question: who proposed the first accurate model of dna

answers: Watson

answers: Crick

title: Robin Holliday

text: Robin Holliday Robin Holliday (6 November 1932 – 9 April 2014) was a British molecular biologist. Holliday described a mechanism of DNA-strand exchange that attempted to explain gene-conversion events that occur during meiosis in fungi. That model first proposed in 1964 and is now known as the Holliday Junction. Holliday held a B.A. in Natural Sciences and a Ph.D. in Genetics from Cambridge University. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society, a Fellow Australian Academy of Science (FAA), a member of the European Molecular Biology Organization, a Foreign Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy, and held the 1987

title: William A. Haseltine

text: co-discoverer of the structure of DNA, and Walter Gilbert, who later received a Nobel prize for developing a method to determine the sequence of DNA. Work in this laboratory gave him an excellent grounding in the tools of what was then the new field of molecular biology. As a graduate student he worked on fundamental aspects of regulation of expression of genes. He elucidated the means by which bacteria signal the shift from growth when food is abundant to maintenance when food is scarce, the topic of his PhD thesis titled "Magic Spot and the Stringent Response". During his graduate

title: Florence Bell (scientist)

text: when most scientists believed that proteins were the genetic material and that DNA was just a structural component composed of a monotonous repeat of bases. Bell's note book is held in the Leeds University archives. Florence Bell (scientist) Florence Ogilvy Bell (1 May 1913 – 23 November 2000), later Florence Sawyer, was a British scientist who contributed to the discovery of DNA. She was an X-ray crystallographer in the lab of William Astbury. In 1938 they published a paper in "Nature" that described the structure of DNA as a "Pile of Pennies". Florence Ogilvy Bell was born at 47 Hanover

title: Thomas J. Kelly (scientist)

text: by using DNA viruses as model systems. His laboratory developed the first cell-free systems for studying the biochemistry of DNA replication in human cells, enabling the identification and functional characterization of components of the human replication machinery. In recognition of this work he received the 2004 Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. Prize of the General Motors Cancer Research Foundation and the 2010 Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize of Columbia University. Kelly earned a Ph.D. in biophysics in 1968 and an M.D. in 1969. While a postdoctoral fellow with Hamilton O. Smith at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine during 1969-70, Kelly

title: Semiconservative replication

title: Albrecht Kossel

text: is named in his honor. Albrecht Kossel Ludwig Karl Martin Leonhard Albrecht Kossel (16 September 1853 – 5 July 1927) was a German biochemist and pioneer in the study of genetics. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1910 for his work in determining the chemical composition of nucleic acids, the genetic substance of biological cells. Kossel isolated and described the five organic compounds that are present in nucleic acid: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil. These compounds were later shown to be nucleobases, and are key in the formation of DNA and RNA, the genetic

title: John Randall (physicist)

text: University of Cambridge for the determination of the structure of DNA. His other staff included Rosalind Franklin, Raymond Gosling, Alex Stokes and Herbert Wilson, all involved in research on DNA. John Randall was born on 23 March 1905 at Newton-le-Willows, Lancashire, the only son and the first of the three children of Sidney Randall, nurseryman and seedsman, and his wife, Hannah Cawley, daughter of John Turton, colliery manager in the area. He was educated at the grammar school at Ashton-in-Makerfield and at the University of Manchester, where he was awarded a first-class honours degree in physics and a graduate prize

title: Florence Bell (scientist)

text: Florence Bell (scientist) Florence Ogilvy Bell (1 May 1913 – 23 November 2000), later Florence Sawyer, was a British scientist who contributed to the discovery of DNA. She was an X-ray crystallographer in the lab of William Astbury. In 1938 they published a paper in "Nature" that described the structure of DNA as a "Pile of Pennies". Florence Ogilvy Bell was born at 47 Hanover Road, Brondesbury Park, London, the second daughter of Thomas Bell and his wife, Annie Mary Lucas. Her father was a photographer and later advertising manager who had been born in Allendale, Northumberland, and later he

title: Walter Sutton

text: Walter Sutton Walter Stanborough Sutton (April 5, 1877 – November 10, 1916) was an American geneticist and physician whose most significant contribution to present-day biology was his theory that the Mendelian laws of inheritance could be applied to chromosomes at the cellular level of living organisms. This is now known as the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory. Sutton was born in Utica, New York, and was raised on a farm as the fifth of seven sons to Judge William B. Sutton and his wife, Agnes Black Sutton, in Russell, Kansas. On the farm, he developed a mechanical aptitude by maintaining and repairing

title: Sol Spiegelman

text: in 1944. After a year as a U.S. Public Health Service Fellow at the University of Minnesota, he joined the faculty of the University of Illinois and later became a professor of microbiology where he stayed for 20 years. In 1962, he improved a technique that allowed the detection of specific RNA and DNA molecules in cells. Called nucleic acid hybridization originally developed by Rich and Davies in 1956, it was the combination of viral DNA and viral RNA which helped to lay the groundwork for advances in recombinant DNA technology. In 1969 he became a professor of human genetics

title: Colin Munro MacLeod

text: Colin Munro MacLeod Colin Munro MacLeod (January 28, 1909 – February 11, 1972) was a Canadian-American geneticist. He was one of a trio of scientists who discovered that deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA is responsible for the transformation of the physical characteristics of bacteria, which subsequently led to its identification as the molecule responsible for heredity. MacLeod was born in Port Hastings, Nova Scotia, Canada, one of eight children of a schoolteacher and a Scottish Presbyterian minister. He entered McGill University at the age of 16 after skipping three grades in primary school, and completed his medical studies by age 23.

title: Arthur Mourant

text: Blood Banks and honorary member of the Human Biology Council. Arthur Mourant Arthur Ernest Mourant FRS (11 April 1904 – 29 August 1994) was a British chemist, hematologist and geneticist who pioneered research into biological anthropology and its distribution, genetics, clinical and laboratory medicine, and geology. Mourant graduated from the University of Oxford with honours in chemistry and a Doctor of Philosophy in geology in 1931. He was an early advocate of the then discredited Wegener theory of continental drift, which subsequently gained acceptabtability as plate tectonics. When he left Oxford he failed to find a position in his chosen

title: DNA

text: according to the nucleotide they have read. DNA was first isolated by the Swiss physician Friedrich Miescher who, in 1869, discovered a microscopic substance in the pus of discarded surgical bandages. As it resided in the nuclei of cells, he called it "nuclein". In 1878, Albrecht Kossel isolated the non-protein component of "nuclein", nucleic acid, and later isolated its five primary nucleobases. In 1909, Phoebus Levene identified the base, sugar, and phosphate nucleotide unit of the RNA (then named "yeast nucleic acid"). In 1929, Levene identified deoxyribose sugar in "thymus nucleic acid" (DNA). Levene suggested that DNA consisted of a

title: Stephen C. West

text: Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences (USA). Stephen West was born on 11 April 1952 in Hessle, Yorkshire, to Joseph Clair West, a fishbuyer, and Louise West. Although he came from a working-class background, he did well enough at his local school (Hessle High School) to go to Newcastle University where he studied Biochemistry. He graduated with a BSc in 1974, and stayed in Newcastle to complete his PhD in 1977. His thesis advisor was Peter Emmerson. During his PhD work, he became interested in how cells recombine their DNA and use recombination for DNA repair. In 1977,

title: Timeline of United States discoveries

text: first accurate double-helix model of DNA structure. 1955 Mendelevium 1955 Antiproton "'1956 Porous silicon" 1956 Kaon 1956 Antineutron 1956 Neutrino 1956 Nucleic acid hybridization 1958 Van Allen radiation belt 1959 Antiproton 1960 Seafloor spreading 1961 Eta meson 1964 Xi baryon 1964 Cosmic microwave background radiation 1964 Quark 1964 1930 Lucifer 1964 Hepatitis B virus 1965 Aspartame 1965 Pulsating white dwarves 1968 Up quark 1968 Down quark 1969 Mosher's acid 1969 Interstellar formaldehyde 1970 Reverse transcriptase 1972 Opiate receptors 1974 Australopithecus "Lucy" Lucy is the common name of AL 288-1, several hundred pieces of bone representing about 40% of the skeleton

title: J. M. Robson

text: Sarah Benjamin in September 1930 in Leeds. J. M. Robson John Michael 'Rab' Rabinovich, later known as Prof John Michael Robson FRSE FRCS FRCSE LLD (1900–1982) was a geneticist and physicist who co-founded the science of mutagenesis by mutations in fruit flies exposed to mustard gas, and who first observed neutron beta decay. Born in Belgium to a Russian Jewish family, Rabinovich came prior to World War I in England, where he attended school in Leeds. He studied Science at Leeds University graduating BSc in 1922 then took a second degree in Medicine graduating MB ChB in 1925. In 1929

title: Rosalind Franklin

text: Rosalind Franklin Rosalind Elsie Franklin (25 July 192016 April 1958) was an English chemist and X-ray crystallographer who made contributions to the understanding of the molecular structures of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid), viruses, coal, and graphite. Although her works on coal and viruses were appreciated in her lifetime, her contributions to the discovery of the structure of DNA were largely recognised posthumously. Born to a prominent British Jewish family, Franklin was educated at a private day school at Norland Place in West London, Lindores School for Young Ladies in Sussex, and St Paul's Girls' School, London. Then she

title: Reginald Punnett

text: Reginald Punnett Reginald Crundall Punnett FRS (; 20 June 1875 – 3 January 1967) was a British geneticist who co-founded, with William Bateson, the "Journal of Genetics" in 1910. Punnett is probably best remembered today as the creator of the Punnett square, a tool still used by biologists to predict the probability of possible genotypes of offspring. His "Mendelism" (1905) is sometimes said to have been the first textbook on genetics; it was probably the first popular science book to introduce genetics to the public. Reginald Punnett was born in 1875 in the town of Tonbridge in Kent, England. While

title: Holliday junction

text: maydis" and "Saccharomyces cerevisiae." The model provided a molecular mechanism that explained both gene conversion and chromosomal crossover. Holliday realized that the proposed pathway would create heteroduplex DNA segments with base mismatches between different versions of a single gene. He predicted that the cell would have a mechanism for mismatch repair, which was later discovered. Prior to Holliday's model, the accepted model involved a copy-choice mechanism where the new strand is synthesized directly from parts of the different parent strands. In the original Holliday model for homologous recombination, single-strand breaks occur at the same point on one strand of each

title: Frederick Sanger

text: the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids". The other half was awarded to Paul Berg "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant DNA". Frederick Sanger was born on 13 August 1918 in Rendcomb, a small village in Gloucestershire, England, the second son of Frederick Sanger, a general practitioner, and his wife, Cicely Sanger (née Crewdson). He was one of three children. His brother, Theodore, was only a year older, while his sister May (Mary) was five years younger. His father had worked as an Anglican medical missionary in China but returned

title: Walter Bodmer

text: In 1962 Walter Bodmer was appointed to the faculty at Stanford. He left Stanford University in 1970 to become the first Professor of Genetics at the University of Oxford . Bodmer developed models for population genetics and worked on the human leukocyte antigen system and the use of somatic cell hybrids for human linkage studies. In 1985 he chaired a Royal Society committee which wrote "The Bodmer Report"; this has been credited with starting the movement for the public understanding of science. Bodmer was one of the first to suggest the idea of the Human Genome Project. In 1987 he

title: Phoebus Levene

text: of the molecule. His ideas about the structure of DNA were wrong; he thought there were only four nucleotides per molecule. He even declared that it could not store the genetic code because it was chemically far too simple. However, his work was a key basis for the later work that determined the structure of DNA. Levene published over 700 original papers and articles on biochemical structures. Levene died in 1940, before the true significance of DNA became clear. Levene is known for his "tetranucleotide hypothesis" (formulated around 1910) which first proposed that DNA was made up of "equal" amounts

title: Thomas Harrison Montgomery Jr.

text: cell biology, primarily using insect cells. His most notable research includes early observations of the pairing of maternal and paternal chromosomes during cell division. He was first to propose that chromosomes play the dominant role in sex determination, although he rejected the idea that sex was determined by chromosomes alone, and some historians claim he was the first to propose the chromosome theory of inheritance, an idea widely credited to Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri. He also detailed the morphology of the nucleolus, and observed that in some hemipteran insects the germ cells of males but not females contain odd

title: Albrecht Kossel

text: Albrecht Kossel Ludwig Karl Martin Leonhard Albrecht Kossel (16 September 1853 – 5 July 1927) was a German biochemist and pioneer in the study of genetics. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1910 for his work in determining the chemical composition of nucleic acids, the genetic substance of biological cells. Kossel isolated and described the five organic compounds that are present in nucleic acid: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil. These compounds were later shown to be nucleobases, and are key in the formation of DNA and RNA, the genetic material found in all living

title: DNA

text: system provided the first clear suggestion that DNA carries genetic information. In 1933, while studying virgin sea urchin eggs, Jean Brachet suggested that DNA is found in the cell nucleus and that RNA is present exclusively in the cytoplasm. At the time, "yeast nucleic acid" (RNA) was thought to occur only in plants, while "thymus nucleic acid" (DNA) only in animals. The latter was thought to be a tetramer, with the function of buffering cellular pH. In 1937, William Astbury produced the first X-ray diffraction patterns that showed that DNA had a regular structure. In 1943, Oswald Avery, along with

title: Rosalind Franklin and DNA

text: Rosalind Franklin and DNA Rosalind Franklin and DNA is a biography of an English chemist Rosalind Franklin (1920–1958) written by her American friend Anne Sayre in 1975. Franklin was a physical chemist who made pivotal research in the discovery of the structure of DNA, known as "the most important discovery" in biology. DNA itself had become "life's most famous molecule". While working at the King's College London in 1951, she discovered two types of DNA called A-DNA and B-DNA. Her X-ray images of DNA indicated helical structure. Her X-ray image of B-DNA (called Photo 51) taken in 1952 became the

title: Jean Thomas (biochemist)

text: heavily focused on studying the structure and dynamics of chromatin and its role in the repression and activation of genes via regulatory proteins. She was the first person to isolate and characterize the histone octamer, which ultimately and led to the universal nucleosome model for chromatin structure formulated by Roger D. Kornberg. Kornberg would eventually be awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on gene transcription and translation. Thomas’s recent work has focused on the in-depth understanding of chromatin proteins, such as high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) and histone H1, and their interactions with DNA. In 2007,

title: Yuet Wai Kan

text: is regarded as a pioneer of applying molecular biology and genetics into clinical medicine. Kan was the first to establish that a single DNA mutation could lead to a human disease, and the first to diagnose a human disease by using DNA. Kan has made many fundamental contributions to our understanding of human blood diseases. Kan was the first to discover the gene deletion in human alpha-thalassemia; he was the first to discover a point-mutation causing human beta-thalassemia; with Golbus' help, he was the first to carry out prenatal diagnosis (for a haemoglobinopathy). Kan is best known for his groundbreaking

title: James C. Wang

text: 1977, when he joined the faculty at Harvard University. He was named the Mallinckrodt Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at Harvard in 1988. Retired in 2006. Wang discovered DNA topoisomerases (or local enzymes) and proposed a mechanism for their operation in the 1970s. He also studied the configuration (or topology) of DNA, an approach that proved fruitful in helping to explain how the structure of the double helix coils and relaxes. James C. Wang James C. Wang (; born November 18, 1936) is Chinese-born American biochemist and biologist. He is a Harvard University Professor of biochemistry and molecular biology.

title: Allan Campbell (biologist)

text: regulation and expression of genetic material, and the mechanism of integration and excision of genetic material into chromosomal locations. Allan Campbell’s contribution to the field with the ‘Campbell model’ of integration and excision marked a major step forward in the understanding of this process. Allan Campbell (biologist) Allan M. Campbell (April 27, 1929 – April 19, 2018) was an American microbiologist and geneticist whose pioneering work on Lambda phage has helped advance molecular biology in the late 20th century. Dr. Campbell has been a professor of in the Department of Biology at Stanford University since 1968, and he was appointed

title: Semiconservative replication

long_answer: The deciphering of the structure of DNA by Watson and Crick in 1953 suggested that each strand of the double helix would serve as a template for synthesis of a new strand. However, there was no way of knowing how the newly synthesized strands might combine with the template strands to form two double helical DNA molecules. The semiconservative model seemed most reasonable since it would allow each daughter strand to remain associated with its template strand. The semiconservative model was supported by the Meselson-Stahl experiment and other even more revealing experiments that allowed for autoradiographic visualization of the distribution of old and new strands within replicated chromosomes.

short_answers: Crick Watson


question: where is the hero golf challenge being played

answers: The Bahamas

answers: Albany development in the Bahamas

title: Hero World Challenge

text: Hero World Challenge The Hero World Challenge is a golf tournament hosted by Tiger Woods, which takes place each December. It features a small number (currently 18) of top-ranked golf pros. The tournament is a benefit for the Tiger Woods Foundation. Initially, the tournament had a 16-man field composed of the defending champion, the top 11 available players from the Official World Golf Ranking, and four sponsors exemptions chosen by the Tiger Woods Foundation. In 2008, the field was increased to 18 players, consisting of the most recent winners of the four major PGA tournaments, the top 11 available players

title: Hero World Challenge

text: from the Official World Golf Ranking, the defending champion, and two special exemption players selected by the foundation. Prize money won by the players is not included in money rankings on any of the world's professional golf tours, but the tournament is recognized as an unofficial money event by the PGA Tour. Since 2009, the event offers Official World Golf Ranking points. In 2007 the total prize fund was $5.75 million, similar to many official PGA Tour events, which usually have fields of about 150 players. In 2014, the first prize was $1 million, and the total purse was $3.5

title: Hero World Challenge

text: Lehman won the first event in January. The tournament then moved to December of that year Davis Love III won that event. It has been played in December ever since. The January 2000 event was played at Grayhawk Golf Club in Scottsdale, Arizona. From December 2000 to 2013, the event took place at Sherwood Country Club, a course designed by Jack Nicklaus, in Thousand Oaks, California. In 2008, Woods did not compete due to knee surgery following his 2008 U.S. Open victory, even though he was the two-time defending champion. He did not play in 2009 due to time spent

title: Hero World Challenge

text: away from golf related to personal matters. Woods returned to the event in 2010. In 2011, Woods won the tournament with a score of −10, defeating Zach Johnson by one shot. Woods made birdie on the final two holes to win; it was his first win in over two years, since the 2009 Australian Masters. It was called the Chevron World Challenge from 2008 through 2011. It previously went by the names Williams World Challenge and Target World Challenge. In 2012, new sponsor Northwestern Mutual was the presenting sponsor instead of a title sponsor. They became the title sponsor in

title: Hero World Challenge

text: Beginning in 2015, the event will be played at the Albany development in the Bahamas, for at least three years.

title: Hero World Challenge

text: million. Woods usually donates his prize money to his foundation. Hero World Challenge tournament is preceded by a pro-am competition, in which professional golfers play with amateurs. Hero World Challenge pro-am is usually organized two days before the first round of professional play. "Am-Am outing" takes place on the first day, "Official Pro-Am" on the second day. The access to the pro-am competition is limited only to the tournament partners. The pro-am tournament is closed to public. The amateur participants of the 2016 pro-am included, for instance, Derek Jeter and Tino Martinez. In 2000 the tournament was staged twice Tom

title: Kiwi Challenge

text: Kiwi Challenge The Kiwi Challenge was a golf tournament played as part of the PGA Tour's Challenge Season. It was played in New Zealand. The 36-hole tournament began in 2008 with a four-man field of Anthony Kim, Hunter Mahan, Adam Scott and Brandt Snedeker. It aired in December on NBC and was played on the courses Kauri Cliffs and Cape Kidnappers over two days. The purse was $2.6 million with $1.5 million going to the winner (second: $500,000, third: $350,000, fourth: $250,000). The 2008 event was won by Hunter Mahan. The 2009 event was played November 10–11 and aired on

title: The Ally Challenge

text: The Ally Challenge The Ally Challenge is a PGA Tour Champions event at Warwick Hills Golf and Country Club in Grand Blanc Township, Michigan, just south of Flint, which debuted in September 2018. The tournament is sponsored by Grand Blanc-based McLaren Health Care. Detroit-based Ally Financial is the title sponsor. Beyond the tournament, the Ally Challenge event includes a pro-am on Wednesday and Thursday, The Ally Challenge Community Concert on Friday and Adidas 5K Challenge run/walk event on Saturday morning. Net proceeds from the tournament were earmarked for Community Foundation of Greater Flint and Junior Achievement of Southeastern Michigan plus

title: Professional golf career of Tiger Woods

text: his intention to play at the 2017 Hero World Challenge. At this limited-field event, Woods produced a positive performance, finishing tied for ninth. Woods stated that he would make his first appearance of the 2018 PGA Tour at the Farmers Insurance Open in San Diego, California, an event he had previously won seven times. Woods finished in a tie for 23rd, 7 strokes behind winner Jason Day. In February, Woods appeared in back-to-back PGA Tour events for the first time since August 2015. Woods missed the halfway cut at the Genesis Open in Los Angeles, before finishing 12th in at

title: Northern Ireland Open (Challenge Tour)

text: Northern Ireland Open (Challenge Tour) The Northern Ireland Open is a golf tournament on the Challenge Tour. It was played for the first time in August/September 2013 at the Galgorm Castle Golf Club in Ballymena, Northern Ireland. In 2017 the event was changed from 72 holes of stroke play to a "Super 6" style format. In 2018 the event reverted to 72-hole stroke-play. The 2017 format was similar to that used for the 2017 World Super 6 Perth. The main difference was that the 6-hole matches are determined by stroke play rather than match play. It retained the 156-player field,

title: The Ally Challenge

text: playing September 10–16, 2018. An agreement is in place for the $2 million purse tournament until 2020. The Challenge would also included a pro-am on Wednesday and Thursday. On November 10, 2017, the tournament announced McLaren Health Care as presenting sponsor. Plus, they indicated tickets were on sale, a Big & Rich concert would be held after the first round and a 5K run would also be held. The Birdies for Charities fundraising program was announced in May 2018 for additional 501(c)3 charity to join. The 5K run/walk was announced on June 22, 2018 to be sponsor by Adidas as

title: The Ally Challenge

text: an hour of mostly veterans speaking against the sponsorship, the board reversed it vote, initially 6–2–1 before voting switching made it unanimous. Paul Broadhurst was the inaugural 2018 tournament winner with a 15-under-par 201 score to beat Brandt Jobe by two strokes. All three rounds of the tournament was broadcast on the Golf Channel. The Ally Challenge The Ally Challenge is a PGA Tour Champions event at Warwick Hills Golf and Country Club in Grand Blanc Township, Michigan, just south of Flint, which debuted in September 2018. The tournament is sponsored by Grand Blanc-based McLaren Health Care. Detroit-based Ally Financial

title: Indian Open (golf)

text: Indian Open (golf) The Indian Open, known as the Hero Indian Open due to sponsorship, is a golf tournament on the Asian Tour that is currently held at the Delhi Golf Club. It became a European Tour co-sanctioned event in 2015. The inaugural event was held in 1964 and won by Peter Thomson of Australia, who was the inspiration behind the event. Thomson used to stop off in India whilst travelling worldwide to play and soon realised the potential for golf and that the best way to promote it would be an international tournament. It was this insight that persuaded

title: Father/Son Challenge

text: Father/Son Challenge The Father/Son Challenge is an annual golf tournament for two-player teams, consisting of PGA Tour and Champions Tour golfers and (usually) their sons. It is played over two days (36 holes) for the Willie Park Trophy, in memory of the father and son British Open champions Willie Park Snr and Willie Park Jnr. The field of twenty teams plays a scramble format. In 2012 the prize fund was $1,000,000; the tournament is jointly owned by IMG and NBC Sports. The fathers need to have won a major championship or The Players Championship (often called the "fifth major") to

title: Northern Ireland Open (Challenge Tour)

text: result above is the score in the final. Northern Ireland Open (Challenge Tour) The Northern Ireland Open is a golf tournament on the Challenge Tour. It was played for the first time in August/September 2013 at the Galgorm Castle Golf Club in Ballymena, Northern Ireland. In 2017 the event was changed from 72 holes of stroke play to a "Super 6" style format. In 2018 the event reverted to 72-hole stroke-play. The 2017 format was similar to that used for the 2017 World Super 6 Perth. The main difference was that the 6-hole matches are determined by stroke play rather

title: Fred Meyer Challenge

text: Fred Meyer Challenge The Fred Meyer Challenge was a charity golf tournament played in the Portland metropolitan area in the U.S. state of Oregon. Held from 1986 to 2002, it was organized by Portland native and PGA Tour golfer Peter Jacobsen and sponsored by the then locally owned hypermarket chain Fred Meyer. The field included active and retired PGA Tour players. It was always played as a two-man team best ball event. In its inaugural year, it was played as in a match play format, with four teams competing. For the rest of its tenure, it was played in a

title: 2019 PGA Tour

text: events were added to the schedule: the Rocket Mortgage Classic will be played at Detroit Golf Club in Detroit, Michigan, and the 3M Open will be played at the TPC Twin Cities in Blaine, Minnesota. Additionally, the WGC Invitational was relocated from Akron, Ohio to Memphis, Tennessee when FedEx took over sponsorship of the event. As a result, the FedEx St. Jude Classic will cease now that the relocated WGC event, WGC-FedEx St. Jude Invitational, will be played at the Classic's former location in Memphis. Quicken Loans National, played in the Washington, D.C. area, will no longer appear on the

title: Nedbank Golf Challenge

text: Nedbank Golf Challenge The Nedbank Golf Challenge, previously known as the Million Dollar Challenge, is an annual men's professional golf tournament played at the Gary Player Country Club in Sun City, North West province, South Africa. It was first played in 1981 and takes place towards the end of the year, in November or December. For many years the tournament was a small-field invitational stroke play event with typically 12 players competing. Since it became a European Tour event in 2013, the field size has increased, to 30 from 2013 to 2015 and to 72 in 2016. Originally it was

title: Big Break Atlantis

text: Big Break: Prince Edward Island participant. The first challenge is a tic-tac-tow challenge where players must hit their balls into nets to put their piece on the board and the winner getting 2 challenge points. The matchups are decided based on points standings, with Natalia, the lowest points earner, facing Gerina. The second stage is a target golf challenge where the players try to hit as close as possible to the hole in three different locations. The circles are marked as targets on the green and the player getting within a specific target gets a particular number of points from

title: Diamond Resorts Invitational

text: Diamond Resorts Invitational The Diamond Resorts Invitational was a PGA Tour Champions Challenge Season event and celebrity golf tournament, played at Tranquilo Golf Club at Four Seasons in Orlando, Florida and benefited Florida Hospital for Children. The tournament began as a celebrity-only tournament in 2013 and in 2017, the tournament was made a PGA Tour Champions Challenge Season event. The 2018 event featured a field of 28 Champions Tour and 4 LPGA Tour professionals, and 50 celebrity amateur golfers. The tournament was a no cut 54-hole event, and used the Modified Stableford scoring system. Over the years, the tournament helped

title: Tiger Woods PGA Tour 13

text: Tiger Woods PGA Tour 13 Tiger Woods PGA Tour 13 is a golfing simulation video game in the "PGA Tour" series published by Electronic Arts. It was released in North America on March 27, 2012, in Australia on March 29, 2012 and in Europe on March 30, 2012 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. This is the first version of the game since 2006 not to be released on the Wii. EA has sunsetted the servers which means the courses are no longer available for download. "Tiger Woods PGA Tour 13" features a game mode called "Legacy Challenge," where

title: PGA Tour Golf Team Challenge

text: PGA Tour Golf Team Challenge PGA Tour Golf Team Challenge is a trackball-based golf arcade game series manufactured by Global VR of San Jose, California. Based on the PC version of EA Sports' "PGA Tour" game, the game is run from a computer within the cabinet which has an Intel Pentium 4 processor and Nvidia GeForce video card. The current - and final - edition of the PGA series is titled PGA Tour Golf ‘Team Challenge’. A player can select from a number of real PGA pro golfers & PGA tour courses in either 9 or 18 holes, against up

title: Swiss Challenge (golf)

text: has been played at Golf Sempachersee in Hildisrieden. Swiss Challenge (golf) The Swiss Challenge is a golf tournament on the Challenge Tour, held in Switzerland. It was first played as the Credit Suisse Private Banking Open in 2000 and 2001 at the Golf Club Patriziale Ascona in Ascona. It replaced the Interlaken Open which ended after financial issues. During the course of the 2002 edition, the heavy rain led to the overflow of the Lake Maggiore and to the cancellation of the event. Following a four-year hiatus, the tournament returned in 2006 and was held at the Wylihof Golf Club

title: The Ally Challenge

text: the Adidas 5K Challenge held before the second round with benefiting non-profits as the Community Foundation of Greater Flint and Junior Achievement of Southeastern Michigan. The Genesee County Board of Commissioners embroiled the tournament in a controversy over their April 2, 2018 approval, 7–1, of using veterans millage funds towards sponsoring the event as "outreach". With the sponsorship, the county would get free access for veterans to the tournament and a "Patriot Pavilion" at the 18th fairway for all active and reserve military, veterans and their dependents. On April 9, 2018, after a commissioner sponsored petition with 500 signatures and

title: PowerPlay Golf

text: PowerPlay Golf PowerPlay Golf is a shorter variation of golf, featuring two flags on a green and played over nine holes. It was devised by British amateur golfer Peter McEvoy, a former victorious captain of the Great Britain and Ireland Walker Cup team, and David Piggins, a sports venue owner and operator, assisted shortly afterwards by golf agency owner Andy Hiseman. McEvoy and Hiseman wrote the rules together in February 2007. In PowerPlay Golf, players can choose to play to the 'easy' white flag or the more difficult black flag. If they score a birdie or better to the black

title: Hank Haney

text: under the name "World Challenge Golf 2011" by Virtual Programming on September 28, 2011. Hank Haney Hank Haney (born August 24, 1955) is an American professional golf instructor best known for coaching Tiger Woods and two-time major championship winner Mark O'Meara. A graduate of the University of Tulsa, Haney owns and operates four teaching facilities in the Dallas, Texas area. Haney says, "My philosophy as a teacher is to teach my students to become their own best teacher by getting them to understand the flight of the golf ball and how it relates to the swing, with emphasis on swinging

title: The Ally Challenge

text: additional charities could participate in the Birdies for Charities fundraising program. Grand Blanc Community Schools benefits by using their parking lots to generate revenue. Previously, the area had the Buick Open from 1958 through 2009 at the Warwick Hills Golf Club, as one of six former PGA Tour sites hosting PGA Tour Champions events. Since that tournament left, the golf club had been looking to get a replace in a PGA Tour Champions event. The main issue was finding a title sponsor. The Ally Challenge was announced by the PGA on August 26, 2017 as a PGA Tour Champions tournament

title: Golf in India

text: Golf Tour of India. The main tournament is the Hero Indian Open, co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour and European Tour. In addition to the commendable performances by the Golf players of India, the Indian Golf Union (IGU) is making earnest efforts to improve the standard of the game in the country. Established in 1955, IGU made a significant decision made in 1995, which gave rise to the birth of a separate body for the sport - Professional Golfers' Association of India (PGAI). Recent development in Indian Golf is commencement of Indian Pitch and Putt Union apex body of Pitch and

title: Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2003

text: Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2003 Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2003 is a 2002 golf video game released by EA Sports. Among the features in the game is the Tiger Challenge, in which the player is matched against real or fantasy golfers one at a time. There is also a scenario mode with 50 scenarios, challenging the players' skills in a variety of realistic settings. The game also includes a tournament mode that simulates a season on the PGA Tour. The game was met with universal acclaim to positive reception upon release. GameRankings and Metacritic gave it a score of 91%

title: Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2003

text: 386"." Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2003 Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2003 is a 2002 golf video game released by EA Sports. Among the features in the game is the Tiger Challenge, in which the player is matched against real or fantasy golfers one at a time. There is also a scenario mode with 50 scenarios, challenging the players' skills in a variety of realistic settings. The game also includes a tournament mode that simulates a season on the PGA Tour. The game was met with universal acclaim to positive reception upon release. GameRankings and Metacritic gave it a score of

title: Hero World Challenge


question: who wrote put your hand in the hand of the man who stilled the water

answers: Gene MacLellan

title: The Water Man

text: The Water Man "The Water Man" () was the first Slovene ballad. It was written in the spring of 1826 by the Slovene Romantic poet France Prešeren and was a narration about Urška, a flirt from Ljubljana that ended in the hands of a handsome man who happened to be a vodyanoy (). The poem was based on a story from "The Glory of Carniola", about a dance at Old Square in Ljubljana in July 1547, when Urška Šefer was enchanted by a vodyanoy and tugged to the Ljubljanica. Prešeren wrote it due to his unfulfilled love towards Zalika Dolenc.

title: Helen Keller

text: the motions her teacher was making on the palm of her hand, while running cool water over her other hand, symbolized the idea of "water". Writing in her autobiography, "The Story of My Life," Keller recalled the moment. "I stood still, my whole attention fixed upon the motions of her fingers. Suddenly I felt a misty consciousness as of something forgotten — a thrill of returning thought; and somehow the mystery of language was revealed to me. I knew then that w-a-t-e-r meant the wonderful cool something that was flowing over my hand. The living word awakened my soul, gave

title: Natalie Natalia

text: oars had made whirlpools. A light appeared in the window: your breast, above the candle, burned. We wrapped our cloaks round us: ran with our shoulders against the drawbridge. Hands came through the door and held us; they were tendrils through the stone. You watched from an upstairs window. We were in the hallway of the castle. You stood with the candle and one hand against your breast. The candle burned: it made blood against the snow. The man with the beak of a bird put his head down to embrace you: with one arm round his neck, you were

title: Bereshit (parsha)

text: Moses (as reports) to "Stretch out your hand over the sea, and divide it." So (as reports) "Moses stretched out his hand over the sea," but the sea refused to be divided. So God looked at the sea, and the waters saw God's Face, and they trembled and quaked, and descended into the depths, as says, "The waters saw You, O God; the waters saw You, they were afraid: the depths also trembled." Rabbi Eliezer taught that on the day that God said in "Let the waters be gathered together," the waters congealed, and God made them into twelve valleys,

title: Put Your Hand in the Hand

text: "Put Your Hand in the Hand" is a gospel pop song composed by Gene MacLellan and first recorded by Canadian singer Anne Murray from her third studio album Honey, Wheat and Laughter.

title: Beshalach

text: So God looked at the sea, and the waters saw God's Face, and they trembled and quaked, and descended into the depths, as says, "The waters saw You, O God; the waters saw You, they were afraid: the depths also trembled." Rabbi Eliezer taught that on the day that God said "Let the waters be gathered together," the waters congealed, and God made them into twelve valleys, corresponding to the twelve tribes, and they were made into walls of water between each path, and the Israelites could see each other, and they saw God, walking before them, but they did

title: John Bunion Murray

text: through the bottle of holy water, that person would read messages from God. During the last few years of his life as his reputation grew as a mystic, Murray would receive visitors on his property who requested ritual readings of the holy water. When writing these holy messages, Murray would often hold the bottle of holy water in one hand and write with the other, keeping his hand as limp as possible, and letting the holy spirit guide it. This process of automatic writing was recorded in a documentary directed and produced by Judith McWillie of the University of Georgia

title: The Man who Put the Germ in Germany

text: The Man who Put the Germ in Germany The Man who Put the Germ in Germany is a song written in 1918 during World War I. Lyrics and music were composed by Nora Bayes, Sam Downing, and Abe Glatt. Waterson, Berlin & Snyder, Inc. of New York City published the song for both voice and piano. It reached number seven on the US song charts in August 1918. On the cover of the sheet music is a large picture of Nora Bayes. The song celebrates America by using word play of famous leaders' names like George Washington and Abraham Lincoln

title: The Water Man

text: In the first publication of the poem Urška was named Zalika. Later, in Prešeren's Poems (1847), she was named Urška. The Water Man "The Water Man" () was the first Slovene ballad. It was written in the spring of 1826 by the Slovene Romantic poet France Prešeren and was a narration about Urška, a flirt from Ljubljana that ended in the hands of a handsome man who happened to be a vodyanoy (). The poem was based on a story from "The Glory of Carniola", about a dance at Old Square in Ljubljana in July 1547, when Urška Šefer was

title: John Tyndall

text: to the reader at the end of a 200-page tutorial book for a "youthful audience", "The Forms of Water" (1872): "Here, my friend, our labours close. It has been a true pleasure to me to have you at my side so long. In the sweat of our brows we have often reached the heights where our work lay, but you have been steadfast and industrious throughout, using in all possible cases your own muscles instead of relying upon mine. Here and there I have stretched an arm and helped you to a ledge, but the work of climbing has been

title: Put Your Hand in the Hand

text: Presley (who also covered MacLellan's "Snowbird"), Randy Stonehill, Frankie Laine, Donny Hathaway, Joan Baez, Dutch group Himalaya, the Les Humphries Singers, and a German-language version ("Ich fand eine Hand") [I Found a Hand] by Cindy & Bert. Bing Crosby recorded the song for his 1972 album "Bing 'n' Basie". Evangelist Garner Ted Armstrong covered the song in a January 1976 episode of "Hee Haw". Country acts Sandy Posey, Lynn Anderson, Loretta Lynn, and The Oak Ridge Boys also recorded the song. South African singer Ray Dylan recorded a cover on his album "Goeie Ou Country - Op Aanvraag". Put Your

title: Donald Finkel

text: floating hieroglyph, seamless as water. Then the hand spoke, and the hand said “Let there be meaning,” and the meaning sang: “Let there be love,” and the hand shaped itself another hand of clay. Now, where there had been but one meaning, there were two. So the hands wrestled all night till they saw it was pointless. So together they shaped themselves a cunning tongue, to arbitrate. Now, where there had been two meanings, there were three. And the hands wrung one another, abashed, and the tongue took over. – Donald Finkel From: Natural Bridge Before his death, Finkel returned

title: Habbani Jews

text: receiving the Torah at Mount Sinai with the water being symbolic of the Torah, based on Isaiah 55:1 which states, "all who are thirsty come for water." The first to start this tradition was Mori Yitzhaq ben Salem who would pour drops of water into his hands from a can say, "I threw pure water on you and it purifies you from all of your impurities," from Ezikiel 36:25. In 1912 Zionist emissary Shmuel Yavne'eli came into contact with Habbani Jews who ransomed him when he was captured and robbed by eight Bedouin in southern Yemen. Yavnieli wrote about the

title: Handwashing in Judaism

text: towel. The blessing is cited in the following manner: "Blessed are you, O Lord, our God, King of the Universe, who has sanctified us through your commandments and has commanded us concerning the washing of hands" (). Immediately following the recital of the blessing, it is incumbent to dry those hands with a towel &c. Other methods have developed concerning over which hand one is to begin when pouring water over them. The general custom in the morning (based on a kabbalistic teaching) is to take-up the vessel in one's right hand, pass the vessel into his left hand, and

title: El Shaddai

text: 12a and reads:Resh Laqish said: what is it that is written: "I am El Shaddai" (Genesis 35:11)? I am he who said to the world “enough!”. Resh Laqish [also] said: in the hour that the Holy, blessed be he, created the sea, it started to expand – until the Holy, blessed be he, reproached it. [Then] it dried out as it was said: "He reproaches the sea and makes it dry; and all the rivers makes desolate" (Nahum 1:4).This account has two parallel variants with some minute changes. One appears in Bereshit Rabbah 5:8, where Shaddai stops the world from

title: Put Your Hand in the Hand

text: between the second chorus and the second verse, as well as the repeat of the chorus and the final instrumentalist chorus, that ends without the fade. It went on to become 22nd best-seller of 1971. After MacLellan's suicide in 1995, his friend and fellow Atlantic Canadian musician Ron Hynes wrote the song "Godspeed" as a tribute, the lyrics for which reference the title of this song. 7" single A1 "Put Your Hand in the Hand" – 2:52 A2 "Tear Down the Fences" – 2:53 The song was also covered in the 1970s by a number of other performers, including Elvis

title: A Fish in the Water

text: A Fish in the Water A Fish in the Water (originally published as "" in 1993), is the memoir of Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa, who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2010. It covers two main periods of his life: the first comprising the years between 1946 and 1958, describes his childhood and the beginning of his writing career in Europe. The second period covers his political involvement in later years culminating with his defeat against Alberto Fujimori in the Peruvian presidential elections. The book is divided in twenty chapters in which the writer intersperses his narration with

title: Chris Mosdell

text: electronic techno version. It was eventually published in its entirety in book form in 2001 (Shichosha), together with the work of the experimental calligraphy artist Joichi Yoshikawa. Its first version, however, was written to reflect the rhythmical influence of the African continent and recorded by the West African kora player Toumani Diabate in 1992 for the album "Shake the Whole World to Its Foundations". Mosdell wrote a series of chants (eventually numbering one thousand) based on the oral poetry of the Ainu whereby, instead of having a fixed lyrical base to a song, he could dip into a pool of

title: Put Your Hand in Mine

text: his hand and a refrigerator magnet, and tells him that if he needs him, the father can put his hand in his son's. In the second verse of the song, the narrator drives past a church. After looking at his son's drawing, he goes into the church to pray. In the third verse, the narrator says that he was unable to sleep because he is thinking about her. He then tells her, "If you're not too tired / And it's not too late / Put your hand in mine". "Put Your Hand in Mine" spent twenty-five weeks on the Hot

title: Viktor Grabovskyj

text: Grabovskyj, one poem written by him still in year Chernobyl catastrophe 1986 in English translation by Natalia Ryumina (2012): <poem style="margin-left:2em"> Slow down, my friend! 'Be not like frozen waters, nor like a bird that's soaring in the skies, nor like a stone thrown down a chasm. Slow down in your pathetic stress. Today, right now — instead of striving for the essence of the ozone, you give yourself to it with all your heart, beat by beat. No matter where you are – in small or larger zones — do not engage in measuring your soul, don't rage! When

title: V'Zot HaBerachah

text: Aminadab stepped forward and went into the sea first, praying in the words of "Save me O God, for the waters come into my soul. I sink in deep mire, where there is no standing . . . . Let not the water overwhelm me, neither let the deep swallow me up." Moses was then praying, so God prompted Moses, in words parallel those of "My beloved ones are drowning in the sea, and you prolong prayer before Me!" Moses asked God, "Lord of the Universe, what is there in my power to do?" God replied in the words of

title: Women in the Bible

text: heard how the Lord dried up the water of the Red Sea for you when you came out of Egypt, and what you did to Sihon and Og, the two kings of the Amorites east of the Jordan, whom you completely destroyed. When we heard of it, our hearts melted in fear and everyone’s courage failed because of you, for the Lord your God is God in heaven above and on the earth below. Now then, please swear to me by the Lord that you will show kindness to my family, because I have shown kindness to you. Give me

title: Harald Bredesen

text: encourage those gathered to understand and exercise their giftings in the meeting. A favorite song always concluded those late Sunday afternoon meetings, when characteristically, all those gathered would hold hands in a wide circle that encompassed frequently the entire sanctuary of the First Reformed Church. "I'm living on the mountain underneath a cloudless sky; I drinking from the fountain that never shall run dry; oh yes, I feasting on the manna from a bountiful supply; I'm living in Beaulah Land!" It was during this time that Bredesen met and became close friends with George Otis, founder of Bible Voice, and

title: Beshalach

text: "Save me O God, for the waters come into my soul. I sink in deep mire, where there is no standing . . . . Let not the water overwhelm me, neither let the deep swallow me up." Moses was then praying, so God prompted Moses, in words parallel those of "My beloved ones are drowning in the sea, and you prolong prayer before Me!" Moses asked God, "Lord of the Universe, what is there in my power to do?" God replied in the words of "Speak to the children of Israel, that they go forward. And lift up your

title: Taff's Well Thermal Spring

text: in grey beckoned a man who had just been getting some of the water. He put his pitcher down and asked what he could do for her. She asked him to hold her tight by both hands until she requested him to release her. The man did as he was bidden. He began to think it a long time before she bade him cease his grip, when a "stabbing pain" caught him in his side and with a sharp cry he loosed his hold. "Alas! I shall remain in bondage for another hundred years, and then I must get a

title: Javad Mojabi

text: No. - Do you see? - Yes. Behind a paper cloud A man with the blind man's spectacle, Looks after one within a printed paper; The quail sings - at Azadi Cafe - The plectrum of her song, Circles On the sterile flowers, On bold letters of the world, On cigarette smoke, On frozen fingers. Your name has been lost, On the unreadable marble sentence, On the pale blue veins of the stone, And I can't find Save the image of a gun on the marble, The horse of your image has been saddled, And your name takes root in

title: Watermarks (film)

text: swimming scene at Amalienbad, Dein ist mein ganzes Herz ("Yours is My Heart Alone"), is from the operetta Das Land des Lächelns composed by Franz Lehár to the lyrics of the first president of Hakoah Vienna, Fritz Löhner-Beda. Löhner-Beda was sent to Auschwitz after the Anschluss where he was shot to death by a Nazi officer for not running quickly enough. Löhner-Beda also wrote the lyrics to the song Buchenwald March to the music of a fellow prisoner and a Viennese cabaret giant, Hermann Leopoldi while they were prisoners at Buchenwald. In the cabaret scene in the film, actor and

title: What the Water Gave Me (song)

text: website. Welch elaborated on the title and meaning of the song: "It's a song for the water, because in music and art what I'm really interested in are the things that are overwhelming. The ocean seems to me to be nature's great overwhelmer. When I was writing this song I was thinking a lot about all those people who've lost their lives in vain attempts to save their loved ones from drowning. It's about water in all forms and all bodies. It's about a lot of things; Virginia Woolf creeps into it, and of course Frida Kahlo, whose painfully beautiful

title: Lawrence Sutin

text: each faced by a vintage postcard-image from the author's personal collection--A Postcard Memoir. His next work was . Most recently, Sutin published a novel, When To Go Into the Water. Sutin creates erasure books with collaged and altered texts; excerpts from these have been published online in the literary journals WaterStone and Sleet and are also on view at his website. Sutin was a full professor in the M.F.A. and M.L.S. programs at the Hamline University Creative Writing Program, in St. Paul, Minnesota. He retired from Hamline in 2015. He was also a faculty member of the Vermont College of

title: Myra Brooks Welch

text: Otis Melvin Welch, who was a clerk in a dry goods store and had two children, Otis and Doris. By 1920, her parents had moved with her and her family and they were all living in La Verne, California. Welch's most noted poem, "The Touch of the Master's Hand" was written in 1921 and published on February 26, 1921 in the "Gospel Messenger". She published four books of poetry "The Years Between" (1929), "Dorcas" (1930), "High Songs" (1933) and "The Touch of the Master’s Hand" (1941). Welch was disabled in a wheelchair from arthritis, which later caused her to not

title: Put Your Hand in the Hand


question: who presides over the joint sessions of parliament

answers: President

title: Joint Session of Indian Parliament

text: the Deputy-Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. The Chairman doesn't preside over the joint session at any mens/cost. If any of the above officers are not present then any other member of the Parliament can preside by consensus of both the House. As per Article 108 of Constitution, a Joint session of Parliament can be summoned in the following situations. If after a Bill has been passed by one House and submitted to the other House— (a) the Bill is rejected by the other House; or (b) the Houses have finally disagreed as to the amendments to be made in the

title: Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka

text: House of Common. Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka The Speaker of the Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is the presiding officer of the chamber. The current Speaker of the Parliament is Karu Jayasuriya, in office since 1 September 2015. The Speaker fulfills a number of important functions in relation to the operation the House, which is based upon the British Westminster Parliamentary system. The Speaker is second in the Sri Lankan presidential line of succession, after the Prime Minister. In 1931 under the Donoughmore Constitution the State Council of Ceylon was established and in

title: Presidium of the Hellenic Parliament

text: of the MPs (i.e. by 151 votes). If this majority is not attained, the vote is repeated, and the candidate who gets the most votes is elected. The Speaker of the Parliament directs the business of the Parliament, represents the Parliament, is responsible for the enforcement of disciplinary measures against parliamentarians, and generally, is the head of all the services of the Parliament and possesses all the responsibilities bestowed on him or her by the Constitution, the Standing Orders, or stemming from the principle of independence of Parliament. In other words, the Speaker has the final say on all matters

title: Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka

text: Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka The Speaker of the Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is the presiding officer of the chamber. The current Speaker of the Parliament is Karu Jayasuriya, in office since 1 September 2015. The Speaker fulfills a number of important functions in relation to the operation the House, which is based upon the British Westminster Parliamentary system. The Speaker is second in the Sri Lankan presidential line of succession, after the Prime Minister. In 1931 under the Donoughmore Constitution the State Council of Ceylon was established and in it the first

title: Joint Session of Indian Parliament

title: Speaker of the Parliament of Singapore

text: The Speaker presides over the sittings of Parliament, and enforces the rules prescribed in its Standing Orders for the orderly conduct of parliamentary business. In carrying out their duties, the Speaker must remain impartial and fair to all MPs. The Speaker regulates and enforces the rules of debate. They decide who has the right to speak, and put the question for Parliament to debate on and vote. The Speaker does not take part in the debates, but can abstain or vote for or against a motion if they have a vote as an elected MP. As the guardian of parliamentary

text: Speaker of the House of Parliament of Sierra Leone Speaker of the House of Parliament of Sierra Leone is the presiding officer of Parliament of Sierra Leone. The speaker is the overall leader of Parliament, and is directly elected by sitting members of the House of Parliament of Sierra Leone. Like other members of Parliament, the speaker is address as the Honourable. The speaker is given the constitutional power to presides over parliament; calls members of parliament into session; and discipline members who break the rules of Parliament. The current Speaker of Parliament is the Honourable Abel Nathaniel Bankole Stronge

title: Joint session

text: joint session of the two houses elects the members of the Federal Council (cabinet). In India, disputes between houses are resolved by a joint sitting but without an intervening election. In the Australian federal parliament, a joint sitting can be held, under certain conditions, to overcome a deadlock between the two houses. For a deadlock to be declared, a bill has to be rejected twice by the Senate at an interval of at least three months, after which a double dissolution election can be held. If, following the election, the new parliament is still unable to pass the bill, it

text: Joint meetings of the Australian Parliament This article is about Joint meetings of the Australian Parliament. Australia has a bicameral federal parliament, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Subject to the Constitution of Australia, each House has its own rules, standing orders and procedures; its own presiding officer; and meets separately, at dates and times it alone decides. However, there are some occasions when the two Houses have come together as a single body. The reasons for joint meetings have included: The Constitution makes provision for a joint sitting as part of a procedure to resolve legislative

title: Joint parliamentary committee

text: Joint parliamentary committee Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) is one type of ad hoc Parliamentary committee constituted by the Indian parliament. Joint Parliamentary Committee is formed when motion is adopted by one house and it is supported or agreed by the other house. Another way to form a Joint Parliamentary committee is that two presiding chiefs of both houses can write to each other, communicate with each other and form the joint parliamentary committee. The Lok Sabha members are double compared to Rajya Sabha. for e.g. If Joint Parliamentary committee has 10 Lok Sabha Members then 5 members will be from

text: Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom) The Speaker of the House of Commons is the presiding officer of the House of Commons, the United Kingdom's lower chamber of Parliament. The office is currently held by John Bercow, who was initially elected on 22 June 2009, following the resignation of Michael Martin. He was returned as an MP in the 2010 general election and was re-elected as Speaker when the House sat at the start of the new parliament on 18 May 2010. He was again returned as an MP in the 2015 general election and was re-elected, unopposed,

title: Joint address (Canada)

text: Joint address (Canada) A joint address is a special procedure of the Canadian parliament in which members of the House of Commons and Senate sit jointly in the former chamber, which, for the occasion, becomes an auditorium. The Speaker of the House of Commons takes his chair as normal, with the Speaker of the Senate seated to his or her right. Members of parliament also take their usual seats, with senators and justices of the supreme court positioned on the floor of the house, in front of the clerk's table. Gallery privileges are suspended during a joint address and access

title: Parliament of Singapore

text: but became a fully independent republic on 9 August 1965. Its Legislative Assembly was renamed the Parliament of Singapore. The Speaker of Parliament has overall charge of the administration of Parliament and its secretariat, and presides over parliamentary sittings. The Leader of the House is an MP appointed by the Prime Minister to arrange government business and the legislative programme of Parliament, while the unofficial Leader of the Opposition is the MP who leads the largest opposition party able and prepared to assume office if the Government resigns. However, in September 2011, Low Thia Khiang, the secretary-general of the Workers'

title: Presidium of the Hellenic Parliament

text: The Deans assist the Speaker in organizational and executive matters of the Parliament, while the Secretaries assist the Speaker in the Parliamentary sessions and are responsible for whatever else the Speaker assigns to them. The current speaker is Vangelis Meimarakis. Presidium of the Hellenic Parliament The Presidium of Parliament is the group of individuals elected by the Hellenic Parliament to deal with the business of organizing and running the Parliament. This is provided for by Article 65 of the Constitution of Greece. The Presidium is: It is mandatory that the fourth Deputy Speaker, one dean and one secretary belong to

text: he returned to wearing the traditional robe in 2016. Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom) The Speaker of the House of Commons is the presiding officer of the House of Commons, the United Kingdom's lower chamber of Parliament. The office is currently held by John Bercow, who was initially elected on 22 June 2009, following the resignation of Michael Martin. He was returned as an MP in the 2010 general election and was re-elected as Speaker when the House sat at the start of the new parliament on 18 May 2010. He was again returned as an MP

title: Speaker of the Senate of Canada

text: Speaker of the Senate of Canada The Speaker of the Senate of Canada () is the presiding officer of the Senate of Canada. The Speaker represents the Senate at official functions, rules on questions of parliamentary procedure and parliamentary privilege, and presides over debates and voting in the senate. The current Speaker is George Furey who assumed office upon nomination by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau on December 3, 2015, succeeding Leo Housakos. The Speaker of the Senate is appointed by the Governor General of Canada, on behalf of the Canadian Monarch, and on the Constitutional advice of the Queen's Privy

title: Senate of Canada

text: on the Scrutiny of Regulations, which considers delegated legislation, and the Standing Joint Committee on the Library of Parliament, which advises the two Speakers on the management of the library. Parliament may also establish special joint committees on an "ad hoc" basis to consider issues of particular interest or importance. Although legislation may be introduced in either chamber, most bills originate in the House of Commons. Because the Senate's schedule for debate is more flexible than that of the House of Commons, the government will sometimes introduce particularly complex legislation in the Senate first. In conformity with the British model,

title: Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad

text: bodies he nominates members of parliament as prescribed by law. At the first sitting after a general election, Parliament presided over by the outgoing Speaker or, in his absence, by the Deputy Speaker, proceeds first to elect a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker in the manner laid down in the Rules of Procedure. A person however cannot preside over his own election. After the election of the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker, the House is adjourned for a short period so as to enable the newly elected Speaker and Deputy Speaker to take oath of their office. The House then

title: 10th Parliament of Singapore

text: the cabinet, which assumed power on November 2001, and later led by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, who assumed power on December 2004. The Opposition is led by the Mr Chiam See Tong of the Singapore Democratic Alliance. The Speaker of the Parliament of Singapore is Abdullah bin Tarmugi, of the People's Action Party. He was elected as the Speaker of the House for the 10th Parliament on March 25, 2002. 10th Parliament of Singapore The 10th Parliament of Singapore was the previous Parliament of Singapore. The first session begun from March 25, 2002 and prorogued on the December 1,

title: Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka

text: First Parliament of Ceylon on February 4, 1948 granting of independence and the establishment of the Dominion of Ceylon. The Speaker presides over the House's debates, determining which members may speak. The Speaker is also responsible for maintaining order during debate, and may punish members who break the rules of the House. The Speaker remains strictly non-partisan, and renounces all affiliation with his or her former political party when taking office for the duration of his term. The Speaker does not take part in debate or vote (except to break ties). Apart from duties relating to presiding over the House,

title: Speaker of the Parliament of Singapore

text: Speaker of the Parliament of Singapore The Speaker of the Parliament of Singapore is the head officer of the Parliament of the Republic of Singapore. Parliament must elect a Speaker at the beginning of each new parliamentary term after a general election. Parliament has the freedom to choose how to elect the Speaker. By recent tradition, the Prime Minister nominates a person for the role. The person's name is then proposed and seconded by the Members of Parliament (MPs), before being elected as Speaker. The Constitution states that Parliament has the freedom to decide how to elect its Speaker. The

title: House of Commons of Canada

text: Speaker is assisted by a Deputy Speaker, who also holds the title of Chair of Committees of the Whole. Two other deputies—the Deputy Chair of Committees of the Whole and the Assistant Deputy Chair of Committees of the Whole—also preside. The duties of presiding over the House are divided between the four officers aforementioned; however, the Speaker usually presides over Question Period and over the most important debates. The Speaker controls debates by calling on members to speak. If a member believes that a rule (or Standing Order) has been breached, they may raise a "point of order", on which

title: Joint parliamentary committee

text: Resettlement (Second Amendment) Bill, 2015 has been referred to a Joint Parliamentary Committee of both the Houses under the Chairmanship of Shri S.S.Ahluwalia. Joint parliamentary committee Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) is one type of ad hoc Parliamentary committee constituted by the Indian parliament. Joint Parliamentary Committee is formed when motion is adopted by one house and it is supported or agreed by the other house. Another way to form a Joint Parliamentary committee is that two presiding chiefs of both houses can write to each other, communicate with each other and form the joint parliamentary committee. The Lok Sabha members

text: Deputy and Second Deputy Chairmen of Ways and Means. Typically, the Speaker presides for only three hours each day; for the remainder of the time, one of the deputies takes the Chair. During the annual Budget, when the Chancellor of the Exchequer reads out the government's spending proposal, the Chairman of Ways and Means, rather than the Speaker, presides. Moreover, the Speaker never presides over the Committee of the Whole House, which, as its name suggests, consists of all the members, but operates under more flexible rules of debate. (This device was used so that members could debate independently of

title: Speaker of the Parliament of Finland

text: Speaker of the Parliament of Finland The speaker of the Parliament of Finland (Finnish "eduskunnan puhemies", Swedish "riksdagens talman"), along with two deputy speakers, is elected by Parliament during the first plenary session each year. Speakers are chosen for a year at a time. In addition to their preparing the work in plenary sessions the speakers also play a key role in Parliament's international co-operation, which includes visits by speakers and international delegations as well as participation in numerous interparliamentary organisations. The speaker and two deputy speakers are elected by parliament from among its members by secret ballot. After the

title: Speaker of the Lok Sabha

text: Speaker of the Lok Sabha The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha (House of the People), the lower house of the Parliament of India. The speaker is elected generally in the very first meeting of the Lok Sabha following general elections. Serving for a term of five years, the speaker chosen from sitting members of the Lok Sabha (House of people), and is by convention a member of the ruling party or alliance. The current speaker is Sumitra Mahajan of the Bharatiya Janata Party, who is presiding over the 16th Lok Sabha. She

title: Speaker of the Parliament of Ghana

text: vote in parliament. This means that when the votes are tied, the motion is lost. The speaker is also the chairman of the parliamentary service board. The speaker also appoints four additional members to this board. The sixth member of the board is the Clerk of Parliament. Speaker of the Parliament of Ghana The Speaker of the Parliament of Ghana is the presiding officer of the Parliament of Ghana. The current speaker is Mike Oquaye. He was elected on 7 January 2017. The first speaker of the Parliament of Ghana was Sir Emmanuel Charles Quist who was Speaker of the

text: Speaker of the House of Representatives (Netherlands) The Speaker of the House of Representatives () is one of the 150 Members of the Dutch House of Representatives and is elected to lead the meetings of the House. They are also chairing the Presidium and the Procedure Committee (""). The office is currently held by Khadija Arib of the Labour Party (PvdA). She was elected on 13 January 2016 in an interim election, after Speaker Anouchka van Miltenburg of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) resigned on 12 December 2015. She was First Deputy and acting Speaker until her

title: Senate of Canada

text: the "Parliament of Canada Act" authorizes the Speaker to appoint another senator to take his or her place temporarily. Muriel McQueen Fergusson was the Parliament of Canada's first female Speaker, holding the office from 1972 to 1974. The Speaker presides over sittings of the Senate and controls debates by calling on members to speak. If a senator believes that a rule (or standing order) has been breached, he or she may raise a point of order, on which the Speaker makes a ruling. However, the Speaker's decisions are subject to appeal to the whole Senate. When presiding, the Speaker remains

title: Senate of Kazakhstan

text: Parliament at joint sessions of the Chambers shall: Parliament at separate sessions of the Chambers through consecutive consideration of issues first in the Mazhilis and then in the Senate shall adopt constitutional laws and laws, and shall: Also shall: The following shall belong to exclusive jurisdiction of the Senate: Each Chamber independently without participation of another Chamber shall: The Chairman of the Senate is a person elected by the Senate among the members of the House by a secret voting majority from the total number of deputies of the House. The candidature on the post of the Chairman of the

title: Joint Session of Indian Parliament

long_answer: The Parliament of India is bicameral. Concurrence of both houses are required to pass any bill. However, the authors of the Constitution of India visualised situations of deadlock between the upper house i.e. Rajya Sabha and the lower house i.e. Lok Sabha. Therefore, the Constitution of India provides for Joint sittings of both the Houses to break this deadlock. The joint sitting of the Parliament is called by the President and is presided over by the Speaker or, in his absence, by the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha or in his absence, the Deputy-Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. If any of the above officers are not present then any other member of the Parliament can preside by consensus of both the House.


question: who was the president of pakistan during 1971 war

answers: President Yahya Khan

answers: Yahya Khan

title: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

text: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Zulfikar Ali Bhutto () (5 January 1928 – 4 April 1979) was a Pakistani politician who served as the 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977, and prior to that as the 4th President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973. He was also the founder of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) and served as its chairman until his execution in 1979. Educated at Berkeley and Oxford, Bhutto trained as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn. He entered politics as one of President Iskander Mirza's cabinet members, before being assigned several ministries during President Ayub Khan's military

title: Muhammad Mahfuz

text: Muhammad Mahfuz Naik Muhammad Mahfuz (born 25 October 1944) was a Pakistani soldier, who was awarded the Nishan-i-Haider, the highest military award of Pakistan, he was killed during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Muhammad Mahfuz was born in Pind Malikan (now renamed Mahfuzabad in his honour) in Rawalpindi district, Punjab. He joined the Pakistan Army on 25 October 1962 as an infantry soldier. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, A company of the 15th Punjab Regiment was attached with 43 Punjab Regiment which was deployed in the Wagah-Attari sector along the Indian border. On 17 December 1971, his company was

title: Iftikhar Khan Janjua

text: Iftikhar Khan Janjua Major General Iftikhar Khan Janjua Shaheed, HJ & Bar, SPk, SQA, (Urdu: افتخار خان جنجوعہ) (died December 9, 1971) of the Pakistan Army is the most senior Pakistani officer to have been killed in action. He is known in Pakistan as the hero of Rann of Kutch, as he was a brigadier in command of 6 Brigade, during the fighting in April 1965 prior to the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. He was killed in a helicopter crash, in Kashmir, during the Battle of Chamb while in command of 23 Infantry Division during the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971.

title: Ghulam Hussain Chaudry

text: in the Pakistan/India war of 1971. The Pakistan/India border near Kasur, Pakistan is named in his honor. G. H. Chaudry defended the Kasur border to his last breath; he was fatally wounded while holding up the Pakistani flag, when he was ambushed by soldiers from the Indian army. The outcome of this skirmish is unknown; however, this region still remains within Pakistani soil, and the border near where this skirmish took place is named in Chaudry's honor. Ghulam Hussain Chaudry Lieutenant Colonel Ghulam Hussain Chaudry or Ghulam Hussain Chaudry Shaheed, HJ, born in 1926, was a Pakistan Army officer who

title: Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

title: Politics of Pakistan

text: 1971, Chief Justice Habib Khan Marvath elected first Chairman Senate of Pakistan. Civilian, yet socialist-oriented autocratic, rule continued from 1972 to 1977 under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, but he was deposed by General Zia-Ul-Haq. General Zia was killed in a plane crash in 1988, after which Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was elected as the Prime Minister of Pakistan. She was the youngest woman ever to be elected the Head of Government and the first woman to be elected as the Head of Government of a Muslim country. Her government was followed by that of Nawaz Sharif, and the

title: Malik Habib

text: for ensuring smooth and peaceful Elections in the country against serious security threats and challenges. He was born in Kahuta, District Rawalpindi in the Awan tribe. His grandfather was in the British Army. His first cousin Flight Lieutenant Ghulam Murtaza Malik (Shaheed) was declared as the martyr of Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and received Tamgha-i-Jurat. His ancestor migrated from Pind Dadan Khan in the 16th century. Malik Habib was also a bright student, and Completed his Matriculation with distinction from Punjab Board and his name is displayed on the honour board of the school. He completed BSc (Physics & Mathematics)

title: Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq

text: Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (12 August 1924 – 17 August 1988) was a Pakistani four-star general who served as the 6th President of Pakistan from 1978 until his death in 1988, after declaring martial law in 1977. He remains the country’s longest-serving "de facto" head of state. Educated at Delhi University, Zia saw action in World War II as a British Indian Army officer in Burma and Malaya, before opting for Pakistan in 1947 and fighting as a tank commander in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. In 1970, he led a military training mission to Jordan, proving instrumental to defeating

title: Ghulam Hussain Chaudry

text: Ghulam Hussain Chaudry Lieutenant Colonel Ghulam Hussain Chaudry or Ghulam Hussain Chaudry Shaheed, HJ, born in 1926, was a Pakistan Army officer who received the Hilal-i-Jurat for his service in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. He graduated from the Pakistan Military Academy as part of the 6th PMA, barely 3 years after the formation of Pakistan as an independent state. He was awarded the second most honorable and prestigious award in Pakistan, the HJ, which is awarded to officers for "acts of valor, courage or devotion to duty performed on land, at sea or in air." He was fatally wounded

title: First Families of Pakistan

text: Party (PPP) for most of Pakistan's history since independence. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was the founder of PPP and served as the ninth Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977, and prior to that as the fourth President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973. His daughter, Benazir Bhutto, also served as the 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan in two non-consecutive terms from 1988 until 1990 and 1993 until 1996. She was married to Asif Ali Zardari, the who became President of Pakistan after her death. Her daughters alternately served as the First Lady of Pakistan. Notable members of Bhutto family

title: Kafiluddin Chowdhury

text: and Land ministries in the provincial government of East Pakistan. He was imprisoned after president Ayub Khan declared Martial Law. He was elected to the National assembly in 1970. He crossed over to India during Bangladesh Liberation War. In November 1971 he had a heart attacked. He moved to independent Bangladesh after the war on 31 January 1972. He died on 12 May 1972. His son Badruddoza Chowdhury would become the 13th President of Bangladesh. Kafiluddin Chowdhury Kafiluddin Chowdhury is a Bangladesh Awami League politician and former member of Provincial and National Assembly of Pakistan. Chowdhury was born in 1898

title: Shujaat Hussain

text: Shujaat Hussain Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain (; born 27 January 1946), is a senior conservative politician hailing from Gujrat and a business oligarch who previously served as 16th Prime minister of Pakistan from 30 June 2004 on a temporary basis during a transitional period to accommodate Shaukat Aziz till 28 August 2004. Hussain has been party president of the Pakistan Muslim League (Q) since 2003, when he had followed party founder Mian Muhammad Azhar because of his lack of a parliamentary seat. Hailing from the business-industrialist family from the Punjab Province of Pakistan, Hussain graduated from the FC College University and

title: Abdul Ghafoor Ahmed

text: Abdul Ghafoor Ahmed Abdul Ghafoor Ahmed (Urdu: عبدالغفور احمد ;  26 June 1927 – 26 December 2012) was a Pakistani politician who represented Jamaat-e-Islami in National Assembly and Senate of Pakistan in 1970 till 1977. He was a signatory and committee member who prepared the draft of the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan. Ahmed was born on 26 June 1927 to a Muslim family in Barely, British India. He received his early education in his hometown and then earned a master's degree in commerce from University of Lucknow in 1948. After the Partition of India, his family moved to Pakistan

title: Farid Ahmad

text: managing editor of The Daily Najat. He lost his seat in the 1970 General Election of Pakistan. He supported Pakistan during Bangladesh Liberation war. On 10 April 1971, he helped form the East Pakistan Central Peace Committee in Dhaka and was a founding member of the committee. He served as the president of East Pakistan Peace and Welfare Council. He was an adviser to the paramilitary Razakar Bahini. Ahmad was killed on 23 December 1971, after the independence of Bangladesh, by Mukti Bahini members. Farid Ahmad Farid Ahmad was a Bengali Pakistani politician, lawyer, and vice-president of Pakistan Democratic Party.

title: Akhtar Hussain Malik

text: and its fourth President said Malik was posted to CENTO in Ankara, Turkey where he died in a road accident. His body was brought back to Pakistan and was buried in Rabwah. Akhtar Hussain Malik Lieutenant General Akhtar Hussain Malik (died 22 August 1969) was a distinguished General, a war hero of Pakistan Army in the Indo-Pakistan war of 1965. He was born in a small village named Pindori, located in Punjab. He was the son of Malik Ghulam Nabi, a Headmaster at a local school. Despite the unavailability of schools in his village, his father made an effort to

title: Abdul Motaleb Malik

text: on August 31, 1971. His inauguration was attended by Abdul Monem Khan, Syed Azizul Huq, Fazlul Qadir Chaudhry, Khan A Sabur, Yusuf Ali Chowdhury, Sultanuddin Ahmad, Abdul Jabbar Khan, Ghulam Azam, and Pir Mohsinuddin. He resigned on December 14, 1971 with his entire cabinet and sought refuge in the Red Cross shelter at Dhaka Hotel Intercontinental. On November 20, 1972 he was sentenced to life in prison for waging war against Bangladesh. Abdul Motaleb Malik Abdul Motaleb Malik was the last civilian Governor of East Pakistan. He was born on 1905 in Chuadanga, Bengal Presidency, British India. He was a

title: K. M. Azhar

text: tanks. He was injured while commanding Pakistani forces on the Rajasthan front in 1971 during his tenure as the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa governor. General K.M. Azhar decided to join "Jamiat Ulma-e-Pakistan Party" after Maulana Shah Ahmad Noorani convinced him to do so in 1978. He also served as president of the Pakistan Hockey Federation in 1970 before retirement in 1972 and was the first chairman of the Pakistan Cricket Board from 1978 to 1980. K.M. Azhar died at the Combined Military Hospital in Lahore on 29 October 2006, when he was admitted to the hospital after receiving a head injury while performing

title: Ajmal Khattak

text: was defeated by Abdul Haq in the 1970 general election, however following a crackdown against the Party by the government of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Ajmal Khattak fled into exile to Kabul. He returned in 1989 and was elected in 1990 to the National Assembly of Pakistan, he was then elected President of the Awami National Party following the retirement of Wali Khan. Following a power struggle in 2000, he briefly formed a breakaway party which was routed in the 2002 election. He rejoined the Awami National Party shortly afterwards and retired from active politics. Born in Akora Khattak on 15

title: Pratap Chandra Lal

text: formal initiation of hostilities of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Pratap Chandra Lal was born on 6 December 1916 in Ludhiana.Having qualified for a diploma in journalism at King's College, London in 1938, Lal expected to return to full-time study of law at the Inns of Court in the fall of 1939. Pratap Chandra Lal Air Chief Marshal Pratap Chandra Lal (6 December 1916 – August 1982) was the Chief of Air Staff (India) of the Indian Air Force during the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971. He served in the IAF from 1939 until his retirement in 1973. He was the

title: Muhammad Hussain Janjua

text: War of 1971. On 5 December 1971, in the Zafarwal-Shakargarh area, he delivered ammunition from trench to trench under heavy enemy fire. On 10 December 1971, he took part in a dangerous mission and went out for reccee and to fight enemy patrols. During reccee, he spotted an enemy tank and directed a recoil-less rifle crew towards the tank and then later was responsible for the destruction of 16 enemy tanks. He was hit in the chest by a burst of machine-gun fire while exposing himself as he was directing fire from recoilless rifles, and was killed. Muhammad Hussain Janjua

title: Shabbir Sharif

text: Shabbir Sharif Shabbir Sharif (28 April 1943 – 6 December 1971) was a Pakistani Army officer who was posthumously awarded the Nishan-e-Haider during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. He is the only person ever who received both the Nishan-e-Haider and Sitara-e-Jurat for his bravery. He is regarded as the most decorated officer of the Pakistan Army. Sharif was born on 28 April 1943 in a Rajput family at Kunjah, Gujrat District to Major Rana Muhammad Sharif. He attended St. Anthony's High School, Lahore. While at Government College Lahore, he received a call to join Pakistan Military Academy (PMA) Kakul. He

title: Zafar Masud

text: Zafar Masud Air Commodore Muhammad Zafar Masud, (Urdu: محمد مسعود ظفر ;b. 1923 – 7 October 2003) , also known as Mitty Masud, was a one star air officer in the Pakistan Air Force and a military strategist who is known his role as commander of the Eastern Air Command of the Eastern Command. Masud had the area responsibility of defending the airspace border of East-Pakistan but resigned from his commission after the military operation took place on 26 March 1971, and left the command to Air Cdre Inamul Haq on 30 March 1971. Muhammad Masud Zafar was born in

title: Iftikhar Khan Janjua

text: brother of Major General Ijaz Amjad, another outstanding general. Iftikhar Khan Janjua Major General Iftikhar Khan Janjua Shaheed, HJ & Bar, SPk, SQA, (Urdu: افتخار خان جنجوعہ) (died December 9, 1971) of the Pakistan Army is the most senior Pakistani officer to have been killed in action. He is known in Pakistan as the hero of Rann of Kutch, as he was a brigadier in command of 6 Brigade, during the fighting in April 1965 prior to the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. He was killed in a helicopter crash, in Kashmir, during the Battle of Chamb while in command of

title: Pervez Musharraf

text: Pervez Musharraf Pervez Musharraf ( ""; born 11 August 1943) is a Pakistani politician and retired four-star army general who was the tenth President of Pakistan from 2001 until tendering his resignation, to avoid impeachment, in 2008. Born in Delhi during British Raj, Musharraf was raised in Karachi and Istanbul. He went on to study mathematics at the Forman Christian College in Lahore and would later study at the Royal College of Defence Studies in 1991. Musharraf entered the Pakistan Military Academy in 1961 and was commissioned in the Pakistan Army in 1964 and went on to play an active

title: Wasim Sajjad

text: Wasim Sajjad Wasim Sajjad (; born 30 March 1941) is a Pakistani conservative politician and lawyer who served as the acting President of Pakistan for two non-consecutive terms and as the Chairman of the Senate between 1988 and 1999. Born in Jalandhar, British India, Sajjad's father (Justice Sajjad Ahmad Jan) went on to serve as a judge of the Supreme Court, later becoming Chief Election Commissioner of Pakistan. Sajjad studied at the Army Burn Hall before moving to Lahore where he studied law at the Punjab University. As a Rhodes Scholar, he moved to Oxfordshire, where he received his Bachelor

title: Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry

text: Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry Fazal Elahi Chaudhry (Punjabi, ; 1 January 1904 – 2 June 1982), was the 5th President of Pakistan, serving from 1973 until 1978, prior to the martial law led by Chief of Army Staff General Zia-ul-Haq. (see codename "Fair Play"). Fazal Elahi Chaudhry was born on 1 January 1904 into an influential Gujjar family in Marala village, near the city of Kharian, Gujrat District in Punjab Province. After receiving his education from there, Chaudhry joined the prestigious Aligarh Muslim University in 1920, receiving his LLB in Civil law in 1924. Thereafter, Chaudhry returned to Punjab and attended

title: Ahsan Saleem Hayat

text: Pakistan Air Force (PAF)-operated PAF High School in Sargodha, Punjab Province. Upon graduation, he went on to attend the Pakistan Military Academy (PMA) in the 11th War Course. He was given commission as the second lieutenant in the Pakistan Army Armoured Corps in 1968 and actively participated in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 on the western fronts. As a brigadier general, he commanded the elite 3rd Independent Armored Brigade based in Lahore from 1991–1993. In 1993, he was posted as Deputy Commandant and Chief Instructor of Command and Staff College, Quetta. He also served as DG Planning at the Chief

title: Pervez Musharraf

text: his autobiography—""—in 2006. Pervez Musharraf Pervez Musharraf ( ""; born 11 August 1943) is a Pakistani politician and retired four-star army general who was the tenth President of Pakistan from 2001 until tendering his resignation, to avoid impeachment, in 2008. Born in Delhi during British Raj, Musharraf was raised in Karachi and Istanbul. He went on to study mathematics at the Forman Christian College in Lahore and would later study at the Royal College of Defence Studies in 1991. Musharraf entered the Pakistan Military Academy in 1961 and was commissioned in the Pakistan Army in 1964 and went on to

title: Mohammad Shariff

text: 1969, he was appointed Flag Officer Commanding of the Eastern Command of the Pakistan military in the East-Pakistan and led by the Eastern Naval Command during the civil war in East, followed by the foreign intervention by India in 1971. After the war, he was taken as war prisoner alongside with Lieutenant-General A.A.K Niazi after conceding of the surrender of Eastern Command to the Indian Army. He resumed his active military service in the Navy after his repatriation from India and was appointed the Chief of Naval Staff in 1975 after the sudden death of Vice-Admiral Hasan Ahmed. He has

title: Tahir Hussain Mashhadi

text: Tahir Hussain Mashhadi Col (R) Syed Tahir Hussain Mashhadi (; born 26 July 1942 in Jahaniah, Punjab) was a Lt Colonel in the Pakistan Army. Tahir Mashhadi joined the Pakistan Army in 1970 during the war with India and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in 1971, graduating from the Pakistan Military Academy's 30th short course. He has earned a B.Sc (Hons) from PMA and also completed PSC (Command and Staff Course Quetta) with flying colours. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Mashhadi was stationed in then East Pakistan at Decca Airport t which saw some heaviest air attacks &

title: Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

long_answer: By November 1971, the war seemed inevitable and the Soviet Union had reportedly warned Pakistan against the war which they termed as "suicidal course for Pakistan's unity." Throughout November 1971, there were thousands of people led by conservative Pakistani politicians who marched in Lahore and across Pakistan, calling for Pakistan to Crush India. India responded by starting a massive buildup of Indian army on the western borders and the Indian army waited until December, when the drier ground would make for easier operations and Himalayan passes would be closed by snow, preventing any Chinese intervention. On 23 November, President Yahya Khan declared a state of emergency in all of Pakistan and told his people to prepare for war.