question: where did students for a democratic society start

answers: Ann Arbor, Michigan

title: Students for a Democratic Society

text: Students for a Democratic Society Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was a national student activist organization in the United States that was one of the main representations of the New Left. Founded in 1960, the organization developed and expanded rapidly in the mid-1960s before dissolving at its last convention in 1969. SDS has been an important influence on student organizing in the decades since its collapse. Participatory democracy, direct action, radicalism, student power, shoestring budgets, and its organizational structure are all present in varying degrees in current American student activist groups. Though various organizations have been formed in subsequent

title: Students for a Democratic Society

text: years as proposed national networks for left-wing student organizing, none has approached the scale of SDS, and most have lasted a few years at best. A new incarnation of SDS was founded in 2006. SDS developed from the Student League for Industrial Democracy (SLID), the youth branch of a socialist educational organization known as the League for Industrial Democracy (LID). LID descended from the Intercollegiate Socialist Society, started in 1905. Early in 1960, the SLID changed its name into SDS at the behest of its then acting Director, Aryeh Neier. The phrase "industrial democracy" sounded too narrow and too labor

title: Norman Daniels

text: the Students for a Democratic Society in 1969. In a public letter to his fraternity brothers at Wesleyan, Daniels wrote: "At Harvard, I ended up co-chair of SDS and gave the speech on the steps of University Hall April 9, 1969, that began the take-over of that administration building and thus led to the Harvard Strike. I would have been fired as a teaching fellow, so I followed my advisors advice and quit that position to take a part-time job at Tufts, teaching philosophy of science and political philosophy. I stayed 33 years." Consulting [Source: Bibliography of books, from personal

text: Students for a Democratic Society (2006 organization) New Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) is a United States student organization representing left wing ideals. It takes its name and inspiration from the original SDS of 1960–1969, then the largest radical student organization in US history. The contemporary SDS is a distinct youth and student-led organization with over 120 chapters worldwide. Beginning January 2006, a movement to revive the Students for a Democratic Society took shape. Two high school students, Jessica Rapchik and Pat Korte, decided to reach out to former members of the "Sixties" SDS, to re-establish a student movement

title: Students for a Democratic Society

title: Students For Society

text: democratic revolution in India.” Students For Society (SFS) is a student organization that envisions to work on the footsteps of Bhagat Singh. SFS strive to work together with all the democratic forces to create egalitarian society, where equality and freedom are not mere words to be written on pages of constitution but a material reality. SFS has always endeavored toward promoting academic culture and encouraging critical thinking be it through discussions, seminars or other cultural events. When the time demands so, SFS has raised its voice against each and every injustice done or regressive step taken by central or state

title: Students For Society

text: Students For Society The Students For Society (SFS) was founded in Panjab University, Chandigarh on 28 September 2010 as a students' discussion group for holding discussions on books and social issues, on the 103rd birth anniversary of Bhagat Singh. It rejected the politics of muscle and money power by mainstream political parties in University. It also rejected the politics of those who were trying to get votes by offering movie shows, dinners, trips and beauty parlour coupons. SFS takes out its rallies on foot with singing of slogans with a Tambourine ("Dafli") while other parties took out rallies in cars.

title: College Students for Bernie

text: the organization split into two different organizations, the existing group Young Democratic Socialists, and a new organization founded by College Students for Bernie members, Young Progressives Demanding Action, a subgroup of Progressive Democrats of America. College Students for Bernie was founded in April 2015 at Middlebury College by Elizabeth Siyuan Lee and Nathan Rifkin., as well as Alex Forgue at Northern Illinois University, and Benjamin Packer at Dartmouth College. After coming up with the "chapter model", where each college would have their own chapter under a larger network of progressive college students, they reached out to their peers to help

text: a series of actions supporting Immigrant Rights. SDS chapters, such as at Brandeis, Connecticut College, and Harvard coordinated with large coalitions of students to strike and walk out of their classes on May Day. The newly formed SDS held its first national convention from August 4 to August 7, 2006 at the University of Chicago. In early March 2007, SDS members and allies in Tacoma, Washington led a blockade of the Port of Tacoma, where the US military was loading Stryker vehicles onto ships to be transported to Iraq. After confrontations every night for a week, the police broke the

title: Democratic Students Federation

text: a center of Islamist militancy. However, its influence started to decline after the collapse of Soviet Union in the early 1990s. Democratic Students Federation Democratic Students Federation (DSF) is a left-wing student organization in Pakistan. It was first established on 13 January 1951 in Karachi by students of Dow Medical College as the organization that previously dominated campuses, the Muslim Students Federation (affiliated with the Muslim League), began to wither. From its inception, it was close to the Communist Party of Pakistan (CPP), and therefore banned along with the CPP in 1954. Its members, however, managed to infiltrate other student

title: Democratic Students Federation

text: Democratic Students Federation Democratic Students Federation (DSF) is a left-wing student organization in Pakistan. It was first established on 13 January 1951 in Karachi by students of Dow Medical College as the organization that previously dominated campuses, the Muslim Students Federation (affiliated with the Muslim League), began to wither. From its inception, it was close to the Communist Party of Pakistan (CPP), and therefore banned along with the CPP in 1954. Its members, however, managed to infiltrate other student organizations, notably the National Students Federation founded in 1958. It emerged as a splinter group of the National Students Federation (NSF)

text: Chapters around the US and Canada participated in a large series of semi-coordinated events and demonstrations between March 17 and March 21 to bring awareness to the 5th anniversary of the invasion of Iraq. The 2008 National Convention was held in College Park, Maryland. Members at the meeting decided on a national structure: the National Work Committee and a national campaign: Student Power for Accessible Education. In September, SDS chapters from around the country converged on St. Paul, Minnesota to participate in the four days of protests against the Republican National Convention. Members of Providence SDS took over a board

title: European Democrat Students

text: European Democrat Students European Democrat Students (EDS) is a pan-European centre-right student and youth political association, and the official student organisation of the European People's Party. Founded in Vienna by Scandinavian, German and Austrian students in 1961, it represents over 1.600.000 students and young people in 40 member organisations from 35 countries in Europe, and is the largest youth organisation in Europe. Its stated goal is to promote a free, democratic and united Europe through a greater student mobility and comprehensive education policies across the continent. European Democrat Students has been always a frontrunner in integration, fighting for open borders,

text: national anti-war, anti-occupation and Israeli apartheid Week campaigns. In March 2010, members of the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee's chapter of SDS staged a protest outside the Chancellor's building. The event, designed to protest rising tuition costs, was met with a police presence. Police began using pepper spray, and arrested sixteen members of the protest, including both SDS members and allied organizations on campus through the Education Rights Campaign. On August 19, 2012, Occupy Colleges officially merged with SDS. Students for a Democratic Society (2006 organization) New Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) is a United States student organization representing left

text: Student League for Industrial Democracy (1946–59) The Student League for Industrial Democracy (SLID) of 1946 to 1959 was the second incarnation of the League for Industrial Democracy's student group. It changed its name to the Students for a Democratic Society on January 1, 1960, and severed its connection to the LID in 1965. After the autonomous Student League for Industrial Democracy merged with other groups to form the American Student Union in 1935, the League for Industrial Democracy still tried to keep a campus presence. In the late 1930s and early war years they organized summer institutes to educate students

title: Students for a Democratic Society

text: office (NO) in New York City consisted of a few desks, some broken chairs, a couple of file cabinets and a few typewriters. As a student group with a strong belief in decentralization and a distrust for most organizations, the SDS did not have a strong central bureaucracy. The three stalwarts at the office, Don McKelvey, Steve Max, and the National Secretary, Jim Monsonis, worked long hours for little pay to service the local chapters, and to help establish new ones. Even during the Cuban Missile Crisis in October, little could be accomplished. Most activity was oriented toward civil rights

title: Students for a Democratic Society

text: "We want our rights and we want them now! That fall saw a great escalation of the anti-war actions of the New Left. The school year started with a large demonstration against university complicity in the war in allowing Dow recruiters on campus at the University of Wisconsin in Madison on October 17. Peaceful at first, the demonstrations turned to a sit-in that was violently dispersed by the Madison police and riot squad, resulting in many injuries and arrests. A mass rally and a student strike then closed the university for several days. A coordinated series of demonstrations against the

title: Students for a Democratic Society

text: speech movement. Led by a charismatic Friends of SNCC student activist named Mario Savio, upwards of three thousand students surrounded a police car in which a student was being taken away, arrested for setting up an informational card table for the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) in defiance of the University's ban on politics. The sit-down prevented the police car from moving for 32 hours. The demonstrations, meetings and strikes that resulted all but shut the university down. Hundreds of students were arrested. In February 1965, United States President Johnson dramatically escalated the war in Vietnam by bombing North Vietnam

text: in the United States. Korte did this by contacting Alan Haber. They called for a new generation of SDS, to build a radical multi-issue organization grounded in the principle of participatory democracy. Several chapters at various colleges and high schools were subsequently formed. On Martin Luther King, Jr. Day of 2006, these chapters banded together to issue a press release that stated their intentions to recreate the national SDS organization. In the press release, the SDS called for the organization's first national convention since 1969 to be held in the summer of 2006 and to have it preceded by a

title: European Democrat Students

text: Association of Christian Democratic Students (West Germany), the Students' League of the Conservative Party (Norway), and the Confederation of Swedish Conservative and Liberal Students (FMSF). A few months later, the Federation of University Conservative and Unionist Associations (UK) and ESC (Belgium) joined. The current name of the organisation, European Democrat Students, was adopted in 1975, after it was proposed by Carl Bildt. Since 1997, EDS has been the official student organisation of the European People's Party (EPP). Full members status is held to the European Youth Forum (YFJ), the International Young Democrat Union (IYDU) and the Robert Schuman Institute. EDS

title: Students for a Libertarian Society

text: appears to have been done on a national basis and the website is offline. The banner of organizing libertarian students has since been picked up by new organizations: Students For Liberty and Young Americans for Liberty. Students for a Libertarian Society Students for a Libertarian Society (SLS) was an activist organization for students in the United States seeking to promote libertarian ideals on college campuses. Currently active libertarian student groups include Students for Liberty and Young Americans for Liberty. The name and organizational structure were inspired by the success of Students for a Democratic Society in the 1960s. It was

title: Students for a Democratic Society

text: when Mrs. Jeremy Stone (Susan Brown) informs her husband (Arthur Hill) that unexpected visitors have arrived, he responds, "The SDS, no doubt" before learning that the visitors are Air Force personnel. In the 1994 film "Forrest Gump", Jenny (Robin Wright) introduces her boyfriend to Forrest (Tom Hanks) as Wesley (Geoffrey Blake), the president of the Berkeley chapter of SDS. Students for a Democratic Society Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was a national student activist organization in the United States that was one of the main representations of the New Left. Founded in 1960, the organization developed and expanded rapidly

title: Democratic Party for a New Society

text: Democratic Party for a New Society The Democratic Party for a New Society (; abbreviated DPNS) is a registered political party in Myanmar (Burma), founded in 1988 by Moe Thee Zun, the then Secretary General of the All Burma Students League (ABSL). The party campaigns independently from other parties and is unaffiliated with the more influential National League for Democracy (NLD), despite sharing similar goals. The Democratic Party for a New Society (DPNS) was founded on 14 October 1988 by students and youth, in response to the military junta government's suppression of the 8888 Uprising and pro-democracy movements in Myanmar.

text: series of regional conferences occurring during the Memorial Day weekend. These regional conferences would also be the first of their kind since 1969. On April 23, 2006, SDS held a northeast regional conference at Brown University. Since its foundation in 2006, the organization's activities have centered on two broad areas. The first is building opposition to the US government-led wars in Iraq, Afghanistan, and neighboring countries in South Asia and the Middle East. The second area is advocating for "students rights", broadly defined. For example, SDSers have played a major role in the national movement against budget cuts and tuition

text: even smaller factions, all of which seemed focused on their own version of Communist Party formation. "By the spring" of 1970, "except for a pocket here or there, RYM was dead". 1969 Students for a Democratic Society National Convention The 1969 Students for a Democratic Society National Convention held in June of that year in Chicago, Illinois was the final convention held by the Students for a Democratic Society. The gathering, which took place over June 18–22, was one of four conventions officers and members of SDS attended each year. Taking place at the Chicago Coliseum, the convention was the

title: Students for a Libertarian Society

text: Students for a Libertarian Society Students for a Libertarian Society (SLS) was an activist organization for students in the United States seeking to promote libertarian ideals on college campuses. Currently active libertarian student groups include Students for Liberty and Young Americans for Liberty. The name and organizational structure were inspired by the success of Students for a Democratic Society in the 1960s. It was organizationally distinct from the Libertarian Party which had its own, much smaller, official youth wing, the Young Libertarian Alliance. At its height in 1979 and 1980, SLS had a central national office with a paid staff

text: human blockade through the use of rubber bullets and pepper spray. On March 12, 2007, one week before the anniversary of the invasion of Iraq, the New School chapter of SDS held a Campus Moratorium against the Iraq War. Students left classes and proceeded down 5th Avenue to the Chambers Street military recruitment center where they met with the Pace University chapter of SDS. The students entered the Recruitment Center, barricaded the door and held a nonviolent sit-in, effectively closing the recruitment center for about two hours. Twenty members of SDS were arrested and charged with criminal trespassing, a misdemeanor.

title: Social Democratic Students of Sweden

text: to higher education but also organises seminars and debates on various topics such as: international affairs, gender equality, discrimination and equality at the labour market. In recent years the organisation has become a strong voice in the ideological debate within the Swedish Labour Movement. The Social Democratic Students of Sweden was the first social democratic organisation to argue for a Swedish EU (EC) membership and also the first to call for a common European currency. The organisation has also a strong engagement in the movement for democracy in Burma, with which it has worked in partnership since 1996. In November

title: Democratic School of Hadera

text: doing nothing at all. In 1993 the first International Democratic Education Conference (IDEC) was held at the Democratic School of Hadera. In years 1996 and 2017 it was held again at that school. Democratic School of Hadera The Democratic School of Hadera is a democratic school in Hadera, Israel. It was founded in 1987 by Yaacov Hecht. With around 650 students aged four to eighteen, it is the largest of the twenty-five Israeli democratic schools. The school is governed by a weekly school parliament in which all students, teachers, parents and alumni have an equal vote. However, few parents and

title: African-American studies

text: which prohibited all political clubs from fundraising, excluding the democrat and republican clubs. Police arrested 800 students. Students a “Freedom of Speech Movement” and Mario Savio became its poetic leader, stating that “freedom of speech was something that represents the very dignity of what a human is..." The Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), a well-connected and organized club, hosted a conference entitled “Black Power and its Challenges". Black leaders who were directly tied to then ongoing civil rights movements spoke to a predominantly white audience about their respective goals and challenges. These leaders included Stokely Carmichael of the Student

title: Students for a Democratic Society

long_answer: SDS developed from the Student League for Industrial Democracy (SLID), the youth branch of a socialist educational organization known as the League for Industrial Democracy (LID). LID descended from the Intercollegiate Socialist Society, started in 1905. Early in 1960, the SLID changed its name into SDS at the behest of its then acting Director, Aryeh Neier. The phrase “industrial democracy” sounded too narrow and too labor oriented, making it more difficult to recruit students. Moreover, because the LID's leadership did not correspond to the expectations and the mood on the campuses, the SLID felt the need to dissociate itself from its parent organization. SDS held its first meeting in 1960 on the University of Michigan campus at Ann Arbor, Michigan, where Alan Haber was elected president. Its political manifesto, known as the Port Huron Statement, was adopted at the organization's first convention in 1962, based on an earlier draft by staff member Tom Hayden.


question: when did we first put a rover on mars

answers: January 2004

title: Mars rover

text: by the instruments during their mission in space. The details of rover science vary according to equipment carried. The primary goal of the "Spirit" and "Opportunity" rovers is to discover "the history of water on Mars". The four science goals of NASA's long-term Mars Exploration Program are: Mars rover A Mars rover is a motor vehicle that propels itself across the surface of the planet Mars upon arrival. Rovers have several advantages over stationary landers: they examine more territory, and they can be directed to interesting features, they can place themselves in sunny positions to weather winter months, and they

title: Mars Exploration Rover

text: scientific objective was to search for and characterize a wide range of rocks and soils that hold clues to past water activity on Mars. The mission is part of NASA's Mars Exploration Program, which includes three previous successful landers: the two Viking program landers in 1976 and Mars Pathfinder probe in 1997. The total cost of building, launching, landing and operating the rovers on the surface for the initial 90-sol primary mission was US$820 million. Since the rovers have continued to function beyond their initial 90 sol primary mission, they have each received five mission extensions. The fifth mission extension

title: Astrobiology

text: long-term spaceflights that allow exposure of organic chemicals and biological samples to outer space in low Earth orbit. The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission landed the "Curiosity" rover that is currently in operation on Mars. It was launched 26 November 2011, and landed at Gale Crater on 6 August 2012. Mission objectives are to help assess Mars' habitability and in doing so, determine whether Mars is or has ever been able to support life, collect data for a future human mission, study Martian geology, its climate, and further assess the role that water, an essential ingredient for life as we

title: Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher

text: Laboratory-class rover with precision landing and sampling/caching capability. To provide a name that fit the mission concept better, it was changed in August 2009 from the generic Mid-Range Rover (MRR) to Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C). In April 2011, because of a budgeting crisis, a proposal was announced to fly only one rover in 2018 that would be larger than either of the vehicles in the paired concept, ExoMars (ESA) and MAX-C (NASA). One suggestion was that the new vehicle be built in Europe and take on a combination of European and USA instruments. NASA proposed to provide a launch rocket

title: Exploration of Mars

text: In January 2004, the NASA twin Mars Exploration Rovers named Spirit (MER-A) and Opportunity (MER-B) landed on the surface of Mars.  Both have met or exceeded all their targets. Among the most significant scientific returns has been conclusive evidence that liquid water existed at some time in the past at both landing sites. Martian dust devils and windstorms have occasionally cleaned both rovers' solar panels, and thus increased their lifespan. Spirit Rover (MER-A) was active until 2010, when it stopped sending data because it had fallen into a sand dune.

title: Mars Exploration Rover

text: has a mass of about 533 kilograms (1,175 pounds). The rover alone has a mass of about . The gravity on Mars is about 38% of Earth's, so the motor does not need to be as powerful as it would on Earth. The rover contains accelerometers to detect which way is down (toward the surface of Mars) by measuring the pull of gravity. The rover computer then commanded the correct lander petal to open to place the rover upright. Once the base petal was down and the rover was upright, the other two petals were opened. The petals initially opened

title: Mars 2020

text: affordable. "Curiosity" engineering team are also involved in the rover's design. Based on the scientific objectives, nearly 60 proposals for rover instrumentation were evaluated and, on 31 July 2014, NASA announced the payload for the rover. In May 2017, evidence of the earliest known life on land may have been found in 3.48-billion-year-old geyserite, a mineral deposit often found around hot springs and geysers, uncovered in the Pilbara Craton of Western Australia. These findings may be helpful in deciding where best to search for early signs of life on the planet Mars. The following locations are the eight landing sites

title: Exploration of Mars

text: began mapping the Martian terrain and weather to find suitable landing sites for upcoming lander missions. The MRO captured the first image of a series of active avalanches near the planet's north pole in 2008. The Mars Science Laboratory mission was launched on November 26, 2011 and it delivered the "Curiosity" rover on the surface of Mars on August 6, 2012 UTC. It is larger and more advanced than the Mars Exploration Rovers, with a velocity of up to 90 meters per hour (295 feet per hour). Experiments include a laser chemical sampler that can deduce the composition of rocks

title: Rover (space exploration)

text: it landed on the Martian Meridiani Planum on January 25, 2004 at 05:05 Ground UTC (about 13:15 local time), three weeks after its twin "Spirit" (MER-A) touched down on the other side of the planet. On July 28, 2014, NASA announced that "Opportunity", after having traveled over on the planet Mars, has set a new "off-world" record as the rover having driven the greatest distance, surpassing the previous record held by the Soviet Union's Lunokhod 2 rover that had traveled . () On 26 November 2011, NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission was successfully launched for Mars. The mission successfully landed

title: Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory

text: its journey across Mars, having traveled , since its landing in 2012; on August 1, 2013, the rover traveled over one mile: . On August 6, 2013, NASA celebrated "Curiosity" first year on Mars (August 6, 2012 to August 5, 2013) by programming the rover to perform the "Happy Birthday" song to itself. NASA also released several videos (video-1, video-2) summarizing the rover's accomplishments over the year. Primarily, the mission found evidence of "ancient environments suitable for life" on Mars. The rover drove over one-mile across the Martian terrain, transmitted more than 190 gigabits of data to Earth, including 70,000

title: Exploration of Mars

text: with a roving probe on Mars on July 4, 1997. It consisted of a lander and a small wheeled robotic rover named Sojourner, which was the first rover to operate on the surface of Mars. In addition to scientific objectives, the Mars Pathfinder mission was also a "proof-of-concept" for various technologies, such as an airbag landing system and automated obstacle avoidance, both later exploited by the Mars Exploration Rovers. After the 1992 failure of NASA's Mars Observer orbiter, NASA retooled and launched Mars Global Surveyor (MGS). Mars Global Surveyor launched on November 7, 1996, and entered orbit on September 12,

title: Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory

text: 2013, NASA reported that "Curiosity" has successfully upgraded, for the third time since landing, its software programs and is now operating with version 11. The new software is expected to provide the rover with better robotic arm and autonomous driving abilities. Due to wheel wear, a concern to drive more carefully over the rough terrain the rover is currently traveling on to Mount Sharp, was also reported. On January 24, 2014, NASA reported that current studies by the "Curiosity" and "Opportunity" rovers will now be searching for evidence of ancient life, including a biosphere based on autotrophic, chemotrophic and/or chemolithoautotrophic

title: Mars Science Laboratory

text: In the event, MSL achieved a landing east and north of the center of the target. This location is near the mountain Aeolis Mons (a.k.a. "Mount Sharp"). The rover mission is set to explore for at least 687 Earth days (1 Martian year) over a range of . The Mars Science Laboratory mission is part of NASA's Mars Exploration Program, a long-term effort for the robotic exploration of Mars that is managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of California Institute of Technology. The total cost of the MSL project is about US$2.5 billion. Previous successful U.S. Mars rovers include "Sojourner"

title: Mars Direct

text: started by the first lander. Once on Mars, the crew would spend 18 months on the surface, carrying out a range of scientific research, aided by a small rover vehicle carried aboard their Mars Habitat Unit, and powered by the methane produced by the Earth Return Vehicle. To return, the crew would use the "Earth Return Vehicle", leaving the Mars Habitat Unit for the possible use of subsequent explorers. On the return trip to Earth, the propulsion stage of the Earth Return Vehicle would be used as a counterweight to generate artificial gravity for the trip back. Follow-up missions would

title: Crewed Mars rover

text: called MOLAB. One of the ideas for Molab was for it touch down on its wheels, what was called a "rover first" concept. MOLAB had a pressurized cylinder for crews to operate in a shirt-sleeve environment even on an extraterrestrial surface. For options for keeping track of location as the rover moves around Mars include: Navigation on Mars is noted as important issue for human missions to the planet. Celestial navigation, used for over 500 years on Earth, may provide a way of locating on the Mars surface to within about 100 meters (109 yards). Navigation is especially relevant to

title: Mars One

text: Mars One Ventures. In late 2016 Mars One had changed its first crewed mission date to 2032. In December 2013, mission concept studies for a robotic Mars lander were contracted with Lockheed Martin for a demonstration mission concept. It would be based on the design of the successful 2007 NASA "Phoenix" lander, and provide proof of concept for a subset of the key technologies for a later human settlement on Mars. Upon submission of Lockheed Martin's Proposal Information Package, Mars One released a Request for Proposals for the various payloads on the lander. The total payload mass of 44 kg

title: Opportunity (rover)

text: before. The scientific objectives of the Mars Exploration Rover mission are to: During the next two decades, NASA will continue to conduct missions to address whether life ever arose on Mars. The search begins with determining whether the Martian environment was ever suitable for life. Life, as we understand it, requires water, so the history of water on Mars is critical to finding out if the Martian environment was ever conducive to life. Although the Mars Exploration Rovers do not have the ability to detect life directly, they are offering very important information on the habitability of the environment in

title: Mars Exploration Rover

text: NASA announced that "Opportunity" had driven the full distance of a marathon, with a finish time of roughly 11 years, 2 months. The Mars Exploration Rover was designed to be stowed in the nose of a Delta II rocket. Each spacecraft consists of several components: Total mass is . The cruise stage is the component of the spacecraft that is used for travel from Earth to Mars. It is very similar to the Mars Pathfinder in design and is approximately 2.65 meters (8.7 ft) in diameter and tall, including the entry vehicle (see below). The primary structure is aluminium with

title: NASA robots

text: craft that will be designed to fly in a formation. The Mars rover Curiosity is a mobile laboratory that was launched from Cape Canaveral in 2011. The Curiosity landed on Mars surface August 6, 2012. This was the largest rover NASA has put on Mars, being twice as long and five times as heavy as its processors. Despite the extra size the Curiosity took many design elements from the previous generation of Mars rovers such as six wheel drive, rocker-bogie suspension, and cameras mounted to the mast of the rover to help the mission's team direct the rover. However unlike

title: Opportunity mission timeline

text: to reach Solander Point before winter reaches the Martian southern hemisphere as the area has ground tilted to the north allowing the rover to stay active during the winter months. In addition Solander Point has a large geological stack for Opportunity to explore. In April 2013, the rover passed through a three-week-long solar conjunction, when communication with Earth was blocked because of the Sun. The rover arm was positioned on a rock during that time so the APXS could collect data. On May 16, 2013, NASA announced that "Opportunity" had driven further than any other NASA vehicle on a world

title: Spacecraft naming

text: on the order of landing on Mars ("Spirit" first then "Opportunity"). The rovers were named through a student essay competition sponsored by NASA, the Planetary Society and Lego. The winning entry was by Sofi Collis, a third-grade Russian-American student from Arizona, who named both rovers. The mission is known as the Mars Science Laboratory. The rover vehicle was named through an essay contest. Finalist names were ranked by the public between March 23–29, 2009 from among Adventure, Amelia, Journey, Perception, Pursuit, Sunrise, Vision, Wonder, and Curiosity. through a public poll on the NASA website. On May 27, 2009, the winning

title: Planetary surface

text: of extraterrestrial surface samples to Earth. Venera 7 was the first landing of a probe on another planet on December 15, 1970. Mars 3 "soft landed" and returned data from Mars on August 22, 1972, the first rover on Mars was Mars Pathfinder in 1997, the Mars Exploration Rover has been studying the surface of the red planet since 2004. NEAR Shoemaker was the first to soft land on an asteroid – 433 Eros in February 2001 while Hayabusa was the first to return samples from 25143 Itokawa on 13 June 2010. Huygens soft landed and returned data from Titan

title: Human mission to Mars

text: gravity and an artificial magnetic field for radiation protection. Overall, the architecture was modular and to allow for incremental R&D. In 2012, a Dutch entrepreneur group began raising funds for a human Mars base to be established in 2023. The mission was intended to be primarily a one-way trip to Mars. Astronaut applications were invited from the public all over the world, for a fee. The initial concept included an orbiter and small robotic lander in 2018, followed by a rover in 2020, and the base components in 2024. The first crew of four astronauts were to land on Mars

title: BYU Mars Rover

text: a suspension, and a custom designed and built robotic arm. Unfortunately, the redesign left no time for testing, and the rover did not complete its first drive until the team was actually at the event. After solving computer issues the first day of events, the BYU rover competed in the Soil Science task on the morning of the second day, but broke their drivetrain within minutes of leaving the start gate. This failure led the BYU team to finish in fifth place. After the past year's mechanical failures and software issues, the rover was modified, as the team felt that

title: Mars 2020

text: is planned for launch in 2020 on an Atlas V-541, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory will manage the mission. The mission is part of NASA's Mars Exploration Program. The Science Definition Team proposed that the rover collect and package as many as 31 samples of rock cores and surface soil for a later mission to bring back for definitive analysis on Earth. In 2015, however, they expanded the concept, planning to collect even more samples and distribute the tubes in small piles or caches across the surface of Mars. In September 2013 NASA launched an Announcement of Opportunity for researchers

title: Unmanned NASA missions

text: surface and geology. The mission's scientific objective is to search for and study rocks and soils that indicate past water activity. The mission is part of NASA's Mars Exploration Program which includes three previous successful landers: the two Viking program landers in 1976 and Mars Pathfinder probe in 1997. The total cost of building, launching, landing and operating the rovers on the surface for the initial 90-Martian-day (sol) primary mission was US$820 million. Since the rovers continued to function far beyond their initial 90 sol primary mission (six years to failure for Spirit, thirteen years and counting for Opportunity), they

title: Mars Global Remote Sensing Orbiter and Small Rover

text: After that, China started its own Mars project. The spacecraft is being developed by the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC), and managed by the National Space Science Centre (NSSC) in Beijing. This Mars mission would be a demonstration of technology needed for a Mars sample return mission proposed for the 2030s. The lander carrying the rover will use a parachute, retrorockets, and an airbag to achieve landing. The rover will be powered by solar panels, probe the ground with radar, perform chemical analyses on the soil, and look for biomolecules and biosignatures. The priorities of the mission include

title: BYU Mars Rover

text: tasks for the first time, with no major failures. The primary limitations were radio range, and limited testing with the robotic arm. As such, the rover did well at competition, finishing in second place. In 2017, the science team scored a perfect 100, which helped propel the team into what was thought to be third place. However, after a re-examination of the point tallies for each team, the BYU team found itself in fourth place, by a small margin. In 2018, BYU faced some controversy in the Extreme Delivery and Retrieval task. Seeking to drop off a payload, they went

title: Astrobiology Field Laboratory

text: astrobiology-oriented instruments, and ideally, a core drill. The original plans called for a launch in 2016, however, budgetary constraints caused funding cuts. The rover could have been the first mission since the Viking program landers of the 1970s to specifically look for the chemistry associated with life (biosignatures), such as carbon-based compounds along with molecules involving both sulfur and nitrogen. The mission strategy was to search for habitable zones by "following the water" and "finding the carbon." In particular, it was to conduct detailed analysis of geologic environments identified by the 2012 Mars Science Laboratory as being conducive to life

title: Curiosity (rover)

text: been done before from the inside of a spacecraft in interplanetary space. Its primary purpose is to determine the viability and shielding needs for potential human explorers, as well as to characterize the radiation environment on the surface of Mars, which it started doing immediately after MSL landed in August 2012. Funded by the Exploration Systems Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters and Germany's Space Agency (DLR), RAD was developed by Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) and the extraterrestrial physics group at Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Germany. A pulsed sealed-tube neutron source and detector for measuring hydrogen or ice and water at or

title: Exploration of Mars


question: who laid foundation stone of islamia college peshawar

answers: Haji Sahib

answers: Haji Sahib of Turangzai

title: Islamia College University

text: Islamia College University Islamia College, Peshawar () is a Public Sector University located in midst of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Founded by the personal initiatives led by Sir S.A. Qayyum and Sir George Roos-Keppel in 1913, it is one of the oldest institutions of higher education in Pakistan, and its historical roots are traced from the culminating point of the Aligarh Movement. The university provides higher learning in arts, languages, humanities, social sciences and modern sciences. In 1950, the University of Peshawar was founded as an offshoot of Islamia College Peshawar, with the later being associated to the university as

title: Ajmal Khan

text: bouquet to him when he reached to the university. In light of the services rendered by Islamia College University, Peshawar Vice Chancellor Ajmal Khan in the field of education, President Mamnoon Hussain has awarded him the Sitara-e-Imtiaz. The Peshawar High Court (PHC) issued a notice on Khan on October 29, 2015 after a petitioner challenged his eligibility for the post of Vice Chancellor at Islamia College University Peshawar. Ajmal Khan Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ajmal Khan was the first Vice-Chancellor of Islamia College University, Peshawar from 26 June 2008 to 25 June 2016. He is also a cousin of Awami National

title: Peshawar

text: educational institutes. The most renowned are, Edwardes College founded in 1900 by Herbert Edwardes, is the oldest college in the province and Islamia College Peshawar, which was established in 1913. Islamia College became university and named as Islamia College University in 2008. The following is a list of some of the public and private universities in Peshawar: The following is a list of other significant landmarks in the city that still exist in the 21st century: There are hosts of sporting facilities in Peshawar. The most renowned are Arbab Niaz Stadium, which is the International cricket ground of Peshawar and

title: Islamia College University

text: of knowledge and culture can spread throughout the Middle East and Central Asia.” According to the Board of Trustees, the College, which is spread over 300 acres of land, has 1089 Jaribs cultivable land in Harichand, Rai Killi and Tarnab, (District Charsadda). In addition to this, there are 395 shops and flats in the Khyber Bazaar Peshawar and main bazaar Charsadda. Islamia College University Islamia College, Peshawar () is a Public Sector University located in midst of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Founded by the personal initiatives led by Sir S.A. Qayyum and Sir George Roos-Keppel in 1913, it is one

title: Islamia College University

text: Haji Sahib of Turangzai, the most famous Pukhtun religious leader of the time was requested by Nawab Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum to lay the foundation stone of Islamia College. Haji Sahib agreed to the request, however, he had been declared a proclaimed offender by the British for his anti-British activities and his entry was banned into British controlled territory. He was residing in tribal territory, which was outside British control, so Nawab Sahib prevailed upon Sir George Roos-Keppel and the British to permit Haji Sahib to enter British controlled territory for one day so he could lay the foundation stone of Islamia College. The British agreed to this request with the understanding that Haji Sahib would return to tribal territory once he had laid the foundation stone. Haji Sahib was permitted to enter British controlled territory for the ceremony and spent the night in the 'Pokh' Mosque of Tehkal. At the foundation stone laying ceremony, Sir Roos Keppel and other British officials were present, so Haji Sahib hid his face in his sheet (Chadar) from them and was led by Sheikh Muhammad Ibrahim to the place where he was to lay the foundation stone. After laying the stone Haji Sahib went to Tehkal and then returned to the tribal territory.

title: Islamia College University

text: a constituent college. Initially established as Islamia College, it was granted university status by the Government of Pakistan in 2008; the word college is retained in its title for preserving its historical roots. When the new province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (previously N.W.F.P) was formed in 1901 after its separation from the Punjab, there was only one college (Edwardes College) in whole province. This scarcity of quality educational institutions forced local youth to travel to faraway regions of the country (British India) in pursuit of higher education. This same lack of educational opportunities in the region motivated Nawab Sir Sahibzada Abdul

title: Ziauddin Ahmad

text: Lahore. Ahmad laid the foundation stone for the college and for Islamia College, Peshawar. He recommended students for all kinds of employment, ranging from clerical and administrative to military. Ahmad visited students in their dormitories and mediated sometimes violent student disputes. Habib A. Zuberi, who was also Ahmad's student, writes, "In 1946-47, when I was a student in Xth class at M.U. High School...he lectured us either once or twice a week...He was a fine teacher. His goal was to include Trigonometry in High School curriculum." Ahmad encouraged informal relations between faculty and students. The University emphasized sports and had

title: University of Peshawar

text: Islamia College University ( Peshawar ), PCSIR Laboratories ( Peshawar) etc. Pakistan Study Centre, University of Peshawar was established under the Federal Act No.XXVII of 1976 like similar study centres in the other universities of Pakistan. The centre started functioning in February 1979. The first three years 1976-78 were spent on providing a building to the centre. As envisaged in the act academically it is part and parcel of the University of Peshawar, controlled and supervised by a Board of Governors, with the Vice-Chancellor as its Chairman. However, its funds both developmental and recurring are provided by the Federal Government,

title: Ajmal Khan

text: Ajmal Khan Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ajmal Khan was the first Vice-Chancellor of Islamia College University, Peshawar from 26 June 2008 to 25 June 2016. He is also a cousin of Awami National Party chief Asfandyar Wali Khan. After education Burn Hall Abbottabad and Peshawar University, Ajmal Khan started off his career as a lecturer at Edwardes College, Peshawar. Dr. Khan also remained associated with the University of Peshawar as deputy provost, provost and registrar and was later appointed as the principal of Islamia College University. Khan also served at Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan as a Vice-Chancellor and then returned

title: Islamia College (Lahore)

text: Islamia College (Lahore) Islamia College () is a group of three colleges in Lahore, Punjab, Peshawar affiliated with the University of Punjab. They were nationalised by the Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto regime in 1972. The college is run by the Ministry of Education (Higher Wing), Government of Punjab, Pakistan. Founded in 1892 by the Anjuman-i-Himayat-i-Islam, the oldest of the three colleges was one of the focal points for the Pakistan Movement. The founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, visited this college to address and confer with its students. Graduates and students of this college are referred to as "Habibians" named after

title: University of Peshawar

text: for its research in social, medical, and natural sciences having eight research centers located inside the campus. Spread over an area of as a residential campus, the university is the first public university to be established in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. In its inaugural year, it had an enrollment of 129, of whom one was a female. The university was founded as an expansion of the Islamia College. The founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who had visited the college in 1928 had great admiration for it, referring to it as ‘my college’ and adopted it as one of the three heirs to

title: Mohammed Yahya

text: the Islamia High School in Peshawar city and became its first head master. In the 1946 Elections Yahya contested as a Congress Candidate against Sardar Abdul Rab Nishtar and defeated him with a heavy margin of approx 8,000 votes. He subsequently became The Minister of Education of the North West Frontier Province in Dr. Khan Sahibs 2nd Ministry. During his short stint as Education Minister (Partition of the Sub Continent in 1947 led to the dissolution of the Assembly) he put forward the proposal for Peshawar University to be established. In the 1960s he was the Director for Special Education,

title: Mohammed Yahya

text: Naheed Raheem,Roeeda Kabir and Dr. Shahida Mohammed Yahya Mohammed Yahya (also known as Mohammed Yahya Jan)-(March 20, 1901 – March 4, 1990) was primarily an Educationist, serving as the founder and first head master of the Islamia High School Peshawar, the Education Minister of the N.W.F.P. and director Special Education and Princley States. Mohammed Yahya was born in Peshawar, North-West Frontier Province in 1901. Mohammed Yahya was the third son of the sixth wife of Haji Ghulam Samdani, who belonged to Barra Mulla in Kashmir. After matriculation and a bachelor's degree from Edwardes College Peshawar, Mohammed Yahya went on to

title: Khan Abdul Ali Khan

text: Oxford. He returned to Peshawar where he worked as a lecturer in history in Islamia College Peshawar. He subsequently served as Principal of Government college of Mianwali and Sargodha and was the principal of the elite Aitchison College Lahore from 1962 to 1970 before being appointed secretary education (1970–1972) in the North-West Frontier Province. He was then appointed Vice-Chancellor of Peshawar University and Gomal University. Eventually moving on to serve as Education secretary again before being appointed Principal of the newly established Fazle Haq College Mardan. He was a recipient of the Sitara-e-Imtiaz in 1997. He died in 1997 following

title: Peshawar

text: in celebration of the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria, and in 1906 built the Victoria Hall (now home of the Peshawar Museum) in memory of Queen Victoria. The British introduced Western-style education ito Peshawar with the establishment of Edwardes College and Islamia College in 1901 and 1913, along with several schools run by the Anglican Church. For better administration of the region, Peshawar and the adjoining districts were separated from the Punjab Province in 1901, after which Peshawar became capital of the new province. Peshawar emerged as a centre for both Hindko and Pashtun intellectuals during the British era. Hindko

text: Municipal Inter College For Girls, Peshawar Municipal Inter College For Girls, Peshawar is a secondary school and intermediate college located in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. The college is affiliated with Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Peshawar for both Science and Arts courses of SSC and HSSC. Municipal Inter College For Girls is located at Shahi Bagh in Faqeerabad Peshawar. Arbab Niaz Stadium is located to the south while Peshawar Gymkhana Cricket Ground is located to the west of the college. The college was created and managed by district government Peshawar to provide quality education in English to the children

title: Peshawar Model Degree Colleges (Boys-Girls)

text: and Information Technology, Peshawar Founded in 1979. Initially, a primary school was established by Muhammad Zahoor Sethi (Founder), comprising just one moderate campus with 300 students. But, later it resulted in the establishment of fourteen separate school campuses, four degree college campuses for boys and two degree college campuses for girls, with a combined strength of over 26,000 students. Peshawar Model Degree College Boys It was formed in 1997. It is located on Dalazak Road, Peshawar, capital of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province in Pakistan. It was the first college. Peshawar Model Degree College Girls was formed in 2002. It is also

title: Islamia College University

text: ... All my residuary estate including the corpus that may fall after the lapse of life interest or otherwise to be divided into three parts - and I bequeath one part to Aligarh University - one part to Islamia College Peshawar and one part to Sindh Madrassa of Karachi ... Quaid-e-Azam's Will, Bombay, May 30, 1939 Addressing the students of the college on April 12, 1948, he said: “Let me tell you that nothing is nearer to my heart than to have a great center of culture and learning in a place like Peshawar, a place from where the rays

text: of the employees of the Municipal Corporation, Peshawar and general public at affordable price. Municipal Inter College For Girls, Peshawar Municipal Inter College For Girls, Peshawar is a secondary school and intermediate college located in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. The college is affiliated with Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Peshawar for both Science and Arts courses of SSC and HSSC. Municipal Inter College For Girls is located at Shahi Bagh in Faqeerabad Peshawar. Arbab Niaz Stadium is located to the south while Peshawar Gymkhana Cricket Ground is located to the west of the college. The college was created and

title: Fazlehaq College

text: grade. Male teachers make up a majority of the teaching staff. Students reside in the Sir Sahibzada House, named after Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum first Chief Minister of the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, and founder of the historic Islamia College and the University of Peshawar. The Senior School has two streams of study: Metric and GCE. Matric, equivalent to 9th and 10th grade, leads to the Matriculation Examination of the Pakistani scheme of studies. GCE, denoted as F-4 and F-5 (also equivalent to 9th and 10th grade) lead to the General Certificate of Education (GCE) Ordinary Level Examination. The college offers intermediate classes

title: Government Superior Science College Peshawar

text: to its current campus in 1972 besides famous and historice Wazir Bagh. The college is well connected through the roads with the surrounding areas and other parts of Peshawar city. The college has produced a long list of prominent figures in different fields of life,that serving humanity around the globe. Being one of the prominent institution established after independence, the college attracts the highest number of students each year, and very few of applied students are able to get admission. The vision of college is to broaden the horizons of knowledge and enable students to reach the zenith of intellectual

title: Ajmal Khan

text: as the first Vice-Chancellor of Islamia College University-when Islamia College became a university in 2008. Khan was kidnapped from Professors Colony on Peshawar’s University Road along with his ramesh vidhani driver Mohibullah in September 2010 by Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) while going to university. TTP demanded the release of four Taliban prisoners in the bargain of Dr. Khan release but government had earlier refused the offer, and then threatened to kill the professor if the government failed to accept their demands and an earlier deadline had been extended by militants after appeals by his family and religious scholars hailing from Khan’s

title: Mohammed Yahya

text: Mohammed Yahya Mohammed Yahya (also known as Mohammed Yahya Jan)-(March 20, 1901 – March 4, 1990) was primarily an Educationist, serving as the founder and first head master of the Islamia High School Peshawar, the Education Minister of the N.W.F.P. and director Special Education and Princley States. Mohammed Yahya was born in Peshawar, North-West Frontier Province in 1901. Mohammed Yahya was the third son of the sixth wife of Haji Ghulam Samdani, who belonged to Barra Mulla in Kashmir. After matriculation and a bachelor's degree from Edwardes College Peshawar, Mohammed Yahya went on to Aligarh University, where he completed his

title: University of Peshawar

text: and the University of Peshawar gave its choice for Central Asia. An Area Study thereafter was established in each University of Pakistan under ACT XVL 1975 of Parliament. The Government of Pakistan, through the University Grants Commission and the Ministry of Education, released funds for the establishment of the centre at the University of Peshawar. A sum of Rs. 28, 15,000/- was remitted to the University of Peshawar out of which it established a double storied building on the Campus of the University, housing both the Area Study Centre and Pakistan Study Centre. The Building is situated on road No.

title: Peshawar District

text: School) institutes both in public and private sectors. The most renowned are Islamia College Peshawar, which was established in 1913 and was upgraded to become university in 2008 and Edwardes College Peshawar, which is the oldest of all institutions in the district started functioning in 1900. According to Pakistan District Education Rankings 2017 published by Alif Ailaan, Peshawar ranks 4 in Pakistan in terms of primary school infrastructure while it ranks 52 in Pakistan for middle school infrastructure. In terms of education score, Peshawar ranks 64 in Pakistan with having a relatively low retention score. Beyond Primary Readiness in Peshawar

text: Sept 2018. The foundation stone for Government Degree College Achyni Payan Peshawar was laid in 2012–13. It is situated in Achini Payan on Peshawar Ring road near Landi Akhun Ahmad. The campus of the college is spread over 23 Kanals of land and the current college building is constructed in 2015. The campus currently has a double story building containing academic block, administration block, examination hall, modern laboratories, library and cafeteria. The college currently has the following departments and faculties. Government Degree College Achyni Payan Peshawar Govt Degree College Achini Payan Peshawar is a public sector college situated on Ring

title: Islamia College (Lahore)

text: Jafri, who served for four years. At the same time, the college was shifted from Australia Building, Railway Road. Mr Jafri held master's degrees in six subjects from Allahabad University in India. He was also the founder member of Anjuman-i-Himayat-i-Islam. Islamia College (Lahore) Islamia College () is a group of three colleges in Lahore, Punjab, Peshawar affiliated with the University of Punjab. They were nationalised by the Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto regime in 1972. The college is run by the Ministry of Education (Higher Wing), Government of Punjab, Pakistan. Founded in 1892 by the Anjuman-i-Himayat-i-Islam, the oldest of the three colleges

title: Peshawar

text: Medical College were established in 2007. At the start of the 21st century, a host of new private sector universities started working in Peshawar. Qurtuba University, Sarhad University of Science and IT, Fast University, Peshawar Campus and City University of Science and IT were established in 2001 while Gandhara University was inaugurated in 2002 and Abasyn University in 2007. Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, the first women university of Peshawar, started working in 2009 while private sector IQRA National University was established in 2012. Apart from good range of universities, Peshawar has host of high quality further education (Post School)

title: Islamia College (Lahore)

text: the name of the college's oldest and central building. The Islamia College on Cooper Road, Lahore, Pakistan is an all-women college and was also established by Anjuman-i-Himayat-i-Islam in 1939. The 'Islamia College, Civil Lines' in Lahore in Pakistan was founded in 1947 on the premises of the famous DAV (Dayanand Anglo Vedic) College which then shifted to Ambala, Haryana, India after partition. Graduates and students of this college are referred to as "Faranians". It is near where the freedom fighter Bhagat Singh killed the British SSP J.P. Saunders. The first principal of 'Islamia College, Railway Road' was Syed Mohammed Ali

title: Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum

text: Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum Khan Bahadur Sahibzada Sir Abdul Qayyum Khan KCIE (12 December 1863 – 4 December 1937), hailing from Topi, Swabi District, British India (modern day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan) was a distinguished educationist and politician. He is best known for establishing the Islamia College, Peshawar on the mould of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan's policy of educating Muslims. Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum started his career as a government servant but he eventually turned into a great educationist and respected politician. Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum was born into a well-known religious family of Topi. His paternal family traces its lineage back to the

title: Islamia College University

short_answers:
Haji Sahib
Haji Sahib of Turangzai


question: who wrote the song city of new orleans

answers: Steve Goodman

title: City of New Orleans (song)

text: Country Singles chart in the United States and the "RPM" Country Tracks chart in Canada. Joe Dassin recorded a French cover, titled "Salut les amoureux" ("Hello, lovers"). The progressive bluegrass band The Seldom Scene recorded a version for their album Act I in 1972. Dutch singer Gerard Cox produced a version called " 't Is weer voorbij die mooie zomer " (The nice summer is over again) in 1973. John Denver recorded a version on his album "All Aboard!" Jimmy Buffett record two versions for his live album Live At Wrigley Field. In a Shining Time Station Season 2 episode,

title: Steve Goodman

text: for as long as it took Guthrie to drink the beer. Goodman played "City of New Orleans", which Guthrie liked enough that he asked to record it. Guthrie's version of Goodman's song became a Top-20 hit in 1972 and provided Goodman with enough financial and artistic success to make his music a full-time career. The song, about the Illinois Central's "City of New Orleans" train, would become an American standard, covered by such musicians as Johnny Cash, Judy Collins, Chet Atkins, Lynn Anderson, and Willie Nelson, whose recorded version earned Goodman a posthumous Grammy Award for Best Country Song in

title: New Orleans (Hoagy Carmichael song)

text: New Orleans (Hoagy Carmichael song) "New Orleans" is a 1932 popular song written by Hoagy Carmichael. The song is now considered a jazz standard, along with several other Carmichael compositions such as "Stardust", "Georgia on My Mind" and "Lazy River". The song was recorded by Bennie Moten's Kansas City Orchestra and the Casa Loma Orchestra as an up-tempo number, but failed to achieve success until Carmichael released a slower version of the song with Scottish vocalist Ella Logan. It was based on the chord progression from the bridge of two earlier standards: "You Took Advantage of Me" and "Wrap Your

title: New Orleans (Hoagy Carmichael song)

text: Blues Brothers keyboardist on "Saturday Night Live"). New Orleans (Hoagy Carmichael song) "New Orleans" is a 1932 popular song written by Hoagy Carmichael. The song is now considered a jazz standard, along with several other Carmichael compositions such as "Stardust", "Georgia on My Mind" and "Lazy River". The song was recorded by Bennie Moten's Kansas City Orchestra and the Casa Loma Orchestra as an up-tempo number, but failed to achieve success until Carmichael released a slower version of the song with Scottish vocalist Ella Logan. It was based on the chord progression from the bridge of two earlier standards: "You

title: City of New Orleans (song)

text: "City of New Orleans" is a folk song written by Steve Goodman (and first recorded for Goodman's self-titled 1971 album), describing a train ride from Chicago to New Orleans on the Illinois Central Railroad's City of New Orleans in bittersweet and nostalgic terms.

title: New Orleans (Hoagy Carmichael song)

text: Troubles in Dreams". A classic recording is by Ella Logan and Carmichael. Another is by Dorothy Loudon in her album entitled "Saloon." Al Hirt released a version on his 1963 album, "Our Man in New Orleans". Canadian rock band Stampeders included a cover of the song on their 1975 album "Steamin", and Teddi King also covered it on her 2008 album "'Round Midnight". The song was re-done in the 1998 film "Blues Brothers 2000" with the fictitious supergroup The Louisiana Gator Boys and The Blues Brothers (including original keyboardist Paul Shaffer, who guest-starred in the film and was the original

title: City Beneath the Sea (song)

text: into a more substantial piece of work". Addressing it as a "very, very simple piece of music". Music and lyrics by Connick Jr, a tribute to his hometown. "New Orleans is like a saucer, some twenty feet below sea level," he says about the title of the song, in a 1996 interview. "Even a little rain will put the city under water." He sings, "Please... somebody won't you take me To the city beneath the sea". The song mentions "Pork Chop" who "dances all night long", he was a tap-dancer from New Orleans, who used to dance in a few

title: Music of Louisiana

text: figures in the genre include Professor Longhair and Guitar Slim, who both produced major regional, R&B and national hits. Louis Prima demonstrated the versatility of the New Orleans tradition, taking a style rooted in traditional New Orleans jazz into swinging hot music popular into the rock and roll era. He is buried in New Orleans. The city also has a rich tradition of gospel music and spirituals; Mahalia Jackson was the most famous of New Orleans' gospel singers. She is buried in Metairie. In the 1950s, New Orleans again influenced the national music scene as a center in the development

title: Soul music

text: songwriter, arranger, and producer Allen Toussaint. He worked with such artists as Irma Thomas ("the Soul Queen of New Orleans"), Jessie Hill, Chris Kenner, Benny Spellman, and Ernie K. Doe on the Minit/Instant label complex to produce a distinctive New Orleans soul sound that generated a passel of national hits. Other notable New Orleans hits came from Robert Parker, Betty Harris, and Aaron Neville. While record labels in New Orleans largely disappeared by the mid-1960s, producers in the city continued to record New Orleans soul artists for other mainly New York City- and Los Angeles-based record labels—notably Lee Dorsey for

title: City Beneath the Sea (song)

text: jazz clubs on Bourbon Street. There is also mentioning of "The Meters and the Mardi Gras". There is also the words "they betcha where you got your shoes", in New Orleans if anyone bet you they know where you got your shoes, and you take the bet, they'll tell you "You got them on your feet!" City Beneath the Sea (song) "City Beneath the Sea" is a song by Harry Connick Jr, which first appears on the 1996 album "Star Turtle" and is included in the 2005 multi-artist benefit album . The song depicts unique scenes from New Orleans, and

title: Rockin' Sidney

text: Floyd, manager of R&B singer (and uncle to) King Floyd, it became a huge New Orleans hit. Floyd first heard the crowd's reaction to the song at a bill headlined by Solomon Burke. Cleon was also the president of the Orleans Street Jocks Association and took 20 copies of the record back to the city; he quickly had to order more. By Mardi Gras, it was a jukebox and record hop smash. Huey Meaux got the original leased to Epic Records (a division of Columbia Records), who released it nationally, and for a brief moment Rockin' Sidney made musical history.

title: The Battle of New Orleans

text: The Battle of New Orleans "The Battle of New Orleans" is a song written by Jimmy Driftwood. The song describes the War of 1812 Battle of New Orleans from the perspective of an American soldier; the song tells the tale of the battle with a light tone and provides a rather comical version of what actually happened at the battle. It has been recorded by many artists, but the singer most often associated with this song is Johnny Horton. His version scored number 1 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in 1959 (see 1959 in music). "Billboard" ranked it as the

title: 7th Ward of New Orleans

text: Martin; actor Anthony Mackie, rappers/rapper/producer Mannie Fresh, rapper Mia X, Rappers Suicideboys, author/commentator Melissa Harris-Perry, civil rights leader A. P. Tureaud, playwright Tyler Perry, authors Brenda Marie Osbey, Mona Lisa Saloy, Fatima Shaik, Gospel-R&B composer, singer, performers Connie & Dwight Fitch, singer-songwriter Frank Ocean and fellow schoolmate R&B singer Luke James, Tyrann Mathieu football player for the LSU Tigers and Houston Texans, Leonard Fournette football player for the LSU Tigers and Jacksonville Jaguars, boxer Joseph Dorsey Jr., mayors Ernest Morial, Sidney Barthelemy, and C. Ray Nagin. 7th Ward of New Orleans The 7th Ward is a section of New Orleans,

title: Music of New Orleans

text: Some seminal New Orleans artists from No Limit included Mystikal, Master P, Soulja Slim, C-Murder, and Silkk the Shocker. Cash Money likewise signed and released albums by several New Orleans artists including BG, Juvenile, Turk, Big Tymers, and Lil' Wayne. The city is also the birthplace of bounce music which is gaining popularity. Former Cash Money in-house producer Mannie Fresh is often credited for much of the popularity for Bounce outside of New Orleans. Drake, also signed to Cash Money recently collaborated with New Orleans Bounce producer Blaqnmild on his international hits "Nice For What" and "In My Feelings". Jay

title: Louisiana 1927

text: whole orchestra. The song became identified with Hurricane Katrina in the public consciousness after being sung by Aaron Neville at NBC's "A Concert for Hurricane Relief", being sung by Newman at the multi-network television fundraiser "," and a fully orchestrated version of the song performed by Newman during "Saturday Night Live's" "Mardi Gras Special". A new recording of the orchestrated version is included on the Katrina charity album, "Our New Orleans," on Nonesuch Records. In 2007, the song was covered by Ray Stevens on his tribute album to New Orleans and Louisiana culture, "New Orleans Moon". New Orleans-based singer/pianist Marcia

title: Go to the Mardi Gras

text: Go to the Mardi Gras "Go to the Mardi Gras" or "Mardi Gras in New Orleans" is a New Orleans Mardi Gras-themed R&B song that was performed by Professor Longhair (real name Henry Roland Byrd) and recorded several times since 1949. He co-wrote the song with Theresa Terry. The song was covered by Fats Domino and released as a single in 1953. It is now considered an iconic festive song of the New Orleans Carnival season. Henry Roeland Byrd, Better known as Professor Longhair (or nickname "Fess"), was born in Bogalusa and moved to New Orleans with his family as

title: The Witch Queen of New Orleans

text: The Witch Queen of New Orleans "The Witch Queen of New Orleans" is a 1971 song by Redbone. The single was released from Redbone's third album "Message from a Drum", which is also titled "The Witch Queen of New Orleans" in its European release. The song peaked at No. 2 in the United Kingdom and No. 21 in the United States. "The Witch Queen of New Orleans" is about a 19th-century practitioner of voodoo from New Orleans named Marie Laveau, referred to in the song lyrics as "Marie la Voodoo veau". The song was written by the two Native American

title: Way Down Yonder in New Orleans

text: Way Down Yonder in New Orleans "Way Down Yonder in New Orleans" is a popular song with music by John Turner Layton, Jr. and lyrics by Henry Creamer. First published in 1922, it was advertised by Creamer and Layton as "A Southern Song, without A Mammy, A Mule, Or A Moon", a dig at some of the Tin Pan Alley clichés of the era. It was performed at The Winter Garden Theater in New York in Act 2 of the Broadway musical production "Spice of 1922". The original 1922 sheet music featured a drawing of a girl on a spice

title: Music of New Orleans

text: a hardcore punk side project along with Mike Williams of Eyehategod and Hank Williams III named Arson Anthem. Brian Patton is a member of Eyehategod and Soilent Green. L. Ben Falgoust II is the singer of Goatwhore and Soilent Green. Music of New Orleans The music of New Orleans assumes various styles of music which have often borrowed from earlier traditions. New Orleans, Louisiana, is especially known for its strong association with jazz music, universally considered to be the birthplace of the genre. The earliest form was dixieland, which has sometimes been called traditional jazz, 'New Orleans', and 'New Orleans

title: New Orleans rhythm and blues

text: was known for using triplet piano figures in many of his songs. The "New Orleans" sound is heard in his cover of Smiley Lewis's "Blue Monday," with his combination of parade rhythms and barrelhouse blues. Fats Domino was described by Dave Bartholomew as the "cornerstone" of Rock 'n' Roll. Cosimo Matassa was the leading record producer in New Orleans between 1940 and 1960. He created the "cosimo sound" with guitar, baritone saxophone, and tenor saxophone doubling the bass line. He also owned J&M Studio and Jazz City studio, where he recorded nearly all R&B hits in New Orleans between 1940-1960.

title: Paul Sanchez

text: the levee of the Mississippi River, and grew up in New Orleans' blue-collar Irish Channel neighborhood, historic home to stevedores and river pilots. Never one to be categorized or stay in the lines he has a career as varied as New Orleans itself. Sanchez is a songwriter, musician, singer, producer, writer and actor. In January 2010 Off Beat Magazine gave Paul three Best Of The Beat Awards. Songwriter of The Year, Best Song Of The Year, Best Folk/Rock Album for Stew Called New Orleans, his duet record with friend and collaborator John Boutte. In April of that same year Gambit

title: City Beneath the Sea (song)

text: City Beneath the Sea (song) "City Beneath the Sea" is a song by Harry Connick Jr, which first appears on the 1996 album "Star Turtle" and is included in the 2005 multi-artist benefit album . The song depicts unique scenes from New Orleans, and features a brief piano solo. Connick wrote the song about New Orleans when he was at his mother-in-law's (Glenna Goodacre) house in Santa Fe, New Mexico. He says, in a 1996 interview, the song was written on a deadline to complete the album. "I wish I had spent more time on it, to make it musically

title: Orleans (band)

text: by Wells' brother, Sherman Kelly, and first recorded by Boffalongo, a group Wells joined in 1970 after leaving King Harvest. Hall and his wife, Johanna, had just gained notoriety when their song "Half Moon" had appeared on their friend Janis Joplin's posthumous album "Pearl". Hall, who had recorded and toured with Taj Mahal and Seals and Crofts, at the request of producer/pianist John Simon, had decided to relocate to Woodstock, New York to be close to Bearsville Studios and the musical scene there. Larry Hoppen, who grew up in Bay Shore, New York but relocated to Ithaca, New York to

title: Mel Stitzel

text: in Chicago at Friar's Inn, but changed their name to the New Orleans Rhythm Kings after their lengthy residency ended. All of the members of the New Orleans Rhythm Kings at the time of their recording session of March 1923 - Mares, Roppolo, Brunies, Stitzel, and drummer Ben Pollack - are credited as co-writers of one of the band's best-known songs: "Tin Roof Blues," which was used as the basis for "Make Love to Me," a million-seller for Jo Stafford in 1954. The band also recorded with pianist Jelly Roll Morton in one of the first multi-racial recordings in jazz.

title: Big Chief

text: New Orleans area, especially during Mardi Gras.) King wrote the song while attending school, and recalled the tune during a recording session with Longhair arranged by Wardell Quezergue. Longhair originally wanted to record the song with a small ensemble, but Quezergue, King, and Smokey Johnson (who also played on the session) convinced him to include an eleven- or fifteen-piece horn ensemble on the 1964 recording. The song refers to Mardi Gras Indian groups; an important part of the African American Mardi Gras tradition. The "Indian Nation" of Mardi Gras Indian "gangs" in New Orleans includes the Wild Magnolias, the Golden

title: Help Is on the Way

text: city of New Orleans. Singer Tim McIlrath maintains clean vocals throughout the majority of the song, but temporarily switches to screaming vocals during the bridge. McIlrath wrote the lyrics, which were inspired by a trip he took to New Orleans. While he had initially gone to discuss with local musicians how to merge politics with music, he was able to visit several areas affected by Hurricane Katrina and the subsequent flood, such as the Lower Ninth Ward. As McIlrath felt that news outlets were quick to discuss less important stories following the disaster, he compiled his thoughts and wrote the

title: Tipitina

text: his "signature song". The melody is derived from Champion Jack Dupree's "Junker's Blues". "Rolling Stone" described the song as a "rhumba-style track" that has become a quintessential New Orleans standard. According to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, which inducted Longhair in 1992, "The hum-along nonsense syllables and stutter stepping left-hand rhythm of 'Tiptina' is both a symbol and staple of New Orleans music." Allen Toussaint described learning the song as a "rite of passage". The subject of the song is unknown. Among the speculated subjects are a place and a person. Hugh Laurie recorded a cover of the

title: Patsy Vidalia

text: Orleans clubs. He gave himself the name Vidalia for the type of onion, which according to Cosimo Matassa was also used as a slang term for a man who used prostitutes, and worked with others as one of the Valdalia Sisters. In 1947 he started working at the Dew Drop Inn, the center of the city's black musical scene, at the request of its owner Frank Painia. There, he became the club's resident MC, singer and bartender, and hosted the annual Halloween Gay Ball. He was known as "the Toast of New Orleans". His theme song was "Hip Shakin' Mama",

title: The Battle of New Orleans

text: battleground to a campground, with the combat being changed to the Boy Scouts chasing after the Girl Scouts. The Battle of New Orleans "The Battle of New Orleans" is a song written by Jimmy Driftwood. The song describes the War of 1812 Battle of New Orleans from the perspective of an American soldier; the song tells the tale of the battle with a light tone and provides a rather comical version of what actually happened at the battle. It has been recorded by many artists, but the singer most often associated with this song is Johnny Horton. His version scored

title: Frankie Laine

text: of solo recordings and duets by the two stars, and of new and previously released material, including Stafford's hits single, "Make Love to Me", "Shrimp Boats", and "Jambalaya." Laine and Stafford duetted on "Way Down Yonder in New Orleans", "Floatin' Down to Cotton Town", and "Basin Street Blues"; and Laine soloed on "New Orleans" (not to be confused with "New Orleans" a.k.a. "The House of the Rising Sun" which Laine later recorded), "Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans?", and "When It's Sleepy Time Down South", along with a pair of cuts taken from his "Mr. Rhythm"

title: City of New Orleans (song)


question: who became king of erebor after thorin dies

answers: Dáin

answers: his cousin Dáin

title: Thorin Oakenshield

text: for the Dwarven characters, set shortly before The Quest for Erebor. In the game the stronghold in the Ered Luin of the refugees from Erebor bears the name "Thorin's Hall" in his honour. In the Extended Edition of "" (2001) Gandalf briefly mentions Thorin as the one who gave the "mithril" shirt to Bilbo as a gift. In the three-film adaptation of "The Hobbit" (2012–2014), Thorin is portrayed by Richard Armitage. The film adaptation adds to Thorin's quest a personal vendetta against the orc Azog, who murdered Thorin's grandfather, Thrór. Thorin and Azog face each other once again following the

title: Thorin Oakenshield

text: presence would be a small price to pay for Gandalf's help. Tolkien adopted Thorin's name from the Old Norse poem "Völuspá", part of the "Poetic Edda". The name "Thorin" ("Þorinn") appears in stanza 12, where it is used for a dwarf, and the name "Oakenshield" ("Eikinskjaldi") in stanza 13. The names also appear in Snorri Sturluson's "Prose Edda". The Norse "Þorinn" means "darer" or "bold one", which is apt for the dwarf who initiated the quest of Erebor. As he was by right of birth the king of Erebor following the death of his father Thráin, he was King under

title: Middle-earth dwarf characters

text: and the greater part of his folk left Erebor, the Kingdom under the Mountain, and founded a new realm in the Ered Mithrin (Grey Mountains). There he saw the birth of his grandson. After leaving Erebor he had remained King of Durin's folk; upon his death his son, Glóin, succeeded to this kingship and the realm of Ered Mithrin. Glóin ( – 2385) was a King of Durin's folk. He was born in Erebor the son of Thorin I. In 2190 his father became King. Shortly thereafter they moved to the Ered Mithrin (Grey Mountains), where he remained the rest

title: Middle-earth dwarf characters

text: brothers. Óin ( – 2994), elder son of Gróin, was one of the twelve companions of Thorin and Bilbo on the Quest of Erebor. He and his younger brother Glóin were both born during the wanderings of their people, which followed the sack of Erebor. In 2802 they and their family settled in the Ered Luin (Blue Mountains). Nearly forty years later the two brothers joined the Quest of Erebor; they were counted on to start the campfires, though the brothers bickered over the task. Óin wears a brown hood. As the result of the Quest, he received a share

title: Thorin Oakenshield

text: When Thorin died, he was buried with the Arkenstone, and Orcrist was returned and laid upon his tomb. The blade would glow blue should Orcs approach, and they could thus not take the Mountain by surprise. Thorin was succeeded as leader of Durin's Folk by his cousin Dáin.

title: Balin (Middle-earth)

text: Erebor, Balin fears that Thorin might succumb to the same dragon-sickness as his grandfather, and he is seen weeping openly when his fears come true. When Bilbo departs after the Battle of the Five Armies, Balin personally bids him farewell. Balin (Middle-earth) Balin is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. He is an important supporting character in "The Hobbit", and is mentioned in "The Fellowship of the Ring". Balin is the only dwarf of Thorin's company whose name does not come directly from the Old Norse poem "Völuspá", part of the "Poetic Edda". The name does appear

title: Middle-earth dwarf characters

text: Thorin and Bilbo on the Quest of Erebor. Like other members of the company, his name comes directly from the Old Norse poem "Völuspá", part of the "Poetic Edda"; see also wikt:Bífurr. The forefathers of Bifur and his cousins Bofur and Bombur, who unlike the rest of Thorin's company are not of the royal line of Durin, come from Moria. Bifur was fond of raspberry jam and apple-tart at the unexpected party in Bag End, where he wore a yellow hood and played the clarinet. He gave the trolls quite a fight before getting sacked and helped trying to rescue

title: Middle-earth dwarf characters

text: of his life. In 2289 he succeeded his father as the King. He expanded the mines of the Ered Mithrin, and further abandoned Erebor. His son Óin was born in the Grey Mountains, and his grandson was born there during his reign. On his death he was succeeded by Óin. Óin ( – 2488), son of Glóin, was a King of Durin's folk. He succeeded his father as King in 2385. He spent his whole life in the Ered Mithrin (Grey Mountains): there he was born, ruled and died; there his son (Náin II) was born, and he lived to

title: Balin (Middle-earth)

text: battle, as king Thror is dead and Thráin missing, Balin accepts Thorin as the new king, and acts throughout the films as his most trusted advisor. Balin is initially skeptical of Bilbo's competence as a burglar. He attempts to talk Thorin out of pursuing the Quest of Erebor, but follows him without question when Thorin makes his decision clear. Balin signs Bilbo's contract as a witness and later tells him the story of Azog and how Thorin acquired the epithet "Oakenshield", and later explains to Bilbo the significance of the Arkenstone. When the company arrive at the hidden door of

title: Thorin Oakenshield

text: Thorin Oakenshield Thorin II Oakenshield, son of Thráin, son of Thrór, King under the Mountain is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's 1937 novel "The Hobbit". Thorin is the leader of the Company of Dwarves who aim to reclaim the Lonely Mountain from Smaug the dragon. He is the son of Thráin II, grandson of Thrór, and becomes King of Durin's Folk during their exile from Erebor. Thorin's background is further elaborated in Appendix A of Tolkien's 1955 novel "The Return of the King". Thorin is described as haughty, stern, and officious. He sings and plays the harp,

title: Middle-earth dwarf characters

text: of the fabulous hoard of Erebor. He lived in Erebor for forty-seven years, until he joined Balin's expedition to Moria. There, as recorded in the Book of Mazarbul, he was killed by the Watcher in the Water while trying to escape via Moria's Western Door. In Peter Jackson's movie "", Óin is played by John Callen. He wields a staff and uses an ear trumpet. In addition to his skill at lighting fires, Óin is the group's healer. Ori was one of the twelve companions of Thorin and Bilbo on the Quest of Erebor. He was of Durin's House, a

title: Thorin Oakenshield

text: dwarves' escape from Goblin-Town, and Thorin sets out to kill Azog once and for all during the Battle of the Five Armies. After a prolonged fight, Thorin and Azog mortally wound each other, and Thorin dies in Bilbo's arms. Durin's Folk Thorin Oakenshield Thorin II Oakenshield, son of Thráin, son of Thrór, King under the Mountain is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's 1937 novel "The Hobbit". Thorin is the leader of the Company of Dwarves who aim to reclaim the Lonely Mountain from Smaug the dragon. He is the son of Thráin II, grandson of Thrór, and

title: Middle-earth dwarf characters

text: scalp tattoos and black beard, Dwalin is one of Thorin's fiercest warriors. In flashback, he is seen during the War of the Dwarves and Orcs fighting against Azog's Orcs at Moria, and after rallying their kin against the Orcs at the end of the third film, he is one of only three dwarves, along with Kili and Fili, who join Thorin to pursue Azog. He wields a war hammer and a pair of hand axes, which are named Grasper and Keeper. Fíli ( – 2941) was one of the twelve companions of Thorin and Bilbo on the Quest of Erebor.

title: Middle-earth dwarf characters

text: Thorin's grandfather was the last King under the Mountain. This discrepancy was noticed by readers, so in the second (1951) edition of "The Hobbit", Tolkien added a prefatory note, explaining that the Thrain referred to on the map was not Thorin's father or grandfather, but a distant ancestor, Thrain I. Thorin I ( – 2289) was a King of Durin's folk, and a King under the Mountain. He was born in Erebor, the son of King Thráin I; there also his son Glóin was born; and there too he succeeded his father, in T.A. 2190. However in T.A. 2210 Thorin

title: Middle-earth dwarf characters

text: rising threat of Angmar. By the next year TA 3019 Dori has made his way back to Erebor, where he participates in the siege during the final days of the War of the Ring. Dwalin ( – Fourth Age 91/92) was one of the twelve companions of Thorin and Bilbo on the Quest of Erebor. He and his older brother, Balin, were the sons of Fundin, and thus of the royal line of Durin. Dwalin was born during the wanderings of his people, following the sack of Erebor. His father was killed in the Battle of Azanulbizar, and three years

title: Middle-earth dwarf characters

text: siblings were born in Erebor while their grandfather Thrór was King under the Mountain. They escaped the sack of Erebor and went into wandering. Eventually she and her surviving family settled in the Ered Luin (Blue Mountains), where she was the mother of Fíli and Kíli. In 2941 both her sons joined her brother Thorin Oakenshield on the quest to regain Erebor. Dís was the only dwarf-woman ever named in the annals, in respect of the valiant deaths of her sons. Farin ( − 2803) was the son of Borin. He was born in the Ered Mithrin (Grey Mountains), during

title: Middle-earth dwarf characters

text: the Reunited Kingdom of King Elessar. During his rule, Gimli led a number of Dwarves south to Aglarond, where a new lordship was established, most likely a colony of Durin's Folk under the vassalage of the King of Erebor. Thorin III had a descendant, Durin VII the Last, who was held to be the final reincarnation of Durin the Deathless. Gimli ( − Fourth Age 100), the son of Glóin, of the royal line of Durin. He was chosen by Elrond to be one of the nine members of the Fellowship of the Ring. He remained with Aragorn and Legolas

title: Middle-earth dwarf characters

text: following 13 dwarves; their quest in "The Hobbit" is the main impetus of the plot of that story. Their quest, which occurred in , was joined by Bilbo Baggins (a hobbit) and occasionally by the wizard Gandalf. Thorin II Oakenshield ( – 2941) was the King of Durin's Folk who led the expedition to destroy Smaug in T.A. 2941 and was slain in the Battle of Five Armies. In Peter Jackson's "The Hobbit" film trilogy, Thorin is portrayed by Richard Armitage. Balin ( – 2994) was one of the twelve companions of Thorin and Bilbo Baggins on the Quest of

title: Thranduil

text: in the battle against the Orcs, before deciding to withdraw his forces when the defense of Dale results in many Elven casualties. This leads to a confrontation between him and Tauriel before she and Legolas go to aid Thorin at Ravenhill. The event causes a rift between Thranduil and his son, and in the aftermath of the battle Thranduil advises Legolas to seek out the Ranger known as Strider among the Dunedain. Thranduil also accepts Tauriel's love for Kili when he finds her mourning over the dwarf's death. Thranduil Thranduil is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth

title: Erendis

text: Erendis Erendis (771–985) is the fictional wife of King Tar-Aldarion of Númenor in J. R. R. Tolkien's "Unfinished Tales" and, as such, the Queen Consort of Númenor. Erendis was beautiful, fell in love with Aldarion as a young maiden, and was approved by his parents as a suitable consort. Erendis married the seafarer Aldarion in 870. Some time before he had presented to her a white gem which she then used to wear in a fillet of silver. Because of this jewel she was later also called "Tar-Elestirnë" in Quenya, meaning "Lady of the Star-brow". When married, they disagreed about

title: The Quest of Erebor

text: fantasy tale, the level of suspension of disbelief is already somewhat high and such matters do not require much explanation. "The Lord of the Rings", on the other hand, has a more serious tone, and so the additional information provided in "The Quest of Erebor" helps to explain the otherwise questionable motives of the characters in "The Hobbit". "The Hobbit"'s 2013 film adaptation, "", opens with the meeting between Gandalf and Thorin at The Prancing Pony. Elements of Gandalf's motivations and previous discussions with Thorin also find their way into "" as dialogue, particularly in the meeting held in Bilbo's

title: Middle-earth dwarf characters

text: Fundin among them. He was thus revered in memory as a Burned Dwarf. Years later his sons Balin and Dwalin joined Thorin Oakenshield on the quest to regain Erebor. Gróin ( − 2923) was a Dwarf of the royal line of Durin. He and his elder brother Fundin were the sons of Farin, and were born in Erebor during the reign of King Thrór, their father's cousin. In 2770 Gróin and his family escaped the sack of Erebor and wandered Middle-earth. During that time his sons Óin and Glóin were born. From 2793 to 2799 he participated in the War

title: Middle-earth wars and battles

text: Men to return to Dale to try to defend the women, children, and wounded now trapped in the city, leading to heavy street fighting. The Dwarf army under Dain is pushed back to the gates of Erebor, but then Thorin & Company burst through the gate and join the battle, rallying the Dwarves into a counter-charge that successfully stops the momentum of the Orc assault. Thorin then climbs Ravenhill to take out Azog, and in a protracted duel Thorin finally kills Azog while taking a mortal wound himself. His nephews, Fili and Kili, have also been killed, by Azog and

title: Middle-earth dwarf characters

text: − 2799) was the second of the three children of Thráin II: he had an older brother, Thorin Oakenshield, and a younger sister, Dís. All three were born in Erebor while their grandfather Thrór was King under the Mountain. When Erebor was sacked they survived, and went with their people into wandering. However Frerin perished when he was still young by Dwarf standards: he joined in the Battle of Azanulbizar, the climactic battle of the War of the Dwarves and Orcs, and was killed beneath the East-gate of Moria. Frerin was revered in memory as a Burned Dwarf. Frór (

title: Middle-earth dwarf characters

text: Erebor. He wore a scarlet hood. He and his younger brother, Dwalin, were the sons of Fundin, and thus of the royal line of Durin. In the course of the Quest, Balin was the Dwarf who developed the closest friendship with Bilbo. Many years after the death of Smaug, Balin led an expedition to recolonize Khazad-dûm. Although the colony began well, Balin was slain after only a few years, shot by Orcs as he looked into Kheled-zâram. Twenty-four years later his tomb and the Book of Mazarbul that told of his expedition and death were discovered by the Fellowship of

title: Balin (Middle-earth)

text: house at the beginning of "The Hobbit", preceded by his brother Dwalin, Balin is part of the company assembled by Thorin to kill the dragon Smaug and to retake the mountain kingdom of Erebor. Like his brother Dwalin, he plays a viol. Other than Thorin, he is the only one explicitly said to have been at the Mountain prior to the coming of the dragon. According to Appendix A in "The Return of the King" he was 7 years old while Thorin was 24 on that day. Among the company of dwarves, Balin is the second-eldest after Thorin. Tolkien describes

title: The Quest of Erebor

text: such as openly confronting Smaug. Thorin objected to Bilbo's inclusion in the quest, and Gandalf had a difficult time convincing him. Thorin believed that Bilbo was incapable of helping their adventure and that Gandalf might be simply meddling in his affairs for his own reasons. After much debate, Gandalf managed to convince Thorin, aided by slight misunderstandings on Thorin's part which Gandalf was able to exploit, that Bilbo would be a worthy member. Additionally, Gandalf's show of loyalty to his friendship with the Hobbit appealed to Thorin's sensibilities (as Dwarves respect loyalty to friends), leading him to be at least

title: Ingeld

text: king Jorund, made him a tributary and took his daughter. The daughter gave birth to Haldan, but another woman became Frodo's legitimate wife and gave him Ingjaldus. Together with one of his earls, Swerting, Jorund conspired against Frodo and killed him during the blót. Haldan has a queen named Sigrith with whom he has three children: the sons Roas (Hroðgar) and Helgo (Halga) and the daughter Signy. Ingjaldus is jealous with his half-brother and so he attacks and kills Haldan, whereupon he marries Sigrith. Ingjaldus and Sigrith have two sons named Rærecus and Frodo. Ingjaldus, who is worried that his

title: Middle-earth objects

text: from the Misty Mountains, the Battle of Five Armies ensued, and Thorin was killed. When Thorin was buried deep under Erebor, Bard placed the Arkenstone on Thorin's breast. Tolkien took the name from Old English "earcanstān" (also spelled "eorcanstān", "eorcnanstān", etc.) or Old Norse "jarknasteinn", meaning "precious stone". The word appears in several Old English poems; for example, "The Ruin" tells how a warrior long ago In the , the Arkenstone is portrayed as a round glowing gem, similar to a luminous white opal. The gem was inserted into Thrór's throne, and the king viewed it as a symbol of

title: Middle-earth dwarf characters

text: born in Erebor when Thrór (their father's cousin) was King under the Mountain. Fundin survived the sack of Erebor together with his seven-year-old son Balin, and they went wandering with their people. His younger son Dwalin was born during this time. Fundin fought in the War of the Dwarves and Orcs, which began in 2793. He was killed beneath the East Gate of Moria in the climactic Battle of Azanulbizar. In the aftermath of the battle, all the bodies of those who fell were stripped of their armour and weaponry by their kinsmen, and were cremated upon pyres of wood,

title: Thorin Oakenshield

short_answers:
Dáin
his cousin Dáin