question: when was the canadian pacific railway started and finished

answers: between 1881 and 1885

title: Vidora

text: cement foundations and sidewalks still found scattered around the town site, including the remnants of the old bank vault to the former Municipality Office that was moved to Consul. In 1910 construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway line came through Vidora. Many of the CPR's engineers and surveyors were housed at a local farm house during construction of the rail line. Living at the same house where two girls named "Vivian" and "Dorothy", the engineers and surveyors decided to use their names to name the new area, because of their great hospitality, thus giving the town its name "Vidora". After

title: Stirling, Alberta

text: ending in Cardston began in 1900 and was finished in 1902. The Canadian Pacific Railway took over all assets of Alberta Railway and Irrigation company (successor of Alberta Railway Coal Company) in 1912 and started construction of a new line east of Stirling to Saskatchewan. Stirling had now become an important railway junction in Southern Alberta with rail lines from north, south, east and west. To accommodate the expansion of the railway the CPR needed more space for yards and shunting. Kipp Coulee near the original station did not have enough room to expand, so the CPR moved the station

title: Savona, British Columbia

text: Kamloops, British Columbia. In 1884 Savona was designated as the eastern end of Andrew Onderdonk's contract for building the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) for the Canadian government. Onderdonk continued building eastward under a CPR contract. As the railway was built on the south side of the river, most of the houses were pulled across the lake on the ice, moving the community to where it is today. Some buildings that were moved across the lake include the General Store. In 1915, the Canadian Northern Pacific Railway, now part of Canadian National Railway, was built along the north side of Kamloops

title: Columbia and Western Railway

text: time the Kettle Valley Railway and the Columbia and Western Railway were physically joined to the main Canadian Pacific system via Princeton, Brookmere, Merritt and Spences Bridge. The Coquihalla Pass line to Hope was finished in 1916. Again, the Canadian Pacific had extensive fleets of lake steamers and tugs on Okanagon, Arrow, Slocan and Kootenay Lakes. The Section from Castlegar to Grand Forks is now a cycling trail. From The Paulson Summit, it is about uphill, downhill, then flat to the City of Castlegar water intake. About in, one passes a memorial to Doukhobor Peter V. Verigin, who was killed

title: Canadian Pacific Railway

title: Bonfield, Ontario

text: of the CPR. In 1881 the Canada Central Railway was merged into the Canadian Pacific, as McIntyre became its vice president. As construction of the railway approached Lake Nipissing from the east, it turned away from the South-East Bay, towards the North Bay of Lake Nipissing instead. This was the closest point the CPR would come to the village of Callander, therefore this place was named Callander Station. After the Northern and Pacific Junction Railway established a station in the original village of Callander in 1886 and was taken over by the Grand Trunk Railway in 1888, there was much

title: Canadian Pacific Railway in British Columbia

text: was driven at Craigellachie, British Columbia, making good on the original promise. Four days earlier, the last spike of the Lake Superior section was driven just west of Jackfish, Ontario. While the railway was completed four years after the original 1881 deadline, it was completed more than five years ahead of the 1891 deadline issued by Macdonald in 1881. After the completion of the through line to Montreal, Sir William Cornelius Van Horne looked at Port Moody and Burrard Inlet and decided to move the terminus to Gastown and False Creek. Land was secretly obtained from the provincial government and

title: Kaslo and Slocan Railway

text: railways near Creston and Nelson, British Columbia. The railway was built west up Kaslo River to the pass with Seaton Creek, passed across the hill above the boom town of Three Forks to Sandon. The Canadian Pacific Railway had already reached Three Forks in late 1894 by building from the west from Nakusp on the Arrow Lakes with its Nakusp and Slocan Railway. Both railways reached Sandon in late 1895. Construction on the railway started in 1895 after obtaining financial backing from the Great Northern Railway which was seeking advantages against the Canadian Pacific Railway and traffic for its mainline

title: Canadian Pacific Railway

text: railway's officials who, in 1882, hired the renowned railway executive William Cornelius Van Horne to oversee construction with the inducement of a generous salary and the intriguing challenge of handling such a difficult railway project. Van Horne stated that he would have of main line built in 1882. Floods delayed the start of the construction season, but over of main line, as well as sidings and branch lines, were built that year. The Thunder Bay branch (west from Fort William) was completed in June 1882 by the Department of Railways and Canals and turned over to the company in May

title: Canadian Pacific Railway

text: The large subsidy also needed to compensate the CPR for not constructing the line in the future, but rather right away even though demand would not cover operational costs. Building the railway took over four years. The Canadian Pacific Railway began its westward expansion from Bonfield, Ontario (previously called Callander Station), where the first spike was driven into a sunken railway tie. Bonfield was inducted into Canadian Railway Hall of Fame in 2002 as the CPR first spike location. That was the point where the Canada Central Railway extension ended. The CCR was owned by Duncan McIntyre, who amalgamated it

title: Irondale, Bancroft and Ottawa Railway

text: Junction was renamed Howland Junction. Canadian Northern completed its transcontinental line to the Pacific on 23 January 1915, producing a network reaching across the country. Unfortunately the cost of completing the line was enormous, as was the cost of the Mount Royal Tunnel, leaving the company straddled with debts. It also had to compete with two other transcontinental railways, Canadian Pacific and the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, the later of which reached the Pacific in 1914 and had already discovered there was not enough traffic to share with the CP, let alone a third entrant. The CNoR was unable to

title: Last Spike (Canadian Pacific Railway)

text: build protective snowsheds in Rogers Pass and Kicking Horse Pass in addition to the actual rails and roadbed, through trains did not run until June 1886. At the time, the railway's completion fulfilled an 1871 commitment made by the Canadian federal government to British Columbia which stipulated that a railroad be built joining the Pacific province to Central Canada. The promise of a transcontinental railway had been a major factor in British Columbia's decision to join the Canadian Confederation. However, successive governments mismanaged the project and by the original deadline of 1881 little of the railway had been completed, resulting

title: Grand Trunk Pacific Railway

text: Kaien Island (Prince Rupert). During the official ceremony on September 11, 1905 at Fort William, Ontario, Prime Minister Laurier turned the first sod for the construction of the GTPR. From there, the Grand Trunk Pacific Construction Company built a 190-mile section of track, connecting with the NTR near Sioux Lookout. For contractual purposes, Winnipeg to Wolf Creek (Edson, Alberta) was the Prairie Section, and Wolf Creek to the Pacific was the Mountain Section. Foley, Welch and Stewart (FW&S) was selected as the prime contractor for the latter. Construction began on the Canadian Prairies in 1905, the year that the provinces

text: bought the smelter, it also bought the large mining company of Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company and their many properties in the Kootenays. The Canadian Pacific Railway built a line from Lethbridge, Alberta, to a lakehead near Nelson, British Columbia; it opened in 1897. This line was built to develop coal deposits in the Elk River valley and help to assert Canadian (and CPR) sovereignty in an area into which U.S. railroads were beginning to build. CPR sought and received construction funding from the federal government, subject to a freight-subsidy arrangement for farm exports from the prairies; this came to

title: Smiths Falls

text: all three stations in Smiths Falls. The house at Old Slys was built in 1838 and the houses at Combined and Detached around 1842. Only the house at Combined has a second storey, which was added late in the 19th century. The defensible lockmaster's house at Detached Lockstation was torn down in 1894. In the 1850s the major railway companies were looking to build main trunk lines linking Toronto, Kingston and Montreal. The two major companies at the time, the Canadian Pacific Railway and the Grand Trunk Railway, were competing for the easiest routes to lay track. At one point

text: Strathcona Canadian Pacific Railway Station Strathcona Canadian Pacific Railway Station was built by the Calgary and Edmonton Railway in what was then the City of Strathcona, Alberta. The station was started in 1907, completed in 1908, and expanded in 1910, and is located at what is now 8101 Gateway Boulevard, just south of Whyte Avenue. The building was initially the northern terminus of the Calgary and Edmonton Railway serving Strathcona and Edmonton, although Canadian Pacific later expanded that line north across the North Saskatchewan River via the High Level Bridge into Edmonton proper. The building was designated a Canadian Heritage

title: Coleville, Saskatchewan

text: Bigger–Loverna line became part of the Canadian National Railway in 1923. The section toolhouse was built in 1926, and in 1953 a two-car loading platform was built, and an electric pump was installed in the pumphouse. The station was closed in 1979, and the tracks were torn up in 1998. Soon after the arrival of the railroad in 1913, a grain elevator was built by the Scottish Co-op. Bill Donald was its first agent. This original elevator was replaced in 1940 by a new elevator with a storage capacity of . The Alberta Pacific elevator was built in 1917, with

text: 100 Street. Following the CPR's withdrawal of passenger services to downtown Edmonton in 1972, the station building was demolished in 1978, despite an effort to save it. Edmonton Canadian Pacific Railway Station Edmonton Canadian Pacific Railway Station was the terminal station for passenger services along the Canadian Pacific Railway's subdivision from Calgary to Edmonton shortly after the completion of the High Level Bridge, with services commencing on September 2, 1913. Passenger services across the North Saskatchewan River were discontinued in 1972, and the station building itself was demolished in 1978. The initial construction of the Calgary and Edmonton Railway in

title: Mintlaw Viaduct

text: C & E Trail and McKenzie Road. The Alberta Central Railway was incorporated in 1901 by an act of parliament in Alberta. Construction by the Alberta Central Railway on the bridge started in 1911 just east of the now ghost town of Mintlaw (where a station was located) after Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the Prime Minister of Canada visited Red Deer to drive the first spike into the railway. The bridge was completed in the fall of 1912. After the Alberta Central Railway went bankrupt, the bridge was leased to the Canadian Pacific Railway, and the Alberta Central Railway was eventually

title: Leaside

text: the 1870s, the Ontario and Quebec Railway Company purchased a few acres (hectares) of land on the south-east corner of William Lea's property to run its railway across. The Ontario and Quebec Railway Company encountered financial difficulties in 1884, and leased part of its railway, including the section of track running through Leaside, to the Canadian Pacific Railway for 999 years. The Canadian Pacific Railway decided to establish a maintenance stop and a sliding by-pass on the railway on the land purchased from William Lea, which was considered attractive because it was uniformly flat. The station was completed in September

title: Port Mann

text: Mann, Canadian Northern Railway was involved in a similar development near Montreal where the Town of Mount Royal was created in 1912 and construction was started on the Mount Royal Tunnel on July 8, 1912. On November 5, 1916, Due to inability to pay its debt obligations, the Government of Canada, acquired 510,000 shares of 600,000 to take ownership of Canadian National Railway. From December 20, 1918 Canadian Northern Railway in combination with the Canadian Government Railways was officially referred to as Canadian National Railways. The area of the townsite encompassed an area from what is today 130th Street to

title: Canadian Pacific Railway

text: 1883, permitting all-Canadian lake and railway traffic from Eastern Canada to Winnipeg, for the first time in Canada's history. By the end of 1883, the railway had reached the Rocky Mountains, just eight kilometres (five miles) east of Kicking Horse Pass. The construction seasons of 1884 and 1885 would be spent in the mountains of British Columbia and on the north shore of Lake Superior. Many thousands of navvies worked on the railway. Many were European immigrants. In British Columbia, government contractors hired workers from China, known as "coolies". A navvy received between $1 and $2.50 per day, but had

title: Grand Trunk Pacific Railway

text: eastward construction from the Pacific Coast began in 1907. The last spike ceremony, heralding completion of the rail line across the prairies, through the Canadian Rockies, and to the newly constructed seaport at Prince Rupert, was held one mile east of Fort Fraser, British Columbia on April 7, 1914. Claiming labour shortages, the GTP was unsuccessful in obtaining government approval to bring in unskilled immigrants from Asia. By late 1912, 6,000 men were employed east of Edmonton. Although contractors prohibited liquor in camps, bootlegging was rampant. FW&S provided hospitals and medical services, charging employees one dollar per month. The articles

title: Foleyet

text: occupies. The Foley Brothers and Northern Construction were the two contractors who were hired to do the job. Construction began in 1911 and was completed in 1915. The goal of the construction was to unite the western lines from Current Junction, now part of Thunder Bay, to the eastern section, between Toronto and Ruel, which was accomplished in 1912. While this work was going on, a line was also being put in from Ottawa to Capreol. On June 15, 1915, the first work train arrived from Capreol. The engineer was Jim Scott. The train carried men to build bridges over

title: Connaught Tunnel

text: in February 1913, the contract was awarded on July 1, 1913, to Foley Bros. Welch and Stewart. The tunnel was designed by John G. Sullivan who joined the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1900 and eventually became Chief Engineer for Canada. A small tunnel was built, from which cross cuts were made to the main tunnel so work could carry on at a number of headings. The sub-contractor guaranteed to drill of tunnel per month and started on April 2, 1914. Compressed air equipment and narrow gauge locomotives were used inside the tunnel. The company town housed some 300 workers. The

title: Powassan

text: and a grist mill. Mill employees built their houses in that section of the village. A construction camp for the Northern and Pacific Junction Railway was established at Powassan in 1885. This section of track completed in 1886, was taken over by the Grand Trunk Railway in 1888 and absorbed by Canadian National Railways in 1923. In 1886, the operation of the Northern and Pacific Junction Railway between Gravenhurst and Nipissing Junction saw the development of a second settlement near the railroad. Christopher Armstrong and William Faulkner Clark were granted two lots by the Crown, lots 15 and 16, respectively,

title: Memory Junction Railway Museum

text: it transported Brighton dairy products to market in Toronto and, in summer, brought thousands of passengers to Presqu'ile Provincial Park, which became an Ontario provincial park in 1922. At the time of the outbreak of the Great War in 1914, an era when there were only fifty motorcars in the village, a second railway came to town: the Canadian Pacific Railway. A fledgling third national railway, the Canadian Northern, completed a line from Quebec to British Columbia in 1915. CNoR was bankrupt by the end of the war, a third carrier in a saturated market, and was merged by the

title: Upper Fraser, British Columbia

text: to the spur. However, winter freezing, limited river use to summer months. In May 1913 during construction, the Smith and Ramsay camp was just northwest at former Mile 195, and their engineer, F. Purvis, was just southeast at former Mile 193. Not a planned station on the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (the Canadian National Railway after nationalization), the way freight stop became a passenger train stop around the time of World War II. During the 1945/46 winter, when a brush with a freight train broke a moose’s leg, a rifle shot put the hobbling animal out of its misery. Rather

title: Beiseker

text: partner and vice president of the company. Initial colonization took place in 1908 when the company recruited a number of ethnic German settlers from the Great Plains of the Dakotas. This is reflected in the number of German family names which predominate the area. The village began to grow in 1910 when the branch line of the Canadian Pacific Railway was completed. In 1910, the first general store was opened in a large two story building which housed the school and dance hall. The Grand Trunk Pacific line - now owned by Canadian National Railway - was constructed in 1912

text: in Strathcona. The original 1891 station was demolished after this bigger station opened; however, a replica is now in the Calgary & Edmonton Railway Station Museum located at present day 10447 86 Avenue, four blocks north of the 1908 station. Strathcona Canadian Pacific Railway Station Strathcona Canadian Pacific Railway Station was built by the Calgary and Edmonton Railway in what was then the City of Strathcona, Alberta. The station was started in 1907, completed in 1908, and expanded in 1910, and is located at what is now 8101 Gateway Boulevard, just south of Whyte Avenue. The building was initially the

title: Canadian Pacific Railway

long_answer: The railway was originally built between Eastern Canada and British Columbia between 1881 and 1885 (connecting with Ottawa Valley and Georgian Bay area lines built earlier), fulfilling a promise extended to British Columbia when it entered Confederation in 1871. It was Canada's first transcontinental railway, but no longer reaches the Atlantic coast. Primarily a freight railway, the CPR was for decades the only practical means of long-distance passenger transport in most regions of Canada, and was instrumental in the settlement and development of Western Canada. The CPR became one of the largest and most powerful companies in Canada, a position it held as late as 1975. Its primary passenger services were eliminated in 1986, after being assumed by Via Rail Canada in 1978. A beaver was chosen as the railway's logo in honor of Sir Donald A Smith (1st. Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal) who had risen from Factor to Govenor of the Hudson's Bay Company over a lengthy career in the beaver fur trade . Smith was a principal financier of the C.P.R. staking much of his personal wealth. In 1885 he drove the last spike to complete the transcontinental line.


question: who built pedestrian bridge at florida international university

answers: Munilla Construction Management

answers: FIGG Bridge Engineers

text: Florida International University pedestrian bridge collapse On March 15, 2018, a , recently-erected section of the FIU Sweetwater UniversityCity pedestrian bridge collapsed onto the Tamiami Trail (U.S. Route 41). Eight vehicles were crushed underneath, which resulted in six deaths and nine injuries. The initial construction on the pedestrian bridge was located in front of the campus of Florida International University (FIU) in University Park, a suburb west of Miami, Florida, United States, and was in the process of post-tension rod adjustment when it suddenly failed. The road beneath it had been opened to traffic. An examination carried out by the

text: students. It is home to the federally-funded Accelerated Bridge Construction University Transportation Center, which sponsors industry conferences and seminars. The full pedestrian bridge was to cross both a major roadway and a parallel water canal with two separate spans connected at a faux cable-stay tower. The main, roadway-crossing span was 175 ft long, the shorter canal span was to be 99 ft long. An elevator and stairs at the south end added 31 ft, and at the north end, 15 feet, for a total bridge length of 320 feet. At the bridge site, the Tamiami Trail roadway has seven lanes

text: under the bridge span, waiting for a red traffic light. At the same time, the design-build team met for about two hours at the construction site to discuss the cracks discovered on March 13. Representatives from both FIU and the FDOT were present. The FIGG lead engineer's conclusions were that the structural integrity of the bridge was not compromised and that there were no safety concerns raised by the presence of the crack. The mayor of Miami-Dade County, Carlos A. Giménez, said that workers conducted a stress test on the morning of March 15. At 1:47 p.m. on March 15,

text: was assembled adjacent to the highway using accelerated bridge construction (ABC), a technique promoted at the university. It was lifted into place on the morning of March 10, five days before the collapse, during a weekend closure of the highway. The new pedestrian bridge was designed to connect the campus to student housing in a dramatic sculptural way, and also to showcase the school's leadership in the ABC method of rapid bridge construction. The bridge was a post-tensioned concrete structure. Concrete structures are generally 10 times heavier than equivalent steel designs. The bridge was made using a new formulation for

text: The main companies behind the construction project are Munilla Construction Management (MCM), a Miami-based construction management firm, and FIGG Bridge Engineers, a Tallahassee-based firm.  Unlike most bridges in Florida, the design for this project was overseen by the university itself, not the Florida Department of Transportation.

text: by the university. On March 13, the third day after lifting of the main span, the project's lead engineer discovered cracks at the north end of the span (the end that later broke). He reported this by voicemail to a Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) employee. He thought this was not an immediate safety issue, merely something that would need to be repaired later. The FDOT recipient was away for several days and did not hear this message until the day after the collapse. At 9 a.m. on March 15, a university employee heard a loud "whip cracking" sound while

text: Federal Highways Agency discovered faults in the design of the bridge, which overestimated the strength of the bridge in the region which failed, and underestimated the load it would be expected to carry. The FIU Sweetwater UniversityCity pedestrian Bridge, located just west of the intersection of Tamiami Trail (Southwest 8th Street) and Southwest 109th Avenue, was planned to connect the FIU campus to student housing neighborhoods in Sweetwater. It was intended to improve pedestrian safety, as the busy crosswalks at this wide, busy intersection had been identified as a safety hazard and the site of fatal collisions. The $14.2 million

text: where the diagonal member 11 and vertical member 12 met the bridge deck - and underestimated the load that that same section would carry. On March 21, 2018 U.S. Transportation Secretary Elaine Chao asked the department's inspector general to probe whether a federally funded UniversityCity pedestrian bridge complied with all rules. A subsequent internal memorandum from the Inspector General of the U.S. Department of Transportation, dated March 22, 2018 expressed concerns the project complied with Federal specifications, and that the objective of an audit will be to assess whether the Florida International University pedestrian bridge met Federal and DOT requirements

text: the victims were killed immediately when the bridge fell; one died at the hospital. An employee of VSL, Navaro Brown, 37, worked for the company contracted to apply post-tensioning and died in the collapse. Two other employees of the company were hospitalized. The other deceased victims of the tragedy were identified as Alberto Arias, 53, Brandon Brownfield, 39, FIU student Alexa Duran, 18, Rolando Fraga, 60, and Oswaldo Gonzalez, 57. Southwest 8th Street between Southwest 107th and 117th Avenues was closed until March 24 while the debris was cleared. A team of 15 people from the National Transportation Safety Board

text: to compel the FDOT to release emails, meeting minutes and other records relating to the bridge's design and construction. On May 3, 2018, a lawyer for the NTSB wrote a letter to Judge Cooper of the 2nd Judicial Circuit of Florida in Tallahassee, FL urging the court to deny a ruling that would favor the Miami Herald plaintiff, for the release of any bridge information generated after a February 19, 2018 cutoff date. On May 7, 2018 the Miami Herald reported they had received a copy of a memo with photographs from FIU dated February 28, 2018 that had been

text: of traffic plus one turn lane. The main span was rolled into place and set on support columns on March 10, five days before the collapse. The canal span, access ramps, and faux cable-stay tower had not yet been built. Pedestrian use was to begin when the whole project was complete. The school was on spring break at the time of collapse. The section of the bridge that collapsed weighed and fell onto several vehicles on the roadway below. Construction of the bridge began in March 2016 and was scheduled to be completed in December 2018. The bridge's main span

text: for the TIGER application, approval, and grant agreement processes On March 28, 2018 the Miami Herald reported they were denied access to FIU documents related to the bridge construction, citing federal regulations that prevent release of non-public information related to the bridge construction and design project when an NTSB investigation is in progress. A lawyer for Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press indicated more information should be released under the Florida Sunshine Law, due to intense public interest in the collapse. On May 2, 2018, the Miami Herald filed a lawsuit against FDOT in Florida's Leon County Circuit Court

text: some changes in construction. The concrete walkway deck was to act as the horizontal bottom flange of a wide I-beam, and the concrete roof canopy was to function as the horizontal top flange of the I-beam. The walkway was thus nearer to ground level than in a standard design where the walkway is placed on top of the structural support system. This reduced the number of steps to climb. The deck carries the entire weight of the bridge span, as a tension load. The canopy carries the structure's main compressive loads. The diagonal struts carry either compression or tension forces,

text: the north end of the installed bridge span sagged deeply as the first diagonal fractured, folded, and immediately dropped the heavy full span onto the roadway below. A surveillance video shows the collapse sequence took only a few video frames. United States Senator and FIU adjunct professor Marco Rubio tweeted that engineers were tightening loosened cables on March 15: Workers were adding more tension to the steel rod (tendon) inside a concrete diagonal strut at the north end. The National Transportation Safety Board, who are investigating the collapse, stated that crews were applying "post-tensioning force" on the bridge before the

text: adjusting rod tension when the collapse occurred. On May 23, 2018 the NTSB released a preliminary report titled "Highway: Collapse of Pedestrian Bridge Under Construction Miami, Florida (HWY18MH009)". The report summarized the accident, and mentioned they are evaluating the bridge design, the construction process, and the construction materials. They also said they are evaluating the emergence of cracks in the region of diagonal members 2 (south end of the bridge) and 11 (north end of bridge), and the propagation of cracks in the region of diagonal member 11. Pictures of the cracks from February 24 were also given. On August

text: of the NTSB, who is seeking to move the case to a Federal Court). On October 5, Federal Judge Stafford made a final ruling to block the requested documents. The following is from a September 18, 2018 OSHA News Release - Region 4: The U.S. Department of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) on Friday, September 14, cited multiple contractors for safety violations after one employee suffered fatal injuries and five other employees sustained serious injuries when a pedestrian bridge at the Florida International University campus in Miami collapsed. The five companies collectively received seven violations, totaling $86,658 in

text: novel concrete truss design invented for this project, a "re-invented I-beam concept". Concrete truss bridges are rarely constructed, and few exist. The vertical web of the beam was a series of triangulated concrete diagonal struts along the centerline, and the diagonal angles of the struts varied across the bridge so they would align with pipes from the center pylon, in the eventual faux cable-stayed appearance. A specification change from FDOT late in the planning phase required relocating both piers of the main span 11 feet (3 meters) north to allow for a future light rail right-of-way near the canal, causing

text: 9, 2018 the NTSB released an update on their investigation, which showed pictures of severe cracks in diagonal member 11 and adjacent to vertical member 12 in the days before the bridge collapsed. The Turner-Fairbanks Highway Research Center, at the request of the NTSB, tested samples of steel and concrete from the collapsed bridge, and found that they met the project requirements. The NTSB similarly asked the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to examine the design of the bridge. The FHWA examination discovered that the bridge designers had overestimated the strength of one section of the bridge - at the point

text: concrete intended to stay cleaner than standard concrete formulations. In the main bridge span, the concrete floor deck, roof, and diagonal struts each contained post-tensioning cables whose compressive effect on the concrete could be adjusted after the concrete was cured. Adjustments were expected each time the span was moved onto a different foundation with different support points. The full bridge project was styled to look like a cable-stayed bridge, with a pylon tower and high cables for dramatic effect. But functionally and structurally it was actually a truss bridge, with the spans being fully self-supporting. The bridge spans used a

title: Merrill P. Barber Bridge

text: Merrill P. Barber Bridge The Merrill P. Barber Bridge is a concrete arch bridge that spans the Indian River Intracoastal Waterway in Indian River County, Florida. The bridge was built by Odebrecht Contractors of Florida, Inc. and was completed in 1995. A fishing pier is constructed below the bridge on the east side. The bridge is named for Merrill P. Barber, the mayor of Vero Beach from 1947 to 1949, and member of the Florida Senate from the 12th District from 1954 to 1958 and from the 29th District from 1963 to 1968. The bridge has a total length of

text: to prepare for a ruling later in the week, as he weighed Federal and State law arguments. On August 21, 2018 Leon County Circuit Judge Kevin Carroll ruled the FDOT "shall produce to The Herald the requested records, but that production shall be limited to records from February 20th to March 15th (prior to the collapse)". However, two days later and just as the FDOT was about to release documents, the Florida State ruling was temporarily blocked by U.S. District Court Judge William Stafford on a request from the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Northern District of Florida (on behalf

text: very early stages, that cracks in the bridge superstructure did not necessarily make the bridge unsafe, that on-site investigations would take about a week, that preserving perishable evidence was crucial, and that bridge workers were applying a "post-tensioning force" on the bridge before the failure. Also on March 16, 2018 the FDOT released a letter to the public with information about the bridge collapse: On March 21, 2018 the NTSB sent out a press release detailing the items from the collapse that required further examination at the Turner Fairbank Highway Research Center, in McLean, Virginia. They also confirmed workers were

text: petitioning the government to add concrete barriers to protect the bicycle lanes after a child was killed crossing the bridge. The Florida DOT insists the 38 foot width each direction is too narrow for two travel lanes and a protected bicycle lane. 17th Street Bridge (Vero Beach, Florida) The 17th Street Bridge (officially named the Alma Lee Loy Bridge in 2012) is a fixed concrete bridge that spans the Indian River intracoastal waterway in Indian River County, Florida. The bridge, started in 1977, was constructed by Gulf Contracting Inc, FL and was completed in 1979. The Florida Department of Transportation

text: collapse, the roadway was open and there were multiple cars stopped at a traffic light under the span. A driver who survived the collapse reported small rocks fell onto her car just before the front of her car was crushed. A worker saved himself when he heard cracking and locked his safety harness just before the collapse. Eight cars were reported to have been crushed. Six people were killed and nine others were injured; while early reports said that the death toll was expected to rise, authorities said on March 18 that all bodies had been accounted for. Five of

text: the joint venture and/or partnership between Figg and MCM, as such joint venture and/or partnership was never disclosed to Travelers and Phoenix and does not qualify as an insured under either of the Policies issued to Figg." On July 26, 2018 the case before Circuit Judge John Cooper was still waiting for Canova's office to file a notice about participating. The case was reassigned to Circuit Judge Kevin Carroll from Judge Cooper. On July 30, 2018 the NTSB filed a statement of intent supporting the state's motion to dismiss the case. On the following day, Judge Carroll asked all parties

text: Attorney Christopher P. Canova sent a letter to Judge Cooper to request that any rulings in the pending case be delayed until the federal government is able to determine if it should file a statement of interest. On June 27, 2018 the Travelers Indemnity Company and The Phoenix Insurance Company submitted an 18-page complaint for declaratory relief in U.S. District Court for Florida Southern District, Miami Division. The lawsuit filing seeks to avoid financial liability to the claimants and included the following statement: "There is no coverage under Travelers' and Phoenix's policies issued to Figg for any damages caused by

text: 17th Street Bridge (Vero Beach, Florida) The 17th Street Bridge (officially named the Alma Lee Loy Bridge in 2012) is a fixed concrete bridge that spans the Indian River intracoastal waterway in Indian River County, Florida. The bridge, started in 1977, was constructed by Gulf Contracting Inc, FL and was completed in 1979. The Florida Department of Transportation bridge number is 880077. The bridge has a total of four motor vehicle lanes and two bicycle lanes. The vertical clearance is . On the river it crosses the ICW at Statute Mile 953, south of flashing day beacon #145A. Citizens are

title: Brickell Avenue Bridge

text: Avenue when it opens. According to the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT), the bridge opened 4,990 times in 2010. The statue is a 53-foot bronze monument commissioned by the Florida Department of Transportation and created by Cuban Master Sculptor Manuel Carbonell in 1995. The "Pillar of History" consist of a 36-foot high carved bas-relief column that graphically narrates the lives of the Tequesta Indians, Miami's first inhabitants, and features 158 figures. At the top stands a 17-foot bronze sculpture, "Tequesta Family" portraying a Tequesta Indian warrior aiming an arrow to the sky, looking for space in eternity, with his wife

title: Merrill P. Barber Bridge

text: with a main span of . The vertical clearance is 65 ft. The Florida Department of Transportation number is 880087. The bridge replaced the old Barber Bridge, built in 1951, which was concrete and had a steel bascule span. This bridge was in constant state of disrepair and was removed, barged out to sea and sunk to became a reef. The steel bascule span was purchased by Disney and is in Orlando at the Walt Disney World theme park. Merrill P. Barber Bridge The Merrill P. Barber Bridge is a concrete arch bridge that spans the Indian River Intracoastal Waterway

title: Fuller Warren Bridge

text: Fuller Warren Bridge The Fuller Warren Bridge is a prestressed concrete girder bridge that carries Interstate 95 (I-95) across the St. Johns River in Jacksonville, Florida. The current bridge was completed in October 2002, replacing the original bascule bridge span completed in 1954. The current bridge was designed by HNTB Corporation in 1990 and built by Balfour Beatty Construction. The entire bridge is over . long, with a main span of , and a vertical clearance of . The bridge now carries eight lanes across the span. The bridge is named after former Florida governor Fuller Warren, former member and


question: band who had a hit with heart and soul crossword

answers: British pop band T'Pau

answers: T'Pau

title: Crossword

text: Crossword A crossword is a word puzzle that usually takes the form of a square or a rectangular grid of white-and black-shaded squares. The game's goal is to fill the white squares with letters, forming words or phrases, by solving clues, which lead to the answers. In languages that are written left-to-right, the answer words and phrases are placed in the grid from left to right and from top to bottom. The shaded squares are used to separate the words or phrases. Crossword grids such as those appearing in most North American newspapers and magazines feature solid areas of white

title: Clean Cut

text: the "Billboard" Country Singles Chart and became her final number one hit on the Canadian Country chart. "Crossword Puzzle" was the third and final single released from the album, reaching No. 11 on the "Billboard" Country chart, becoming her first single since 1981 to miss the Top 10 on the chart. "Clean Cut" was also released in 1984 and peaked at No. 8 on the "Billboard Magazine" Top Country Albums chart and peaked outside the "Billboard" 200 albums chart, reaching No. 204. Side one Side two Clean Cut Clean Cut is the fifteenth studio album by American country artist Barbara

title: Crossword

text: these terms commonly became "Across" and "Down" and notations for clues could either use the words or the letters "A" and "D", with or without hyphens. Crossword A crossword is a word puzzle that usually takes the form of a square or a rectangular grid of white-and black-shaded squares. The game's goal is to fill the white squares with letters, forming words or phrases, by solving clues, which lead to the answers. In languages that are written left-to-right, the answer words and phrases are placed in the grid from left to right and from top to bottom. The shaded squares

title: The Cross-Wits

text: on the solution being either a person, place or thing. The contestant with the most points at the end of the game played the Crossfire Round along with his/her choice of celebrity partner (a choice of only the winning player's partners in 1975 and a choice of all four in 1986). The team was shown one last crossword puzzle with ten words, none of which were clues to a master puzzle. The team called out words by number and the host read the clue for that word. If the team could solve all ten words in 60 seconds or less,

title: Heart and Soul (T'Pau song)

text: "Heart and Soul" is a song by British pop band T'Pau.  Featuring vocalist Carol Decker performing overlapping lyrics, the song was released as the group's first single in 1987 from their debut album Bridge of Spies. Following its inclusion in a Pepe Jeans advert, the single reached No. 4 in both the US and UK charts.

title: Arthur Wynne

text: use of horizontal and vertical lines to create boxes for solvers to enter letters). He subsequently pioneered the use of black squares in a symmetrical arrangement to separate words in rows and columns. With the exception of the numbering scheme, the form of Wynne's "Word-Cross" puzzles is that used for modern crosswords. A few weeks after the first "Word-Cross" appeared, the name of the puzzle was changed to "Cross-Word" as a result of a typesetting error. Wynne's puzzles have been known as "crosswords" ever since. Arthur Wynne became a naturalized US citizen in the 1920s. He died in Clearwater, Florida,

title: Roger Taylor (Queen drummer)

text: he has produced albums by Virginia Wolf, Jimmy Nail and Magnum. In addition to his drum work, Taylor sometimes played keyboards, guitars and bass on his own songs. During the 1980s, in addition to his work with Queen, he formed a parallel band known as the Cross, in which he was the lead singer and rhythm guitarist. During the early 1980s, Taylor was also a panellist on the popular UK quiz show "Pop Quiz", hosted by Mike Read. In 2014, he appeared in "The Life of Rock with Brian Pern" as himself. Taylor is also well known for his falsetto

title: Crossword Puzzle

text: Crossword Puzzle Crossword Puzzle is the seventh album by The Partridge Family released in June 1973. It was the group's second-to-last album and the final Partridge Family record to make the album charts, peaking at #167 on Billboard 200 and spending just 5 weeks on the charts. Bell Records, losing faith in the group after oversaturating the market with product, chose not to release a US single from the album, though "Sunshine" was released as a single in Japan. This album was released on CD in 2003 on Arista's BMG Heritage label. The album cover features an actual crossword puzzle

title: Heart and Soul (Hoagy Carmichael and Frank Loesser song)

text: recording eventually sold approximately 350,000 copies for Gee/Roulette. In 1973, the song was used in "American Graffiti." Music critic Terry Atkinson of the "Palm Beach Post" noted in 1990 that "Heart and Soul" is the song for which the Cleftones are best remembered. In 1999, American music critic Dave Marsh listed The Cleftones' "Heart and Soul" as number 913 in his book, "The Heart of Rock & Soul: The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever Made." In 2012, American author and essayist Ray Schuck noted that the lyrics, "Well, I know that you're in love with him, 'cause I saw you dancing

title: City Boy (band)

text: and had a moderate hit in the UK with "Heartache Avenue". Mike Slamer went on to record and work as a session musician and staff composer after a stint with American band Streets fronted by Kansas vocalist Steve Walsh in the early to mid-'80s. They recorded two albums for Atlantic Records, "1st" and "Crimes in Mind". Later with bass player Billy Greer (ex-Streets and currently a member of Kansas), he formed the band Seventh Key. Max Thomas went into teaching. Chris Dunn went on to found Dreamhire Professional Audio Rentals in New York City in 1989. He announced his intention

title: Belle Epoque (band)

text: Verde, and Marcia Briscoe (also known as Marcia Briscue), hailing from Atlanta, Georgia. However, over time, as Lenton notes, "The girls kept changing with the circumstances." The trio scored a major European hit in 1977 with their disco remake of "Black Is Black". The Belle Epoque version was a top ten hit in many European countries, including number 2 in the UK Singles Chart (the same chart position that Los Bravos' original had reached there 11 years earlier). The song also became a number 1 hit in Australia in 1978. In the U.S., Belle Epoque are better known for another

title: Henry Glover

text: "Billboard" Hot 100. In early April 1961, Roulette Records president Morris Levy reactivated New York-based American record label Gee Records as a division of Roulette Records and appointed Glover artist and repertoire chief of Gee Records. Glover's first release was "Heart and Soul," a 1961 rhythm and blues rearrangement of the 1938 romantic-pop standard of the same name. "Heart and Soul" (1961) reached No. 18 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 popular chart in July of that year and appeared in the 1973 American comedy-drama film, "American Graffiti." Glover had further success in 1961 in co-writing Joey Dee & the Starliters'

title: Lynsey de Paul

text: reaches of the French singles chart, as well as "Crossword Puzzle", also co-penned with Barry Green and which led to an appearance on "Top of the Pops" for the Irish singer Dana. "Crossword Puzzle" peaked at no. 2 on the Bangkok singles chart. De Paul's own versions of both of these two songs would later be found as tracks on her debut album, "Surprise". "Boomerang", the B-side to "Papa Do" and another de Paul/Blue collaboration was released as a single in the UK by "The Young Generation" and performed on their BBC prime time TV show while a French version

title: Anyone Who Had a Heart (song)

text: Anyone Who Had a Heart (song) "Anyone Who Had a Heart" is a song written by Burt Bacharach (music) and Hal David (lyrics) for Dionne Warwick in 1963. In January 1964, Warwick's original recording hit the Top Ten in the United States, Canada, Spain, Netherlands, South Africa, Belgium and Australia. In the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland and New Zealand, Warwick's recording lost out to a cover version by Cilla Black. Black's version was a UK number-one hit for three weeks in February/March 1964 and was also the fourth best-selling single of 1964 in the UK, with sales of

title: Crosswords DS

text: to solve the puzzles as the popular "Brain Age" series of video games, as well as requiring the player to hold the Nintendo DS like a book. All three puzzles have varying difficulty levels, all of them featuring unlockable puzzles and difficulty levels. The crossword puzzle is displayed on the touch screen and players tap tiles with the stylus to enlarge them, and then proceed to write in the desired letter. If a correct letter is written, it appears in black, and if an incorrect letter is written it appears in red. On higher difficulties, the player has the option

title: The Purple Hearts (Australian band)

text: Melbourne, where they "ruled over the city's discotheque circuit." According to music journalist, Ed Nimmervoll, "they were making an impression in their own right, not because their music was the latest thing. The Purple Hearts' Mick Hadley was an amazing frontman, riveting audiences with his wild-eyed performances. The rest of the band were quickly considered the best in their field, especially guitarist Barry Lyde." In February of that year they issued their second single, "Of Hopes and Dreams and Tombstones". It was a cover version of the United States singer, Jimmy Fraser's 1965 single. They enjoyed minor chart success with

title: Wayne Bickerton

text: Clark and Tom Jones. He later joined Polydor Records, becoming A&R chief and producing the band Mongrel. At the same time, he and Waddington continued writing songs together. One of the most successful was "Nothing But A Heartache", recorded by American girl singing group The Flirtations, which reached No. 34 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 in 1969, No. 31 on the Canadian RPM Magazine charts, and is now regarded as a northern soul classic. It was later recorded by Southside Johnny and the Asbury Jukes. During this period, he and Waddington also came up with the idea for a

text: in the gym/You both kicked off your shoes – man, I dig those rhythm and blues." —from Don McLean's song "American Pie might be a vague reference to the Cleftones' 1961 rhythm and blues song, "Heart and Soul." In his essay, Schuck argued that such as reference would "segue nicely into the verses comprising the remainder of this stanza, albeit with a disappointing outcome." Jan and Dean covered the song at the same time as the Cleftones's record was on the chart. They intended for it to be released on Liberty Records, who balked, and it was released on Gene

title: Crossword

text: puzzles usually have no symmetry in the grid but instead often have a common theme (literature, music, nature, geography, events of a special year, etc.) Substantial variants from the usual forms exist. Two of the common ones are barred crosswords, which use bold lines between squares (instead of shaded squares) to separate answers, and circular designs, with answers entered either radially or in concentric circles. "Free form" crosswords ("criss-cross" puzzles), which have simple, asymmetric designs, are often seen on school worksheets, children's menus, and other entertainment for children. Grids forming shapes other than squares are also occasionally used. Puzzles are

title: Merv Griffin's Crosswords

text: Merv Griffin's Crosswords Merv Griffin's Crosswords is an American game show based on crossword puzzles. The show was created by its namesake, Merv Griffin, who died shortly after beginning production on the series. Ty Treadway was the host, and Edd Hall was the announcer. The series ran in daily syndication from September 10, 2007 and aired first-run episodes until May 16, 2008, with reruns airing in most markets until September 5, 2008; it has remained in continuous reruns on various outlets since then. The show was produced by Yani-Brune Entertainment and Merv Griffin Entertainment, and was distributed by Program Partners.

title: Crossword

text: letter "X" might be clued as "a cross", or "ten" (as in the Roman numeral), or "an illiterate's signature", or "sounds like your old flame" (homophone for "ex"). "Senselessness" is solved by "e", because "e" is what remains after removing (less) "ness" from "sense". With the different types of wordplay and definition possibilities, the composer of a cryptic puzzle is presented with many different possible ways to clue a given answer. Most desirable are clues that are clean but deceptive, with a smooth "surface reading" (that is, the resulting clue looks as natural a phrase as possible). The Usenet newsgroup

title: Crossword

text: It was designed by Giuseppe Airoldi and titled "Per passare il tempo" ("To pass the time"). Airoldi's puzzle was a four-by-four grid with no shaded squares; it included horizontal and vertical clues. Crosswords in England during the 19th century were of an elementary kind, apparently derived from the word square, a group of words arranged so the letters read alike vertically and horizontally, and printed in children's puzzle books and various periodicals. On December 21, 1913, Arthur Wynne, a journalist from Liverpool, England, published a "word-cross" puzzle in the "New York World" that embodied most of the features of the

title: Merv Griffin's Crosswords

text: "Crosswords" initially pitted two contestants in direct competition, filling in answers in the day's crossword puzzle one at a time in random order. The answer boxes denoting the number of letters in a word was shown with a crossword clue and a dollar value. As the game progressed a word could have multiple blanks already filled in. After the clue was read, the contestants could ring in, with the order they did so denoted on the screens on the front of their podiums. A contestant had to give a correct answer and then spell it correctly in order to earn

title: Merv Griffin's Crosswords

text: of "Crosswords" on February 11, 2008, and began selling it in retail chains later that year. In 2008, Electronic Arts released a mobile version of "Crosswords" which was available for download at the show's website. On November 19, 2008, THQ released a console version of "Crosswords" for the Wii. Merv Griffin's Crosswords Merv Griffin's Crosswords is an American game show based on crossword puzzles. The show was created by its namesake, Merv Griffin, who died shortly after beginning production on the series. Ty Treadway was the host, and Edd Hall was the announcer. The series ran in daily syndication from

text: "Heart and Soul" reached number 18 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in July of that year, making this song The Cleftones' most popular work. In 1973, the song was used in "American Graffiti." In 1959, the Cleftones' manager, George Goldner, convinced the group that their future resided in re-recording existing songs with an established popularity. By this time, Charles James had grown more proficient on the guitar, and the group and Goldner used that to develop a new arrangement of the piece. At that time, a local prominent disc jockey set up a recording session in Rochester, New York, to

title: The Cross-Wits

text: they won the grand prize. In the 1975 version, each correct answer won increasingly valuable prizes, and if the contestant solved all ten they won grand prize, which was usually a car, but sometimes a trip or a fur coat. In the 1986 version, contestants who solved all ten words won a trip and an additional chance to win a car, and contestants who failed to win the bonus round on the 1986 version won a consolation prize package. The three celebrities who did not play the Crossfire Round were given boxes, each with the name of one of three

title: Tony Waddington (songwriter)

text: successful was "Nothing but a Heartache", recorded by American girl singing group The Flirtations, which reached No. 34 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 in 1969, and is now regarded as a Northern soul classic. It was recorded 36 years later by Southside Johnny in 2005. During this period, he and Bickerton also came up with the idea for a rock and roll musical. They co-wrote and produced a demonstration recording of a song, "Sugar Baby Love", originally intending to submit it for the Eurovision Song Contest but instead offering it to Showaddywaddy, who turned it down. Bickerton and Waddington

title: Cross Your Heart

text: Cross Your Heart "Cross Your Heart" was the Irish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1974, performed in English by Tina. Tina performed all eight songs in the Irish national heats on RTÉ's Saturday evening entertainment series "The Likes of Mike", where she sang four songs in English and four in Irish. The result was decided, for the first time since 1967, by a public postal vote in which "Cross Your Heart" won by a landslide with 16,686 votes, 11,000 clear of the runner-up "Is Liom É". The song is moderately up-tempo, with Reynolds using a number of childhood rhymes

title: Miles Tredinnick

text: came to the notice of Danny Morgan who was a talent scout for ex-Yardbirds and ex-Marc Bolan manager Simon Napier-Bell. He secured them a record deal with MCA Records and a nationwide tour supporting The Stranglers. Their singles "Everyone’s A Winner", "Summer Of Love"/"Friday On My Mind" and "Animal Games" and their one and only album "Animal Games" were all produced by Napier-Bell at the IBC Studios in London. Their recording of "Friday On My Mind" was made in the same studio that The Easybeats had made the original. Although London had a popular live stage act, ticket sales never

title: Lovers rock

text: she had a major lovers rock hit with her version of Bobby Parker's "Caught You in a Lie" in 1975. This spawned the distinctive young girl female sound associated with early lovers rock. Simplicity formed in 1975 and released their first hit "To Be in Love" produced by Coxson; the B-side was the Emotions classic, "A Feeling is a Feeling". They were headhunted by Neville King who produced their hits "Loving Kind", "Waiting" and "Black is our Colour". This was followed by the husband and wife production team of Dennis and Eve Harris who then had a big hit with

title: Heart and Soul (T'Pau song)

short_answers:
British pop band T'Pau
T'Pau


question: the german princes who chose the holy roman empire were called

answers: prince-electors

answers: the Prince-Electors

title: Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor

text: considers that he might have been the first foreign king of Germany. After the death of Emperor Henry VI, the majority of the princes of the Empire, situated in the south, elected Henry’s brother, Philip, Duke of Swabia, king in March 1198, after receiving money and promises from Philip in exchange for their support. Those princes opposed to the Staufen dynasty also decided, on the initiative of Richard of England, to elect instead a member of the House of Welf. Otto's elder brother, Henry, was on a crusade at the time, and so the choice fell to Otto. Otto, soon

title: Holy Roman Emperor

text: of Eastern Francia fell within the boundaries of the Holy Roman Empire. The various German princes elected one of their peers as "King of the Germans", after which he would be crowned as emperor by the Pope. After Charles V's coronation, all succeeding emperors were called "elected Emperor" due to the lack of papal coronation, but for all practical purposes, they were simply called "emperors". The term "sacrum" (i.e., "holy") in connection with the German Roman Empire was first used in 1157 under Frederick I Barbarossa. Charles V was the last Holy Roman Emperor to be crowned by the Pope

title: Holy Roman Empire

text: sacral status he had previously enjoyed. The Pope and the German princes had surfaced as major players in the political system of the empire. When the Salian dynasty ended with Henry V's death in 1125, the princes chose not to elect the next of kin, but rather Lothair, the moderately powerful but already old Duke of Saxony. When he died in 1137, the princes again aimed to check royal power; accordingly they did not elect Lothair's favoured heir, his son-in-law Henry the Proud of the Welf family, but Conrad III of the Hohenstaufen family, the grandson of Emperor Henry IV

title: 1519 Imperial election

text: 1519 Imperial election The imperial election of 1519 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on June 28. The election followed the death of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor on January 12, 1519. There was no German contender; the two main candidates were Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, duke of Burgundy and king of Spain, and Francis I of France, king of France. Henry VIII of England, king of England, entered himself as a candidate as well. Although a member of the House of Habsburg and a grandson

title: Prince-elector

text: The prince-electors (or simply electors) of the Holy Roman Empire (German: Kurfürst ( listen (help·info)), pl.  Kurfürsten, Czech: Kurfiřt, Latin: Princeps Elector) were the members of the electoral college of the Holy Roman Empire.

title: 1742 Imperial election

text: 1742 Imperial election The imperial election of 1742 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on January 24. On October 3, 1700, weeks before his death, the childless and severely disabled Charles II of Spain named Philip V of Spain, his sister's grandson and the grandson of the French king Louis XIV of France, heir to the entire Spanish Empire. The possession by the House of Bourbon of the French and Spanish thrones threatened the balance of power in Europe. England, Austria and the Dutch Republic, fearing this

title: Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor

text: of any dynastic interest in the German crown. When Frederick I of Hohenstaufen was chosen as king in 1152, royal power had been in effective abeyance for over twenty-five years, and to a considerable degree for more than eighty years. The only real claim to wealth lay in the rich cities of northern Italy, which were still within the nominal control of the German king. The Salian line had died out with the death of Henry V in 1125. The German princes refused to give the crown to his nephew, the duke of Swabia, for fear he would try to

title: Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

text: like the House of Nassau, many of which were represented at his court in Brussels. Some German princes or noblemen accompanied him in his military campaigns against France or the Ottomans, and the bulk of his army was generally composed of German troops, especially the Imperial Landsknechte. Indeed, in 1519, he was elected because he was considered a German prince while his main opponent was French. Nonetheless, in the long term, the growth of Lutheranism and Charles' staunch Catholicism alienated him from various German princes who finally fought against him in the 1540s and the 1550s. It is important to

title: May 1400 Imperial election

text: May 1400 Imperial election The imperial election of May 22, 1400 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt. Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia, king of Bohemia, had been elected Holy Roman Emperor in the imperial election of 1376. On September 20, 1378, the cardinals elected Antipope Clement VII pope in opposition to Pope Urban VI, whom they had come to distrust. The existence of two popes in opposition to one another, called the Western Schism, led to escalating international crises as the kings of Europe were forced to choose

title: August 1400 Imperial election

text: August 1400 Imperial election The imperial election of August 21, 1400 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Rhens. Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia, king of Bohemia, had been elected Holy Roman Emperor in the imperial election of 1376. On September 20, 1378, the cardinals elected Antipope Clement VII pope in opposition to Pope Urban VI, whom they had come to distrust. The existence of two popes in opposition to one another, called the Western Schism, led to escalating international crises as the kings of Europe were forced to choose

title: Princes of the Holy Roman Empire

text: and the Margraves of Meissen. From the 13th century onwards, further estates were formally raised to the princely status by the emperor. Among the most important of these were the Welf descendants of Henry the Lion in Brunswick-Lüneburg, elevated to Princes of the Empire and vested with the ducal title by Emperor Frederick II in 1235, and the Landgraves of Hesse in 1292. The resolutions of the Diet of Augsburg in 1582 explicitly stated that the status was inextricably linked with the possession of a particular Imperial territory. Later elevated noble families like the Fürstenberg, Liechtenstein or Thurn und Taxis

title: Holy Roman Empire

text: Emperor himself. The imperial estates comprised: A sum total of 1,500 Imperial estates has been reckoned. For a list of "Reichsstände" in 1792, see List of Imperial Diet participants (1792). A prospective Emperor had first to be elected King of the Romans (Latin: "Rex Romanorum"; German: "römischer König"). German kings had been elected since the 9th century; at that point they were chosen by the leaders of the five most important tribes (the Salian Franks of Lorraine, Ripuarian Franks of Franconia, Saxons, Bavarians, and Swabians). In the Holy Roman Empire, the main dukes and bishops of the kingdom elected the

title: 1273 Imperial election

text: rule the Holy Roman Empire. The house would occupy the seat continuously from 1438 to 1740 and produce emperors and kings of Bohemia, England, Germany, Hungary, Croatia, Mexico, Ireland, Portugal and Spain, as well as rulers of several Dutch and Italian principalities. 1273 Imperial election The imperial election of 1273 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on October 1. The Holy Roman Empire was in the midst of a period known as the Great Interregnum. In July 1245, the pope Pope Innocent IV had declared the then

title: 1711 Imperial election

text: elect his successor were: Of these, the electors of Brandenburg and Brunswick-Lüneburg were the sole Protestants. Charles VI was elected Holy Roman Emperor. He was crowned in Frankfurt on December 22. 1711 Imperial election The imperial election of 1711 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place on October 12. On December 17, 1692, the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor created the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg and the Lutheran Ernest Augustus, Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg, prince of Calenberg, duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and prince-bishop of Osnabrück its prince-elector. The Imperial Diet

title: 1519 Imperial election

text: Aachen on October 26, 1520. Charles was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Clement VII in Bologna on February 22, 1530. He was the last emperor to accept the papal coronation. 1519 Imperial election The imperial election of 1519 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on June 28. The election followed the death of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor on January 12, 1519. There was no German contender; the two main candidates were Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, duke of Burgundy and king of Spain, and Francis

title: Marie Elisabeth, Abbess of Quedlinburg

text: the Holy Roman Empire by attempting to influence the election of new princess-abbess in favour of their own relatives. Marie Elisabeth was elected several times during the interregnum, while the abbey-principality was ruled by the provost Maria Aurora von Königsmarck, but King Frederick William I of Prussia refused to consent to each election and Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI consequently refused to confirm the elections. The election, however, eventually went ahead but the selection of a duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp instead than a princess of Prussia caused quite a stir. Due to her territorial disputes with the King in Prussia, Marie

title: Philip of Swabia

text: for his coronation as German king. While staying in Montefiascone, he heard of the emperor's sudden death in Messina and returned at once to Germany. He appears to have desired to protect the interests of his nephew and to quell the disorder which arose on Henry's death, but was overtaken by events. Meanwhile, a number of Princes of the Holy Roman Empire hostile to the ruling Hohentaufen dynasty under the leadership of Prince-Archbishop Adolph of Cologne took the occasion to elect a German anti-king in the person of the Welf Otto of Brunswick, the second surviving son of the former

title: August 1400 Imperial election

text: his partisans. August 1400 Imperial election The imperial election of August 21, 1400 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Rhens. Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia, king of Bohemia, had been elected Holy Roman Emperor in the imperial election of 1376. On September 20, 1378, the cardinals elected Antipope Clement VII pope in opposition to Pope Urban VI, whom they had come to distrust. The existence of two popes in opposition to one another, called the Western Schism, led to escalating international crises as the kings of Europe were forced

title: Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Burgundy, Brabant, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Luxemburg, Württemberg, the Upper and Lower Silesia, Prince of Swabia, Margrave of the Holy Roman Empire, Burgau, Moravia, the Upper and Lower Lusatia, Princely Count of Habsburg, Tyrol, Ferrette, Kyburg, Gorizia, Landgrave of Alsace, Lord of the Wendish March, Pordenone and Salins, etc. etc." Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II (31 July 1527 – 12 October 1576), a member of the Austrian House of Habsburg, was Holy Roman Emperor from 1564 until his death. He was crowned King of Bohemia in Prague on 14 May 1562 and elected King of Germany (King of the

title: Peter of Aspelt

text: Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII in 1313, the Luxemburg party among the prince electors set aside Henry's son, King John of Bohemia, because of his youth and chose Louis the Bavarian from the House of Wittelsbach as rival king to Frederick the Fair. Louis was elected in October 1314 upon the instigation of Peter of Aspelt with five of the seven votes. Then Louis was hastely crowned German King of the Romans by Peter in Aachen, while Frederick was crowned in Bonn by the Prince-Elector of Cologne. A bloody conflict broke out between the two kings and lasted for years,

title: 1411 Imperial election

text: July 4, 1415 and excommunicate John and Benedict in 1417. Pope Martin V was elected pope on November 11. In exchange for his support in the imperial election of September 1410, Sigismund appointed Frederick I elector of Brandenburg at the Council of Constance on April 30, 1415. Frederick I was the first member of the House of Hohenzollern, which would produce the two German emperors in the 19th and 20th centuries, to hold that title. 1411 Imperial election The imperial election of 1411 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place

title: Princes of the Holy Roman Empire

text: Princes of the Holy Roman Empire Prince of the Holy Roman Empire (, , see also: "Fürst") was a title attributed to a hereditary ruler, nobleman or prelate recognised as such by the Holy Roman Emperor. Originally, possessors of the princely title bore it as immediate vassals of the Empire, secular or ecclesiastical, who held a fief that had no suzerain except the Emperor. However, by the time the Holy Roman Empire was abolished in 1806, there were a number of holders of Imperial princely titles who did not meet these criteria. Thus, there were two principal types of princes;

title: 1619 Imperial election

text: elector, with only the Palatine delegation objecting. The remaining five electors were: Frederick, after casting a vote for Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria, duke of Bavaria, retracted his vote and joined the other six electors in voting for Ferdinand II, who was crowned in Frankfurt on September 9. 1619 Imperial election The imperial election of 1619 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on August 28. This was the sixth imperial election to take place during the Reformation. On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther, a professor of moral

title: Holy Roman Empire

text: King of the Romans. In 1356, Emperor Charles IV issued the Golden Bull, which limited the electors to seven: the King of Bohemia, the Count Palatine of the Rhine, the Duke of Saxony, the Margrave of Brandenburg, and the archbishops of Cologne, Mainz, and Trier. During the Thirty Years' War, the Duke of Bavaria was given the right to vote as the eighth elector, and the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (colloquially, Hanover) was granted a ninth electorate; additionally, the Napoleonic Wars resulted in several electorates being reallocated, but these new electors never voted before the Empire's dissolution. A candidate for election

title: Philip of Swabia

text: Saxon duke Henry the Lion and a nephew of King Richard I of England. The hostility to the kingship of a child was growing, and after Philip had been chosen as defender of the empire during Frederick's minority he finally consented to his own election. He was elected German king at Mühlhausen in Thuringia on 8 March 1198 (Laetare Sunday), backed by Duke Leopold VI of Austria, Duke Ottokar I of Bohemia, Duke Berthold V of Zähringen, and Landgrave Hermann I of Thuringia, however, in the absence of the Archbishops of Cologne, Mainz and Trier. His rival Otto was not

title: 1486 Imperial election

text: which made it impossible for Maximilian to travel to Rome. On February 4, 1508 at Trento, he claimed for himself the title of "Electus Romanorum Imperator", Elected Roman Emperor, which was subsequently accepted on February 12 by Pope Julius II. Subsequent electees retained the right to call themselves Holy Roman Emperor without being crowned by the pope. 1486 Imperial election The imperial election of 1486 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Frankfurt on February 16. The Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor called for the election

title: 1531 Imperial election

text: Ferdinand. His successor, Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, was chosen during his reign in the imperial election of 1562. 1531 Imperial election The imperial election of 1531 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. It took place in Cologne on January 5. This was the second imperial election to take place during the Reformation. On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther, a professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg, now part of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, had delivered the "Ninety-five Theses" to Albert of Brandenburg, the elector of Mainz. This

title: German Peasants' War

text: the position of Holy Roman Emperor (elected in 1519). Aristocratic dynasties ruled hundreds of largely independent territories (both secular and ecclesiastical) within the framework of the empire, and several dozen others operated as semi-independent city-states. The princes of these dynasties were taxed by the Roman Catholic church. The princes could only gain, economically, by breaking away from the Roman church and establishing a German church under their own control, which would then not be able to tax them as the Roman church did. Most German princes broke with Rome using the nationalistic slogan of "German money for a German church".

title: Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Guelfs. The reigns of Henry IV and Henry V left the status of the German empire in disarray, its power waning under the weight of the Investiture controversy. For a quarter of a century following the death of Henry V in 1125, the German monarchy was largely a nominal title with no real power. The king was chosen by the princes, was given no resources outside those of his own duchy, and he was prevented from exercising any real authority or leadership in the realm. The royal title was furthermore passed from one family to another to preclude the development

title: Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)

text: of Austria and the Burgundian duke of the Habsburg Netherlands (held by Habsburg Spain from 1556). As the Austrian House of Habsburg had failed to assume the leadership of the secular bench, they received the guidance over the ecclesiastical princes instead. The first ecclesiastical prince was the Archbishop of Salzburg as "Primas Germaniae"; the Prince-Archbishop of Besançon, though officially a member until the 1678 Treaty of Nijmegen, did not attend the Diet's meetings. The ecclesiastical bench also comprised the Grand Master and "Deutschmeister" of the Teutonic Knights, as well as the Grand Prior of the Monastic State of the Knights

title: Prince-elector


question: where does the name de la rosa come from

answers: Spanish

title: Santa Rosa de Lima, La Unión

text: First Division. Santa Rosa de Lima, La Unión Santa Rosa de Lima is a municipality in La Unión Department of El Salvador. The city is named after St. Rose of Lima, born on 1586 in Lima (Peru). Its "fiestas patronales" are during the month of August, when the city gets full of vendors from around the country selling a wide range of articles and food. The city is also known as the "capital of commerce" in La Unión and is famous for its cheese, gold and livestock trade. And they have a big commerce of cows, pigs and clothing. Santa

title: Santa Rosa de Lima, La Unión

text: Santa Rosa de Lima, La Unión Santa Rosa de Lima is a municipality in La Unión Department of El Salvador. The city is named after St. Rose of Lima, born on 1586 in Lima (Peru). Its "fiestas patronales" are during the month of August, when the city gets full of vendors from around the country selling a wide range of articles and food. The city is also known as the "capital of commerce" in La Unión and is famous for its cheese, gold and livestock trade. And they have a big commerce of cows, pigs and clothing. Santa Rosa de

title: Dane De La Rosa

text: Dane De La Rosa Dane David De La Rosa (born February 1, 1983) is an American professional baseball relief pitcher who is currently a free agent. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Tampa Bay Rays and the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. Prior to playing professionally, De La Rosa attended Elsinore High School in Wildomar, California and then Riverside Community College. He was originally drafted in the 34th round of the 2001 amateur draft by Texas Rangers, however he opted to go to college instead. He was then drafted by the New York Yankees in the 24th

title: José de la Rosa

text: José de la Rosa José de la Rosa was a Mexican composer, printer, singer and guitarist who moved to Mexican Alta California in 1833, where he became known as Don Pepe. He may have also been the first professional printer in California history. Rosa was an "Alcalde" of the Presidio of Sonoma. He played a role in the 1846 Bear Flag rebellion in Sonoma, when he assisted in assuring the release of Mariano Vallejo. Rosa documented the oldest-known transcriptions of Mexican-Californian "Californios" song lyrics, in a notebook now archived in the Southwest Museum of the American Indian in Los Angeles.

title: De La Rosa

text: De la Rosa is a Spanish surname, which means "of the rose".  It may refer to:

title: Santa Rosa, California

text: Avenue and Sonoma Avenue. This is supposedly the origin of the name of Matanzas Creek as, because of its use as a slaughtering place, the confluence came to be called La Matanza. By the 1850s, a Wells Fargo post and general store were established in what is now downtown Santa Rosa. In the mid-1850s, several prominent locals, including Julio Carrillo, son of Maria Carrillo, laid out the grid street pattern for Santa Rosa with a public square in the center, a pattern which largely remains as the street pattern for downtown Santa Rosa to this day, despite changes to the

title: Dane De La Rosa

text: on July 8, 2017. Dane De La Rosa Dane David De La Rosa (born February 1, 1983) is an American professional baseball relief pitcher who is currently a free agent. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Tampa Bay Rays and the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. Prior to playing professionally, De La Rosa attended Elsinore High School in Wildomar, California and then Riverside Community College. He was originally drafted in the 34th round of the 2001 amateur draft by Texas Rangers, however he opted to go to college instead. He was then drafted by the New York

title: Jorge de la Rosa

text: Jorge de la Rosa Jorge Alberto de la Rosa Gonzalez (born April 5, 1981) is a Mexican professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Milwaukee Brewers, Kansas City Royals, Colorado Rockies, Arizona Diamondbacks and Chicago Cubs. De la Rosa was signed as an amateur free agent by the Arizona Diamondbacks in 1998. He was purchased by the Monterrey Sultanes of the Mexican League prior to the 2000 season. The Boston Red Sox purchased de la Rosa from Monterrey prior to the 2001 season. In November 2003 season, the Red

title: Domingo Vega de la Rosa

text: Domingo Vega de la Rosa Domingo Vega de la Rosa (Tenerife, 1953) is a painter from the Canarian Islands, Spain. He lives and works in Los Realejos. Dominga Vega de la Rosa is born in Puerto de la Cruz, a town at the north coast of Tenerife. At the age of about thirteen, he got interested in painting because of an old encyclopaedia with black and white art reproductions. Later, he went to the library, to read books about modern art. His first exhibition was in 1977 in Palma de Mallorca. He is an autodidact. After a study in tourism,

title: El Trébol

text: Great Britain: Las Rosas (literally "The Roses", a reference to England), Los Cardos ("The Thistles", referring to Scotland), and El Trébol ("The Clover", a symbol of Ireland). El Trébol El Trébol is a small city in the San Martín Department, west-center of the province of Santa Fe, Argentina, 179 km from the provincial capital. It has about 10,500 inhabitants as per the . Its foundation date is locally acknowledged as 15 January 1890 (the date when the first train arrived in town), though the official date in the provincial records is 17 April 1894. The name of the city was

title: James de la Rosa

text: James de la Rosa James Micheal de la Rosa (born November 18, 1987) is a Mexican professional boxer from Tamaulipas, Mexico. He is currently signed with Don King and is a former WBC Youth World champion. De la Rosa was born in 1987, to a Mexican father and an African-American mother. De la Rosa's first big win came against undefeated Abel Perry by 2nd round K.O. as the headliner of a TeleFutura card. On 3 October 2008, James gave the much feared Tim Coleman the first lost of his career. In 2010, he filed for bankruptcy, which canceled out his

title: Rubby De La Rosa

text: Rubby De La Rosa Rubby Carlos De La Rosa Corporan (born March 4, 1989) is a Dominican professional baseball pitcher in the Arizona Diamondbacks organization. He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Los Angeles Dodgers and Boston Red Sox. De La Rosa signed with the Dodgers in 2007 and spent two seasons with their Dominican Summer League team. He was transferred to the Arizona League Dodgers in 2009 and then split 2010 between the Class-A Great Lakes Loons and Double-A Chattanooga Lookouts. Overall, he pitched in 22 games in 2010, with 13 starts and was 7–2 with

title: Rosa 'de Rescht'

text: Rosa 'de Rescht' "Rosa" 'de Rescht is a Portland Damask rose introduced by an English gardener Nancy Lindsay in 1945. She named the cultivar 'de Rescht' after the city Rasht, the capital of Gilan Province, Iran, located along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea where she discovered it. In the first part of her book "The Genus Rosa", Ellen Willmott discribed a rose that is known by the Gilaks as "Gul e Reschti", which is probably the same as Rose de Rescht. The history of the flower is unclear and its origin is unknown; according to some researches done

title: Jorge de la Rosa

text: la Rosa signed a Major League contract with the Chicago Cubs. De la Rosa played for the Mexican team during the 2006 World Baseball Classic. Jorge de la Rosa Jorge Alberto de la Rosa Gonzalez (born April 5, 1981) is a Mexican professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Milwaukee Brewers, Kansas City Royals, Colorado Rockies, Arizona Diamondbacks and Chicago Cubs. De la Rosa was signed as an amateur free agent by the Arizona Diamondbacks in 1998. He was purchased by the Monterrey Sultanes of the Mexican League prior

title: Dane De La Rosa

text: round of the 2002 amateur draft and began his professional career the following season. He played for the GCL Yankees in 2003, going 0–0 with a 3.00 ERA in five games (one start), striking out 12 and allowing only five hits in nine innings. In 2004, he pitched for the GCL Yankees and Staten Island Yankees, going a combined 2–0 with a 2.75 ERA in 15 games (one start). Despite posting a sub-3.00 ERA, he was released by the Yankees after the 2004 season. In 2005, De La Rosa went 1–6 with a 6.45 ERA in 23 games (10 starts)

title: Santa Rosa Jáuregui

text: be derogated on January 7, 1932 by Governor Saturnino Osornio, and this is the first official document where the village is referred to as "de Jáuregui". The church of Santa Rosa de Lima was concluded during the Porfiriato, and the village remained a calm place, up to the development of the Provincia Juriquilla project. Santa Rosa - Juriquilla Urban Nucleus The southern end of the borough, 17 km north of the city of Querétaro, is considered its "urban nucleus". Santa Rosa, and the smaller villages of Montenegro and La Solana on the east form the core of this area, together

title: Santa Rosa Jáuregui

text: the proper foundation of the village, and engineer Mariano Reyes drew the plans of the streets and squares of the new settlement. Hence, in September of that year, the surname of Jáuregui is added to the name of Santa Rosa. On January 7, 1914, Governor Teodoro Elizondo decrees that Querétaro shall be divided in 18 municipalities, and Santa Rosa becomes a borough of Querétaro. This would be ratified on August 31, 1916, by Governor Federico Montes. However, Governor Ramón Anaya signed Law 51 on May 20, 1931, that gave the status of municipality back to Santa Rosa. This law would

title: Santa Rosa Jáuregui

text: with the suburb of Juriquilla. This area will see rapid growth in the coming years. Rural Communities There are 53 settlements in the borough, some of which are: Santa Rosa Jáuregui Santa Rosa Jáuregui is one of seven boroughs of the municipality Santiago de Querétaro. It has 16,966 inhabitants, and is located at 1950 meters above sea level. The borough is the largest of the municipality of Querétaro in terms of surface, covering its northern half, though it is the smallest in terms of population. There are fifty three rural and urban settlements, besides the borough of Santa Rosa. If

title: Rubby De La Rosa

text: Surgery after suffering an injury. He was released by the Diamondbacks on September 1. He resigned a two year minor league deal on November 7, 2017. Rubby De La Rosa Rubby Carlos De La Rosa Corporan (born March 4, 1989) is a Dominican professional baseball pitcher in the Arizona Diamondbacks organization. He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Los Angeles Dodgers and Boston Red Sox. De La Rosa signed with the Dodgers in 2007 and spent two seasons with their Dominican Summer League team. He was transferred to the Arizona League Dodgers in 2009 and then split

title: Santa Rosa Jáuregui

text: Santa Rosa Jáuregui Santa Rosa Jáuregui is one of seven boroughs of the municipality Santiago de Querétaro. It has 16,966 inhabitants, and is located at 1950 meters above sea level. The borough is the largest of the municipality of Querétaro in terms of surface, covering its northern half, though it is the smallest in terms of population. There are fifty three rural and urban settlements, besides the borough of Santa Rosa. If Santa Rosa were a municipality, it would be ranked 4th in the state in terms of population (after Querétaro, San Juan del Río, and Corregidora) and 14th in

title: Nueva Santa Rosa

text: name VILLAGE OF THE EASTERN BORDERS by its neighbors but is currently known as Nueva Santa Rosa. It is at an altitude of 1,001.25 meters above sea level. It is located at 14°22’50’ latitud, 90°17’10’’ longitud according to the National Geographic Institute. The city’s altitude reaches up to 1,845 meters S.N.M. at the Linda Vista hill. According to the Population and Housing National Census of 2008 administered by the National Institute of Statistics, the city occupies a territory of 67.00 square kilometers and has a population of 32,727 inhabitants. The majority of the population (52%) is between the ages of

title: Doña Rosa

text: Doña Rosa Doña Rosa, full name Rosa Real Mateo de Nieto, was a Mexican ceramics artisan from San Bartolo Coyotepec, Oaxaca, Mexico. She is noted for inventing a technique to make the local pottery type, barro negro, black and shiny after firing. This created new markets for the ceramics with collectors and tourists. The origins of barro negro pottery extend over centuries, with examples of it found at a number of Mexican archeological sites, fashioned mostly into jars and other utilitarian items. It has remained a traditional craft of the Zapotecs and Mixtecs of the Central Valleys area to the

title: Rosa 'de Rescht'

text: about 90 to 120 centimetres (36–48 in) high and 60–90 centimetres (24–36 in) wide. It is winter hardy up to USDA Zone 9b –3.8 °C (25 °F)(USDA Zone 9b). Flowering time is late spring/early summer, and it blooms repeatedly. It is resistant to black spot, mildew and rust. Its soil pH requirements is 5.6 to 6.0 (acidic) or 6.1 to 6.5 (mildly acidic). It can be propagated by softwood cuttings, semi-hardwood cuttings, hardwood cuttings, grafting and budding. Rosa 'de Rescht' "Rosa" 'de Rescht is a Portland Damask rose introduced by an English gardener Nancy Lindsay in 1945. She named the

title: Santa Rosa de Lima, La Unión

text: Lima is a city which is the heart of commerce. The city has many fast food places and traditional also like the famous pupusas. The city is located a few kilometers from the Honduras border. During the Honduras/El Salvador war in the late 60's, the city got hundreds of expatriated Salvadorans from Honduras. At which time, there ensued an economic depression that lasted just before the eruption of the civil war in 1979. The city is located between the pacific ocean plains and the northern mountains of the country. It is situated on a sloppy area south of the San

title: Juan de la Rosa

text: Juan de la Rosa Juan Pedro de la Rosa (born August 7, 1986 in Tamaulipas, Mexico) is a Mexican professional boxer, and is the brother of welterweight boxer James de la Rosa. De la Rosa's father is Mexican and his mother is an African-American Texan. His paternal grandfather played a pivotal role in his formative years and, as a tribute, De la Rosa wears his portrait in a lanyard around his neck just before and after every fight.Now married to Kathleen Simpson. Has a son (Jayden Dela Rosa). De la Rosa turned professional at the age of 15. He was

title: Puerto de Luna, New Mexico

text: largest edifice. Legend has it that Coronado gave the name to the spot where he camped, having seen the rising full moon through a narrow gap in the hills east of the site (English: "Gateway of the Moon"). An alternative, more practical name origin refers to the Luna family, who lived at the mouth of Puerto Creek in the 1860s. Local residents often refer casually to the community as PDL. Puerto de Luna, New Mexico Puerto De Luna is a census-designated place (CDP) in Guadalupe County, New Mexico, United States. It lies 12.6 miles south-southeast of Santa Rosa on New

title: Rubby De La Rosa

text: a 2.37 ERA. He was selected as the Dodgers "Minor League Pitcher of the Year" and given an invite to Major League spring training for 2011. He was assigned back to Chattanooga to start the season, where he was 2–2 with a 2.92 ERA in eight starts for the Lookouts. De La Rosa was selected to the 2011 Southern League All-Star game, but was unable to participate because he was promoted to the Dodgers. De La Rosa was called up by the Dodgers on May 24, 2011. He made his debut the same day, pitching a scoreless eighth inning against

title: Spanish naming customs

text: particle de ("of") is used as a conjunction in two surname spelling styles, and to disambiguate a surname. The first style is in patronymic and toponymic spelling formulæ, e.g. Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, Pedro López de Ayala, and Vasco Núñez de Balboa, as in many "conquistador" names. The spellings of surnames containing the prepositional particle de are written in lower-case when they follow the name, thus "José Manuel de la Rúa" ("of the street") and "Cunegunda de la Torre" ("of the tower"), otherwise the upper-case spellings "doctor De la Rúa" and "señora De la Torre" are used. Bearing the de

title: Francisco de la Rosa

text: Francisco de la Rosa Francisco de la Rosa Jiménez (March 3, 1966 – January 6, 2011) was a professional baseball pitcher. He made two appearances in Major League Baseball with the Baltimore Orioles during the 1991 season. Listed at 5' 11", 185 lbs., he threw right-handed. Born in La Romana, Dominican Republic, he developed as a ballplayer around the San Pedro de Macoris area, a hotbed of future Major League talent at the time. He signed with Toronto Blue Jays scout Epy Guerrero in 1985, and spent one season with the GCL Blue Jays, in which he went 0–1 with

title: Torre de la Rosaleda

text: Torre de la Rosaleda The Torre de la Rosaleda (Tower of the Rose Garden) is a 107-meter (351 ft) tall building in La Rosa District of the city of Ponferrada, Spain. It is the tallest building in the city of Ponferrada and all of Castile and León Province. Construction began in 2006 and finished in 2009 by Grupo Begar León group. It is 30 floors and 107 meters tall and has a distinctive shape with projections both east and west on several upper floors. It is the tallest building in the province. . The Tower (building's official website) surmounts a

title: De La Rosa