question: what is the first line of an http request to the server

answers: A request line

answers: the status line

title: HTTP message body

text: HTTP message body HTTP Message Body is the data bytes transmitted in an HTTP transaction message immediately following the headers if there are any (in the case of HTTP/0.9 no headers are transmitted). The request/response message consists of the following: The request/status line and headers must all end with <CR><LF> (that is, a carriage return followed by a line feed). The empty line must consist of only <CR><LF> and no other whitespace. The "optional HTTP message body data" is what this article defines. This could be a response from the web server: The message body (or content) in this example

title: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

text: transactions. An HTTP client initiates a request by establishing a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connection to a particular port on a server (typically port 80, occasionally port 8080; see List of TCP and UDP port numbers). An HTTP server listening on that port waits for a client's request message. Upon receiving the request, the server sends back a status line, such as "HTTP/1.1 200 OK", and a message of its own. The body of this message is typically the requested resource, although an error message or other information may also be returned. HTTP provides multiple authentication schemes such as basic

title: HTTP/2

text: the page and the minified resources. HTTP/2 allows the server to "push" content, that is, to respond with data for more queries than the client requested. This allows the server to supply data it knows a web browser will need to render a web page, without waiting for the browser to examine the first response, and without the overhead of an additional request cycle. Additional performance improvements in the first draft of HTTP/2 (which was a copy of SPDY) come from multiplexing of requests and responses to avoid some of the head-of-line blocking problem in HTTP 1 (even when HTTP

title: XMLHttpRequest

text: a request. The first parameter of the method is a text string indicating the HTTP request method to use. The request methods that must be supported by a conforming user agent, defined by the W3C draft for the XMLHttpRequest object, are currently listed as the following. However, request methods are not limited to the ones listed above. The W3C draft states that a browser may support additional request methods at their own discretion. The second parameter of the method is another text string, this one indicating the URL of the HTTP request. The W3C recommends that browsers should raise an

title: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

text: In HTTP/1.0 and since, the first line of the HTTP response is called the status line and includes a numeric status code (such as "404") and a textual reason phrase (such as "Not Found").  The way the user agent handles the response primarily depends on the code and secondarily on the other response header fields. Custom status codes can be used since, if the user agent encounters a code it does not recognize, it can use the first digit of the code to determine the general class of the response.

title: XMLHttpRequest

text: XMLHttpRequest object throughout the various stages of the request. A synchronous request ("false") however will block execution of the current script until the request has been completed, thus not invoking the onreadystatechange event listener. The fourth and fifth parameters are the username and password, respectively. These parameters, or just the username, may be provided for authentication and authorization if required by the server for this request. Upon successful initialization of a request, the setRequestHeader method of the XMLHttpRequest object can be invoked to send HTTP headers with the request. The first parameter of this method is the text string name

title: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

text: linebreaks such as <CR> or <LF> alone. Below is a sample conversation between an HTTP client and an HTTP server running on www.example.com, port 80. As mentioned in the previous sections, all the data is sent in a plain-text (ASCII) encoding, using a two-byte CR LF ('\r\n') line ending at the end of each line. A client request (consisting in this case of the request line and only one header field) is followed by a blank line, so that the request ends with a double newline, each in the form of a carriage return followed by a line feed. The

title: Web server

text: is relative to the web server's root directory. Consider the following URL as it would be requested by a client over HTTP: The client's user agent will translate it into a connection to <nowiki>www.example.com</nowiki> with the following HTTP 1.1 request: The web server on <nowiki>www.example.com</nowiki> will append the given path to the path of its root directory. On an Apache server, this is commonly /home/www (on Unix machines, usually /var/www). The result is the local file system resource: The web server then reads the file, if it exists, and sends a response to the client's web browser. The response will

title: HTTP message body

text: is the text "Hello world!". HTTP message body HTTP Message Body is the data bytes transmitted in an HTTP transaction message immediately following the headers if there are any (in the case of HTTP/0.9 no headers are transmitted). The request/response message consists of the following: The request/status line and headers must all end with <CR><LF> (that is, a carriage return followed by a line feed). The empty line must consist of only <CR><LF> and no other whitespace. The "optional HTTP message body data" is what this article defines. This could be a response from the web server: The message body

title: Web server

text: initiates communication by making a request for a specific resource using HTTP and the server responds with the content of that resource or an error message if unable to do so. The resource is typically a real file on the server's secondary storage, but this is not necessarily the case and depends on how the web server is implemented. While the primary function is to serve content, a full implementation of HTTP also includes ways of receiving content from clients. This feature is used for submitting web forms, including uploading of files. Many generic web servers also support server-side scripting

title: WebSocket

text: shown in the example below. Client request (just like in HTTP, each line ends with codice_4 and there must be an extra blank line at the end): Server response: The handshake starts with an HTTP request/response, allowing servers to handle HTTP connections as well as WebSocket connections on the same port. Once the connection is established, communication switches to a bidirectional binary protocol which does not conform to the HTTP protocol. In addition to codice_5 headers, the client sends a codice_6 header containing base64-encoded random bytes, and the server replies with a hash of the key in the codice_7 header.

title: World Wide Web

text: computer at that address. It requests service from a specific TCP port number that is well known for the HTTP service, so that the receiving host can distinguish an HTTP request from other network protocols it may be servicing. The HTTP protocol normally uses port number 80. The content of the HTTP request can be as simple as two lines of text: GET /home.html HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.org The computer receiving the HTTP request delivers it to web server software listening for requests on port 80. If the web server can fulfil the request it sends an HTTP response back to

title: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

text: IIS supports a proprietary "TRACK" method, which behaves similarly, and which is likewise recommended to be disabled. In HTTP/1.0 and since, the first line of the HTTP response is called the "status line" and includes a numeric "status code" (such as "404") and a textual "reason phrase" (such as "Not Found"). The way the user agent handles the response depends primarily on the code, and secondarily on the other response header fields. Custom status codes can be used, for if the user agent encounters a code it does not recognize, it can use the first digit of the code to

title: Query string

text: is RECOMMENDED that all HTTP senders and recipients support, at a minimum, request-line lengths of 8000 octets. If the URL is too long, the web server fails with the 414 Request-URI Too Long HTTP status code. The common workaround for these problems is to use POST instead of GET and store the parameters in the request body. The length limits on request bodies are typically much higher than those on URL length. For example, the limit on POST size, by default, is 2 MB on IIS 4.0 and 128 KB on IIS 5.0. The limit is configurable on Apache2 using

title: XMLHttpRequest

text: consideration when scripting with the XMLHttpRequest object across multiple user agents. This article will try to list the inconsistencies between the major user agents. The HTTP and HTTPS requests of the XMLHttpRequest object must be initialized through the open method. This method must be invoked prior to the actual sending of a request to validate and resolve the request method, URL, and URI user information to be used for the request. This method does not assure that the URL exists or the user information is correct. This method can accept up to five parameters, but requires only two, to initialize

title: HTTP 404

text: request, such as a web browser request for a web page, with a numeric response code and an optional, mandatory, or disallowed (based upon the status code) message. In the code 404, the first digit indicates a client error, such as a mistyped Uniform Resource Locator (URL). The following two digits indicate the specific error encountered. HTTP's use of three-digit codes is similar to the use of such codes in earlier protocols such as FTP and NNTP. At the HTTP level, a 404 response code is followed by a human-readable "reason phrase". The HTTP specification suggests the phrase "Not Found"

title: XMLHttpRequest

text: of the header. The second parameter is the text string value. This method must be invoked for each header that needs to be sent with the request. Any headers attached here will be removed the next time the "open" method is invoked in a W3C conforming user agent. To send an HTTP request, the send method of the XMLHttpRequest must be invoked. This method accepts a single parameter containing the content to be sent with the request. This parameter may be omitted if no content needs to be sent. The W3C draft states that this parameter may be any type

title: Proxy server

text: HTTP requests. The request from the client is the same as a regular HTTP request except the full URL is passed, instead of just the path. This request is sent to the proxy server, the proxy makes the request specified and returns the response. Some web proxies allow the HTTP CONNECT method to set up forwarding of arbitrary data through the connection; a common policy is to only forward port 443 to allow HTTPS traffic. Examples of web proxy servers include Apache (with mod_proxy or Traffic Server), HAProxy, IIS configured as proxy (e.g., with Application Request Routing), Nginx, Privoxy, Squid,

title: HTTP pipelining

text: whether requests in the sequence depend on the effect of others. HTTP pipelining requires both the client and the server to support it. HTTP/1.1 conforming servers are required to support pipelining. This does not mean that servers are required to pipeline responses, but that they are required not to fail if a client chooses to pipeline requests. Pipelining was introduced in HTTP/1.1 and was not present in HTTP/1.0. Implementing pipelining in web servers is a relatively simple matter of making sure that network buffers are not discarded between requests. For that reason, most modern web servers handle pipelining without any

title: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

text: web browser, for example, may be the "client" and an application running on a computer hosting a website may be the "server". The client submits an HTTP "request" message to the server. The server, which provides "resources" such as HTML files and other content, or performs other functions on behalf of the client, returns a "response" message to the client. The response contains completion status information about the request and may also contain requested content in its message body. A web browser is an example of a "user agent" (UA). Other types of user agent include the indexing software used

title: HTTP cookie

text: every request. However, there are some differences. Since a query string is part of a URL, if that URL is later reused, the same attached piece of information will be sent to the server, which could lead to confusion. For example, if the preferences of a user are encoded in the query string of a URL and the user sends this URL to another user by e-mail, those preferences will be used for that other user as well. Moreover, if the same user accesses the same page multiple times from different sources, there is no guarantee that the same query

title: HTTP cookie

text: the XMLHttpRequest API. This API allows pages to specify a proxy server that would get the reply, and this proxy server is not subject to the same-origin policy. For example, a victim is reading an attacker's posting on codice_85, and the attacker's script is executed in the victim's browser. The script generates a request to codice_85 with the proxy server codice_90. Since the request is for codice_85, all codice_17 cookies will be sent along with the request, but routed through the attacker's proxy server. Hence, the attacker would be able to harvest the victim's cookies. This attack would not work

title: Query string

text: the page codice_44 to the server, which ignores what follows codice_45 and sends the page codice_46 as expected, adding the query string to its links as well. This way, any subsequent page request from this user will carry the same query string codice_43, making it possible to establish that all these pages have been viewed by the same user. Query strings are often used in association with web beacons. The main differences between query strings used for tracking and HTTP cookies are that: According to the HTTP specification: Various ad hoc limitations on request-line length are found in practice. It

title: HTTP persistent connection

text: are intended to improve HTTP response times and avoid congestion. If HTTP pipelining is correctly implemented, there is no performance benefit to be gained from additional connections, while additional connections may cause issues with congestion. If the client does not close the connection when all of the data it needs has been received, the resources needed to keep the connection open on the server will be unavailable for other clients. How much this affects the server's availability and how long the resources are unavailable depend on the server's architecture and configuration. All modern web browsers including Google Chrome, Firefox, Internet

title: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

text: variables within web forms. The most popular way of establishing an encrypted HTTP connection is HTTPS. Two other methods for establishing an encrypted HTTP connection also exist: Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol, and using the HTTP/1.1 Upgrade header to specify an upgrade to TLS. Browser support for these two is, however, nearly non-existent. The client and server communicate by sending plain-text (ASCII) messages. The client sends requests to the server and the server sends responses. The request message consists of the following: The request line and other header fields must each end with <CR><LF> (that is, a carriage return character followed

title: Mod jk

text: Mod jk mod_jk is an Apache module used to connect the Tomcat servlet container with web servers such as Apache, iPlanet, Sun ONE (formerly Netscape) and even IIS using the Apache JServ Protocol. A web server waits for client HTTP requests. When these requests arrive, the server does what is needed to serve the requests by providing the necessary content. Adding a servlet container alters this behavior. Now the web server needs also to: The adapter needs to know what requests it is going to serve, usually based on some pattern in the request URL, and to where to direct

title: SAML 1.1

text: SOAP 1.1, a codice_5 HTTP header must be included with each HTTP request (although its value may be empty). A SAML requester may give the following value to the codice_5 header: A SAML responder must not depend on this value, however. A secure connection is not required for SAML requests and responses, but in those situations where message "integrity" and "confidentiality" are required, HTTP over SSL 3.0 or TLS 1.0 with a server-side certificate is required. A SAML responder may return a "403 Forbidden" response when it refuses to respond to a SAML requester. A responder must return a "500

title: HTTP cookie

text: future requests to the server (the browser will ignore this header if it does not support cookies or has disabled cookies). As an example, the browser sends its first request for the homepage of the codice_9 website: GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.org The server responds with two codice_2 headers: HTTP/1.0 200 OK Content-type: text/html Set-Cookie: theme=light Set-Cookie: sessionToken=abc123; Expires=Wed, 09 Jun 2021 10:18:14 GMT The server's HTTP response contains the contents of the website's homepage. But it also instructs the browser to set two cookies. The first, "theme", is considered to be a "session cookie" since it does not have

title: Webserver directory index

text: Webserver directory index When an HTTP client (generally a web browser) requests a URL that points to a directory structure instead of an actual web page within the directory, the web server will generally serve a default page, which is often referred to as a main or "index" page. A common filename for such a page is index.html, but most modern HTTP servers offer a configurable list of filenames that the server can use as an index. If a server is configured to support server-side scripting, the list will usually include entries allowing dynamic content to be used as the

title: Patch verb

text: HTTP protocol in 2010 (RFC 5789). HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web. HTTP is a request-response protocol which helps users communicate with the server to perform CRUD operations. HTTP supports a number of request methods such as PUT, POST and PATCH to create or update resources. The main difference between the PUT and PATCH method is that the PUT method uses the request URI to supply a modified version of the requested resource which replaces the original version of the resource whereas the PATCH method supplies a set of instructions to modify the resource.

title: Hypertext Transfer Protocol


question: who is the actress who plays baker on blue bloods

answers: Abigail Hawk

title: Mark Linn-Baker

text: CBS police procedural drama "Blue Bloods". On a 1992 episode of "Full House", Linn-Baker played Dick Donaldson, the wealthy, snobbish cousin of Becky Donaldson Katsopolis (Lori Loughlin). In 1997, he guest starred on "Family Matters" as the abusive boss of Harriette Winslow (Jo Marie Payton). Linn-Baker guested three times on "Hangin' with Mr. Cooper" as Larry Weeks. Additionally, he appeared on an episode of "Law & Order" as a strip club owner being extorted by the Mob. In a 1997 episode of "Sesame Street", he had a guest role as a veterinarian examining a sick—and invisible—Barkley. Linn-Baker also directed numerous

title: Blue Bloods (TV series)

text: Detective 1st Grade Abigail Baker, the Primary Aide to the Commissioner, and later Lieutenant Sidney Gormley, the Special Assistant to the Commissioner and "de facto" Chief of Department; Danny with Detective Maria Baez; Jamie with Officer Edit "Eddie" Janko; and Erin with Detective Anthony Abetemarco in the DA's office. Both Henry's and Frank's wives, Betty and Mary, are deceased. Erin is divorced and has one college student daughter, Nicky, who lives with her. Danny is a widower with two sons named Jack and Sean; he was married to Linda, a nurse who was killed offscreen between seasons 7 and 8.

title: Erin Dilly

text: of the CBS police procedural and legal drama "Blue Bloods". Erin Dilly Erin Dilly (born May 12, 1972) is an American actress. She is most noted for her portrayal of Truly Scrumptious in the 2005 musical "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang", for which she was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical and the Outer Critics Circle Award. Dilly was raised in Southfield, Michigan and graduated from Birmingham Groves High School and the University of Michigan. In 2000 she was announced to play the lead in "Thoroughly Modern Millie" but left the show,

title: Abigail Hawk

text: TV series "Reality Check". She received a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Theatre from the University of Maryland, College Park in 2004. After a number of small parts in productions including "", and "Across the Universe", Hawk was hired for her role on "Blue Bloods". In that show, she plays Detective 2nd Grade Abigail Baker, a member of the Police Commissioner's (Detective) Squad who serves as the primary aide to Police Commissioner Frank Reagan. Hawk's character was introduced in the first season of the series (although Detective Baker's name was shown as "Det. Melissa Baker" in the closing credits, it

title: Abigail Hawk

text: Abigail Hawk (born Abigail Diane Gustafson) is an American actress known for playing Samantha Bonner in the 1995 TV series Reality Check, Detective Abigail Baker in Blue Bloods, Riley Thomas in the 2016 holiday TV movie, A Christmas in Vermont, and Ellie in Domenica Cameron-Scorsese's 2017 directorial debut, Almost Paris.  For her performance in Almost Paris, Hawk won the "Best Actress" award at the 2017 Golden Door Film Festival.

title: Sami Gayle

text: in 2012. She also appeared in "Stolen" and "The Congress". The former was released in 2012, and the latter in 2013. She co-starred in the 2014 film adaptation of "Vampire Academy", as Mia Rinaldi. Sami Gayle Sami Gayle (born January 22, 1996) is an American actress. She co-stars as Nicky Reagan in the CBS series "Blue Bloods". Gayle was born and raised in Weston, Florida. Her mother previously owned her own business and now works as her manager. Her father is an attorney. Gayle was home-schooled and followed Advanced Placement (AP) curriculums in all subjects. She was nationally ranked in

title: Blue Bloods (TV series)

text: The show airs twice a day on TV2 Charlie in Denmark. Reviewers have praised the series' on-location shooting. The New York "Daily News" praised Selleck's performance as Frank Reagan, while also praising the family dinner scene for discussion of morally complex issues. The "Daily News" drew comparisons between Selleck's characters Jesse Stone and Frank Reagan, saying that both Reagan and Stone are moral, principled men of few words. In "Entertainment Weekly"s annual Fall TV Preview, Ken Tucker named "Blue Bloods" one of the "5 Best New Shows" of 2010. The pilot episode garnered 15.246 million viewers because of the Live

title: Blue Bloods (season 4)

text: Estes and Len Cariou are first credited, with Tom Selleck receiving an "and" billing at the close of the main title sequence. Amy Carlson and Sami Gayle are once again credited as "also starring" within the episodes they appear. Jennifer Esposito, who had entered a dispute with CBS during season 3 production regarding doctor's orders for her to cut back working hours because of her Coeliac disease, was not brought back for season 4 as Danny’s partner Jackie Curatola. Marisa Ramirez, who appeared in the final seven episodes of season 3 as Danny's partner Det. Maria Baez, was retained as

title: Blue Bloods (season 9)

text: Blue Bloods (season 9) The ninth season of "Blue Bloods", a police procedural drama series created by Robin Green and Mitchell Burgess, premiered on CBS on September 28, 2018. Donnie Wahlberg (Danny Reagan), Bridget Moynahan (Erin Reagan), Will Estes (Jamie Reagan), and Len Cariou (Henry Reagan) are first credited. Sami Gayle (Nicky Reagan-Boyle) is credited next, marking the fifth season she has been included in the opening credits. Tom Selleck (Frank Reagan) receives an "and" billing at the close of the main title sequence. Marisa Ramirez, as Danny's partner Detective Maria Baez, and Vanessa Ray, as Jamie's partner Eddie Janko,

title: Amy Carlson

text: 2000 to 2003. She later had leading roles in the short-lived dramas "Peacemakers" and "". In 2010, Carlson began starring as Linda Reagan on "Blue Bloods". Carlson continued in the role of Linda through the seventh season of "Blue Bloods", but after seven years on the series, Carlson elected to leave her contract and move on from the show permanently. On the eighth-season premiere episode, which aired on September 29, 2017, it was revealed that Linda—who was a nurse—had died in a helicopter crash while transporting a patient. Carlson currently resides in Fort Greene in Brooklyn with her daughter, born

title: Sami Gayle

text: Sami Gayle Sami Gayle (born January 22, 1996) is an American actress. She co-stars as Nicky Reagan in the CBS series "Blue Bloods". Gayle was born and raised in Weston, Florida. Her mother previously owned her own business and now works as her manager. Her father is an attorney. Gayle was home-schooled and followed Advanced Placement (AP) curriculums in all subjects. She was nationally ranked in Public Forum Debate and has received two bids to compete at the Tournament of Champions, putting her among the top debaters nationwide. Gayle began her acting career as Baby June in the off-Broadway production

title: Blue Bloods (season 3)

text: six episodes, receiving "also starring" billing in all of them. CBS has lined up guest stars to replace Esposito as Danny's temporary partner in story arcs. First up is Megan Ketch as Detective Kate Lansing. Megan Boone, from "Law & Order", appeared in later arcs during the season, although her contract stipulates she has the option to remain as a regular, "also starring" member of the cast should a deal not be reached with Esposito before the fourth season. Marisa Ramirez appeared in the final seven episodes as Danny's partner, Det. Maria Baez. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Blue Bloods (season 3) The third

title: Blue Bloods (season 4)

text: a full-time cast member for season 4, and she receives an “also starring” billing. Vanessa Ray appears this season as Jamie’s partner Edit “Eddie” Janko, replacing Sebastian Sozzi, whose character Vinny Cruz was killed off near the end of season 3. Though the actress appears regularly, she receives a “special guest star” billing. Also appearing regularly and receiving "special guest star" billing are Gregory Jbara as Deputy Commissioner of Public Information Garrett Moore, and John Ventimiglia as Chief of Department Dino Arbogast. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Blue Bloods (season 4) The fourth season of "Blue Bloods", a police procedural drama series created by

title: Charles Baker (actor)

text: was cast in "Wild" starring Reese Witherspoon. He was also cast in a recurring role in TNT's "Murder in the First". Charles Baker (actor) Charles Edward Baker (born February 27, 1971) is an American actor, writer, and director. He is known for playing Skinny Pete on the AMC series "Breaking Bad", and currently has a recurring role on the NBC series "The Blacklist". Baker was born in Washington, D.C. and raised in Hawaii. He is the son of an army colonel. His father was written up in the "Los Angeles Times" in 1994 by famous writer Robin Wright. He had

title: Blue Bloods (season 1)

text: in three episodes as Charles Rosselini, Erin's boss who becomes romantically involved with her. Robert John Burke portrayed Jyle Hogan in three episodes. "Blue Bloods" premiered with the pilot episode, which attracted 13.01 million viewers. After four episodes, the season received a full order of 22 episodes. The series was the most watched program on Friday nights during its duration and was the second most watched program during its short move to the Wednesday timeslot. Apart from the pilot episode, the most-watched episode of the season was "Little Fish", which accrued a viewership of 12.30 million viewers. The series finale

title: Blue Bloods (TV series)

text: diagnosed with celiac disease. She had missed a week after collapsing on set earlier in the season. According to Esposito, CBS challenged her request for a reduced work schedule, and further, kept her from finding work elsewhere. In a press release from CBS, the network said that Esposito had "informed us that she is only available to work on a very limited part-time schedule. As a result, she's unable to perform the demands of her role and we regretfully had to put her character on a leave of absence." Curatola's last appearance was in the season three episode "Nightmares". According

title: Blood of My Blood

text: you know about the Coldhands character, who was cut out of the Bran, Meera and Jojen storyline on the show. It was always interesting, having read the books, watching this amalgamation of story lines happen. Benjen is sort of like the Coldhands character in that he's a slightly suspicious guy who is half-dead and half-alive with blue hands. I thought that was very cool, the way it happened. It was a nice marriage between the book and TV revelations rolled into one. I was very excited having him on set. I loved working with Joseph Mawle, and I loved having

title: Chuck Jeffreys

text: Baker in the film "Bloodmoon" that starred Darren Shahlavi. He had a major supporting role in the film "Zong heng tian xia" aka "Honor and Glory" which starred Cynthia Rothrock, which was released in 2012. As a choreographer he has worked with Jessica Biel, Willem Dafoe, Tobey Maguire, Ryan Reynolds and Wesley Snipes. He did stunt work for the film "12 Monkeys" which was released in 1995. Jeffreys was also responsible for getting Darren Shahlavi the stunt work on "". Jeffreys did work on "Jump Street", released in 2012. He was one of the stunt coordinators for the 2015 films

title: Blue Bloods (season 5)

text: credited. Amy Carlson (Linda Reagan) and Sami Gayle (Nicky Reagan-Boyle) are credited next, marking the first season they have been included in the opening credits. Tom Selleck (Frank Reagan) receives an "and" billing at the close of the main title sequence. Marisa Ramirez continued into season 5 as Danny's partner Detective Maria Baez, and she receives an "also starring" billing. Vanessa Ray, who was listed as a "special guest star" in season 4 as Jamie’s partner Eddie Jenko, receives "also starring" status for season 5. Appearing regularly and receiving "special guest star" billing are Gregory Jbara as Deputy Commissioner of

title: Bridget Moynahan

text: an acrimonious relationship, it was revealed that the two have maintained a civil relationship since the birth of their son. In 2010, she moved from Pacific Palisades, California to New York when she was cast as ADA Erin Reagan on "Blue Bloods". She began dating director McG in late 2010. On October 17, 2015, she married businessman Andrew Frankel at a ceremony in the Hamptons. Bridget Moynahan Kathryn Bridget Moynahan (born April 28, 1971) is an American actress and model, best known for her role in the police drama "Blue Bloods". She graduated from Longmeadow High School in Massachusetts in

title: Born to Be Blue (film)

text: life as though it were merely a chord chart from which to launch an improvised set of new melodies". Set largely in 1966, Baker (portrayed by Ethan Hawke) is hired to play himself in a movie about his earlier years when he first tried heroin. He romances actress Jane Azuka (a fictional character, a composite of several of Baker's women in real life, portrayed here by Carmen Ejogo) but on their first date, Baker is attacked by thugs and his front teeth smashed. As Baker recovers from his injury, his embouchure is ruined and he is unable to play trumpet

title: Fresh Blood (Supernatural)

text: character. She felt that she "lucked out" in being able to write the character's final appearance, and found there to be "something so satisfying about turning him into a vampire and chopping his head off with a razor wire". Mercedes McNab, well known for portraying the vampire Harmony Kendall on the television series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" and "Angel", guest starred as the recently turned vampire Lucy. Although hesitant to play another vampire, McNab came to realize that the character was less of a vampire and more of a "girl who woke up and was basically drugged or was changed

title: Amy Carlson

text: Amy Carlson Amy Lynn Carlson (born July 7, 1968) is an American television actress, known for her roles as Linda Reagan in the CBS police procedural "Blue Bloods", as Alex Taylor on the NBC drama "Third Watch", and Josie Watts in the NBC daytime soap opera "Another World". Carlson was born in Glen Ellyn, Illinois. When Carlson was 13, her family (consisting of her parents, three siblings and her) moved for a year to Amman, Jordan, where her parents had been hired to teach at the American Community School. After returning to the United States, Carlson attended Knox College in

title: Amy Carlson

text: on October 4,2006; her son, born on August 27, 2009; and her long-time partner Syd Butler, bass guitar player of the 8G Band on "Late Night with Seth Meyers", and of indie rock band Les Savy Fav and owner of the independent label Frenchkiss Records. Amy Carlson Amy Lynn Carlson (born July 7, 1968) is an American television actress, known for her roles as Linda Reagan in the CBS police procedural "Blue Bloods", as Alex Taylor on the NBC drama "Third Watch", and Josie Watts in the NBC daytime soap opera "Another World". Carlson was born in Glen Ellyn, Illinois.

title: Blue Bloods (season 1)

text: Andrea Roth appeared in four episodes as Kelly Davidson, a television news reporter who dated Frank. Yvonna Kopacz Wright portrayed Ava Hotchkiss, a detective at the precinct and Danny's temporary partner. Noelle Beck appeared in three episodes as Frank's Deputy Press Secretary Sue Connors. Nick Sandow recurred in four episodes as Lieutenant Alex Bello, an officer at Internal Affairs. Michael T. Weiss portrayed Sonny Malevsky, a detective who had worked with Joe Reagan before his murder. Colleen Clinton appeared as Agent Anderson, an FBI agent who attempts to recruit Jamie for her investigation into the Blue Templar. Bobby Cannavale appeared

title: Bridget Moynahan

text: Bridget Moynahan Kathryn Bridget Moynahan (born April 28, 1971) is an American actress and model, best known for her role in the police drama "Blue Bloods". She graduated from Longmeadow High School in Massachusetts in 1989, and began pursuing a career in modeling. She appeared in department-store catalogs and magazines, and after doing television commercials, she began taking acting lessons. Moynahan made her television debut in a guest appearance in the comedy series "Sex and the City" in 1999, where she later had a recurring role as Natasha. She made her feature film debut in "Coyote Ugly" (2000). She was

title: Blue Bloods (season 1)

text: Eliasberg, Karen Gaviola, Stephen Gyllenhaal, Ralph Hemecker, Gwyneth Horder-Payton, Frederick K. Keller, Matt Penn, John Polson, Michael Pressman, Rosemary Rodriguez, and Alex Zakrzewski. Episodes were written by a team of writers, which consisted of Burgess, Green, Brian Burns, Siobhan Byrne-O'Connor, Amanda Green, Julie Hébert, Thomas Kelly, Gwendolyn M. Parker, Mark Rosner, Ken Sanzel, Diana Son, and Kevin Wade. Cinematographers hired for the season included Craig DiBona, David Insley, Tim Ives and Teodoro Maniaci. Composers Mark Morgan and Rob Simonsen provided the background music for the season. The first season featured a cast of five main actors who received star billing.

title: Philippa Baker (actress)

text: Philippa Baker (actress) Philippa Baker is a retired Australian actress of radio, theatre, television and film best known for her role in the 1970s television soap opera/serial "Number 96", as well as its feature film version playing Russian-born deli assistant Roma Godolfus, opposite Johnny Lockwood. She initially started her career as a librarian, before switching to acting in the late 1940s and has appeared on radio and stage, numerous TV serials and mini-series and cameo's in films. After several theatre roles she acted in long-running radio serial "Blue Hills", spending five years portraying a Scottish nurse. When television broadcasting first

title: Blue Bloods (season 1)

text: of the season. In a deal with CBS Studios International, the series was acquired by the UK channel Sky Atlantic on January 5, 2011 and was one of the first series to air on the new channel, which launched on February 1, 2011. The series was created by Mitchell Burgess and Robin Green and executive produced by Burgess, Green, producer Leonard Goldberg and director Michael Cuesta. The show was initially run by director Ken Sanzel, but Sanzel left in August 2010 amid alleged creative tension with series star Tom Selleck. Staff directors for the season include Cuesta, Félix Alcalá, Jan

title: Blue Bloods (season 3)

text: Bloods" for a fourth season to begin in the fall of 2013. Donnie Wahlberg, Bridget Moynahan, Will Estes and Len Cariou are first credited, with Tom Selleck receiving an "and" billing at the close of the main title sequence. Amy Carlson and Sami Gayle are once again credited as "also starring" within the episodes they appear, whilst Jennifer Esposito entered a dispute with CBS regarding doctor's orders for her to cut back working hours due to her Coeliac disease. Rather than work around her limited schedule, CBS chose to replace her character this season. As such, Esposito only appears in

title: Abigail Hawk


question: where is the villa in call me by your name

answers: Moscazzano

title: Call Me by Your Name (novel)

text: Call Me by Your Name (novel) Call Me by Your Name is a 2007 novel by American writer André Aciman that centers on a blossoming romantic relationship between an intellectually precocious and curious 17-year-old American-Italian Jewish boy named Elio Perlman and a visiting 24-year-old American Jewish scholar named Oliver in 1980s Italy. The novel chronicles their summer romance and the 20 years that follow. The narrator, Elio Perlman, recalls the events of the summer of about 1983, when he was seventeen and living with his parents in Italy. Each summer, his parents would take in a doctoral student as a

title: Call Me by Your Name (film)

text: Call Me by Your Name (film) Call Me by Your Name () is a 2017 coming-of-age romantic drama film directed by Luca Guadagnino and with a screenplay by James Ivory based on André Aciman's 2007 novel of the same name. The film is the final installment in Guadagnino's thematic "Desire" trilogy, after his 2009 film "I Am Love" and his 2015 film "A Bigger Splash". Set in northern Italy in 1983, "Call Me by Your Name" chronicles a romantic relationship between 17-year-old Elio Perlman (Timothée Chalamet) and his professor father's 24-year-old graduate-student assistant Oliver (Armie Hammer). The film also stars

title: Villa of Diomedes

text: Villa of Diomedes The Villa of Diomedes is a villa in Pompeii, Italy. It is located outside the walls of Pompeii at the Gate of Herculaneum on the Via dei Sepolcri. It was excavated from 1771 to 1774 by Francesco La Vega and was named after Marcus Arrius Diomedes, whose grave is opposite the entrance to the villa, though it is not clear that it was in fact his villa. The villa is on two levels. In the front part, just inside the entrance, there is a peristyle. There are bathrooms and a kitchen wing and various living spaces. A

title: Villa Floridiana

text: Villa Floridiana The Villa Floridiana is a large park in the Vomero quarter in Naples, southern Italy. It overlooks the western Neapolitan suburbs of Chiaia and Mergellina. The villa dates from 1816 when Ferdinand I of the House of Bourbon, King of the Two Sicilies, acquired the property. Between 1817 and 1819 the architect Antonio Niccolini reconstructed the building and the surrounding gardens. The director of the Botanical Gardens, Friedrich Dehnhardt, planted oaks, pines, palms, cypresses and a large selection of flowers in the gardens. The King then donated the property as the site for a vacation residence to his

title: Call Me by Your Name (film)

title: Call Me by Your Name (film)

text: physically and emotionally intimate over the next few days, having sex frequently while keeping their relationship secret. In bed, Oliver tells Elio, "Call me by your name and I'll call you by mine". Now smitten with Oliver, Elio starts avoiding Marzia. As the end of Oliver's stay approaches, the couple find themselves overcome by uncertainty and longing. Elio's parents—who are privately aware of the bond between the two, but do not address it openly—recommend they visit Bergamo together before Oliver returns to the United States. After spending three romantic days together, Elio, heartbroken after Oliver leaves, calls his mother and

title: Call Me by Your Name (film)

text: Maria Maggiore, the courtyard of Liceo Classico Paolo Sarpi in Piazza Rosate and the . The train station scenes were filmed at Pizzighettone. Because of security concerns, the production team was only granted permission to film at the Cascate del Serio in Valbondione for half an hour. Before and during filming, the actors lived in Crema and were able to experience small-town life. Guadagnino engaged with the cast and filmmakers and often cooked for them and showed films at his house. Hammer and Chalamet, who did not have to do a screen test together, met for the first time during

title: Call Me by Your Name (film)

text: house staff prepare a holiday dinner. Cast list adapted from Fandango. "Call Me by Your Name" is the final installment in Luca Guadagnino's thematic "Desire" trilogy, following "I Am Love" (2009) and "A Bigger Splash" (2015). Guadagnino described his approach in the film as "lighthearted and simple"; it is a departure from his "highly stylised [and] dazzling" previous work, according to Jordan Hoffman of "The Guardian". Guadagnino considers "Call Me by Your Name" an "homage to the fathers of my life: my own father, and my cinematic ones", referring to filmmakers Jean Renoir, Jacques Rivette, Éric Rohmer, and Bernardo Bertolucci,

title: Villa Carlotta

text: the villa being entrusted to the care of the Ente Villa Carlotta, a charitable foundation constituted by royal decree on 12 May 1927. This foundation is still responsible for the villa. The villa and surrounding grounds are located on the lakeshore at Tremezzo, facing the Bellagio peninsula. An Italian garden with steps, fountains and sculptures was laid out at the same time. The villa is located at the top of a terraced garden, from which there are views of Bellagio and also the mountains surrounding the lake. It consists of three floors (two of which are open to the public).

title: Call Me by Your Name (novel)

text: the 90th Academy Awards, it was nominated for Best Picture, Best Actor (Chalamet), Best Original Song ("Mystery of Love" by Sufjan Stevens), and Best Adapted Screenplay (James Ivory), winning the latter. The audiobook was read in 2017 by Hammer and published by Macmillan Publishers. Call Me by Your Name (novel) Call Me by Your Name is a 2007 novel by American writer André Aciman that centers on a blossoming romantic relationship between an intellectually precocious and curious 17-year-old American-Italian Jewish boy named Elio Perlman and a visiting 24-year-old American Jewish scholar named Oliver in 1980s Italy. The novel chronicles their

title: Villa Theatre

text: Villa Theatre The Villa Theatre is a now-closed movie theater in Salt Lake City, Utah, located at 3092 S. Highland Drive. The theatre was open from December 23, 1949 to February 18, 2003. It now serves as a location for Adib's Rug Gallery. The Villa first opened on December 23, 1949, after being built by then-owners Joseph L. Lawrence and David K. Edwards—the first feature shown was "Prince of Foxes". The theater had 1300 seats and was built using a stadium seating design that utilized rising seating on a steep incline. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, The Villa was known

title: Call Me by Your Name (film)

text: Michael Stuhlbarg, Amira Casar, Esther Garrel, and Victoire Du Bois. The film began development in 2007, when producers Peter Spears and Howard Rosenman optioned the screen rights to Aciman's novel. Ivory served as the screenwriter and co-producer; he was initially set to co-direct the film but stepped down in 2016. Guadagnino joined the project as a location consultant and eventually became director and co-producer. The film was financed by several international companies. Principal photography took place mainly in Crema, Italy in May and June 2016. The filmmakers spent weeks before production decorating the Villa Albergoni, one of the main filming

title: Lake Villa, Illinois

text: Students will attend one of the following: Lake Villa has a station on Metra's North Central Service, which provides daily rail service between Antioch and Chicago's Union Station. Lake Villa, Illinois Lake Villa is a village in Lake County, Illinois United States. The population was 8,741 at the 2010 census, up from 5,864 in 2000. Lake Villa lies within Lake Villa Township. Lake Villa is located at (42.417546, -88.082360). According to the 2010 census, Lake Villa has a total area of , of which (or 88.5%) is land and (or 11.5%) is water. The village lies in a gently rolling

title: Villa International Airport

text: Villa International Airport Villa International Airport Maamigili, also known as Maamigili Airport, is an airport in the Maldives. It is located on the island of Maamigili in Alif Dhaal Atoll. The airport was developed by Maldivian business tycoon Qasim Ibrahim, who grew up in Maamigili, as a project to develop the infrastructure and facilities of the island. Developed and operated by his company, Villa Group, the airport also opened up direct transportation facilities to two of their flagship resorts located on adjacent islands. The opening of the airport coincided with Villa's entry into the aviation industry, the founding of a

title: Villa del Balbianello

text: new visitors bathrooms and drainage systems, and improvements to the bookshop and ticket office space. In November 2018 Indian movie star and Bollywood's famous couple Ranveer Singh and Deepika Padukone's wedding took place at the villa. A number of feature films have used the villa for location shooting, including "A Month by the Lake" (1995), "His Demise" starring Paul Zukowski (2016 disaster movie), "Casino Royale" (2006). The villa was also used for the lake retreat scenes in "" (2002), with computer-generated imagery used in place of the building's true exterior. Villa del Balbianello The Villa del Balbianello is a villa

title: Villa Pignatelli

text: Villa Pignatelli The Villa Pignatelli is a museum in Naples in southern Italy. The villa is located along the Riviera di Chiaia, the road bounding the north side of the Villa Comunale on the sea front between Mergellina and Piazza Vittoria. It was built for Ferdinand Acton in 1826, as a neo-classical residence that would be the centerpiece of a park. The central atrium was moved to the front of the building and Doric columns still catch the eye of the viewer from the street away. The property has changed hands since construction: in 1841, it was bought by Carl

title: Pliny's Comedy and Tragedy villas

text: agreeable." According to the letter, Pliny had derived the villas' names from their geographical positions and the conventions of Roman theatre. He saw the Tragedy villa as rising from its setting like an actor wearing the tragedian's high platform boots ('), while the Comedy villa down by the lake wore the lowly comedian's slippers ('). Both villas have long since vanished, and their exact locations remain a subject of speculation. Although the Tragedy villa is widely assumed to have been located in Bellagio somewhere on the estate of the present-day Villa Serbelloni, no architectural remains have ever been found. It

title: Call Me by Your Name (film)

text: in its third weekend. , the film had grossed $2,372,382 in the United Kingdom. At its premiere at the Sundance Film Festival, "Call Me by Your Name" received a standing ovation. When it screened at Alice Tully Hall as part of the New York Film Festival, it received a ten-minute ovation, the longest in the festival's history. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 94% based on 309 reviews, with an average rating of 8.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Call Me by Your Name" offers a melancholy, powerfully affecting portrait of first love, empathetically

title: Call Me by Your Name (novel)

text: me in the face, hold my gaze, and call me by your name." Reviewing "Call Me by Your Name" for "The New York Times", Stacey D'Erasmo called the novel "an exceptionally beautiful book". Writing in "The New Yorker", Cynthia Zarin said, "Aciman’s first novel shows him to be an acute grammarian of desire". In "The Washington Post", Charles Kaiser said, "If you have ever been the willing victim of obsessive love—a force greater than yourself that pulls you inextricably toward the object of your desire—you will recognize every nuance of André Aciman's superb new novel, 'Call Me by Your Name.'"

title: Lake Villa, Illinois

text: Lake Villa, Illinois Lake Villa is a village in Lake County, Illinois United States. The population was 8,741 at the 2010 census, up from 5,864 in 2000. Lake Villa lies within Lake Villa Township. Lake Villa is located at (42.417546, -88.082360). According to the 2010 census, Lake Villa has a total area of , of which (or 88.5%) is land and (or 11.5%) is water. The village lies in a gently rolling moraine landscape, dominated by lakes of glacial origin. Among these are Cedar Lake, north of the village center, and Deep Lake, to the east. There are several smaller

title: Villa International Airport

text: new airline Villa Air (operating as "Flyme"), to operate from the airport. The airport opened on October 1, 2011 as a domestic airport. In 2013, it was upgraded to international airport standards. Villa Airport was downgraded to domestic status by the government for a period of 23 days in August 2014 over "security concerns". In January 2015, Flyme started seaplane operations out of Villa Airport. The airport resides at an elevation of above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 09/27 with a concrete surface measuring . Villa International Airport Villa International Airport Maamigili, also known as Maamigili Airport,

title: Villa Theatre

text: to create a museum-like atmosphere, where people could enjoy the fine craftsmanship and elegant beauty of Persian and Oriental rugs and at the same time relive the history of the Villa. Villa Theatre The Villa Theatre is a now-closed movie theater in Salt Lake City, Utah, located at 3092 S. Highland Drive. The theatre was open from December 23, 1949 to February 18, 2003. It now serves as a location for Adib's Rug Gallery. The Villa first opened on December 23, 1949, after being built by then-owners Joseph L. Lawrence and David K. Edwards—the first feature shown was "Prince of

title: Call Me by Your Name (film)

text: orchard in the mansion's garden. A pergola was built on the patio, and apricot and peach trees were placed in the garden. Guadagnino did not want the film to be a period piece and tried to resist making a film that would reflect "our idea of the 80s". His goal was an accurate recreation of the period that was invisible to the viewer." The crew, including production designer Samuel Dehors and first-time set decorator Violante Visconti di Modrone, decorated the house with furniture and objects inspired by the characters. Much of the furniture, including dishes and glassware from the 1950s,

title: Call Me by Your Name (film)

text: Oliver, who has a carefree and exuberant personality. Elio resents having to give up his bedroom for Oliver for the duration of his stay. Elio spends much of the summer reading, playing piano, and hanging out with his girlfriend, Marzia. Meanwhile, Oliver expresses attraction for one of the local girls, much to Elio's annoyance. Elio and Oliver swim together, go for long walks into town, and accompany Elio's father on an archaeological trip. Elio begins a sexual relationship with Marzia and brags about it in front of Oliver to gauge his reaction, but nonetheless finds himself increasingly attracted to Oliver.

title: Villa Floridiana

text: morganatic wife, Lucia Migliaccio Partanna, duchess of Floridia, from which the villa has taken its name. The neoclassical residence and surrounding gardens were built between 1817-19. The Villa currently houses the National Museum of Ceramics, Naples. Villa Floridiana The Villa Floridiana is a large park in the Vomero quarter in Naples, southern Italy. It overlooks the western Neapolitan suburbs of Chiaia and Mergellina. The villa dates from 1816 when Ferdinand I of the House of Bourbon, King of the Two Sicilies, acquired the property. Between 1817 and 1819 the architect Antonio Niccolini reconstructed the building and the surrounding gardens. The

title: Villa Castelli

text: Villa Castelli Villa Castelli is a "comune" in the province of Brindisi in Apulia, on the south-east Italy coast. It is a comune in Itria Valley, the borderline with north Salento. Its main economic activities are tourism and the growing of olives and grapes. The main attractions are the Castle (or Ducal Palace) and the church of Immacolata. The castle was built by the Orsini del Balzo in the Middle Ages but was already in ruins in the 15th century. In the 17th century the Emperor bought it and turned it into a fortress, and later it was further expanded

title: Villa Bianca (Thessaloniki)

text: Villa Bianca (Thessaloniki) Villa Bianca or Villa Fernandez is the name of a famous mansion in the city of Thessaloniki, Greece. It is located in Vassilisis Olgas street and was built between 1911 und 1913 as a residence for Dino Fernandez Diaz and his family. The architect was Pietro Arrigoni (variously also spelled: Piero/Pierro Arigon/Arrigon/Arigoni). Of Sephardi (Spanish) Jewish origin, Fernandez was a wealthy merchant and industrialist of the city. The villa passed to his daughter, where she lived with her Christian husband, and was later confiscated and used by the Germans during the Axis occupation of Greece. To escape

title: Call Me by Your Name (film)

text: locations. Cinematographer Sayombhu Mukdeeprom shot the film on 35 mm film. Guadagnino curated the selection for the , which features three original songs by Sufjan Stevens. Sony Pictures Classics acquired distribution rights to "Call Me by Your Name" before its world premiere at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival on January 22, 2017. It began a limited release in the United States on November 24, 2017, and went to general release on January 19, 2018. The film gained accolades for its screenplay, direction, acting, and music. At the 90th Academy Awards, it received four nominations, including Best Picture, and won for

title: Call Me by Your Name (film)

text: as an "attack on liberties" because of its subject matter. In Ireland, it became the longest-running film shown at the Light House Cinema in early June 2018, after a 30-week run. In the Philippines, the film was screened accompanied by a live performance of its soundtrack by the Manila Symphony Orchestra on October 28. Sony Pictures Classics released an official poster for "Call Me by Your Name" on July 27, 2017. The first theatrical trailer was released on August 1, 2017. On October 11, 2017, Sony Pictures Classics released a teaser titled "Dance Party" to celebrate National Coming Out Day.

title: Villa di Montevettolini

text: Villa di Montevettolini The Villa di Montevettolini is a Medici villa in the comune of Monsummano Terme, Tuscany, central Italy. Also called Monte Veturino, the villas was built after 1595 by commission of Grand Duke Ferdinand I of Tuscany on a high hill at the feet of Monte Albano, where a large hunting reserve (the so-called Parco Reale) was located. The architect was Gherardo Mechini, a pupil of Bernardo Buontalenti, who included some pre-existing structures from the medieval borough, such as a fortress and a stretch of walls. The building was finished with the 1620s. The result was a villa

title: Call Me by Your Name (film)

long_answer: The main location for the Perlmans' residence was an uninhabited 17th-century mansion in Moscazzano. The director initially wanted to buy the house but could not afford it, so he made a film at the place instead. Six weeks before production, the crew—including production designer Samuel Dehors and first-time set decorator Violante Visconti di Modrone—gradually decorated the house with furniture, objects, and decoration inspired by the characters. Much of the furniture, including the dishes and glassware from the '50s, belonged to Guadagnino and Visconti's parents. "That made it cozy and personal," Visconti said, "I wanted to give it the sense of time passing by."


question: when does agents of shield season five start

answers: December 1, 2017

title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.

text: the fifth season was Jeff Ward, who recurred as Deke Shaw. Wen, Bennet, De Caestecker, Henstridge, Simmons, and Cordova-Buckley return for the sixth and seventh seasons, and were joined by Ward. Given the events of the final episode of season five, in which it is implied that Coulson dies, Gregg noted "there is some interest in having me involved in" the sixth season, potentially with flashback, and was also unsure if he would be a series regular, should he return, as he had been for the previous five seasons. With the announcement of the season seven renewal, Gregg was not

title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.

text: episode of season 5 at the end of February 2018, the writers were planning for it to be able to serve as both a season and series finale, with some elements that could be adjusted based on whether the series was renewed for a sixth season or not. Whedon added, "we're ready for if this is the end. We're definitely going to make it rewarding either way." In October 2012, a casting sheet for five lead roles was sent out. At the New York Comic Con, Joss Whedon, Kevin Feige, and Clark Gregg announced that Gregg would be reprising his

title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 6)

text: Chloe Bennet, Iain De Caestecker, Elizabeth Henstridge, Henry Simmons, and Natalia Cordova-Buckley return from previous seasons as agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., while Jeff Ward was promoted to the principal cast after appearing in a recurring role in season five. The sixth season is set to begin airing in July 2019, and is set to run for 13 episodes on ABC. In November 2018, before this season was released, ABC renewed the series for a seventh season. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Mark Kolpack directed the fourth episode of the season. In January 2018, ABC Entertainment president Channing Dungey was optimistic about "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." receiving

title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5)

text: of the fifth season renewal, showrunner and executive producer Jed Whedon said the writers were not sure what would happen in the season, and that it would be "by the seat of our pants." The season explores the ramifications of Phil Coulson making a deal with Ghost Rider at the end of the previous season, as well as the groundwork laid by Aida for humans to fear S.H.I.E.L.D. and Inhumans. Whedon stated, "The public perception of S.H.I.E.L.D. is at an all-time low, so we have not resolved that, and there will be still more fallout from it." Moving beyond the

title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5)

text: The fifth season is set to begin airing on December 1, 2017, after Marvel's Inhumans has finished airing its episodes, and run for 22 episodes.

title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.

text: have it on the air longer." That November, ABC renewed the series for a seventh season. In September 2016, discussing the eventual end of the series, Tancharoen said, "You always just forge ahead. Until someone tells us to stop, we will continue to move forward." Jed Whedon added, "There are always ideas in the back of your mind for how you'd wrap it up when they say, 'That's it guys,' but we're not there just yet." By May 2017, Bell noted they had "a sense of how we'd like the show to end when it ends. We just need to

title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 2)

text: that so there's going to be a Marvel special at some point. But pretty much every week you're showing up and we're there, and then instead of a repeat showing up mid-run and losing momentum, "Agent Carter" comes in and has its own cool stuff, and they're running eight weeks in a row, then we can come back and run twelve in a row with no interruptions. We're still producing our show every week but it just gives us time, barely, to finish 22 on schedule. It takes out the need for repeats in the back half. The season began

title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5)

text: episode to be able to serve as both a season and series finale, with some elements that could be adjusted based on whether the series was renewed for a sixth season or not. Whedon added, "we're ready for if this is the end. We're definitely going to make it rewarding either way." The season ends with the agents having to make a choice between Coulson's life or saving the world, which was "where we were always going" when the showrunners were plotting out the season. By killing Fitz in "The End", but revealing there was another still in space journeying

title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 4)

text: timeslot, and the show was renewed for a fifth season on May 11, 2017. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The series was renewed for a fourth season on March 3, 2016, earlier than usual for the series. Executive producer Jed Whedon said on this, "We're thrilled to know going into the end of <nowiki>[</nowiki>season 3<nowiki>]</nowiki> with certainty that we will be returning, because we can build our story accordingly." Executive producer Maurissa Tancharoen also noted that logistics for hiring directors for the season in advance would be easier, "which is a very nice privilege to have...that's a luxury." The end of the episode "What

title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 6)

text: a renewal for a sixth season, and in March, Nellie Andreeva of "Deadline Hollywood" described the series as being "on the bubble", meaning it "could go either way". Despite receiving low live ratings in its fifth season, the series was considered a "strong DVR gainer and an even stronger international seller" as well as Marvel Television's only chance to have a series on ABC in the 2018–19 television season given that fellow series "Inhumans" was considered "dead", and ultimately canceled. On May 14, 2018, "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." was renewed for a sixth season, consisting of 13 episodes, with Dungey noting

title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 6)

text: it was not planned to be the final season of the series as some assumed. Main cast members Ming-Na Wen, Chloe Bennet, Iain De Caestecker, Elizabeth Henstridge, Henry Simmons, and Natalia Cordova-Buckley return from previous seasons as Melinda May, Daisy Johnson / Quake, Leo Fitz, Jemma Simmons, Alphonso "Mack" MacKenzie, and Elena "Yo-Yo" Rodriguez, respectively. At San Diego Comic-Con 2018, it was revealed that Jeff Ward had been promoted to series regular for the season, after recurring in the fifth season as Deke Shaw. After the airing of the fifth season's finale, Clark Gregg, whose character Phil Coulson is implied

title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.

text: three episode "Parting Shot", to star in the then-planned spin-off show "Marvel's Most Wanted". Dalton and Mitchell also left following the deaths of their characters in the third-season finale. Gregg, Wen, Bennet, De Caestecker, Henstridge, and Simmons returned for the fourth and fifth seasons. They were joined by Hannah in the fourth, with Cordova-Buckley once again recurring as Rodriguez in the season, before being promoted to a series regular for the fifth season. Dalton returned as a guest during the third pod of the fourth season, while Blood made his return to the series during the fifth season. Introduced in

title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5)

text: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5) The fifth season of the American television series "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.", based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. (Strategic Homeland Intervention, Enforcement, and Logistics Division), revolves around the character of Phil Coulson and other S.H.I.E.L.D. agents and allies as they try to save humanity. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films of the franchise. The season is produced by ABC Studios, Marvel Television, and Mutant Enemy Productions, with Jed Whedon, Maurissa Tancharoen, and Jeffrey Bell serving as showrunners. The season was ordered in May 2017. Alongside Clark Gregg,

title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5)

text: that every season of the series had been 22 episodes long, and she felt its prior success in delayed viewership and overseas justified continuing that. She added that the "show has continued to grow creatively every season. I feel like last season [was] its strongest creatively yet. I'm very excited for what we have planned for Season 5." It was reported that Disney, the parent company of Marvel Television, ABC Studios, and ABC, had given a mandate to ABC to renew "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." "despite the desire by some at the network to end the series". In May 2017, ahead

title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5)

text: Framework reality established at the end of season four, Tancharoen said the emotional impact from the characters' experiences would "be something that resonates throughout the season", especially for Fitz and Mack. When asked if the season would be broken into pods as with season four, executive producer Jeffrey Bell said, "A 22-episode arc is a lot for people to hold onto. By breaking it up into either smaller arcs or different pods, by introducing a set of antagonists and putting them down, or moving from space to space, our experience has been that it's something the viewers enjoy, and it

title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5)

text: by ABC and Marvel on November 26, 2017, as a sneak peek before the season premiere later that week. Marvel released three roundtable discussions in support of the series reaching 100 episodes. Hosted by Patton Oswalt, who has portrayed The Koenigs in the series, the first was released on March 8, 2018 with the women of the series. The second, which release on March 9, featured the full cast, while the third debuted on March 12 with the executive producers. All premiered on Marvel.com while also being available on Marvel and the series' social media platforms and Marvel's YouTube channel.

title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5)

text: the performances, character development and writing. The series was renewed for a sixth season on May 14, 2018. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> In January 2017, ahead of the mid-season premiere of the fourth season, ABC's Channing Dungey said that she was "very bullish" about "S.H.I.E.L.D."s future, feeling that "the episodes just keep getting better and stronger". The series was renewed for a fifth season of 22 episodes on May 11, with ABC looking to lower the cost of the series moving forward, by reducing its budget and licensing fee. Asked whether she had considered giving the season a shorter episode order, Dungey noted

title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 4)

text: was ordered in March 2016, with production taking place from that July until the following April. Alongside Clark Gregg, who reprises his role as Coulson from the film series, principal cast members Ming-Na Wen, Chloe Bennet, Iain De Caestecker, Elizabeth Henstridge, and Henry Simmons return from previous seasons while John Hannah was promoted to the principal cast after appearing in a recurring role in season three. Due to its broadcast schedule, the season was split into three "pods": "Ghost Rider" for the first eight episodes, featuring recurring guest star Gabriel Luna as the supernatural Robbie Reyes / Ghost Rider to

title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.

text: saying, "My job is to help them learn how to do that, to steer the ship while they learn." Joss Whedon assisted them before he started work on "". The series was renewed for a second season in May 2014, a third in May 2015, a fourth in March 2016, a fifth in May 2017, and a sixth in May 2018. ABC Entertainment president Channing Dungey said the sixth season was not planned to serve as the series' final season, adding that by moving the season to air in mid-2019 would allow ABC to "super-serve the show's audience and possibly

title: S.O.S. (Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.)

text: executive producer Jeffrey Bell stated that "The challenge that we keep seeing is keeping it fresh so it doesn’t feel like the same piece of story all season. You want to find a way to mix it up. If this was an HBO show, this would be season four, and you could look back and go, well, the first season introduced these characters, the second season was more of, “oh, Hydra’s in S.H.I.E.L.D.,” and the third one is Skye becoming a superhero. And then getting to the middle of this season, and now we’re sort of getting into this Inhuman

title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 6)

text: super-serve the show’s audience and possibly have it on the air longer," in part because ABC's "live-same-day ratings are less important" in the summer season. Since the season will air after the release of "", Dungey noted the decision to schedule it then was ABC's, and not in accordance with any of Marvel Studios' larger Marvel Cinematic Universe plans. Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 6) The sixth season of the American television series "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.", based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. (Strategic Homeland Intervention, Enforcement, and Logistics Division), revolves around S.H.I.E.L.D. agents and allies as they try to save

title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 4)

text: This led to the renewal of the series for a fifth season. The season averaged 4.22 million total viewers, including from DVR, ranking 110th among network series in the 2016–17 television season. It also had an average total 18-49 rating of 1.5, which was 70th. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 94% approval rating with an average score of 7.61/10, based on 18 reviews. The website's consensus reads, ""Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." explores darker territory in its fourth season with the thrilling introduction of Ghost Rider, setting up an action-packed new chapter of Marvel's edgier mythologies." Reviewing the premiere,

title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5)

text: new Friday time slot. He continued, "The great thing about Friday night for these shows is it gives three days of downtime for a lot of these younger viewers to be able to catch up on it. You've got Saturday and Sunday viewing that will be able to be counted into our C3 to help us monetize it." The main cast of the season appeared at New York Comic Con on October 7, 2017, where they promoted the season and debuted the first 20 minutes of the first episode of the season. A shortened version of the footage was released

title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5)

text: Thomas Bradner, Vice President of Development and Production, Live Action at Marvel Television, called reaching 100 episodes "quite a feat... and it felt special enough to share with the fans that got us here. By working with some of our favorite comic artists, we felt we could show a large variety of meaningful moments and the characters that helped get us to a 100." She added that the program "commemorates these creators, the actors, the characters and a hundred amazing stories". The first poster, highlighting season one, was created by Dale Keown. It features four panels, showcasing the moment Coulson

title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.

text: back drop of the planet Simmons is stranded on. The fourth season sees new series title cards for the "Ghost Rider" and "LMD" pods, and an "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." title card for the "Agents of Hydra" pod that changes to say "Agents of Hydra" for episodes primarily set in the Framework. The "Ghost Rider" graphic is used again for the fourth-season finale. For the fifth season, the opening of "Orientation" is reminiscent of the sequence for "4,722 Hours", forgoing the title card and having the typeface silently fading onto the screen. The subsequent episodes of season five feature a title

title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 2)

text: as showrunners. A second season of "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." was ordered in May 2014, and production began that July. Alongside Clark Gregg, who reprises his role as Coulson from the film series, principal cast members Ming-Na Wen, Brett Dalton, Chloe Bennet, Iain De Caestecker, and Elizabeth Henstridge return from the first season, and are joined by Nick Blood and Adrianne Palicki. Several other characters from MCU films and Marvel One-Shots also appear throughout the season. Some episodes directly crossover with the television series "Agent Carter" and the film "", while the introduction of the Inhumans sets up the planned film

title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 3)

text: new." Whedon added, "We’ve done it each season, so we just wanted to do it a little early ... we would’ve done [the time jump] in episode 1 next year but what we wanted to do was tease" things to come at the end of this season. All principal cast members from the first and second seasons (Clark Gregg as Phil Coulson, Ming-Na Wen as Melinda May, Brett Dalton as Grant Ward, Chloe Bennet as Daisy Johnson [no longer going by the name of "Skye"], Iain De Caestecker as Leo Fitz, Elizabeth Henstridge as Jemma Simmons, Nick Blood as Lance

title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 6)

text: to ultimately die in that episode, noted "there is some interest in having me involved in" the sixth season. He added that he would be meeting with showrunners Jed Whedon, Maurissa Tancharoen and Jeffrey Bell to discuss having him appear, saying "I don't know in what form that will take [maybe with] flashbacks". Gregg was also unsure if he would be a series regular, should he return, as he had been for the previous five seasons. In December 2018, Coulson was confirmed to have died between the events of the fifth and sixth seasons. Bennet's Quake costume and hairstyle were

title: TGIF (ABC)

text: its run, with its most noted declines taking place since its fifth season) would end after seven seasons. That May, the network cancelled "Inhumans" after one season, while giving another Marvel series, "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." (which replaced "Inhumans" for the 2018 midseason), a sixth season renewal for the network's summer 2019 schedule. For its 2018-2019 schedule, ABC announced it bring back comedies to the Friday night slot, with the lineup consisting of returning family sitcoms "Fresh Off the Boat" and "Speechless", along with the game show "Child Support" (which experienced decent viewership for its inaugural season in the winter of

title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 3)

text: are also included in the season, as are characters from previous MCU media. Glenn Hetrick created prosthetics for the less-human looking Inhumans, Legacy Effects provided additional practical effects, and FuseFX returned to create the visual effects. The first episode of the season premiered in Los Angeles on September 23, 2015, with the season, consisting of 22 episodes, airing on ABC beginning on September 29, 2015 until May 17, 2016. The premiere was watched by 4.90 million viewers, higher than any episode of the entire second half of season two. Overall, the season had generally consistent ratings, and received positive reviews;

title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5)


question: what are the monomer building blocks of dna and rna

answers: Nucleotides

title: Backbone chain

text: of peptide and nucleotide monomers determines the biological function of their polymers whereas common carbohydrate monomers have one general function such as for energy storage and delivery. Proteins are important biological molecules and play an integral role in the structure and function of viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotic cells. Their backbones are characterized by amide linkages formed by the polymerization between amino and carboxylic acid groups attached to the alpha carbon of each of the twenty amino acids. These amino acid sequences are translated from cellular mRNAs by ribosomes in the cytoplasm of the cell. The ribosomes have enzymatic activity which

title: Central dogma of molecular biology

text: and proteins being synthesised directly from a DNA template without the use of mRNA. The unknown transfers describe: a protein being copied from a protein, synthesis of RNA using the primary structure of a protein as a template, and DNA synthesis using the primary structure of a protein as a template - these are not thought to naturally occur. The biopolymers that comprise DNA, RNA and (poly)peptides are linear polymers (i.e.: each monomer is connected to at most two other monomers). The sequence of their monomers effectively encodes information. The transfers of information described by the central dogma ideally are

title: Ronald Breslow

text: +/- 0.2. The essential building blocks of life (amino acids and key sugars-ribose and deoxyribose) can exist in one of two forms-L or D. However life has evolved such that the vast majority of amino acids are L and the sugars are D. If the amino acids and sugars present in life were racemic (consisting of both L and D), then proteins, DNA, and RNA would not adopt a well defined conformation, resulting in a loss of function. The question of how this preference first occurred has puzzled scientists for years-and while several theories have been proposed; there is still

title: DNA

text: W. Holley, and Marshall Warren Nirenberg to decipher the genetic code. These findings represent the birth of molecular biology. DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid (; DNA) is a molecule composed of two chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleic acids; alongside proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides), nucleic acids are one of the four major types of macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life. The two DNA strands

title: Nucleotide

text: Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as the monomer units for forming the nucleic acid polymers deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), both of which are essential biomolecules in all life-forms on Earth. Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids; they are composed of three subunit molecules: a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and at least one phosphate group.  They are also known as phosphate nucleotides.

title: Biomolecule

text: (such as with methyl groups on the base ring), as found in ribosomal RNA or transfer RNAs or for discriminating the new from old strands of DNA after replication. Each nucleotide is made of an acyclic nitrogenous base, a pentose and one to three phosphate groups. They contain carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and phosphorus. They serve as sources of chemical energy (adenosine triphosphate and guanosine triphosphate), participate in cellular signaling (cyclic guanosine monophosphate and cyclic adenosine monophosphate), and are incorporated into important cofactors of enzymatic reactions (coenzyme A, flavin adenine dinucleotide, flavin mononucleotide, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). DNA structure

title: Amino acid

text: by precipitation from water by adjusting the pH to the required isoelectric point. Amino acids are the structural units (monomers) that make up proteins. They join together to form short polymer chains called peptides or longer chains called either polypeptides or proteins. These polymers are linear and unbranched, with each amino acid within the chain attached to two neighboring amino acids. The process of making proteins encoded by DNA/RNA genetic material is called "translation" and involves the step-by-step addition of amino acids to a growing protein chain by a ribozyme that is called a ribosome. The order in which the

title: Nucleic acid

text: RNA (except some cells such as mature red blood cells), while viruses contain either DNA or RNA, but usually not both. The basic component of biological nucleic acids is the nucleotide, each of which contains a pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nucleobase. Nucleic acids are also generated within the laboratory, through the use of enzymes (DNA and RNA polymerases) and by solid-phase chemical synthesis. The chemical methods also enable the generation of altered nucleic acids that are not found in nature, for example peptide nucleic acids. Nucleic acids are generally very large molecules. Indeed, DNA

title: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

text: ADP-ribose moiety, in "mono-ADP-ribosylation", or the transferral of ADP-ribose to proteins in long branched chains, which is called "poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation". Mono-ADP-ribosylation was first identified as the mechanism of a group of bacterial toxins, notably cholera toxin, but it is also involved in normal cell signaling. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is carried out by the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases. The poly(ADP-ribose) structure is involved in the regulation of several cellular events and is most important in the cell nucleus, in processes such as DNA repair and telomere maintenance. In addition to these functions within the cell, a group of extracellular ADP-ribosyltransferases has recently been discovered, but their

title: Biochemistry

text: adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy-carrier molecule found in all living organisms. Also, the nitrogenous bases possible in the two nucleic acids are different: adenine, cytosine, and guanine occur in both RNA and DNA, while thymine occurs only in DNA and uracil occurs in RNA. Glucose is an energy source in most life forms. For instance, polysaccharides are broken down into their monomers (glycogen phosphorylase removes glucose residues from glycogen). Disaccharides like lactose or sucrose are cleaved into their two component monosaccharides. Glucose is mainly metabolized by a very important ten-step pathway called glycolysis, the net result of which is

title: Ideal chain

text: an amino acid in a polypeptide. In other cases, a monomer is simply a segment of the polymer that can be modeled as behaving as a discrete, freely jointed unit. If so, "l" is the Kuhn length. For example, chromatin is modeled as a polymer in which each monomer is a segment approximately 14-46 kbp in length. "N" mers form the polymer, whose total unfolded length is: In this very simple approach where no interactions between mers are considered, the energy of the polymer is taken to be independent of its shape, which means that at thermodynamic equilibrium, all of

title: Monomer

text: meaning that they are derived from two different monomers. In the case of condensation polymerizations, the ratio of comonomers is usually 1:1. For example, the formation of many nylons requires equal amounts of a dicarboxylic acid and diamine. In the case of addition polymerizations, the comonomer content is often only a few percent. For example, small amounts of 1-octene monomer are copolymerized with ethylene to give specialized polyethylene. The term "monomeric protein" may also be used to describe one of the proteins making up a multiprotein complex. Some of the main biopolymers are listed below: For "proteins", the monomers are

title: Deoxyribonucleotide

text: Deoxyribonucleotide A deoxyribonucleotide is the monomer, or single unit, of DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid. Each deoxyribonucleotide comprises three parts: a nitrogenous base, a deoxyribose sugar, and one phosphate group. The nitrogenous base is always bonded to the 1' carbon of the deoxyribose, which is distinguished from ribose by the presence of a proton on the 2' carbon rather than an -OH group. The phosphate groups bind to the 5' carbon of the sugar. When deoxyribonucleotides polymerize to form DNA, the phosphate group from one nucleotide will bond to the 3' carbon on another nucleotide, forming a phosphodiester bond via dehydration

title: Deoxyribozyme

text: the exception of ribozymes, nucleic acid molecules within cells primarily serve as storage of genetic information due to its ability to form complementary base pairs, which allows for high-fidelity copying and transfer of genetic information. In contrast, nucleic acid molecules are more limited in their catalytic ability, in comparison to protein enzymes, to just three types of interactions: hydrogen bonding, pi stacking, and metal-ion coordination. This is due to the limited number of functional groups of the nucleic acid monomers: while proteins are built from up to twenty different amino acids with various functional groups, nucleic acids are built from

title: Panspermia

text: protoplanetary disks." In 2013, the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA Project) confirmed that researchers have discovered an important pair of prebiotic molecules in the icy particles in interstellar space (ISM). The chemicals, found in a giant cloud of gas about 25,000 light-years from Earth in ISM, may be a precursor to a key component of DNA and the other may have a role in the formation of an important amino acid. Researchers found a molecule called cyanomethanimine, which produces adenine, one of the four nucleobases that form the "rungs" in the ladder-like structure of DNA. The other molecule, called ethanamine,

title: Nucleic acid

text: and the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. The term "nucleic acid" is the overall name for DNA and RNA, members of a family of biopolymers, and is synonymous with "polynucleotide". Nucleic acids were named for their initial discovery within the nucleus, and for the presence of phosphate groups (related to phosphoric acid). Although first discovered within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, nucleic acids are now known to be found in all life forms including within bacteria, archaea, mitochondria, chloroplasts, viruses, and viroids. (note: there is debate as to whether viruses are living or non-living). All living cells contain both DNA and

title: Ribonucleotide

text: cell regulation and cell signaling as seen in adenosine-monophosphate (AMP). Furthermore, ribonucleotides can be converted to adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency in organisms. Ribonucleotides can be converted to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) to regulate hormones in organisms as well. In living organisms, the most common bases for ribonucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or uracil (U). The nitrogenous bases are classified into two parent compounds, purine and pyrimidine. The general structure of a ribonucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a ribose sugar group, and a nucleobase, in which the nucleobase can either be adenine, guanine, cytosine,

title: Nucleic acid

text: selected from the five primary, or canonical, nucleobases, which are: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil; note, thymine occurs only in DNA and uracil only in RNA. Using amino acids and the process known as protein synthesis, the specific sequencing in DNA of these nucleobase-pairs enables storing and transmitting coded instructions as genes. In RNA, base-pair sequencing provides for manufacturing new proteins that determine the frames and parts and most chemical processes of all life forms. Experimental studies of nucleic acids constitute a major part of modern biological and medical research, and form a foundation for genome and forensic science,

title: ParM

text: of the cell. ParMs from different bacterial plasmids can form astonishingly diverse helical structures comprising two or four strands to maintain faithful plasmid inheritance. In vitro the ParM monomer has been observed polymerizing both with ATP and with GTP, but experiments by Popp et al. seem to indicate that the reaction “prefers” GTP and that GTP is the nucleotide that most likely makes the significant contributions in the cell. For the remainder of this article GTP will be assumed to be the active nucleotide although many experiments have used ATP instead. ParM binds and hydrolyzes GTP as it polymerizes. The

title: Glycol nucleic acid

text: Meggers is however novel, and the specificity of interaction well-demonstrated. DNA and RNA have a deoxyribose and ribose sugar backbone, respectively, whereas GNA's backbone is composed of repeating glycol units linked by phosphodiester bonds. The glycol unit has just three carbon atoms and still shows Watson-Crick base pairing. The Watson-Crick base pairing is much more stable in GNA than its natural counterparts DNA and RNA as it requires a high temperature to melt a duplex of GNA. It is possibly the simplest of the nucleic acids, so making it a hypothetical precursor to RNA. Glycol nucleic acid Glycol nucleic acid

title: Ribonucleotide

text: are some rare cases where thymine does occur in RNA and uracil in DNA. Here are the 4 major ribonucleotides (ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate) which are the structural units of RNAs. In ribonucleotides, the sugar component is ribose while in deoxyribonucleotides, the sugar component is deoxyribose. Instead of a hydroxyl group at the second carbon in the ribose ring, it is replaced by a hydrogen atom. Both types of pentoses in DNA and RNA are in their β-furanose (closed five-membered ring) form and they define the identity of a nucleic acid. DNA is defined by containing 2'-deoxy-ribose nucleic acid while RNA is

title: Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

text: model of DNA, the pairing of nucleotide subunits. In DNA, the amount of guanine is equal to cytosine and the amount of adenine is equal to thymine. The A:T and C:G pairs are structurally similar. In particular, the length of each base pair is the same and they fit equally between the two sugar-phosphate backbones. The base pairs are held together by hydrogen bonds, a type of chemical attraction that is easy to break and easy to reform. After realizing the structural similarity of the A:T and C:G pairs, Watson and Crick soon produced their double helix model of DNA

title: Protein structure

text: Protein structure Protein structure is the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in an amino acid-chain molecule. Proteins are polymers specifically polypeptides formed from sequences of amino acids, the monomers of the polymer. A single amino acid monomer may also be called a residue indicating a repeating unit of a polymer. Proteins form by amino acids undergoing condensation reactions, in which the amino acids lose one water molecule per reaction in order to attach to one another with a peptide bond. By convention, a chain under 30 amino acids is often identified as a peptide, rather than a protein. To be able

title: Biomolecule

text: is dominated by the well-known double helix formed by Watson-Crick base-pairing of C with G and A with T. This is known as B-form DNA, and is overwhelmingly the most favorable and common state of DNA; its highly specific and stable base-pairing is the basis of reliable genetic information storage. DNA can sometimes occur as single strands (often needing to be stabilized by single-strand binding proteins) or as A-form or Z-form helices, and occasionally in more complex 3D structures such as the crossover at Holliday junctions during DNA replication. RNA, in contrast, forms large and complex 3D tertiary structures reminiscent

title: Chance and Necessity

text: synthesized very slowly (about one molecule every five generations). About two minutes after adding a galactoside inducer, the rate of synthesis of the three proteins increases a thousandfold. Monod explains that the rate of mRNA synthesis from the lactose operon determines the rate of the proteins synthesis. He lists the components of the regulatory system as i, the regulator gene that directs constant synthesis of the repressor protein (R), o, the operator segment of DNA that the repressor specifically recognizes and forms a stable complex with, and p, the DNA promoter where RNA polymerase binds. Synthesis of mRNA is blocked

title: Biochemistry

text: create large macromolecules known as polymers. When monomers are linked together to synthesize a biological polymer, they undergo a process called dehydration synthesis. Different macromolecules can assemble in larger complexes, often needed for biological activity. Two of the main functions of carbohydrates are energy storage and providing structure. Sugars are carbohydrates, but not all carbohydrates are sugars. There are more carbohydrates on Earth than any other known type of biomolecule; they are used to store energy and genetic information, as well as play important roles in cell to cell interactions and communications. The simplest type of carbohydrate is a monosaccharide,

title: Biosynthesis

text: replication: the leading strand, which is synthesized continuously and grows towards the replication fork, and the lagging strand, which is made discontinuously in Okazaki fragments and grows away from the replication fork. Okazaki fragments are covalently joined by DNA ligase to form a continuous strand. Then, to complete DNA replication, RNA primers are removed, and the resulting gaps are replaced with DNA and joined via DNA ligase. A protein is a polymer that is composed from amino acids that are linked by peptide bonds. There are more than 300 amino acids found in nature of which only twenty, known as

title: Cosmochemistry

text: in the icy particles in interstellar space (ISM). The chemicals, found in a giant cloud of gas about 25,000 light-years from Earth in ISM, may be a precursor to a key component of DNA and the other may have a role in the formation of an important amino acid. Researchers found a molecule called cyanomethanimine, which produces adenine, one of the four nucleobases that form the "rungs" in the ladder-like structure of DNA. The other molecule, called ethanamine, is thought to play a role in forming alanine, one of the twenty amino acids in the genetic code. Previously, scientists thought

title: Polymer

text: out with or without a catalyst. Laboratory synthesis of biopolymers, especially of proteins, is an area of intensive research. There are three main classes of biopolymers: polysaccharides, polypeptides, and polynucleotides. In living cells, they may be synthesized by enzyme-mediated processes, such as the formation of DNA catalyzed by DNA polymerase. The synthesis of proteins involves multiple enzyme-mediated processes to transcribe genetic information from the DNA to RNA and subsequently translate that information to synthesize the specified protein from amino acids. The protein may be modified further following translation in order to provide appropriate structure and functioning. There are other biopolymers

title: Oligomer

text: putty. Greek prefixes are often used to designate the number of monomer units in the oligomer, for example a tetramer being composed of four units and a hexamer of six. In biochemistry, the term oligonucleotide – or, informally, "oligo" – is used for short, single-stranded nucleic acid fragments, such as DNA or RNA, or similar fragments of analogs of nucleic acids such as peptide nucleic acid or Morpholinos. Such oligos are used in hybridization experiments (bound to glass slides or nylon membranes), as probes for in situ hybridization or in antisense experiments such as gene knockdowns. It can also refer

title: Nucleotide