration of (separate) atoms; such a bomb would have

text: SMR, though the sample size is too small to determine with any significance. The survivors of the bombings are called , a Japanese word that literally translates to "explosion-affected people". The Japanese government has recognized about 650,000 people as "hibakusha". , 154,859 were still alive, mostly in Japan. The government of Japan recognizes about 1% of these as having illnesses caused by radiation. The memorials in Hiroshima and Nagasaki contain lists of the names of the "hibakusha" who are known to have died since the bombings. Updated annually on the anniversaries of the bombings, , the memorials record the names

title: Original Child Bomb

text: the film is presented in a montage style. The title of the film comes from Thomas Merton's poem of the same name, "Original Child Bomb". The phrase "original child bomb" was derived from the Japanese term for the atom bomb, "genshi bakudan". "Genshi", which means "atom," contains root characters which, when rendered individually, can be taken to mean "original" and "child." Merton's poem claims, as does the documentary, that the Japanese called the weapon the "original child bomb" because the bomb was the first of its kind. It is unlikely, however, that native Japanese speakers would have translated "genshi" as

title: Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum

text: bomb was dropped, the devastation produced by the bomb, and the history of nuclear arms development. The Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum covers the history of the bombing of Nagasaki, Japan. It portrays scenes of World War II, the dropping of the atomic bomb, the reconstruction of Nagasaki, and present day. Additionally, the museum exhibits the history of nuclear weapons development. The atomic bomb was developed by scientists working under the Manhattan Project. The project was granted funding on December 6, 1941, with American leaders aiming for a new invention that would serve as a wartime weapon. The decision to drop

text: fear of the Soviet Union, and the latter emphasizes that the US dropped the bombs to intimidate the Soviet Union. Soviet accounts of the ending of the war emphasised the role of the Soviet Union. The "Great Soviet Encyclopedia" summarised events thus: In August 1945 American military air forces dropped atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima (6 August) and of Nagasaki (9 August). These bombings were not caused by military necessity, and served primarily political aims. They inflicted enormous damage on the peaceable population. Fulfilling the obligations entered into by agreement with its allies and aiming for a very

title: Cosmic bomb (phrase)

text: Cosmic bomb (phrase) "Cosmic bomb" was another name for the atomic bomb. It was used for a short period of time in 1945 and 1946. The first "New York Times" story about the bombing of Hiroshima referred to "this terrible new weapon, which the War Department also calls the 'Cosmic Bomb.'" Another articles noted that "what the Army has called the 'cosmic bomb' was not regarded by those responsible for winning the war against Japan as the factor which, of itself, would give the war its finishing touch", and a headline reported "Secret War Nipped Reich Cosmic Bomb." Thomas Pynchon

title: Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum

text: an atomic bomb on Japan had been made by 1943, and a shortlist of candidate target cities was in place in 1945. At the time, it was argued that an atomic bombing would bring about a more rapid end to the war. Hiroshima, the first target, was selected to show the power of America's new weapon. The second bombing, of Nagasaki, was intended to demonstrate that the USA had a large arsenal. At 11:02 A.M. local time on August 9, 1945, the atomic bomb, nicknamed Fat Man as its code name by Robert Serber in the United States (after Sydney

title: Werner Heisenberg

text: MI6. During their detention, their conversations were recorded. Conversations thought to be of intelligence value were transcribed and translated into English. The transcripts were released in 1992. On the 6th of August 1945 the scientists at Farm Hall learned from media reports that the USA had dropped an atomic bomb in Hiroshima, Japan. At first there was disbelief that a bomb had been built and dropped. In the weeks that followed, the German scientists discussed how the USA may have built the bomb. The Farm Hall transcripts reveal that Heisenberg, along with other physicists interned at Farm Hall including Otto

title: Hiroshima

text: Hiroshima Hiroshima was the first city targeted by a nuclear weapon, when the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) dropped an atomic bomb on the city at 8:15 a.m. on August 6, 1945, near the end of World War II. Hiroshima was established on the delta coastline of the Seto Inland Sea in 1589 by powerful warlord Mōri Terumoto, who made it his capital after leaving Kōriyama Castle in Aki Province. Hiroshima Castle was quickly built, and in 1593 Mōri moved in. Terumoto was on the losing side at the Battle of Sekigahara. The winner of the battle, Tokugawa Ieyasu,

title: Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum

text: inside the Urakami Cathedral. At the time of the bombing, dozens of people were inside the Cathedral for confession. This section also exhibits a timeline of events which shows a course of events that occurred prior to the bomb being dropped in Nagasaki. Leaflets which American forces dropped on Japan during the early part of 1945 are on display. One gives information on the bombing of Hiroshima and the power of the atomic bomb, warning citizens to leave the city and stop fighting. Also included are melted bottles, the bones of a human hand stuck to a clump of melted

title: Tube Alloys

text: a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction might be possible. The term "atomic bomb" was already familiar to the British public through the writings of H. G. Wells, in his 1913 novel "The World Set Free". It was immediately apparent to many scientists that, in theory at least, an extremely powerful explosive could be created, although most still considered an atomic bomb was an impossibility. Perrin defined a critical mass of uranium to be the smallest amount that could sustain a chain reaction. The neutrons used to cause fission in uranium are considered slow neutrons, but when neutrons are released during a

text: might be moved to the demonstration site and be killed by the bomb. They also worried that the bomb might be a dud since the Trinity test was of a stationary device, not an air-dropped bomb. In addition, although more bombs were in production, only two would be available at the start of August, and they cost billions of dollars, so using one for a demonstration would be expensive. For several months, the U.S. had warned civilians of potential air raids by dropping more than 63 million leaflets across Japan. Many Japanese cities suffered terrible damage from aerial bombings; some

title: The Beginning or the End

text: are shown bursting around the "Enola Gay" on its bombing run over Hiroshima; and it is said that leaflets were dropped on Hiroshima for ten days in advance of the mission warning the citizens of the forthcoming raid. The film received generally mixed reviews, and was a box office disappointment. In 1945, physicist and atomic scientist Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer (Hume Cronyn) praises the discovery of atomic energy, but also warns of its dangers. American scientists such as Matt Cochran (Tom Drake), working under the guidance of Dr. Enrico Fermi (Joseph Calleia) and Dr. Marré (Victor Francen), have split the

title: Hiroshima Peace Memorial

text: the United States Army Air Forces from the "Enola Gay", a B-29 bomber. The force of the atomic bomb effectively obliterated the city of Hiroshima, Japan. Earlier, on 25 July, General Carl Spaatz, commander of the United States Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific, received orders to deliver a "special bomb" attack on selected cities in Japan. The first target city chosen was Hiroshima, which had an important port on southern Honshu and was headquarters of the Japanese Second General Army with 40,000 military personnel in the city. The bomb was assembled in secret and loaded on the "Enola Gay".

text: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki During the final stage of World War II, the United States detonated two nuclear weapons over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively. The United States dropped the bombs after obtaining the consent of the United Kingdom, as required by the Quebec Agreement. The two bombings killed 129,000–226,000 people, most of whom were civilians. They remain the only use of nuclear weapons in the history of warfare. In the final year of the war, the Allies prepared for what was anticipated to be a very costly invasion

text: the development of an atomic bomb a theoretical possibility. Fears that a German atomic bomb project would develop atomic weapons first, especially among scientists who were refugees from Nazi Germany and other fascist countries, were expressed in the Einstein-Szilard letter. This prompted preliminary research in the United States in late 1939. Progress was slow until the arrival of the British MAUD Committee report in late 1941, which indicated that only 5 to 10 kilograms of isotopically enriched uranium-235 were needed for a bomb instead of tons of natural uranium and a neutron moderator like heavy water. The 1943 Quebec Agreement

title: Smyth Report

text: version published by Princeton. In the Princeton publication, first and middle names were added instead of the previous use of abbreviations. In response to public concerns about radioactivity, Groves had text added to paragraph 12.18 explaining how the height of the explosions over Hiroshima and Nagasaki reduced fallout and allowed fission products to be drawn up into the upper atmosphere. He also had a one-sentence allusion to a poisoning effect of fission products in the production reactors redacted. This deletion was soon noticed by the Russian translators, and only served to highlight its importance to the Soviet atomic bomb project.

title: The Atom Strikes!

text: The Atom Strikes! The Atom Strikes is a document commissioned by the U.S. Army Signal Corps Pictoral Division shortly after the end of the Second World War. It documents the findings of a commission sent to Japan to assess the damage caused by the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Opening with the blast of the experimental bombing in Los Alamos, New Mexico in July 1945, the film turns to the "Enola Gay" and its mission over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The narrator informs the audience about the military significance of the city and that it had not experienced

title: Trinity: A Graphic History of the First Atomic Bomb

text: mentions history of warfare weapons, up to the new atomic bomb. Eventually, Truman authorizes the bombing of Hiroshima. The crew from Enola Gay is seen on their way to the skies over Hiroshima, and then drop the bomb. The book describes in detail what happens: "The effect was like this: The heat and the light hit before the sound. Now, in a world without sight or sound, a wave of air traveling at more than 800 miles per hour sweeps outwards in all directions. In its wake comes the earth-trembling roar of the atmosphere aflame. The blast is so hot

title: Hiroshima (book)

text: against the censors office by the US news media "Hiroshima" was not banned in Japan. The article begins on the morning of August 6, 1945, the day the atomic bomb was dropped, killing an estimated 135,000 people. The book begins with the following sentence: Hersey introduces the six characters: two doctors, a Protestant minister, a widowed seamstress, a young female factory worker and a German Catholic priest. It describes their mornings before the bomb was dropped. Through the book, the lives of these six people overlap as they share similar experiences. Each chapter covers a time period from the morning

title: Potsdam Declaration

text: decision, the United States Army Air Forces dropped the first atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, and then the second atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Nagasaki three days later on August 9, 1945. These two bombings devastated the two cities, killing an estimated 129,000–246,000 people and destroying much of the cities' infrastructure as well as military bases and war industries in a matter of seconds in a radius that stretched for more than 1 mile (1.6 kilometers). However, the word "mokusatsu" can also mean "withholding comment". Since World War II, it has

title: American military technology during World War II

text: it was easy to set on fire. On August 6 and 9, 1945, an atomic bomb was dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki instantly killing 120,000 people. Roughly 100,000 more people died of radiation poisoning in the following years. Six days after the dropping of the bomb on Nagasaki, the Japanese surrendered. The Manhattan Project was the leading collaborative scientific effort and the most secretive of the time. At first, several different labs had scientists working on smaller parts of the atom bomb, but they had no idea as to the magnitude of the project. Later, the

text: wartime." In early July 1945, on his way to Potsdam, Truman had re-examined the decision to use the bomb. In the end, he made the decision to drop the atomic bombs on strategic cities. His stated intention in ordering the bombings was to save American lives, to bring about a quick resolution of the war by inflicting destruction, and instilling fear of further destruction, sufficient to cause Japan to surrender. In his speech to the Japanese people presenting his reasons for surrender on August 15, the Emperor referred specifically to the atomic bombs, stating if they continued to fight it

text: Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki concerns the ethical, legal, and military controversies surrounding the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 August and 9 August 1945 at the close of World War II (1939–45). The Soviet Union declared war on Japan an hour before 9 August and invaded Manchuria at one minute past midnight; Japan surrendered on 15 August. On 26 July 1945, United States President Harry S. Truman, United Kingdom Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Chairman of the Chinese Nationalist Government Chiang Kai-shek issued

title: Hiroshima (book)

text: written that could be of more important at this moment to the human race." Published a little more than a year after the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, the American public was shown a different interpretation of the Japanese from what had been previously described in the media. The Americans could let go of some of the guilt knowing that the Japanese did not blame them for this terrible act of war. After reading "Hiroshima," a Manhattan Project scientist wrote that he wept as he remembered how he had celebrated the dropping of the atomic bomb. Scientists along with

title: Als die Sonne vom Himmel fiel

text: is referring to the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. For the worldwide distribution, the title "The Day The Sun Fell" is used. On 6 August 1945, some 70,000–80,000 people, or around 30% of the population of Hiroshima, were killed by the blast and resultant firestorm, and another 70,000 injured. According to the "Hiroshima A-bomb Medical Care History", at the time of the atomic bombing there were 298 doctors of medicine in Hiroshima, but 60 of them were killed immediately, and 210 wounded. The thousands of wounded and dying people were then doctored by a very small group of medical personnel, among

title: Hiroshima (film)

text: leaves Los Alamos for Tinian island in the Pacific. At the Potsdam conference near Berlin, the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin promises to join the war against Japan. British prime minister Winston Churchill urges Truman to use the bomb so as to constrain Russian expansion, an argument seconded by Truman's military advisers, who warn that unless Japan surrenders quickly it will have a Russian zone of occupation and the attendant problems. Truman decides to drop the bomb, reporting afterward that he then "went to bed and slept like a baby." The Allied leaders deliver an ultimatum to Japan "to give them

title: Hiroshima (film)

text: Hiroshima (film) Hiroshima is a 1995 Japanese-Canadian war drama film directed by Koreyoshi Kurahara and Roger Spottiswoode about the decision-making processes that led to the dropping of the atomic bombs by the United States on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki toward the end of World War II. The three-hour film was made for television (Showtime Network) and evidently had no theatrical release, but is available on DVD for home viewing. A combination of dramatisation, historical footage, and eyewitness interviews, the film alternates between documentary footage and the dramatic recreations. Both the dramatisations and most of the original footage

title: Ground zero

text: reported that "Zero" was "the code name given to the spot chosen for the [Trinity] test" in 1945. The "Oxford English Dictionary", citing the use of the term in a 1946 "New York Times" report on the destroyed city of Hiroshima, defines "ground zero" as "that part of the ground situated immediately under an exploding bomb, especially an atomic one." The term was military slang, used at the Trinity site where the weapon tower for the first nuclear weapon was at "point zero", and moved into general use very shortly after the end of World War II. At Hiroshima, the

long_answer: By August 1945, the Allies' Manhattan Project had produced two types of atomic bomb, and the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) was equipped with the specialized Silverplate version of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress that could deliver them from Tinian in the Mariana Islands. Orders for atomic bombs to be used on four Japanese cities were issued on July 25. On August 6, one of its B-29s dropped a Little Boy uranium gun-type bomb on Hiroshima. Three days later, on August 9, a Fat Man plutonium implosion-type bomb was dropped by another B-29 on Nagasaki. The bombs immediately devastated their targets. Over the next two to four months, the acute effects of the atomic bombings killed 90,000–146,000 people in Hiroshima and 39,000–80,000 people in Nagasaki; roughly half of the deaths in each city occurred on the first day. Large numbers of people continued to die from the effects of burns, radiation sickness, and other injuries, compounded by illness and malnutrition, for many months afterward. In both cities, most of the dead were civilians, although Hiroshima had a sizable military garrison.