question: when was nepal declared a secular state in bs

answers: January 15, 2007

title: Birendra Sainik Awasiya Mahavidyalaya

text: Birendra Sainik Awasiya Mahavidyalaya Sainik Awasiya Mahavidyalaya (SAMV) is a military boarding high school in Nepal, formerly known as Birendra Sainik Awasiya Mahavidyalaya (BSAM) or Birendra Military Boarding High School. It was established in 1986 in Sallaghari, Bhaktapur. The majority of the students are from military families. The school boards boys and girls from class 6 to B.Sc. Some of the students of B.Sc. and the girls are day scholars. Branches have been established in the major cities of Nepal (Pokhara, Dharan, Chitwan, Teghari and Surkhet). In 1978, with the joint investment of the Nepali Army (the then royal Nepalese

title: Politics of Nepal

text: army) were stripped of the "royal" adjective and the Raj Parishad (a council of the King's advisers) was abolished, with his duties assigned to the Parliament itself. The activities of the King became subject to parliamentary scrutiny and the King's properties were subjected to taxation. Moreover, Nepal was declared a secular state abrogating the previous status of a Hindu Kingdom. However, most of the changes have, as yet, not been implemented. On 19 July 2006, the prime minister, G. P. Koirala, sent a letter to the United Nations announcing the intention of the Nepalese government to hold elections to a

title: Christianity in Nepal

text: also proclaimed Nepal a secular state and included guarantees on religious freedom. The 2015 constitution retained the designation of Nepal as a secular state, but defined secularism to include the ‘protection of religion and culture being practiced since ancient times’. It also prohibited ‘disturbing the religion of other people’ and reiterated the ban on proselytism (or literally, ‘causing someone to change religion’ ["kasaiko dharma parivartan garaunu"]). In 2017, Nepal's parliament passed an ambiguously-worded law criminalizing ‘hurting the religious sentiment of any caste, ethnic community or class by writing, through voice/talk or by a shape or symbol or in any other

title: Nepal

text: introduced in 1951, but was twice suspended by Nepalese monarchs, in 1960 and 2005. The Nepalese Civil War in the 1990s and early 2000s resulted in the proclamation of a secular republic in 2008, ending the world's last Hindu monarchy. The Constitution of Nepal, adopted in 2015, establishes Nepal as a federal secular parliamentary republic divided into seven provinces. Nepal was admitted to the United Nations in 1955, and friendship treaties were signed with India in 1950 and the People's Republic of China in 1960. Nepal hosts the permanent secretariat of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), of

title: Freedom of religion in Nepal

text: Nepal is a secular state under the Interim Constitution, which was promulgated on January 15, 2007. The Interim Constitution provides for freedom to practice one's religion. The Interim Constitution also specifically denies the right to convert another person. The now-defunct constitution of 1990, which was in effect until January 15, 2007, described the country as a "Hindu Kingdom," although it did not establish Hinduism as the state religion.  The Government generally did not interfere with the practice of other religious groups, and religious tolerance was broadly observed; however, there were some restrictions.

title: Nepal Dalit Sangh

text: BS (continuous Amendment on 2069 BS) Nepal Dalit Sangh Nepal Dalit Sangh () is a Nepalese Dalit movement linked to the Nepali Congress. When the Nepali Congress was divided and the Nepali Congress (Democratic) was formed, a splinter Nepal Dalit Sangh (Prajatantrik) was formed as the NC(D) Dalit wing. With the reunification of NC and NC(D) the NDS and NDS(P) were also reunified, and in August 2007 the Nepali Congress appointed a 39-member "ad hoc" committee of NDS, with Khadga Bahadur Basyal (Sarki) as president and Jeevan Pariyar as general secretary. Founder of nepal Dalit Sangh are Ratna Bahadur Bishwakarma

title: Religion in Nepal

text: Religion in Nepal Nepal is primarily Hindu in religion though it is multi-cultural, multi-ethnic, multi-lingual and religiously diverse nation with many religions being practiced here since the ancient times. Nepal is also a secular state and Democratic country according to the constitution of Nepal. The treatment of all religions equally by the state and Freedom of religion is also guaranteed by Nepali constitution. Prior to the movement for democracy in early 2006 and the sacking of King Gyanendra in 2008, the country was officially a Hindu kingdom. Hinduism is the majority religion in the state and profoundly influences its social

title: Marshall Julum Shakya

text: various internal elections within the party. He had to face three defeats in the parliamentary elections, defeat in leadership election of Nepal Student Union and incessant defeats in the elections for the central membership of Nepali Congress. He was first to voice for secularism in the government then formed by Krishna Prasad Bhattarai, he wanted to include secularism in the constitution of 2047 BS. His dream for secularism was finally fulfilled by the 2006 democracy movement in Nepal. He is well known for his altruistic form of politics and his sacrifices for the greater good; differing from the current scenario

title: Birendra Sainik Awasiya Mahavidyalaya

text: then, the funding of the school has been looked after by Nepal Army Welfare Fund. BSAM was established in the reign of COAS General Satchit SJB Rana. It is located in the suburb of Bhaktapur district, Sallaghari. Students follow a military lifestyle. After completion of class 12, students find it easy to join the Nepalese Army as Officers. Previously, the school used to conduct entrance examination enroll students at grade 4. Currently, the school begins at grade 6, with a competitive entrance exam for limited seats. The school educates students from grades 6 to 10, following the government curriculum, who

title: Catholic Church in Nepal

text: and was a pupil of the current Apostoli Vicar, Nepalese Jesuit Father Anthony Sharma. In May 2006, church leaders welcomed the parliamentary declaration that Nepal is now a "secular state," a change from what had been the only officially Hindu country in the world. The first open air Christian musical program was hosted to celebrate the beginning of religious freedom for the first time in Nepal's history. A convent was inaugurated along with a training center in western Nepal in June 2006, a first for western Nepal. Six Nepalese youths went to World Youth Day 2005 in Cologne, Germany despite

title: Freedom of religion in Nepal

text: 2,500 madrassahs. Twenty thousand Tibetan Buddhist refugees reside in the country. The Interim Constitution provides for freedom of religion and permits the practice of all religious groups; however, there are some restrictions. The Interim Parliament declared the country a secular state in the Interim Constitution in January 2007. The previous constitution described the country as a "Hindu Kingdom," although it did not establish Hinduism as the state religion. Article 23 of the Interim Constitution protects the rights of all religious groups by guaranteeing the individual the right "to profess and practice his/her own religion as handed down to him/her from

title: Dharma Bhakta Mathema

text: characterized Rana rule. In those days, Juddha Shamsher was the prime minister of Nepal, who ruled with an iron fist. All political parties were banned. Dharma Bhakta met Dashrath Chand in Kathmandu in 1990 BS and in 1936 AD, a political party Praja Parishad was founded in the house of Dharma Bhakta. The founders were Tanka Prasad Acharya, Jiwan Raj Sharma, Ramhari Sharma, Dharma Bhakta and Dashrath Chand. His connection with King Tribhuwan as a physical instructor allowed him to act as a go-between the king and the Praja Parishad. He conveyed every activity of the Praja parishad to the

title: Christianity in Nepal

text: subject in Nepal, and Nepali Christians have been subject to sporadic violence and widespread social exclusion. It is frequently claimed in Nepali media and political discourse that missionaries offer the poor material incentives to convert, but research has indicated that most Nepali Christians convert for reasons other than contact with missionaries. Nepal's constitution-writing process of 2006-15, and the 2007 designation of the country as a secular state, intensified controversies surrounding Christianity. The constitution of 2015 re-affirmed secularism but also prohibited proselytism and ‘disturbing the religion of other people’. In 2017, Nepal's parliament passed a bill which prohibited ‘hurting the religious

title: Freedom of religion in Nepal

text: positive preliminary steps with respect to religious freedom during the period covered by this report, and government policy contributed to the generally free practice of religion. The Interim Parliament, through the Interim Constitution, officially declared the country a secular state in January 2007; however, no laws specifically affecting freedom of religion were changed. Nonetheless, many believed that the declaration made it easier to practice their religion freely. Adherents of the country's many religious groups generally coexisted peacefully and respected places of worship, although there were reports of societal abuses and discrimination based on religious belief or practice. Those who converted

title: Freedom of religion by country

text: The Constitution also defines Nepal as a secular state that is neutral toward the religions present in the country. The Constitution also bans actions taken to convert people from one religion to another, as well as acts that disturb the religion of other people. There have been sporadic incidents of violence against the country's Christian minority. In 2009 and 2015, Christian churches were bombed by anti-government Hindu nationalist groups such as the Nepal Defence Army. Pakistan's penal code includes provisions that forbid blasphemy against any religion recognized by the government of Pakistan. Punishments are more severe for blasphemy against Islam:

title: Christianity in Nepal

text: (that is, were baptized), there would be imprisonment of one year. The code stated that ‘when somebody becomes converted, the conversion is nullified, and he remains in the Hindu "dharma" [religion]’. From the early 1960s, the state began actively to prosecute Christians where the baptism of Nepali citizens had occurred; this active governmental persecution continued up to 1990. Following baptisms in Nepalgunj and Tansen between 1958 and 1960, pastors David Mukhia and Prem Pradhan, along with six baptised believers, were prosecuted by the authorities for proselytism and conversion. The pastors were sentenced to six years imprisonment; the male converts were

title: Kingdom of Nepal

text: unifying the Maoist insurgency and pro-democracy activists. He was eventually forced to restore Nepal's House of Representatives, which in 2007 adopted an interim constitution greatly restricting the powers of the Nepalese monarchy. Following an election held the next year, the Nepalese Constituent Assembly formally abolished the kingdom in its first session on 28 May 2008, declaring the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal in its place. Until the abolition of the monarchy, Nepal was the world's only country to have Hinduism as its state religion; the country is now formally a secular state. The country was expanded from the one of

title: 2006 Birgunj unrest

text: 2006 Birgunj unrest The 2006 Birganj unrest were several incidents of unrest perpetrated by Hindu groups in the Nepalese city of Birgunj on 22 May 2006 following the announcement by the Parliament of Nepal on 18 May that the country will become a secular state. The declaration lead to widespread unrest by Hindu fundamentalist groups across Nepal - the town of Birgunj was forced to close for two days. Hindu organizations in Nepal viewed the declaration of secular Nepal as "defamatory" and "dangerous" and told that it could provoke a "religious crusade" in the country. The town of Birgunj lies

title: Demographics of Nepal

text: which had been just reformed, having been previously dissolved, declared Nepal a "secular state". However, the 2001 census identified 80.6% of the population as Hindu and 10.7% as Buddhist (although many people labeled Hindu or Buddhist often practice a syncretic blend of Hinduism, Buddhism, or animist traditions), 4.2% of the population was Muslim, 3.6% of the population followed the indigenous Kirat Mundhum religion and Christianity was practiced by 0.45% of the population. Buddhist and Hindu shrines and festivals are respected and celebrated by most Nepalese. Certain animist practices of old indigenous religions survive. The Kirati people of eastern Nepal, Limbus

title: Nepal Police

text: after the fall of the Rana regime. The Police Headquarters was established in 1952 in Kathmandu. Mr. Toran Shamsher J.B.Rana was appointed the first Inspector General of Police. The Police Act, 2012 BS (1955 AD) came into effect. The Police Regulation, 2015 BS (1959 AD) came into effect. The Parliamentary Government under the multi-party system was adopted for some years which was followed by Panchayat System since 1960. The establishment of the Central Police Training Centre in 1963 A.D. The Peoples democratic movement of 1990 reinstated the multi party democratic system. The new constitution of the kingdom was promulgated on

title: Nepal

text: in Kathmandu on 28 May 2008, and, after a polling of 564 constituent Assembly members, 560 voted to form a new government, with the monarchist Rastriya Prajatantra Party, which had four members in the assembly, registering a dissenting note. At that point, it was declared that Nepal had become a secular and inclusive democratic republic, with the government announcing a three-day public holiday from 28–30 May. The king was thereafter given 15 days to vacate Narayanhity Palace so it could reopen as a public museum. Nonetheless, political tensions and consequent power-sharing battles have continued in Nepal. In May 2009, the

title: Black Day (Nepal)

text: of Nepal (2072 BS), by Madhesi and Tharu people protesting the observance of that day. According to Kathmandu Post report, "The Madhesi and Tharu communities denied to acknowledge the Constitution of Nepal 2072 promulgated on September 20, 2015, saying that the new charter did not incorporate their rights.". These claims are, however, based on false interpretations and arw motivates to spur hatred within the broader Nepalese community. In 2017, youths in Tarai Madhes National Council observed Black Day to protest the constitution to give the message that the resistance over the Constitution of Nepal continues. An update issued by THRD

title: Nepal Bhasa Manka Khala

text: Nepal Bhasa Manka Khala Nepāl Bhāsā Mankā Khala (Devanagari: नेपालभाषा मंका: खल:) is an umbrella organization of groups and societies dedicated to the development of Nepal Bhasa and culture in Nepal. It was founded in 1979 by Newar language lovers to fight for linguistic and cultural rights against the repression of the Panchayat regime. After suffering years of suppression under the Rana dynasty, Nepal Bhasa experienced a brief period of freedom following the revolution of 1951 that brought democracy in Nepal. However, in 1960, parliament was abolished and the Panchayat system was established, and language rights were again suppressed. The

title: Catholic Church in Nepal

text: was raised to an Apostolic Prefecture. The 1990 Nepali constitution did not guarantee religious freedom for Christians, but as of May 2006 Nepal has been declared a secular state. The interim constitution, finalized in 2007, guarantees some religious freedom but prohibits people from trying to convert others. On February 10, 2007, Benedict XVI elevated the prefecture of Nepal to the rank of a vicariate and appointed Anthony Francis Sharma as the first vicar and first Nepalese bishop of the Catholic Church. The history of Catholicism in Nepal begins with its inclusion in the diocese of Funchal, Portugal, and in 1533

title: Christianity in Nepal

text: nationalist sentiment since the declaration of secularism in 2007 has led to increasing calls for tighter restrictions on Christian activity, causing the authorities in recent years to enforce anti-proselytism laws more aggressively. It has been reported that local government and police officials have begun to interpret the constitutional ban on proselytism to include non-coercive evangelism, and have brought a number of legal cases against Christians on this basis. It is probable that the 2017 anti-conversion law will lead to a further increase in prosecutions. There have been sporadic incidents of violence against Christians in Nepal. During the civil war of

title: Nepal Bhasa journalism

text: Nepal Bhasa journalism Nepal Bhasa journalism began in 1925 with the publication of the magazine "Buddha Dharma wa Nepal Bhasa" (Devanagari: बुद्ध धर्म व नॆपाल भाषा). It was the first magazine to be published in Nepal Bhasa. It was published from Kolkata, India by Dharmaditya Dharmacharya. Dharmacharya (1902-1963) was the first Nepal Bhasa journalist. He was the editor and he also wrote many of the articles in "Buddha Dharma wo Nepal Bhasa". It was published from India instead of Nepal as the Rana dynasty disapproved of any attempt to promote either the religion or the language. Originally named "Buddha Dharma",

title: Freedom of religion in Nepal

text: to another religious group at times faced violence and occasionally were ostracized socially but generally did not fear to admit their affiliations in public. But overall, Nepal is viewed as a religiously harmonious place for its state of development. The country has an area of and a population of 28 million. Hinduism is reported to be the religion of 81.34% of the population followed by Buddhism (9.04%), Islam(4.38%), Kirant (an indigenous animist religion),(3.04%), and Christianity (1.41%). There are adherents to many other religious groups, whose proportion is small. According to the chairman of the Madrassah Islamiyah Association, there are almost

title: Religion in Nepal

text: introduced to the country in the 1700s when catholic friars entered the Kathmandu valley. Religious tolerance can be found in royal orders dated Falgun Sudi 12, 1884 V.S. issued by the Hindu Shah monarch Rajendra Bikram Shah under the premiership of Bhimsen Thapa to Buddhist monks in the Kingdom of Nepal: According to the 2011 census, 81.3% of the Nepalese population was Hindu, 9.0% was Buddhist, 4.4% was Muslim, 3.0% was Kiratist (indigenous ethnic religion), 1.4% was Christian, 0.2% was Sikhs, 0.1% was Jains and 0.6% follow other religions or no religion. According to the 2001 census, 80.62% percent of

title: Birendra Sainik Awasiya Mahavidyalaya

text: finally take the SLC (School Leaving Certificate) (currently changed as SEE-Secondary Education Examination). After completing grade 10, students can choose between Higher Secondary Education Board's +2 (Intermediate) education programme for Science, Humanities, or Management. They can also choose to study bachelor level after their completion of +2. The institution is controlled administratively by the Nepal Army Headquarters and academically by teachers and professors. The highest officer from the military to administer BSAM it is a Lt. Colonel who acts as a Liaison Officer. Other military staffs are designated several posts in administering the Mahavidyalaya as a whole. Major and Captain

title: Religion in Nepal

text: challenged as no such name as Ne exists in Nepali or other Sanskrit-derived languages. It is believed that Lord Vishnu had organized the Nepali people and gave them the flag, with the sun and moon as emblems on it. https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/r-i-p-indias-influence-in-nepal/ Religion in Nepal Nepal is primarily Hindu in religion though it is multi-cultural, multi-ethnic, multi-lingual and religiously diverse nation with many religions being practiced here since the ancient times. Nepal is also a secular state and Democratic country according to the constitution of Nepal. The treatment of all religions equally by the state and Freedom of religion is also guaranteed

title: Freedom of religion in Nepal


question: who took control of jamestown and made new rules that made everyone work

answers: John Smith

title: John Smith (explorer)

text: the Native Americans and ordered everyone to work or be banished from the fort. The weeks-long emergency was relieved by the arrival of an unexpected ship, captained by Samuel Argall. He had items of food and wine which Smith bought on credit. Argall also brought news that the (South) Virginia Company of London was being reorganized and was sending more supplies and settlers to Jamestown along with a new governor, Lord De la Warr. In a May 1609 voyage to Virginia, Virginia Company treasurer Sir Thomas Smith arranged for about 500 colonists to come along, including women and children. A

title: History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–99)

text: some of the oldest in America, for the surviving Powhatan. It also set up tribute payments for the Virginia Indians to be made yearly to the English. That war resulted in a boundary being defined between the Indians and English lands that could only be crossed for official business with a special pass. This situation would last until 1677 and the Treaty of Middle Plantation, which established Indian reservations following Bacon's Rebellion. Bacon's Rebellion was an armed rebellion in 1676 by Virginia settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon against the rule of Governor William Berkeley. In the 1670s, the governor was

title: Anglo-Powhatan Wars

text: Warr managed to establish a company of men at the falls of the James, who stayed there all winter. In February 1611, Wowinchopunk was killed in a skirmish near Jamestown, which his followers revenged a few days later by enticing some colonists out of the fort and killing them. In May 1611, a new governor, Sir Thomas Dale, arrived and soon began looking for places to establish new settlements; he was repulsed by the Nansemonds, but successfully took an island in the James from the Arrohattocs, which became the palisaded 'cittie' of Henricus, despite raids there led by the renegade

title: George Percy

text: control of the colony to him. In June 1610, Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr arrived in Jamestown and with a commission to serve as the colony's governor. De la Warr appointed Percy to the council and named him captain of the Jamestown fort. In August 1610, De la Warre sent Percy and seventy men to attack the Paspahegh and Chickahominy Indians. The force ravaged the Indians' settlements, burning their buildings, decimating their crops, and indiscriminately killing men, women, and children. Percy also led the successful defence of the Jamestown fort against an Indian attack and earned the praise

text: He who does not work, neither shall he eat is a New Testament aphorism originally by Paul the Apostle, later cited by John Smith in Jamestown, Virginia, and by Lenin during the Russian Revolution.

title: Jamestown, Rhode Island

text: about 150 residents. It was named for James, Duke of York, who became King James II in 1685. By 1710, many of Conanicut Island's current roads were in place. In 1728, the town of Jamestown built a windmill for grinding corn, which used the sea breeze for power since there was no source of running water to turn a waterwheel. Two hundred British and Hessian troops landed at East Ferry on Conanicut Island on December 10, 1775; they then marched to West Ferry where they burned the ferry house. As they returned to East Ferry, they destroyed many buildings, including

title: Grove, Virginia

text: at the time of encounter with the English. When the English settlers established Jamestown in 1607, the Powhatan Paramount Chiefdom included most Native tribes in the area. There were a few that were unaffiliated. The paramount chief, known as the Powhatan, had created his powerful empire in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. He conquered or affiliated by agreement with approximately 30 tribes whose territory covered much of southeastern Virginia. This was called "Tenakomakah". A capital of this confederacy, "Werowocomoco", was located near the north bank of the York River in present-day Gloucester County, about as the crow flies

title: John Ratcliffe (governor)

text: entire body with mussel shells and tossed the pieces into the flame as he watched. They skinned his face last and finally burned him at stake. This story was documented in an eyewitness account that is included in "The Jamestown Adventure: Accounts of the Virginia Colony, 1605–1614 (Real Voices, Real History)", edited by Ed Southern. In Disney's "Pocahontas" (1995), Ratcliffe was portrayed as a greedy and ruthlessly ambitious man, and the film's main antagonist. His character believes that the Powhatan tribe is very barbaric in nature and have hidden gold near the outskirts of Virginia, and he wants to battle

text: the colonists during a raid to gain English weaponry. During the next several years, the relationship between the Virginia Indians and the colonists became more strained, never more so than during the period of poor crops for both the natives and colonists which became known as the Starving Time in late 1609 and early 1610. Chief Powhatan relocated his principal capital from Werowocomoco, which was relatively close to Jamestown along the north shore of the York River, to a point more inland and secure along the upper reaches of the Chickahominy River. In April 1613, Pocahontas and her husband, Kocoum

title: History of Virginia

text: and continuing into the spring and early summer, no more ships arrived. The colonists faced what became known as the "starving time". When the new governor Sir Thomas Gates, finally arrived at Jamestown on May 23, 1610, along with other survivors of the wreck of the Sea Venture that resulted in Bermuda being added to the territory of Virginia, he discovered over 80% of the 500 colonists had died; many of the survivors were sick. Back in England, the Virginia Company was reorganized under its Second Charter, ratified on May 23, 1609, which gave most leadership authority of the colony

text: Jamestown being uninhabited, the settlers were attacked less than two weeks after their arrival on May 14, by Paspahegh Indians who succeeded in killing one of the settlers and wounding eleven more. Within a month, James Fort covered an acre on Jamestown Island. By June 15, the settlers finished building the triangular James Fort. The wooden palisaded walls formed a triangle around a storehouse, church, and a number of houses. A week later, Newport sailed back for London on "Susan Constant" with a load of pyrite ("fools' gold") and other supposedly precious minerals, leaving behind 104 colonists and "Discovery". It

title: Anglo-Powhatan Wars

text: Smith and the colonists to forsake the swamp and instead live in one of his satellite towns called "Capahosick" where they would make metal tools for him in exchange for full provision. However, Smith underestimated the power of the Virginia Indians and what they were capable of, as they knew the land much better than the English. In December 1607, only seven months after building the fort on Jamestown Island, Smith, while reconnoitering the countryside near Orapax, one of Powhatan's capitals, was captured by a communal hunting party led by Opechancanough. Smith much later in life claimed that during his

title: Ralph Hamor

text: of the "Sea Flower" with 120 new settlers, which included two servants of Hamor's, Thomas Powell and Elkinton Ratliffe, both to work on Hog Island. On Friday, March 22, 1622, Hamor, his older brother Thomas, and six of their male servants were attacked by the Indians as the colonists were building Hamor's new house in Warrosquyoake Shire The colonists drove off their attackers by using bricks, spades, and anything else they could get their hands on. Of the roughly twelve hundred Jamestown residents, 347 were killed that day. Thomas was wounded with an arrow to the back during the attack,

title: Edward Maria Wingfield

text: learn that their founding of Jamestown was during the worst seven-year dry spell (1606–1612) in nearly 800 years – which ""dried up fresh-water supplies and devastated corn crops"". Dr William Kelso and Beverly Straube of Jamestown Rediscovery are convinced that the colony's fate was ""beyond the control of either settlers or their London backers"". But the settlers were tough. The hardy ones survived that period and won through, establishing, as Dr. James Horn points out, ""four fundamental characteristics of British America: representative government, private property, civilian control of the military, and a Protestant church""; along with English language and customs.

text: England several years earlier, which served to greatly improve relations between the Virginia Native Americans and the colonists for several years. However, when she and John Rolfe took their young son Thomas Rolfe on a public relations trip to England to help raise more investment money for the Virginia Company, she became ill and died just as they were leaving to return to Virginia. Her interment was at St George's Church in Gravesend. What became known as the "Starving Time" in the Virginia Colony occurred during the winter of 1609–10, when only 60 of 500 English colonists survived. The colonists,

text: brought by Captain Newport. These were: Matthew Scrivener (First Supply), and Peter Winne (Second Supply). On October 1, 1608, 70 new settlers arrived aboard the English "Mary and Margaret" with the Second Supply, following a journey of approximately three months. Included in the Second Supply were Thomas Graves, Thomas Forrest, Esq and "Mistress Forrest and Anne Burras her maide." Mistress Forrest and Anne Burras were the first two women known to have come to the Jamestown Colony. Remains unearthed at Jamestown in 1997 may be those of Mistress Forrest. Also included were the first non-English settlers. The company recruited these

text: more supplies, and a new governor, Thomas West, Baron De La Warr. Fortuitously, on June 9, 1610, De La Warr arrived on the James River just as the settlers had abandoned Jamestown. Intercepting them about downstream from Jamestown near Mulberry Island (adjacent to present-day Fort Eustis in Newport News), the new governor forced the remaining 90 settlers to return. "Deliverance" and "Patience" turned back, and all the settlers were landed again at Jamestown. With the new supply mission, the new governor brought additional colonists, a doctor, food, and much-needed supplies. He also was of a strong determination that Jamestown and

title: Eleanor Dare

text: the group and killed most of the colonists. Powhatan showed Smith certain artifacts he said had belonged to the colonists, including a musket barrel and a brass mortar. The Jamestown Colony received reports of some survivors of the Lost Colony and sent out search parties, but none were successful. Eventually they determined they were all dead. However, in her 2000 book "Roanoke: Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony," Miller postulated that some of the Lost Colony survivors sought shelter with a neighboring Indian tribe, the Chowanoc, that was attacked by another tribe, identified by the Jamestown Colony as the

title: To Have and to Hold

text: the Virginian Indians plan to massacre the Jamestown settlers. As they are on their way back to Jamestown, Diccon is shot and killed by a hostile Indian, and Ralph is left alone to brave his way back. Returning to the colony, he gives his information, only to be told that Jocelyn had made her way to the forest in search of him after his absence was noticed, with Jeremy Sparrow, and that they had not been found. It is also discovered that Lord Carnal has taken poison and will die within a week. Jamestown is saved, thanks to Ralph's almost-too-late

title: Jamestown, Virginia

text: Virginia Indian employee. There was not enough time to spread the word to the outposts. Of the 6,000 people who came to the settlement between 1608 and 1624, only 3,400 survived. In 1624, King James revoked the Virginia Company's charter, and Virginia became a royal colony. Despite the setbacks, the colony continued to grow. Ten years later, in 1634, by order of King Charles I, the colony was divided into the original eight shires of Virginia (or counties), in a fashion similar to that practiced in England. Jamestown was now located in James City Shire, soon renamed the "County of

title: Henry Spelman of Jamestown

text: Confederacy led by Chief Powhatan. Despite being a son of the high sheriff of his county, Spelman, owing to the traditional English practice of primogeniture, was left to indenture himself as a laborer to pay his passage to the New World. The Third Supply flotilla of 9 ships set sail from Plymouth, England on 2 June 1609. In July 1609, the ships ran into a massive 3 day storm and the fleet was broken up, with the flagship Sea Venture wrecking upon the islands of Bermuda. After the storm passed, the remaining ships reassembled off of Cape Henry and sailed

title: Jamestown, Virginia

text: Third Supply was John Rolfe, who carried with him a cache of untested new tobacco seeds from Bermuda, which had grown wild there after being planted by shipwrecked Spaniards years before. In 1614, Rolfe began to successfully harvest tobacco. Prosperous and wealthy, he married Pocahontas, daughter of Chief Powhatan, bringing several years of peace between the English and natives. However, at the end of a public relations trip to England, Pocahontas became sick and died on March 21, 1617. The following year, her father also died. Powhatan's brother, a fierce warrior named Opchanacanough, became head of the Powhatan Confederacy. As

title: Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship

text: months in Bermuda before most completed the journey to Jamestown on 23 May 1610 aboard two new ships built from scratch. One of the survivors was the newly-appointed Governor, Sir Thomas Gates. Jamestown, then little more than a rudimentary fort, was found in such a poor condition, with the majority of the previous settlers dead or dying, that Gates and Somers decided to abandon the settlement and the continent, returning everyone to England. However, with the company believing all aboard the Sea Venture dead, a new governor, Baron De La Warr, had been sent with the Fourth Supply fleet, which

title: History of Virginia

text: Monacan. The first English colony, Jamestown, was allegedly allowed to be settled by Chief Powhatan as he wanted new military & economic advantages over the Siouans west of his people. The following chief, Opechancanough, succeeded him within only a couple of years after contact & had a much different view of the English. He led several failed uprisings, which caused his people to fracture, some tribes going south to live among the Chowanoke or north to live among the Piscataway. After that, one of his sons took several Powhatans and moved off to the northwest, becoming the Shawnee & took

text: the colony were not to be abandoned. He turned the departing ships around and brought the entire group back to Jamestown. This was certainly not a popular decision at the time with at least some of the group, but Lord Delaware was to prove a new kind of leader for Virginia. Included in those returning to Jamestown was a colonist John Rolfe, whose wife and child had died during the shipwreck of the "Sea Venture" and the time at Bermuda. A businessman, he had with him some seeds for a new strain of tobacco and also some untried marketing ideas.

title: Historic Jamestowne

text: to cope with disease led to the "starving time", which only 60 colonists survived. The colony was resupplied with new colonists, and over the next several decades became the center of government for the English colonists, and a port town for additional arrivals from England to the new land, with about 500 people living in or around it at its peak. Jamestown was the capital of the Virginia Colony, and saw Bacon's Rebellion in 1676, led to the burning down of most of Jamestown, but the town was rebuilt. After an accidental second burning in 1698, the capital was relocated

text: one of their own, but the evidence is insufficient. Ethnicity is further complicated by the fact that the German minority in Royal Prussia lived under Polish control during this period. Originally, the colony's Polish craftsmen were barred from participating in the elections, but after the craftsmen refused to work, colonial leadership agreed to enfranchise them. These workers staged the first recorded strike in Colonial America for the right to vote in the colony's 1619 election. William Volday/Wilhelm Waldi, a Swiss German mineral prospector, was also among those who arrived in 1608. His mission was seeking a silver reservoir that was

title: John Cranston (governor)

text: freemen able to bear arms. At the beginning of November 1678, Coddington had also died in office. On 4 November Conanicut Island was incorporated as a township and called Jamestown in honor of the Duke of York, who soon became king (as James II & VII.) During a special session of the General Assembly held from 8 to 15 November, Cranston was elected governor of the colony, with James Barker elected as his deputy. The Charter and other papers were obtained from Mrs. Coddington and put into the custody of the new governor. Many of the agenda items during his

text: of March 22, 1622. This event came to be known as the Indian Massacre of 1622, and resulted in the deaths of 347 colonists (including men, women, and children) and the abduction of many others. Some say that this massacre was revenge. The Massacre caught most of the Virginia Colony by surprise and virtually wiped out several entire communities, including Henricus and Wolstenholme Town at Martin's Hundred. A letter by Richard Frethorne, written in 1623, reports, "we live in fear of the enemy every hour." However, Jamestown was spared from destruction due to a Virginia Indian boy named Chanco who,

title: Ralph Hamor

text: and his cousin Nathaniel Powell was killed. After the attack, Hamor was ordered to escort the surviving Warrosquyoake Shire settlers to the safety of Jamestown Island, then to stand as command of the Martin's Hundred settlers who were also brought up to Jamestown. Once things settled down, Hamor found himself in a land dispute with one of the biggest plantation owners in Virginia, Edward Bennett. In the summer of 1622, Hamor embarked on a few trade expeditions, as well as a few retaliatory raids against the Native Americans. By the summer of 1622, the colony was struggling with maintaining adequate


question: the site of secretion of h+ and cl-

answers: Parietal cells

title: Clusterin

text: all localize to different subcellular compartments: one isoform localizes to the nucleus; a second isoform localizes to the cytoplasm; and the third is secreted from the cell. They also perform opposing functions: the nuclear CLU binds Ku70 to release BAX and induce apoptosis, whereas the cytosolic and secretory isoforms inhibit apoptosis. The nuclear isoform encodes a 49 kDa protein, while the secretory isoform, which is the main gene transcript, encodes a 75–80 kDa protein after maturation (glycosylation, secretion, and dimerization). The mature protein is a 449-residue, heterodimeric, disulfide-linked glycoprotein composed of two subunits of 40 kDa α- and β-chains. Clusterin

title: Bacterial secretion system

text: of the arginine leads to slow down or failure of secretion. Type I secretion system is found in Gram-negative bacteria. It depends on chaperone activity using Hly and Tol proteins. The system activates as a signal sequence HlyA binds HlyB on the cell membrane. This signal sequence is an ABC transporter. The HlyAB complex activates HlyD which uncoils and moves to the outer cell membrane. The terminal signal is recognised by TolC in the inner membrane. The HlyA is secreted out of the outer membrane membrane through a tunnel-like protein channel. T1SS transports various molecules including ions, carbohydrates, drugs, proteins.

title: Hydrogen potassium ATPase

text: an extensive secretory membrane system and the H/K ATPase is the major protein constituent of these membranes. A small amount of H/K ATPase is also found in the renal medulla. The H/K ATPase is a heterodimeric protein, the product of 2 genes. The gene "ATP4A" encodes the H/K ATPase α subunit, and is an ~1000-amino acid protein that contains the catalytic sites of the enzyme and forms the pore through the cell membrane that allows the transport of ions. Hydronium ions bind to two active sites present in the α subunit. The α subunit also has a phosphorylation site (Asp).

title: Na-K-Cl cotransporter

text: is still maintained. NKCC1 is widely distributed throughout the body, especially in organs that secrete fluids, called exocrine glands. In cells of these organs, NKCC1 is commonly found in the basolateral membrane, the part of the cell membrane closest to the blood vessels. Its basolateral location gives NKCC1 the ability to transport sodium, potassium, and chloride from the blood into the cell. Other transporters assist in the movement of these solutes out of the cell through its apical surface. The end result is that solutes from the blood, particularly chloride, are secreted into the lumen of these exocrine glands, increasing

title: Parietal cell

text: Parietal cells (also known as oxyntic or delomorphous cells), are the epithelial cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor. These cells are located in the gastric glands found in the lining of the fundus and in the body of the stomach. They contain an extensive secretory network (called canaliculi) from which the HCl is secreted by active transport into the stomach. The enzyme hydrogen potassium ATPase (H/K ATPase) is unique to the parietal cells and transports the H against a concentration gradient of about 3 million to 1, which is the steepest ion gradient formed in the human body. Parietal cells are primarily regulated via histamine, acetylcholine and gastrin signaling from both central and local modulators (see 'Regulation').

title: Chloride channel

text: interactions with the protein. In the channels, the protein does not shield chloride ions at one binding site from the neighboring negatively charged chlorides. Each negative charge exerts a repulsive force on the negative charges next to it. Researchers have suggested that this mutual repulsion contributes to the high rate of conduction through the pore. CLC transporters shuttle H across the membrane. The H pathway in CLC transporters utilizes two glutamate residues—one on the extracellular side, Glu, and one on the intracellular side, Glu. Glu also serves to regulate chloride exchange between the protein and extracellular solution. This means that

title: Clostridium histolyticum

text: This proteolytic enzyme is inhibited by cysteine and reversibly inactivated by reducing agents. The molecular weight is between 10 and 50 kDa. Epsilon-toxin is an oxygen-labile hemolysin similar to the θ-toxin of "C. perfringens" and the δ-toxins of "C. septicum", and "C. novyi". Toxigenic strains of "C. histolyticum" secrete proteinases and collagenases that can degrade and necrotize organs and muscles in the human body. "Clostridium histolyticum" proteinases, including gamma- and delta-toxin, digest native and denatured proteins to amino acids with the production of ammonia. They can also clot milk and later digest the clot, and hemolyze sheep blood. The proteinases

title: Gamma secretase

text: with and cleave their substrate proteins. Gamma secretase complexes have also been observed localized to the mitochondria, where they may play a role in promoting apoptosis. Gamma secretase is an internal protease that cleaves within the membrane-spanning domain of its substrate proteins, including amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Notch. Substrate recognition occurs via nicastrin ectodomain binding to the N-terminus of the target, which is then passed via a poorly understood process between the two presenilin fragments to a water-containing active site where the catalytic aspartate residue is located. The active site must contain water to carry out hydrolysis within a

title: Gastrointestinal physiology

text: of the stomach creating acidic conditions with a low pH of 1. H is pumped into the stomach by exchanging it with K. This process also requires ATP as a source of energy; however, Cl then follows the positive charge in the H through an open apical channel protein. HCO secretion occurs to neutralize the acid secretions that make their way into the duodenum of the small intestine. Most of the HCO comes from pancreatic acinar cells in the form of NaHCO in an aqueous solution. This is the result of the high concentration of both HCO and Na present

title: CKAP4

text: undergo another post-translational modification, S-palmitoylation, on cysteine 100 of its cytoplasmic domain. So far only the palmitoyl-acyltransferase ZDHHC2 has been identified as a potential regulator of CLIMP-63’s palmitoylation but as ZDHHC2 resides mostly at the plasma membrane, supplementary investigations are needed. The consequence of S-palmitoylation remain to be investigated but could play a role in the cell cycle as CLIMP-63’s palmitoylation was reported to strongly increase during mitosis. Finally, CLIMP-63 has been shown by different groups to serve as a cell surface receptor for various extracellular ligands, in particular for surfactant protein A (SP-A) in lungs alveoli , tissue plasminogen

title: Beta-secretase 1

text: Beta-secretase 1 Beta-secretase 1 (BACE1), also known as beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1, beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1, membrane-associated aspartic protease 2, memapsin-2, aspartyl protease 2, and ASP2, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the "BACE1" gene. BACE1 is an aspartic-acid protease important in the formation of myelin sheaths in peripheral nerve cells. The transmembrane protein contains two active site aspartate residues in its extracellular protein domain and may function as a dimer. Generation of the 40 or 42 amino acid-long amyloid-β peptides that aggregate in the brain of Alzheimer's patients requires two sequential cleavages

title: Electroneutral cation-Cl

text: in a central hydrophobic domain, together with hydrophilic N- and C-termini that are likely cytoplasmic. Comparison of their sequences with those of other ion-transporting membrane proteins reveals that they are part of a new superfamily of cation-chloride co-transporters, which includes the Na-Cl and Na-K-2Cl co-transporters. KCC1 and KCC3 are widely expressed in human tissues, while KCC2 is expressed only in brain neurones, making it likely that this is the isoform responsible for maintaining low Cl concentration in neurones. KCC1 is widely expressed in human tissues, and when heterologously expressed, possesses the functional characteristics of the well-studied red blood cell K-Cl

title: Histidine decarboxylase

text: known PLP-dependent decarboxylases. HDC is highly specific for its histidine substrate. Histidine decarboxylase is the primary biological source of histamine. Histamine is an important biogenic amine that moderates numerous physiologic processes. There are four different histamine receptors, H, H, H, and H, each of which carries a different biological significance. H modulates several functions of the central and peripheral nervous system, including circadian rhythm, body temperature and appetite. H activation results in gastric acid secretion and smooth muscle relaxation. H controls histamine turnover by feedback inhibition of histamine synthesis and release. Finally, H plays roles in mast cell chemotaxis and

title: Clostridium difficile toxin A

text: the bacterial cell membrane. Due to its homology with other proteins of similar function, as well as the location of the gene between "tcdA" and "tcdB", "tcdE" is predicted to function as the lytic protein that facilitates release since TcdA and TcdB lack a signal peptide for secretion. The protein contains three domains. The amino N-terminal domain contains the active site, responsible for the glucosylating activity of the toxin. Both TcdA and TcdB use this highly conserved N-terminal region (74% homology between both toxins) to alter identical substrates. The carboxy C-terminal domain contains repeating units that are responsible for receptor

title: Aureolysin

text: coagulation as well as the activation of urokinase. However, it also mediates "S. aureus" cell wall and secreted proteins to promote this change. For example, clumping factor B is a surface protein that is responsible for the binding of fibrinogen around the bacterium to hide it within a clot. Aureolysin is responsible for the cleavage of clumping factor B, which causes the loss of "S. aureus" binding to fibrinogen. By this mechanism, it may act as a self-regulatory mechanism for dissemination and spreading in combination with activation of fibrinolysis, while the protease simultaneously provides protection against complement activation. It has

title: Glucagon-like peptide-1

text: in both a membrane-anchored and soluble circulating form. Notably, DPP-4 is expressed on the surface of endothelial cells, including those located directly adjacent to GLP-1 secretion sites. Consequently, less than 25% of secreted GLP-1 is estimated to leave the gut intact. Additionally, presumably due to the high concentration of DPP-4 found on hepatocytes, 40–50% of the remaining active GLP-1 is degraded across the liver. Conclusively, only 10–15 % of secreted GLP-1 reaches circulation intact due to the activity of DPP-4. Neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP 24.11) is a membrane-bound zinc metallopeptidase widely expressed in several tissues, but found in particularly high

title: Phospholipase D

text: distinct genes. PLD activity appears to be present in most cell types, with the possible exceptions of peripheral leukocytes and other lymphocytes. Both PLD isoforms require PIP as a cofactor for activity. PLD1 and PLD2 exhibit different subcellular localizations that dynamically change in the course of signal transduction. PLD activity has been observed within the plasma membrane, cytosol, ER, and Golgi complex. PLD1 is a 120 kDa protein that is mainly located on the inner membranes of cells. It is primarily present at the Golgi complex, endosomes, lysosomes, and secretory granules. Upon the binding of an extracellular stimulus, PLD1 is

title: Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein

text: cortex and bone marrow hemopoietic matrix, and it has therefore been postulated that it participates in the development of the tissues. However, its exact significance is still obscure. The choroid plexus is an established extrahepatic expression site. The mature circulating AHSG molecule consists of two polypeptide chains, which are both cleaved from a proprotein encoded from a single mRNA. Multiple post-translational modifications have been reported. Thus AHSG is a secreted partially phosphorylated glycoprotein with complex proeolytic processing that circulates in blood and extracellular fluids. In the test tube AHSG can bind multiple ligands and therefore has been claimed to be

title: Lipid-binding serum glycoprotein

text: protein (PLUNC) is a potential host defensive protein that is secreted from the submucosal gland to the saliva and nasal lavage fluid. PLUNC appears to be a secreted product of neutrophil granules that participates in an aspect of the inflammatory response that contributes to host defence. Short palate, lung and nasal epithelium clone 1 (SPLUNC1) may bind the lipopolysaccharide of Gram-negative nanobacteria, thereby playing an important role in the host defence of nasopharyngeal epithelium. Bacterial permeability family member A1 (BPIFA1/SPLUNC1) is an innate protein that is secreted basolaterally from healthy, but not asthmatic, human bronchial epithelial cultures (HBECs). It suppresses

title: Immunoglobulin A

text: It is also possible to distinguish forms of IgA based upon their location - serum IgA vs. secretory IgA. In secretory IgA, the form found in secretions, polymers of 2-4 IgA monomers are linked by two additional chains; as such, the molecular weight of slgA is 385,000D. One of these is the J chain (joining chain), which is a polypeptide of molecular mass 15kD, rich with cysteine and structurally completely different from other immunoglobulin chains. This chain is formed in the IgA-secreting cells. The oligomeric forms of IgA in the external (mucosal) secretions also contain a polypeptide of a much

title: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-2

text: formation of intramolecular disulfide bonds. In addition to the CD-loop, notable motifs include the reactive center loop (RCL) spanning amino acids 379-383 and an N-terminal hydrophobic signal sequence.Despite their similar inhibitory targets, PAI-2 is phylogenetically distant from its counterpart plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). As a member of the ovalbumin-related serpin family, PAI-2 is genetically similar to chicken ovalbumin ("Gallus gallus"), and is a close mammalian homolog. Both ovalbumin and PAI-2 undergo secretion via uncleaved secretory signal peptides, although PAI-2 secretion is relatively much less efficient. PAI-2 exists in three polymeric states: monomeric, polymerigenic, and polymer (inactive state). Polymerization occurs by

title: Clusterin

text: Clusterin Clusterin (apolipoprotein J) is a 75 - 80 kDa disulfide-linked heterodimeric protein associated with the clearance of cellular debris and apoptosis. In humans, clusterin is encoded by the "CLU" gene on chromosome 8. CLU is a molecular chaperone responsible for aiding protein folding of secreted proteins, and its three isoforms have been differentially implicated in pro- or antiapoptotic processes. Through this function, CLU is involved in many diseases related to oxidative stress, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, inflammatory diseases, and aging. The "CLU" gene contains nine exons and expresses three isoforms alternatively-spliced at the first exon. The encoded protein isoforms

title: Beta-secretase 2

text: Beta-secretase 2 Beta-secretase 2 (, also known as Memapsin-1) is an enzyme that cleaves Glu-Val-Asn-Leu!Asp-Ala-Glu-Phe in the Swedish variant of Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein. BACE2 is a close homolog of BACE1. Cerebral deposition of amyloid beta peptide is an early and critical feature of Alzheimer's disease and a frequent complication of Down syndrome. Amyloid beta peptide is generated by proteolytic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein by 2 proteases, one of which is the protein encoded by this gene. This gene localizes to the 'Down critical region' of chromosome 21. The encoded protein, a member of the peptidase A1 protein family,

title: Secretion

text: coli" peptide colicin V, (10 kDa) to the "Pseudomonas fluorescens" cell adhesion protein LapA of 520 kDa. The best characterized are the RTX toxins and the lipases. Type I secretion is also involved in export of non-proteinaceous substrates like cyclic β-glucans and polysaccharides. Proteins secreted through the type II system, or main terminal branch of the general secretory pathway, depend on the Sec or Tat system for initial transport into the periplasm. Once there, they pass through the outer membrane via a multimeric (12–14 subunits) complex of pore forming secretin proteins. In addition to the secretin protein, 10–15 other inner

title: Clostridium difficile toxin A

text: damage and fluid secretion. Fluid accumulation and secretion are secondary to mucosal damage that occurs after exposure to TcdA. Distinct changes in the microfilament system lead to cell rounding and cell death. These changes result from the inactivation of Rho proteins, which play an important role in regulating tight junctions. Apoptosis is the most likely mechanism accounting for death of cells exposed to TcdA. Rho inactivation can activate caspase-3 and caspase-9; two key components of the apoptotic pathway. TcdA has been linked to mitochondrial membrane disruption and release of cytochrome C through caspase activation and Rho inactivation, further suggesting that

title: Secretin

text: in the amino acids between positions 5 and 13. The amino acids sequences of secretin have some similarities to that of glucagon, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). Fourteen of 27 amino acids of secretin reside in the same positions as in glucagon, 7 the same as in VIP, and 10 the same as in GIP. Secretin also has an amidated carboxyl-terminal amino acid which is valine. The sequence of amino acids in secretin is H–His-Ser-Asp-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Glu-Leu-Ser-Arg-Leu-Arg-Asp-Ser-Ala-Arg-Leu-Gln-Arg-Leu-Leu-Gln-Gly-Leu-Val–NH. Secretin is synthesized in cytoplasmic secretory granules of S-cells, which are found mainly in the mucosa of the duodenum, and in

title: Hemagglutinin esterase

text: with a short N-terminal, cleavable signal peptide, a long ectodomain, a transmembrane region and a very short ctyoplasmic tail. HEF is composed of two subunits, HEF1 consisting of the N-terminal and HEF2 consisting of the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic tail. Electron microscopy analyzing the crystal structure of HEF showed that the spike of HEF forms a mushroom-shaped trimer consisting of a membrane-near stalk and a globular head. HEF contains only asparagine-linked carbohydrates which indicates that O-glycosylation does not occur. The location of the individual glycosylation sites in the crystal structure are located on seven of the eight highly conserved

title: CLE peptide

text: peptides vary in structure with each peptide structure performing a different job with in the plant. The minimal length of functioning CLE peptides has been found to be 12 amino acids with several critical residues. There are two different peptide structures that are found within the plant and they are A-type and B-type. When A-type hormones are secreted the plant slows down the rate of root growth whereas the secretion of B-type peptides effects the vascular growth of the plant. The secretion of A-type peptides speeds up the vascular development of the plant that is mediated by the B-type peptides.

title: Lewis antigen system

text: in secretions and in the serum. Type 2 is found exclusively on the surface of red blood cells. No type 1 oligosaccharide is found on RBCs. Unbranched type 1 and 2 oligosaccharides represent "i antigen". Branched type 1 and 2 oligosaccharides are "I antigens". In neonates, "i antigen" oligosaccharides predominate (high in cord blood samples). Oligosaccharide branching increases with age, thus adults have mostly "I antigen". The H gene of the ABO system encodes a fucosyltransferase that adds fucose to type 2 precursor substances on the surface of RBCs to make H antigen. The h gene is an amorph. If

title: Pectinesterase

text: to be secreted to the apoplasm with highly methylated pectin although at some point along this secretory pathway the N-terminal pro-peptide is cleaved off. Currently, the role of the pro-region is unknown although it has been hypothesised that it may act as an intramolecular chaperone, ensuring correct folding or deactivating activity until PE insertion in the cell wall is complete. Recently, particular attention has been devoted to molecular studies of pectinesterase leading to the characterisation of several related isoforms in various higher plant species. Some of these pectinesterases were shown to be ubiquitously expressed, whereas others are specifically expressed during

title: Parietal cell


question: when does body temperature tend to be lowest

answers: 11 p.m. to 3 a.m.

title: Human body temperature

text: temperature also changes when a person is hungry, sleepy, sick, or cold. Body temperature normally fluctuates over the day following Circadian rhythms, with the lowest levels around 4 a.m. and the highest in the late afternoon, between 4:00 and 6:00 p.m. (assuming the person sleeps at night and stays awake during the day). Therefore, an oral temperature of would, strictly speaking, be a normal, healthy temperature in the afternoon but not in the early morning. An individual's body temperature typically changes by about between its highest and lowest points each day. Body temperature is sensitive to many hormones, so women

title: Thermoregulation

text: to 36.7 °C (97.6 to 98.1 °F). Within 24 hours of ovulation, women experience an elevation of 0.15–0.45 °C (0.2–0.9 °F) due to the increased metabolic rate caused by sharply elevated levels of progesterone. The basal body temperature ranges between 36.7–37.3 °C (98.1–99.2 °F) throughout the luteal phase, and drops down to pre-ovulatory levels within a few days of menstruation. Women can chart this phenomenon to determine whether and when they are ovulating, so as to aid conception or contraception. Fever is a regulated elevation of the set point of core temperature in the hypothalamus, caused by circulating pyrogens produced

title: Thermoregulation

text: around , and hypothermia sets in when the core body temperature gets lower than . Usually caused by prolonged exposure to cold temperatures, hypothermia is usually treated by methods that attempt to raise the body temperature back to a normal range. It was not until the introduction of thermometers that any exact data on the temperature of animals could be obtained. It was then found that local differences were present, since heat production and heat loss vary considerably in different parts of the body, although the circulation of the blood tends to bring about a mean temperature of the internal

title: Human body temperature

text: body's core temperature rises to a higher temperature through the action of the part of the brain that controls the body temperature; with hyperthermia, the body temperature is raised without the influence of the heat control centers. In hypothermia, body temperature drops below that required for normal metabolism and bodily functions. In humans, this is usually due to excessive exposure to cold air or water, but it can be deliberately induced as a medical treatment. Symptoms usually appear when the body's core temperature drops by below normal temperature. Basal body temperature is the lowest temperature attained by the body during

title: Thermoregulation

title: Human body temperature

text: of these averages as representing normal or ideal measurements, a wide range of temperatures has been found in healthy people. The body temperature of a healthy person varies during the day by about with lower temperatures in the morning and higher temperatures in the late afternoon and evening, as the body's needs and activities change. Other circumstances also affect the body's temperature. The core body temperature of an individual tends to have the lowest value in the second half of the sleep cycle; the lowest point, called the nadir, is one of the primary markers for circadian rhythms. The body

title: Cold and heat adaptations in humans

text: by temperatures that are well below 0 °C (32 °F). Extreme cold favors individuals who have more body fat, especially around the sinuses, and narrow noses. Moderate cold is characterized by temperatures that fluctuate a few degrees above and below 0 °C (32 °F). Moderate cold favors individuals with slightly above average body fat (around a BMI of 24-25). Night cold is characterized by the extreme diurnal temperature variation seen in desert regions, and is associated with dual adaptations to heat and cold. Night cold favors individuals who are adapted to the heat, but whom also have a fast metabolism

title: Thermoregulation

text: diurnal temperatures can be reversed by reversing their daily routine. In essence, the temperature curve of diurnal birds is similar to that of man and other homoeothermal animals, except that the maximum occurs earlier in the afternoon and the minimum earlier in the morning. Also, the curves obtained from rabbits, guinea pigs, and dogs were quite similar to those from man. These observations indicate that body temperature is partially regulated by circadian rhythms. During the follicular phase (which lasts from the first day of menstruation until the day of ovulation), the average basal body temperature in women ranges from 36.45

title: Thermoregulation

title: Human body temperature

text: have a temperature rhythm that varies with the menstrual cycle, called a "circamensal" rhythm. A woman's basal body temperature rises sharply after ovulation, as estrogen production decreases and progesterone increases. Fertility awareness programs use this change to identify when a woman has ovulated in order to achieve or avoid pregnancy. During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, both the lowest and the average temperatures are slightly higher than during other parts of the cycle. However, the amount that the temperature rises during each day is slightly lower than typical, so the highest temperature of the day is not very

title: Human body temperature

text: much higher than usual. Hormonal contraceptives both suppress the circamensal rhythm and raise the typical body temperature by about . Temperature also varies with the change of seasons during each year. This pattern is called a "circannual" rhythm. Studies of seasonal variations have produced inconsistent results. People living in different climates may have different seasonal patterns. Increased physical fitness increases the amount of daily variation in temperature. With increased age, both average body temperature and the amount of daily variability in the body temperature tend to decrease. Elderly patients may have a decreased ability to generate body heat during a

title: Human body temperature

text: fever, so even a somewhat elevated temperature can indicate a serious underlying cause in geriatrics. Different methods used for measuring temperature produce different results. The temperature reading depends on which part of the body is being measured. The typical daytime temperatures among healthy adults are as follows: Generally, oral, rectal, gut, and core body temperatures, although slightly different, are well-correlated, with oral temperature being the lowest of the four. Oral temperatures are generally about lower than rectal temperatures. Oral temperatures are influenced by drinking, chewing, smoking, and breathing with the mouth open. Mouth breathing, cold drinks or food reduce oral

title: Human body temperature

text: change according to activities and external factors. In addition to varying throughout the day, normal body temperature may also differ as much as from one day to the next, so that the highest or lowest temperatures on one day will not always exactly match the highest or lowest temperatures on the next day. Normal human body temperature varies slightly from person to person and by the time of day. Consequently, each type of measurement has a range of normal temperatures. The range for normal human body temperatures, taken orally, is (). This means that any oral temperature between is likely

title: Heterothermy

text: (around 38 °C). Larger mammals (e.g. ground squirrels) and bats show multi-day torpor bouts during hibernation (up to several weeks) in winter. During these multi-day torpor bouts, body temperature drops to ~1 °C above ambient temperature and metabolism may drop to about 1% of the normal endothermic metabolic rate. Even in these deep hibernators, the long periods of torpor is interrupted by bouts of endothermic metabolism, called arousals (typically lasting between 4–20 hours). These metabolic arousals cause body temperature to return to euthermic levels 35-37 °C. Most of the energy spent during hibernation is spent in arousals (70-80%), but their

title: Human body temperature

text: an electric blanket raises the body temperature at night. Sleep disturbances also affect temperatures. Normally, body temperature drops significantly at a person's normal bedtime and throughout the night. Short-term sleep deprivation produces a higher temperature at night than normal, but long-term sleep deprivation appears to reduce temperatures. Insomnia and poor sleep quality are associated with smaller and later drops in body temperature. Similarly, waking up unusually early, sleeping in, jet lag and changes to shift work schedules may affect body temperature. A temperature setpoint is the level at which the body attempts to maintain its temperature. When the setpoint is

title: Vital signs

text: checking body temperature is to solicit any signs of systemic infection or inflammation in the presence of a fever (temp > 38.5 °C/101.3 °F or sustained temp > 38 °C/100.4 °F), or elevated significantly above the individual's normal temperature. Other causes of elevated temperature include hyperthermia. Temperature depression (hypothermia) also needs to be evaluated. It is also noteworthy to review the trend of the patient's temperature. A fever of 38 °C is not necessarily indicate an ominous sign if the patient's previous temperature has been higher. The pulse is the rate at which the heart beats while pumping blood through

title: Human body temperature

text: to give the most accurate assessment of core body temperature, particularly in hypothermia. In the early 2000s, ingestible thermistors in capsule form were produced, allowing the temperature inside the digestive tract to be transmitted to an external receiver; one study found that these were comparable in accuracy to rectal temperature measurement. In the 19th century, most books quoted "blood heat" as 98 °F, until a study published the mean (but not the variance) of a large sample as . Subsequently that mean was widely quoted as "37 °C or 98.4 °F" until editors realised 37 °C is closer to 98.6

title: Sex differences in human physiology

text: in reaction to cold to a greater extent than men's skin, both of which help women to stay warm and survive lower temperatures than men. As a result of greater vasoconstriction, while the surface of female skin is colder than male skin, the deep-skin temperature in women is higher than in men. Males generally have darker skin than females. The lighter skin in females helps their bodies synthesize more Vitamin D from sunlight and absorb more calcium, which is needed during pregnancy and lactation. On average, males have more body hair than females. Males have relatively more of the type

title: Fever

text: than peripheral temperatures. Fever is generally agreed to be present if the elevated temperature is caused by a raised set point and: In healthy adults, the range of normal, healthy temperatures for oral temperature is , for rectal it is , for tympanic membrane (the ear drum) it is , and for axillary (the armpit) it is . Harrison's principles of internal medicine defines a fever as a morning oral temperature of >37.2 °C (>98.9 °F) or an afternoon oral temperature of >37.7 °C (>99.9 °F) while the normal daily temperature variation is typically 0.5 °C (0.9 °F). Normal body

title: Human body temperature

text: Human body temperature Normal human body temperature, also known as normothermia or euthermia, is the typical temperature range found in humans. The normal human body temperature range is typically stated as . Individual body temperature depends upon the age, exertion, infection, sex, and reproductive status of the subject, the time of day, the place in the body at which the measurement is made, and the subject's state of consciousness (waking, sleeping or sedated), activity level, and emotional state. It is typically maintained within this range by thermoregulation. Taking a person's temperature is an initial part of a full clinical examination.

title: Human body temperature

text: °F than 98.4 °F. Dictionaries and other sources that quoted these averages did add the word "about" to show that there is some variance, but generally did not state how wide the variance is. Human body temperature Normal human body temperature, also known as normothermia or euthermia, is the typical temperature range found in humans. The normal human body temperature range is typically stated as . Individual body temperature depends upon the age, exertion, infection, sex, and reproductive status of the subject, the time of day, the place in the body at which the measurement is made, and the subject's

title: Blood

text: adjustments to this flow are an important part of thermoregulation. Increasing blood flow to the surface (e.g., during warm weather or strenuous exercise) causes warmer skin, resulting in faster heat loss. In contrast, when the external temperature is low, blood flow to the extremities and surface of the skin is reduced and to prevent heat loss and is circulated to the important organs of the body, preferentially. Rate of blood flow varies greatly between different organs. Liver has the most abundant blood supply with an approximate flow of 1350 ml/min. Kidney and brain are the second and the third most

title: Human body temperature

text: raised, the result is a fever. Most fevers are caused by infectious disease and can be lowered, if desired, with antipyretic medications. An early morning temperature higher than or a late afternoon temperature higher than is normally considered a fever, assuming that the temperature is elevated due to a change in the hypothalamus's setpoint. Lower thresholds are sometimes appropriate for elderly people. The normal daily temperature variation is typically , but can be greater among people recovering from a fever. An organism at optimum temperature is considered "afebrile" or "apyrexic", meaning "without fever". If temperature is raised, but the setpoint

title: Human body temperature

text: to be normal. The normal human body temperature is often stated as . In adults a review of the literature has found a wider range of for normal temperatures, depending on the gender and location measured. Reported values vary depending on how it is measured: oral (under the tongue): (), internal (rectal, vaginal): . A rectal or vaginal measurement taken directly inside the body cavity is typically slightly higher than oral measurement, and oral measurement is somewhat higher than skin measurement. Other places, such as under the arm or in the ear, produce different typical temperatures. While some people think

title: Cold and heat adaptations in humans

text: to warm them during the colder nights . The only mechanism the human body has to cool itself is by sweat evaporation. Sweating occurs when the ambient air temperatures is above 28 °C (82 °F) and the body fails to return to the normal internal temperature. The evaporation of the sweat helps cool the blood beneath the skin. It is limited by the amount of water available in the body, which can cause dehydration. Humans adapted to heat early on. In Africa, the climate selected for traits that helped us stay cool. Also, we had physiological mechanisms that reduced the

title: Thermoregulation

text: by the immune system. To the subject, a rise in core temperature due to fever may result in feeling cold in an environment where people without fever do not. Some monks are known to practice Tummo, biofeedback meditation techniques, that allow them to raise their body temperatures substantially. It has been theorised that low body temperature may increase lifespan. In 2006, it was reported that transgenic mice with a body temperature 0.3–0.5 C lower than normal mice lived longer than normal mice. This mechanism is due to overexpressing the uncoupling protein 2 in hypocretin neurons (Hcrt-UCP2), which elevated hypothalamic temperature,

title: Operating temperature

text: temperature is also one of the classic phase markers for measuring the timing of an individual's Circadian rhythm. Changes to the normal human body temperature may result in discomfort. The most common such change is a fever, a temporary elevation of the body's thermoregulatory set-point, typically by about 1–2 °C (1.8–3.6 °F). Hyperthermia is an acute condition caused by the body absorbing more heat than it can dissipate, whereas hypothermia is a condition in which the body's core temperature drops below that required for normal metabolism, and which is caused by the body's inability to replenish the heat that is

title: Thermoregulation

text: normal, a condition known as hyperthermia occurs. For humans, this occurs when the body is exposed to constant temperatures of approximately , and with prolonged exposure (longer than a few hours) at this temperature and up to around death is almost inevitable. Humans may also experience lethal hyperthermia when the wet bulb temperature is sustained above for six hours. The opposite condition, when body temperature decreases below normal levels, is known as hypothermia. It results when the homeostatic control mechanisms of heat within the body malfunction, causing the body to lose heat faster than producing it. Normal body temperature is

title: Hyperthermia

text: of some types of general anesthesia. Hyperthermia differs from fever in that the body's temperature set point remains unchanged. The opposite is hypothermia, which occurs when the temperature drops below that required to maintain normal metabolism. The term is from Greek ὑπέρ, "hyper", meaning "above" or "over", and θέρμος, "thermos", meaning "hot". In humans, hyperthermia is defined as a temperature greater than , depending on the reference used, that occurs without a change in the body's temperature set point. The normal human body temperature can be as high as in the late afternoon. Hyperthermia requires an elevation from the temperature

title: Human body temperature

text: rest (usually during sleep). It is generally measured immediately after awakening and before any physical activity has been undertaken, although the temperature measured at that time is somewhat higher than the true basal body temperature. In women, temperature differs at various points in the menstrual cycle, and this can be used in the long-term to track ovulation both for the purpose of aiding conception or avoiding pregnancy. This process is called fertility awareness. Core temperature, also called core body temperature, is the operating temperature of an organism, specifically in deep structures of the body such as the liver, in comparison

title: Thermoregulation

long_answer: In humans, a diurnal variation has been observed dependent on the periods of rest and activity, lowest at 11 p.m. to 3 a.m. and peaking at 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. Monkeys also have a well-marked and regular diurnal variation of body temperature that follows periods of rest and activity, and is not dependent on the incidence of day and night; nocturnal monkeys reach their highest body temperature at night and lowest during the day. Sutherland Simpson and J.J. Galbraith observed that all nocturnal animals and birds – whose periods of rest and activity are naturally reversed through habit and not from outside interference – experience their highest temperature during the natural period of activity (night) and lowest during the period of rest (day). Those diurnal temperatures can be reversed by reversing their daily routine.


question: what us state forms the western boundary of montana

answers: Idaho

title: Montana Territory

text: degree and thirty minutes of north latitude to a point formed by its intersection with the crest of the Rocky Mountains; thence following the crest of the Rocky Mountains northward till its intersection with the Bitter Root Mountains; thence northward along the crest of the Bitter Root Mountains to its intersection with the thirty-ninth degree of longitude west from Washington; thence along said thirty-ninth degree of longitude northward to the boundary line of British possessions. The boundaries of the territory did not change during its existence. It was admitted to the Union as the State of Montana on November 8,

title: Western Montana

text: Western Montana Western Montana is the western region of the U.S. state of Montana. The most restrictive definition limits western Montana only to the parts of the state west of the Continental Divide. Other common definitions add in the mountainous areas east of the divide including Beaverhead, Gallatin, Jefferson, Lewis and Clark, Madison, and Park Counties. The region is sometimes considered to be part of the Inland Northwest. Western Montana is dominated by the Rocky Mountains. Most of Western Montana is covered in forest, prominent species being Ponderosa pine, aspen, and Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir. Common fauna include the black bear,

title: Montana

text: roughly defined by the Continental Divide, which splits much of the state into distinct eastern and western regions. Most of Montana's 100 or more named mountain ranges are in the state's western half, most of which is geologically and geographically part of the Northern Rocky Mountains. The Absaroka and Beartooth ranges in the state's south-central part are technically part of the Central Rocky Mountains. The Rocky Mountain Front is a significant feature in the state's north-central portion, and isolated island ranges that interrupt the prairie landscape common in the central and eastern parts of the state. About 60 percent of

title: Montana

text: Montana Montana () is a state in the Northwestern United States. Montana has several nicknames, although none are official, including "Big Sky Country" and "The Treasure State", and slogans that include "Land of the Shining Mountains" and more recently "The Last Best Place". Montana is the 4th largest in area, the 8th least populous, and the 3rd least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states. The western half of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges. Smaller island ranges are found throughout the state. In total, 77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains. The eastern half of Montana is characterized

title: Montana

text: Montana is one of the nine Mountain States, located in the north of the region known as the Western United States. It borders North Dakota and South Dakota to the east. Wyoming is to the south, Idaho is to the west and southwest,  and three Canadian provinces, British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, are to the north.

title: Crow Nation

text: in south-central Montana is a large reservation covering approximately of land area, the fifth-largest Indian reservation in the United States. The reservation is primarily in Big Horn and Yellowstone counties with ceded lands in Rosebud, Carbon, and Treasure Counties. The Crow Indian Reservation's eastern border is the 107th meridian line, except along the border line of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation. The southern border is from the 107th meridian line west to the east bank of the Big Horn River. The line travels downstream to Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area and west to the Pryor Mountains and north-easterly to Billings.

title: Chouteau County, Montana

text: Clark National Forest. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.6%) is water. Chouteau County was once the largest county in the Montana Territory and the second largest in the United States, with an area of in the early 20th century. However, some parts of the county were over from Fort Benton, and in 1893, the first of several divisions began with the creation of Teton County, the western portion of Chouteau County. Chouteau County lost half of its population from 1910 to 1930. The land is mostly

title: Sanders County, Montana

text: Fork River runs through the middle of the county; Southeast to Northwest flow orientation with the Bitterroot Mountains on the Southwestern side and the Cabinet Mountains to the Northeast. Like many river systems of Western Montana, the Clark Fork is noted for broad, open plains along its banks. It is partially arid, with the west-facing mountain slopes capturing the most rain: ranging from nearly 40 inches a year in Heron (similar to Seattle's annual precipitation) on the Western end of the county to less than 12 inches per year in Dixon on the East end. During the last ice age,

title: Toole County, Montana

text: Toole County, Montana Toole County is a county located in the northern portion of the U.S. state of Montana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 5,324. Its county seat is Shelby. The county was established in 1914 from parts of Hill County and Teton County and was named after Joseph Toole, the first and fourth governor of Montana. Its northern boundary is the Canada–United States border south of Alberta. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (1.5%) is water. Its northern boundary is the Canada–United States

title: Montana

text: of western Montana, which established boundaries for the tribal nations. The treaty was ratified in 1859. While the treaty established what later became the Flathead Indian Reservation, trouble with interpreters and confusion over the terms of the treaty led whites to believe that the Bitterroot Valley was opened to settlement, but the tribal nations disputed those provisions. The Salish remained in the Bitterroot Valley until 1891. The first U.S. Army post established in Montana was Camp Cooke in 1866, on the Missouri River, to protect steamboat traffic going to Fort Benton, Montana. More than a dozen additional military outposts were

title: Interstate 90 in Montana

text: split just east of Butte, with I-15 continuing north over the Continental Divide over the high Elk Park Pass, which straddles the Silver Bow–Jefferson County border. I-90 heads south then east, also entering Jefferson County, passing over the divide at Homestake Pass which is high. Jefferson County has interchanges with S-399 east of Pipestone, Montana and S-359 east of Cardwell before meeting the Jefferson–Broadwater County border. There is only one exit along I-90 in Broadwater County, linking MT 2 in the south and US 287 north of the highway before crossing the Broadwater–Gallatin County border at the Missouri River. I-90

title: History of Montana

text: degree of longitude northward to the boundary line of the British possessions. The boundaries of Montana territory did not change during its existence. Montana was admitted to the Union as the state of Montana on November 8, 1889. The Battle of the Little Bighorn—also called Custer's Last Stand and the Battle of the Greasy Grass—was an armed engagement between a Lakota (Sioux)-Northern Cheyenne-Arapaho combined force and the 7th Cavalry of the United States Army. It occurred June 25–June 26, 1876, near the Little Bighorn River in eastern Montana Territory near present-day Hardin, Montana, on land that today is part of

title: Regional designations of Montana

text: Regional designations of Montana The Regional designations of Montana vary widely within the U.S state of Montana. The state is a large geographical area () that is split by the Continental Divide, resulting in watersheds draining into the Pacific Ocean, Gulf of Mexico and Hudson's Bay. The state is approximately east to west along the Canada–United States border and north to south. The fourth largest state in land area, it has been divided up in official and unofficial ways into a variety of regions. Additionally, Montana is part of a number of larger federal government administrative regions. Various parts of

title: Fort Shaw

text: added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 11, 1985. Most of what was to become Montana became part of the United States with the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. Although first organized into an incorporated territory in 1805 as part of the Louisiana Territory, it was not until large numbers of farmers, miners, and fur trappers began moving into the region in the 1850s that the government of the United States paid much attention to the area. The creation of the Montana Territory in 1864 came about, in part, due to the rapid influx of miners after the

title: History of Montana

text: July 4, 1803. The area covered by the purchase included much of the present-day United States between the Continental Divide and the Mississippi River, encompassing the Great Plains including part of what is now Montana, particularly the Missouri River drainage. The rights to the Louisiana Purchase territory cost the U.S. $15 million, which came out to an average of 3 cents an acre. On March 10, 1804, a formal ceremony was conducted in St. Louis, Missouri, to transfer ownership of the territory from France to the United States of America. The lands of present-day Montana were practically unknown and too

title: North Fork Flathead River

text: Flathead River, and North Fork of the Flathead River. The river originates in a valley northeast of Lake Koocanusa in the Clark Range, and flows west. It then meets the Continental Divide and turns south, winding through a broad glacial valley. The river then crosses the Canada–US border into the state of Montana, where it begins to delineate the western boundary of Glacier National Park. Roughly following the "inner" and "outer" North Fork Roads and Montana Secondary Highway 486, the river winds southwest past Kintla Lake, Bowman Lake, Quartz Lake, Logging Lake, and Lake McDonald, then turns west and south

title: Western Montana

text: Superfund cleanup site in the history of the nation. Copper is still mined at Berkeley Pit in Butte. Missoula is the largest city in Western Montana and the second-largest in the state after Billings. Western Montana, though faring better than much of the nation, was the portion of the state hit hardest by the current economic downturn. The closing of Smurfit-Stone Container in 2009 alone caused the loss of over 2000 jobs through 2012. Much of western Montana has felt the effects of a housing bust as well. Western Montana Western Montana is the western region of the U.S. state

title: Sanders County, Montana

text: perch, Northern Pike, and walleyes that have been introduced and thrive in the modified habitat of the Clark Fork River's reservoirs. Sanders County is part of the mountainous western third of Montana. It lies entirely on the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains with a mixed coniferous forest dominating the plant community. Douglas fir/Ponderosa pine (Montana state tree) climax plant community dominate much of the county, but there are numerous other conifers found there as well in pockets of micro-climates suited to their needs. These include Western red cedar, Western Hemlock, Mountain Hemlock, White Spruce, Subalpine Fir, Grand Fir, Western

title: Montana

text: flows to the Pacific Ocean—making the long Clark Fork/Pend Oreille (considered a single river system) the longest river in the Rocky Mountains. The Clark Fork discharges the greatest volume of water of any river exiting the state. The Kootenai River in northwest Montana is another major tributary of the Columbia. East of the divide the Missouri River, which is formed by the confluence of the Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin rivers near Three Forks, flows due north through the west-central part of the state to Great Falls. From this point, it then flows generally east through fairly flat agricultural land and

title: Montana

text: percent of the state's population. The geographic center of population of Montana is located in sparsely populated Meagher County, in the town of White Sulphur Springs. Montana's motto, "Oro y Plata", Spanish for "Gold and Silver", recognizing the significant role of mining, was first adopted in 1865, when Montana was still a territory. A state seal with a miner's pick and shovel above the motto, surrounded by the mountains and the Great Falls of the Missouri River, was adopted during the first meeting of the territorial legislature in 1864–65. The design was only slightly modified after Montana became a state

title: Montana

text: Land Ordinance of 1785 to the state in 1889 when Montana was granted statehood. These lands are managed by the state for the benefit of public schools and institutions in the state. Areas managed by the National Park Service include: Montana is a large state with considerable variation in geography, topography and altitude, and the climate is, therefore, equally varied. The state spans from below the 45th parallel (the line equidistant between the equator and North Pole) to the 49th parallel, and elevations range from under to nearly above sea level. The western half is mountainous, interrupted by numerous large

title: Camp Cooke (Montana)

text: of its livestock. He recommended a site at the mouth of the Musselshell River, where a small community existed. As an alternative Sackett suggested the mouth of the Judith River. The Montana Territory gold strikes were located in the intermontane valley region of southwestern Montana, far removed from Camp Cooke. Camp Cooke was in the broad-reaching eastern plains of Montana. Geographically the post was isolated from the western part of the territory. Further, the post was located deep within a several hundred mile stretch of the Missouri River known as the Missouri Breaks, which are steeply eroded badlands bordering the

title: Granite Peak (Montana)

text: Granite Peak (Montana) Granite Peak, at an elevation of above sea level, is the highest natural point in the U.S. state of Montana, and is the tenth highest state high point in the nation. It lies within the Absaroka-Beartooth Wilderness, in Park County very near the borders of Stillwater County and Carbon County. Granite Peak is north of the Wyoming border, southwest of Columbus, Montana. Granite Peak is the second most difficult state highpoint after Denali in Alaska, due to technical climbing, poor weather, and route finding. Granite Peak’s first ascent was made by Elers Koch, James C. Whitham and

title: Montana

text: constructed in Crow Indian country in 1807. Until the Oregon Treaty (1846), land west of the continental divide was disputed between the British and U.S. and was known as the Oregon Country. The first permanent settlement by Euro-Americans in what today is Montana was St. Mary's (1841) near present-day Stevensville. In 1847, Fort Benton was established as the uppermost fur-trading post on the Missouri River. In the 1850s, settlers began moving into the Beaverhead and Big Hole valleys from the Oregon Trail and into the Clark's Fork valley. The first gold discovered in Montana was at Gold Creek near present-day

title: Meagher County, Montana

text: U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.1%) is water. This county has a strong Republican lean. This was one of 12 counties in MT that Barry Goldwater won in 1964. A Democrat has not won since Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,932 people, 803 households, and 529 families residing in the county. The population density was <1/km² (1/sq mi). There were 1,363 housing units at an average density of <1/km² (1/sq mi). The racial makeup of the county was 97.20% White, 1.04%

title: U.S. Route 12

text: 12 in Montana has been defined as the Lewis and Clark Highway, despite not being the route followed by Lewis and Clark across the state. US 12's through Montana's mountains and plains is the greatest distance that US 12 traverses through any state. The highway enters Montana at Lolo Pass, southwest of Lolo Hot Springs in the Lolo National Forest. After passing Lolo Peak to the south and traveling east for , it meets with US 93 at Lolo and continues as a concurrency northeast for , where US 93 heads due north on Reserve Street, toward Glacier National Park.

title: Sanders County, Montana

text: Sanders County, Montana Sanders County is a county located in the U.S. state of Montana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 11,413. Its county seat is Thompson Falls. The county was founded in 1905. It has an annual county fair with rodeo at Plains. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (1.1%) is water. It is located on the west edge of the state of Montana, with a variety of mountains – it is part of the Coeur d'Alene Mountains in the Bitterroot Range. The Clark

title: Swan Range

text: side is used for some ranching and parallels Montana Highway 83. Swan Range The Swan Range is a mountain range in western Montana in the United States. Its peaks typically rise to around . The range is bounded by the South Fork Flathead River to the east, the Flathead River to the north and northwest, the Swan River to the west, and lie to the southwest of Glacier National Park, just south of the Canada–US border. It runs about from north-northwest to south-southeast. Major cities near the Swan Range include Kalispell and Bigfork to the northeast, and Seeley Lake on

title: Montana

text: Plains, with tableland prairies, smaller island mountain ranges, and badlands. The isolated island ranges east of the Divide include the Bear Paw Mountains, Bull Mountains, Castle Mountains, Crazy Mountains, Highwood Mountains, Judith Mountains, Little Belt Mountains, Little Rocky Mountains, the Pryor Mountains, Snowy Mountains, Sweet Grass Hills, and—in the state's southeastern corner near Ekalaka—the Long Pines. Many of these isolated eastern ranges were created about 120 to 66 million years ago when magma welling up from the interior cracked and bowed the earth's surface here. The area east of the divide in the state' north-central portion is known for the

title: Montana

text: Missouri, these rivers ultimately join the Mississippi River and flow into the Gulf of Mexico. Major tributaries of the Yellowstone include the Boulder, Stillwater, Clarks Fork, Bighorn, Tongue, and Powder Rivers. The Northern Divide turns east in Montana at Triple Divide Peak, causing the Waterton River, Belly, and Saint Mary rivers to flow north into Alberta. There they join the Saskatchewan River, which ultimately empties into Hudson Bay. There are some 3,000 named lakes and reservoirs in Montana, including Flathead Lake, the largest natural freshwater lake in the western United States. Other major lakes include Whitefish Lake in the Flathead

title: Montana