question: who is the owner of reading football club

answers: Xiu Li Dai

answers: Dai Xiuli

answers: Dai Yongge

answers: Yongge Dai

title: Nigel Howe

text: Nigel Howe Nigel Howe (born 7 April 1958) is a British property developer, and a director at Reading Football Club, who currently play in the SkyBet Championship in England. The majority of Howe's career was in property management before joining John Madejski in 1995 when he took over as chief executive of Reading F.C. Howe led the redevelopment of both the club's Madejski Stadium and its business management, and is also a non-executive director of a number of other businesses in which John Madejski has invested including the BenhamGoodhead Print Group, Sackville Properties and the Ark Group. He is also

title: Anton Zingarevich

text: The couple married in late 2009 and had a child. Anton Zingarevich Anton Zingarevich (Russian: Антон Зингаревич) is a Russian businessman best known for being the former owner of Reading Football Club, who play in the English Championship. Zingarevich's bid to take over the club was announced in January 2012, and he formally purchased the club on 29 May 2012. Since then, Zingarevich has had minimum interest in the running of the club, however did make the decision to sack manager Brian McDermott, and the subsequent employment of Nigel Adkins. Zingarevich is the son of Boris Zingarevich, a Russian multi-billionaire.

title: Anton Zingarevich

text: Anton Zingarevich Anton Zingarevich (Russian: Антон Зингаревич) is a Russian businessman best known for being the former owner of Reading Football Club, who play in the English Championship. Zingarevich's bid to take over the club was announced in January 2012, and he formally purchased the club on 29 May 2012. Since then, Zingarevich has had minimum interest in the running of the club, however did make the decision to sack manager Brian McDermott, and the subsequent employment of Nigel Adkins. Zingarevich is the son of Boris Zingarevich, a Russian multi-billionaire. At the age of 16, Zingarevich began education at Bearwood

title: Nigel Howe

text: a non-executive director of the Clearview Traffic Group. Howe is the nephew of former England and Arsenal coach Don Howe. Nigel Howe Nigel Howe (born 7 April 1958) is a British property developer, and a director at Reading Football Club, who currently play in the SkyBet Championship in England. The majority of Howe's career was in property management before joining John Madejski in 1995 when he took over as chief executive of Reading F.C. Howe led the redevelopment of both the club's Madejski Stadium and its business management, and is also a non-executive director of a number of other businesses

title: Reading F.C.

text: Reading Football Club ownership structure: 75% Owned by Renhe Sports Management Ltd, 100% owned by Xiu Li Dai and Yongge Dai. 25% Owned by Narin Niruttinanon

title: Reading F.C.

text: Reading F.C. Reading Football Club ( ) is a professional association football club based in Reading, Berkshire, England. The team play in the Championship, the second tier of English football. Reading are nicknamed The Royals, due to Reading's location in the Royal County of Berkshire, though they were previously known as The Biscuitmen, due to the town's association with Huntley and Palmers. Established in 1871, the club is one of the oldest teams in England, but did not join The Football League until 1920, and had never played in the top tier of English football league system before the 2006–07

title: Sport in Reading, Berkshire

text: Sport in Reading, Berkshire Reading is home to a number of professional sports teams and a large number of amateur sports clubs. Reading is the home of Reading Football Club, an association football club nicknamed "The Royals", formed in 1871. Formerly based at Elm Park, the club plays at the 24,161 capacity Madejski Stadium, named after chairman Sir John Madejski. After winning the 2005–06 Football League Championship with a record of 106 points, Reading F.C. spent two seasons in the Premier League before being relegated to The Championship. This so far the only time that the club has spent in

title: Reading F.C.

text: they won promotion to the FA Women's Super League 1 in 2015 after winning the league. In the 2017–18 season, they finished fourth in the Women's Super League - their highest league position to date. The team currently plays at Adams Park, home of Wycombe Wanderers. Reading F.C. Reading Football Club ( ) is a professional association football club based in Reading, Berkshire, England. The team play in the Championship, the second tier of English football. Reading are nicknamed The Royals, due to Reading's location in the Royal County of Berkshire, though they were previously known as The Biscuitmen, due

title: Reading City F.C.

text: Reading City F.C. Reading City Football Club is a football club based in Reading, Berkshire, England. They are currently members of the and play at Scours Lane in the Tilehurst area of Reading. The club was established in 2001 as Highmoor Ibis by a merger of Highmoor and Ibis, both of which were playing in the Reading Senior League, Highmoor in the Senior Division and Ibis in the Premier Division. Ibis had also previously played in the Chiltonian League. The new club took Highmoor's place in the Senior Division and were league champions in 2003–04 without losing a match. They

title: Sport in Reading, Berkshire

text: the top division of English football. During their Premier League first season, they fractionally missed-out on UEFA Cup qualification. Reading Town Football Club, formed in 1966, played at Scours Lane and were playing in the Hellenic League Premier Division prior to folding in June 2016. Reading City Football Club (Formerly Highmoor Ibis) have since moved to Scours Lane and currently play in the Hellenic League Premier Division. Reading is a centre for rugby union football in the area, with the Aviva Premiership team London Irish as tenants at the Madejski Stadium. Reading is also home to another three senior semi-professional

title: Anton Zingarevich

text: College, near Wokingham, England, studying there for two years. Whilst studying at Bearwood, Zingarevich would watch Reading F.C. play at Elm Park. Zingarevich studied business at Cass Business School of City University London, and Regents Business School. In 2004, Zingarevich was linked with a £20m takeover of Everton. However, the deal was never completed, with Boris Zingarevich issuing a statement saying neither he nor Anton would be purchasing a football club. In January 2012, it was announced that Sir John Madejski, the chairman of Championship football club Reading F.C., was in talks with Thames Sport Investment, a company founded by

title: History of Reading F.C.

text: a united team was required for the Thames Valley region to retain a Football League club. The proposed amalgamation was prevented by the actions of Roy Tranter, a Reading director, and Roger Smee, a former Reading player. Smee disputed the legitimacy of the controlling interest in Reading held by the three board members that supported the merger plan. Tranter launched a legal challenge to the sale of certain shares on 22 April 1983. The supporters of the plan allies resigned under pressure from the rest of the Reading board in May 1983. At an extraordinary shareholders' meeting in July, Smee

title: Berkshire

text: two football clubs to be sponsored by Vodafone (the other being Manchester United). In May 2006 Vodafone ended its sponsorship of the club, following which the club collapsed. A local pub team from the Old London Apprentice took over the ground temporarily and now compete in the Hellenic Football League as Newbury F.C. There are several amateur and semi-professional football clubs in the county. These include Maidenhead United, Slough Town, Thatcham Town, Ascot United, A.F.C. Aldermaston, Sandhurst Town, Windsor F.C., Wokingham & Emmbrook F.C., Bracknell Town F.C. and Reading City. Reading is a centre for rugby union football, with the

title: Reading Town F.C.

text: Reading Town F.C. Reading Town Football Club were a semi-professional English football club in the Hellenic League Division One East, based in Reading, Berkshire. The club is affiliated to the Berks & Bucks Football Association The club previously played in the Combined Counties Football League, but with the agreement of the leagues involved, swapped places with Badshot Lea in time for the start of the 2008–09 season. The club was formed in 1966 as Lower Burghfield and started life in the Reading Combination League. In the early 1980s they were the Premier Division Champions on four occasions, with the 1983–84

title: Reading Town F.C.

text: they joined the Premier Division of the Chiltonian League, and changed their name from Reading Garage to I T S Reading. In 1993–94 they changed their name to Reading Town and relocated to their present home of Scours Lane. The 1994–95 season saw the team win the Premier Division Championship, and gain promotion to the Combined Counties Football League. Their first season in the Combined counties league the club finished midtable but went on to win the Berks & Bucks FA Senior Trophy, beating Lambourn Sports in the final. Floodlights were installed the following season and the team reached the

title: History of Reading F.C.

text: History of Reading F.C. The history of Reading Football Club covers almost 150 years of both success and failure of the football club from Reading, England. The club was established in 1871, making it one of the oldest professional teams in England. Reading joined the Football League in 1920. The Royals competed at the top flight of English football for the first time in the 2006–07 season. Reading Football Club was formed on 25 December 1871 by founder Joseph Edward Sydenham. They were originally nicknamed "The Biscuitmen" after one of the main trades in the town, Huntley & Palmers biscuits,

title: Reading Town F.C.

text: attendance for a Reading Town game is 1,067 against AFC Wimbledon at Scours Lane on 3 May 2003. Scours Lane is the second-highest capacity football stadium in Reading, next to Madejski Stadium, home of Sky Bet Championship side Reading. Reading Town F.C. Reading Town Football Club were a semi-professional English football club in the Hellenic League Division One East, based in Reading, Berkshire. The club is affiliated to the Berks & Bucks Football Association The club previously played in the Combined Counties Football League, but with the agreement of the leagues involved, swapped places with Badshot Lea in time for

title: John Madejski

text: pair became friends due to their mutual affiliation with the Conservative Party. On 3 March 2007, Madejski was shown on the BBC programme "Match of the Day" seated between Cilla and Chris Tarrant watching the Reading F.C. game against Arsenal F.C. at the Emirates Stadium. Madejski became chairman of the Football League club Reading F.C. in 1990, and has given his name to the club's Madejski Stadium, built in 1998 with £25 million largely contributed by him. He rescued Reading from receivership. He said "When Robert Maxwell was alive I offered him five pounds a share. When he fell off

title: Reading, Berkshire

text: John Madejski, and which opened in 1998. After winning the 2005–06 Football League Championship with a record of 106 points, Reading F.C. spent two seasons in the Premier League before being relegated to The Championship. For the 2012–2013 season, the club again competed in the Premier League, after securing first place in the Championship in the 2011–2012 season, but were relegated back down to the Championship at season's end. Reading Town Football Club, formed in 1966, played at Scours Lane and were playing in the Hellenic League Premier Division but were dissolved in 2016, while fellow non-league football club Reading

title: Thames Valley Royals proposal

text: Maxwell told the BBC that he was close to acquiring a controlling interest in Reading, and that he was intent on merging that club with Oxford. The merged club would be called Thames Valley Royals, a combination of "Thames Valley", a loose term for the geographical area, and the nickname of Reading Football Club, "the Royals". "If we in Thames Valley are to retain a League club we've got to unite Reading and Oxford," he explained. "Everything in the world that cannot pay its way must go the way of merger to combine into stronger units." Maxwell made this announcement

title: Brian McDermott (footballer)

text: in charge of Reading and the first ever for the club at Anfield. The Royals went on to beat Premier League side Burnley 1–0 thanks to a late strike from Gylfi Sigurðsson to secure a place in the FA Cup fifth round. On 27 January 2010 McDermott signed a 12-month rolling contract to become Reading's full-time manager. After that he led the Royals on a four-match winning streak in the league and into the quarter-finals of the FA Cup for the first time in 83 years after a 3–2 win over West Bromwich Albion. McDermott was nominated for Manager of

title: Anton Zingarevich

text: Zingarevich, over a takeover of the club. The deal was completed on 29 May 2012. The takeover had a significant effect on the club's fortunes, persuading star player Jimmy Kébé to sign a new contract and Blackburn Rovers forward Jason Roberts to join the club. Reading were promoted as Champions at the end of the season, prompting Zingarevich to promise to expand the Madejski Stadium and invest in the club's academy. Following Reading's promotion, Zingarevich became heavily involved in helping manager Brian McDermott to sign his transfer targets, personally meeting with Pavel Pogrebnyak and Gylfi Sigurðsson in attempts to convince

title: Reading City F.C.

text: ground did not have a stand or floodlights. Instead, the club moved to the Palmer Park Stadium, a general use stadium including a 780-seat stand and an athletics track around the pitch. However, in 2016 the club returned to Scours Lane as the ground had been upgraded to the required standards. Reading City F.C. Reading City Football Club is a football club based in Reading, Berkshire, England. They are currently members of the and play at Scours Lane in the Tilehurst area of Reading. The club was established in 2001 as Highmoor Ibis by a merger of Highmoor and Ibis,

title: Thames Valley Royals proposal

text: Thames Valley Royals proposal Shortly before the end of the 1982–83 Football League season, Robert Maxwell, the then-owner and chairman of Oxford United Football Club, announced that he had made a deal with the owners of nearby Reading to amalgamate the two teams to create a new club he proposed to name "Thames Valley Royals". This appellation combined a loose term for the geographical region, "Thames Valley", with the Reading team's nickname, "the Royals". With each team having financial problems, Maxwell claimed that both were on the verge of going out of business and that uniting them was necessary for

title: 2011–12 Reading F.C. season

text: fired home the equaliser on 42 to see the sides in level at half time. Reading's winner was thanks to substitute Adam le Fondre who netted with 5 minutes remaining to give Reading all the points. On 20 January, Reading announced that Russian investment group, Thames Sports Investment, had agreed a deal with Sir John Madejski to buy a significant holding in Reading FC. The deal see Madejski stay on as chairman until 2014, and provide Brian McDermott and Nick Hammond with funds to spend during the January transfer window. 21 January saw Reading lose at home to another promotion

title: Relocation of sports teams in the United Kingdom

text: in October 2018 which could see the team become "East Hull" the following season, as well as considering a relocation to Dunswell Park on the northern edge of Hull. Shortly before the end of the 1982–83 Football League season, Robert Maxwell, the then-owner and chairman of Oxford United Football Club, announced that he had made a deal with the owners of nearby Reading to amalgamate the two teams to create a new club he proposed to name "Thames Valley Royals". This appellation combined a loose term for the geographical region, "Thames Valley", with the Reading team's nickname, "the Royals". With

title: 2009–10 Reading F.C. season

text: 2009–10 Reading F.C. season Reading Football Club played 2009–10 season in the Football League Championship, having lost 3–0 on aggregate to Burnley in the Championship playoff semi-final. Reading have a new manager, Brian McDermott, who succeeded ex-boss Brendan Rogers on 27 January 2010, after excelling in an FA Cup run as caretaker manager. Reading travelled to Didcot Town for their first Pre-Season match where they ran out 5–1 winners with goals from Sigurdsson, Bignall, Henry, Harper and Church. Reading then lost 2–1 at Kettering Town with Church (11') scoring the only goal for the Berkshire side. Reading drew 2–2 with

title: Roy Brown (footballer, born 1945)

text: July 1970 he transferred to Notts County where he went on to make a further 113 appearances before joining Mansfield Town in November 1975 where he made one senior appearance. Brown held the position of Sports Centre manager in Newark-on-Trent, Watford and Reading before becoming Head of Leisure for Reading Borough Council, a post he held between 1975–1999. In addition he was secretary of the Reading Golf club and later held the same position at Ham Manor Golf Club, Angmering, Sussex. Roy Brown (footballer, born 1945) Roy Eric Brown (born 5 October 1945) is an English former professional footballer who

title: Anthony Kleanthous

text: creating The National League and National League Broadcasting which produced the BT Sports highlight shows. He recently formed a new ladies football team, The London Bees, who won a license in 2013 to play in The FA Women's Super League. The London Bees have joined Barnet FC as resident clubs of The Hive London. Anthony Kleanthous Anthony Andrew Kleanthous (born January 1966) is the current chairman of Barnet Football Club. He became the youngest football chairman to enter the football league when he bought the club in 1994. The Kleanthous family moved to London from Cyprus and Tony Kleanthous was

title: Reading, Berkshire

text: City Football Club now play at Scours Lane after moving from Palmer Park Stadium at the end of the 2015–16 season. Reading is a centre for rugby union in the area, with the Aviva Premiership team London Irish as tenants at the Madejski Stadium. Reading is also home to another three senior semi-professional rugby clubs: Reading Abbey R.F.C., Redingensians R.F.C. and Reading R.F.C.. The Reading Rockets are the town's professional basketball team. They compete in the second tier English Basketball League Division 1, though they have tried several times in recent years to move up to the top tier British

title: Reading F.C.

short_answers:
Xiu Li Dai
Yongge Dai


question: when is the last time the philadelphia won the superbowl

answers: Super Bowl LII,

answers: 2017

title: Veterans Stadium

text: Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the NFC Championship Game on January 19, 2003. The Eagles moved into Lincoln Financial Field in August 2003. The final game ever played at the stadium was the afternoon of September 28, 2003, a 5-2 Phillies loss to the Atlanta Braves. The final hit was recorded by Greg Maddux of the Braves, the final loss by the Phils' Kevin Millwood. The final Phillies run was scored by Marlon Byrd at the top of the 3rd inning, and the final run altogether by the Braves' Andruw Jones on a double by Robert Fick (who also had the

title: History of the Philadelphia Eagles

text: the NFL with a 13-3 record which gave them their first NFC East Championship since 2013, and gave them a first round bye for the first time since the 2004 season which was the last time they last went to the Super Bowl. Carson Wentz improved drastically during the season in which he threw for 33 touchdowns and only 7 interceptions. His potential MVP season came to an end though during Week 14 against the Los Angeles Rams where he tore his ACL, and would be out for the rest of the year. Nick Foles who returned to the Eagles

title: 2013 Philadelphia Eagles season

text: at the quarterback helm. This was the first game in NFL history to end with a final score of 54-11. With the convincing win, the Eagles improved to 9-6, and will face their arch rivals, the Dallas Cowboys, next Sunday Night for the division crown. This game would end when Kyle Orton threw an interception late in the fourth quarter. With the win, the Eagles improved to 10-6 and sealed NFC East Championship and 3rd seed in the playoffs. They would also be the third team in a row to defeat the Cowboys in the last game of the regular

title: Temple Stadium

text: Philadelphia Eagles used the stadium twice for home games. On Tuesday, November 6, 1934, the Eagles beat the Cincinnati Reds, 64-0. This game was historic because it was the first time in NFL history that a team scored ten touchdowns in one game, and it is still the second most lopsided game in NFL history, second only to the Chicago Bears' 73-0 victory over the Washington Redskins in the 1940 NFL Championship Game. It was also the last game ever for the Reds, who had found out the previous day that their team was being disbanded and replaced in the

title: Philadelphia Eagles

text: The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football franchise based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Eagles compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) East division. They are Super Bowl champions, having won Super Bowl LII, their fourth NFL title, after winning in 1948, 1949, and 1960.

title: 2009 Philadelphia Eagles season

text: Broncos with 7 seconds of game time. Time ran out on the ensuing kickoff, and the Eagles held on to win by a score of 30-27. The victory, their sixth consecutive, boosted Philadelphia's record to 11-4, setting up a decisive Week 17 game with the Cowboys for the division title. In the final game of the regular season, the first-place Eagles battled the second-place Cowboys in Dallas, with the winner crowned as NFC East champs. The game began with Dallas driving 80 yards down the field in 9 plays for the touchdown. Cowboys quarterback Tony Romo completed a 10-yard pass

title: 1985 Philadelphia Eagles season

text: RFK Stadium. On November 10, at Veterans Stadium, Jaworski combined with wide receiver Mike Quick for a club-record 99-yard touchdown pass in overtime to beat the Atlanta Falcons, 23–17. 1985 Philadelphia Eagles season The 1985 Philadelphia Eagles season was their 53rd in the National Football League (NFL). The team improved upon their previous output of 6–9–1, winning seven games. This was the fourth consecutive season in which the team failed to qualify for the playoffs. Philadelphia was in position to earn a wild-card berth with a 6–5 record by late November, but a four-game losing streak, which included a home

title: History of the Philadelphia Eagles

text: Eagles defeated the Bears 33-19 at Soldier Field. Reaching the NFC Championship game, they were unable to stop the St. Louis Rams, who defeated them 29-24 Despite injuries, McNabb led the Eagles to a 12-4 season in 2002. Once again, they reached the NFC Championship, but lost at home 27-10 to the eventual Super Bowl champion Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the last game at Veterans Stadium. The 2003 team lost its first two games, both at their new home. In the opening game of the 2003 season, the Eagles were shut out 17-0 by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the

title: 2017 Philadelphia Eagles season

text: threw an incomplete pass to Julio Jones, essentially sealing a 15-10 win for the Eagles. Against many analyst predictions, the top seeded Philadelphia Eagles advanced to the NFC Championship game. The Eagles were once again underdogs going into the NFC Championship Game, this time to the second-seeded Minnesota Vikings, who were coming off a notable playoff victory in the Divisional Round. This was the Eagles first NFC Championship appearance since the 2008–09 NFL playoffs. Though the Eagles allowed a Vikings touchdown on the opening drive, it was the Vikings only score. Case Keenum's pick-six to Patrick Robinson changed the game,

title: 2014 Baltimore Ravens season

text: were ultimately defeated in the AFC Divisional Round by the eventual Super Bowl champion New England Patriots. As of 2018, this is the last time the Ravens have made the playoffs. During the first preseason game vs the 49ers the Ravens won the third "Harbowl", as coach John Harbaugh defeated his brother Jim Harbaugh for the third time (following the Thanksgiving game in 2011 and Super Bowl XLVII). Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. Joe Flacco would break an NFL record for fastest time for throwing 5 touchdown passes (16 minutes) since the AFL–NFL merger. The Ravens were the

title: 2001 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season

text: was recovered by Philadelphia. Two plays later, Feeley and Douglas took the lead with their second touchdown. Philadelphia managed to score 14 points in 25 seconds, and held on to win the unusual, rather lackadaisical game. "at Veterans Stadium, Philadelphia" Eagles QB Donovan McNabb threw for 194 yards and 2 touchdowns, while also rushing for 54 yards, as Philadelphia dominated Tampa Bay from start to finish. Bucs quarterback Brad Johnson was intercepted four times, twice by Damon Moore. It was the second consecutive season in which Philadelphia eliminated Tampa Bay from the playoffs during the wild card round, and two

title: History of the Philadelphia Eagles

text: on December 28, 2008 and advanced to the playoffs. The Eagles then defeated the Minnesota Vikings 26-14 in the first round of the playoffs on January 4, 2009. They defeated their division rival and the defending Super Bowl champions the New York Giants 23-11 in the NFC Divisional Round to advance to their fifth NFC Championship game in nine years. For the third time in a decade, an all-Pennsylvania Super Bowl seemed possible, as the Pittsburgh Steelers won the AFC Championship against the Baltimore Ravens. However, the Eagles lost 32-25 to the Arizona Cardinals. In August, the team stirred up

title: 2009 Philadelphia Eagles season

text: Philly's last score of the game and put them up 34–7. Matt Cassel began to rally the Chiefs and drove them down the field, scoring a touchdown on a nine-yard pass to Bobby Wade, making the score 34–14. However, the Chiefs were unable to get on the board again and 34–14 was the final score. Kolb is the first quarterback to throw at least 300 yards in his first 2 career starts. With the win, the Eagles went into their bye week at 2–1. The Eagles returned from their Week 4 bye against an 0–4 Tampa Bay Buccaneers team, Philadelphia's

title: 2009 Philadelphia Eagles season

text: twice until the Cowboys struck again, this time on a 2-play possession capped off by running back Felix Jones. Jones ran it in from 49 yards out and put Dallas up by 24 with under 6 minutes left in the third quarter. This would be the last time either team put up any points, and the game ended with a final score of 24-0. This would be Philadelphia's first loss since Week 10 and their first time being held scoreless in a regular season game since Week 13 of 2005. With the loss, the Eagles placed second in the NFC

title: History of the Dallas Cowboys

text: Jeff Heath caused Carr to fumble the ball before the ball crossed the endzone to force a touchback and seal a Dallas victory. Elliott returned from suspension on Week 16 which was a home game vs Seattle. Despite this the Seahawks prevailed 21-12 to eliminate the Cowboys from playoff contention. Their season ended on a 6-0 win against the Eagles to finish with a 9-7 second place record. Philadelphia would go onto win Super Bowl LII. January 1, 1967, NFL Championship Game vs.Green Bay Packers December 31, 1967, NFL Championship Game at Green Bay Packers January 17, 1971, Super Bowl

title: History of the Philadelphia Eagles

text: the late Reggie White. Unfortunately, they got shut out by the NFC West and eventual NFC champion Seattle Seahawks 42-0. Afterwards, they lost to the Giants at home 26-2. Their last win of the season came on the road against the St. Louis Rams 17-16. Then they lost their last two games of the season to the Arizona Cardinals on the road 27-21 and then at home to the wild card Washington Redskins 31-20. They ended their 2005 season at 6-10, which marked the first time since 1999 that the Eagles failed to make the playoffs. After expectations of a

title: 1980 Dallas Cowboys season

text: Philadelphia would be a wildcard team. However, if the Cowboys lost (or won by less than 25) then the roles would reverse. Atlanta (12-4) had the number one NFC seed over either team in any scenario since they beat Philadelphia head-to-head and enjoyed a better conference record (10-2 vs. 9-3) over Dallas. Dallas led the game 35–10 in the fourth quarter, but the Eagles rallied to lose only 35–27. This forced Dallas to play an extra week in the playoffs and a road game in Atlanta in the divisional round. Dallas ultimately lost at Philadelphia in the NFC Championship game.

title: 2002 Philadelphia Eagles season

text: 2002 NFC Championship Game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, who eventually won Super Bowl XXXVII. The Eagles defeated the Buccaneers in two prior consecutive seasons in the NFL playoffs in easy fashion. Many experts thought that the Conference Championship game would not be any different. The game was the final football game played at Veterans Stadium. The Eagles' season of high expectations began with a loss to the Tennessee Titans after the team blew a 24–10 halftime lead. The Titans scored on their first possession on 14-yard reception by Eddie George. Philadelphia took advantage of a muffed punt to extend

title: ArenaBowl XXII

text: consecutive, appearance in the title game (they have won in all of their previous trips), against the National Conference Champions Philadelphia Soul, who were making their first appearance in the franchise's history in the ArenaBowl. The Soul, along with division rival Dallas, were undefeated at week 9. They preceded to beat them in that week, however when travelling to Cleveland for the following game, they lost their first game of the season. They continued to sputter, dropping two of their last three, however these ultimately were their only three losses on the season. They were the top seed in their

title: History of the Philadelphia Eagles

text: was picked off in the closing seconds of the game. The final score was 24-21, and the Patriots had won their third Super Bowl in four years. The defending NFC Champions did not fare well the next year. The 2005 season began in a strange and erratic fashion with a 14-10 road loss to the Atlanta Falcons on "Monday Night Football", a game in which Donovan McNabb suffered a chest bruise. In addition, Eagles linebacker Jeremiah Trotter was ejected prior to kick-off for getting involved in an altercation with Falcons cornerback Kevin Mathis. In the Week 2 home opener in

title: 2009 Philadelphia Eagles season

text: East, as the Cowboys won the division title by means of a tiebreaker. Entering the postseason as the NFC's #6 seed, the Eagles began their playoff at Cowboys Stadium for the third meeting against their hated rival, the #3 Dallas Cowboys, in a rematch of their Week 17 defeat. After a scoreless first quarter, the Cowboys would strike first in the second quarter with quarterback Tony Romo's 1-yard touchdown pass to tight end John Phillips. Philadelphia would answer with quarterback Michael Vick hooking up with rookie wide receiver Jeremy Maclin on a 76-yard touchdown, but Dallas would start to pull

title: 2004 Philadelphia Eagles season

text: them against the Atlanta Falcons in the NFC Championship Game after losing the past three title games. The game would be played in post-blizzard, 17-degree weather, with swirling frigid winds nearing 30 MPH. Atlanta had gone 11–5 over the year, and were the second best team in the conference, behind Philadelphia. Atlanta's quarterback and star player Michael Vick would basically be the Falcons' main hope of upsetting the Eagles. He tried to run twice on the opening drive, but the Eagles' defense, using a mush rush, stopped him both times. Later in the quarter, Brian Westbrook broke a 36-yard run

title: 2003 Philadelphia Eagles season

text: gamble blew up in Philadelphia's face. Randal Williams fielded the bouncing kick and raced into the end zone untouched in three seconds – the fastest touchdown in NFL history. Brian Westbrook's five-yard touchdown run in the second quarter tied the score, but Billy Cundiff kicked a field goal just before halftime to make it 10–7 Dallas. Troy Hambrick finished a third quarter Dallas drive with a one-yard touchdown to open a 17–7 Cowboy lead. A 52-yard catch-and-run by Duce Staley on the Eagles' ensuing drive brought Philadelphia within three points, but the Cowboys answered back with another field goal. With

title: Washington Redskins

text: In Week 5, they hosted Green Bay for only the second time since 1979 (the first was in 2004) and beat them 16-13. After losing a Sunday Night match to the Colts, Washington beat Chicago in Week 7. Although McNabb threw two interceptions, the team took advantage of their opponent's porous O-line to sack and pick off Jay Cutler four times, winning 17-14. After losing a 37-25 trap game in Detroit, the Redskins went on their bye week and returned to host Philadelphia on MNF for the second straight year. As rain fell on Fedex Field, the Eagles proceeded to

title: 2004 Philadelphia Eagles season

text: game moved into the fourth quarter and Atlanta's passing offense could do little against the Philadelphia secondary, a Super Bowl berth looked more and more likely. A six-and-a-half minute drive that ended in another short Chad Lewis touchdown reception kicked off the celebration in Philadelphia. Victorious by a score of 27–10, the Eagles were NFC Champions for the first time since 1980. McNabb threw for a modest 180 yards in the windy weather, but had two touchdowns and no interceptions. Westbrook came up with 96 yards on the ground, while Chad Lewis made two critical touchdown receptions. It was later

title: 1972 Los Angeles Rams season

text: 31-7 at home, the Philadelphia Eagles 34-3 in Philly, and the Cincinnati Bengals 15-12 at home. However, following this 3 game winning streak, the Rams struggled, losing several close games as they lost 5 of their last six to end the season 6-7-1. This would be the last time the Rams would miss the playoffs until 1981, as they started a dynasty the next season that saw them win the NFC West 7 consecutive times from 1973-1979. They also finished in 2nd place in 1980. On July 13, 1972, Robert Irsay bought the Los Angeles Rams and transferred ownership to

title: History of the Philadelphia Eagles

text: return to the Super Bowl, it appeared the Eagles would have to retool in the 2006 off-season to make another run for the Vince Lombardi Trophy. In 2006, the Eagles started off hot, beating the Houston Texans in Houston 24-10. And they kept the streak going, jumping to a 24-7 lead against the Giants before losing 30-24 in overtime. They won their next two games easily, beating the 49ers in San Francisco and then returning home to limit Brett Favre's Packers to three field goals. The Birds' 3-1 record set the stage for Terrell Owens' return to Philadelphia. Owens return

title: 2008 Dallas Cowboys season

text: With the win, Dallas improved to 9–5. This would be the last Cowboys win at Texas Stadium and for the 2008 NFL Season. Coming off their win over the Giants, the Cowboys stayed at home for a Week 16 interconference battle with the Baltimore Ravens, in what would be the final game at Texas Stadium. In the first quarter, Dallas struck first as rookie running back Tashard Choice got a 2-yard touchdown run. The Ravens would respond with a 26-yard field goal from kicker Matt Stover. Baltimore would take the lead in the second quarter as Stover got a 29-yard

title: Super Bowl XXXIX

text: played it safe by running the ball 3 times and forcing Philadelphia to use all of its timeouts. New England punter Josh Miller then pinned the Eagles back at their own 4-yard line with just 46 seconds left in the game. Philadelphia then tried one last desperate drive to win or tie the game. But on first down, McNabb was pressured into making a rushed pass to Westbrook at the line of scrimmage. Instead of dropping the pass to stop the clock, Westbrook made the mistake of catching the ball and was immediately tackled for no gain, keeping the clock

title: 1988 Philadelphia Eagles season

text: 1988 Philadelphia Eagles season The Philadelphia Eagles season was the franchise's 56th season in the National Football League. This season resulted an appearance in the postseason for the first time since 1981. The Eagles won the NFC East for the first time in seven seasons, but lost to the Chicago Bears in the NFC Divisional round during the Fog Bowl. On the final day of the regular season, Philadelphia dumped Dallas, 23–7, but had to wait for the end to the Jets-Giants game at Giants Stadium to learn if they had clinched the division or not. The Jets won the

title: Philadelphia Eagles


question: how many episodes are there in dragon ball z

answers: 291 episodes

answers: 291

title: Dragon Ball Z

text: 33 DVDs and in fullscreen on a single Blu-ray and eight four-disc Blu-ray sets from September 18, 2009, to August 2, 2011. Funimation released eight DVD and Blu-ray box sets of "Dragon Ball Z Kai" from May 18, 2010 to June 5, 2012. These sets contain the original Japanese audio track with English subtitles, as well as the uncut version of the English dub, which does not contain any of the edits made for the TV airings. Before the final volume was even published, Funimation began re-releasing the series in four DVD and Blu-ray "season" sets between May 22, 2012

title: Dragon Ball Z

text: cropped the entire series into 16:9 widescreen format and began re-releasing it to DVD in nine individual "season" box sets; the first set released on February 6, 2007 and the final on May 19, 2009. In July 2009, Funimation announced that they would be releasing the Japanese frame-by-frame "Dragon Box" restoration of "Dragon Ball Z" in North America. These seven limited edition DVD box sets were released uncut in the show's original 4:3 fullscreen format between November 10, 2009 and October 11, 2011. In July 2011, Funimation announced plans to release "Dragon Ball Z" in Blu-ray format, with the first

title: Dragon Ball Z

text: manga. He said the reception to "Kai" was positive and Bandai had a hit with a card game, so it all worked out. The series initially concluded with the finale of the Cell arc, as opposed to including the Majin Buu arc. It was originally planned to run 98 episodes, however, due to the Tōhoku offshore earthquake and tsunami, the final episode of "Dragon Ball Kai" was not aired and the series ended on its 97th episode in Japan on March 27, 2011. The 98th episode was later released direct-to-video in Japan on August 2, 2011. In November 2012, Mayumi

title: Dragon Ball Z

text: as of January 2012. "Dragon Ball Z" was listed as the 78th best animated show in IGN's "Top 100 Animated Series", and was also listed as the 50th greatest animated show in "Wizard" magazine's "Top 100 Greatest Animated shows" list. The series ranked #6 on "Wizard's Anime" Magazine on their "Top 50 Anime released in North America". "Dragon Ball Z"s popularity is reflected through a variety of data through online interactions which show the popularity of the media. In 2001, it was reported that the official website of "Dragon Ball Z" recorded 4.7 million hits per day and included 500,000+

title: List of Dragon Ball Z episodes

title: Dragon Ball Z

text: Edition," which collects three individual volumes into a single large volume. However, in 2013 Viz began publishing new 3-in-1 volumes collecting the entire manga series, including what they previously released as "Dragon Ball Z", under the "Dragon Ball" name. The "Dragon Ball Z" films comprise a total of 15 entries as of 2015. The first 13 films were typically released every March and July during the series' original run in accordance with the spring and summer vacations of Japanese schools. They were typically double features paired up with other anime films, and were thus, usually an hour or less in

title: Dragon Ball Z

text: with both the American and Japanese background music. In January 2011, Funimation and Toei announced that they would stream "Dragon Ball Z" within 30 minutes before their simulcast of "One Piece". As of 2017, "Dragon Ball Z" is no longer being streamed on Hulu. The Funimation dubbed episodes also aired in Canada, Ireland, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium, Australia and New Zealand. However, beginning with episode 108 (123 uncut), AB Groupe and Westwood Media (in association with Ocean Studios) produced an alternate English dub. The alternate dub was created for broadcast in the UK, the Netherlands and Ireland, although

title: Dragon Ball Z

text: also released on VHS in 1999, and on DVD in 2001. Funimation's own distribution of their initial in-house dub, which began with episode 54, in edited or uncut VHS ran between 2000 and 2003. A DVD version was produced alongside these, although they were only produced uncut and contained the option to watch the original Japanese with subtitles. In 2005, Funimation began releasing their in-house dub of the beginning of "Dragon Ball Z" on DVD, marking the first time the episodes were seen uncut in North America. However, only nine volumes were released, leaving it incomplete. Instead, Funimation remastered and

title: Dragon Ball Z

text: in two 26-disc DVD box sets, that were made-to-order only, released on March 19 and September 18 and referred to as "Dragon Boxes." The content of these sets began being released on mass-produced individual 6-episode DVDs on November 2, 2005 and finished with the 49th volume released on February 7, 2007. The international home release structure of "Dragon Ball Z" is complicated by the licensing and release of the companies involved in producing and distributing the work. Releases of the media occurred on both VHS and DVD with separate edited and uncut versions being released simultaneously. Both versions of the

title: Toonami Jetstream

text: aired on TV, and previous episodes were available on thirty-two edited DVD volumes, and now available on eight uncut DVD sets by Viz Media. The subtitled uncut episodes are also streaming on Crunchyroll. The episodes on Toonami Jetstream were repeats. "Dragon Ball Z", "Samurai Jack", "", "Dragon Ball", "Pokémon Chronicles", "Megas XLR" and "Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo" have already been aired completely on Cartoon Network. While "Samurai Jack" has only aired a small portion of its episodes on Toonami, it has been completely aired on Cartoon Network and all four seasons of the show are available on DVD and a complete series

title: Dragon Ball

text: which summon a wish-granting dragon when gathered. Along his journey, Goku makes several friends and battles a wide variety of villains, many of whom also seek the Dragon Balls. Toriyama's manga was adapted and divided into two anime series produced by Toei Animation: "Dragon Ball" and "Dragon Ball Z", which together were broadcast in Japan from 1986 to 1996. Additionally, the studio has developed 19 animated feature films and three television specials, as well as two anime sequel series titled "Dragon Ball GT" (1996–1997) and "Dragon Ball Super" (2015–2018). From 2009 to 2015, a revised version of "Dragon Ball Z"

title: Dragon Ball Z

text: telecasts of "Dragon Ball Z" ranked as the top three programs in all of television, broadcast or cable, for delivery of boys 9-14. In 2001, Cartoon Network obtained licensing to run 96 more episodes and air the original "Dragon Ball" anime and was the top rated show in the Toonami block of Cartoon network. Beginning March 26, 2001, Cartoon Network ran a 12-week special promotion "Toonami Reactor" which included a focus on "Dragon Ball Z", which would stream episodes online to high-speed internet users. Many home video releases were met with both the edited and unedited versions placing on in

title: Dragon Ball (TV series)

text: might surprise those only familiar with "Z". Todd Douglass of DVD Talk referred to it as "a classic among classics [that] stands as a genre defining kind of show." and wrote that "It's iconic in so many ways and should be standard watching for otaku in order to appreciate the genius of Akira Toriyama." He had strong praise for the "deep, insightful, and well-developed" characters, writing "Few shows can claim to have a cast quite like Dragon Ball's, and that's a testament to the creative genius of Toriyama." T.H.E.M Anime Reviews' Tim Jones gave the show four out of five

title: Dragon Ball Z

text: set released on November 8, 2011. However, production of these 4:3 sets was suspended after the second volume, citing technical concerns over restoring the original film material frame by frame. Only a year later, the company began producing a cropped 16:9 remastered Blu-ray release in 2013, with nine sets released in total. On August 13, 2013, Funimation released all 53 episodes and the three movies from their first "Dragon Ball Z" dub created with Saban and Ocean Studios in a collector's DVD box set, titled the "Rock the Dragon Edition". In Japan, "Dragon Ball Kai" was released in wide-screen on

title: Dragon Ball Z

text: The opening theme, "Dragon Soul", and the first ending theme used for the first 54 episodes, "Yeah! Break! Care! Break!", are both performed by Takayoshi Tanimoto. The second ending theme, used from episodes 55–98, is performed by Team Dragon, a unit of the idol girl group AKB48. On March 9, 2011, Toei announced that due to Yamamoto's score infringing on the rights of an unknown third party or parties, the music for remaining episodes and reruns of previous episodes would be replaced. Later reports from Toei stated that with the exception of the series' opening and closing songs, as well

title: Dragon Ball Z

text: 61 episodes. Funimation licensed "Dragon Ball Kai" for an English-language release in North America, under the title "Dragon Ball Z Kai". The series was broadcast on Nicktoons from May 24, 2010 to January 1, 2012 (continuing in re-runs until April 2013). In addition to Nicktoons, the series also began airing on the 4Kids-owned Saturday morning programming block Toonzai on The CW in August 2010, then on its successor, the Saban-owned Vortexx, beginning in August 2012 until the block ended in September 2014. Both the Nicktoons and Toonzai/Vortexx airings were edited for content, though the Toonzai/Vortexx version was censored even more

title: Dragon Ball Z: The History of Trunks

text: Dragon Ball Z: The History of Trunks Dragon Ball Z: The History of Trunks, known in Japan as is a single-episode anime special based on Akira Toriyama's "Dragon Ball" manga series. Originally airing in Japan on February 24, 1993, between , the special is based on an extra chapter of the manga series. It depicts an alternate version of the future in which Goku dies from the heart virus that afflicts him during the Androids Saga, and a teenage Trunks tries to defeat the androids as they ravage Earth. Goku dies from a viral heart disease, and six months later,

title: Dragon Ball Z

text: for the Ford Focus. "Dragon Ball Z"'s Japanese run was very popular with an average viewer ratings of 20.5% across the series. "Dragon Ball Z" also proved to be a rating success in the United States, as the premiere of Season Three of "Dragon Ball Z" in 1999, done by Funimation's in-house dub, was the highest-rated program ever at the time on Cartoon Network. In 2002, in the week ending September 22, "Dragon Ball Z" was the #1 program of the week on all of television with tweens 9-14, boys 9-14 and men 12-24, with the Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday

title: Dragon Ball Z

text: length. These films themselves offer contradictions in both chronology and design that make them incompatible with a single continuity. All 15 films were licensed in North America by Funimation, and all have received in-house dubs by the company. Prior to Funimation, the third film was a part of the short-lived Saban syndication, being split into three episodes, and the first three films received uncut English dubs in 1998 produced by Funimation with Ocean Studios and released by Pioneer. Several of the films have been broadcast on Cartoon Network and Nicktoons in the United States, Toonami UK in the United Kingdom

title: Dragon Ball

text: were "a very simple childish exercise" and that many other anime were superior. The plot of "Dragon Ball GT" has also been criticized for giving a formula that was already used in its predecessors. The first episode of "Dragon Ball Z Kai" earned a viewer ratings percentage of 11.3, ahead of "One Piece" and behind "Crayon Shin-chan". Although following episodes had lower ratings, "Kai" was among the top 10 anime in viewer ratings every week in Japan for most of its run. In 2015, the Japan Anniversary Association officially declared May 9 as . In Japanese the numbers five and

title: Dragon Ball

text: Funimation titled it for their dub, aired on March 26, 1997, between episodes 41 and 42, serving as a kind of precursor to the epilogue to the series shown at the end of episode 64. On April 28, 2015, Toei Animation announced , the first all-new "Dragon Ball" television series to be released in 18 years. It debuted on July 5 and ran as a weekly series at 9:00 am on Fuji TV on Sundays until its series finale on March 25, 2018 after 131 episodes. Masako Nozawa reprises her roles as Goku, Gohan, and Goten. Most of the original

title: Dragon Ball

text: from the fact that the anime was being created alongside the manga. "Dragon Ball Z" was listed as the 78th best animated show in IGN's Top 100 Animated Series, and was also listed as the 50th greatest cartoon in "Wizard" magazine's Top 100 Greatest Cartoons list. Harris commented that "Dragon Ball GT" "is downright repellent", mentioning that the material and characters had lost their novelty and fun. He also criticized the "GT" character designs of Trunks and Vegeta as being goofy. Zac Bertschy of Anime News Network also gave negative comments about "GT", mentioning that the fights from the series

title: Dragon Ball Z

text: a deal with Toei. Dragon Ball Z "Dragon Ball Z" follows the adventures of Goku who, along with his companions, defend the Earth against villains ranging from conquerors (Vegeta, Frieza), androids (Cell) and other creatures such as (Majin Buu). While the original "Dragon Ball" anime followed Goku from childhood to early adulthood, "Dragon Ball Z" is a continuation of his adult life, but at the same time parallels the lives of his sons, Gohan and Goten, as well as the development of his rivals Piccolo and Vegeta from enemies to allies. Due to the success of the anime in the

title: Dragon Ball Z

text: Dragon Ball Z "Dragon Ball Z" follows the adventures of Goku who, along with his companions, defend the Earth against villains ranging from conquerors (Vegeta, Frieza), androids (Cell) and other creatures such as (Majin Buu). While the original "Dragon Ball" anime followed Goku from childhood to early adulthood, "Dragon Ball Z" is a continuation of his adult life, but at the same time parallels the lives of his sons, Gohan and Goten, as well as the development of his rivals Piccolo and Vegeta from enemies to allies. Due to the success of the anime in the United States, the manga

title: Dragon Ball

text: original manga and aired on February 24, 1993. In February 2009, "Dragon Ball Z" celebrated its 20th anniversary, with Toei Animation announcing that it would broadcast a re-edited and remastered version under the name . The footage would be re-edited to follow the manga more closely, eliminating scenes and episodes which were not featured in the original manga, resulting in a more faithful adaptation, as well as in a faster-moving, and more focused story. The episodes were remastered for HDTV, with rerecording of the vocal tracks by most of the original cast, and featuring updated opening and ending sequences. On

title: Dragon Ball Z

text: edited and uncut material are treated as different entries and would frequently make "Billboard" rankings as separate entries. Home release sales were featured prominently on the Nielsen VideoScan charts. Further complicating the release of the material was Funimation itself; which was known to release "DVDs out of sequence in order to get them out as fast as possible"; as in the case of their third season. Pioneer Entertainment distributed the Funimation/Saban edited-only dub of 53 episodes on seventeen VHS between 1997 and 1999, and seventeen DVDs throughout 1999. Two box sets separating them into the Saiyan and Namek arcs were

title: Dragon Ball Z

text: 2016, Funimation announced the continuation of "Kai" to begin airing on Adult Swim's Toonami block; airing from January 7, 2017 to June 23, 2018. "Dragon Ball Z"s original North American release was the subject of heavy editing which resulted in a large amount of removed content and alterations that greatly changed the original work. Funimation CEO Gen Fukunaga is often criticized for his role in the editing; but it was the distributor Saban which required such changes or they would not air the work, as was the case with the episode dealing with orphans. These changes included altering every aspect

title: Dragon Ball Z

text: In 2004, Pioneer lost its distribution rights to the first 53/67 episodes of "Dragon Ball Z", allowing Funimation to re-dub them with their in-house voice cast and restore the removed content. This dub's background score was composed by Nathan M. Johnson. Funimation's new uncut dub of these episodes aired on Cartoon Network during the summer of 2005 (in late night, due to the unedited content). Funimation's later remastered DVDs of the series saw minor changes made to their in-house dub for quality and consistency, mostly after the episode 67 gap, and had the option to play the entire series' dub

title: Dragon Ball Z

text: chapters comprising its story were initially released by Viz Media under the title "Dragon Ball Z". Additional works called animanga were released in Japan, which adapt the animation to manga form. "Dragon Ball Z"'s popularity has spawned numerous releases which have come to represent the majority of content in the "Dragon Ball" universe; including 17 movies and 148 video games, many of them being only released in Japan, and a host of soundtracks stemming from this material. "Dragon Ball Z" remains a cultural icon through numerous adaptations, including a more-recent remastered broadcast titled Dragon Ball Kai. There have also been

title: Dragon Ball Z: Harukanaru Densetsu

text: Dragon Ball Z: Harukanaru Densetsu Dragon Ball Z: Harukanaru Densetsu, known as in Japan and Dragon Ball Z: Goku Densetsu in Europe, is a card based role-playing video game for the Nintendo DS. The game takes place from the beginning of the Saiyan Saga to the end of the Cell Saga. Players choose from one of the four main character, Goku, Gohan, Piccolo, and Vegeta. Other characters also appear, but only as either enemies or support cards. Each mission is usually broken down into a few key objectives, each mission taking anywhere from 5 to 30 minutes to complete. The

title: List of Dragon Ball Z episodes

long_answer: Dragon Ball Z (ドラゴンボールゼット, Doragon Bōru Zetto, commonly abbreviated as DBZ) is the long-running anime sequel to the Dragon Ball TV series, adapted from the final twenty-six volumes of the Dragon Ball manga written by Akira Toriyama. The manga portion of the series debuted in Weekly Shōnen Jump in October 4, 1988 and lasted until 1995; the anime adaptation premiered in Japan on Fuji Television on April 26, 1989, taking over its predecessor's time slot, and ran until its end on January 31, 1996, lasting 291 episodes in Japan, and 276 episodes in the United States originally, although all 291 episodes were later broadcast when content from the first 67 episodes was restored.


question: who designed the garden city of new earswick

answers: planner Raymond Unwin

answers: architect Barry Parker

answers: Raymond Unwin

title: New Earswick

text: New Earswick Ward of the City of York Council. As of 2010 it is represented by Keith Hyman, Keith Orrel and Carol Runciman who are all members of the local Liberal Democrat Party. A Parish Council was created in 1934 consisting of ten elected councillors and a clerk. There is a local community centre, the Folk Hall, which hosts activities such as keep-fit, yoga, snooker, and a junior youth club. New Earswick has recreational facilities, including a swimming pool (due for closure without public consultation), tennis courts and football, rugby and cricket pitches at the New Earswick Sports and Social

title: New Earswick

text: New Earswick New Earswick is a model village and civil parish in the unitary authority of City of York in North Yorkshire, England, near the River Foss, north of York and south of Haxby. According to the 2001 census the parish had a population of 2,812, reducing to 2,737 at the 2011 Census. Before 1996 it had been part of the Ryedale district. The village of New Earswick was built as a genuine mixed community. There was housing for both workers and managers, in a green setting with gardens for each home with its own 2 fruit trees. It was

title: New Earswick

text: manage New Earswick, safeguarded generous open green space. All the grass verges were planted with trees after which almost all the roads are named. The village was built with bricks that were made in the brickworks on the outskirts of New Earswick. From 1950 the brickyard, which closed down in the 1930s, was developed into a nature reserve. Due to their religious beliefs, The Rowntree family decreed there would not be a public house in the village. There never has been, although the Sports Club obtained a drink's licence in the 1980s. New Earswick is part of the Huntington &

title: Raymond Unwin

text: and when he married his star designer Clarice Cliff in 1940, she moved into the house and lived there until 1972. It is her association that has made the house particularly famous since. In 1902 Parker and Unwin were asked to design a model village at New Earswick near York for Joseph and Benjamin Seebohm Rowntree, and the following year they were given the opportunity to take part in the creation of Letchworth (loosely based on the Utopian plan of Ebenezer Howard), when the First Garden City Company asked them to submit a plan. In 1903 they were involved with

title: New Earswick

text: As a result of the report, Joseph Rowntree's conviction that it must be possible to provide better housing for people on low incomes led him to acquire 150 acres of land near the village of Earswick, two and a half miles to the north of the centre of York. The planner Raymond Unwin and the architect Barry Parker were commissioned to produce an overall plan for a new 'garden' village and the detailed designs for its first houses.  They also designed the garden cities of Letchworth and Welwyn Garden City.

title: New Earswick

text: the 1980s and currently play in The Pennines Amateur Rugby League competition, in 2013/4, playing in the Championship (the second tier). Steve Webster, 10 times FIM Sidecar World Championships, world champion was born and raised in the village. New Earswick New Earswick is a model village and civil parish in the unitary authority of City of York in North Yorkshire, England, near the River Foss, north of York and south of Haxby. According to the 2001 census the parish had a population of 2,812, reducing to 2,737 at the 2011 Census. Before 1996 it had been part of the Ryedale

title: New Earswick

text: likes of Procol Harum and Pink Floyd. The River Foss runs along the eastern boundary of New Earswick with the York to Scarborough Line running to the west. The Nestle factory and grounds mark the southern border with the northern border being the A1237 York Outer Ring Road. The village was built using bricks from the brickworks on the outskirts of the village. From 1950 the brickyard was developed into a nature reserve. The reserve is the home of New Earswick Angling Club, which was formed in 1948. Unlike the villages of Port Sunlight, Saltaire and Bournville the village was

title: New Earswick

text: not designed specifically for the workforce of the nearby Joseph Rowntree Cocoa Works although some do earn their living at the factory which was taken over by Swiss firm, Nestle in 1988. Transdev York operate a bus service that stops in the village as part of the Askham Bar to Clifton Moor route. First Group operate two bus services that stop in the village as part of the Wigginton to Acomb and Haxby to York City Centre routes. New Earswick was served by Earswick railway station on the York to Beverley Line between 1847 and 1965. There are both primary

title: New Earswick

text: and secondary schools in New Earswick. New Earswick Primary School was built in 1912. The primary school is one of eight Integrated Children's Centres in York. Joseph Rowntree School is a secondary school and was built in 1941. In 2006, the Joseph Rowntree School secured £27million for a complete rebuild that was completed in late 2009. The catchment area for the secondary school is from the village itself, Huntington, The Groves and the villages of Haxby and Wigginton. In 1914 the Anglican church of St. Andrew's was built on the edge of the parish. The church was extended in 1939

title: New Earswick

text: to cater for the new housing in South Huntington just across the River Foss. A Methodist chapel and meeting house for the Society of Friends were added later. St. Andrew's Church is now part of the ecclesiastical parish of Huntington and New Earswick. New Earswick Cricket Club play at the recreation ground on White Rose Avenue. As of 2014 their two teams will play in Division 3 (South) and Division 4 (Central) of the York and District Senior Cricket League. The recreation ground is shared with New Earswick All Blacks, an open age rugby league club that was founded in

title: Joseph Rowntree Foundation

text: homes, retirement and supported housing, and demonstrates new approaches in these areas. It manages more than 2,000 homes, roughly half of which are in New Earswick, York. The remainder are in the City of York and surrounding areas. JRHT also provides retirement and supported housing services in York and other parts of north-east England. The Joseph Rowntree Foundation (JRF) was founded in 1904, and is one of four trusts established by Joseph Rowntree. Then known as the Joseph Rowntree Village Trust, its original purpose was to build and manage the garden village of New Earswick, York. Joseph Rowntree wanted his

title: Joseph Rowntree School

text: Cadbury family, who were also Quakers. The village of Earswick is on the other side of the A1237 and the river, to the north-east. The primary school opened in 1912. The school was built when the area was in the North Riding Local Education Authority. It opened on 12 January 1942 to serve the Flaxton Rural District, comprising nineteen villages. It was officially opened on 7 July 1942 by Rab Butler. It had a capacity for 480, based on class sizes of 40. It was and built in West Huntington Park. From 1944, it was proposed to make the school

title: Joseph Rowntree (philanthropist)

text: set up to build and manage the garden village of New Earswick, the Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust (JRCT) and the Joseph Rowntree Social Services Trust (JRSST). The latter two were both set up to effect social reform, the difference between them being that whereas the Charitable Trust was set up as a charity, the Social Services Trust was set up as a limited company so that if necessary it would be able to undertake social and political work not legally allowed by a charitable Trust. He suggested that only the JRVT would be permanent but in fact all the trusts

title: Model village

text: jam in 1888. William Lever's Port Sunlight had a village green and its houses espoused an idealised rural vernacular style. Quaker industrialists, George Cadbury and Rowntrees built model villages by their factories. Cadbury built Bournville between 1898 and 1905 and a second phase from 1914 and New Earswick was built in 1902 for Rowntrees. As coal mining expanded villages were built to house coal miners. In Yorkshire, Grimethorpe, Goldthorpe, Woodlands and Fitzwilliam were built to house workers at the collieries. The architect who designed Woodlands and Creswell Model Villages, Percy B. Houfton was influential in the development of the garden

title: New Earswick

text: Club. There were two open access play areas close to the Folk Hall, including a hard surface play area which have recently been bulldozed for a development of houses. There is a library based in the Integrated Children's Centre at the local primary school, a doctor's surgery and a range of shops, including two general stores, a pet shop and Post Office. As of 2017 the Post Office is situated within the Folk Hall. The village has 36 allotments in two areas, Willow Bank and Sleeper Path. In the 1960s, the Folk Hall was a live music venue featuring the

title: Huntington, City of York

text: is mainly driven by evolutions in the UK property market, the shortage of housing in York and the attraction of the local secondary school, Huntington School. Huntington was served by Earswick railway station on the York to Beverley Line between 1847 and 1965. The "Flag & Whistle" pub along with the "Blacksmith's Arms" make up the local watering holes. The village also has numerous shops including a post office, newsagent's, grocer's, butcher's and pharmacy. In addition there are a few light industrial enterprises, including several motor garages. A few community/parish halls provide venues for a good range of local community

title: Garden Village, Wrexham

text: Kenyon, Mr. David Davies, M.P., and others as Directors to build the houses, while the Trust would build the roads and supervise the development of the estate. The original plan, by the Architect GL Cunliffe was to provide a village institute, two places of worship, a school and plenty of open spaces and recreation grounds. The design was inspired by the Garden City Movement and was planned as a Garden Suburb. In the first year, 44 properties were completed; numbers 63-69 Acton Gate, numbers 149-167, Chester Road (originally called Bryn Acton) and Cunliffe Walk. These first house were designed by

title: Shiremoor

text: Shiremoor comprises numerous estates. They include the oldest two estates of Bertram Grange and "Old Shiremoor". As well as Park Estate, Leeches Estate, and "Shiremoor". In the early 2000s a new area was built, known as Northumberland Park. Although built as a separate village, estate agents refer to it as being a part of Shiremoor. Earsdon View is the newest estate to be built to the north of Shiremoor. The original name, Tynemouthshire Moor, refers to the common of the manor of Tynemouth. The area grew as a result of the coal industry, developed to house miners from the local

title: Huntington, City of York

text: and turned Huntington into a suburban area of the York. The village suffered only a little damage during the Second World War and saw a further housing expansion along Huntington and Strensall Road in the post-war years. The northwards expansion was halted by the construction of the York ring road. Most of the land associated with West Huntington has now become the separate parish of New Earswick. Huntington's old village, including All Saints' Church and the nearby West Huntington Hall, was made a conservation area in 1991. The urbanisation of the village is now almost complete, and current housing development

title: Letchworth

text: city by combining the best of town and country living. It is also home to the United Kingdom's first roundabout, which was built in 1909. As one of the world's first new towns and the first garden city it had great influence on future town planning and the New towns movement; it influenced Welwyn Garden City, which used a similar approach and inspired other projects around the world including the Australian capital Canberra, Hellerau, Germany, Tapanila, Finland, and Mežaparks in Latvia.) There is a link to town planning in Stalingrad through the architect V. N. Semionov and an account of

title: Eardisland

text: a restored AA box which is the oldest in England. On 1 May 2010 a community shop was opened on the ground floor of the 17th-century dovecote, staffed and run by volunteers. Burton Court, about south of Eardisland, includes an early 14th-century hall. Much of the remainder of the house was added in the 18th century. The architect Clough Williams-Ellis added the Tudor Revival front in 1912. Eardisland Eardisland ( ) is a village and civil parish on the River Arrow about west of the market town of Leominster in Herefordshire. The civil parish includes the hamlets of Upper Hardwick,

title: Huntington, City of York

text: along the river, exercising dogs, horses, etc.). St. Andrew's Church is home to a lively Christian community whose building sits on Huntington Road, near the Link Road which connects Huntington to New Earswick. It is close to Huntington Secondary School and is just opposite the New Earswick bowls club and the 'Flag & Whistle' pub. The building includes a hall used for numerous youth and community groups during the week as well as the Ladybirds Nursery School and a school of dance. There is also large scout hut to the rear and together with an active church community the site

title: Louis de Soissons

text: a very early use of the term) for Welwyn Garden City (1920), a planned town created by Ebenezer Howard, on cheap redundant farmland. Louis de Soissons was appointed architect for the town in 1920 and the practice was significantly involved in its development over the next 60 years. He designed the concrete Shredded Wheat factory for the eponymous Canadian company. Other important early projects included the Home Office and Duchy of Cornwall Estates in London, where the future Edward VIII was the effective client and the Nag's Head Estate in Bethnal Green, London, E2 which was one of the few

title: Jaywick

text: the turn of the 20th century, campaigners such as William Morris had attempted to convince people of the virtues of self-sufficient communities for poor families away from large cities, which led to developments such as Peacehaven in Sussex in 1914. Jaywick was proposed by property developer Frank Stedman in 1928 as a cheap holiday retreat for Londoners. Stedman had noticed the popularity of Clacton as a holiday resort and believed that he could sell small plots of land to East End residents on which holiday homes could be built. Residents were encouraged to buy land and self-build properties, with plots

title: Earsham Hall

text: it self-supporting by the hosting of events and weddings and by the sale of antiques. Earsham Hall Earsham House is a Georgian country house near the village of Earsham, Norfolk. It is a Grade II* listed building. The house is built in three storeys of red brick with a parapet and a slate hipped roof. It has a symmetrical 7-bay frontage, the middle 3 bays of which are recessed and fronted by a porch. A wing to the north-east contains the Duke of Cumberland's Dining Room. Other service wings are attached. The site was originally occupied by a large timber

title: Garden city movement

text: is the Humberstone Garden Suburb in the United Kingdom by the Humberstone Anchor Tenants' Association in Leicestershire and it is the only garden suburb ever to be built by the members of a workers' co-operative; it remains intact to the present. In 1887 the workers of the Anchor Shoe Company in Humberstone formed a workers' cooperative and built 97 houses. American architects and partners, Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin were proponents of the movement and after their arrival in Australia to design the national capital Canberra, they produced a number of Garden Suburb estates, most notably at Eaglemont

title: Coxhoe

text: house on the site belonged to the Blakiston Family from c.1400 to 1600, and afterwards to the Kennets and the Earls of Seaforth. John Burdon, responsible for rebuilding the house, also created the landscape gardens at Hardwick Hall, near Sedgefield. The house was bought by the East Hetton Colliery Company in 1938 and was used to house Italian and German prisoners-of-war in WW2. The hall was condemned as unsafe by the National Coal Board and demolished in 1956, leaving the ground plan and service yard still visible. Cellars are now filled with rubble and appear to contain much decorative plaster

title: Garden city movement

text: need for urban planning policies that eventually led to the New Town movement. Howard organised the Garden City Association in 1899. Two garden cities were built using Howard's ideas: Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City, both in the county of Hertfordshire, England, United Kingdom. Howard's successor as chairman of the Garden City Association was Sir Frederic Osborn, who extended the movement to regional planning. The concept was adopted again in the UK after World War II, when the New Towns Act spurred the development of many new communities based on Howard's egalitarian ideas. The idea of the garden city

title: Fishwick House

text: intimate. He aimed toward the most natural use of land and the selection of indigenous plants. He also developed an economical construction system of pre-cast interlocking structural tiles, which he called "Knitlock", and used it widely, as well as stone, in the houses of Castlecrag. In the early 1930s, Griffin built incinerators for the destruction of household garbage in various cities and suburbs in the eastern states of Australia. They provided a canvas for experimentation with form and texture for the architect, but sadly few have survived. Two Griffin incinerators survive in suburban Sydney: the Glebe Municipal Incinerator (City of

title: New City, New York

text: for its unique patterned brickwork. It was designed by West Nyack native Mary Mowbray-Clark. It was honored as the 1934 Garden of the Year by "Better Homes and Gardens" Magazine. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. Located just south of the courthouse in the downtown area, it is still one of the most commonly visited parks in Rockland County today. New City remained rural in character until the 1950s, when the idea of post-World War II suburbia, as well as the opening of the Tappan Zee Bridge and Palisades Interstate Parkway, made traveling between

title: New Earswick

short_answers:
Raymond Unwin
architect Barry Parker
planner Raymond Unwin


question: what is the first step in the evolution of the eye

answers: photoreceptor proteins that sense light

answers: eyespots

title: Evolution of the eye

text: Evolution of the eye Many researchers have found the evolution of the eye attractive to study, because the eye distinctively exemplifies an analogous organ found in many animal forms. Simple light detection is found in bacteria, single-celled organisms, plants and animals. Complex, image-forming eyes have evolved independently several times. Complex eyes appeared first within the few million years of the Cambrian explosion. From before the Cambrian, no evidence of eyes has survived, but diverse eyes are known from the Burgess shale of the Middle Cambrian, and from the slightly older Emu Bay Shale. Eyes are adapted to the various requirements

title: Evolution of the eye

text: same side of the head. A transitional fossil from the common symmetric position is Amphistium. Evolution of the eye Many researchers have found the evolution of the eye attractive to study, because the eye distinctively exemplifies an analogous organ found in many animal forms. Simple light detection is found in bacteria, single-celled organisms, plants and animals. Complex, image-forming eyes have evolved independently several times. Complex eyes appeared first within the few million years of the Cambrian explosion. From before the Cambrian, no evidence of eyes has survived, but diverse eyes are known from the Burgess shale of the Middle Cambrian,

title: Evolution of the eye

text: fast locomotion or navigation by vision. The rate of eye evolution is difficult to estimate, because the fossil record, particularly of the lower Cambrian, is poor. How fast a circular patch of photoreceptor cells evolve into a fully functional vertebrate eye has been estimated based on rates of mutation, relative advantage to the organism, and natural selection. However, the time needed for each state was consistently overestimated and the generation time was set to one year, which is common in small animals. Even with these pessimistic values, the vertebrate eye would still evolve from a patch of photoreceptor cells in

title: Evolution of the eye

text: any other mechanism" to "a moderately high stage of perfection", and gave examples of existing intermediate steps. Current research is investigating the genetic mechanisms underlying eye development and evolution. Biologist D.E. Nilsson has independently theorized about four general stages in the evolution of a vertebrate eye from a patch of photoreceptors. Nilsson and S. Pelger estimated in a classic paper that only a few hundred thousand generations are needed to evolve a complex eye in vertebrates. Another researcher, G.C. Young, has used the fossil record to infer evolutionary conclusions, based on the structure of eye orbits and openings in fossilized

title: Evolution of the eye

title: Evolution of the eye

text: less than 364,000 years. Whether the eye evolved once or many times depends on the definition of an eye. All eyed animals share much of the genetic machinery for eye development. This suggests that the ancestor of eyed animals had some form of light-sensitive machinery – even if it was not a dedicated optical organ. However, even photoreceptor cells may have evolved more than once from molecularly similar chemoreceptor cells. Probably, photoreceptor cells existed long before the Cambrian explosion. Higher-level similarities – such as the use of the protein crystallin in the independently derived cephalopod and vertebrate lenses – reflect

title: Irreducible complexity

text: and the interior of the eye was filled with humours to assist in focusing images. In this way, eyes are recognized by modern biologists as actually a relatively unambiguous and simple structure to evolve, and many of the major developments of the eye's evolution are believed to have taken place over only a few million years, during the Cambrian explosion. Behe asserts that this is only an explanation of the gross anatomical steps, however, and not an explanation of the changes in discrete biochemical systems that would have needed to take place. Behe maintains that the complexity of light sensitivity

title: Evolutionary developmental biology

text: exactly matches an eye-forming gene in mice and humans. The same gene was quickly found in many other groups of animals, such as squid, a cephalopod mollusc. Biologists including Ernst Mayr had believed that eyes had arisen in the animal kingdom at least 40 times, as the anatomy of different types of eye varies widely. For example, the fruit fly's compound eye is made of hundreds of small lensed structures (ommatidia); the human eye has a blind spot where the optic nerve enters the eye, and the nerve fibres run over the surface of the retina, so light has to

title: Evolution of the eye

text: and the resolution and aperture needs of the organism, driven by hunting or survival requirements. This type is now functionally identical to the eye of most vertebrates, including humans. Indeed, "the basic pattern of all vertebrate eyes is similar." Five classes of visual opsins are found in vertebrates. All but one of these developed prior to the divergence of Cyclostomata and fish. The five opsin classes are variously adapted depending on the light spectrum encountered. As light travels through water, longer wavelengths, such as reds and yellows, are absorbed more quickly than the shorter wavelengths of the greens and blues.

title: Evolution of the eye

text: behaviors have been identified, in two primary groups: Below 450 nm, associated with direct light, and above 450 nm, associated with reflected light. As opsin molecules were tuned to detect different wavelengths of light, at some point color vision developed when the photoreceptor cells used differently tuned opsins. This may have happened at any of the early stages of the eye's evolution, and may have disappeared and reevolved as organisms became predator or prey. Similarly, night and day vision emerged when photoreceptor cells differentiated into rods and cones, respectively. As discussed earlier, the properties of light under water differ from

title: Evolution of the eye

text: system, to the brain. However, some jellyfish, such as Cladonema, have elaborate eyes but no brain. Their eyes transmit a message directly to the muscles without the intermediate processing provided by a brain. During the Cambrian explosion, the development of the eye accelerated rapidly, with radical improvements in image-processing and detection of light direction. After the photosensitive cell region invaginated, there came a point when reducing the width of the light opening became more efficient at increasing visual resolution than continued deepening of the cup. By reducing the size of the opening, organisms achieved true imaging, allowing for fine directional

title: Evolution of the eye

text: the deuterostomes (chordates and echinoderms). The functional unit of the eye is the photoreceptor cell, which contains the opsin proteins and responds to light by initiating a nerve impulse. The light sensitive opsins are borne on a hairy layer, to maximise the surface area. The nature of these "hairs" differs, with two basic forms underlying photoreceptor structure: microvilli and cilia. In the eyes of protostomes, they are microvilli: extensions or protrusions of the cellular membrane. But in the eyes of deuterostomes, they are derived from cilia, which are separate structures. However, outside the eyes an organism may use the other

title: Evolution of the eye

text: shell or skin. An example of this can be observed in Onychophorans where the cuticula of the shell continues to the cornea. The cornea is composed of either one or two cuticular layers depending on how recently the animal has moulted. Along with the lens and two humors, the cornea is responsible for converging light and aiding the focusing of it on the back of the retina. The cornea protects the eyeball while at the same time accounting for approximately 2/3 of the eye’s total refractive power. It is likely that a key reason eyes specialize in detecting a specific,

title: Evolution of the eye

text: of their owners. They vary in their visual acuity, the range of wavelengths they can detect, their sensitivity in low light, their ability to detect motion or to resolve objects, and whether they can discriminate colours. In 1802, philosopher William Paley called it a miracle of "design". Charles Darwin himself wrote in his "Origin of Species", that the evolution of the eye by natural selection seemed at first glance "absurd in the highest possible degree". However, he went on that despite the difficulty in imagining it, its evolution was perfectly feasible: ...if numerous gradations from a simple and imperfect eye

title: Eye

text: vertebrates, that were only forced into the photopic environment at a late stage). Eyes in various animals show adaptation to their requirements. For example, the eye of a bird of prey has much greater visual acuity than a human eye, and in some cases can detect ultraviolet radiation. The different forms of eye in, for example, vertebrates and molluscs are examples of parallel evolution, despite their distant common ancestry. Phenotypic convergence of the geometry of cephalopod and most vertebrate eyes creates the impression that the vertebrate eye evolved from an imaging cephalopod eye, but this is not the case, as

title: Evolutionary developmental biology

text: pass through a layer of nerve fibres before reaching the detector cells in the retina, so the structure is effectively "upside-down"; in contrast, the cephalopod eye has the retina, then a layer of nerve fibres, then the wall of the eye "the right way around". The evidence of "pax-6", however, was that the same genes controlled the development of the eyes of all these animals, suggesting that they all evolved from a common ancestor. Ancient genes had been conserved through millions of years of evolution to create dissimilar structures for similar functions, demonstrating deep homology between structures once thought to

title: Irreducible complexity

text: eyes through fossil evidence is problematic due to the soft tissues leaving no imprint or remains, genetic and comparative anatomical evidence has increasingly supported the idea of a common ancestry for all eyes. Current evidence does suggest possible evolutionary lineages for the origins of the anatomical features of the eye. One likely chain of development is that the eyes originated as simple patches of photoreceptor cells that could detect the presence or absence of light, but not its direction. When, via random mutation across the population, the photosensitive cells happened to have developed on a small depression, it endowed the

title: Eye

text: 540 million years ago, and the PAX6 gene is considered a key factor in this. The majority of the advancements in early eyes are believed to have taken only a few million years to develop, since the first predator to gain true imaging would have touched off an "arms race" among all species that did not flee the photopic environment. Prey animals and competing predators alike would be at a distinct disadvantage without such capabilities and would be less likely to survive and reproduce. Hence multiple eye types and subtypes developed in parallel (except those of groups, such as the

title: Tetrapod

text: at the surface of the eye differs between an air and water environment due to the difference in refractive index, so the focal length of the lens altered to function in air. The eye was now exposed to a relatively dry environment rather than being bathed by water, so eyelids developed and tear ducts evolved to produce a liquid to moisten the eyeball. Early tetrapods inherited a set of five rod and cone opsins known as the vertebrate opsins. Four cone opsins were present in the first vertebrate, inherited from invertebrate ancestors: A single rod opsin, rhodopsin, was present in

title: Eye development

text: develop as a pair of optic vesicles on each side of the forebrain at the end of the 4th week of pregnancy. Optic vesicles are outgrowings of the brain which make contact with the surface ectoderm and this contact induces changes necessary for further development of the eye. Through a groove at the bottom of the optic vesicle known as choroid fissure the blood vessels enter the eye. Several layers such as the neural tube, neural crest, surface ectoderm, and mesoderm contribute to the development of the eye. Eye development is initiated by the master control gene Pax-6, a homeobox

title: Eye development

text: body and iris. During the invagination of the optic cup, the ectoderm begins to thicken and form the lens placode, which eventually separates from the ectoderm to form the lens vesicle at the open end of the optic cup. Further differentiation and mechanical rearrangement of cells in and around the optic cup gives rise to the fully developed eye. This development is an example of sequential inductions where the organ is formed from three different tissues: First, there is an outpocketing of the neural tube called optic vesicles. Development of the optic vesicles starts in the 3-week embryo, from a

title: Evolution of the eye

text: skulls for blood vessels and nerves to go through. All this adds to the growing amount of evidence that supports Darwin's theory. The first fossils of eyes found to date are from the lower Cambrian period (about ). The lower Cambrian had a burst of apparently rapid evolution, called the "Cambrian explosion". One of the many hypotheses for "causes" of the Cambrian explosion is the "Light Switch" theory of Andrew Parker: It holds that the evolution of eyes started an arms race that accelerated evolution. Before the Cambrian explosion, animals may have sensed light, but did not use it for

title: Eye

text: 75% in the cornea) with salts, sugars, vitrosin (a type of collagen), a network of collagen type II fibres with the mucopolysaccharide hyaluronic acid, and also a wide array of proteins in micro amounts. Amazingly, with so little solid matter, it tautly holds the eye. Photoreception is phylogenetically very old, with various theories of phylogenesis. The common origin (monophyly) of all animal eyes is now widely accepted as fact. This is based upon the shared genetic features of all eyes; that is, all modern eyes, varied as they are, have their origins in a proto-eye believed to have evolved some

title: Evolution of the eye

text: cycles. By detecting the subtle changes in night-time illumination, organisms could synchronise the release of sperm and eggs to maximise the probability of fertilisation. Vision itself relies on a basic biochemistry which is common to all eyes. However, how this biochemical toolkit is used to interpret an organism's environment varies widely: eyes have a wide range of structures and forms, all of which have evolved quite late relative to the underlying proteins and molecules. At a cellular level, there appear to be two main "designs" of eyes, one possessed by the protostomes (molluscs, annelid worms and arthropods), the other by

title: Convergent evolution

text: evolution is the camera eye of cephalopods (such as squid and octopus), vertebrates (including mammals) and cnidaria (such as jellyfish). Their last common ancestor had at most a simple photoreceptive spot, but a range of processes led to the progressive refinement of camera eyes — with one sharp difference: the cephalopod eye is "wired" in the opposite direction, with blood and nerve vessels entering from the back of the retina, rather than the front as in vertebrates. As a result, cephalopods lack a blind spot. Birds and bats have homologous limbs because they are both ultimately derived from terrestrial tetrapods,

title: Eye development

text: Eye development Eye formation in the human embryo begins at approximately three weeks into embryonic development and continues through the tenth week. Cells from both the mesodermal and the ectodermal tissues contribute to the formation of the eye. Specifically, the eye is derived from the neuroepithelium, surface ectoderm, and the extracellular mesenchyme which consists of both the neural crest and mesoderm. Neuroepithelium forms the retina, ciliary body, iris, and optic nerves. Surface ectoderm forms the lens, corneal epithelium and eyelid. The extracellular mesenchyme forms the sclera, the corneal endothelium and stroma, blood vessels, muscles, and vitreous. The eye begins to

title: Evolution of the eye

text: the co-option of a more fundamental protein to a new function within the eye. A shared trait common to all light-sensitive organs are opsins. Opsins belong to a family of photo-sensitive proteins and fall into nine groups, which already existed in the urbilaterian, the last common ancestor of all bilateral symmetrical animals. Additionally, the genetic toolkit for positioning eyes is shared by all animals: The PAX6 gene controls where eyes develop in animals ranging from octopuses to mice and fruit flies. Such high-level genes are, by implication, much older than many of the structures that they control today; they must

title: Adaptation (eye)

text: uncertain, the theory of the evolution of rod and cone photopigments is agreed upon by most scientists. It is believed that the earliest visual pigments were those of cone photoreceptors, with rod opsin proteins evolving later. Following the evolution of mammals from their reptilian ancestors approximately 275 million years ago there was a nocturnal phase in which complex colour vision was lost. Being that these pro-mammals were nocturnal they increased their sensitivity in low luminescence settings and reduced their photopic system from tetrachromatic to dichromatic. The shift to a nocturnal lifestyle would demand more rod photoreceptors to absorb the blue

title: Eye development

text: is when a tissue folds back on itself. Over the course of approximately 12 hours, the distal end of the optic vesicle inner layer begins to flatten (Phase 2). Over the following 18 hours, both the inner and outer layers begin to flex inward at sharp angles, beginning the formation of a C-shaped edge (Phase 3). The final 18 hours involve continuing this apically convex invagination to form the optic cup . At this point, morphologies such as columnar epithelial cells, pseudo-stratified cells, and apically narrow wedge-shaped cells can be observed. The inner layer of the optic cup is made

title: Bird vision

text: other vertebrates. The outer layer of the eye consists of the transparent cornea at the front, and two layers of sclera — a tough white collagen fibre layer which surrounds the rest of the eye and supports and protects the eye as a whole. The eye is divided internally by the lens into two main segments: the anterior segment and the posterior segment. The anterior chamber is filled with a watery fluid called the aqueous humour, and the posterior chamber contains the vitreous humour, a clear jelly-like substance. The lens is a transparent convex or 'lens' shaped body with a

title: Evolution of the eye

long_answer: The earliest predecessors of the eye were photoreceptor proteins that sense light, found even in unicellular organisms, called "eyespots". Eyespots can only sense ambient brightness: they can distinguish light from dark, sufficient for photoperiodism and daily synchronization of circadian rhythms. They are insufficient for vision, as they cannot distinguish shapes or determine the direction light is coming from. Eyespots are found in nearly all major animal groups, and are common among unicellular organisms, including euglena. The euglena's eyespot, called a stigma, is located at its anterior end. It is a small splotch of red pigment which shades a collection of light sensitive crystals. Together with the leading flagellum, the eyespot allows the organism to move in response to light, often toward the light to assist in photosynthesis, and to predict day and night, the primary function of circadian rhythms. Visual pigments are located in the brains of more complex organisms, and are thought to have a role in synchronising spawning with lunar cycles. By detecting the subtle changes in night-time illumination, organisms could synchronise the release of sperm and eggs to maximise the probability of fertilisation.

short_answers:
eyespots
photoreceptor proteins that sense light