question: who said the poison is in the dose

answers: credited to Paracelsus

answers: Paracelsus

title: Assassination of Kim Jong-nam

text: on the nerve agents in general and said he didn't know the amount of the poison that was used. Another chemical pathologist, Nur Ashikin Othman, told the court that tests on Kim's blood showed a very low level of 344 units per litre of cholinesterase enzyme and said it could be caused by poison such as pesticide or nerve agent with blood tests on both defendants only found normal enzyme levels, although this does not conclusively show they were not exposed to VX as the women may have been in contact with the nerve agent at a low concentration or

title: Olive Thomas

text: done and sent for the doctor. Meanwhile, I forced her to drink water in order to make her vomit. She screamed, 'O, my God, I'm poisoned.' I forced the whites of eggs down her throat, hoping to offset the poison. The doctor came. He pumped her stomach three times while I held Olive.Nine o'clock in the morning I got her to the Neuilly Hospital, where Doctors Choate and Wharton took charge of her. They told me she had swallowed bichloride of mercury in an alcoholic solution, which is ten times worse than tablets. She didn't want to die. She took

title: Aconitine

text: people using the poison. In 2004 Canadian actor Andre Noble died from aconitine poisoning. He accidentally ate some monkshood while he was on a hike with his aunt in Newfoundland. In 2009 Lakhvir Singh of Feltham, west London, used aconitine to poison the food of her ex-lover Lakhvinder Cheema (who died as a result of the poisoning) and his current fiancée Aunkar Singh. Singh received a life sentence of 23 years for the murder on February 10, 2010. Aconitine was a favorite poison in the ancient world. The poet Ovid, referring to the proverbial dislike of stepmothers for their step-children,

title: The Dose Makes the Poison

text: differing views on this question, Ottoboni advocates working with environmentalists, agriculture, industry, and government officials to develop a unifying theory, devise public policy, and put in place regulatory systems for the use of toxic substances. The third edition of "The Dose Makes the Poison" continues with these themes, but adds to the discussion "drugs, food additives, cosmetics, vitamins, second hand smoke, lead in toys imported from China, the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) cyclooxyogenase (COX) issues, and bisphenyl A found in plastics." Ottoboni received praise for her measured, step-by-step approach to toxicology and writing style that makes accessible to non-scientists material

title: The dose makes the poison

text: "The dose makes the poison" (Latin: sola dosis facit venenum) is an adage intended to indicate a basic principle of toxicology. It is credited to Paracelsus who expressed the classic toxicology maxim "All things are poison and nothing is without poison; only the dose makes a thing not a poison."  This is often condensed to: "The dose makes the poison" or in Latin, "Sola dosis facit venenum". It means that a substance can produce the harmful effect associated with its toxic properties only if it reaches a susceptible biological system within the body in a high enough concentration (i.e., dose).

title: Assassination of Kim Jong-nam

text: may have decontaminated themselves by washing their hands with soap or taken an antidote. Tengku Ampuan Rahimah Hospital doctor Ranjini Sivaganabalan, a specialist in poisons, testified that VX may not be fatal in very low dosages and disagreed with an assertion that as little as 10 milligrams of VX would be lethal to humans while claiming that a person with VX on their hands may not be fully decontaminated by washing it off with soap and water. Toxicologist K. Sharmilah testified that vials of atropine, a drug used as an antidote to poisoning with nerve agents such as VX, were

title: History of poison

text: more available. Antidotes have been found for many poisons, and the antidotes for some of the most commonly known poisons are shown in the table above: However, poison still exists as a murderous entity today, but it is not as popular form of conducting murder as it used to be in past times, probably because of the wider range of ways to kill people and other factors that must be taken into consideration. One of the more recent deaths by poisoning was that of Russian dissident Alexander Litvinenko in 2006 from lethal polonium-210 radiation poisoning. Today, poison is used for

title: Tamam Shud case

text: four hours before death, but tests failed to reveal any foreign substance in the body. The pathologist Dr. Dwyer concluded: "I am quite convinced the death could not have been natural ... the poison I suggested was a barbiturate or a soluble hypnotic". Although poisoning remained a prime suspicion, the pasty was not believed to be the source of the poison. Other than that, the coroner was unable to reach a conclusion as to the man's identity, cause of death, or whether the man seen alive at Somerton Beach on the evening of 30 November was the same man, as

title: Marsh test

text: suspected of being poisoned with arsenic by his wife Marie. The circumstantial evidence was great: it was shown that she bought arsenic trioxide from a local chemist, supposedly to kill rats which infested their home. In addition, their maid swore that she had mixed a white powder into his drink. Although the food was found to be positive for the poison using the old methods as well as the Marsh test, when the husband's body was exhumed and tested, the chemists assigned to the case were not able to detect arsenic. Mathieu Orfila, the renowned toxicologist retained by the defense

title: The Dose Makes the Poison

text: adviser to the American Council on Science and Health in New York. Patricia Frank, a consultant and President of Patricia Frank & Associates, Inc., helped edit the third edition. Her firm works with other companies to develop and register pharmaceutical agents for use with humans and animals. Frank is a member and former president of the American College of Toxicology and Roundtable of Toxicology Consultants. "The Dose Makes the Poison: A Plain-Language Guide to Toxicology", written by Ottoboni, in its first and second editions, focused mainly on environmental and industrial chemicals. The author, defining toxicology as "the study of adverse

title: Neutron poison

text: US Navy reactors and Boiling Water Reactors do not. Soluble poisons are also used in emergency shutdown systems. During SCRAM the operators can inject solutions containing neutron poisons directly into the reactor coolant. Various solutions, including sodium polyborate and gadolinium nitrate (Gd(NO)·HO), are used. Neutron poison In applications such as nuclear reactors, a neutron poison (also called a neutron absorber or a nuclear poison) is a substance with a large neutron absorption cross-section. In such applications, absorbing neutrons is normally an undesirable effect. However neutron-absorbing materials, also called poisons, are intentionally inserted into some types of reactors in order to

title: The Dose Makes the Poison

text: The Dose Makes the Poison The Dose That Makes the Poison: A Plain Language Guide to Toxicology, written by M. Alice Ottoboni and originally published in 1984 by Vincente Books, is a non-fiction book to help laypeople understand the environmental, industrial, and personal risks of using chemicals. As of March 2016, the book is in its third edition. The author of the book is M. Alice Ottoboni, a toxicologist who served over twenty years in the California Department of Health Services. Along with lecturing and consulting on toxicology and the environmental factors concerning public health, Ottoboni was also a scientific

title: Bromadiolone

text: U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities. Bromadiolone can be absorbed through the digestive tract, through the lungs, or through skin contact. The pesticide is generally given orally. The substance is a vitamin K antagonist. The lack of vitamin K in the circulatory system reduces blood clotting and will cause death due to internal hemorrhaging. Poisoning doesn't show up for 24 to 36 hours after poison is eaten and often it may take 2–5 days for the signs to show up. Following are acute values for various

title: Novichok agent

text: then Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin, and Zara Ismailova, his secretary. Russian opposition-linked historians Yuri Felshtinsky and Vladimir Pribylovsky speculated that the murder became "one of the first in the series of poisonings organised by Russia's security services". The Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs analysed the substance and announced that it was "a phosphorus-based military-grade nerve agent" "whose formula was strictly classified". According to Nesterov, the administrative head of Shikhany, he did not know of "a single case of such poison being sold illegally" and noted that the poison "is used by professional spies". Vladimir Khutsishvili, a former business partner

title: Herbert Rowse Armstrong

text: the fatal dose must have been taken within twenty-four hours of death, and Hincks affirmed that for Mrs Armstrong to have taken it herself was "absolutely impossible". Then Armstrong had to explain his habits concerning arsenic or the white powder, arsenic trioxide. He claimed that it was his practice to put small portions of arsenic into individual pouches, which he squirted into the ground near spots where dandelions tended to grow. One small pouch was found on his person following his arrest, and there was no reasonable explanation offered for his carrying it around, particularly as the arrest was in

title: Poison

text: formaldehyde and formic acid in the liver. Many drug molecules are made toxic in the liver, and the genetic variability of certain liver enzymes makes the toxicity of many compounds differ between individuals. Exposure to radioactive substances can produce radiation poisoning, an unrelated phenomenon. In 2010, poisoning resulted in about 180,000 deaths down from 200,000 in 1990. There were approximately 727,500 emergency department visits in the United States involving poisonings—3.3% of all injury-related encounters. Poisonous compounds may be useful either for their toxicity, or, more often, because of another chemical property, such as specific chemical reactivity. Poisons are widely used

title: Poisoning

text: itself, but is chemically converted to toxic formaldehyde and formic acid in the liver. Many drug molecules are made toxic in the liver, and the genetic variability of certain liver enzymes makes the toxicity of many compounds differ between individuals. Exposure to radioactive substances can produce radiation poisoning, an unrelated phenomenon. Poisoning Poisoning is a condition or a process in which an organism becomes chemically harmed severely (poisoned) by a toxic substance or venom of an animal. Acute poisoning is exposure to a poison on one occasion or during a short period of time. Symptoms develop in close relation to

title: Poison

text: In modern society, cases of suspicious death elicit the attention of the Coroner's office and forensic investigators. While arsenic is a naturally occurring environmental poison, its artificial concentrate was once nicknamed inheritance powder. In Medieval Europe, it was common for monarchs to employ personal food tasters to thwart royal assassination, in the dawning age of the Apothecary. Of increasing concern since the isolation of natural radium by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898—and the subsequent advent of nuclear physics and nuclear technologies—are radiological poisons. These are associated with ionizing radiation, a mode of toxicity quite distinct from chemically active poisons.

title: Poison Rocks

text: Poison Rocks Poison Rocks, historically known as Poison Rock, is a rock formation in Western Australia. It is located at , 100 km south-east of Mount Magnet in the Shire of Sandstone. The explorer Robert Austin named the place after camping there during his expedition of 1854. While he was there, nine of his horses died from eating poisonous plants, and he was forced to leave behind two more who were near death. In 1869, John Forrest led an expedition in search of the long lost explorer Ludwig Leichhardt. His party met a group of Aboriginals who offered to take

title: Sulfotep

text: eyes. However, examples of poisoned greenhouse workers teach us an overall route of symptoms for a sulfotepp poisoning. Within the first hour after a poisonous intake of sulfotep people often suffer from nausea or headaches. After some hours diarrhea and vomiting may occur. People who inhaled sulfotep are often disorientated and have difficulties to breath. A poisonous dose may lead to a coma or death after 24 hours. The point at 24 hours after the poisoning is very important. If the dose is not lethal, the symptoms will slowly disappear after the point of 24 hours. No embryotoxic or teratogenic

title: Poison (story)

text: Poison (story) "Poison" is a short story written by Roald Dahl that was originally published in June 1950 in "Collier's". In 1950 it was adapted for the radio program "Escape". In 1958 it was turned into an episode of "Alfred Hitchcock Presents", directed by Alfred Hitchcock himself. The story is set in India during the time of British rule. The main character is Harry Pope and the narrator of the story is Timber Woods. He goes over to his friend Harry Pope's house. Harry is in bed, motionless, sweating, and in a panic. He claims to have a snake (the

title: History of poison

text: in the right temple shortly before the fall of Berlin along with his wife, Eva Braun. In the late 20th century, an increasing number of products used for everyday life proved to be poisonous. The risk of being poisoned nowadays lies more in the accidental factor, where poison be induced or taken by accident. Poisoning is the 4th most common cause of death within young people. Accidental ingestions are most common in children less than 5 years old. However, hospital and emergency facilities are much enhanced compared to the first half of the 20th century and before, and antidotes are

title: Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal

text: Britain of the poisoning." On 30 June 2018 a similar poisoning of two British nationals in Amesbury, seven miles from Salisbury, involved the same nerve agent. A man found the nerve agent in a perfume bottle and gave it to a woman who sprayed it on her wrist. The woman, Dawn Sturgess, fell ill within 15 minutes and died on 8 July, but the man who also came into contact with the poison survived. British police believe this incident was not a targeted attack, but a result of the way the nerve agent was disposed of after the poisoning in

title: The Dose Makes the Poison

text: that could otherwise be "overwhelmingly technical." Examples and illustrations used in the book to reinforce concepts are "practical and realistic". Though not as detailed, referenced, or annotated as a toxicology textbook, "The Dose Makes the Poison: A Plain Language Guide to Toxicology", is recommended by reviewers as a basic guidebook and entry point in learning about the field of toxicology. The Dose Makes the Poison The Dose That Makes the Poison: A Plain Language Guide to Toxicology, written by M. Alice Ottoboni and originally published in 1984 by Vincente Books, is a non-fiction book to help laypeople understand the environmental,

title: Sarah Basset

text: and Sarah Foster and Nancey, Bassett visited her granddaughter, Beck, at her slaveholders home, the Fosters. According to the trial records, Bassett had various substances on her that contained several types of poisons including ratsbane, manchineel root, and a white substance known as 'white toade'. She gave Beck specific instructions on what exactly to do with these substances to poison the Fosters and Nancey. One substance was to be hidden in the kitchen for Nancey to inhale and the other in the Fosters' food for an extended period of time. But, Nancey subsequently discovered the hidden poison and told the

title: National Poisons Information Service

text: staff. NHS 111, NHS 24 and NHS Direct all use the TOXBASE database. In the UK poisons information can also be found in the British National Formulary. National Poisons Information Service The National Poisons Information Service is an information service commissioned by Public Health England on behalf of the UK health departments. Poisoning accounts for 1% of NHS admissions. Pesticides used in agriculture (glyphosate and organophosphorus insecticides) are extremely toxic, but 87% of around 120,000 annual poisoning cases in the UK take place in the home. In August 1962 the Ministry of Health announced it was forming a poisons information

title: Thallium poisoning

text: Because of its use for murder, thallium has gained the nicknames "The Poisoner's Poison" and "Inheritance Powder" (alongside arsenic). In Australia, in the early 1950s, there was a notable spate of cases of murder or attempted murder by thallium poisoning. At this time, due to the chronic rat infestation problems in overcrowded inner-city suburbs (notably in Sydney), and thallium's effectiveness as a rat poison, it was still readily available over the counter in New South Wales, where thallium sulphate was marketed as a commercial rat bait, under the brand "Thall-rat". The Australian TV documentary "Recipe for Murder", released in 2011,

title: Jean-Pierre Vaquier

text: by Sir Bernard Spilsbury. Vaquier was arrested three weeks later and a chemist in London identified him as the customer who had bought 0.12 grams of strychnine, signing the poisons book as "J. Wanker". The trial took place in July 1924 at Guildford Assizes before Mr Justice Avory, with Sir Patrick Hastings as Attorney General (who traditionally prosecuted in person in poisoning cases) and Sir Edward Marshall Hall for the prosecution; Vaquier was defended by Henry Curtis Bennett. He was found guilty and hanged by Robert Baxter at HM Prison Wandsworth. Jean-Pierre Vaquier Jean-Pierre Vaquier (14 July 1879 – 17

title: Salicylate poisoning

text: observed in salicylate toxicity can be grouped into three broad phases: The acutely toxic dose of aspirin is generally considered greater than 150 mg per kg of body mass. Moderate toxicity occurs at doses up to 300 mg/kg, severe toxicity occurs between 300 and 500 mg/kg, and a potentially lethal dose is greater than 500 mg/kg. Chronic toxicity may occur following doses of 100 mg/kg per day for two or more days. Monitoring of biochemical parameters such as electrolytes and solutes, liver and kidney function, urinalysis, and complete blood count is undertaken along with frequent checking of salicylate and blood

title: Tabun (nerve agent)

text: when tabun is absorbed through the skin rather than inhaled. A victim may absorb a lethal dose quickly, although death may be delayed for one to two hours. A person's clothing can release the toxic chemical for up to 30 minutes after exposure. Inhaled lethal dosages kill in one to ten minutes, and liquid absorbed through the eyes kills almost as quickly. However, people who experience mild to moderate exposure to tabun can recover completely, if treated almost as soon as exposure occurs. The LCt50 for tabun is about 400 mg-min/m. Treatment for suspected tabun poisoning is often three injections

title: The dose makes the poison

short_answers:
Paracelsus
credited to Paracelsus


question: the outer layer of the skin that contains no blood or nerve supply is the

answers: epidermis

title: Nerve supply to the skin

text: Nerve supply to the skin Cutaneous innervation refers to the area of the skin which is supplied by a specific cutaneous nerve. Dermatomes are similar; however, a dermatome only specifies the area served by a spinal nerve. In some cases, the dermatome is less specific (when a spinal nerve is the source for more than one cutaneous nerve), and in other cases it is more specific (when a cutaneous nerve is derived from multiple spinal nerves.) Modern texts are in agreement about which areas of the skin are served by which nerves, but there are minor variations in some of

title: Nerve supply to the skin

text: of the cerebral cortex. Nerve supply to the skin Cutaneous innervation refers to the area of the skin which is supplied by a specific cutaneous nerve. Dermatomes are similar; however, a dermatome only specifies the area served by a spinal nerve. In some cases, the dermatome is less specific (when a spinal nerve is the source for more than one cutaneous nerve), and in other cases it is more specific (when a cutaneous nerve is derived from multiple spinal nerves.) Modern texts are in agreement about which areas of the skin are served by which nerves, but there are minor

title: Nerve supply to the skin

text: the kind of sensory inputs which project to a specific region of the primary somatosensory cortex. Groups of nerve terminals located in the different layers of the skin are categorized depending on whether the skin is hairy, nonhairy, or an exposed mucous membrane. The hairy parts of the body such as the forearm or the leg have two groups of nerve endings: those that end along with the hair follicles, and also with the arborizations of unmyelinated axons which are referred to as “free” nerve endings because they are served by both myelinated and unmyelinated axons. Nonhairy skin, such as

title: Skin

text: Skin Skin is the soft outer tissue covering of vertebrates. Other animal coverings, such as the arthropod exoskeleton, have different developmental origin, structure and chemical composition. The adjective cutaneous means "of the skin" (from Latin "cutis", skin). In mammals, the skin is an organ of the integumentary system made up of multiple layers of ectodermal tissue, and guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments and internal organs. Skin of a different nature exists in amphibians, reptiles, and birds. All mammals have some hair on their skin, even marine mammals like whales, dolphins, and porpoises which appear to be hairless. The skin

title: Human skin

title: Human skin

text: Human skin The human skin is the outer covering of the body. In humans, it is the largest organ of the integumentary system. The skin has up to seven layers of ectodermal tissue and guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments and internal organs. Human skin is similar to most of the other mammals skin, and human skin is very similar to pig skin. Though nearly all human skin is covered with hair follicles, it can appear hairless. There are two general types of skin, hairy and glabrous skin (hairless). The adjective cutaneous literally means "of the skin" (from Latin "cutis",

title: Skin

text: interfaces with the environment and is the first line of defense from external factors. For example, the skin plays a key role in protecting the body against pathogens and excessive water loss. Its other functions are insulation, temperature regulation, sensation, and the production of vitamin D folates. Severely damaged skin may heal by forming scar tissue. This is sometimes discoloured and depigmented. The thickness of skin also varies from location to location on an organism. In humans for example, the skin located under the eyes and around the eyelids is the thinnest skin in the body at 0.5 mm thick,

title: Epithelium

text: forms the walls of the pericardium, pleurae, and peritoneum. In arthropods, the integument, or external "skin", consists of a single layer of epithelial ectoderm from which arises the cuticle, an outer covering of chitin the rigidity of which varies as per its chemical composition. Epithelial tissue rests on a basement membrane, which acts as a scaffolding on which epithelium can grow and regenerate after injuries. Epithelial tissue has a nerve supply, but no blood supply and must be nourished by substances diffusing from the blood vessels in the underlying tissue. The basement membrane acts as a selectively permeable membrane that

title: Scalp reconstruction

text: blood vessels and nerves of the scalp don’t pierce this layer. Loose connective tissue between the periosteum and the aponeurosis makes these two rigid structures easily slide over each other and contributes to skin movement. Thus, if vascular and nervous anatomy is respected, the skin, subcutaneous tissue and galea aponeurotica can be lifted off the skull with minimal bleeding, nerve damage, or chance of necrosis. This method was first described by Orticochea in 1967, but has been updated to minimize scarring. The fifth layer is the Periosteum of the skull, also referred to as pericranium. It can be separated from

title: Skin condition

text: are connected by vertical communicating vessels. The function of blood vessels within the dermis is fourfold: to supply nutrition, to regulate temperature, to modulate inflammation, and to participate in wound healing. The subcutaneous tissue is a layer of fat between the dermis and underlying fascia. This tissue may be further divided into two components, the actual fatty layer, or panniculus adiposus, and a deeper vestigial layer of muscle, the panniculus carnosus. The main cellular component of this tissue is the adipocyte, or fat cell. The structure of this tissue is composed of septal (i.e. linear strands) and lobular compartments, which

title: Artificial skin

text: that contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, oil, and sweat glands. Severe damage to large areas of skin exposes the human organism to dehydration and infections that can result in death. Traditional ways of dealing with large losses of skin have been to use skin grafts from the patient (autografts) or from an unrelated donor or a cadaver. The former approach has the disadvantage that there may not be enough skin available, while the latter suffers from the possibility of rejection or infection. Until the late twentieth century, skin grafts were constructed from the patient's own skin. This became a

title: Human skin

text: skin is the second largest organ in the human body (the inside of the small intestine is 15 to 20 times larger). For the average adult human, the skin has a surface area of between 1.5-2.0 square meters (16.1-21.5 sq ft.). The thickness of the skin varies considerably over all parts of the body, and between men and women and the young and the old. An example is the skin on the forearm which is on average 1.3 mm in the male and 1.26 mm in the female. The average square inch (6.5 cm²) of skin holds 650 sweat glands,

title: Dermis

text: and thermoreceptors that provide the sense of heat. In addition, hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, apocrine glands, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels are present in the dermis. Those blood vessels provide nourishment and waste removal for both dermal and epidermal cells. The dermis is composed of three major types of cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, and adipocytes. Apart from these cells, the dermis is also composed of matrix components such as collagen (which provides strength), elastin (which provides elasticity), and extrafibrillar matrix, an extracellular gel-like substance primarily composed of glycosaminoglycans (most notably hyaluronan), proteoglycans, and glycoproteins. The papillary dermis is the

title: Skin condition

text: Skin condition A skin condition, also known as cutaneous condition, is any medical condition that affects the integumentary system—the organ system that encloses the body and includes skin, hair, nails, and related muscle and glands. The major function of this system is as a barrier against the external environment. Conditions of the human integumentary system constitute a broad spectrum of diseases, also known as dermatoses, as well as many nonpathologic states (like, in certain circumstances, melanonychia and racquet nails). While only a small number of skin diseases account for most visits to the physician, thousands of skin conditions have been

title: Sole (foot)

text: Sole (foot) The sole is the bottom of the foot. In humans the sole of the foot is anatomically referred to as the plantar aspect. The glabrous skin on the sole of the foot lacks the hair and pigmentation found elsewhere on the body, and it has a high concentration of sweat pores. The sole contains the thickest layers of skin on the body due to the weight that is continually placed on it. It is crossed by a set of creases that form during the early stages of embryonic development. Like those of the palm, the sweat pores of

title: Human skin

text: Stretch marks often from pregnancy and obesity, are also located in the dermis. The subcutaneous tissue (also "hypodermis" and "subcutis") is not part of the skin, and lies below the dermis of the cutis. Its purpose is to attach the skin to underlying bone and muscle as well as supplying it with blood vessels and nerves. It consists of loose connective tissue, adipose tissue and elastin. The main cell types are fibroblasts, macrophages and adipocytes (subcutaneous tissue contains 50% of body fat). Fat serves as padding and insulation for the body. Human skin shows high skin color variety from the

title: Skin

text: and receives its name from the dense concentration of collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers that weave throughout it. These protein fibers give the dermis its properties of strength, extensibility, and elasticity. Also located within the reticular region are the roots of the hair, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, receptors, nails, and blood vessels. The subcutaneous tissue (also hypodermis) is not part of the skin, and lies below the dermis. Its purpose is to attach the skin to underlying bone and muscle as well as supplying it with blood vessels and nerves. It consists of loose connective tissue and elastin. The main

title: Skin

text: consumer products, usually in the form of leather, but also as furs. Skin from sheep, goat and cattle was used to make parchment for manuscripts. Skin can also be cooked to make pork rind or crackling. Skin Skin is the soft outer tissue covering of vertebrates. Other animal coverings, such as the arthropod exoskeleton, have different developmental origin, structure and chemical composition. The adjective cutaneous means "of the skin" (from Latin "cutis", skin). In mammals, the skin is an organ of the integumentary system made up of multiple layers of ectodermal tissue, and guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments and

title: Human skin

text: Oily skin can be sallow and rough in texture and tends to have large, clearly visible pores everywhere, except around the eyes and neck. Human skin has a low permeability; that is, most foreign substances are unable to penetrate and diffuse through the skin. Skin's outermost layer, the stratum corneum, is an effective barrier to most inorganic nanosized particles. This protects the body from external particles such as toxins by not allowing them to come into contact with internal tissues. However, in some cases it is desirable to allow particles entry to the body through the skin. Potential medical applications

title: Human head

text: cavity. The ears sit to either side of the head. The head receives blood supply through the internal and external carotid arteries. These supply the area outside of the skull (external carotid artery) and inside of the skull (internal carotid artery). The area inside the skull also receives blood supply from the vertebral arteries, which travel up through the cervical vertebrae. The twelve pairs of cranial nerves provide the majority of nervous control to the head. The sensation to the face is provided by the branches of the trigeminal nerve, the fifth cranial nerve. Sensation to other portions of the

title: Eyelid

text: and hairs, the latter becoming eyelashes as the border of the eyelid is met. The skin of the eyelid contains the greatest concentration of sebaceous glands found anywhere in the body. In humans, the sensory nerve supply to the upper eyelids is from the infratrochlear, supratrochlear, supraorbital and the lacrimal nerves from the ophthalmic branch (V1) of the trigeminal nerve (CN V). The skin of the lower eyelid is supplied by branches of the infratrochlear at the medial angle, the rest is supplied by branches of the infraorbital nerve of the maxillary branch (V2) of the trigeminal nerve. In humans,

title: Nerve supply to the skin

text: the most densely innervated parts of the body. Though there is no specific categorization, both “free” nerve endings and unencapsulated nerve endings of myelinated axons are found within the dermis of those areas. The cornea, one of the other exposed mucous membranes, contains “free” nerve endings served by nonmyelinated axons. The conjunctiva contains a less dense distribution of “free” nerve endings that are served by both myelinated and unmyelinated axons. The distribution of the sensory neurons within the skin accounts for the large and overlapping receptive fields of the skin. The size of the receptive fields in turn explains why

title: Nervous system

text: cells, an inner layer called the endoderm, which gives rise to the lining of most internal organs, a middle layer called the mesoderm, which gives rise to the bones and muscles, and an outer layer called the ectoderm, which gives rise to the skin and nervous system. In vertebrates, the first sign of the nervous system is the appearance of a thin strip of cells along the center of the back, called the neural plate. The inner portion of the neural plate (along the midline) is destined to become the central nervous system (CNS), the outer portion the peripheral nervous

title: Nerve supply to the skin

text: made possible by the action of specific sensory fibers located on the skin, as well as the distinct pathways they take to the central nervous system. The skin, which is part of the integumentary system, plays an important role in the somatic nervous system because it contains a range of nerve endings that react to heat and cold, touch, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury. The central nervous system (CNS) works with the peripheral nervous system in cutaneous innervation. The CNS is responsible for processing the information it receives from the cutaneous nerves that detect a given stimulus, and then identifying

title: Nerve supply to the skin

text: the details. The borders designated by the diagrams in the 1918 edition of Gray's Anatomy are similar, but not identical, to those generally accepted today. The concept of autonomous territory and the concept of maximal territory of cutaneous distribution for every cutaneous branch are immensely useful to clinicians assessing patients with neurological disorders. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is divided into the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system, and the enteric nervous system. However, it is the somatic nervous system, responsible for body movement and the reception of external stimuli, which allows one to understand how cutaneous innervation is

title: Human head

text: head is provided by the cervical nerves. Modern texts are in agreement about which areas of the skin are served by which nerves, but there are minor variations in some of the details. The borders designated by diagrams in the 1918 edition of Gray's Anatomy are similar but not identical to those generally accepted today. The cutaneous innervation of the head is as follows: The head contains sensory organs: two eyes, two ears, a nose and tongue inside of the mouth. It also houses the brain. Together, these organs function as a processing center for the body by relaying sensory

title: Nociception

text: by nerve endings called nociceptors, which are found in the skin, on internal surfaces such as the periosteum, joint surfaces, and in some internal organs. The concentration of nociceptors varies throughout the body; they are found in greater numbers in the skin than in deep internal surfaces. Some nociceptors are unspecialized free nerve endings that have their cell bodies outside the spinal column in the dorsal root ganglia. Nociceptors are categorized according to the axons which travel from the receptors to the spinal cord or brain. Nociceptors have a certain threshold; that is, they require a minimum intensity of stimulation

title: Epidermis

text: no blood supply and is nourished almost exclusively by diffused oxygen from the surrounding air. Epidermal cells are tightly interconnected to serve as a tight barrier against the exterior environment. The junctions between the epidermal cells are of the adherens junction type, formed by transmembrane proteins called cadherins. Inside the cell, the cadherins are linked to actin filaments. In immunofluorescence microscopy, the actin filament network appears as a thick border surrounding the cells, although the actin filaments are actually located inside the cell and run parallel to the cell membrane. Because of the proximity of the neighboring cells and tightness

title: Epineurium

text: Epineurium The epineurium is the outermost layer of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding a peripheral nerve. It usually surrounds multiple nerve fascicles as well as blood vessels which supply the nerve. Smaller branches of these blood vessels penetrate into the perineurium. In addition to blood vessels which supply the nerve, lymphocytes and fibroblasts are also present and contribute to the production of collagen fibers that form the backbone of the epineurium. In addition to providing structural support, lymphocytes and fibroblasts also play a vital role in maintenance and repair of the surrounding tissues. When the spinal nerve leaves the vertebral

title: Hilton's law

text: the muscles and skin relating to a particular joint. The observation often holds true in reverse - that is to say, a nerve that supplies skin or a muscle will often supply the applicable joint. Orthopedics By Leonard F. Peltier, pg 122 Hilton's law Hilton's law, espoused by John Hilton in a series of medical lectures given in 1860–1862, is the observation that in the study of anatomy, the nerve supplying the muscles extending directly across and acting at a given joint not only supplies the muscle, but also innervates the joint and the skin overlying the muscle. For example,

title: Human skin

long_answer: The epidermis contains no blood vessels, and cells in the deepest layers are nourished almost exclusively by diffused oxygen from the surrounding air and to a far lesser degree by blood capillaries extending to the outer layers of the dermis. The main type of cells which make up the epidermis are Merkel cells, keratinocytes, with melanocytes and Langerhans cells also present. The epidermis can be further subdivided into the following strata (beginning with the outermost layer): corneum, lucidum (only in palms of hands and bottoms of feet), granulosum, spinosum, basale. Cells are formed through mitosis at the basale layer. The daughter cells (see cell division) move up the strata changing shape and composition as they die due to isolation from their blood source. The cytoplasm is released and the protein keratin is inserted. They eventually reach the corneum and slough off (desquamation). This process is called "keratinization". This keratinized layer of skin is responsible for keeping water in the body and keeping other harmful chemicals and pathogens out, making skin a natural barrier to infection.


question: what year did seven nation army come out

answers: 2003

answers: March 2003

title: Seven Nation Army

text: later made available for digital download. On January 3, 2014, Third Man Records announced a limited edition clear 7-inch vinyl reissue of "Seven Nation Army" as part of a package for subscribers to its Vault service. A black 7-inch vinyl reissue with updated artwork was released on February 27, 2015. "Seven Nation Army" is an alternative rock and garage rock song with a length of three minutes and 52 seconds. According to sheet music published by Universal Music Publishing Group, it is composed in the key of E minor in common time with a tempo of 120 beats per minute.

title: Seven Nation Army

text: first released onto YouTube on February 16, 2012 at a total length of two minutes and fifty-eight seconds. Critically, Lewis Corner of Digital Spy noted the "distinctive soul-pop" vocals showcased by Collins and wrote that, "Truth be told, we wish he'd fought a little harder to get one those eight original compositions he has on his forthcoming record out first." Priya Elan of "NME" concluded that although the cover may have seemed "disturbing in theory", it was ultimately "disposable and forgettable as a McChicken sandwich [...] but not bad". Seven Nation Army "Seven Nation Army" (also stylized as "7 Nation

title: Seven Nation Army

text: four two weeks later. "Seven Nation Army" continued to chart intermittently years after its release. The song debuted at number four on the Federation of the Italian Music Industry (FIMI) chart on July 27, 2006, and it peaked at number three a week later. On June 29, 2008, it debuted at number 18 on the Swiss Hitparade chart, where it ultimately peaked at number four; it reentered this chart several times afterward, most recently in 2013. The song debuted at number 23 on the Ö3 Austria Top 40 chart on July 4, 2008, and it peaked at number 18 the

title: Seven Nation Army

text: song has reached "hundreds of millions of television viewers around the world" as a result of its usage in the latter tournament. Multiple sports teams and personalities have also used "Seven Nation Army" as their official song, including boxers Gennady Golovkin and Anthony Joshua, football teams the Baltimore Ravens and the Detroit Lions, ice hockey team the New Jersey Devils, baseball team the Baltimore Orioles, and darts player Michael van Gerwen. In 2016, the White Stripes stated via Facebook that they were "disgusted" by the song's appearance in a video supporting Donald Trump's campaign for the 2016 U.S. presidential election,

title: Seven Nation Army

text: "Seven Nation Army" (also stylized as "7 Nation Army") is a song by American rock duo the White Stripes. It was released as the lead single from their fourth studio album, Elephant, in March 2003, and reached number one on the Alternative Songs chart —maintaining that position for three weeks.  It also became the third best-performing song of the decade on the same chart. It was well received commercially as well, and won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Song.

title: Seven Nation Army

text: the pantheon of folk music. The song's usage has since expanded into various other sports settings. By 2007, audiences at the Penn State Nittany Lions' football games had begun chanting the riff in support of the team; since then, other football audiences have chanted the riff as well. Meanwhile, Arrangers' Publishing Company began publishing marching band arrangements of "Seven Nation Army", and the song has since been played by marching bands at various colleges, including Boston College and the University of Southern California. The song has been chanted by NFL fans and played by NBA and NHL teams, and it

title: Seven Nation Army

text: No. 2 in Observer Music Monthly's top 75 songs of the decade. It ranked No. 2 on Channel V Australia's top 1000 songs of the 2000s. It was voted No. 6 in Detroit's 100 Greatest Songs, a 2016 project by the "Detroit Free Press". In March 2005, "Q" magazine ranked "Seven Nation Army" at No. 8 in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks. It was also called the 75th greatest hard rock song by VH1. In May 2008, "Rolling Stone" placed the song at No. 21 in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time.

title: Seven Nation Army

text: marching skeletons and an elephant, referring to the name of the album "Seven Nation Army" appeared on. The speed at which the triangles move forward through the tunnel speeds up and slows down in unison with the dynamics of the song. During the video, when the song begins to intensify, the lights in surrounding the triangles flash and other effects build up as well. "Seven Nation Army" received widespread critical acclaim, winning the Grammy Award for Best Rock Song at the 46th Annual Grammy Awards. Heather Phares of AllMusic described it as a "breathtaking opener" to the album "Elephant", and

title: Seven Nation Army

text: album's debut single, "Seven Nation Army" was a commercial success in multiple countries, peaking at number 16 on the Belgium Ultratop Charts for Wallonia and charting in Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. The version was also included in a number of compilation albums, including "NRJ Hits 2010 Vol. 2" on Warner Records and "Les hits de l'été 2010" on Universal Music Group label. British singer and "The X Factor" runner-up Marcus Collins covered the song as his debut single, in a version based on the cover by Ben l'Oncle Soul. It was released in the United Kingdom on March 4,

title: Seven Nation Army

text: sounds like a bass guitar (an instrument the group had never previously used), the sound is actually created by running Jack White's semi-acoustic, 1950s-style Kay Hollowbody guitar through a DigiTech Whammy pedal set down an octave. A combination of the song's popularity, recognizable riff, and defiant lyrics led to it becoming the band's signature song. Often ranked as one of the greatest songs of the 2000s, it has been used widely at sporting events and political protests internationally. "Seven Nation Army" has its origins in a guitar riff that Jack White, the White Stripes' lead singer and guitarist, wrote in

title: Seven Nation Army

text: In October 2011, "NME" placed "Seven Nation Army" at No. 23 on its 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years. "Seven Nation Army" ranked No. 20 in the 2009 Hottest 100 of All Time poll conducted by the Australian rock-radio network Triple J. On "Rolling Stone"'s updated version of its "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time" in 2010, "Seven Nation Army" was listed at No. 286. In February 2013, listeners to BBC Radio 6 Music placed the song at No. 6 on "6 Music's 100 Greatest Hits," reflecting the top songs released in the station's lifetime. On March

title: Seven Nation Army

text: a silver certification; after receiving a gold certification two years later, the song was certified platinum in 2017 for selling over 600,000 copies. The song was certified gold by the FIMI in 2014; three years later, it received a platinum certification, having sold over 50,000 copies. "Seven Nation Army" played a significant role in the White Stripes' popularity. A writer for "Rolling Stone" described it as a "career-changing hit", and "NME"'s Daniel Martin viewed the song as the White Stripes' "defining tune", having sparked the band's transition "from their garage rock beginnings to an entirely new level of acclaim". In

title: Culture of Baltimore

text: to the Baltimore area's fanbase for both the Ravens and the Orioles. MASN, the Orioles' broadcasting network, is commonly accredited with popularizing this term thanks to their promos. The song Seven Nation Army was popularized in Baltimore as the Ravens' official pump-up song. Seven Nation Army was first played at the Ravens opening game of 2011 against the Steelers, and has been played at every home game since. It can often be heard at Orioles games as well, with fans often singing the signature first two bars of the song as "Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh", referring to the

title: Seven Nation Army

text: next week; it later entered the Ö3 Austria Top 75 chart for one week on February 3, 2012. The song also entered the French Singles Chart on multiple occasions from 2013 to 2018, peaking at number 48 on February 23, 2013. It debuted on the "Billboard" Hot Rock Songs chart on January 18, 2014, peaking at number 12 during its first week. The song was awarded several certifications in the 2010s. It was certified gold by Germany's Federal Music Industry Association in 2010, indicating over 150,000 sales of the single. In 2013, the British Phonographic Industry awarded "Seven Nation Army"

title: The 7 Line Army

text: feels real good," said pitcher Jacob deGrom. In 2017, The 7 Line Army was featured in a video game, MLB The Show 17. The 7 Line Army has visited the following ballparks: SunTrust Park The 7 Line Army The 7 Line Army is a group of fans of the New York Mets started in 2012 by Darren Meenan, the founder of The 7 Line, a company that makes Mets-themed apparel and is named after the 7 train of the New York City Subway, which stops at Citi Field. They occupy the Big Apple Reserved section of Citi Field during Mets

title: Seven Nation Army

text: was "explosively minimal". Critics compared the song to the White Stripes' other work. According to Teltelman, "Seven Nation Army" represented an effort to "defy categorization", especially the garage rock label that had been attributed to the band. He further wrote that it was "much more of a straightforward rock song" than the band's 2002 single "Fell in Love with a Girl". Phares found "Seven Nation Army", along with "The Hardest Button to Button", to "deliver some of the fiercest blues-punk" of any song by the White Stripes, and Alex Young of "Consequence of Sound" viewed it as the band's best

title: Seven Nation Army

text: and they said that they "[had] nothing whatsoever to do with [the] video". Matthew Strauss of "Pitchfork" was unable to ascertain which video had prompted the post, though he mentioned a video unaffiliated with the Trump campaign that "featur[ed] Trump imagery and audio of his speech at the Republican convention, set to 'Seven Nation Army'". In response, the White Stripes manager Ian Montone remarked, "If you can't find the video, great. Then our lawyers have done their job." "Seven Nation Army" made multiple appearances at events leading up to 2017 British general election. Following a speech by Labour leader Jeremy

title: Seven Nation Army

text: song's meaning, White stated, "The song's about gossip. It's about me, Meg and the people we're dating." Maginnis described the lyrics as presenting an "obstinate attitude", citing the opening lines: "I'm gonna fight 'em off/ A seven nation army couldn't hold me back/ They're gonna rip it off/ Taking their time right behind my back". The video, directed by Alex and Martin, consists of one seemingly continuous shot through a kaleidoscopic tunnel of mirrored black, white and red triangles, touching on Jack's love of the number three. The triangle slides alternate between images of Jack or Meg playing, interspersed with

title: Tiger Army

text: the return of Octoberflame (VII) for 2015 was announced in June, with tickets sold out by early July. Tiger Army released their fifth studio album, V •••–, on May 20, 2016 on Luna Tone Records/Rise Records. Tiger Army Tiger Army is an American psychobilly band based in Los Angeles, California. The group was formed in 1996 in Berkeley, California, and its only constant member and lead songwriter is singer/guitarist Nick 13. The band has released five studio albums and one EP. Tiger Army played their first show at the famous 924 Gilman Street venue in Berkeley, California on March 29,

title: The White Stripes

text: single, "Seven Nation Army", was the band's most successful. The song was at the top of the rock charts on Billboard. Its success was followed with a cover of Burt Bacharach's "I Just Don't Know What to Do with Myself". The album's third single was the successful "The Hardest Button to Button". "There's No Home for You Here" was the fourth single. In 2004, the album won a Grammy for Best Alternative Music Album, while "Seven Nation Army" won a Grammy for Best Rock Song. In 2005, according to an interview with David Fricke of Rolling Stone, Jack began working

title: The 7 Line Army

text: The 7 Line Army The 7 Line Army is a group of fans of the New York Mets started in 2012 by Darren Meenan, the founder of The 7 Line, a company that makes Mets-themed apparel and is named after the 7 train of the New York City Subway, which stops at Citi Field. They occupy the Big Apple Reserved section of Citi Field during Mets home games. The 7 Line Army also attends numerous Mets road games, sponsoring outings which attract more than 1,000 fans. This includes an annual trip to Yankee Stadium when the Mets play their crosstown

title: Seven Nation Army

text: England, and was produced by Jack White. He wrote "Seven Nation Army" as a "little experiment", hoping to create a compelling song that did not include a chorus. The song's title originated from his mispronunciation of "Salvation Army" as a child. The title "Seven Nation Army" was initially used as a placeholder for the track before its lyrics were written; the name ultimately stuck. Jack White's idea of releasing "Seven Nation Army" as a single was initially opposed by the White Stripes' record labels, who wanted to release the song "There's No Home for You Here" instead. Jack White ultimately

title: Seven Nation Army

text: was once chanted by Formula One racing driver Nico Rosberg. Audiences often replace the "oh"s in the chant with the names of members of sports teams, as with Maxi Moralez and Andrea Pirlo of New York City FC. "Seven Nation Army" has served as an official anthem at various sporting events; "NPR"'s Rick Karr remarked that the song is "arguably ... the world's most popular sports anthem". It has been played at each UEFA European Football Championship since 2008, and it was played prior to the start of each game during the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Karr estimated that the

title: Seven Nation Army

text: the White Stripes' version of "Seven Nation Army" followed the release of the trailer: within two weeks, the total number of streams and digital purchases of the song increased by 146 percent and 332 percent, respectively. On May 9, 2014, during the celebration of the 825th Hamburg Port Anniversary, "Seven Nation Army" was played using the horns of cruise ship MSC Magnifica as it entered the harbor. According to Alan Siegel of "Deadspin", "Seven Nation Army"'s riff is "an organic part of sports culture". The riff is commonly used in sports audience's chants, in which each note is usually sung

title: Seven Nation Army

text: song. Critics have ranked the song among the best tracks of the 2000s decade; it appeared on "NME"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s, "Rolling Stone"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s, and WFNX's retrospective lists, and it was placed at number one on "Consequence of Sound"<nowiki></nowiki>'s "Top 50 Songs of the Decade". In 2004, "Seven Nation Army" ranked No. 3 on the "Pazz & Jop" critics' poll, conducted by the U.S. music magazine "The Village Voice". It was also ranked No. 1 on Rhapsody's list of the Top 100 Tracks of the Decade. The song was listed at No. 30 on Pitchfork Media's top 500 songs of the 2000s, and at

title: Seven Nation Army

text: Corbyn at Wirral Live music festival at Tranmere Rovers' ground on May 20, 2017, supporters in the audience began to chant Corbyn's name to the tune of the song's riff. This chant was repeated on several occasions in the run-up to the election and afterwards at the 2017 Glastonbury Festival, where Corbyn appeared on the Pyramid stage. As a result of the chant's appearance at the Glastonbury Festival, "Seven Nation Army" saw a 16,893 percent increase in streams, according to music streaming website Deezer. Names of other politicians, including Labour politician Rebecca Long-Bailey and Conservative politician David Davis, were also

title: Seven Nation Army

text: Corner Hotel in Melbourne, Australia, while the band was on tour in January 2002. He proceeded to show the riff to Ben Swank, who was traveling with the band for the tour; Swank responded, "It's OK." Jack White later recalled that he "didn't even think that rhythm was that great, either". After initially saving the riff in case he was ever asked to create a James Bond theme song, he decided to incorporate it into a song for the White Stripes, believing the aforementioned scenario to be unlikely. "Seven Nation Army" was recorded at Toe Rag Studios in Hackney, London,

title: Seven Nation Army

text: sense of "anticipatory energy", then transitions into what AllMusic's Tom Maginnis described as a crush of what stands for the chorus", consisting of an electric guitar and a "bashing crash cymbal". John Mulvey of "NME" described "Seven Nation Army" as a "diatribe against fame". The song's lyrics were inspired by the growing attention received by the White Stripes. According to Jack White, the song tells the story of a person who, upon entering a town, hears its residents gossiping about him and proceeds to leave the town in response. Driven by a sense of loneliness, he ultimately returns. Regarding the

title: Seven Nation Army

text: 2012, a week prior to his debut album "Marcus Collins". Revealing that he has received a lot of abuse from White Stripes fans, Collins said: "I know I can't please everyone. A lot of people have got opinions on it, but they can always listen to the White Stripes version. Why are they listening to me if they don't like it? Listen to the original if you don't like my singing. It's just the X Factor connection but, you know, why are people kicking off about it now?" A music video to accompany the release of "Seven Nation Army" was

title: Seven Nation Army

text: addition, "Seven Nation Army" contributed to the garage rock revival movement, becoming the first song in the genre to reach number one on "Billboard"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Modern Rock chart. After its initial run on music charts, the song—especially its riff—grew in popularity as a result of its usage in sports. In 2012, "Deadspin"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Alan Siegel described the "riff-turned-anthem" as "ubiquitous", and according to "The New Yorker"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Alec Wilkinson, the riff "might be the second-best-known guitar phrase in popular music, after the one from 'Satisfaction'". Erik Adams of "The A.V. Club" attributed the song's popularity to its riff's "simplicity"—a characteristic that he remarked

title: Seven Nation Army


question: when did canada get rid of the death penalty

answers: July 14, 1976

answers: 1976

answers: 1998

title: Capital punishment in Canada

text: to the US's position; in 2004 only 48 percent of Canadians favoured death for murderers compared to 62 percent in 2010. According to one poll, support for the death penalty in Canada is approximately the same as its support in the United States, at 63 percent in both countries as of 2013. A 2011 poll by the "Toronto Sun" found that 66 percent of Canadians favored capital punishment, but only 41 percent would actually support its re-introduction in Canada. Since abolition only two parties were known to have advocated to bringing it back: the Reform Party of Canada (1988–2000) and

title: Capital punishment in Canada

text: the National Advancement Party of Canada (since 2014). Among the reasons cited for banning capital punishment in Canada were fears about wrongful convictions, concerns about the state taking people's lives, and uncertainty about the death penalty's role as a deterrent for crime. The 1959 conviction of 14-year-old Steven Truscott was a significant impetus (although certainly not the only one) toward the abolition of capital punishment. Truscott was sentenced to death for the murder of a classmate. His sentence was later commuted to a life sentence and in 2007 he was acquitted of the charges (although the appeal court did not

title: Warren Allmand

text: Offences," the bill that would remove the death penalty from the Criminal Code and abolish its use in Canada. A sentence of life imprisonment with no chance of parole for a minimum of 25 years was substituted instead. 119 parliamentarians spoke for or against the bill over the course of the debate, with members of both the Liberal and Progressive Conservative parties divided in their support of the bill. Opponents of the bill cited recent polling that 70% of Canadians supported capital punishment and called on the government to call a national referendum on the issue. Other opponents accused Allmand

title: Capital punishment in Canada

text: of offences punishable by death to three: murder, rape, and treason. In 1868, Parliament also stated that the location of the execution was to be within the confines of the prison instead of public hangings. By the 1870s, the jails had begun to build the gallows from the ground with a pit underneath instead of the previous high scaffold, the platform of which was level with the prison wall. Robert Bickerdike (b. 17 August 1843 in Kingston, Upper Canada, d. 28 December 1928 in Lachine, Quebec), a businessman, politician, and social reformer, believed the abolition of capital punishment was an

title: Capital punishment in Canada

text: The death penalty was de facto abolished in Canada in 1963, and Bill C-84 was enacted in 1976 resulting in the de jure abolition of the death penalty, except for certain military offences committed by members of the Canadian Armed Forces (cowardice, desertion, unlawful surrender, and spying for the enemy) which are prosecuted under the National Defence Act. In 1998, Canada eliminated the death penalty for these military offences as well.

title: Foreign policy of the Stephen Harper government

text: called on the United Nations to take a bigger role on the conflict in order to help the "desperate". In November 2007, Canada's minority Conservative government reversed a longstanding policy of automatically requesting clemency for Canadian citizens sentenced to capital punishment. The ongoing case of Alberta-born Ronald Allen Smith, who has been on death row in the United States since 1982 after being convicted of murdering two people and who continues to seek calls for clemency from the Canadian government, prompted Canadian Public Safety Minister Stockwell Day to announce the change in policy. Day has stated that each situation should

title: Capital punishment in Canada

text: facilities, but more typically offenders were hanged on a scaffold built for the occasion in the jail yard. Military prisoners sentenced to death under Canadian Military Law were shot by a firing squad . Although reintroduction of the death penalty in Canada is extremely unlikely, support for capital punishment is similar to its support in the United States, where it is carried out regularly in some states and is on the books in most states and on the federal level. While opposition to the death penalty increased in the 1990s and early 2000s, in recent years Canadians have merged closer

title: Capital punishment in Canada

text: punishment as the mandatory punishment for murder, which opened the door to the possibility of abolition. In 1961, legislation was introduced to reclassify murder into capital or non-capital offences. A capital murder involved a planned or deliberate murder, murder during violent crimes, or the murder of a police officer or prison guard. Only capital murder carried the death sentence. Following the success of Lester Pearson and the Liberal Party in the 1963 federal election, and through the successive governments of Pierre Trudeau, the federal cabinet commuted all death sentences as a matter of policy. Hence, the "de facto" abolition of

title: Capital punishment in Canada

text: other nations such as Germany, France, the Netherlands, Spain, Italy, the United Kingdom, Israel, Mexico, Colombia and Australia, which also refuse to extradite prisoners who may be condemned to death. Extradition where the death penalty is possible was ruled a violation of the European Convention of Human Rights in the case of "Soering v United Kingdom" outlawing the practice in member states of the Council of Europe, of which all of the European Union member states are part. In November 2007, Canada's minority Conservative government reversed a longstanding policy of automatically requesting clemency for Canadian citizens sentenced to capital punishment.

title: Capital punishment in Canada

text: The ongoing case of Alberta-born Ronald Allen Smith, who has been on death row in the United States since 1982 after being convicted of murdering two people and who continues to seek calls for clemency from the Canadian government, prompted Canadian Public Safety Minister Stockwell Day to announce the change in policy. Day has stated that each situation should be handled on a case-by-case basis. Smith's case resulted in a sharp divide between the Liberals and the Conservatives, with the Liberals passing a motion declaring that the government "should stand consistently against the death penalty, as a matter of principle,

text: be handled on a case-by-case basis. Smith's case resulted in a sharp divide between the Liberals and the Conservatives, with the Liberals passing a motion declaring that the government "should stand consistently against the death penalty, as a matter of principle, both in Canada and around the world". However, an overwhelming majority of Conservatives supported the change in policy. In a 2011 interview given to Canadian media, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper affirmed his private support for capital punishment by saying, "I personally think there are times where capital punishment is appropriate." In 2006, the Conservative government joined the US

title: Capital punishment in Canada

text: more often than to the wealthy. He refuted the notion that state-sponsored killing acted as a deterrent to murder and cautioned against the possibility of mistake. In 1950, an attempt was made to abolish capital punishment. Ross Thatcher, at that time a Cooperative Commonwealth Federation Member of Parliament, moved Bill No. 2 in order to amend the Criminal Code to abolish the death penalty. Thatcher later withdrew it for fear of Bill No. 2 not generating positive discussion and further harming the chances of abolition. In 1956, the Joint Committee of the House and Senate recommended the retention of capital

title: Capital punishment in Canada

text: imperative and to some extent his life’s mission. Few spoke as loudly or as eloquently as he did for this reform. In 1914 and again in 1916 he introduced a bill to replace the death penalty with a life sentence. He opposed capital punishment on many grounds, considering it an insult to Christianity and religion in general and a blot on any civilized nation. "There is nothing", he stated in the house, "more degrading to society at large ... than the death penalty." He also spoke of class disparities, pointing out that the punishment was administered to the poor far

title: Capital punishment in Canada

text: state that he was in fact innocent). In the 1990s, Canada extradited a criminal, Charles Ng to the United States, even though he appealed to the authorities, as he did not want to potentially face execution. The Supreme Court of Canada, in the case "United States v. Burns", (2001), determined that Canada should not extradite persons to face trial in other countries for crimes punishable by death unless Canada has received an assurance that the foreign state will not apply the death penalty, essentially overruling "Kindler v. Canada (Minister of Justice)", (1991). This is similar to the extradition policies of

title: Capital punishment debate in the United States

text: as the Robert Pickton case, the Greyhound bus beheading, Port Arthur massacre and Bali bombings, though none of these events or similar events actually caused the death penalty to be re-instated. Between 2000 and 2010, support for the return of capital punishment in Canada dropped from 44% to 40%, and opposition to it returning rose from 43% to 46%. The Canadian government currently "has absolutely no plans to reinstate capital punishment." Nonetheless, in a 2011 interview given to Canadian media, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper affirmed his private support for capital punishment by saying, "I personally think there are times

title: Ronald Allen Smith

text: 2009, Minister of Foreign Affairs Lawrence Cannon said that the government is complying with the court ruling. Earlier the same day, Cannon explained the government's policy as follows: "Our government respects the decisions made by sovereign, democratic states. We are determined to ensure that justice is served for Canadians abroad. In that regard, we will continue to study each instance on a case by case basis and, where appropriate, seek clemency for Canadians facing the death penalty abroad." Smith is, as of 2014, the only Canadian on death row in the United States. Ronald Allen Smith Ronald Allen Smith (born

title: Warren Allmand

text: did not take anything. Allmand would later state that the RCMP had been dishonest in withholding information from him and other solicitors general. After Trudeau's Liberals upgraded their minority government to a majority in the 1974 federal election, they had more leeway to act on abolishing capital punishment. In 1973, Liberals had renewed the provisions of Bill C-168, passed by Lester B. Pearson's minority government in 1968, which imposed a five-year moratorium on the use of the death penalty. With a majority behind them, Allmand and Trudeau, both ardent abolitionists, prepared to go further than Pearson had gone and decided

text: basis that such a law infringed on the prisoners’ First Amendment rights. "They're sentenced to death, they're not sentenced to silence," said CCADP co-founder Tracy Lamourie. Canadian Coalition Against the Death Penalty The Canadian Coalition Against the Death Penalty (CCADP) is a not-for-profit organization which was co-founded by Tracy Lamourie and Dave Parkinson of the Greater Toronto Area. The couple formed the CCADP, not only to speak out against the use of capital punishment around the world, but also in the hopes of educating and encouraging fellow Canadians to speak out against the occasional calls for a renewal of the

title: Capital punishment

text: and Canada have abolished capital punishment. In Latin America, most states have completely abolished the use of capital punishment, while some countries such as Brazil and Guatemala allow for capital punishment only in exceptional situations, such as treason committed during wartime. The United States (the federal government and 31 of the states), some Caribbean countries and the majority of countries in Asia (for example, Japan and India) retain capital punishment. In Africa, less than half of countries retain it, for example Botswana and Zambia. South Africa abolished the death penalty in 1995. Abolition was often adopted due to political change,

title: Murder (Canadian law)

text: with no parole for 75 years – or 25 years for each conviction. This provision has been used in several cases where parole ineligibility periods have been extended beyond 25 years; in four cases to 75 years prior to parole eligibility. "See also:" "Life imprisonment in Canada" For offences committed prior to December 2, 2011, someone guilty of a single murder could have his/her non-parole period reduced to no less than 15 years under the Faint hope clause. However, this provision is not available for offences committed after that date. In cases of second-degree murder and within the parameters set

title: Murder (Canadian law)

text: as either first or second degree: The mandatory sentence for any adult (or youth sentenced as an adult) convicted of murder in Canada is a life sentence, with various time periods before a person may apply for parole. The ability to apply for parole does not mean parole is granted. For multiple murder offences committed after December 2, 2011, a court may, after considering any jury recommendation, impose consecutive periods of parole ineligibility for each murder. While the provision is not mandatory, this means, for example, that an individual convicted of three counts of first degree murder could face life

text: Los Angeles, California, just to name just a few. In various interviews, Lamourie and Parkinson have stated that the CCADP "doesn't concern itself with questions of guilt or innocence, only the humane treatment of people." They have also pointed out that the CCADP is not promoting the causes of all convicted felons, and that they are only concerned with those on death row. The CCADP has no web pages for people doing life, nor, for example, for any convicts in their own country (Canada) since Canada has no death penalty. The CCADP co-founders have also stated in interviews that they

title: Ronald Allen Smith

text: Smith on humanitarian grounds; the Governor of Montana apparently showed some sympathy to these requests. In October/November 2007, however, the government of Canada announced that it would not seek clemency for Smith; whereas Canadian government policy had always been to seek clemency through diplomatic channels for Canadians sentenced to death in foreign countries, the government now announced a new policy: "that multiple murderers and mass murderers who are convicted in a democracy that adheres to the rule of law cannot necessarily count on a plea for clemency from the Canadian government and patriation back to this country." As of 2010,

title: Criminal sentencing in Canada

text: no death penalty in Canada. When a person is found guilty of a crime, a finding has been made that all essential elements of the offence have been met (either by admission through a guilty plea or after the elements have been proven beyond a reasonable doubt in a trial). However, there may be facts that did not have to be determined for the defendant's guilt to be decided (i.e. severity of a victim's injuries, motivation for the crime, etc.). If the guilty verdict was determined by a jury, the judge may have to determine what facts the jury relied

title: LGBT rights in Canada

text: resulted in the death penalty. However, there is no surviving record of any executions, and political figures were reluctant to enforce the law. The death penalty was eventually repealed and a broader law involving gross indecency between men was often enforced in the late 19th century. During the early to mid 20th-century, the law often portrayed homosexual men as sex offenders until the infamous court case of Everett George Klippert, who admitted to having sex with multiple men, resulted in his life imprisonment. Same-sex sexual activity between consenting adults was soon decriminalized in 1969 as a result of legislation introduced

title: Life imprisonment in Canada

text: killing an unborn child in the act of birth, and aggravated sexual assault. Under the "Controlled Drugs and Substances Act", trafficking, exporting or production of schedule I or II substances also carries a maximum penalty of life imprisonment with a parole ineligibility period of between 7 years and 25 years. Current sentencing practices ensure that, except in the case of murder, a life sentence is rarely imposed, even when the offender is found guilty for particularly grievous offences. One common exception is cases which involve terrorism-related conspiracies. As of 2013, 4,800 offenders were serving life sentences in Canada, though only

title: Life imprisonment in Canada

text: Millard, waiting on decision at third 1st degree murder trial, would potentially see 3 consecutive life terms or 75 years. Offences under the "Criminal Code" that carry a maximum penalty of life imprisonment in Canada (with a parole ineligibility period of between 7 years and 25 years) include treason, piracy, mutiny, aircraft hijacking, endangering the safety of an aircraft or an airport, endangering the safety of a ship or fixed platform, robbery, kidnapping, attempted murder, accessory after the fact to murder, conspiracy to commit murder, manslaughter, causing death by street racing, impaired driving causing death, causing death by criminal negligence,

title: History of Canadian women

text: was convicted in 2007 for the murders of six women and sentenced to life imprisonment. Russell Williams is a Canadian convicted murderer, rapist, and former Colonel in the Canadian Forces, who targeted women. He was sentenced in 2010 to two life sentences for first-degree murder, two 10-year sentences for other sexual assaults, two 10-year sentences for forcible confinement, and 82 one-year sentences for breaking and entering, all to be served concurrently. Following Confederation in 1867, the laws were consolidated in the Criminal Code. These dealt principally with pimping, procuring, operating brothels and soliciting. Most amendments to date have dealt with

title: Murder (Canadian law)

text: maximum of 6 of those years spent in custody. If convicted of second degree murder, they must serve a maximum of 7 years, with a maximum of 4 of those years spent in custody. Murder, under English and Irish law, also comes with a mandatory life sentence. Murder (Canadian law) Murder in Canada is defined as a culpable homicide with specific intentions. It is defined by the Criminal Code, a statute passed by the Parliament of Canada and which applies uniformly across Canada. Murder is a sub-category of culpable homicide which is defined as causing the death of a human

title: Murder

text: moratorium on death sentences was effectively imposed in the late 1960s. This fact has been used to argue that capital punishment serves as a deterrent and, as such, it is morally justified. Capital punishment opponents frequently counter that the United States has much higher murder rates than Canada and most European Union countries, although all those countries have abolished the death penalty. Overall, the global pattern is too complex, and on average, the influence of both these factors may not be significant and could be more social, economic, and cultural. Despite the immense improvements in forensics in the past few

title: Capital punishment in Canada


question: who conducted the opening concert at carnegie hall

answers: Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

answers: maestro Walter Damrosch

answers: Walter Damrosch

title: Paul Hostetter

text: Music Director of the New Jersey Youth Symphony, and the Associate Conductor for the Broadway productions of Candide and George and Ira Gershwin's Fascinating Rhythm. Hostetter has appeared as a guest conductor with the New Jersey Symphony Orchestra, the Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra, the American Composers Orchestra, the New York City Opera, Philharmonia Virtuosi, the Delaware Symphony Orchestra, the Opera Theatre of Pittsburgh, Peak Performances, the Genesis Opera Company, the Prism Chamber Orchestra, the New York Virtuosi, the Daylesford Sinfonia (Bermuda), the PAI Festival Orchestra (Kingston, PA), the Family Opera Initiative, the New York Concerti Sinfonietta,and the Stony Brook Summer Music

title: New York Philharmonic

text: orchestra's centennial concert at Carnegie Hall in the preceding year, was appointed Musical Director. He had also conducted the Sunday afternoon radio broadcast when CBS listeners around the country heard the announcer break in on Arthur Rubinstein's performance of Brahms's Second Piano Concerto to update them about the attack on Pearl Harbor. (The initial word of the attack was forwarded by CBS News Correspondent John Charles Daly on his own show before the Philharmonic broadcast.) Soon after the United States entered World War II, Aaron Copland wrote "A Lincoln Portrait" for the Philharmonic at the request of conductor Andre Kostelanetz

title: Ryan McAdams

text: the New York Youth Symphony. He made his Carnegie Hall debut on December 9, 2007 with the New York Youth Symphony and violin soloist William Harvey. His tenure with the NYYS garnered significant critical acclaim. During his five seasons as Music Director, he premiered 15 orchestral works by such leading young composers as Timo Andres, Clint Needham, Christopher Cerrone, Lembit Beecher, Ryan Gallagher, Robert Honstein, Ted Hearne, Elizabeth Kelly, Chris Rogerson, and Eric Guinivan. He also invited a variety of emerging soloists to make their Carnegie Hall debuts with the orchestra, including Kate Lindsey, Anthony McGill, Haochen Zhang, Jennifer Zetlan,

title: New York Philharmonic

text: convince Andrew Carnegie that New York needed a first-class concert hall and on May 5, 1891, both Walter and Russian composer Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky conducted at the inaugural concert of the city's new Music Hall, which in a few years would be renamed for its primary benefactor, Andrew Carnegie. Carnegie Hall would remain the orchestra's home until 1962. The Philharmonic in 1877 was in desperate financial condition, caused by the paltry income from five concerts in the 1876/77 season that brought in an average of only $168 per concert. Representatives of the Philharmonic wished to attract the German-born, American-trained conductor

title: Carnegie Hall

title: David Eaton (composer)

text: Lincoln Center's Avery Fisher Hall, the Manhattan Center, Merkin Hall, Harlem's Apollo Theater, the United Nations, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art. He also served as conductor of the Goldman Band, and led that ensemble in its summer concert series in New York City from 1998 to 2000, including concerts at Lincoln Center, Brooklyn and Coney Island. After his Carnegie Hall debut in 1989, the "New York Daily News" hailed the New York City Symphony as "one of America's finest orchestras." He later appeared with the NYC Symphony at Carnegie Hall on four occasions, including a concert during Carnegie Hall's

title: Opening Prayer

text: to Aaron Stern. Bernstein conducted the New York Philharmonic in the premiere on 15 December 1986, with Kurt Ollmann as the baritone soloist. The long concert began with piano pieces by Chopin played by Vladimir Horowitz, had six songs sung by Frank Sinatra in the middle, and ended with the final movement from Mahler's "Resurrection Symphony", conducted by Zubin Mehta. Bernstein used the music later as a movement of his "Jubilee Games". He wrote that work first in two movements for the 50th anniversary of the Israel Philharmonic. He added "Opening prayer" as a middle movement in a revised version

title: Benjamin Steinberg (conductor)

text: in America was held at Carnegie Hall on May 6, 1965, two months before the Voting Rights Act of 1965 became law. Steinberg said of the effort, "We have a lot of talent in this city, and we have to create the opportunities to present it to the public". Sponsors included Samuel Barber, Leonard Bernstein, Ruby Dee, William Warfield, Aaron Copland, and Zero Mostel. As the orchestra developed, Marian Anderson and Leontyne Price joined the Board of Directors, and James DePriest became Principal Guest Conductor. Another prominent guest conductor was Everett Lee. The symphony's musicians were graduates of such respected

title: Tucson Symphony Orchestra

text: Auditorium under its first conductor, Tucsonan Camil Van Hulse. The Orchestra played Schubert's "Rosamunde Overture" and Beethoven's "Symphony No. 7". Local papers hailed the debut as a monumental achievement and said the audience greeted the Symphony's performance with "surprise, admiration and bursts of enthusiasm." Though there were only two concerts the first season, the second offered three concerts and featured a new conductor, Joseph De Luca, who remained with the Symphony for five years. Concerts were held on Sunday evenings at 8:30. The early concert programs were all-orchestral; on March 16, 1930, soprano Mary Margaret Fischer appeared as the orchestra’s

title: Ed Simons (conductor)

text: him his first conducting job: the Frank Loesser musical "Where's Charley?". He went on to conduct eight Broadway shows between 1948 and 1964, including "My Fair Lady" and "Camelot". He was described by "The New York Times" as "the best conductor in jazz". In 1952 Simons founded the Suburban Symphony in Rockland County, New York, later known as the Rockland Symphony Orchestra. He had been the conductor for over 60 years, and continued to conduct the orchestra at least once a year. In September 2017, he conducted a concert at 100 years of age. From 1965 to the late 1980s,

title: David Katz (conductor)

text: Leopold Stokowski, who he joined as associate conductor of The American Symphony Orchestra (ASO). Katz conducted the ASO at Carnegie Hall from 1961 till 1970. He also conducted the Oratorio Society of Queens from 1968 to 1969, succeeding Lawrence Rasmussen. and later conducted the Tokyo Symphony Orchestra in 1971. By QSO's second season, children's concerts were added to the schedule, leading to David and Jeannie starting the Music BAG Program (Music for Boys and Girls). This program was designed to get kids involved with making music with the orchestra, and learning the history and theory of music. By the 1970s,

title: Donald Bell

text: a soloist with the Philadelphia Orchestra under Eugene Ormandy in concerts of Bach's "Christmas Oratorio" at the Academy of Music in Philadelphia and at Carnegie Hall in New York City. He made his first appearance with the New York Philharmonic singing in the inaugural concert of Lincoln Center's Philharmonic Hall (now Avery Fisher Hall) on 28 September 1962 with Leonard Bernstein conducting. In 1961 Bell toured Israel and in 1963 he toured the USSR. He moved to Düsseldorf in 1964, where he worked for the next three years as a resident artist at the Deutsche Oper am Rhein. At that

title: Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra

text: conductor and piano virtuoso Lukas Foss took the helm as the new music director of the Buffalo Philharmonic. At the opening concert the walls of Kleinhans were at once enchanted by Ives' Unanswered Question, then thrilled for the first time with the flash and peal of Stravinsky's Rite of Spring. Little did anyone realize that even 'Le Sacre' would be 'old hat' in a hurry. Within three seasons the BPO led the orchestra world in the performance of new music. The Orchestra was invited to Carnegie Hall for the first of what became regular appearances there. Its first truly major

title: Opening Prayer

text: conductor and conducting the New York Philharmonic for the first time, the event was widely publicised and made him well known. Bernstein appeared at the hall until 1990 in more than 430 events as pianist, conductor, composer and educator. When the hall was reopened after restoration in 1986, Bernstein received the first commission for the opening celebrations. He set a Hebrew benediction for baritone and orchestra. The text is the Priestly Blessing (), which serves to conclude the liturgy of traditional morning services, in English: The music began as a piano miniature, part of "13 Anniversaries", from No. 12 dedicated

title: National Youth Orchestra of China

text: Choy. NYO-China’s 2017 debut at Carnegie Hall conducted by Ludovic Morlot and featuring pianist Yuja Wang received pronounced critical acclaim from various American music columns and publications. Anthony Tommasini, the chief classical music critic for "The New York Times", remarked that “if [the performance at Carnegie Hall] was a test run for this new venture, these Chinese musicians scored big”; he furthermore commended Morlot for his “vibrant account of Dvořák’s "New World Symphony" from the well-prepared players, with full-bodied string tone, folkloric charm and lots of brio.” The orchestra’s subsequent performances in Beijing, Shanghai, and Suzhou with Olga Kern on

title: Mischa Portnoff

text: critic Olin Downes reviewed the performance: John Barbirolli, in the course of one of the best concerts he has conducted here, led the New York Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra yesterday afternoon in Carnegie Hall in the first performance of Mischa Portnoff’s Piano Concerto. The solo part was played by Nadia Reisenberg. The performance was received with prolonged applause. Miss Reisenberg must have gratified the composer, who appeared on the platform with her after the performance, by the virtuosity and command that she showed in her mastery of a piano part that called not merely for physical deeds of derring do, but

title: Marion Bauer

text: Bauer was the second woman to have her work performed by the New York Philharmonic–Leopold Stokowski conducted the premiere of Bauer's "Sun Splendor" at Carnegie Hall in 1947. Despite its premiere with the New York Philharmonic, though, "Sun Splendor" was never published in any of its forms–as a piano solo, duet, or orchestral piece–and the only recording currently available is that of the original performance, housed in the New York Philharmonic Archives. An event Bauer herself considered one of the highlights of her entire career was the May 8, 1951 New York Town Hall concert devoted exclusively to her music.

title: InterSchool Orchestras of New York

text: is led by Music Director Tong Chen, Executive Director Karen Geer, and Board President Barbara Tracy. Its music director for much of its history was the late Jonathan Strasser. ISO was recognized by the League of American Orchestras with the 2004 Bank of America Award for excellence in orchestra education. The Morningside Orchestra welcomes beginners with basic skills on their instruments. Morningside Orchestra is conducted by Matthew Rotjan. The Carnegie Hill Orchestra, under the direction of Steven Rochen, provides further training for intermediate-level musicians, who perform original orchestral music and arrangements. The Concert Orchestra, conducted by Barry Stern, is made

title: New Philharmonia Orchestra of Massachusetts

text: Katzen, Sato Knudsen and Keisuke Wakao. The orchestra's inaugural season featured a guest conducting appearance by Keith Lockhart, conductor of the Boston Pops. Its fifteenth season was launched on July 1, 2009 with a concert in Boston's Symphony Hall, featuring French music for organ and orchestra, with James David Christie (organist of the Boston Symphony) as soloist. The concert marked the opening night of the New England convention of the American Guild of Organists. On September 14, 2018, the orchestra presented a sold-out concert at Symphony Hall featuring the Indigo Girls. The motto of the orchestra is "Music for All".

title: Young People's Concerts

text: Copland, and later Kurt Masur, Leonard Slatkin, and André Previn. Currently, the New York Philharmonic presents four Young People's Concerts each season, in addition to concerts on tour, most recently in Hong Kong on February 17, 2008. In New York, Delta David Gier is conductor and host—the first person to lead all such concerts in a season since 1952. Each season is themed as a unit—for instance the four ages of music—and the live performance is complemented by live images projected on a large screen, in addition to actors, dancers, and singers who help bring themes to life. Noted playwright

title: Leonard Bernstein

text: editorial, "It's a good American success story. The warm, friendly triumph of it filled Carnegie Hall and spread far over the air waves." He became instantly famous because the concert was nationally broadcast on CBS Radio, and afterwards Bernstein started to appear as a guest conductor with many U.S. orchestras. From 1945 to 1947, Bernstein was the Music Director of the New York City Symphony, which had been founded the previous year by the conductor Leopold Stokowski. The orchestra (with support from the Mayor) was aimed at a different audience than the New York Philharmonic, with more modern programs and

title: New York Philharmonic

text: at the age of twelve at Lewisohn Stadium. In his first subscription week he led the world premiere of John Adams' "On the Transmigration of Souls" commissioned in memory of those who died on September 11, 2001. Maazel concluded his tenure as the Philharmonic's Music Director at the end of the 2008/09 season. In 2003, due to ongoing concerns with the acoustics of Avery Fisher Hall, there was a proposal to move the New York Philharmonic back to Carnegie Hall and merge the two organizations, but this proposal did not come to fruition. On May 5, 2010, the New York

title: Hudson Valley Philharmonic

text: to Ole Windingstad, a European-trained conductor who came from the Oslo Philharmonic in Norway. Ole Windingstad also served as conductor to the New Orleans Philharmonic from 1940 to 1944. On October 29, 1953 under the direction of Maestro Ole Windingstad, the orchestra presented a program of two Norwegian composers, Grieg and Sparre-Olsen at New York's Carnegie Hall. It was also during Ole Windingstad's tenure that the orchestra presented Prokofiev's Peter and the Wolf narrated by former first lady Eleanor Roosevelt. By 1959, Claude Monteux, world-class flutist and son of legendary conductor Pierre Monteux, had elevated the orchestra to a fully

title: Symphony of the New World

text: direction of the noted conductor and music director Benjamin Steinberg, the Symphony consists of 36 Negro and 52 white musicians. Never before in the musical history of the nation has such a completely integrated symphonic ensemble been created. Following its Carnegie Hall debut concert, the Symphony of the New World will repeat its program in Harlem on Sunday afternoon, May 9, at the High School of Music and Art, 135th Street and Convent Avenue. This concert will be the first in the Symphony's long-range plan of performing in communities of low-income families and in reaching a public outside the orbit

title: Leonard Bernstein

text: conductor during his tenure as music director. However, his views were not shared by the audiences (with many full houses) and probably not by the musicians themselves (who had greater financial security arising from Bernstein's many TV and recording activities amongst other things). In 1962 the New York Philharmonic moved from Carnegie Hall to Philharmonic Hall (now David Geffen Hall) in the new Lincoln Center. The move was not without controversy because of acoustic problems with the new hall. Bernstein conducted the gala opening concert featuring vocal works by Mahler, Beethoven and Vaughan Williams, and the premiere of Aaron Copland's

title: Serenade to Music

text: Vaughan Williams conducted a performance of the original version of the "Serenade" during the inaugural concerts at the new Royal Festival Hall in 1951. The orchestra was the Liverpool Philharmonic and eleven of the original sixteen soloists sang; Ena Mitchell replaced Turner, Gladys Ripley replaced Balfour, and William Herbert, Richard Lewis and Stephen Manton replaced Titterton, Widdop and Jones. The performance was recorded and has been released on CD. For the opening of the Avery Fisher Hall, New York, on 23 September 1962, Leonard Bernstein conducted the New York Philharmonic, his programme including the "Serenade to Music". The soloists were

title: New York Philharmonic

text: to boast an outdoor symphony series when it began playing low-priced summer concerts at Lewisohn Stadium in upper Manhattan. In 1920 the orchestra hired Henry Hadley as "associate conductor" given specific responsibility for the "Americanization" of the orchestra: each of Hadley's concerts featured at least one work by an American-born composer. In 1924, the Young People's Concerts were expanded into a substantial series of children's concerts under the direction of American pianist-composer-conductor Ernest Schelling. This series became the prototype for concerts of its kind around the country and grew by popular demand to 15 concerts per season by the end

title: Joseph Fennimore

text: America for the British Tourist Authority) in America, Japan and Europe, to assistant conducting on Broadway for "No, No, Nanette" music director and arranger Buster Davis, writing music criticism pseudonymously and co-founding, with Gordon Hibberd, and directing (1972–76) the Hear America First concert series that was broadcast nationally on National Public Radio. He also taught piano at Princeton University as well as piano, piano literature and music literature at the College of St. Rose in Albany, New York. Since the early 1970s he has devoted his energies more exclusively to his compositional efforts, new works introduced and often performed by

title: Allen Oxenburg

text: Artistic Director and Gamson as the company's principal conductor. The company's first production was Claudio Monteverdi's "L'incoronazione di Poppea" for an audience of 50 in the drawing room of a mansion on 5th Avenue in New York City. These smaller concerts quickly became so popular that the AOS had to move to increasingly larger venues, ultimately using Carnegie Hall as the company's home. Oxenburg had a strong commitment to presenting operas that were rarely performed. As such, the AOS presented many operas to the American public for the first time, including the United States premieres of Benjamin Britten's "Billy Budd",

title: Lawrence Leighton Smith

text: director of the Philharmonia Orchestra of Yale from 1995 to 2004. He became music director of the Colorado Springs Symphony in May 2000, and in 2003 he became the first music director of the new Colorado Springs Philharmonic. He also has served as the music director of the Sunriver Music Festival in Oregon for over 17 seasons. Guest conducting included appearances with nearly every major orchestra in the U.S., including the American Symphony Orchestra, Baltimore Symphony Orchestra, Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, Dallas Symphony Orchestra, Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra, Minnesota Orchestra, New York Philharmonic, Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra, Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra and the Saint

title: Carnegie Hall

long_answer: Carnegie Hall is named after Andrew Carnegie, who funded its construction. It was intended as a venue for the Oratorio Society of New York and the New York Symphony Society, on whose boards Carnegie served. Construction began in 1890, and was carried out by Isaac A. Hopper and Company. Although the building was in use from April 1891, the official opening night was May 5, with a concert conducted by maestro Walter Damrosch and great Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Originally known simply as "Music Hall" (the words "Music Hall founded by Andrew Carnegie" still appear on the façade above the marquee), the hall was renamed Carnegie Hall in 1893 after board members of the Music Hall Company of New York (the hall's original governing body) persuaded Carnegie to allow the use of his name. Several alterations were made to the building between 1893 and 1896, including the addition of two towers of artists' studios, and alterations to the smaller auditorium on the building's lower level.

short_answers:
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Walter Damrosch
maestro Walter Damrosch