question: who is the current cruiserweight champion in wwe

answers: Cedric Alexander

answers: Cedric Alexander,

title: Cruiserweight (professional wrestling)

text: main eventers and world heavyweight champions include Shawn Michaels, Chris Jericho, Dolph Ziggler, Christian, Rey Mysterio, Jeff Hardy, Eddie Guerrero, Chris Benoit, CM Punk, Seth Rollins, Finn Balor, and A.J. Styles. With so many successful lighter wrestlers achieving greater success outside the restriction imposed by weight classes, WWE considers the continued existence of a cruiserweight division as nonessential and redundant. However, in 2016, they announced the Cruiserweight Classic, a 32-man tournament for wrestlers under the weight limit used by MMA. T.J. Perkins won the Cruiserweight Classic and became the inaugural champion of the new WWE Cruiserweight Championship for WWE's Raw

title: WWE Cruiserweight Championship

text: WWE Cruiserweight Championship The WWE Cruiserweight Championship is a professional wrestling championship created and promoted by the American professional wrestling promotion WWE on the Raw brand. Unveiled on September 14, 2016, as the award for the Cruiserweight Classic, which was won by T.J. Perkins, it is contested in WWE's cruiserweight division by wrestlers at a maximum weight of , the only active WWE championship with a weight limit. The current champion is Buddy Murphy, who is in his first reign. The championship was originally defended on "Monday Night Raw" before the premiere of the cruiserweight-exclusive "205 Live", after which, it

text: in 2007, thirteen months later, to Chavo Guerrero. Psicosis had the shortest title reign, holding it for approximately one hour. Rey Mysterio Jr. has had the most title reigns with eight (five reigns in WCW, three in WWE). Three women have held the championship; Madusa and Daffney both had reigns in WCW, while Jacqueline is the only woman to win the Cruiserweight Championship in its WWE incarnation. WWE Cruiserweight Championship (1991–2007) The WWE Cruiserweight Championship was a professional wrestling championship originally used in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and later, World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWF/WWE). It was challenged by cruiserweights at a

title: Rey Mysterio

text: the course of his career include WWE's World Heavyweight Championship, the WWE Championship, WCW/WWE Cruiserweight Championship, WCW World Tag Team Championship, WCW Cruiserweight Tag Team Championship, WWC World Junior Heavyweight Championship, WWE Tag Team Championship, and WWE Intercontinental Championship. He is also the twenty-first WWE Triple Crown Champion and the winner of the 2006 Royal Rumble match. Gutierrez made his debut in Mexico on April 30, 1989, when he was 14 years old. He was trained by his uncle Rey Misterio Sr. and wrestled early on in Mexico where he learned the "Lucha Libre" high flying style that has been

title: List of current champions in WWE

text: The WWE Cruiserweight Championship is part of the Raw brand and is for wrestlers 205 lb (93 kg) and under. It is defended on Raw and the cruiserweight-exclusive 205 Live. The title is held by Cedric Alexander, who is in his first reign.  He won the vacant title by defeating Mustafa Ali in the finals of a 16-man tournament on April 8, 2018, on the WrestleMania 34 pre-show.

title: Buddy Murphy

text: Buddy Murphy Matthew Adams (born 26 September 1988) is an Australian professional wrestler. He is currently signed to WWE, and performs on the cruiserweight exclusive show, "205 Live" under the ring name Buddy Murphy, and is the current WWE Cruiserweight Champion in his first reign. Prior to his main roster call up, Murphy competed in WWE's developmental territory NXT, where he was a former NXT Tag Team Champion with Wesley Blake. Adams attended high school at Berwick Secondary College. One of the first matches Adams was involved in was with PCW in 2007, when on 8 September as Matt Silva

text: name change in 2002, the championship was subsequently referred to as the WWE Cruiserweight Championship and became exclusive to the SmackDown brand. On September 28, 2007, the title was vacated after the final champion, Hornswoggle, was stripped of the championship by SmackDown! General manager, Vickie Guerrero. Hornswoggle had won the championship in a Cruiserweight Open at that year's The Great American Bash pay-per-view event. The last ever match contested for the title occurred on the August 31, 2007 episode of "SmackDown!", when Hornswoggle successfully defended the title against Jamie Noble. After a six-month absence, WWE removed the championship from the

text: WWE Cruiserweight Championship (1991–2007) The WWE Cruiserweight Championship was a professional wrestling championship originally used in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and later, World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWF/WWE). It was challenged by cruiserweights at a maximum weight of 225 lbs. Following the acquisition of WCW by the then-WWF in 2001, it became a WWF (and later, WWE) championship and replaced the WWF Light Heavyweight Championship. During the first WWE brand extension, it was the only title to be exclusive to the SmackDown! brand during its entire tenure. The championship was created in WCW in 1996, with Shinjiro Otani as the inaugural champion.

text: However, following WCW's purchase, the WWF/E considered the title to be a continuation of the earlier WCW Light Heavyweight Championship, which had been created in 1991 with Brian Pillman as the inaugural champion. The Cruiserweight Championship was retired in 2007 with Hornswoggle as its final holder. A new WWE Cruiserweight Championship was created in 2016, and although both championships share the same name, the new championship does not carry the lineage of the original. The new WWE Cruiserweight Championship also has a different weight limit of 205 lbs (93 kg). The Cruiserweight Championship was originally created as the WCW Cruiserweight

title: WWE Cruiserweight Championship

text: Many cruiserweight wrestlers from around the world were given the chance to qualify for the 32-man tournament, which took place over four dates: June 23, July 13, August 26, and September 14, 2016. The final of the Cruiserweight Classic came down to T.J. Perkins and Gran Metalik. Before the final match, Triple H revealed that the winner would not only receive a trophy, but would also become WWE Cruiserweight Champion for the new cruiserweight division on the Raw brand. Perkins defeated Metalik to become the inaugural champion. Like the WWE Championship's side plates, the Cruiserweight title's side plates include removable

title: Tony Nese

text: match for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship. On the November 28 episode of "205 Live", Nese and Murphy were defeated by Alexander and Ali. Tony Nese Anthony Nese (born August 6, 1985) is an American professional wrestler currently signed to WWE, and performs on the cruiserweight exclusive show, "205 Live". Nese is also known for his tenure in Impact Wrestling where he was part of the X-Division. Nese made his wrestling debut on September 23, 2005 for the New York Wrestling Connection promotion in a #1 contender's battle royal match for the NYWC Interstate Championship, which was won by Rob Eckos.

title: Elite Canadian Championship Wrestling

text: Rose the current WWE Raw Women's Champion. Kyle O'Reilly appeared in the 2010 edition of the CHIKARA Young Lions Cup before signing a contract with Ring of Honor, where he is a 3-time Tag Team Champion (2013, 2014 w/ Bobby Fish), and former ROH World Champion (December 2, 2016). He and Fish also held the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championships in 2014 and 2015, and won the Super Jr. Tag Team Tournament in 2014. O'Reilly is a PWG Battle of Los Angeles Winner (2013), and former PWG World Champion (May 23, 2014). In 2016, Pro Wrestling Illustrated rated Kyle

title: Cruiserweight (professional wrestling)

text: years the notion of lighter wrestlers becoming main event stars has become more accepted in WWE due to many of the top talents over the past 15 years arguably falling into the cruiserweight category. As a result, a very substantial portion of WWE's roster are billed at, slightly less, or slightly more than 220 lbs. Many lighter wrestlers have achieved main event status within WWE and, over the years, have won several world heavyweight championships. For instance, the billed weight of former WWE World Heavyweight Champion Daniel Bryan is 210 lbs. Other lighter wrestlers who have risen to prominence as

title: Women in WWE

text: of the year on November 24. Jacqueline held the Cruiserweight Championship briefly in 2004 in the month of June. WWE eventually introduced the Diva Search, in which Christy Hemme became the inaugural winner. Within mid-to-late 2004, Terri Runnels, Jacqueline, Sable, Gail Kim, Nidia, Jazz, and Linda Miles all departed from the company mutually or due to budget cuts. This led to only Trish Stratus, Lita, Molly Holly, Victoria, Ivory, Dawn Marie, Torrie Wilson, Stacy Keibler, Jackie Gayda, and Lilian Garcia remaining from the original female roster and continuing on with the company. In December 2004, Lita and Trish Stratus main

title: Cruiserweight (professional wrestling)

text: shortly before the company was purchased by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, later WWE). Cruiserweight divisions and championships have risen to much greater prominence in wrestling promotions in Japan and Mexico than the United States. While there have been various wrestling companies over the years that have promoted cruiserweight/junior heavyweight titles and divisions in the U.S., they have had comparatively little prominence when compared to World Heavyweight champions. Cruiserweight wrestlers are generally shorter and possess less muscle bulk than heavyweights, a build which lends itself to a high-flying wrestling style. While there are many cruiserweights who specialize in alternate wrestling

title: RPW British Cruiserweight Championship

text: RPW British Cruiserweight Championship The British Cruiserweight Championship is a professional wrestling championship owned by the Revolution Pro Wrestling (RPW) promotion. The title was created and debuted on December 6, 2008. The current champion is David Starr, who is in his first reign as champion. The first champion was Mark Haskins, the-then holder of the Real Quality Wrestling (RQW) Cruiserweight Championship. Revolution Pro Wrestling (RPW) recognized the RQW Cruiserweight Champions as British Cruiserweight Champions until Rockstar Spud vacated the title due to inactivity. Following the vacancy, both titles split their lineages. To crown a new champion, International Pro Wrestling: United

title: Neville (wrestler)

text: won the title back from Tozawa on the SummerSlam pre-show, making him the first-ever two-time WWE Cruiserweight Champion with the current belt. On the 21 August episode of "Raw", it was announced that Tozawa had invoked the rematch clause. Neville defeated Tozawa by submission on the 22 August episode of "205 Live" to end their feud. Afterwards, he was confronted by Enzo Amore, the latest member of the Cruiserweight division. On 24 September at No Mercy, Neville dropped the title to Amore after being hit with a low blow while the referee was distracted. The following night on "Raw", while

text: to win the title. However, when Brad Armstrong was forced to relinquish the title due to injury on September 2, 1992, it became inactive. Then, on March 20, 1996, Shinjiro Otani defeated Wild Pegasus (Chris Benoit) in a decision match to win what then became known as the WCW Cruiserweight Championship. In March 2001, the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) purchased World Championship Wrestling. Soon after, "The Invasion" took place, in which The Alliance was ultimately dismantled. Following the Survivor Series in November 2001, the title was renamed the WWF Cruiserweight Championship, replacing the WWF Light Heavyweight Championship. Following the WWF/WWE

text: Championship on March 20, 1996. However, after the acquisition of World Championship Wrestling's assets by rival company WWE (then WWF), both lineages of the WCW Light Heavyweight Championship and the WCW Cruiserweight Championship are considered to be one and the same, and WWE refers to the holders of the Light Heavyweight Championship as former Cruiserweight Champions. Following the introduction of the Light Heavyweight Championship in 1991 (which WCW had considered to be a separate title, but WWE does not), a tournament was held to determine the inaugural champion. On October 27, Brian Pillman defeated Richard Morton in the tournament final

title: Jamie Noble

text: Cruiserweight Championship under the Jamie Knoble name. Knoble debuted on the main WWE roster on the June 6, 2002 episode of "SmackDown!" by attacking the Hurricane and was joined by Nidia in a trailer park trash gimmick. The spelling of his ring name was tweaked to "Jamie Noble" a few weeks afterwards. He won the WWE Cruiserweight Championship and feuded with Tajiri and Billy Kidman. Noble held the title for 147 days, until he lost the title to Billy Kidman at WWE Survivor Series on November 17, 2002. Noble then got an inheritance, making both Nidia and Noble rich. Noble

title: Royal Rumble (2004)

text: informed Eddie that the SmackDown General Manager Paul Heyman had made a match between Eddie and Chavo at Royal Rumble. Another secondary rivalry heading into the event from the SmackDown brand was between Rey Mysterio and Jamie Noble over the WWE Cruiserweight Championship. On January 1, Mysterio defeated Tajiri to win the Cruiserweight Championship. The following week, Tajiri and Noble were scheduled to have a number one contender's match for the Cruiserweight Championship, but Noble was not present on the show. As a result, the SmackDown General Manager Paul Heyman ordered Noble's manager Nidia to replace Noble in the match.

text: active championship web page, where originally the title was listed as "vacant". Afterward, the title was moved from the active titles list on WWE's title histories web page to the defunct championship list. In this way, the title was quietly retired. WWE lists its retirement year as 2007. Gregory Helms had the longest reign at 385 days. Helms won the championship at the 2006 Royal Rumble in a Cruiserweight Open, despite originally being a member of the Raw brand; he transferred to SmackDown in conjunction with winning the title. He lost it in a Cruiserweight Open at No Way Out

title: Damian Slater

text: UNDER tour of Adelaide, Melbourne, Sydney & Perth. Slater is the head coach at the EPW School of Pro Wrestling in Malaga, Western Australia which is linked to the Explosive Pro Wrestling promotion. He formerly filled the same role at the Wrestle Rampage Dojo in Adelaide, South Australia. He is also a Physical Education teacher. Damian Slater Andrew Baggio (born 14 June 1987) is an Australian professional wrestler who is most known for competing in the inaugural WWE Cruiserweight Classic under the ring name Damian Slater. Slater began watching World Wrestling Entertainment at the age of 12 in 1999, then

title: Rey Mysterio

text: Rey Mysterio Óscar Gutiérrez (born December 11, 1974) is an American professional wrestler. He is currently signed to WWE, where he performs on the SmackDown brand under the ring name Rey Mysterio (Spanish for "Mystery King"). He was known as Rey Mysterio Jr. during his tenures with Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) and World Championship Wrestling (WCW). Widely regarded as the greatest cruiserweight wrestler of all time, Mysterio is known for his high-flying "Lucha libre" wrestling style, which is credited with having helped kick-start the emergence of cruiserweight wrestling in the United States in the mid-1990s. Championships held by Mysterio over

title: Amanda Serrano

text: also noted interest in potentially joining the professional wrestling promotion World Wrestling Entertainment (now abbreviated to simply WWE) as a Diva (a category since dropped and replaced with the more generic "Female Superstars"). Amanda Serrano Amanda Serrano (born October 9, 1988) is a Puerto Rican professional boxer and mixed martial artist. She is the only women's boxer to win world titles in five and six divisions and the only Puerto Rican boxer to become a world champion in six different weight classes (bantamweight, super bantamweight, featherweight, super featherweight, lightweight and light welterweight). Serrano has been recognized with the Female Boxer

title: Cruiserweight (professional wrestling)

text: the title was held four times by Johnny De Fazio and was vacated after his retirement in 1972. The championship was reactivated in January 1978 with the first new champion being Carlos Jose Estrada. By this time, the company had renamed itself the World Wrestling Federation and engaged in a cross promotional agreement with New Japan Pro Wrestling. Three days after Estrada won the vacant title, he was defeated by Tatsumi Fujinami. Going forward, the title was almost exclusively used by New Japan while the WWF retained ownership. The title was vacated and retired for the final time on October

title: Cruiserweight (professional wrestling)

text: Cruiserweight (professional wrestling) In professional wrestling, a cruiserweight is a wrestler who competes in a Cruiserweight division. The term was first coined in United States in 1996 by World Championship Wrestling. Prior to this, the terms "Light Heavyweight" and "Junior Heavyweight" were more commonly in use. A cruiserweight division is traditionally open to wrestlers weighing 220 lb (100 kg) or less. In some cases like the WWE wrestlers must be 205 lb (93kg) or less to compete as a cruiserweight. The older term junior heavyweight is still favored in Japan, where many titles for lighter-weight competitors are called junior heavyweight

title: Wrestle-1 Cruiser Division Championship

text: Andy Wu, El Hijo del Pantera, Hiroshi Yamato, Rionne Fujiwara, Seiki Yoshioka and Yusuke Kodama voiced their support for a cruiserweight division in Wrestle-1. On February 25, Wrestle-1 officially announced the creation of a cruiserweight division and the promotion's third title, a cruiserweight championship. In May 2016, Kotaro Suzuki made the title's first international defenses by defeating Mark Haskins and Ultimo Tiger in England at events held by 4 Front Wrestling and Pro Wrestling Pride. On March 9, 2015, Wrestle-1 officially presented the new title, naming it the "Wrestle-1 Cruiser Division Championship". It was announced that the title holds a

title: WWE Cruiserweight Championship

text: was defended on both shows. In early 2018, "205 Live" went through a restructuring and following WrestleMania 34, the title became exclusively defended on "205 Live". The title is distinct from the previous WWE Cruiserweight Championship that originated in World Championship Wrestling and was retired in 2007. Although the two titles share the same name, they do not share the same title history. The Cruiserweight Classic was a WWE Network series and tournament for cruiserweights. Tournament qualifying matches took place in various promotions of the independent circuit, including well known promotions such as Revolution Pro Wrestling, Progress Wrestling, and Evolve.

title: Rich Swann

text: the #1 contender to the WWE Cruiserweight Championship. On November 29, Swann defeated Brian Kendrick on the premiere episode of "205 Live" to win the title. The following week, Swann defeated Kendrick in a rematch to retain the title, following a distraction from Perkins. On December 18 at , Swann retained the title in a triple threat match against Kendrick and Perkins. After the match, Swann and Perkins were attacked by a returning Neville. On January 29, 2017, Swann lost the Cruiserweight Championship to Neville at Royal Rumble. After recovering from a minor injury, Swann received his title rematch against

title: List of current champions in WWE

short_answers:
Cedric Alexander
Cedric Alexander,


question: what type of government did the ming dynasty have

answers: imperial rule

title: The Chinese State in Ming Society

text: of which "represent important areas of intersection between the Ming state and society." Brook argues that the model of despotic government fails to account for the complex interactions between individuals, groups, communities, society and state in this period. Instead he proposes that by 1500 the Chinese had a remarkably developed system of governance, surpassing that of the European monarchs of the time, and that the developments were not the result of the isolated actions of the state, but rather of a complex interface and interaction, including local representatives of the state such as magistrates and local networks of the elite

title: History of the Ming dynasty

text: Ming government adopted a policy of dual administration. Areas with majority ethnic Chinese were governed according to Ming laws and policies; areas where native tribal groups dominated had their own set of laws while tribal chiefs promised to maintain order and send tribute to the Ming court in return for needed goods. From 1464 to 1466, the Miao and Yao people of Guangxi, Guangdong, Sichuan, Hunan, and Guizhou revolted against what they saw as oppressive government rule; in response, the Ming government sent an army of 30,000 troops (including 1,000 Mongols) to join the 160,000 local troops of Guangxi and

title: Economic history of China before 1912

text: it began as a despotic regime, the Ming government evolved into a system of power-sharing between the emperor and the civil service. The Ming government collected far less revenue than the Song dynasty. Regional tax quotas set up by the Ming emperor Tai-Tzu would be collected, though in practice Ming revenues were markedly lower than the quotas declared. The gentry class won concessions from the government and resisted tax increases. Throughout the Ming dynasty, the state was constantly underfunded. Unlike earlier dynasties such as the Tang and Song, and later dynasties such as the Qing, the Ming did not regulate

title: Hongwu Emperor

text: Yuan-controlled province of Yunnan in 1381, and China was unified under Ming rule. Under the Hongwu Emperor's rule, the Mongol, and other foreign bureaucrats, who dominated the government during the Yuan dynasty along with Northern Chinese officials, were replaced by Han Chinese officials. The emperor re-instituted, then abolished, then restored the Confucian civil service imperial examination system, from which most state officials were selected based on their knowledge of literature and philosophy. The Ming examination curriculum followed that set by the Yuan in 1313: a focus on the Four Books over the Five Classics, and the commentaries of Zhu Xi.

title: Economy of the Ming dynasty

text: The economy of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) of China was the largest in the world during that period. It is regarded as one of China's three golden ages (the other two being the Han and Song periods). The period was marked by the increasing political influence of the merchants, the gradual weakening of imperial rule, and technological advances.

title: Ming dynasty

text: were the first to invent the modern bristle toothbrush in 1498, although it used stiff pig hair. Sinologist historians debate the population figures for each era in the Ming dynasty. The historian Timothy Brook notes that the Ming government census figures are dubious since fiscal obligations prompted many families to underreport the number of people in their households and many county officials to underreport the number of households in their jurisdiction. Children were often underreported, especially female children, as shown by skewed population statistics throughout the Ming. Even adult women were underreported; for example, the Daming Prefecture in North Zhili

title: Ming dynasty

text: after the overthrow of the Qing dynasty in the Xinhai Revolution, some advocated that a Han Chinese be installed as Emperor, either the descendant of Confucius, who was the Duke Yansheng, or the Ming dynasty Imperial family descendant, the Marquis of Extended Grace. Described as "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history" by Edwin O. Reischauer, John K. Fairbank and Albert M. Craig, the Ming emperors took over the provincial administration system of the Yuan dynasty, and the thirteen Ming provinces are the precursors of the modern provinces. Throughout the Song dynasty, the

title: History of China

text: dynasty, with declining government control, commerce, trade and private industries revived. The dynasty had a strong and complex central government that unified and controlled the empire. The emperor's role became more autocratic, although Hongwu Emperor necessarily continued to use what he called the "Grand Secretariat" to assist with the immense paperwork of the bureaucracy, including memorials (petitions and recommendations to the throne), imperial edicts in reply, reports of various kinds, and tax records. It was this same bureaucracy that later prevented the Ming government from being able to adapt to changes in society, and eventually led to its decline. The

title: Capital city

text: bureaucracies with little flexibility on the provincial level, a dynasty could easily be toppled with the fall of its capital. In the Three Kingdoms period, both Shu and Wu fell when their respective capitals of Chengdu and Jianye fell. The Ming dynasty relocated its capital from Nanjing to Beijing, where they could more effectively control the generals and troops guarding the borders from Mongols and Manchus. The Ming was destroyed when the Li Zicheng took their seat of power, and this pattern repeats itself in Chinese history, until the fall of the traditional Confucian monarchy in the 20th century. After

title: Economic history of China before 1912

text: the economy, but had a laissez-faire policy similar to that of the Han dynasty. The Cambridge history of China volume on the Ming Dynasty stated that: Ming government allowed those Chinese people who could attain more than mere subsistence to employ their resources mostly for the uses freely chosen by them, for it was a government that, by comparison with others throughout the world then and later, taxed the people at very low levels and left most of the wealth generated by its productive people in the regions where that wealth was produced. Key Ming taxes included the land tax

title: Kingdom of Tungning

text: proper, albeit preferably temporary, seat of power for the southern Ming loyalist movement. Replacing the Dutch system of government previously used in Taiwan, Koxinga instituted a Ming-style administration, the first Chinese governance in Taiwan. This system of government was divided into six departments: civil service, revenue, rites, war, punishment, and public works. Great care was taken to symbolise support for the Ming legitimacy, an example being the use of the term "guan" instead of "bu" to name departments, since the latter is reserved for central government, whereas Taiwan was to be a regional office of the rightful Ming rule of

title: Ming dynasty

text: largest political division was the circuit ("lu" 路). However, after the Jurchen invasion in 1127, the Song court established four semi-autonomous regional command systems based on territorial and military units, with a detached service secretariat that would become the provincial administrations of the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. Copied on the Yuan model, the Ming provincial bureaucracy contained three commissions: one civil, one military, and one for surveillance. Below the level of the province ("sheng" 省) were prefectures ("fu" 府) operating under a prefect ("zhifu" 知府), followed by subprefectures ("zhou" 州) under a subprefect. The lowest unit was the county

title: History of the Ming dynasty

text: divided into thirteen provinces for administrative purposes. These provinces were divided along traditional and to a degree also natural lines. These include Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Huguang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou. These provinces were vast areas, each being at least as large as England. The longest Ming reign was that of the Wanli Emperor, who ruled for forty eight years. (1572–1620). The shortest was his son's reign, the Taichang Emperor, who ruled for only one month (in 1620). The Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (1279–1368) ruled before the establishment of the Ming dynasty. Alongside institutionalized ethnic discrimination

title: Economy of the Ming dynasty

text: Ming government. The Ming saw the rise of several merchant clans such as the Huai and Jin clans, who disposed of large amounts of wealth. The gentry and merchant classes started to fuse, and the merchants gained power at the expense of the state. Some merchants were reputed to have a treasure of 30 million taels. Ming taxation was light. Taxes on agriculture were only 1/30 of agricultural produce, and were later reduced to 1/50 of produce. Taxes on commerce amounted to 1/30 of commerce also, but was later reduced to 1.5%. These low taxes spurred trade, but severely weakened

title: Ming dynasty

text: to the provinces as virtual provincial governors began in the 1420s. By the late Ming dynasty, there were central government officials delegated to two or more provinces as supreme commanders and viceroys, a system which reined in the power and influence of the military by the civil establishment. Governmental institutions in China conformed to a similar pattern for some two thousand years, but each dynasty installed special offices and bureaus, reflecting its own particular interests. The Ming administration utilized Grand Secretaries to assist the emperor, handling paperwork under the reign of the Yongle Emperor and later appointed as top officials

title: Qing dynasty

text: of the Ming dynasty's most battle-hardened troops, the death of Yuan Chonghuan at the hands of the Chongzhen Emperor (who thought Yuan had betrayed him), and the complete and permanent withdrawal of the remaining Ming forces north of the Great Wall. Meanwhile, Hong Taiji set up a rudimentary bureaucratic system based on the Ming model. He established six boards or executive level ministries in 1631 to oversee finance, personnel, rites, military, punishments, and public works. However, these administrative organs had very little role initially, and it was not until the eve of completing the conquest ten years later that they

title: Ming dynasty

text: ("xian" 縣), overseen by a magistrate. Besides the provinces, there were also two large areas that belonged to no province, but were metropolitan areas ("jing" 亰) attached to Nanjing and Beijing. Departing from the main central administrative system generally known as the Three Departments and Six Ministries system, which was instituted by various dynasties since late Han (202 BCE – 220 CE), the Ming administration had only one Department, the Secretariat, that controlled the Six Ministries. Following the execution of the Chancellor Hu Weiyong in 1380, the Hongwu Emperor abolished the Secretariat, the Censorate, and the Chief Military Commission and

title: Sumptuary law

text: laws existed in China in one form or another from the Qin dynasty onwards (221 BC). The Confucian virtue of restraint was embodied in the scholarly system central to China's bureaucracy and became encoded in its laws. Some laws concerned the size and decoration of graves and mausoleums. The founder of the Ming dynasty, the Hongwu Emperor, issued such regulations in the first year of his rule (1368) and tightened them in 1396, allowing only the highest nobility and officials of the top three ranks a memorial stele installed on top of a stone tortoise; the steles of lower-level mandarins

title: Qin dynasty

text: than place the burden on people from the royal family. Zheng and his advisers also introduced new laws and practices that ended feudalism in China, replacing it with a centralized, bureaucratic government. The form of government created by the first emperor and his advisors was used by later dynasties to structure their own government. Under this system, both the military and government thrived, as talented individuals could be more easily identified in the transformed society. Later Chinese dynasties emulated the Qin government for its efficiency, despite its being condemned by Confucian philosophy. There were incidences of abuse, however, with one

title: History of the Ming dynasty

text: were allowed to confiscate the property of Cao Qin for themselves. Ming rulers faced the challenge of balancing Central Asian trade and military threats against dangerous but profitable sea powers. The questions were cultural, political, and economic. The historian Arthur Waldron declares that the early rulers faced the question "Was the Ming to be essentially a Chinese version of the Yuan, or was it to be something new?" The Tang dynasty provided an example of cosmopolitan and culturally flexible rule, but the Song dynasty, which never controlled key areas of Central Asia, offered an example that was culturally Han Chinese.

title: History of the Ming dynasty

text: that the state should only mitigate market affairs during times of pending crisis and that merchants were the best gauge in determining the strength of a nation's riches in resources. The government followed this guideline by the mid Ming era when it allowed merchants to take over the state monopoly of salt production. This was a gradual process where the state supplied northern frontier armies with enough grain by granting merchants licenses to trade in salt in return for their shipping services. The state realized that merchants could buy salt licenses with silver and in turn boost state revenues to

title: History of the Ming dynasty

text: for Nanjing as well, as it was surpassed by the well-positioned city of Suzhou as the paramount commercial center of China. Despite greater efficiency, there were still factors which the government could not control that limited the transportation of taxed grain; for example, in 1420 a widespread crop failure and poor harvest dramatically reduced the tax grain delivered to the central government. Although the Yongle Emperor ordered episodes of bloody purges like his father—including the execution of Fang Xiaoru, who refused to draft the proclamation of his succession—the emperor had a different attitude about the scholar-officials. He had a selection

title: Salt in Chinese history

text: questions about the nature of government. Guan Zhong argued that direct taxes created resentment among the people, but extolled indirect taxes, such as those on salt and iron: The draconian Qin dynasty, which unified the empire, and the succeeding Han dynasty still left salt production and distribution to merchants and local rulers. However, their profits rivaled the central government's own treasury in size and also took salt workers off the tax rolls. The central government took notice. In 119 BCE, Emperor Wu of Han cast about for ways to finance his expansionist policies, and at the urging of his Legalist

title: History of the Ming dynasty

text: a period of stable effective government. It had long seen the most secure and unchallenged ruling house that China had known up until that time. Its institutions were generally preserved by the following Qing dynasty. The civil service dominated government to an unprecedented degree at this time. During the Ming dynasty, the territory of China expanded (and in some cases also retracted) greatly. For a brief period during the Ming dynasty northern Vietnam was included in the Ming dynasty's territory. Other important developments include the moving of the capital from Nanjing to Beijing. Outside of metropolitan areas, Ming China was

title: Ming dynasty

text: effective means of control was the secret service stationed in what was called the Eastern Depot at the beginning of the dynasty, later the Western Depot. This secret service was overseen by the Directorate of Ceremonial, hence this state organ's often totalitarian affiliation. Eunuchs had ranks that were equivalent to civil service ranks, only theirs had four grades instead of nine. Descendants of the first Ming emperor were made princes and given (typically nominal) military commands, annual stipends, and large estates. The title used was "king" (, "wáng") but – unlike the princes in the Han and Jin dynasties –

title: Yuan dynasty

text: was (directly or indirectly) responsible for most other governmental agencies (such as the traditional Chinese-style Six Ministries), was created in China. At various times another central government institution called the Department of State Affairs (Shangshu Sheng) that mainly dealt with finance was established (such as during the reign of Külüg Khan or Emperor Wuzong), but was usually abandoned shortly afterwards. While the existence of these central government departments and the Six Ministries (which had been introduced since the Sui and Tang dynasties) gave a Sinicized image in the Yuan administration, the actual functions of these ministries also reflected how Mongolian

title: Chinese social structure

text: and profession-based. According to Taiwanese historian Cai Shishan, there were also salt refiners which were independent from other 3 categories. Gentries in Ming dynasty belong to the caste of commoners. There were two types of gentries. Those who passed the entry-level exam of the imperial exam were called Shengyuan(生員). All Shengyuan receive a fixed amount of allowance from the imperial court. The average amount of allowance ranges from 18 tael to 12 tael. The rest of the gentries mainly earned their living by teaching in private schools as mentors. Farmers during the Ming dynasty had two groups. Self-sustained farmer accounted

title: Ming dynasty

text: and stamps. There were also civil service offices to oversee the affairs of imperial princes. The Hongwu emperor from 1373 to 1384 staffed his bureaus with officials gathered through recommendations only. After that the scholar-officials who populated the many ranks of bureaucracy were recruited through a rigorous examination system that was initially established by the Sui dynasty (581–618). Theoretically the system of exams allowed anyone to join the ranks of imperial officials (although it was frowned upon for merchants to join); in reality the time and funding needed to support the study in preparation for the exam generally limited participants

title: Ming dynasty

text: were non-Han peoples. Resentment over such massive changes in population and the resulting government presence and policies sparked more Miao and Yao revolts in 1464 to 1466, which were crushed by an army of 30,000 Ming troops (including 1,000 Mongols) joining the 160,000 local Guangxi (see Miao Rebellions (Ming dynasty)). After the scholar and philosopher Wang Yangming (1472–1529) suppressed another rebellion in the region, he advocated single, unitary administration of Chinese and indigenous ethnic groups in order to bring about sinification of the local peoples. After the overthrow of the Mongol Yuan dynasty by the Ming dynasty in 1368, Manchuria

title: Official history

text: history of a Chinese dynasty. Sixteen of the histories were written between the 7th and 15th centuries. The first is "Records of the Grand Historian", authored by Sima Qian in the Han Dynasty and the last is "History of Ming" in 1735. The official histories were compiled since the Tang Dynasty by a government office for historiography. They were revised and expanded over the course of a dynasty, up until the point that a final edition is published by the succeeding dynasty. The modern form of official history began in the mid-nineteenth century in reports written as military guides for

title: Economy of the Ming dynasty


question: the mughal garden of rashtrapati bhavan is modelled on which garden

answers: the Persian gardens

answers: charbagh

title: Rashtrapati Bhavan

text: creepers like Jasmine, Rhyncospermum, Tecoma Grandiflora, Bignonia Vanista, Adenoclyma, Echitice, Parana Paniculata. Along the walls are planted the China Orange trees. Around the circular garden there are rooms for the office of the horticulturist, a green house, stores, nursery etc. Here is housed the collection of Bonsais, one of the best in the country. All the presidents who have stayed at the Rashtrapati Bhavan have taken a keen interest in the maintenance and upkeep of the Mughal Gardens. All have contributed in their own way. The underlying themes, however, have remained unaltered. The Mughal Gardens opens for general public viewing

title: Rashtrapati Bhavan

text: Gardens are situated at the back of the Rashtrapati Bhavan, incorporate both Mughal and English landscaping styles and feature a great variety of flowers. The Rashtrapati Bhavan gardens are open to the public in February every year. Main garden: Two channels running North to South and two running East to West divide this garden into a grid of squares. There are six lotus shaped fountains at the crossings of these channels. Whereas the energetic fountains rising up to a height of create a soothing murmur that enthralls the visitor, the channels are so tranquil in their movement that they seem

title: Rashtrapati Bhavan

text: frozen. In the channels at appropriate times of day can be seen reflections of the imposing building and the proud flowers. There are wooden trays placed on stands in the centre of the channels where grain is put for the birds to feed upon. Terrace garden: There are two longitudinal strips of garden, at a higher level on each side of the Main Garden, forming the Northern and Southern boundaries. The plants grown are the same as in the Main Garden. At the centre of both of the strips is a fountain, which falls inwards, forming a well. On the

title: Pune-Okayama Friendship Garden

text: The phase 2 of this garden is known as Mughal Garden and is a replica of the Mughal garden in Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi. BJP corporator took up project to install Surya Namaskar statues and those have been opened to public on 19th June 2017 by Mukta Tilak. Photography is strictly not allowed. If carrying a camera you will be stopped and asked for permit. Lot of film shooting is done in this garden. The garden is located at Sinhagad road and can be reached by bus, taxi or Auto Rickshaw. This garden is a busy place during the weekends

title: Mughal gardens

title: Rashtrapati Bhavan

text: Western tips are located two gazebos and on the Eastern tips two ornately designed sentry posts. Long Garden or the 'Purdha Garden': This is located to the West of the Main Garden, and runs along on each side of the central pavement which goes to the circular garden. Enclosed in walls about 12 feet high, this is predominantly a rose garden. It has 16 square rose beds encased in low hedges. There is a red sandstone pergola in the centre over the central pavement which is covered with Rose creepers, Petrea, Bougainvillea and Grape Vines. The walls are covered with

title: Agra

text: of Shāh Jahān, 'Allāma Afzal Khāl Mullā Shukrullāh of Shiraz. The oldest Mughal garden in India, the Rām Bāgh was built by the Emperor Bābar in 1528 on the bank of the Yamuna. It lies about north of the Tāj Mahal. The pavilions in this garden are designed so that the wind from the Yamuna, combined with the greenery, keeps them cool even during the peak of summer. The original name of the gardens was Ārām Bāgh, or 'Garden of Relaxation', and this was where the Mughal emperor Bābar used to spend his leisure time and where he eventually died.

title: Ahmedabad

text: KLMD. Some of the most visited gardens in the city include Law Garden, Victoria Garden and Bal Vatika. Law Garden was named after the College of Law situated close to it. Victoria Garden is located at the southern edge of the Bhadra Fort and contains a statue of Queen Victoria. Bal Vatika is a children's park situated on the grounds of Kankaria Lake and also houses an amusement park. Other gardens in the city include Parimal Garden, Usmanpura Garden, Prahlad Nagar Garden and Lal Darwaja Garden. Ahmedabad's Kamla Nehru Zoological Park houses a number of endangered species including flamingoes, caracals,

title: Amer Fort

text: of which is visible by a special way of partially hiding the panel with the hands. The garden, located between the Jai Mandir on the east and the Sukh Niwas on the west, both built on high platforms in the third courtyard, was built by Mirza Raja Jai Singh (1623–68). It is patterned on the lines of the Chahar Bagh or Mughal Garden. It is in sunken bed, shaped in a hexagonal design. It is laid out with narrow channels lined with marble around a star-shaped pool with a fountain at the centre. Water for the garden flows in cascades

title: Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal

text: increasingly forested trees, replanted the cypresses and laid the gardens to lawns in their own taste. The layout of the garden, and its architectural features such as its fountains, brick and marble walkways, and geometric brick-lined flowerbeds are similar to Shalimar's, and suggest that the garden may have been designed by the same engineer, Ali Mardan. Early accounts of the garden describe its profusion of vegetation, including roses, daffodils, and fruit trees in abundance. As the Mughal Empire declined, the tending of the garden declined as well. When the British took over management of the Taj Mahal, they changed the

title: Mehtab Bagh

text: that this garden was built by Emperor Babur (d. 1530). It is also noted that Emperor Shah Jahan had identified a site from the crescent-shaped, grass-covered floodplain across the Yamuna River as an ideal location for viewing the Taj Mahal. It was then created as "a moonlit pleasure garden called Mehtab Bagh." White plaster walkways, airy pavilions, pools and fountains were also created as part of the garden, with fruit trees and narcissus. The garden was designed as an integral part of the Taj Mahal complex in the riverfront terrace pattern. Its width was identical to that of the rest

title: Mughal gardens

text: Jahangir's son, Shah Jahan, marks the apex of Mughal garden architecture and floral design. He is famous for the construction of the Taj Mahal, a sprawling funereal paradise in memory of his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal. He is also responsible for the Red Fort at Delhi which contains the Mahtab Bagh, a night garden that was filled with night-blooming jasmine and other pale flowers. The pavilions within are faced with white marble to glow in the moonlight. This and the marble of the Taj Mahal are inlaid with semiprecious stone depicting scrolling naturalistic floral motifs, the most important being the

title: Aram Bagh, Agra

text: him to enter Agra after he took the Fort of Kangra. The preserved, surviving architecture dates to his reign and demonstrates the skill of his wife Nur Jahan as a garden designer. Aram Bagh, Agra The Aram Bagh is the oldest Mughal Garden in India, originally built by the Mughal Emperor Babur in 1528, located about five kilometers northeast of the Taj Mahal in Agra, India. Babur was temporarily buried there before being interred in Kabul. The garden is a Persian garden, where pathways and canals divide the garden to represent the Islamic ideal of paradise, an abundant garden through

title: Pinjore Gardens

text: in the foot hills of Himalayas as one of the Mughal gardens summer retreat for the Aurangzeb (r. 1658-1707), who then had his capital at Lahore, by his foster brother architect "Muzaffar Hussain" (also known as Nawab ""Fidai Khan Koka""), who as Aurangzeb's master of ordnance had also supervised the construction of Badshahi Mosque (1671-73) of Lahore. It was built during the early days of Aurangzeb's rule but the accurate date is not known. Since the time of Shahjahan, mughals reserved the pavilions with Balustered columns supporting the cusped arches only for the use of emperor and his immediate family,

title: Mughal architecture

text: the walled enclosures. Some of the typical features include pools, fountains and canals inside the gardens. The famous gardens are the Char Bagh gardens at Taj Mahal, gardens at Humayun's Tomb Shalimar Gardens of Lahore, Delhi and Kashmir as well as Pinjore Garden in Haryana. Shahi Bridge, Jaunpur was constructed during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Akbar. Mughal architecture "Mughal Architecture" is the type of Indo-Islamic architecture developed by the Mughals in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries throughout the ever-changing extent of their empire in the Indian subcontinent. It developed the styles of earlier Muslim dynasties in India

title: Vidyadhar Bhattacharya

text: was built in memory of Purohit Vidyadhar Bhattacharya. Built in 1988, the garden was designed based on "Shilpa Shastra", the ancient book on Indian architecture that Vidyadhar Bhattacharya referred to while designing the pink city of Jaipur. Before the garden was built, the area, situated close to the Sisodia Garden, was believed to be a vineyard. The garden, nestled in the lap of a valley in Jaipur, has crystal waters, tranquil lakes, flower beds and well maintained gardens. It offers a panoramic view of the city. The garden is the perfect combination of contemporary Hindu and Mughal styles with its

title: Humayun's Tomb

text: Delhi completely. In 1860, the Mughal design of the garden was replanted to a more English garden-style, with circular beds replacing the fours central water pools on the axial pathways and trees profusely planted in flowerbeds. This fault was corrected in early 20th century, when on Viceroy, Lord Curzon's orders the original garden were restored in a major restoration project between 1903–1909, which also included lining the plaster channels with sandstone; a 1915 planting scheme, added emphasis to the central and diagonal axis by lining it with trees, though some trees were also planted on the platform originally reserved for

title: Amer Fort

text: garden laid in the fashion of the Mughal Gardens. The building to the left of the entrance gate is called the Jai Mandir, which is exquisitely embellished with glass inlaid panels and multi-mirrored ceilings. The mirrors are of convex shape and designed with coloured foil and paint which would glitter bright under candlelight at the time it was in use. Also known as Sheesh Mahal (mirror palace), the mirror mosaics and coloured glasses were a "glittering jewel box in flickering candle light". Sheesh mahal was built by king Man Singh in 16th century and completed in 1727. It is also

title: Mehtab Bagh

text: suggested. ASI landscape artists meticulously planned the replanting of trees, plants and herbage to match the original Mughal gardens, replicating the riverside gardens brought to India from Central Asia in Shalimar Bagh in Kashmir. Some 81 plants adopted in Mughal horticulture were planted, including guava, maulshri, Nerium, hibiscus, citrus fruit plants, neem, bauhinia, ashoka and jamun. The herbage was planted in such a way that tall trees follow the short ones, then shrubs, and lastly flowering plants. Some of these plants produce bright-coloured flowers that shine in the moonlight. The park has been reconstructed to its original grandeur and has

title: Dara Shikoh Garden

text: the garden in early 17th century and was opened on 1640 A.D. [[Category:Mughal gardens in India]] [[Category:Gardens in Jammu and Kashmir]] [[Category:Mughal gardens]] Dara Shikoh Garden Dara Shikoh Garden is a [[Mughal gardens|Mughal]] garden situated on a side of [[Bijbehara]], [[Pahalgam]] road which is 45 km away from "the capital" [[Srinagar]]. It is situated on the bank of river [[Jehlum]]. It constitutes decas of [[Platanus orientalis|Chinar]] trees which were planted by the Mughal emperors which they brought from [[Iran]]. Apart from this the town Bijbehara has a lot of chinar trees planted in, and that is why it is also

title: Bijbehara

text: Yuga. The Mughal Prince Dara Shikoh built a bridge which was 100-yards long and 6-yards wide, spanning the Jhelum River at Bijbehara, near the Mughal garden. The bridge was washed away by heavy floods. The oldest Chinar tree of the sub-continent, at 70 feet circumference at ground level, is located among 24 others in a garden popularly known as Padshahi Bagh. The Padshahi Garden consists of 25 kanals and 10 marlas. The Dara Shikoh Garden is also on the bank of the Jhelum. The garden is of 420 kanals (52.5 acres) area. The Padshahi Garden and the Dara Shikoh Garden

title: Talkatora Gardens

text: Mandir, Bangla Sahib Gurudwara, Rashtrapati Bhawan and Jantar Mantar. Talkatora Gardens Talkatora Garden is a Mughal-era Garden situated on the Mother Teresa Crescent (previously Willingdon Crescent) in New Delhi. In ancient times, it used to be a tank and a Swimming pool. The Marathas defeated the Mughals in the Battle of Delhi (1737) at this place. The garden is now more famous for the Talkatora Stadium. It attracts a large number of tourists. The Talkatora Stadium close to it, is also named after it. A tal (tank) situated at the west side of the garden, is surrounded by hilly ground

title: Rashtrapati Bhavan

text: Rashtrapati Bhavan The Rashtrapati Bhavan (, "rásh-tra-pa-ti bha-van" ; Presidential Residence" previously "Viceroy's House") is the official home of the president located at the Western end of Rajpath in New Delhi, India. Rashtrapati Bhavan may refer to only the 340-room main building that has the president's official residence, including reception halls, guest rooms and offices, also called the mansion; it may also refer to the entire 130-hectare (320 acre) Presidential Estate that additionally includes huge presidential gardens (Mughal Gardens), large open spaces, residences of bodyguards and staff, stables, other offices and utilities within its perimeter walls. In terms of area,

title: Dara Shikoh Garden

text: Dara Shikoh Garden Dara Shikoh Garden is a [[Mughal gardens|Mughal]] garden situated on a side of [[Bijbehara]], [[Pahalgam]] road which is 45 km away from "the capital" [[Srinagar]]. It is situated on the bank of river [[Jehlum]]. It constitutes decas of [[Platanus orientalis|Chinar]] trees which were planted by the Mughal emperors which they brought from [[Iran]]. Apart from this the town Bijbehara has a lot of chinar trees planted in, and that is why it is also known as Town of Chinars [[Dara Shikoh]] a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor, eldest son of the fifth king of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]s [[Shah Jahan]] built

title: Himayat Baugh Aurangabad

text: Himayat Baugh Aurangabad Himayat Bagh is a 17th-century garden that now houses the Fruit Research Station and Nursery, which is a part of the Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth,Parbhani(Maharashtra). It is located near Delhi Gate in Rauza Bagh area of Aurangabad. It is a sprawling complex spread over , naturally green and in the olden days it was known as the Mughal Garden. In Aurangzeb's time, Khizri Talao extended the whole length of the northern wall, (extending from present day Salim Ali Lake till Begumpura / Makbara) but the exhalation and dampness proved unhealthy and Aurangzeb ordered the portion immediately

title: Bhima Devi Temple Site Museum

text: had grown into a wild jungle after initially built due to long years of neglect. The garden has been laid in seven terraces with the main gate of the garden opening into the highest first terrace which has a palace built in Rajasthani–Mughal style. It is called the "Shish Mahal" (Palace of Mirrors), which is adjoined by a romantic "Hawa Mahal" (Breezy Palace). The second terrace with arched doorways has the "Rang Mahal" (Palace of Colors) since it was brightly painted and decorated to be used to house the ruler's wives and mistresses. The third terrace has cypress trees and

title: Sisodiya Rani Bagh

text: Sisodiya Rani Bagh Sisodia Rani Garden and Palace is a palace garden from Jaipur city in of Rajasthan state in India. It was built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II in 1728. The place consists of tiered multi-level gardens with fountains, watercourses and painted pavilions. A double-storeyed palace occupies the top terrace of the garden. The palace has many galleries, pavilions and beautiful murals depicting scenes from the life of lord Krishna. The palace lies on Jaipur Agara highway. The palace garden derives its name, Sisodia Rani Garden and Palace, from the rani (queen) for whom it was built. She

title: Pinjore Gardens

text: gate of the garden opening into the highest first terrace, which has a palace built in Rajasthani–Mughal style. It is called the “Shish Mahal” (palace of glass), which is adjoined by a romantic "Hawa Mahal" (airy Palace). The second terrace with arched doorways has the "Rang Mahal" (painted palace). The third terrace has cypress trees and flowerbeds leading to dense groves of fruit trees. The next terrace has the "Jal Mahal" (palace of water) with a square fountain bed and a platform to relax. Fountains and tree groves are provided in the next terrace. The lowermost terrace has an open-air

title: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Memorial

text: covering and destroying the garden beds. Following Indian independence, this palace was the Raj Bhavan - an official residence of the Governor of Gujarat, from 1960 to 1978. It was endowed by the Government of Gujarat in 1975, upon the centennial birth anniversary of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, to establish a memorial to honour him. The memorial was founded on 7 March 1980. Moti Shahi Mahal is an example of Mughal architecture. According to historian James Douglas, it inspired Shahjahan to build the Taj Mahal later. Four pillars mark the four wings, one floor and the central hall of the palace.

title: Roshanara Bagh

text: Roshanara Bagh Roshanara Garden is a Mughal-style garden built by Roshanara Begum, the second daughter of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. It is situated in Shakti Nagar near Kamla Nagar Clock Tower and North Campus of University of Delhi. It is one of the biggest gardens in Delhi having a great variety of plants, some imported from Japan. The lake inside the gardens is visited by migratory birds during winters and is a popular site for bird watching. The garden has a raised canal with flowering plants on both sides. Today the garden holds a white marble pavilion built in

title: Mughal gardens

long_answer: The founder of the Mughal empire, Babur, described his favourite type of garden as a charbagh. They use the term bāgh, baug, bageecha or bagicha for garden. This word developed a new meaning in India, as Babur explains; India lacked the fast-flowing streams required for the Central Asian charbagh. The Agra garden, which was renamed after Partition of India as the Ram Bagh, since it lied in Hindu majority portion is thought to have been the first charbagh. India, Bangladesh and Pakistan have a number of Mughal gardens which differ from their Central Asian predecessors with respect to "the highly disciplined geometry". An early textual references about Mughal gardens are found in the memoirs and biographies of the Mughal emperors, including those of Babur, Humayun and Akbar. Later references are found from "the accounts of India" written by various European travellers (Bernier for example). The first serious historical study of Mughal gardens was written by Constance Villiers-Stuart, with the title Gardens of the Great Mughals (1913). Her husband was a Colonel in Britain's Indian army. This gave her a good network of contacts and an opportunity to travel. During their residence at Pinjore Gardens, Mrs. Villiers-Stuart also had an opportunity to direct the maintenance of an important Mughal garden. Her book makes reference to the forthcoming design of a garden in the Government House at New Delhi (now known as Rashtrapati Bhavan). She was consulted by Edwin Lutyens, and this may have influenced his choice of Mughal style for this project. Recent scholarly work on the history of Mughal gardens has been carried out under the auspicious guidance of Dumbarton Oaks (including Mughal Gardens: Sources, Places, Representations, and Prospects edited by James L. Wescoat, Jr. and Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn) and the Smithsonian Institution. Some examples of Mughal gardens are Shalimar Gardens (Lahore), Lalbagh Fort at Dhaka, and Shalimar Bagh (Srinagar).


question: who was the sixteenth century physician who published

answers: Andreas Vesalius

title: Matthaeus Platearius

text: of Pliny and Dioscorides, while George Sarton thought it an improvement on ""De Materia Medica"". Matthaeus and his brother Johannes were the sons of a female physician from the Salerno school and married to Johannes Platearius I. She is surmised to be Trotula, who wrote some important treatises on gynaecology including "Diseases of Women". Matthaeus Platearius Matthaeus Platearius was a physician from the medical school at Salerno, and is thought to have produced a twelfth-century Latin manuscript on medicinal herbs titled ""Circa Instans"" (also known as ""The Book of Simple Medicines""), later translated into French as ""Le Livre des simples

title: Ibn Al-Thahabi

text: Ibn Al-Thahabi Abu Mohammed Abdellah Ibn Mohammed Al-Azdi () (ca. ? - 1033 CE), known also as Ibn Al-Thahabi, was an Arab physician, famous for writing the first known alphabetical encyclopedia of medicine. He was born in Suhar, Oman. He moved then into Basra, then to Persia where he studied under Al-Biruni and Ibn Sina. Later he migrated to Jerusalem and finally settled in Valencia, in Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain). He is famous for his book "Kitab Al-Ma'a" ("The Book of Water"), which is a medical encyclopedia. that lists the names of diseases, its medicine and a physiological process or a

title: Physicians of Myddfai

text: was a revival of interest in herbalism in eighteenth-century Wales and a number of people had made further copies, including the scholar, Edward Lhuyd, Thomas Beynon of Greenmeadow and the bard and translator James Davies (Iago ab Dewi) of Llanllawddog. The "second" manuscript printed in the 1861 book consists of materials found in a manuscript formerly known as MS Llanover C.24 and now held by the National Library of Wales. It was brought to light by, and is partly in the hand of, the antiquarian, bard and literary forger Iolo Morganwg (Edward Williams). The text purports to be a collection

title: Matthaeus Platearius

text: Matthaeus Platearius Matthaeus Platearius was a physician from the medical school at Salerno, and is thought to have produced a twelfth-century Latin manuscript on medicinal herbs titled ""Circa Instans"" (also known as ""The Book of Simple Medicines""), later translated into French as ""Le Livre des simples medecines"". It was an alphabetic listing and textbook of simples that was based on Dioscorides ""Vulgaris"", which described the appearance, preparation, and uses of various drugs. It was widely acclaimed, and was one of the first herbals produced by the newly developed printing process in 1488. Ernst Meyer considered it equal to the herbals

title: Andreas Vesalius

text: Andreas Vesalius (/vɪˈseɪliəs/; 31 December 1514 – 15 October 1564) was a 16th-century Flemish anatomist, physician, and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body).  Vesalius is often referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy. He was born in Brussels, which was then part of the Habsburg Netherlands. He was professor at the University of Padua and later became Imperial physician at the court of Emperor Charles V.

title: Daniel Mögling (1546-1603)

text: Daniel Mögling (1546-1603) Daniel Mögling (born 1546 in Tübingen; died 24 May 1603 in Tübingen), also known as Valerius Saledinus, Theophilus Schweighardt and Florentinus de Valentia, was a German professor of medicine at the University of Tübingen. Mögling enrolled as a student at the University of Tübingen in 1561. He became Baccalaureus in 1565. He got promoted to "Dr. med.". He became general practitioner ("Stadtphysikus") in Weißenburg in 1572 and later in Heidelberg and in Göppingen in 1581. 1583 he became physician of the Electoral Palatinate and professor in Heidelberg, 1585 physician in Tübingen, 1587 professor at the University of

title: Faraj ben Salim

text: "Tacuini Ægritudinum" ("Tables of Disease", Arabic: "Taqwim al-Abdan") by Ibn Jazla, published at Strasburg in 1532. Steinschneider believes that to Faraj should also be ascribed the Latin translation of Masarjawaih's treatise on surgery (MS. "Bibliothèque Nationale", Paris, No. 7131), said to have been made by a certain Ferrarius. Faraj ben Salim Faraj ben Sālim (), also known as Farragut of Girgenti, Moses Farachi of Dirgent, Ferragius, Farragus, or Franchinus, was a Sicilian-Jewish physician and translator who flourished in the second half of the thirteenth century. He was engaged by Charles I of Naples as translator of medical works from Arabic

title: Metrodora

text: theory. There are also many medicine compounds provided in her treatise that have not been found elsewhere. Her work also appears to include the first known alphabetized medical encyclopedia, using alphabetic headings for ease of reference, although it exists in an incomplete manuscript that ends with epsilon. Metrodora Metrodora (c. 200-400 CE) was a Greek physician and author of the oldest medical text known to have been written by a woman, "On the Diseases and Cures of Women" (Περὶ τῶν Γυναικείων παθῶν τῆς μἠτρας). Her medical treatise covers many areas of medicine, including gynecology, but not obstetrics. It was widely

title: Philip Barrow

text: Philip Barrow Philip Barrow or Barrough (fl. 1590) was an English medical writer. Barrow was the son of John Barrow, of Suffolk. He obtained from the university of Cambridge, in 1559, a licence to practise chirurgery, and in 1572 a similar licence to practise physic. It is probable that he practised his profession in London. He is the author of the "Method of Phisicke, containing the Causes, Signs, and Cures of Inward Diseases in Man's Body from head to foot. Where unto is added the form and rule of working remedies and medicines, which our Physicians commonly use at this

title: John Farmery (physician)

text: (ib. ii. 269 b), has also been attributed to Farmery. Joseph Ames ("Typographical Antiquities") ed. William Herbert, p. 1177) wrongly describes the latter work as ‘Perpetuall Prognostication of the—Weather—by I. F.’ It is doubtful if Farmery was concerned with it. John Farmery (physician) John Farmery, M.D. (died 1590) was an English physician. Farmery was a native of Lincolnshire, and matriculated as a pensioner of King's College, Cambridge, in November 1561 (B.A. 1564–5, M.A. 1568). He seems to have practised medicine in London as an empiric, with powerful patrons. The College of Physicians was induced to license him on 4 Feb.

title: Serapion the Younger

text: in late medieval Latin medical circles. Portions of the Latin text make a good match with portions of a surviving Arabic text "Kitab al-adwiya al-mufrada" attributed to Ibn Wafid (died 1074 or 1067). The entire Latin text is very heavily reliant on medieval Arabic medicinal literature; and it is essentially just a compilation of such literature. It is exceedingly clear that the book was not originally written in a Latin language. Nothing about Serapion the Younger's biography is on record anywhere. In his only book, there is a quote from something by a certain medical writer who died around 1070

title: Amato Lusitano

text: Dioscoridis Anazarbei de Medica Materia Libros Quinque", (Venice, 1557; Leyden, 1558); "Enarrationes Eruditissimæ", (Venice, 1553); "La Historia de Eutropio" (Eutropius translated into Spanish); commentary on the first book of Avicenna's Canon, which, as he relates in the preface to the seventh "Centuria", he lost among his possessions at Ancona. Amato Lusitano João Rodrigues de Castelo Branco, better known as Amato Lusitano and Amatus Lusitanus (1511–1568), was a notable Portuguese Jewish physician of the 16th century. Like Herophilus, Galen, Ibn al-Nafis, Michael Servetus, Realdo Colombo and William Harvey, he is credited as making a discovery in the circulation of the blood.

title: Marcellus Empiricus

text: Marcellus Empiricus Marcellus Empiricus, also known as Marcellus Burdigalensis (“Marcellus of Bordeaux”), was a Latin medical writer from Gaul at the turn of the 4th and 5th centuries. His only extant work is the "De medicamentis", a compendium of pharmacological preparations drawing on the work of multiple medical and scientific writers as well as on folk remedies and magic. It is a significant if quirky text in the history of European medical writing, an infrequent subject of monographs, but regularly mined as a source for magic charms, Celtic herbology and lore, and the linguistic study of Gaulish and Vulgar Latin.

title: Gilbertus Anglicus

text: His fame lasted for centuries after his death. His "Compendium" was published in print in 1510, and was reprinted again as late as 1608. Gilbert is listed with the great physicians of all time in the verse of Chaucer. Gilbertus's "Compendium medicinae" was translated into Middle English in the early 15th century. The gynecological and obstetrical portions of that translation were soon excerpted and circulated widely as an independent text known in modern scholarship as "The Sickness of Women". That text was then modified further in the mid-15th century by the addition of materials from Muscio and other sources on

title: Francis Herring

text: Francis Herring Francis Herring M.D. (died 1628) was an English physician, known as a medical and religious writer. A native of Nottinghamshire, Herring was educated at Christ's College, Cambridge (B.A. 1585, M.A. 1589). On 3 July 1599, then a doctor of medicine of Cambridge of two years' standing, he was admitted a fellow of the College of Physicians of London. He was censor in 1609, 1618, 1620, 1623, 1624, 1626, and 1627. He was named an elect on 5 June 1623, and died in the beginning of 1628. He translated from the Latin of Johann Oberndoerffer, "The Anatomyes of the

title: Theodorus Priscianus

text: G. E. Schreiner. The manuscripts and these editions of his work simply identify the author as "Theodorus". Of the "Rerum Medicarum", Dr. William A. Greenhill writes, "Several of the medicines which Priscianus mentions are absurd and superstitious; the style and language of the work are bad; and altogether it is of little interest and value." Theodorus Priscianus Theodorus Priscianus () was a physician at Constantinople during the 4th century, and the author of the Latin work "Rerum Medicarum Libri Quatuor". Priscianus was a pupil of the physician Vindicianus, fixing the period of his life in the fourth century. He is

title: Nicolás Monardes

text: European medicine. Monardes’ first four publications were written between 1536 and 1545. His first published work, a treatise on "pharmacodilosis", was written in 1536. This publication’s focal point was on defending the classical medical tradition against the Arab medical tradition. His second publication was written in 1539 in regards to the relationship between blood-letting and cases of pleuritis. A third publication on the medical application of roses and an edition of a medical treatise written by Juan de Aviñón in the fourteenth century, were both written in 1545. After these four, Monardes did not publish another work for twenty years.

title: History of herbalism

text: of Bingen. A 12th-century Benedictine nun, she wrote a medical text called "Causae et Curae". During this time, herbalism was mainly practiced by women, particularly among Germanic tribes. There were three major sources of information on healing at the time including the Arabian School, Anglo-Saxon leechcraft, and Salerno. A great scholar of the Arabian School was Avicenna, who wrote "The Canon of Medicine" which became the standard medical reference work of the Arab world. ""The Canon of Medicine" is known for its introduction of systematic experimentation and the study of physiology, the discovery of contagious diseases and sexually transmitted diseases,

title: Eliseus Bomelius

text: A recent editor of the work has cast doubt on the provenance, while leaving open the possibility that these recipes were traditional. Eliseus Bomelius Eliseus Bomelius (also Licius) (died c. 1574) was a German physician and astrologer. The son of Henry Bomelius from Bommel in the Netherlands, from 1540 to 1559 Lutheran preacher at Wesel in Westphalia and friend of John Bale, he was said by his contemporaries to have been born at Wesel. He was educated at the University of Cambridge, where he proceeded to the degree of doctor of medicine. Bomelius was well received by English Protestant reformers,

title: Metrodora

text: Metrodora Metrodora (c. 200-400 CE) was a Greek physician and author of the oldest medical text known to have been written by a woman, "On the Diseases and Cures of Women" (Περὶ τῶν Γυναικείων παθῶν τῆς μἠτρας). Her medical treatise covers many areas of medicine, including gynecology, but not obstetrics. It was widely referenced by other medical writers in ancient Greece and Rome, and was also translated and published in Medieval Europe. Nothing is known of Metrodora's identity beyond her name. However, several women physicians are known to have existed in the ancient Greco-Roman world, and she is generally regarded

title: History of surgery

text: and scientist who practised in the Zahra suburb of Cordoba. He is considered a great medieval surgeon, though he added little to Greek surgical practices. His works on surgery were influential. Persian physician Avicenna (980–1037) wrote "The Canon of Medicine", a synthesis of Greek and Arab medicine that dominated European medicine until the mid-17th century. African-born Italian Benedictine monk (Muslim convert) Constantine the African (died 1099) of Monte Cassino translated many Arabic medical works into Latin. Spanish Muslim physician Avenzoar (1094–1162) performed the first tracheotomy on a goat, writing "Book of Simplification on Therapeutics and Diet", which became popular in

title: Theodorus Priscianus

text: sometimes attributed to a person named "Octavius Horatianus". The first book treats of external diseases, the second of internal, the third of female diseases, and the fourth of physiology, etc. The author, in his preface, speaks against the learned and worthy disputes physicians held at the bedside of the patient, and against their reliance on foreign remedies in preference indigenous ones. It was first published in 1532, in a folio edition at Strasburg, and a quarto edition at Basel. Of these the latter is more correct than the other, but not so complete, as the whole of the fourth book

title: Peter Turner (physician)

text: Peter Turner (physician) Peter Turner M.D. (1542–1614) was an English physician, known as a follower of Paracelsus. He also was a Member of Parliament, during the 1580s. He was the son of William Turner the churchman, Marian exile and botanist. He was instructed by his father in both a religious and a scientific outlook. He graduated M.A. at St John's College, Cambridge. He then proceeded M.D. at Heidelberg in 1571, where his medical contacts included Thomas Erastus and Sigismund Melanchthon. He was incorporated M.D. at Cambridge in 1575, and on 10 July 1599 at Oxford. Turner practised his profession in

title: Niccolò Massa

text: as Consigliere for the Venetian College of Surgeons as well. Massa was the author of several works beginning with a book on the French Disease which is commonly equated to modern day syphilis in 1524, "Liber morbo gallico" which went through several editions. This was followed by a book on anatomy, "Liber introductorius anathema" a book on fevers, "Liber de febre pestilentiali" a work in Italian, "La loica, divisa in sette libri" and a collection of his letters, "Epistolae medicinales" Printed collections of letters from physicians was a popular genre in the sixteenth century. The letter tended to be written

title: John Baret

text: John Baret John Baret or Barrett (died 1580), was an English lexicographer during the Elizabethan era, and was responsible for publishing a dictionary of English, Latin, Greek and French entitled "An Alvearie". Baret matriculated at St John's College, Cambridge in 1551 as a sizar before migrating to Trinity College, Cambridge and receiving a degree of B.A. in 1554-5, and an M.A. in 1558. He became a fellow of the college in 1560. He later received the degree of M.D. from Peterhouse College, Cambridge in 1577, but there is no evidence that he ever practiced medicine. About 1555 he describes himself

title: Guillaume de Baillou

text: did extensive studies of epidemics that plagued Paris, and is additionally credited with providing the first clinical description of pertussis (whooping cough) in 1578. He also provided the first modern descriptions of rheumatism and arthritis, of which he defined in the treatise "Liber de Rheumatismo et Pleuritide dorsali". Guillaume de Baillou is an ancestor of Jean Chevallier de Baillou (1684-1758), whose famous geology collection provided the basis for today's Natural History Museum of Vienna, Austria. Guillaume de Baillou Guillaume de Baillou (Latin: Ballonius) (1538–1616) was a French physician born in Paris. He studied at the University of Paris, where he

title: Ibn Juljul

text: Ibn Juljul Abu Dawud Sulayman ibn Hassan Ibn Juljul () (c. 944 Córdoba – c. 994) was an influential Andalusian Arab physician and pharmacologist of perhaps Spanish extraction. He wrote an important book on the history of medicine. His works on pharmacology were frequently quoted by physicians in Al-Andalus during the 10th and 11th centuries. Some of his works were later studied by Albertus Magnus, like "De secretis", but were attributed to a Latinized version of his name, Gilgil. Starting from the age of fourteen, Ibn Juljul studied medicine for ten years working under the physician Hasdai ibn Shaprut. He

title: Nicolás Monardes

text: Nicolás Monardes Nicolás Bautista Monardes (1493 – 10 October 1588) was a Spanish physician and botanist. The genus "Monarda" was named for him. Monardes published several books of varying importance. In "Diálogo llamado pharmacodilosis" (1536), he examines humanism and suggests studying several classical authors, principally Pedanius Dioscorides. He discusses the importance of Greek and Arab medicine in "De Secanda Vena in pleuriti Inter Grecos et Arabes Concordia" (1539). "De Rosa et partibus eius" (1540) is about roses and citrus fruits. It is known that Monardes also believed that tobacco smoke was an infallible cure for everything. Monardes' most significant and

title: Palladius (physician)

text: they appear to have been known to the Arabic writers. They have both of them come down to us imperfect. Palladius (physician) Palladius (; c. 6th century) a Greek medical writer, some of whose works are still extant. Nothing is known of the events of his life, but, as he is commonly called "Iatrosophistes", he is supposed to have gained that title by having been a professor of medicine at Alexandria. His date is uncertain; he may lived in the 6th or 7th centuries. All that can be pronounced with certainty is that he quotes Galen, and is himself quoted

title: Joseph Frank Payne

text: the Anglo-Saxon Times" (Oxford, 1904), the second on "English Medicine in the Anglo-Norman Period", covering Gilbertus Anglicus and the contents of his "Compendium Medicinæ" had never before been thoroughly set forth. The lectures of 1904 which Payne was preparing for the press at the time of his death address the writings of Ricardus Anglicanus and the anatomical teaching of the Middle Ages. Payne demonstrated that the "Anatomy of the Body of Man", printed in Tudor times and of which the editions extend into the middle of the seventeenth century, was not written by Thomas Vicary, whose name appears on the

title: Andreas Vesalius


question: how many terms can a mayor serve in texas

answers: two four-year terms

title: Mayor of Plano, Texas

text: Mayor of Plano, Texas The Mayor of Plano, Texas is the chief executive of Plano's Government, as stipulated by the Charter of Plano, Texas. The Mayor of Plano served one-year terms until 1884, when the term length was extended to two years. In 2006, the use of three-year terms began. The term was changed to four years in 2011. Currently (as of 2017) there is a limit to two terms as mayor. Harry LaRosiliere is Plano's 38th mayor. The latest election for mayor was held on May 6, 2017. In 1881, the city's first mayor C. J. Kellner received $10

title: Politics of Houston

text: serving four-year terms, are: the mayor, the city comptroller and 16 members of the city council. Under the strong mayor-council government, the mayor serves as the executive officer of the city. As the city's chief administrator and official representative, the mayor is responsible for the general management of the city and for seeing that all laws and ordinances are enforced. As the result of a 1991 referendum in Houston, the two-year term was amended to elected officials who can serve up to three terms until 2015 where the three term limit and two year terms were replaced with a two

title: Killeen, Texas

text: represent specific districts of the city and are elected by voters living in their districts. Terms for the mayor and all council members are two years, with a three-consecutive-term limitation for each office. The city holds nonpartisan elections each May. The mayor and the at-large council members are elected in even-numbered years, and the four district council members are elected in odd-numbered years. According to the city's 2008 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the city's various funds had $133.4 million in revenues, $119.0 million in expenditures, $523.3 million in total assets, $219.9 million in total liabilities, and $90.4 million in cash

title: Plano, Texas

text: serve the city at large. However, the council members serving in places one, two, three, and four must reside in that district, and the mayor always serves in place six. The mayor receives a yearly stipend of $8,400, and each council member receives $6,000. All council members, including the mayor, serve a maximum of two consecutive four-year terms. The mayor and city council members could serve for a maximum of three consecutive three-year terms until voters approved changes to the city charter in 2011. The 38th and current Mayor of Plano is businessman Harry LaRosiliere, who was elected as the

title: Politics of Houston

title: El Paso, Texas

text: members are elected for four year terms and may not be elected more than twice or serve for more than 10 years in their respective offices. Municipal elections are currently held in May in odd-numbered years, but a voter-approved charter amendment will change this to November in even-numbered years, beginning in 2018. Council members elected in 2015 will serve through December 2018, and council members and the mayor elected in 2017 will serve through December 2020. Those elected in 2018 and 2020 will serve regular four-year terms. The city operates under a council–manager form of government. Power is concentrated in

title: Fort Worth, Texas

text: two years for a mayor, elected at large, and eight council members, elected by district. The mayor is a voting member of the council and represents the city on ceremonial occasions. The council has the power to adopt municipal ordinances and resolutions, make proclamations, set the city tax rate, approve the city budget, and appoint the city secretary, city attorney, city auditor, municipal court judges, and members of city boards and commissions. The day-to-day operations of city government are overseen by the city manager, who is also appointed by the council. The current mayor is Republican Betsy Price, making Fort

title: San Antonio

text: limited to a total of two terms). Houston and Laredo have similar term limits to San Antonio. All positions are elected on nonpartisan ballots, as required by Texas law. Council members are paid $45,722 and the mayor earns $61,725 a year. The current mayor is Ron Nirenberg, who was elected in 2017 with 54.59% of the vote. The council hires a city manager to handle day-to-day operations. The council effectively functions as the city's legislative body with the city manager acting as its chief executive, responsible for the management of day-to-day operations and execution of council legislation. The current city

title: Aldo Tatangelo

text: 1982, Tatangelo trailed in the primary but won the runoff against former city council member Mercurio Martinez, Jr. Tatangelo was term-limited under the charter and could not seek a fourth term in 1990. Laredo mayors are restricted to two consecutive four-year terms plus up to two years of an unexpired term. They may run again after sitting out a term. In Texas, all mayors and city council members are elected on nonpartisan ballots. After Tatangelo left the office of mayor in 1990, he launched a write-in campaign in the November general election to challenge the Democratic nominee for Webb County

title: Mayor of Austin

text: member of the city council and is required to preside at all meetings. The mayor is also allowed to vote on all matters that come before the city council, but has no veto powers. As of fiscal year 2014–15, the salary for the mayor is set at $82,387. The mayor is elected in a citywide election. Elections occur every four years during even-numbered years. Elections are non-partisan and by majority, but if no candidate receives a majority a run-off election is called between the top two candidates who received the most votes. Per city code of ordinances, if the mayor

title: Politics of Houston

title: Laredo, Texas

text: districts and campaigns have no party affiliations. Municipal elections are now held in November (formerly in May) of even-numbered years. The municipal government is administered by the city manager hired by the city council. All city elected offices have a four-year term and are nonpartisan though most officials have a Democratic party preference or affiliation. City council meetings are held on Mondays and can be viewed on the Public-access television cable TV channel or live online at Public Access Channel live stream. The current mayor, Pete Saenz, was elected in 2014 to succeed his fellow Democrat, the term-limited Raul G.

title: 2017 El Paso, Texas city elections

text: therefore there was no primary election. However, if no candidate won a majority there will be a run-off election. The mayor and council members elected in 2017 will serve through December 2020. The term is shortened because of a charter amendment to move city elections from May in odd-numbered years to November in even-numbered years. Dee Margo took first place in the mayoral race but did not win a majority of votes, so he and David Saucedo competed in a runoff election. Margo defeated Saucedo in the run-off election. 8.57% of registered voters voted in the run-off election, one of

title: Lewisville, Texas

text: the city. Since 1963, the City of Lewisville has operated as a home rule city with a council–manager style of municipal government. Residents elect six at-large members to serve on the City Council, including a mayor. Council elections in Texas are nonpartisan. Members are elected to three-year terms and are not term-limited. The mayor does not vote on issues that come before the council except in the case of a tie. There were three female mayors between 1985 and 2000, but no woman has served on the City Council since 2001. In 2011, the Fitch Group upgraded the city's general

title: Houston

text: to certify available funds prior to committing such funds and processing disbursements. The city's fiscal year begins on July 1 and ends on June 30. Chris Brown is the city controller, serving his first term . As the result of a 2015 referendum in Houston, a mayor is elected for a four-year term, and can be elected to as many as two consecutive terms. The term limits were spearheaded in 1991 by conservative political activist Clymer Wright. During 1991–2015, the city controller and city council members were subjected to a two-year, three-term limitation – the 2015 referendum amended term limits

title: Bellaire, Texas

text: council member is elected for four-year terms. The mayor may not serve for more than four terms in that position. A council members may have no more than two terms as a city council member. Bellaire has zoning ordinances that dictate types of structures and uses throughout sections of the city. As of 2015, the mayor is Dr. Phil Nauert. The six council members are, in order of position, Roman F. Reed (1), Jim Avioli, Sr. (2), Gus Pappas (3), Pat McLaughlan (4), Andrew S. Friedberg (5), and Mandy Nathan (6). The Bellaire Fire Department is housed at 5101 Jessamine

title: Richardson, Texas

text: elected at large, with four Council members representing each of the city’s four districts. The City Council is elected for two-year terms on a nonpartisan basis. The Charter requires that the City Council appoint a city manager to act as the chief administrative and executive officer. The city manager is not appointed for a fixed time and may be removed at the will and pleasure of the majority of the City Council. One of the responsibilities of the city manager is to appoint and remove department heads and conduct the general affairs of the municipal government in accordance with the

title: Houston

text: of municipal government. Houston is a home rule city and all municipal elections in the state of Texas are nonpartisan. The city's elected officials are the mayor, city controller and 16 members of the Houston City Council. The current mayor of Houston is Sylvester Turner, a Democrat elected on a nonpartisan ballot. Houston's mayor serves as the city's chief administrator, executive officer, and official representative, and is responsible for the general management of the city and for seeing that all laws and ordinances are enforced. The original city council line-up of 14 members (nine district-based and five at-large positions) was

title: Kemp, Texas

text: 2-year term. The City Council consists of 5 council members and the Mayor. Council members are elected at-large by place, and serve for 2-year terms. The Mayor is the presiding officer of the City Council. One council member is elected annually by the other members to serve as Mayor Pro-Tem in the absence of the Mayor. The City operates a public works department including water and wastewater utilities, and the Kemp Municipal Court. The City employs a City Secretary, a small administrative staff, a Municipal Judge/Court Clerk, a Public Works Director, a small Public Works Staff, a Chief of Police,

title: Lubbock, Texas

text: council-manager government system, with all governmental powers resting in a legislative body called a city council. Voters elect six council members, one for each of Lubbock's six districts, and a mayor. The council members serve for a term of four years, and the mayor serves for two years. After the first meeting of the city council after newly elected council members are seated, the council elects a mayor "pro tempore", who serves as mayor in absence of the elected mayor. The council also appoints a city manager to handle the ordinary business of the city. There are currently no term

title: League City, Texas

text: city in 1962. League City’s government consists of seven council members and the mayor. The mayor only votes in the event of a tie vote of city council. The City's charter is purported to be a strong mayor form of government, but this issue has been debated for years. By ordinance, a city administrator position was created under Mayor Leonard Cruse. The administrator’s position does not carry the authority of a city manager under a council manager form of government. This administrator position does not have authority to conduct the city’s business without the constant approval of council and mayor.

title: Mayor of Austin

text: for at least six months. Second, the mayor will not be subject to more than one recall. List of mayors of Austin, Texas Mayor of Austin The Mayor of the City of Austin is the official head of the city of Austin in the U.S. state of Texas. The office was established in 1840 after Austin incorporated as a city in 1839. The mayor of Austin is elected by universal suffrage by the citizens of Austin to a four-year term and limited to serving no more than two terms. Austin has a council–manager form of government which means day-to-day operations

title: Jim Reese (Texas politician)

text: $100 per month as mayor, having viewed the part-time position like that of a "volunteer" who found satisfaction in civic promotion. He faced minimal opposition for his second and third terms in 1970 and 1972. He did not seek a fourth two-year term in 1974 and was succeeded in the position by city council member Daniel B. Hemphill (1918-2003), a partisan Democrat who prevailed in a low-turnout nonpartisan municipal election held on April 2, 1974, with 2,970 votes (75 percent) over three opponents. The last two years of Reese's term as mayor of Odessa overlapped with the first term of

title: Government Finance Officers Association of Texas

text: 25 metropolitan areas, four of which have populations greater than 1,000,000: Dallas-Fort Worth, Houston, San Antonio and Austin-Round Rock. The Dallas-Fort Worth and Houston metropolitan areas each has about 5 million residents. Many City Treasurers are elected, and are therefore directly accountable to their constituents; the remainder are appointed either by City Council or City Manager. Finance Directors typically are appointed by the City Manager. In addition to cities and counties, Texas has numerous special districts. The most common is the independent school district, which (with one exception) has a board of trustees that is independent of any other governing

title: Trophy Club, Texas

text: Council meetings. Council members are elected at-large-by-place for a term of three years. All powers of the Town are vested in the Council, including but not limited to: enacting legislation, adopting budgets and determining policies. The Mayor participates in the discussion and votes on all matters coming before the Council. Additionally, the Mayor, after Council authorization, signs all contracts, conveyances made or entered into by the Town, all bonds, warrants and any other obligations issued under the Town Charter. The Mayor is recognized as the official head of the Town by the courts for the purpose of serving civil process,

title: Politics of Houston

text: of Houston municipal elections a referendum on the voter ballot have amended the term limit law where elected officials can serve two four year terms - this measure does not abolish term limits nor have a reeligibility provision for past elected officeholders who served their full tenure under the 1991 term limit ordinance. Incumbents who have won re-election during the 2015 election under the three-term rule - those who served 2 are granted an additional 4 years while a freshman councilmember are granted their 2 additional terms - this means that some elected officials can hold up to 10 years

title: Anton, Texas

text: 16 or 17 years old. He told everyone he was 18, so was able to accept the position. He is, therefore, on record as being the youngest mayor ever in Texas at the time, and since he was under 18, the record stands to this day and likely will for all time. Whether an election was held or if he simply volunteered for the position is unclear. In those days, identification was not required because most agreements were done with a handshake. Anton sits just to the east of the geographic center of the level High Plains of the Llano

title: Governor of Texas

text: 20th centuries ever served more than seven and a half consecutive years in office (Allan Shivers) or eight years total service (Bill Clements, in two non-consecutive four-year terms). Former Governor Rick Perry, who served from 2000 to 2015, has now surpassed both these records, becoming the first Texas governor to serve three consecutive terms. When Perry won the general election on November 2, 2010, he joined Shivers, Price Daniel, and John Connally as the only Texas governors elected to three terms (the terms served by Governors Shivers, Daniel, and Connally were 2 year terms). In case of a vacancy in

title: Term limits in the United States

text: same state. For example, Houston, Texas, has a limit of 2 four-year terms (prior to November 3, 2015, 3 two-year terms dating back to 1991), while San Antonio, Texas, has a limit of 4 two-year terms. Both Houston and San Antonio's term limits are absolute; elected officeholders are ineligible to run for the same position where seeking higher office is common. A two-term limit was imposed on New York City Council members and citywide elected officials (except for district attorneys) in New York City after a 1993 referendum (see the Charter of the City of New York, § 1138). On

title: Bellaire, Texas

text: 19, 5.6% from 20 to 29, 10.6% from 30 to 39, 17.2% from 40 to 49, 24.9% from 50 to 64, and 10.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.6 males. Bellaire currently has a city manager style of government. The home rule government was established on April 2, 1949, replacing the general law form of government. The city council is made up of the mayor and six city council members. All are elected at large. The mayor is elected for two-year terms, while each city

title: Politics of Houston

long_answer: As the result of a 1991 referendum in Houston, the two-year term was amended to elected officials who can serve up to three terms until 2015 where the three term limit and two year terms were replaced with a two four-year terms - a mayor is elected for a four-year term (previously the mayor, controller, and councilmembers are elected to a two-year term prior to the November 3, 2015 city elections), and can be elected to as many as two consecutive terms. City council members, who also have a three-term limit, are elected from eleven districts in the city, along with five at-large council members, who represent the entire city. Term limits with the City of Houston are absolute - past elected officeholders are prohibited from campaigning for their former council positions (which includes the Mayor and City Controller). The current Mayor of Houston is Sylvester Turner.