question: where was the movie a walk among the tombstones filmed

answers: New York City

title: A Walk Among the Tombstones (film)

text: A Walk Among the Tombstones (film) A Walk Among the Tombstones is a 2014 American neo-noir crime film written and directed by Scott Frank, and based on the 1992 novel of the same name by Lawrence Block. It stars Liam Neeson, Dan Stevens, David Harbour, Brian Bradley, and Boyd Holbrook. "A Walk Among the Tombstones" was released on September 19, 2014. Critical reception was mixed and the film grossed $62 million worldwide. In 1991, Detective Matthew "Matt" Scudder (Liam Neeson) is in a car with his partner, who urges him to get help and expresses his concern that Scudder is

title: A Walk Among the Tombstones (film)

text: an average grade of "B–" on an A+ to F scale. Richard Roeper gave the film a B+ rating, calling the film "a stylish and smart thriller". Manohla Dargis in "The New York Times" called it "one of those rare cinematic offerings: intelligent pulp" but also noted that the film "can be tough to watch, particularly its fleeting images of tortured women". In "Variety", Andrew Barker found it a well-made thriller "with a good deal of panache and style". A Walk Among the Tombstones (film) A Walk Among the Tombstones is a 2014 American neo-noir crime film written and directed

title: A Walk Among the Tombstones (film)

text: and brief nudity". On October 18, 2013, Block tweeted that he had seen the film and revealed producers were aiming for a September 2014 release. On January 30, 2014, it was announced the film would be released on September 19, 2014. "A Walk Among the Tombstones" grossed $26 million in North America and $36.1 million in other territories for a total gross of $62.1 million, against its $28 million budget. The film earned $428,000 from Thursday night from 1,918 theaters, and $4.7 million from 2,712 theaters on its opening day. It debuted at number two at the box office on

title: A Walk Among the Tombstones (film)

text: its opening weekend earning $13.1 million behind "The Maze Runner" ($32.5 million). On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 66% based on 147 reviews, with an average rating of 6.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""A Walk Among the Tombstones" doesn't entirely transcend its genre clichés, but it does offer Liam Neeson one of his more compelling roles in recent memory, and that's often enough." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 57 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film

title: A Walk Among the Tombstones (film)

text: Filming began on March 3, 2013 in New York City.  Producers invited author Block to the set to watch filming. On the casting of Neeson, Block said, "Readers often ask who'd be my ideal Matt Scudder, and I usually change the subject. But now it's safe to tell you that, ever since I saw him in Michael Collins, Neeson has been up at the top of my personal Scudder wish list. I couldn't be happier about either the star or the writer/director, both of them genuine artists and brilliant professionals. My book's in good hands."

title: The Graves (film)

text: Grant ("Masters of Horror": "Valerie on the Stairs") and Jillian Murray (The Fun Park) and the debut of D. Randall Blythe (front man, Lamb of God). The principal photography was shot on location in the Sonoran Desert near Wickenburg, Arizona over the course of 4 weeks and the project has entered post-production. The real-life Vulture City Mine and ghost town was used as the setting for the film. The film ran at 8 Films to Die For IV and premiered there on January 29, 2010. The Graves (film) The Graves is a 2009 horror film. Described as a "supernatural survival

title: A Walk Among the Tombstones (film)

text: opening scene, one of his stray bullets "took a bad hop" and killed a 7-year-old girl. He has been sober ever since. Kenny brings Matt to Landau's home, where the kidnappers call and arrange a drop. Matt, Kenny, Landau, Peter, and TJ (who earlier brought Matt his old gun) go to the cemetery. After a stand off, Lucia, with a finger hurt down to the bone, is returned to her father. When Albert realizes the ransom money is counterfeit, a shootout ensues. Peter is killed, and Matt wounds Ray. Albert and Ray escape in their van. After Albert and Ray

title: A Walk Among the Tombstones (film)

text: arrive at their place, TJ sneaks out of their van, calls Matt, and tells him the address. Albert garrottes Ray in the basement, and goes back upstairs to find Matt, Kenny, and TJ. Matt overpowers and cuffs Albert. He leaves Albert for Kenny and calls a cab for TJ. While Kenny goes down in the basement, Albert frees himself. Matt goes back inside the house and finds Kenny's corpse. Albert attacks Matt, and after a brief fight, Matt kills him. Matt returns home to find TJ sleeping on the couch and spots a drawing that TJ made of himself as

title: Tombstone (film)

text: newspaper account, the DVD-ROM feature "Faro at the Oriental: Game of Chance", and a collectible "Tombstone" map. The widescreen high-definition Blu-ray Disc edition of the theatrical cut was released on April 27, 2010, featuring the making of "Tombstone", director's original storyboards, trailers, and TV spots. A supplemental viewing option for the film in the media format of video-on-demand is available, as well. Tombstone (film) Tombstone is a 1993 American Western film directed by George P. Cosmatos, written by Kevin Jarre (who was also the original director, but was replaced early in production), and starring Kurt Russell and Val Kilmer, with

title: A Walk Among the Tombstones (film)

text: body. Matt ultimately agrees to find the kidnappers. At the library, Matt researches similar killings, and finds victims named Marie Gotteskind and Leila Anderssen. He meets a homeless youth named TJ (Brian "Astro" Bradley), who helps with his search. Based on an article, Matt goes to a cemetery and speaks with the groundskeeper, Jonas Loogan (Olafur Darri Olafsson), who is upset that Matt forces him to remember finding bags containing parts of the dismembered Leila in the cemetery pond. Matt talks to Leila's fiancé Reuben (Mark Consuelos), who claims to have witnessed two men drag her into a van driven

title: A Walk Among the Tombstones (film)

text: Yuri Landau (Sebastian Roché), another drug trafficker. After realizing Landau's wife is bedridden, they prepare to leave for a new target. However, they see his 14-year-old daughter Lucia (Danielle Rose Russell), and Ray decides to kidnap her. Matt eventually learns that Marie was a DEA agent and realizes that the people who murdered her also got her files, which they have been using to choose their victims. Meanwhile, Matt grows closer to TJ, and encourages the boy to study to avoid a life of crime. During a conversation with TJ, Matt explains why he retired. During the shootout from the

title: Tombstone (film)

text: Tombstone (film) Tombstone is a 1993 American Western film directed by George P. Cosmatos, written by Kevin Jarre (who was also the original director, but was replaced early in production), and starring Kurt Russell and Val Kilmer, with Sam Elliott, Bill Paxton, Powers Boothe, Michael Biehn, and Dana Delany in supporting roles, as well as narration by Robert Mitchum. The film is based on events in Tombstone, Arizona, including the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral and the Earp Vendetta Ride, during the 1880s. It depicts a number of Western outlaws and lawmen, such as Wyatt Earp, William Brocius, Johnny Ringo,

title: The Hauntings of the Hollywood Cemetery

text: The Hauntings of the Hollywood Cemetery Richmond, Virginia is filled with many different places to visit and scenic parks to explore. One of the most popular places amongst the city is located at Oregon Hill. This place is known as the Hollywood Cemetery. The Hollywood Cemetery is home to thousands of memorials, many of which are very famous. It is located within the heart of Richmond, Virginia, the capital of the state, and was created in 1849. After the Civil War was over, the government didn’t care what happened to ex-Confederate soldiers. The Auburn National Cemetery was made for those

title: This Is Where I Leave You

text: against its budget of about $20 million. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $11.6 million, finishing 3rd at the box office behind fellow new releases "The Maze Runner" ($32.5 million) and "A Walk Among the Tombstones" ($12.8 million). On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 41%, based on 143 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The site's consensus reads, ""This Is Where I Leave You" has its moments, but given the amount of talent assembled onscreen, the rather pedestrian results can't help but feel like a letdown." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 44

title: Tombstone, Arizona

text: "My Darling Clementine" (1946), "Gunfight at the O.K. Corral" (1957), "Hour of the Gun" (1967), "Doc" (1971), "Tombstone" (1993), and "Wyatt Earp" (1994). Bob Dylan wrote a song named "Tombstone Blues" that appears on the album "Highway 61 Revisited". Singer/songwriter Carl Perkins wrote a song titled "The Ballad Of Boot Hill" about Billy Clanton's role in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral. Tombstone, Arizona Tombstone is a historic city in Cochise County, Arizona, United States, founded in 1879 by prospector Ed Schieffelin in what was then Pima County, Arizona Territory. It became one of the last boomtowns in the American

title: Pat Conway

text: at age 50 in California. As Sheriff Hollister in the pre-statehood boom town of Tombstone, located south of Tucson in Arizona Territory and known by the sobriquet, "The town too tough to die", Conway co-starred with Richard Eastham as Harris Claibourne, the editor of the actual newspaper, "The Tombstone Epitaph". The series ran on ABC in the 1957-1958 season opposite the sitcom "Father Knows Best", then on NBC, returned to the ABC schedule for the second half of the 1959 season, and was then placed in syndication before it ceased production in June 1960. Conway, as did Eastham, appeared in

title: Tombstone Territory

text: Corral. Located south of Tucson, Tombstone was then known by the sobriquet "the town too tough to die." The program's theme song, "Whistle Me Up a Memory," was written and performed by William M. Backer. The series did not deal with real characters in the history of Tombstone in the 1880s, such as Wyatt Earp, Doc Holliday, or the Clanton Gang. It was about fictional characters in the American Southwest. Conway played Sheriff Clay Hollister. Eastham, the only other actor besides Conway to appear in all the episodes, played Harris Claibourne, editor of "The Tombstone Epitaph" (an actual newspaper that

title: Old Tucson Studios

text: 1980s with Steve Martin, utilizing the church set. From 1989 to 1992, the western show "The Young Riders" filmed here and at the Mescal, Arizona sister site. The main street appears prominently in 1990s westerns such as "Tombstone" (1993) with Kurt Russell and Val Kilmer. A partial mirror set exists at Mescal and is featured in "The Quick and the Dead" (1995), with Sharon Stone and Gene Hackman which filmed all of the town of Redemption scenes at the studios. In 2013, Old Tucson and Mescal was featured in "A Hot Bath An' A Stiff Drink", an independent film that

title: My Darling Clementine

text: in Monument Valley, a scenic desert region straddling the Arizona-Utah border used in other John Ford movies. It is 500 miles away from the town of Tombstone in southern Arizona. After seeing a preview screening of the film, 20th Century Fox studio boss Darryl F. Zanuck felt Ford's original cut was too long and had some weak spots, so he had Lloyd Bacon shoot new footage and heavily edit the film. Zanuck had Bacon cut 30 minutes from the film. While Ford's original cut of the film has not survived, a "pre-release" cut—dating from a few months after the preview

title: Tombstone (film)

text: by "True West Magazine". The film was also called "One of the year's 10 best!" by KCOP-TV in Los Angeles, California. Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert of "Siskel & Ebert" originally thought they would have to miss reviewing the film, as they could not get a screening, but as Ebert explained, "... a strange thing started to happen. People started telling me they really liked Val Kilmer's performance in "Tombstone", and I heard this every where I went. When you hear this once or twice, it's interesting, when you hear it a couple of dozen times, it's a trend. And

title: Tombstone (film)

text: "Tombstone" rings hollow. In retrospect, not much happens and little that does seems warranted. There are so many unrealized relationships you almost hope for redemption in a longer video version. This one is unsatisfying and unfulfilling." Alternately though, columnist Bob Bloom of the "Journal & Courier" openly remarked that the film "May not be historically accurate, but offers a lot of punch for the buck." He concluded by saying it was "A tough, guilty-pleasure Western." Following its cinematic release in theaters, the film was released on VHS video format on November 11, 1994. The Region 1 Code widescreen edition of

title: A Walk Among the Tombstones (film)

text: to watch filming. On the casting of Neeson, Block said, "Readers often ask who'd be my ideal Matt Scudder, and I usually change the subject. But now it's safe to tell you that, ever since I saw him in "Michael Collins", Neeson has been up at the top of my personal Scudder wish list. I couldn't be happier about either the star or the writer/director, both of them genuine artists and brilliant professionals. My book's in good hands." The film was completed on October 8, 2013 and classified by the MPAA as rated R for "strong violence, disturbing images, language,

title: Tombstone (film)

text: Josephine (Dana Delany), the itinerant actress with whom Wyatt falls in love at first sight, as the most casually and comfortably liberated woman ever to set foot in 1880's Arizona." Critic Louis Black, writing for "The Austin Chronicle", viewed "Tombstone" as a "mess" and that there were "two or three pre-climaxes but no climax. Its values are capitalist rather than renegade, which is okay if it's metaphoric rather than literal. Worse, as much as these actors heroically struggle to focus the film, the director more successfully hacks it apart." Owen Gleiberman of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the film a C– rating,

title: Tris Coffin

text: Tris Coffin Tristram Chockley Coffin (August 13, 1909 – March 26, 1990) was a film and television actor from the latter 1930s through the 1970s, usually in westerns or other action-adventure productions. Coffin was born in the gold and silver mining community of Mammoth in Juab County in central Utah and reared in the state capital of Salt Lake City. His mother was actress Elizabeth Christie, and his uncle was writer Robert P. T. Coffin. He began acting while he was in high school and thereafter joined traveling stock companies. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in speech from

title: A Walk Among the Tombstones (film)

text: not a reliable backup. Scudder then enters a bar and buys drinks with a coffee. Two armed men come in and kill the bartender, and Matt fatally shoots one assailant. He pursues and kills the second assailant, as well as their getaway driver. Eight years later, a drug addict named Peter Kristo (Boyd Holbrook) approaches Matt, now retired, and asks him to help his brother Kenny Kristo (Dan Stevens). Kenny is a drug trafficker whose wife was kidnapped and murdered. Kenny told Matt that after he delivered the ransom, the kidnappers directed him to a car containing his wife's dismembered

title: The Hauntings of the Hollywood Cemetery

text: Jefferson Davis (Sweeney). The park is located at the top of Oregon Hill and overlooks the James River. Also, many other families are buried here. This area is the most famous part of the cemetery, and is seen by almost everyone who visits (Sweeney). The Hauntings of the Hollywood Cemetery Richmond, Virginia is filled with many different places to visit and scenic parks to explore. One of the most popular places amongst the city is located at Oregon Hill. This place is known as the Hollywood Cemetery. The Hollywood Cemetery is home to thousands of memorials, many of which are

title: A Tombstone Every Mile

text: in the route through Haynesville was the inspiration for the song. Nick Lowe released a live version of the song on his 2004 album, "Untouched Takeaway". A Tombstone Every Mile "A Tombstone Every Mile" is a song written by Dan Fulkerson and recorded by American country music artist Dick Curless. It was released in January 1965 as the lead single from the album of the same name. The song stayed at number five for two weeks and spent a total of seventeen weeks on the chart. The song refers to the "Haynesville Woods", an area around the small town of

title: Tombstone, Arizona

text: few businesses open late. Tombstone and surrounding areas have a variety of lodging options, restaurants, and attractions. The town is located near other historic sites of interest, including Bisbee and the San Pedro Riparian area. Tombstone is a short drive away from Sierra Vista, which is considered the shopping hub of Cochise County. East Allen Street is the center of Tombstone's tourist attractions, featuring three blocks of shaded boardwalks lined with gift shops, saloons, and eateries. Allen Street's historic district is closed to motor traffic from 3rd Street, the location of the city park and OK Corral, to 6th Street,

title: James O'Brien (filmmaker)

text: parks just weeks before their scheduled shoot at Paramount Ranch. To remedy the situation, O’Brien and his producing partner Louie Sabatasso of 3rd Partner Productions enlisted the aid of Peter Sherayko, known for providing the historical detail in the film "Tombstone". Together they built their own wild west tent city from scratch in the mountains of Agua Dulce, California. Sherayko, who played Texas Jack Vermillion in "Tombstone", is also featured in the film as Southern Bill. Sabatasso plays a lead as the eccentric and deadly dandy Salt Peter. Western historian Henry Parke made a visit to the set and did

title: Tombstone, Arizona

text: Tombstone, Arizona Tombstone is a historic city in Cochise County, Arizona, United States, founded in 1879 by prospector Ed Schieffelin in what was then Pima County, Arizona Territory. It became one of the last boomtowns in the American frontier. The town grew significantly into the mid-1880s as the local mines produced $40 to $85 million in silver bullion, the largest productive silver district in Arizona. Its population grew from 100 to around 14,000 in less than seven years. It is best known as the site of the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral and presently draws most of its revenue from

title: A Walk Among the Tombstones (film)


question: what dynasty completed the great wall of china

answers: Qin

answers: Ming dynasty

answers: Qing

title: Great Wall of Qi

text: Great Wall of Qi The Great Wall of Qi () is the oldest existing Great Wall in China. Construction of the wall started in 685 BC (during the Spring and Autumn period) by the state of Qi, to defend itself against an invasion by the Kingdom of Chu. The existing sections date back to 500 BC. Construction ended during the Warring States period. The wall stretches from the areas under the administration of the present-day city of Jinan to the present-day city of Qingdao across the territories of the present-day cities of Tai'an, Zibo, Laiwu, Weifang, Linyi, and Rizhao. Its

title: Great Wall of Qi

text: total length has been estimated at about 600 kilometers. Most of the wall is still able to be seen. Great Wall of Qi The Great Wall of Qi () is the oldest existing Great Wall in China. Construction of the wall started in 685 BC (during the Spring and Autumn period) by the state of Qi, to defend itself against an invasion by the Kingdom of Chu. The existing sections date back to 500 BC. Construction ended during the Warring States period. The wall stretches from the areas under the administration of the present-day city of Jinan to the present-day

title: Great Wall of China

text: of what constitutes a "Great Wall" has not been agreed upon, making the full course of the Great Wall difficult to describe in its entirety, the course of the main Great Wall line following Ming constructions can be charted. The Jiayu Pass, located in Gansu province, is the western terminus of the Ming Great Wall. Although Han fortifications such as Yumen Pass and the Yang Pass exist further west, the extant walls leading to those passes are difficult to trace. From Jiayu Pass the wall travels discontinuously down the Hexi Corridor and into the deserts of Ningxia, where it enters

title: Qin Shi Huang

text: was tiring and unsuccessful, and to prevent the Xiongnu from encroaching on the northern frontier any longer, the emperor ordered the construction of an immense defensive wall. This wall, for whose construction hundreds of thousands of men were mobilized, and an unknown number died, is a precursor to the current Great Wall of China. It connected numerous state walls which had been built during the previous four centuries, a network of small walls linking river defences to impassable cliffs. A famous South China quotation was "In the North there is the Great wall, in the South there is the Lingqu

title: History of the Great Wall of China

text: The Great Wall of China visible today largely dates from the Ming dynasty, as they rebuilt much of the wall in stone and brick, often extending its line through challenging terrain.  Some sections remain in relatively good condition or have been renovated, while others have been damaged or destroyed for ideological reasons, deconstructed for their building materials, or lost due to the ravages of time. For long an object of fascination for foreigners, the wall is now a revered national symbol and a popular tourist destination.

title: Arthur Waldron

text: the topic of his Ph.D dissertation. After additional research, mostly undertaken at Princeton, this thesis culminated in his first book, "The Great Wall of China: From History to Myth", which drew upon extensive documentary research to show that although multiple walls had been built at various times, the Ming Wall had given rise to the idea of the "Great Wall"—which turned out to be a constantly evolving compound of fact and myth, as well in recent times as a potent patriotic symbol. According to Waldron's book, actual wall building was best understood as an aspect of larger frontier strategy, never

title: History of the Great Wall of China

text: Emperor Xuanzong's reign, the general Zhang Yue built a wall 90 "li" () to the north of Huairong (懷戎; present-day Huailai County, Hebei), although it remains unclear whether he erected new walls or only reinforced the existing Northern Qi walls. The Great Wall, or the ruins of it, features prominently in the subset of Tang poetry known as "biansai shi" (邊塞詩, "frontier verse") written by scholar-officials assigned along the frontier. Emphasizing the poets' loneliness and longing for home while hinting at the pointlessness of their posts, these frontier verses are characterized by imagery of desolate landscapes, including the ruins of

title: History of the Great Wall of China

text: several hundred years. Soon after the establishment of the Tang dynasty, during the reign of Emperor Taizong (r.626649), the threat of Göktürk tribesmen from the north prompted some court officials to suggest drafting corvée labourers to repair the aging Great Wall. Taizong scoffed at the suggestion, alluding to the Sui walls built in vain: "The Emperor Yang of Sui made the people labor to construct the Great Wall in order to defend against the Turks, but in the end this was of no use." Instead of building walls, Taizong claimed he "need merely to establish Li Shiji in Jinyang for

title: Great Wall of China

text: Great Wall of China The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications made of stone, brick, tamped earth, wood, and other materials, generally built along an east-to-west line across the historical northern borders of China to protect the Chinese states and empires against the raids and invasions of the various nomadic groups of the Eurasian Steppe with an eye to expansion. Several walls were being built as early as the 7th century BC; these, later joined together and made bigger and stronger, are collectively referred to as the Great Wall. Especially famous is the wall built in 220–206

title: History of the Great Wall of China

text: north of Nong'an County to the banks of the Songhua River. When the Jurchens, once Liao vassals, rose up to overthrow their masters and established the Jin dynasty, they continued Liao's wall-building activities with extensive work begun before 1138. Further wall construction took place in 1165 and 1181 under the Jin Emperor Shizhong, and later from 1192 to 1203 during the reign of his successor Emperor Zhangzong. This long period of wall-building burdened the populace and provoked controversy. Sometime between 1190 and 1196, during Zhangzong's reign, the high official Zhang Wangong (張萬公) and the Censorate recommended that work on the

title: Guangwu Great Wall

text: Dynasty and Liao Dynasty. The "Moon Gate" is a distinctive arched shaped door from the ruins of a watchtower. Guangwu Great Wall The Guangwu Great Wall () is a section of the Great Wall of China located in Shanyin County, Shanxi. The section of the wall was integral to the defensive system built around the Yanmen Pass because nomadic invaders would first attack the Guangwu section since it was to the north and west of the pass. Nearby the Guangwu section are the present day inhabited villages of New Guangwu and Old Guangwu. New Guangwu was built during the Ming

title: Emperor: Rise of the Middle Kingdom

text: nearly 3300 years of classical Chinese history, from the Xia Dynasty to the Jin dynasty. Notable monuments that can be built include the Great Wall of China, the Grand Canal connecting the Yellow and Yangzi Rivers, and the Terracotta Army. In the first campaign, the player is simply a humble villager elder, in charge of leading a nomadic tribe to settle down along the river. In the final levels, the player is servant to the Emperor of China, and oversees the construction of the Imperial capital Zhongdu (modern-day Beijing) and fortifying its defense to foil the invading Mongols and their

title: Great Wall of China

text: natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers. Another archaeological survey found that the entire wall with all of its branches measures out to be . Today, the Great Wall is generally recognized as one of the most impressive architectural feats in history. The collection of fortifications known as the Great Wall of China has historically had a number of different names in both Chinese and English. In Chinese histories, the term "Long Wall(s)" (長城, "changcheng") appears in Sima Qian's "Records of the Grand Historian", where it referred both to the separate great walls built between and north of the

title: History of the Great Wall of China

text: 923. The Khitan leader, Abaoji's second son Yelü Deguang, convinced Shi to found a new dynasty (the Later Jin, 936946), and received the crucial border region known as the Sixteen Prefectures in return. With the Sixteen Prefectures, the Khitan now possessed all the passes and fortifications that controlled access to the plains of northern China, including the main Great Wall line. Settling in the transitional area between agricultural lands and the steppe, the Khitans became semi-sedentary like their Xianbei predecessors of the Northern Wei, and started to use Chinese methods of defence. In 1026 walls were built through central Manchuria

title: Great Wall of China

text: the optics much better, rendering photographic evidence irrelevant to the issue of whether it is visible to the naked eye. Great Wall of China The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications made of stone, brick, tamped earth, wood, and other materials, generally built along an east-to-west line across the historical northern borders of China to protect the Chinese states and empires against the raids and invasions of the various nomadic groups of the Eurasian Steppe with an eye to expansion. Several walls were being built as early as the 7th century BC; these, later joined together and

title: Great Wall of China

text: during the Yuan dynasty "ca." 1346, had heard about China's Great Wall, possibly before he had arrived in China. He wrote that the wall is "sixty days' travel" from Zeitun (modern Quanzhou) in his travelogue "Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling". He associated it with the legend of the wall mentioned in the Qur'an, which Dhul-Qarnayn (commonly associated with Alexander the Great) was said to have erected to protect people near the land of the rising sun from the savages of Gog and Magog. However, Ibn Battuta could find no one who

title: History of the Great Wall of China

text: structure. The existence of a colossal wall in Asia had circulated in the Middle East and the West even before the first Europeans arrived in China by sea. The late antiquity historian Ammianus Marcellinus (330?395?) mentioned "summits of lofty walls" enclosing the land of Seres, the country that the Romans believed to be at the eastern end of the Silk Road. In legend, the tribes of Gog and Magog were said to have been locked out by Alexander the Great with walls of steel. Later Arab writers and travellers, such as Rashid-al-Din Hamadani (12481318) and Ibn Battuta (13041377), would erroneously

title: History of the Great Wall of China

text: alone, 1.8 million men were mobilized to build the Juyong Pass and extend its wall by through Datong to the eastern banks of the Yellow River. In 557 a secondary wall was built inside the main one. These walls were built quickly from local earth and stones or formed by natural barriers. Two stretches of the stone-and-earth Qi wall still stand in Shanxi today, measuring wide at their bases and high on average. In 577 the Northern Zhou conquered the Northern Qi and in 580 made repairs to the existing Qi walls. The route of the Qi and Zhou walls

title: Jin dynasty (1115–1234)

text: the Jurchens. The Great Wall as constructed by the Jurchens differed from the previous dynasties. Known as the Border Fortress or the Boundary Ditch of the Jin, it was formed by digging ditches within which lengths of wall were built. In some places subsidiary walls and ditches were added for extra strength. The construction was started in about 1123 and completed by about 1198. The two sections attributable to the Jin dynasty are known as the Old Mingchang Walls and New Great Walls, together stretching more than 2,000 kilometres in length. The government of the Jin dynasty merged Jurchen customs

title: History of the Great Wall of China

text: to double that. The dynastic history of Sui estimates that 500,000 people died building the wall, adding to the number of casualties caused by Emperor Yang's projects including the aforementioned redesign of Luoyang, the Grand Canal, and two ill-fated campaigns against Goguryeo. With the economy strained and the populace resentful, the Sui dynasty erupted in rebellion and ended with the assassination of Emperor Yang in 618. Frontier policy under the Tang dynasty reversed the wall-building activities of most previous dynasties that had occupied northern China since the third century BC, and no extensive wall building took place for the next

title: History of the Great Wall of China

text: the "Classic of Poetry". The poem tells of a king, now identified as King Xuan (r. 827782) of the Western Zhou dynasty (1046771), who commanded General Nan Zhong () to build a wall in the northern regions to fend off the Xianyun. The Xianyun, whose base of power was in the Ordos region, were regarded as part of the charioteering Rong tribes, and their attacks aimed at the early Zhou capital region of Haojing were probably the reason for King Xuan's response. Nan Zhong's campaign was recorded as a great victory. However, only a few years later in 771 BC

title: The Travels of Marco Polo

text: from the earlier dynasties. He noted the Great Wall familiar to us today is a Ming structure built some two centuries after Marco Polo's travels. The Muslim traveler Ibn Battuta did mention the Great Wall, but when he asked about the wall while in China during the Yuan dynasty, he could find no one who had either seen it or knew of anyone who had seen it. Haw also argued that practices such as footbinding were not common even among Chinese during Polo's time and almost unknown among the Mongols. While the Italian missionary Odoric of Pordenone who visited Yuan

title: History of the Great Wall of China

text: most westerly of all Han Chinese fortifications – further west than the western terminus of the Ming Great Wall at Jiayu Pass, about to the east. The garrisons of the watchtowers on the wall were supported by civilian farming and by military agricultural colonies known as "tuntian". Behind this line of fortifications, the Han government was able to maintain its settlements and its communications to the Western Regions in central Asia, generally secure from attacks from the north. The campaigns against the Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples of the west exhausted the imperial treasury, and the expansionist policies were reverted

title: History of the Great Wall of China

text: walls. However, these efforts were based solely on written records that contain obscure place names and elusive literary references. The rise of modern archeology has contributed much to the study of the Great Wall, either in corroborating existing research or in refuting it. However these efforts do not yet give a full picture of the Great Wall's history, as many wall sites dating to the Period of Disunity (220589) had been overlaid by the extant Ming Great Wall. Western scholarship of the Great Wall was, until recently, affected by misconceptions derived from traditional accounts of the Wall. When the Jesuits

title: History of the Great Wall of China

text: walls were built discontinuously down the Hexi Corridor to Wuwei, where the low earthen wall split into two. The northern section passed through Zhongwei and Yinchuan, where it met the western edge of the Yellow River loop before connecting with the Ordos walls, while the southern section passed through Lanzhou and continued northeast to Dingbian. The origins and the exact route of this so-called "Tibetan loop" are still not clear. In 1550, having once more been refused a request for trade, the Tümed Mongols under Altan Khan invaded the Xuan–Da region. However, despite several attempts, he could not take Xuanfu

title: History of the Great Wall of China

text: the Western Xia dynasty. Although the Tanguts were not traditionally known for building walls, in 2011 archeologists uncovered of walls at Ömnögovi Province in Mongolia in what had been Western Xia territory. Radiocarbon analysis showed that they were constructed from 1040 to 1160. The walls were as tall as at places when they were discovered, and may have been around taller originally. They were built with mud and saxaul (a desert shrub) in one section, and dark basalt blocks in another, suggesting that the rocks may have been quarried from nearby extinct volcanoes and transported to the construction site. Archaeologists

title: Great Wall of China

text: the erroneous but ubiquitous claim that the Ming Walls were the same ones that were built by the First Emperor in the 3rd century BC. When China opened its borders to foreign merchants and visitors after its defeat in the First and Second Opium Wars, the Great Wall became a main attraction for tourists. The travelogues of the later 19th century further enhanced the reputation and the mythology of the Great Wall, such that in the 20th century, a persistent misconception exists about the Great Wall of China being visible from the Moon or even Mars. Although a formal definition

title: History of the Great Wall of China

text: During this period, non-Han "conquest dynasties" ruled the north: the Khitan Liao dynasty (9071125) and the succeeding Jurchen Jin dynasty (11151234) in the east and the Tangut Western Xia (10381227) in the west, all of which had built walls against the north. In 907, the Khitan chieftain Abaoji succeeded in getting himself appointed khaghan of all Khitan tribes in the north, laying the foundations to what would officially become the Liao dynasty. In 936, the Khitan supported the Shanxi rebel Shi Jingtang in his revolt against the Shatuo Turkic Later Tang, which had destroyed the usurpers of the Tang in

title: History of the Great Wall of China

text: and Shaanxi with 400,000 archers. Between 585 and 588 Emperor Wen sought to close this gap by putting walls up in the Ordos Mountains (between Suide and Lingwu) and Inner Mongolia. In 586 as many as 150,000 men are recorded as involved in the construction. Emperor Wen's son Emperor Yang (r.604618) continued to build walls. In 607608 he sent over a million men to build a wall from Yulin to near Huhhot to protect the newly refurbished eastern capital Luoyang. Part of the Sui wall survives to this day in Inner Mongolia as earthen ramparts some high with towers rising

title: Great Wall of China

text: undertake any significant effort in the region. The Liao, Jin, and Yuan dynasties, who ruled Northern China throughout most of the 10th–13th centuries, constructed defensive walls in the 12th century but those were located much to the north of the Great Wall as we know it, within China's province of Inner Mongolia and in Mongolia itself. The Great Wall concept was revived again under the Ming in the 14th century, and following the Ming army's defeat by the Oirats in the Battle of Tumu. The Ming had failed to gain a clear upper hand over the Mongolian tribes after successive

title: History of the Great Wall of China


question: who gave a speech to the democratic national convention in 1984

answers: Mario Cuomo

answers: Jesse Jackson

answers: Rev. Jesse Jackson

answers: New York Governor Mario Cuomo

answers: Senator Gary Hart

answers: Gary Hart

title: 1984 Republican National Convention

text: B. Johnson in 1964 to run without serious opposition in the primary. The keynote address on August 20 was delivered by Katherine Ortega, Treasurer of the United States. Other speakers included Elizabeth Dole, United States Secretary of Transportation; Jeane Kirkpatrick, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (who delivered her now-famous "Blame America First" speech ); and Representative Jack Kemp of Buffalo, New York. The convention also included a valedictory address by retiring U.S. Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona. Goldwater was widely credited as the political founder of the New Right in the United States, of which Reagan was the political

title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: the 1984 Republican National Convention, she delivered the "Blame America First" keynote speech, which renominated Reagan by praising his administration's foreign policy while excoriating the leadership of what she called the "San Francisco Democrats" (the Democrats had just held their convention in San Francisco) for the party's shift away from the policies of Harry S. Truman and John F. Kennedy to a more strident antiwar position for which the left-wing of the Democratic Party had pushed since the Vietnam War. It was the first time since the 1952 speech from Douglas MacArthur that a non-party member had delivered the Republican

title: 1988 Democratic National Convention

text: was "born with a silver foot in his mouth". This speech was listed as #38 in American Rhetoric's Top 100 Speeches of the 20th Century. Arkansas governor Bill Clinton gave a widely jeered nomination speech on the opening night that some predicted would ruin his political career, a source of much satisfaction to him 4 years later when he was elected the 42nd President of the United States. Massachusetts senator Ted Kennedy's remarks contained the iteration "Where was George?", and Texas Agriculture Commissioner Jim Hightower called Bush "a toothache of a man." In one of the subsequent presidential debates, when

title: Peggy Noonan

text: the University of Wisconsin-Madison and Texas A&M University. The "Pointe du Hoc" speech ranks as the 58th best speech of the century, according to the website American Rhetoric. She also worked on a tribute Reagan gave to honor John F. Kennedy at a fundraising event held at the McLean, Virginia, home of Senator Edward M. Kennedy in the spring of 1984. Later, while working for then Vice President George H. W. Bush, Noonan coined the phrase "a kinder, gentler nation" and also popularized "a thousand points of light," two memorable catchphrases used by Bush. Noonan also wrote the speech in

title: 1984 Democratic National Convention

text: New York Governor Mario Cuomo gave a well-received keynote speech. Mondale's major rivals for the presidential nomination, Senator Gary Hart and Rev. Jesse Jackson, also gave speeches.

title: 1986 State of the Union Address

text: Each of these individuals was mentioned directly during the speech. The Democratic Party response was delivered by Senator George Mitchell (ME), Lt. Gov. Harriett Woods (MO), Gov. Charles Robb (VA), Rep. Thomas Daschle (SD), and Rep. William Gray (PA) , who had previously taken part in the group response to President Reagan’s State of the Union Address delivered on January 25, 1984. President Reagan was joined before the joint session of Congress by Vice President George H. W. Bush and Speaker of the House Thomas O’Neill, who introduced Reagan before the commencement of the address. 1986 State of the Union

title: Joe Biden 1988 presidential campaign

text: had been mentioned among possible contenders in the 1984 presidential election. He had considered the notion in 1983, urged on by pollster Pat Caddell, who thought there was space for a young candidate. A fiery speech he gave to several Democratic audiences had simultaneously scolded Democrats for outdated thinking and encouraged them regarding future directions, and had gained him some notice in the party. However, Biden did not enter the race that season. Nonetheless, he won one vote at the 1984 Democratic National Convention. Biden was active on the party speaking circuit from 1985 on, and was considered one of

title: Ann Richards

text: Mondale/Ferraro ticket in Texas, even though President Ronald Reagan enjoyed great popularity in her state. Richards' keynote address to the 1988 Democratic National Convention put her in the national spotlight. The speech was highly critical of the Reagan Administration and then-Vice President George H. W. Bush. Her address was notable for including several humorous remarks displaying her down-home Texas charm such as: "I'm delighted to be here with you this evening, because after listening to George Bush all these years, I figured you needed to know what a real Texas accent sounds like", "Poor George, he can't help it. He

title: 2004 Democratic National Convention

text: Edwards, and Kerry addresses, there were also speeches from former Presidents Bill Clinton and Jimmy Carter, former Vice-President and 2000 Presidential nominee Al Gore, New York Senator and former First Lady Hillary Clinton, Massachusetts Senator Ted Kennedy, former candidate Al Sharpton, and Presidential Advisory Counsel on HIV/AIDS Denise Stokes. Ron Reagan, son of Republican President Ronald Reagan, also spoke at the Convention, blaming Bush's hijacking of his father's legacy for his switch in support to the Democrats. Polls conducted after Kerry's speech showed no significant increase of support (or "convention bounce") for the Democratic nominee's bid to unseat President Bush.

title: Mario Cuomo

text: Democratic candidates, Cuomo beat Lehrman 50.91% to 47.48%. Cuomo actively campaigned for Walter Mondale in the 1984 presidential election, and was named on Mondale's list of vice presidential candidates. Geraldine Ferraro was ultimately nominated as his running mate, but Cuomo was chosen to give the keynote speech at the 1984 Democratic National Convention in San Francisco. He vigorously attacked Ronald Reagan's record and policies in a speech that brought him to national attention, most memorably saying: "There is despair, Mr. President, in the faces that you don't see, in the places that you don't visit, in your shining city." He

title: The Future of Freedom Conference

text: Jeffrey Rogers Hummel, contributing editor of "Free Texas" and Ph.D. Candidate in History at the University of Texas; Fred Stitt, architect and editor of "Guidelines." Friday night's banquet debate pitted President Reagan's senior speech writer Dana Rohrabacher against David Bergland, the 1984 Libertarian Party presidential candidate. The ensuing panel discussion on defense and foreign affairs included the following: Kevin Cullinane, the instructor for the Freedom Country seminars in South Carolina; John Hospers, USC professor of philosophy; Robert Poole, Jr., one of the founders and editor-in-chief of "Reason" magazine; Jeffrey Rogers Hummel, contributing editor of "Free Texas" and Ph.D. Candidate in

title: 1984 State of the Union Address

text: 1984 State of the Union Address The 1984 State of the Union address was given by President Ronald Reagan to a joint session of the 98th United States Congress on January 25, 1984. The speech was the third State of the Union address of President Reagan's first term. The speech lasted 43 minutes and 2 seconds and contained 4931 words. The address was broadcast live on radio and television. The Democratic Party response was delivered by Senator Joe Biden (DE), Sen. David Boren (OK), Senator Carl M. Levin (MI), Senator Max S. Baucus (MT), Senator Robert Byrd (WV), Senator Claiborne

title: 1983 State of the Union Address

text: 1983 State of the Union Address The 1983 State of the Union address was given by President Ronald Reagan to a joint session of the 98th United States Congress on Tuesday, January 25, 1983. The speech was the second State of the Union address of President Reagan's first term. The speech lasted approximately 46 minutes and contained 5554 words. The address was broadcast live on radio and television. The Democratic Party response was delivered by Senator Robert Byrd (WV), Senator Paul Tsongas (MA), Senator Bill Bradley (NJ), Senator Joe Biden (DE), Rep. Tom Daschle (SD), Rep. Barbara Kennelly (CT), House

title: 1980 Democratic National Convention

text: by Carter. After losing his challenge for the nomination earlier that day, Kennedy spoke on August 12 and delivered a speech in support of President Carter and the Democratic Party. His speech closed with the lines "For me, a few hours ago, this campaign came to an end. For all those whose cares have been our concern, the work goes on, the cause endures, the hope still lives, and the dream shall never die." The speech was written by Bob Shrum. Various prominent delegates to this convention included Abe Beame, Geraldine Ferraro, Bruce Sundlun, Ruth Messinger, Thomas Addison, Ed Koch,

title: Joe Biden 1988 presidential campaign

text: a February 3, 1987, speech to the California Democratic Party that reused without credit passages from a 1967 speech by Robert F. Kennedy, and of Biden giving 1985 and 1986 speeches that did the same with a passage from a 1976 speech by Hubert H. Humphrey. In the Kennedy case – which got the greater attention, since there was film footage of both versions that television news programs could play side-by-side – Pat Caddell stated that the reuse without credit was his own fault, and that he had never informed Biden of the source of the material. It was also

title: George H. W. Bush

text: impossible for the other candidates to match, and the nomination was his. As the 1988 Republican National Convention approached, there was much speculation who Bush would choose to be his running mate. He selected little-known U.S. Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana, who was favored by conservatives. Despite Reagan's popularity, Bush trailed Democratic nominee Michael Dukakis, then Governor of Massachusetts, in most polls. Bush was occasionally criticized for his lack of eloquence when compared to Reagan, but he delivered a well-received speech at the 1988 Republican National Convention. Known as the "thousand points of light" speech, the presentation described Bush's vision

title: George McGovern

text: hosted "Saturday Night Live" on April 14, 1984. McGovern addressed the party's platform committee, and his name was placed in nomination at the 1984 Democratic National Convention, where he delivered a speech that strongly criticized President Reagan and praised Democratic unity. He received the votes of four delegates. He went on to actively support the Mondale–Geraldine Ferraro ticket, whose eventual landslide defeat bore some similarities to his own in 1972. During the 1980s McGovern was a fellow at the Institute for Policy Studies, a think tank in Washington, D.C. In September 1987, McGovern lectured at the inaugural Waldo Family Lecture

title: 1988 Democratic National Convention

text: 1988 Democratic National Convention The 1988 National Convention of the U.S. Democratic Party was held at The Omni in Atlanta, Georgia, from July 18–July 21, 1988, to select candidates for the 1988 presidential election. At the convention Governor Michael Dukakis of Massachusetts was nominated for President and Senator Lloyd Bentsen of Texas for Vice President. The chair of the convention was Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives Jim Wright. Speakers at the convention included Texas State Treasurer Ann Richards, who gave a keynote speech that put her in the public spotlight and included the line that George H.W. Bush

title: 1983 State of the Union Address

text: Speaker Thomas P. O'Neill III (MA), Rep. George Miller (CA), Rep. Les AuCoin (OR), Rep. Paul Simon (IL), Rep. Timothy Wirth (CO), and Rep. Bill Hefner (NC). 1983 State of the Union Address The 1983 State of the Union address was given by President Ronald Reagan to a joint session of the 98th United States Congress on Tuesday, January 25, 1983. The speech was the second State of the Union address of President Reagan's first term. The speech lasted approximately 46 minutes and contained 5554 words. The address was broadcast live on radio and television. The Democratic Party response was

title: 1984 State of the Union Address

text: Pell (RI), Senator Walter Huddleston (KY), Rep. Dante B. Fascell (FL), Rep. Tom Harkin (IA), Rep. William Gray (PA), House Speaker Thomas O’Neill (MA), and Rep. Barbara Boxer (CA). Samuel Pierce, the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, served as the designated survivor. 1984 State of the Union Address The 1984 State of the Union address was given by President Ronald Reagan to a joint session of the 98th United States Congress on January 25, 1984. The speech was the third State of the Union address of President Reagan's first term. The speech lasted 43 minutes and 2 seconds and

text: Walter Mondale 1984 presidential campaign The 1984 presidential campaign of Walter Mondale, a former Minnesota senator and Vice President of the United States, began on February 21, 1983, when Mondale announced that he was running for president in a speech at the Minnesota State Capitol. Mondale won the Democratic Party's presidential nomination after convincing Frank Lautenberg, a previously unpledged party delegate, to support him. Lautenberg's vote gave Mondale the 1,967 delegate votes needed to become the Democratic Party's nominee. Mondale lost the general election, held on November 6, 1984, to incumbent Republican President Ronald Reagan in a landslide. A former

title: A Time for Choosing

text: A Time for Choosing "A Time for Choosing", also known as "The Speech", was a speech presented during the 1964 U.S. presidential election campaign by future president Ronald Reagan on behalf of Republican candidate Barry Goldwater. The speech launched Reagan into national prominence. Many versions of the speech exist, since it was altered over many weeks. Contrary to popular belief, however, the speech was not given at the 1964 Republican National Convention in San Francisco, California as a nomination speech for presidential candidate Senator Barry Goldwater; Richard Nixon gave that nomination speech. Reagan, though he campaigned for Goldwater, did not

title: 1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries

text: points. By the time the Democratic Convention started in San Francisco Mondale had more than enough delegates to win the Democratic nomination. However, after Mondale's loss to Ronald Reagan, Hart would quickly emerge as the frontrunner for the Democratic Party's 1988 presidential nomination. He would maintain that status until a sex scandal derailed his candidacy in 1987. Mondale's nomination marked the second time after former Governor of Georgia Jimmy Carter since the nomination of former Governor Adlai Stevenson II of Illinois in 1956 (and the third time since the nomination of former Congressman John W. Davis from West Virginia in

title: 1984 United States presidential election

text: 1984 presidential election, as the presidential candidate of the Citizens Party, Pennsylvania's Consumer Party and California's Peace and Freedom Party. Johnson received 72,161 votes (0.1%) finishing fifth. Her running mate for the Citizens Party was Richard Walton and for the Peace and Freedom Party Emma Wong Mar. One of her campaign managers, Mark Dunlea, later wrote a novel about a first female president, "Madame President". The Communist Party USA ran Gus Hall for president and Angela Davis for vice president. Mondale ran a liberal campaign, supporting a nuclear freeze and the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). He spoke against what he

title: Dale Bumpers

text: Bumpers was known for his oratorical skills and for his prodigious respect for the Constitution of the United States. He never supported any constitutional amendment. Bumpers decided not to seek the Democratic presidential nomination in 1984 and 1988, despite support from many colleagues, including Senator Paul Simon of Illinois, who ultimately also contested the 1988 nomination won by Michael Dukakis. Initially named as one of Walter Mondale's top potential choices for his vice presidential running mate in 1984, he took his name out of the running early in the process. Bumpers stated that his main reason for not running was

title: Joe Biden 1988 presidential campaign

text: Kinnock's speech, delivered to a Welsh Labour Party conference on May 15, 1987, and then rebroadcast during the UK 1987 general election, made reference to his background and that of his wife Glenys. It included the lines: While Biden's speech made reference to himself and his wife Jill Biden and included the lines: Biden went on to duplicate other parts of Kinnock's speech, such as their forebears' ability to read and write poetry, their strength in working for hours underground in a mine only to come up and play football afterward, and their being limited by lack of a "platform"

text: to embrace the Fair Tax plan of Sen. Bill Bradley (D-N.J.) and Rep. Dick Gephardt (D-Mo.)." Walter Mondale 1984 presidential campaign The 1984 presidential campaign of Walter Mondale, a former Minnesota senator and Vice President of the United States, began on February 21, 1983, when Mondale announced that he was running for president in a speech at the Minnesota State Capitol. Mondale won the Democratic Party's presidential nomination after convincing Frank Lautenberg, a previously unpledged party delegate, to support him. Lautenberg's vote gave Mondale the 1,967 delegate votes needed to become the Democratic Party's nominee. Mondale lost the general election,

title: 1988 Democratic National Convention

text: vote, rather than a roll call. 1988 Democratic National Convention The 1988 National Convention of the U.S. Democratic Party was held at The Omni in Atlanta, Georgia, from July 18–July 21, 1988, to select candidates for the 1988 presidential election. At the convention Governor Michael Dukakis of Massachusetts was nominated for President and Senator Lloyd Bentsen of Texas for Vice President. The chair of the convention was Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives Jim Wright. Speakers at the convention included Texas State Treasurer Ann Richards, who gave a keynote speech that put her in the public spotlight and included

title: A Tale of Two Cities (speech)

text: voted for Reagan in 1980 as well as independent voters. The governor had promised former President Jimmy Carter that he would assist Mondale (Carter's Vice President) anyway he could, and Mondale told him, "If you want to help me, you'll give the speech." Cuomo did not believe he had a high enough national profile for such an event and felt that Senator Edward M. Kennedy would make for a better speaker. Mondale expressed disdain towards the suggestion. Michael Del Giudice, the governor's chief of staff, urged Cuomo to accept the offer, believing it was a good opportunity for him to

title: Merle Hansen

text: attended numerous farm protest rallies and his electoral performance in rural counties often surpassed expectations. At the 1984 Democratic National Convention, Hansen was asked by Jackson to make one of the three speeches formally entering his name into nomination as a candidate. The other nominating speeches were made by future Congresswoman Maxine Waters and Washington, D.C. mayor Marion Barry. In 1985, Hansen traveled to Africa with Jackson, meeting with Ministers of Agriculture while Jackson met with heads of state. In 1988, he again worked with Jackson on his presidential campaign. He attended the 1988 Democratic National Convention as an Alternate

title: 1984 Democratic National Convention

short_answers:
Gary Hart
Jesse Jackson
Mario Cuomo
New York Governor Mario Cuomo
Rev. Jesse Jackson
Senator Gary Hart


question: who won women's singles us open 2017

answers: Sloane Stephens

title: Diede de Groot

text: De Groot won her first US Open singles title at the 2018 US Open. In doubles, De Groot was a runner up in the 2017 Australian, French and Wimbledon championships. After winning her first doubles title at the 2017 US Open, she lost at the 2018 Australian Open and co-won the doubles event at the 2018 French Open. De Groot became the first woman in wheelchair tennis to win both the women's singles and doubles events at Wimbledon in July 2018. She won her second US Open doubles title at the 2018 US Open alongside Yui Kamiji. Outside of the

title: Barbora Krejčíková

text: doubles and the US Open girls' doubles titles with fellow Czech Kateřina Siniaková. Together with Siniaková, she won the women's doubles at the 2018 French Open and 2018 Wimbledon . Barbora Krejčíková Barbora Krejčíková (born 18 December 1995) is a Czech tennis player. Krejčíková has won one doubles title on the WTA Tour, one doubles WTA 125K series title, as well as nine singles and 19 doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit in her career. On 14 August 2017, she reached her best singles ranking of world No. 121. On 25 June 2018, she peaked at No. 4 in

title: 2017 US Open – Women's Singles

text: Era to win the US Open after Kim Clijsters in 2009. For the first time since 1981 at the US Open—and at any Grand Slam event since the 1985 Wimbledon Championships—all four semifinalists were American. Both occasions were also the last time that four players from the same country accomplished these feats. In addition, Kaia Kanepi became the first qualifier to reach the US Open quarterfinals since Barbara Gerken, also in 1981. This was Maria Sharapova's first Grand Slam appearance since the 2016 Australian Open, following a suspension for violating the anti-doping rules. Sharapova was unseeded in Grand Slam for

title: 2017 US Open (tennis)

text: 2017 US Open (tennis) The 2017 US Open was the 137th edition of tennis' US Open and the fourth and final Grand Slam event of the year. It was held on outdoor hard courts at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in New York City. Experimental rules featured in qualifying for the main draw as well as in the junior, wheelchair and exhibition events. Stan Wawrinka and Angelique Kerber were the previous year's men's and women's singles champions. Neither managed to defend their title as Wawrinka withdrew before the start of the tournament due to a knee injury

title: 2017 US Open – Women's Singles

text: Sloane Stephens won her first Grand Slam title, defeating Madison Keys in the final, 6–3, 6–0.  It was the first all-American women's final at the US Open since 2002, and the second time in three years that the final featured two first-time Grand Slam singles finalists from the same country. Stephens became the second unseeded woman in the Open era to win the US Open after Kim Clijsters in 2009.

title: Caroline Dolehide

text: commented that "she had a really great second serve." "Current through the 2018 US Open." Caroline Dolehide Caroline Dolehide (born September 5, 1998) is an American tennis player. She achieved a career high Women's Tennis Association (WTA) ranking of No. 102 in the world during the summer of 2018. As a junior, Dolehide was a two-time Grand Slam finalist in doubles. On the ITF pro circuit, she has won four singles titles and three doubles titles. Dolehide made her WTA Tour debut in July 2017. She has since reached one WTA quarterfinal and also won her first Grand Slam match

title: 2017 US Open Series

text: 2017 US Open Series In tennis, the 2017 US Open Series was the fourteenth edition of the US Open Series, which comprised a group of hard court tournaments that started on July 24, 2017 in Atlanta and concluded in Connecticut for the women and in Winston-Salem for the men on August 26, 2017. This edition consisted of three separate men's tournaments and three women's tournaments, with the Western & Southern Open hosting both a men's and women's event. The series was headlined by two ATP World Tour Masters 1000 and two WTA Premier 5 events. The 2017 US Open Series

title: Ellen Perez

text: Ellen Perez Ellen Perez (born 10 October 1995) is an Australian tennis player. Perez has won one title on the ITF circuit, and her career-high rankings in singles and doubles are 178 and 88 respectively. She has one ITF title from July 2016. Perez made her main draw grand slam debut at the 2016 Australian Open in doubles with Belinda Woolcock; however, they lost in the first round to Jessica Moore and Storm Sanders. She made her first singles grand slam appearance at the 2016 US Open after winning the Australian wildcard playoff. She has been attending the University of

title: 2017 US Open Series

text: that he would miss the remainder of the 2017 season, and thereby the entire US Open Series, due to the injury. Simona Halep was the defending champion, but lost to Elina Svitolina in the semifinals. Marin Čilić was the defending champion, but withdrew before the tournament began. Karolína Plíšková was the defending champion, but lost in the semifinals to Garbiñe Muguruza. Pablo Carreño Busta was the defending champion, but lost in the second round to Julien Benneteau. Roberto Bautista Agut won the title, defeating Damir Džumhur in the final, 6–4, 6–4. Agnieszka Radwańska was the defending champion but lost to

title: 2017 US Open – Women's Singles

text: the first time since the 2009 French Open, was awarded a wildcard into the main draw and advanced to the fourth round, where she lost to Anastasija Sevastova. Garbiñe Muguruza became the new WTA No. 1 player at the end of the tournament despite losing in the fourth round, after Karolína Plíšková (who held the top ranking at the start of the tournament) failed to defend her finalist points from 2016. Eight of the top nine seeds (with the exception of Kerber) were in contention for the no. 1 ranking at the start of the tournament. Venus Williams became the

text: consecutive women's singles Grand Slam event to feature a first-time semifinalist (Rybáriková). This streak ended months later at the 2017 US Open. Despite losing in the second round, Karolína Plíšková attained the WTA No. 1 singles ranking at the end of the tournament, after Angelique Kerber and Simona Halep, the other contenders for the top ranking, lost in the fourth round and quarterfinals, respectively. This was formed World No. 1 and two-time Australian Open champion Victoria Azarenka's first appearance in a Grand Slam event since the 2016 French Open after giving birth to her first child in December 2016. She

title: Karolína Plíšková

text: first female player representing the Czech Republic to achieve the feat. Czechoslovakian-born Martina Navratilova had also achieved a WTA world No. 1 ranking, but was already representing the United States when she first topped the rankings in 1978. Plíšková attained solid results during the US summer swing, reaching the quarterfinals and semifinals of the 2017 Rogers Cup and the 2017 Western & Southern Open respectively. Pliskova participated in the 2017 US Open, where she was the top seed for the first time in a major. Plíšková easily defeated Magda Linette in straight sets in the first round, and outlasted American

title: 2017 US Open Series

text: the eventual champion Daria Gavrilova in the semi-finals. Stan Wawrinka was the defending champion but withdrew with a knee injury before the tournament began having announced he would miss the remainder of the 2017 season. Angelique Kerber was the defending champion, but lost in the first round to Naomi Osaka. 2017 US Open Series In tennis, the 2017 US Open Series was the fourteenth edition of the US Open Series, which comprised a group of hard court tournaments that started on July 24, 2017 in Atlanta and concluded in Connecticut for the women and in Winston-Salem for the men on

text: 2016 US Open, and the 2017 Australian and French Open titles. The pair withdrew from their scheduled second round match on 7 July following an acute knee injury suffered by Mattek-Sands in the second round of the Ladies' Singles competition the previous day. 2017 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles Serena and Venus Williams were the defending champions, but did not participate this year due to Serena's pregnancy. Ekaterina Makarova and Elena Vesnina won the title, defeating Chan Hao-ching and Monica Niculescu in the final, 6–0, 6–0. This is the first time since 1953 that a women's doubles final at Wimbledon

title: 2016 US Open – Women's Singles

text: 2016 US Open – Women's Singles Flavia Pennetta was the defending champion, but retired from professional tennis at the end of the 2015 season. Angelique Kerber won the title, defeating Karolína Plíšková in the final, 6–3, 4–6, 6–4. It was Kerber's second Grand Slam singles title. She became the first German to win the US Open since Steffi Graf in 1996. Serena Williams was attempting to set new Open Era records by winning a 23rd Grand Slam singles title and a seventh US Open singles title, but she lost in the semifinals to Plíšková. In doing so, she remained with

title: 2016 US Open – Women's Singles

text: an overall of 22 Major titles shared with Graf and six US Open titles shared with Chris Evert. Plíšková became the first Czech woman to make the US Open final since 1993, and only the fourth player to beat both of the Williams sisters in the same Grand Slam tournament (she beat Venus Williams in the fourth round). Kerber attained the WTA no. 1 ranking for the first time at the end of the tournament after Serena Williams failed to reach the final. In addition to Kerber and Williams, Garbiñe Muguruza and Agnieszka Radwańska were also in contention for the

title: Ann Li (tennis)

text: Texas where she lost to Naomi Broady, her best result after the US Open was at Stockton where she beat Jovana Jaksic, Lauren Davis before yet again falling to Madison Brengle. In Templeton, she won against Nicole Gibbs before losing to Hailey Baptiste Ann Li (tennis) Ann Li (born June 26, 2000 in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania) is an American tennis player. She was the runner-up at the 2017 Wimbledon Junior Championships. Li was born in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania. Both of her parents are Chinese. In her spare time, she enjoys playing the ukulele. Li reached her first junior

title: 2016 US Open (tennis)

text: 2016 US Open (tennis) The 2016 US Open was the 136th edition of tennis' US Open, the fourth and final Grand Slam event of the year. It took place on outdoor hard courts at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in New York City. In the men's singles competition, Stan Wawrinka defeated defending champion Novak Djokovic in the final. Angelique Kerber defeated Karolína Plíšková in the women's singles to become the first German player to win the tournament since Steffi Graf in 1996. 2015 women's singles champion Flavia Pennetta did not defend her title as she had retired

title: 2017 US Open (tennis)

text: 21, 2017. Rankings as of August 21, 2017. Rankings as of August 21, 2017. The following players were given wildcards to the main draw based on internal selection and recent performances. The qualifying competitions took place at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center on 22 – 25 August 2017. The following players were accepted directly into the main draw using a protected ranking: The following players were accepted directly into the main tournament, but withdrew with injuries, suspensions or for personal reasons. 2017 US Open (tennis) The 2017 US Open was the 137th edition of tennis' US Open

title: 2017 China Open – Women's Singles

text: 2017 China Open – Women's Singles Agnieszka Radwańska was the defending champion, but lost in the third round to Daria Kasatkina. Caroline Garcia won the title, defeating Simona Halep in the final, 6–4, 7–6. As a result of Garbiñe Muguruza's retirement in the first round, Halep attained the WTA no. 1 singles ranking at the end of the tournament after having defeated Jeļena Ostapenko in the semifinals. The three Wuhan semifinalists who were accepted into the main draw received a bye into the second round. They were as follows: Maria Sakkari, the fourth Wuhan semifinalist, did not have a ranking

title: 2017 French Open – Women's Singles

text: 2017 French Open – Women's Singles Garbiñe Muguruza was the defending champion, having won the tournament in 2016, but she was defeated in the fourth round by Kristina Mladenovic. This was the first time at the French Open since 1977, and any Grand Slam event since the 1979 Australian Open that no former Grand Slam champion have reached the quarterfinals. Jeļena Ostapenko won the title, defeating Simona Halep in the final, 4–6, 6–4, 6–3. This was Ostapenko's first WTA Tour-level singles title. She became the first Latvian player, male or female, to win a Grand Slam singles tournament, the youngest

title: Jennifer Brady (tennis)

text: Jennifer Brady (tennis) Jennifer Brady (born April 12, 1995) is an American professional tennis player. Brady has won four singles titles and four doubles titles on the ITF tour in her career. On October 16, 2017, she reached her best singles ranking of world No. 60. On March 19, 2018, she attained her career high doubles ranking of world No. 80. Brady made her WTA tour debut at the 2014 US Open, having received a wildcard with Samantha Crawford in the doubles tournament. Brady had previously attended the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), having made her debut for the

title: 2018 US Open – Women's Singles final

text: 2018 US Open – Women's Singles final The 2018 US Open Women's Singles final was the championship tennis match of the Women's Singles tournament at the 2018 US Open. It was contested between Serena Williams and Naomi Osaka, seeded 17th and 20th respectively. Osaka defeated Williams in straight sets, 6-2, 6-4 in one hour and 19 minutes. The match was historically significant for both players. It was Williams' first US Open after a 12-month hiatus to give birth to her first child in September 2017, and second attempt since her pregnancy (after that year's Wimbledon) to equal Margaret Court's all-time

title: Xu Yifan

text: Australian Open and was a quarterfinalist at the 2016 French Open in women's doubles with Zheng Saisai. She was also a quarterfinalist in doubles at the Australian Open in 2017 with Raquel Atowa. In 2017, Xu won the Miami Open Women's Doubles and the Connecticut Open Women's Doubles with Gabriela Dabrowski. Xu partnered Dabrowski again in the 2017 US Open, with the pair reaching the quarterfinals. In 2018, the duo won the doubles at the 2018 Sydney International, then reached the quarterfinals in the 2018 Australian Open. Xu Yifan Xu Yifan (; ; born 8 August 1988 in Tianjin) is

text: 2017 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles Serena Williams was the two-time defending champion, but did not participate this year due to . Garbiñe Muguruza won her second Grand Slam singles title, defeating Venus Williams in the final, 7–5, 6–0. Muguruza became the second Spanish woman to win Wimbledon after Conchita Martínez in 1994. Muguruza also became the first player to defeat both Williams sisters in Grand Slam singles finals. Williams was the oldest player to reach the final since Martina Navratilova, also in 1994, and played her 100th singles match at Wimbledon when she defeated reigning French Open champion Jeļena

title: CoCo Vandeweghe

text: 2017. Despite being predominantly a singles player, she also excels at doubles. In 2016, she partnered with Martina Hingis in much of the second half of the season and reached the semifinals of the US Open, a performance that lifted her to a then-career-high ranking of No. 18 in the world. In that year, she also reached two Grand Slam mixed-doubles finals, at the Australian Open and at the US Open. In 2018, Vandeweghe won her first Grand Slam title; partnering Ashleigh Barty she won the women's doubles title at the US Open. Later on, they reached the semifinals at

title: 2017 US Open – Men's Singles

text: South African man to reach the US Open singles final since 1965 and any Grand Slam singles final since the 1984 Australian Open, as well as the lowest-ranked male player to reach the US Open singles final since the ATP rankings began in 1973. Anderson was also the tallest Grand Slam finalist in history. Novak Djokovic withdrew due to an elbow injury that ended his tennis season, ending his streak of 51 consecutive grand slam appearances, dating back to the 2005 Australian Open. Accordingly, this was the first men's singles draw at the US Open since 1971 to include neither

title: Carson Branstine

text: Carson Branstine Carson Branstine (born September 9, 2000) is an American-Canadian junior tennis player. She reached a career high WTA singles ranking of No. 953 on April 30, 2018 and a career high ITF junior ranking of No. 4 on July 17, 2017. She won the 2017 Australian Open and French Open junior doubles titles with Bianca Andreescu. Branstine represented the United States from 2014 to February 2017, but started representing Canada, the birth country of her mother, in March 2017. Branstine was born in Irvine, California to an American father, Bruce, and a Canadian mother, Carol Freeman, from Toronto.

title: Brienne Minor

text: Brienne Minor Brienne Alexandra Minor (born November 25, 1997) is an American tennis player currently playing for the University of Michigan. On May 29, 2017, she won the 2017 NCAA Division I Women's Tennis Championships, becoming the first African-American woman to win the singles title. This victory also secured Minor a spot in the main draw of the 2017 US Open as a wild-card. Minor was raised in Mundelein, Illinois. She began playing tennis at the age of four. Minor attended Carmel High School and during her senior year at Carmel, she went undefeated during the season, winning a state

title: Jamie Loeb

text: losing in straight sets. Loeb won 2 ITF singles titles in 2016, at tournaments in Surprise, Arizona, and El Paso, Texas. Jamie Loeb Jamie Loeb (born March 8, 1995) is an American tennis player. Loeb has a career-high WTA singles ranking of 132, achieved on February 2, 2018. She also has a career-high WTA doubles ranking of 120 achieved on July 16, 2018. Loeb has won 7 ITF singles titles, and 6 ITF doubles titles. She won the New York State high school title as a sophomore. Loeb won the singles and doubles 18s championships at the 2012 USTA National

title: 2017 US Open – Women's Singles


question: what nfl team has the most expensive super bowl ring

answers: the New England Patriots

answers: New England Patriots

title: National Football League

text: anywhere from US$25,000 to US$300,000. Additionally, each player on the winning team as well as coaches and personnel are awarded Super Bowl rings to commemorate their victory. The winning team chooses the company that makes the rings; each ring design varies, with the NFL mandating certain ring specifications (which have a degree of room for deviation), in addition to requiring the Super Bowl logo be on at least one side of the ring. The losing team are also awarded rings, which must be no more than half as valuable as the winners' rings, but those are almost never worn. The

title: Super Bowl XL

text: The Super Bowl XL rings were produced by the Minneapolis-based jewelry company Jostens, which is the primary supplier of Super Bowl champion rings and has made 31 rings in the Super Bowl's 50-year history through 2017. The National Football League covers the cost of 150 rings, paying up to $5,000 for each (three quarters of a million dollars). If a team wants a fancier look, such as player names, more gems or detailed designs, or more than 150 rings, then the team owner has to foot the bill for the extra cost. Super Bowl XL Super Bowl XL was an

title: Super Bowl ring

text: Super Bowl ring The Super Bowl ring is an award in the National Football League given to the winners of the league's annual championship game, the Super Bowl. Since only one Vince Lombardi Trophy is awarded to the team (ownership) itself, the Super Bowl ring offers a collectable memento for the actual players and team members to keep for themselves to symbolise their victory. These rings are typically made of yellow or white gold with diamonds. They usually include the team name, team logo, and Super Bowl number (usually indicated in Roman numerals). The NFL contributes up to $5,000 per

title: Championship ring

text: the rings. The NFL pays up to $5,000 per ring for up to 150 rings for teams that win the Super Bowl. Teams can distribute any number of rings but must pay for any additional costs, and may offer lesser rings at their discretion. The NBA standardized its championship ring from 1969 through 1983; presently the winning team selects its own design and the league covers the cost of the rings. The winning team can typically present rings to whomever they choose, including usually, but not limited to: players (active roster or injured), coaches, trainers, executives, personnel, and general staff.

title: Super Bowl ring

title: Super Bowl ring

text: Three Super Bowl rings belonging to former Raiders' punter Ray Guy brought over $96,000 at auction. In 2012, Lawrence Taylor's son sold his father's Super Bowl ring from 1990 for more than $250,000. As of 2017, ten players have won championships in both the NFL and Canada’s equivalent Canadian Football League (CFL). Super Bowl ring The Super Bowl ring is an award in the National Football League given to the winners of the league's annual championship game, the Super Bowl. Since only one Vince Lombardi Trophy is awarded to the team (ownership) itself, the Super Bowl ring offers a collectable

title: Super Bowl XL

text: sum is roughly $86,000. After having held constant at $600 for three years, the face value of the costliest Super Bowl ticket rose to $700 for the game. On eBay, the least-desirable seats—those behind each end zone in the upper level—fetched more than $2000 each, while top seats around the 50-yard line sold for more than $6000. The ring for the Pittsburgh Steelers was designed by Steelers owner Dan Rooney with Jerome Bettis and Ben Roethlisberger. It is crowned by five Vince Lombardi trophies, all topped with football-shaped diamond settings to represent their five Super Bowl victories. Rooney would have

title: Championship ring

text: sold on eBay for over $32,000 apiece in mid-2008. Patriots safety Je'Rod Cherry raffled his ring from Super Bowl XXXVI in November 2008 to benefit several charities working to help children in Africa and Asia. Tight end Shannon Sharpe, meanwhile, gave his first Super Bowl ring to his brother Sterling, who had his career cut short by injury. In 2011, a Super Bowl ring belonging to Steve Wright, a lineman for the Green Bay Packers in the 1960s, sold for over $73,000 at auction. Three Super Bowl rings belonging to former Raiders' great Ray Guy brought over $96,000 at auction.

title: Super Bowl ring

text: have placed his ring for sale on eBay. Two Super Bowl rings from the 1970 Steelers sold on eBay for over $69,000 apiece in mid-2008. Patriots safety Je'Rod Cherry raffled his ring from Super Bowl XXXVI in November 2008 to benefit several charities working to help children in Africa and Asia. Tight end Shannon Sharpe, meanwhile, gave his first Super Bowl ring to his brother Sterling, who had his career cut short by injury. In 2011, a Super Bowl ring belonging to Steve Wright, a lineman for the Green Bay Packers in the 1960s, sold for over $73,000 at auction.

title: William Perry (American football)

text: sale. With help from his mother, he purchased it for $8,500 and returned the ring to Perry. In September 2015, it was reported that Perry's Super Bowl ring was auctioned off for more than $200,000 by the man Perry had sold it to several years earlier. As of October 29, 2014, Perry has been confined to his late father's home. Michael Dean Perry, his younger brother and another former NFL defensive lineman, is William's guardian and conservator for his affairs. July 30, 2015, Perry's Super Bowl ring, the largest Super Bowl ring ever made, was auctioned off to an unknown

title: Super Bowl XLIII

text: damages. The ring for the Pittsburgh Steelers was designed and made by Jostens working with Dan Rooney and Art Rooney II. The designs were also shown to James Farrior, Hines Ward, Ben Roethlisberger and James Harrison before a final decision was made. Super Bowl XLIII Super Bowl XLIII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champions Pittsburgh Steelers and the National Football Conference (NFC) champions Arizona Cardinals to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2008 season. The Steelers defeated the Cardinals by the score of 27–23. The game was played on February 1,

title: Super Bowl ring

text: (which resemble diamonds). When Tampa Bay won Super Bowl XXXVII, the players and coaches received rings with a diamond-centered Lombardi trophy. Some staff received rings with a metal Lombardi trophy and real diamonds surrounding the trophy and the "C" level ring did not contain any diamonds. Many rings feature diamonds in the shape of the Vince Lombardi Trophy or a football. Some feature diamonds or gold in the shape of a team logo. Others illustrate the number of Super Bowls that franchise has won. Also, the rings are customized with the player's name and uniform number. The Green Bay Packers

title: Jamal Lewis

text: an unpaid $660,000 loan. In January 2015, Lewis began working as the Vice President of Business and Development for Metro Exhibits, a trade show exhibits company. On February 8, 2015, a championship ring from Super Bowl XLVII that Lewis had owned was sold at auction for more than $50,000. Lewis had received the ring from Baltimore Ravens owner Stephen Bisciotti in honor of his status as one of the all-time great Ravens players. According to the Ravens organization, Lewis sold the ring due to financial difficulties. A 2018 Bleacher Report profile detailed Lewis' post-NFL life, noting that he suffers from

title: Super Bowl XL

text: logo set with colored jewels to mimic the colors of the logo. On the top of the crown is "PITTSBURGH", and on the bottom is "WORLD CHAMPIONS". Each side of the crown has 10 square cut diamonds channel set along the edge. The left side of the ring has the player's name and number with the NFL logo in between, while the right side has the score of the game (Steelers 21 SEAHAWKS 10) above the Super Bowl XL logo over 2005. The year on the ring is for the NFL season, and not the year the game was played.

title: World Series ring

text: Florida Marlins after the 2003 World Series are believed to be among the most expensive World Series rings ever made; made of 14-carat white gold, the ring featured 229 diamonds, including one teal diamond, and 13 rubies. The rings cost $20,000 apiece due to the quantity of the purchase, though they retailed at $40,000 each. After breaking their long championship drought in 2016, the Chicago Cubs commissioned rings said to be worth up to $70,000, consisting of 214 diamonds at 5.5 karats, 3 karats of rubies, and 2.5 karats of sapphires. Teams have also increasingly added distinctive touches to make

title: Super Bowl commercials

text: the most expensive advertisement sold for $5.84 million. Super Bowl XLVII and Super Bowl XLVIII both set the average cost of a 30-second commercial at $4 million. Super Bowl XLIX, also broadcast by NBC, surpassed that record with a base price of $4.5 million. Media executives projected that the cost of a 30-second commercial could exceed $5 million at Super Bowl 50, a figure that CBS confirmed. That price would serve as a plateau for the two subsequent games; Fox would match that figure for Super Bowl LI, and NBC would slightly exceed for Super Bowl LII, although it never

title: Championship ring

text: four most-well known championship rings in North American professional sports are the NFL's Super Bowl ring, the NBA Championship ring, MLB's World Series ring, and the NHL's Stanley Cup ring. Similar rings are often presented to individuals inducted into a North American sports hall of fame. Championship rings are typically made of yellow or white gold with diamonds. They usually include the team name, team logo, and the championship number (usually indicated in Roman numerals for the NFL's Super Bowl wins). Championship ring policies differ between the four major professional leagues. NHL and MLB owners pay for the cost of

title: Philly Special

text: Yuengling later retracted their file for the trademark. At the NFL Owners Meetings in Orlando, Doug Pederson said that the play is being unofficially retired for at least the next season due to other teams' awareness of the play. On June 14, 2018, the Eagles received their Super Bowl rings. The bezel of the ring contained 127 diamonds, which is the total from the numbers of the jerseys of the three players who handled the ball after the snap on the Philly Special—Corey Clement (30), Trey Burton (88) and Nick Foles (9). In September 2018, a statue commemorating the Philly

title: World Series ring

text: ring. Many players prefer to display their rings as trophies as opposed to wearing them. World Series rings are considered valuable sports memorabilia. In 2007, Casey Stengel's 1951 World Series ring sold for $180,000. When Lenny Dykstra went through bankruptcy in 2009, his 1986 World Series ring sold for $56,762.50 through Heritage Auctions, three times as much as was expected. Others have sold their rings on eBay. Doug Baker of the 1984 World Series champion Detroit Tigers had a new ring made after his original was stolen, and when he recovered the original ring, he sold it for $12,322. Cucho

title: Super Bowl ring

title: Corey Graham

text: led to a Ravens game-winning field goal, advancing the team to the AFC championship game. The Ravens entered the game as 9.5 point underdogs, but won the game in double overtime, 38–35, thanks in part to Graham's performance. Graham would call joining the Ravens the second best decision of his life, behind marrying his wife. Graham earned his first Super Bowl ring on February 3, 2013, when the Ravens defeated the San Francisco 49ers in Super Bowl XLVII. On March 12, 2014, Graham signed a four-year, $16 million contract with the Buffalo Bills. On March 10, 2017, Graham was released

title: Super Bowl XLIX

text: noise. The Patriots used the Arizona Cardinals headquarters, in Tempe, Arizona, while the Seahawks used the Arizona State University practice facilities, also in Tempe. Ticket prices for Super Bowl XLIX rose quickly, with the lowest-cost tickets reaching over $8,000 by January 29. The average ticket price charged by brokers was $10,352, an increase of more than three times over the previous year's prices. The raise in ticket prices was due to a shortage caused by the short selling practice of brokers and resale sites. Jeff Miller, writing for the "Orange County Register", observed that the cheapest tickets were nearly as

title: 1990–91 NFL playoffs

text: 1981 and 1984 and New York in 1985 and 1986. The Giants were seeking their first trip to the Super Bowl since they won Super Bowl XXI, while the 49ers were looking to join the Miami Dolphins as the only other team to advance to three consecutive Super Bowls. Exactly six years after winning his second ring in four years, 49ers quarterback Joe Montana was aiming to play for (and, the 49ers hoped, to win) his fifth ring in ten years. Following their win over Chicago, Giants coach Bill Parcells mentioned travel arrangements in a team meeting during the week.

title: Dallas Cowboys

text: Super Bowl championships. The Cowboys are the only NFL team to record 20 straight winning seasons (1966–85), in which they missed the playoffs only twice (1974 and 1984), an NFL record that remains unchallenged. In 2015, the Dallas Cowboys became the first sports team to be valued at $4 billion, making it the most valuable sports team in the world, according to "Forbes". The Cowboys also generated $620 million in revenue in 2014, a record for a U.S. sports team. In 2018 they also became the first NFL franchise to be valued at $5 billion and making Forbes' list as

title: Super Bowl XLVI

text: Games that they would be wearing their customary navy blue home jerseys as the home team in Super Bowl XLVI. Hospitality experts speculated that "Indianapolis will have seen the most severe hotel price gouging in Super Bowl history." The city has 6,000 hotel rooms, fewer than typical for a Super Bowl host city. Some rooms in downtown Indianapolis reportedly cost more than $4,000 a night. By contrast, rooms close to the stadium in previous Super Bowls were usually available for about $200. The room shortage and high prices caused some attendees to plan to stay in Chicago, 180 miles away,

title: Stanley Cup ring

text: given silverware or bought a dinner instead of rings. Players were eventually given rings by the team more than fifty years later. In the 1960s the Toronto Maple Leafs won the Stanley Cup four times, but players were originally only given one ring with diamonds that were removed and enlarged for each subsequent win. In 1971 the Montreal Canadiens gave players television sets instead of rings. For the last 50 years, each team has designed their own rings. Each ring usually cost between $20,000 to $25,000. Stanley Cup ring The Stanley Cup ring is a championship ring, an annual award

title: William Perry (American football)

text: the ball, he scored a touchdown (running over Patriots linebacker Larry McGrew in the process). About halfway through his rookie season, Ryan finally began to play Perry, who soon proved that he was a capable defensive lineman. His Super Bowl ring size is the largest of any professional football player in the history of the event. His ring size is 25, while the ring size for the average adult male is between 10 and 12. Perry went on to play for ten years in the NFL, retiring after the 1994 season. In his ten years as a pro, he regularly

title: Los Angeles Rams

text: in 2018 until losing on the road to the New Orleans Saints in Week 9 at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome. The Rams bounced back with three straight wins, defeating the Seattle Seahawks 36-31, and then winning a wild 54-51 shootout against the Kansas City Chiefs on Monday Night Football. Following a bye week, the Rams beat the host Detroit Lions 30-16 in Week 13 to clinch both a playoff berth and their second straight NFC West title. "Forbes" magazine estimated the worth of the team in 2015 as $1.45 billion, which at the time were the 28th most valuable NFL team

title: 2013 Pro Bowl

text: McCarthy of the NFC North. These coaches were selected for coaching the highest seeded team to lose in the Divisional Round of the playoffs, which has been the convention since the 2009 Pro Bowl. Ed Hochuli was the game referee. Players on the winning team (NFC) each earned $50,000, while players on the losing team (AFC) earned $25,000. The Houston Texans and San Francisco 49ers had the most Pro Bowl selections with nine. The Kansas City Chiefs, despite only winning two games, had six selections. Six teams, the Carolina Panthers, Philadelphia Eagles, St. Louis Rams, Tennessee Titans, Jacksonville Jaguars, and

title: World Series ring

text: Balfour Company. The first World Series ring was given to members of the New York Giants after winning the 1922 World Series. By the 1930s, each winning team gave their players a ring. Though the ring started off simple, usually containing only one diamond, rings over time have become more elaborate and ornate, with the 2003 World Series ring containing over 200 diamonds. In addition to their inherent value, World Series rings also carry additional value as sports memorabilia. A World Series ring belonging to Casey Stengel sold for $180,000. Lenny Dykstra's 1986 World Series ring sold for over $56,000

title: Super Bowl ring

long_answer: These rings are typically made of yellow or white gold with diamonds. They usually include the team name, team logo, and Super Bowl number (usually indicated in Roman numerals). The NFL contributes up to $5,000 per ring for up to 150 rings for o the winning team; any additional costs are borne by the team. Most rings are manufactured by memorabilia company Jostens. In 2015, the rings for the New England Patriots reportedly cost $36,500 each, making them the most expensive rings Jostens has ever produced. The winning team can typically present rings to whomever they choose, including usually, but not limited to: players (active roster or injured), coaches, trainers, executives, personnel, and general staff. Some teams have given rings to former players and coaches that were on the team at some point during the season, despite not having been on the winning roster for the Super Bowl itself. Sometimes a team will give rings to fans as part of a charity raffle. Teams can distribute any number of rings. A recent trend over the last 15–20 years has been lesser rings awarded to front office staff. These are commonly called "B" and "C" level rings and are smaller and contain fewer diamonds or contain faux diamonds. The first instance of this was the Redskins Super Bowl XVII ring when many in the front office received rings that were not solid gold and contained cubic zirconia stones (which resemble diamonds). When Tampa Bay won Super Bowl XXXVII, the players and coaches received rings with a diamond-centered Lombardi trophy. Some staff received rings with a metal Lombardi trophy and real diamonds surrounding the trophy and the "C" level ring did not contain any diamonds.

short_answers:
New England Patriots
the New England Patriots