question: which us ship was captured off the coast of massachusetts by the british

answers: USS Chesapeake

title: HMS Blonde (1760)

text: HMS Blonde (1760) HMS "Blonde" was a 32-gun fifth rate warship of the British Royal Navy captured from the French in 1760. The ship wrecked on Blonde Rock with American prisoners on board. An American privateer Captain Daniel Adams rescued the American prisoners and let the British go free. The Captain's decision created an international stir. Upon returning to Boston, the American privateer was banished for letting go the British crew and he and his family became Loyalist refugees in Nova Scotia. On 24February 1760, during the Seven Years' War, a British squadron under Captain John Elliot in HMS "Aeolus"

title: John Inglis (Royal Navy officer)

text: ship was captured by the French fleet under the Comte d'Estaing during the Rhode Island campaign in August 1778. In the spring of 1779 he was given command of the newly-built 14-gunner HMS Delight which he sailed to North America in June. Here he captured the US ships Industry (18 February) and Macaroni (16 April). He then joined the larger ship HMS Blonde under Cpt Andrew Barkley setting off from Charlestown to clear the Cape Fear River of American ships in January 1781. In August 1781 he was promoted to Captain and Commander and given HMS Squirrel a 20-gunner from

title: HMS Diana (1775)

text: HMS Diana (1775) HMS "Diana" was the first British vessel that colonial forces captured and destroyed during the American Revolutionary War. The 120 ton schooner was afloat for little more than a year. She was built in 1774 in the Province of Massachusetts Bay and served as an unarmed private fishing boat for eight months before Vice-Admiral Samuel Graves purchased her for the Royal Navy in January 1775 for £750. According to Graves, the "Diana" was "so exceedingly well built that she is allowed to be the best Vessel of the Kind that has been yet in the King’s Service."

title: USS Lynch (1776)

text: the British the previous October, was full of loot plundered from the warehouses of patriot merchants just before the evacuation of Boston, and carried a goodly number of Tory refugees. Many of the Tories were transferred to "Lee", their leaders were taken on board "Hancock", and the captive crew was imprisoned in "Lynch", which accompanied "Hancock" to Portsmouth, arriving 4 April to refit and recruit. Underway again 13 May, "Lynch" joined "Lee" and "Warren" in Cape Ann Harbor. A fortnight later HMS "Milford" pursued the schooners but they escaped in the fog. On 7 June they captured British transport "Anne"

title: Capture of USS Chesapeake

text: The Capture of USS Chesapeake, or the Battle of Boston Harbor, was fought on 1 June 1813, between the Royal Navy's frigate HMS Shannon and American frigate USS Chesapeake, as part of the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain.  The Chesapeake was captured in a brief but intense action in which over 80 men were killed. This was the only frigate action of the war in which there was no preponderance of force on either side.

title: USS Warren (1776)

text: their capture by the British. "Warren" was probably set afire by her crew on either 14 or 15 August 1779 in the Penobscot River, above the Bagaduce peninsula. Later that autumn, Saltonstall was tried by court martial on board the frigate in Boston harbor. He was summarily dismissed from the Continental Navy. USS Warren (1776) USS "Warren" was one of the 13 frigates authorized by the Continental Congress on 13 December 1775. With half her main armament being 18-pounders, "Warren" was more heavily armed than a typical 32-gun frigate of the period. She was named for Joseph Warren on 6

title: Fox Point, Nova Scotia

text: 1999 This is in reply to your letter about William Francis and Samuel Edward Shatford. We examined the register of British prisoners of war in the United States, 1812-1815, but we did not locate anyone with the surname Shatford. This register included the names of prisoners captured on the British ship Java and many other captured ships. According to the register, the prisoners from Java were released to the Consul at Bahia, Brazil, on January 4, 1813. We also examined the US Navy Subject File 1775-1910, for the category "RB" (British Prisoners). This file included information about prisoners captured by

title: Samuel Tucker

text: Portsmouth, New Hampshire, on 15 October. In 1779, two cruises in the North Atlantic netted nine prizes before orders sent "Boston" to Charleston, South Carolina, to help defend that port against the British onslaught. On 11 May 1780, Charleston surrendered, after a siege, and the warships in harbor were captured, along with most of their officers and men. Tucker was among the prisoners but received parole on 20 May and was exchanged for British Capt. Wardlaw, whom Tucker had captured when "Boston" took HMS Thorn in September 1779. On 11 January 1781, Tucker assumed command of "Thorn", now a privateer.

title: American colonial marines

text: harbor of Beverly, Massachusetts. The "Hannah" was grounded by her captain in order to remove her powder and armaments to prevent their capture by the British. By 5 November 1775, Washington's regimental of marines aboard "Harrison" participated in the capture of the British supply vessels HMS "Polly" and HMS "Industry" off of the coast of Boston, Massachusetts. Two days later on 7 November, "Lee" recaptured the British sloop HMS "Ranger" in the Massachusetts Bay. Washington's Marblehead Regiment aboard "Hancock" and "Franklin" made an unopposed landing at Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island on 17 November 1775. Three days later, they expedited to

title: Battle off Fairhaven

text: Battle off Fairhaven The Battle off Fairhaven was the first naval engagement of the American Revolutionary War. It took place on May 14, 1775, in Buzzards Bay off Fairhaven, Massachusetts (formerly known as Dartmouth, Massachusetts) and resulted in Patriot militia retrieving two vessels that had been captured by . The patriots also captured 13 crew of the Royal Navy, the first naval prisoners of the war. On April 19, 1775, the American Revolutionary War began with the Battles of Lexington and Concord in the British Province of Massachusetts Bay. Following the battle, the militia that had mustered to oppose the

title: John Manley (naval officer)

text: of the American Revolutionary War—the British brigantine "Nancy" carrying much ordnance and military stores for British troops in Boston that proved invaluable to George Washington’s army. While not the first British vessel to surrender to the continental fleet, the Nancy was perhaps the first capture of significant consequence, leading John Adams to later remark "I assert that the first American flag was hoisted by John Manley, and the first British flag was struck to him". Through the end of 1775, Manley captured several additional prizes carrying cargos of food, rum, coal, dry goods, all badly needed by the Continental forces.

title: Nathaniel Carver

text: Nathaniel Carver Captain Nathaniel Carver (24 September 1740 – 1 May 1815) was a prosperous merchant of British America. Near the end of the American Revolutionary War, he was captured by a British naval frigate, "HMS Albemarle", commanded by Horatio Nelson, whom he later assisted in escaping a superior French force. Carver was born on 24 September 1740 in Plymouth in the then-British Province of Massachusetts Bay. He played an active part in town affairs and served on many juries and committees. Nelson was patrolling the bay now known as Massachusetts Bay, when on 14 July 1782, he stumbled upon

title: Capture of USS Hancock

text: Capture of USS Hancock The American frigate was captured by the British Royal Navy in a 1777 naval battle during the American Revolutionary War. The two highest ranking naval officers of the war battled each other off the coast of Nova Scotia. (44 guns), under the command of British Admiral George Collier, captured USS "Hancock" (34 guns), under the command of Captain John Manley. During the American Revolutionary War, Americans regularly attacked Nova Scotia by land and sea. American privateers devastated the maritime economy by raiding many of the coastal communities, such as the numerous raids on Liverpool and on

title: USS Cabot (1775)

text: a hand grenade at the feet of the British officer, who at that point was still waiting for a reply from the American vessel. USS Cabot (1775) The first USS "Cabot" of the United States was a 14-gun brig, one of the first ships of the Continental Navy, and the first to be captured in the American Revolutionary War in the Battle off Yarmouth (1777). The brig was purchased in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, during November 1775, outfitted there by Wharton and Humphreys, and placed under the command of Captain J. B. Hopkins. Sailing with Commodore Esek Hopkins' fleet, "Cabot" joined in

title: USS Boston (1777)

text: USS Boston (1777) The second USS "Boston" was a 24-gun frigate, launched 3 June 1776 by Stephen and Ralph Cross, Newburyport, Massachusetts, and completed the following year. In American service she captured a number of British vessels. The British captured "Boston" at the fall of Charleston, South Carolina, renamed her HMS "Charlestown" (or "Charles Town"), and took her into service. She was engaged in one major fight with two French frigates, which she survived and which saved the convoy she was protecting. The British sold "Charlestown" in 1783, immediately after the end of the war. "Boston" was commissioned under the

title: Jeremiah O'Brien

text: Jeremiah O'Brien Captain Jeremiah O’Brien (1744–1818) was a captain in the Massachusetts State Navy. Prior to its existence (or that of the Continental Navy), he commanded the sloop "Unity" when he captured the British armed schooner HMS "Margaretta" in the Battle of Machias, the first naval battle of the American Revolutionary War. He also led the first American attack on Nova Scotia in the Raid on St. John (1775). O'Brien has been the name of six United States ships in honor of Jeremiah O'Brien (1744–1818): USS O'Brien (TB-30), a torpedo boat, built in 1900 and served until 1909. USS O'Brien

title: USS Yankee Hero

text: is probably incorrect since the British did not have possession of her until almost three months later. USS Yankee Hero The Yankee Hero was an American Sloop-of-War commissioned in Massachusetts colony on January 13, 1776, for use by the new Continental Navy. It was under the command of Captain James Tracy until it was captured by the British on June 7, 1776. Captain Tracy and a small crew left Newburyport for Boston to take on a full crew for a six-month patrol. As the ship rounded Cape Ann, they spotted another sail. As the Yankee Hero was short-handed, Tracy decided

title: Battle of Delaware Bay

text: Battle of Delaware Bay The Battle of Delaware Bay, or the Battle of Cape May, was a naval engagement fought between the Kingdom of Great Britain and United States during the American Revolutionary War. A British squadron of three vessels attacked three American privateers, that were escorting a fleet of merchantmen. The ensuing combat in Delaware Bay, near Cape May, ended with an American victory over a superior British force. Twenty-three-year-old Lieutenant Joshua Barney of the Continental Navy commanded the privateer sloop "Hyder Ally" during the battles. She was owned by Pennsylvania business man, John Willcocks and was issued a

title: USS Raleigh (1776)

text: The battle was over. All three ships had been damaged, "Unicorn" particularly so. Of the Americans ashore, a few were captured on the island, but the remainder, including Barry, made it back to Boston, Massachusetts, arriving on October 7. The British refloated "Raleigh" at high tide on the 28th, and after repairs, commissioned her into the Royal Navy as HBMS "Raleigh". They admired her design, and applied it in their new ships. She continued to fight during the War for Independence as a British vessel and took part in the capture of Charleston, SC. In May 1780, she was decommissioned

title: Capture of USS Hancock

text: "Iris". Manley was imprisoned for months and then released. American privateers remained a threat to Nova Scotian ports for the rest of the war. For example, after a failed attempt to raid Chester, Nova Scotia, American privateers struck again in the Raid on Lunenburg in 1782. Capture of USS Hancock The American frigate was captured by the British Royal Navy in a 1777 naval battle during the American Revolutionary War. The two highest ranking naval officers of the war battled each other off the coast of Nova Scotia. (44 guns), under the command of British Admiral George Collier, captured USS

title: USS Warren (1775)

text: the command of Captain Winborn Adams, the armed schooner sailed from Beverly on 31 October 1775, on her maiden voyage under Continental colors. "Warren" cruised north of Cape Ann, Massachusetts, and captured a small wooden schooner before bagging a Boston-bound supply ship, the schooner "Rainbow", around 27 November 1775. "Warren" continued to cruise north of Cape Ann until she came across the brig "Sally" on 24 December 1775. Bound from Lisbon, Portugal, to New York City with 153 quarter casks of wine, "Sally" had been captured by the fifth-rate HMS "Niger" earlier in the month, placed under a prize crew,

title: USS Cabot (1775)

text: USS Cabot (1775) The first USS "Cabot" of the United States was a 14-gun brig, one of the first ships of the Continental Navy, and the first to be captured in the American Revolutionary War in the Battle off Yarmouth (1777). The brig was purchased in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, during November 1775, outfitted there by Wharton and Humphreys, and placed under the command of Captain J. B. Hopkins. Sailing with Commodore Esek Hopkins' fleet, "Cabot" joined in the expedition against the Bahamas in March 1776, taking part in the amphibious operations against New Providence on 3 March. By this bold stroke,

title: HMS Liberty (1768)

text: on the north end of Goat Island in Newport harbor as one of the first overt American acts of defiance against the British government. HMS Liberty (1768) Liberty was a sloop owned by John Hancock, an American merchant. Seized by customs officials in Boston in 1768, it was commissioned into the Royal Navy as HMS "Liberty", and was burned the next year by American colonists in Newport, Rhode Island in one of the first acts of open defiance against the British crown by American colonists. The ship was originally owned by John Hancock. In 1768, British officials alleged that Bostonians

title: American colonial marines

text: Mugford of Commodore John Manly's (Continental Navy) squadron, captured the British transport HMS "Hope" on 17 May 1775. The ship was stocked with one thousand carbines and 75-ton of gunpowder. On June 16, Washington's Fleet intercepted captured two British troopships, in attempting to reinforce Boston, which the British Army had abandoned prior their arrival. In the Atlantic on 7 June, the frigates "Hancock" and "Boston", along with their Marines, capture the British frigate HMS "Fox". During the Revolutionary War, eleven out of thirteen colonies that had institutionalized a state navy also designated a crew of marines. The state marines served

title: History of Massachusetts

text: again but in 1779 the disastrous Penobscot Expedition took place in the District of Maine, then part of the Commonwealth. Trapped by the British fleet, the American sailors sank the ships of the Massachusetts state navy before it could be captured by the British. In May 1778, the section of Freetown that later became Fall River was raided by the British, and in September 1778, the communities of Martha's Vineyard and New Bedford were also subjected to a British raid. John Adams was a leader in the independence movement and he helped secure a unanimous vote for independence and on

title: William Day (sea captain)

text: as (according to what he told his 1777 captives) he discovered when he returned from a voyage to the West Indies. Family narratives of William Day (1715-97), whose main home then was far inland at Sheffield, Massachusetts, make no mention of this. After the British troops were driven out of Boston in March 1776, the port became an important centre for activities against British shipping. The business house of Philip Moore & Co. financed a number of privateers, including Day. A 370-ton British merchant vessel, the "Isaac" of Liverpool, which had been captured on the way home from the West

title: Massachusetts

text: commissioned as privateers and are credited with capturing or destroying about 600 British ships. Bostonian John Adams, known as the "Atlas of Independence", was an important figure in both the struggle for independence as well as the formation of the new United States. Adams was highly involved in the push for separation from Britain and the writing of the Constitution of Massachusetts in 1780 which, in the Elizabeth Freeman and Quock Walker cases, effectively made Massachusetts the first state to have a constitution that declared universal rights and, as interpreted by Supreme Judicial Court Chief Justice William Cushing, abolished slavery.

title: Battle of Delaware Bay

text: Christopher Mason, the twenty-four gun sloop-of-war HMS "General Monk" under Captain Josias Rogers and a New York privateer brig named "Fair American" crewed by American loyalists. "Fair American" was the former American privateer "General Washington", commanded by Silas Talbot at her capture. At nightfall on April 7, 1782, the American convoy anchored within Cape May due to the wind which had died down to a calm. Later that night, the British in HMS "Quebec" and "General Monk" sighted the enemy fleet and anchored off the cape and made preparations to attack the "Hyder Ally", which was considered the most formidable

title: American colonial marines

text: Nova Scotia and raided Canso Harbor. The marines aboard "Harrison", accompanied by "Harrison", participated in her fight against three British warships in Boston Harbor on 24 November 1775. Two British frigates captured the patriot ship "Washington" on 3 December; amongst the crew, its sailors and marines were taken prisoner. On 27 November 1775, "Lee" played their part in capturing a sloop off the New England coast. There after the next several weeks, these marines captured countless enemy British ships off the coast of Boston. A company of Washington's Fleet (along with his "Marblehead" Regiment) aboard "Franklin", commanded by Captain James

title: George Little (naval officer)

text: George Little (naval officer) George Little (10 April 1754 in Marshfield, Massachusetts – 22 July 1809 in Weymouth, Massachusetts) was a United States Navy officer. He served in the Massachusetts State Navy during the Revolutionary War and in the United States Navy during the Quasi-War with France. At age 25, Little was appointed first lieutenant of Massachusetts ship "Protector" in 1779, and was aboard in 1781 when she fought a running battle with the British ship "Thames". In a later engagement, he was captured, imprisoned, but later escaped. He was given command of Massachusetts ship "Winthrop" which captured two British

title: Capture of USS Chesapeake


question: who came up with the initial concept of protons and neutrons

answers: Dmitri Ivanenko

answers: Werner Heisenberg

title: Discovery of the neutron

text: that of the proton. Rutherford determined that such a zero-charge particle would be difficult to detect by available techniques. By 1921 Rutherford had named the uncharged particle the "neutron", while about that same time the word "proton" was adopted for the hydrogen nucleus. Neutron was apparently constructed from the Latin root for "neutral" and the Greek ending "-on" (by imitation of "electron" and "proton"). References to the word "neutron" in connection with the atom can be found in the literature as early as 1899, however. Rutherford and Chadwick immediately began an experimental program to search for the neutron at the

title: Proton

text: number of protons, each element has its own unique atomic number. The word "proton" is Greek for "first", and this name was given to the hydrogen nucleus by Ernest Rutherford in 1920. In previous years, Rutherford had discovered that the hydrogen nucleus (known to be the lightest nucleus) could be extracted from the nuclei of nitrogen by atomic collisions. Protons were therefore a candidate to be a fundamental particle, and hence a building block of nitrogen and all other heavier atomic nuclei. In the modern Standard Model of particle physics, protons are hadrons, and like neutrons, the other nucleon (particles

title: Neutron

text: Latin root for "neutralis" (neuter) and the Greek suffix "-on" (a suffix used in the names of subatomic particles, i.e. "electron" and "proton"). References to the word "neutron" in connection with the atom can be found in the literature as early as 1899, however. Throughout the 1920s, physicists assumed that the atomic nucleus was composed of protons and "nuclear electrons" but there were obvious problems. It was difficult to reconcile the proton–electron model for nuclei with the Heisenberg uncertainty relation of quantum mechanics. The Klein paradox, discovered by Oskar Klein in 1928, presented further quantum mechanical objections to the notion

title: Chemistry: A Volatile History

text: only one – had gained a proton and become a nucleus of oxygen. Rutherford's work gave hope to scientists trying to create new elements, but one final discovery about the atom was necessary. In 1932 the Cambridge scientist James Chadwick discovered the neutron – electrically neutral particles which also sit inside the nucleus along with the protons. Now in Italy, Enrico Fermi – nicknamed ‘the pope’ by his colleagues for his infallibility, realised the potential of the newly discovered neutron in the search for elements heavier than uranium. Until now, scientists had been bombarding uranium with alpha particles in the

title: Discovery of the neutron

title: Ernest Rutherford

text: from the nucleus that was lighter. Thus, confirming and extending the work of Wilhelm Wien who in 1898 discovered the proton in streams of ionized gas, Rutherford postulated the hydrogen nucleus to be a new particle in 1920, which he dubbed the "proton". In 1921, while working with Niels Bohr (who postulated that electrons moved in specific orbits), Rutherford theorized about the existence of neutrons, (which he had christened in his 1920 Bakerian Lecture), which could somehow compensate for the repelling effect of the positive charges of protons by causing an attractive nuclear force and thus keep the nuclei from

title: Discovery of the neutron

text: number had been identified as the charge on the nucleus. Throughout the 1920s, the nucleus was viewed as composed of combinations of protons and electrons, the two elementary particles known at the time, but that model presented several experimental and theoretical contradictions. The essential nature of the atomic nucleus was established with the discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick in 1932 and the determination that it was a new elementary particle, distinct from the proton. The uncharged neutron was immediately exploited as a new means to probe nuclear structure, leading to such discoveries as the creation of new radioactive

title: Atom

text: different isotopes awaited the discovery of the neutron, an uncharged particle with a mass similar to the proton, by the physicist James Chadwick in 1932. Isotopes were then explained as elements with the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons within the nucleus. In 1938, the German chemist Otto Hahn, a student of Rutherford, directed neutrons onto uranium atoms expecting to get transuranium elements. Instead, his chemical experiments showed barium as a product. A year later, Lise Meitner and her nephew Otto Frisch verified that Hahn's result were the first experimental "nuclear fission". In 1944, Hahn received the

title: Nuclear fission

text: English physicist James Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1932, Enrico Fermi and his colleagues in Rome studied the results of bombarding uranium with neutrons in 1934. Fermi concluded that his experiments had created new elements with 93 and 94 protons, which the group dubbed ausonium and hesperium. However, not all were convinced by Fermi's analysis of his results, though he would win the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics for his "demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons". The German chemist Ida Noddack

title: Maria Goeppert Mayer

text: and protons tend to couple together. She described the idea as follows: Three German scientists, Otto Haxel, J. Hans D. Jensen, and Hans Suess, were also working on solving the same problem, and arrived at the same conclusion independently. While their results were announced in an issue of the Physical Review before Goeppert Mayer in June 1949, Goeppert Mayer's work was received for review in February 1949, while the work of the German authors was received later in April 1949. Afterwards, she collaborated with them. Hans Jensen co-authored a book with Goeppert Mayer in 1950 titled "Elementary Theory of Nuclear

title: Neutron

text: physics that occurred in the first half of the 20th century, leading ultimately to the atomic bomb in 1945. In the 1911 Rutherford model, the atom consisted of a small positively charged massive nucleus surrounded by a much larger cloud of negatively charged electrons. In 1920, Rutherford suggested that the nucleus consisted of positive protons and neutrally-charged particles, suggested to be a proton and an electron bound in some way. Electrons were assumed to reside within the nucleus because it was known that beta radiation consisted of electrons emitted from the nucleus. Rutherford called these uncharged particles "neutrons", by the

title: Proton

text: nuclei are composed of two or more protons and various numbers of neutrons. The concept of a hydrogen-like particle as a constituent of other atoms was developed over a long period. As early as 1815, William Prout proposed that all atoms are composed of hydrogen atoms (which he called "protyles"), based on a simplistic interpretation of early values of atomic weights (see Prout's hypothesis), which was disproved when more accurate values were measured. In 1886, Eugen Goldstein discovered canal rays (also known as anode rays) and showed that they were positively charged particles (ions) produced from gases. However, since particles

title: Nuclear reactor

text: electricity. The neutron was discovered in 1932 by British physicist James Chadwick. The concept of a nuclear chain reaction brought about by nuclear reactions mediated by neutrons was first realized shortly thereafter, by Hungarian scientist Leó Szilárd, in 1933. He filed a patent for his idea of a simple reactor the following year while working at the Admiralty in London. However, Szilárd's idea did not incorporate the idea of nuclear fission as a neutron source, since that process was not yet discovered. Szilárd's ideas for nuclear reactors using neutron-mediated nuclear chain reactions in light elements proved unworkable. Inspiration for a

title: Proton

text: hypothesis that hydrogen was the building block of all elements. Discovery that the hydrogen nucleus is present in all other nuclei as an elementary particle led Rutherford to give the hydrogen nucleus a special name as a particle, since he suspected that hydrogen, the lightest element, contained only one of these particles. He named this new fundamental building block of the nucleus the "proton," after the neuter singular of the Greek word for "first", πρῶτον. However, Rutherford also had in mind the word "protyle" as used by Prout. Rutherford spoke at the British Association for the Advancement of Science at

title: Discovery of the neutron

text: elements by neutron irradiation (1934) and the fission of uranium atoms by neutrons (1938). The discovery of fission led to the creation of both nuclear power and weapons by the end of World War II. Both the proton and neutron were presumed to be elementary particles until the 1960s when they were determined to be composite particles built from quarks. At the start of the 20th century, the vigorous debate as to the existence of atoms had not yet been resolved. Philosophers such as Ernst Mach and Wilhelm Ostwald denied that atoms were real, viewing them as a convenient mathematical

title: Ernest Rutherford

text: flying apart from the repulsion between protons. The only alternative to neutrons was the existence of "nuclear electrons" which would counteract some of the proton charges in the nucleus, since by then it was known that nuclei had about twice the mass that could be accounted for if they were simply assembled from hydrogen nuclei (protons). But how these nuclear electrons could be trapped in the nucleus, was a mystery. Rutherford's theory of neutrons was proved in 1932 by his associate James Chadwick, who recognized neutrons immediately when they were produced by other scientists and later himself, in bombarding beryllium

title: William Draper Harkins

text: career at the University of Chicago. Harkins correctly predicted the existence of the neutron in 1920 (as a proton-electron complex) and was the first to use the word "neutron" in connection with the atomic nucleus. The neutron was detected experimentally by James Chadwick in 1932. In the beginning of the 1930s, Harkins built a cyclotron. From experiments with this, he concluded that the sun might be powered by nuclear fusion. Among other University of Chicago scientists who made use of this cyclotron was Enrico Fermi, who performed neutron diffusion experiments. Since 1978, the magnet yoke of the cyclotron Harkins built

title: Atom

text: bombardment ejects what appeared to be hydrogen nuclei. By 1920 he had accepted that the hydrogen nucleus is a distinct particle within the atom and named it proton. Neutrons have no electrical charge and have a free mass of 1,839 times the mass of the electron, or , the heaviest of the three constituent particles, but it can be reduced by the nuclear binding energy. Neutrons and protons (collectively known as nucleons) have comparable dimensions—on the order of —although the 'surface' of these particles is not sharply defined. The neutron was discovered in 1932 by the English physicist James Chadwick.

title: Discovery of the neutron

text: Heisenberg had no explanation for how lightweight electrons could be bound within the nucleus. Heisenberg introduced the first theory of nuclear exchange forces that bind the nucleons. He considered protons and neutrons to be different quantum states of the same particle, i.e., nucleons distinguished by the value of their nuclear isospin quantum numbers. The proton–neutron model explained the puzzle of dinitrogen. When N was proposed to consist of 3 pairs each of protons and neutrons, with an additional unpaired neutron and proton each contributing a spin of ħ in the same direction for a total spin of 1 ħ, the

title: Discovery of the neutron

text: by Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig in 1964, became known as the quark model. By this model, particles such as the proton and neutron were not elementary, but composed of various configurations of a small number of other truly elementary particles called partons or quarks. The quark model received experimental verification beginning in the late 1960s and finally provided an explanation for the neutron's anomalous magnetic moment. Discovery of the neutron The discovery of the neutron and its properties was central to the extraordinary developments in atomic physics that occurred in the first half of the 20th century. Early in

title: Atom

text: Nobel prize in chemistry. Despite Hahn's efforts, the contributions of Meitner and Frisch were not recognized. In the 1950s, the development of improved particle accelerators and particle detectors allowed scientists to study the impacts of atoms moving at high energies. Neutrons and protons were found to be hadrons, or composites of smaller particles called quarks. The standard model of particle physics was developed that so far has successfully explained the properties of the nucleus in terms of these sub-atomic particles and the forces that govern their interactions. Though the word "atom" originally denoted a particle that cannot be cut into

title: Discovery of the neutron

text: show that neutrons interacting with nitrogen nuclei scattered to protons or induced nitrogen to disintegrate to form boron with the emission of an alpha particle. Feather was therefore the first to show that neutrons produce nuclear disintegrations. In Rome, Enrico Fermi bombarded heavier elements with neutrons and found the products to be radioactive. By 1934 Fermi had used neutrons to induce radioactivity in 22 different elements, many of these elements of high atomic number. Noticing that other experiments with neutrons at his laboratory seemed to work better on a wooden table than a marble table, Fermi suspected that the protons

title: Discovery of the neutron

text: model became viable. Soon, neutrons were used to naturally explain spin differences in many different nuclides in the same way. If the proton–neutron model for the nucleus resolved many issues, it highlighted the problem of explaining the origins of beta radiation. No existing theory could account for how electrons, or positrons, could emanate from the nucleus. In 1934, Enrico Fermi published his classic paper describing the process of beta decay, in which the neutron decays to a proton by "creating" an electron and a (as yet undiscovered) neutrino. The paper employed the analogy that photons, or electromagnetic radiation, were similarly

title: History of subatomic physics

text: the mostly empty volume of atoms. In 1918, Rutherford confirmed that the hydrogen nucleus was a particle with a positive charge, which he named the proton. By then, Frederick Soddy's researches of radioactive elements, and experiments of J. J. Thomson and F.W. Aston conclusively demonstrated existence of isotopes, whose nuclei have different masses in spite of identical atomic numbers. It prompted Rutherford to conjecture that all nuclei other than hydrogen contain chargeless particles, which he named the neutron. Evidences that atomic nuclei consist of some smaller particles (now called "nucleons") grew; it became obvious that, while protons repulse each other

title: History of chemistry

text: be interpreted as wave or particle models. His hypothesis was that an incoming particle would strike the nucleus and create an excited compound nucleus. This formed the basis of his liquid drop model and later provided a theory base for the explanation of nuclear fission. In 1913, Henry Moseley, working from Van den Broek's earlier idea, introduces concept of atomic number to fix inadequacies of Mendeleev's periodic table, which had been based on atomic weight. The peak of Frederick Soddy's career in radiochemistry was in 1913 with his formulation of the concept of isotopes, which stated that certain elements exist

title: Chemistry

text: J.J. Thomson of Cambridge University discovered the electron and soon after the French scientist Becquerel as well as the couple Pierre and Marie Curie investigated the phenomenon of radioactivity. In a series of pioneering scattering experiments Ernest Rutherford at the University of Manchester discovered the internal structure of the atom and the existence of the proton, classified and explained the different types of radioactivity and successfully transmuted the first element by bombarding nitrogen with alpha particles. His work on atomic structure was improved on by his students, the Danish physicist Niels Bohr and Henry Moseley. The electronic theory of chemical

title: Discovery of the neutron

text: topic of discussion at the 7th Solvay Conference held in October 1933, attended by Heisenberg, Niels Bohr, Lise Meitner, Ernest Lawrence, Fermi, Chadwick, and others. As posed by Chadwick in his Bakerian Lecture in 1933, the primary question was the mass of the neutron relative to the proton. If the neutron's mass was less than the combined masses of a proton and an electron (), then the neutron could be a proton-electron composite because of the mass defect from the binding energy. If greater than the combined masses, then the neutron was elementary like the proton. The question was challenging

title: Neutrino

text: particle in the process of beta decay. James Chadwick discovered a much more massive neutral nuclear particle in 1932 and named it a neutron also, leaving two kinds of particles with the same name. Earlier (in 1930) Pauli had used the term "neutron" for both the neutral particle that conserved energy in beta decay, and a presumed neutral particle in the nucleus; initially he did not consider these two neutral particles as distinct from each other. The word "neutrino" entered the scientific vocabulary through Enrico Fermi, who used it during a conference in Paris in July 1932 and at the

title: Discovery of the neutron

text: new that when it was first submitted to the journal Nature in 1933 it was rejected as being too speculative. The question of whether the neutron was a composite particle of a proton and an electron persisted for a few years after its discovery. In 1932 Harrie Massey explored a model for a composite neutron to account for its great penetrating power through matter and its electrical neutrality, for example. The issue was a legacy of the prevailing view from the 1920s that the only elementary particles were the proton and electron. The nature of the neutron was a primary

title: Discovery of the neutron

text: Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. The experiments continued throughout the 1920s without success. Rutherford's conjecture was not widely accepted. In his 1931 textbook on the "Constitution of Atomic Nuclei and Radioactivity", George Gamow, then at the Institute for Theoretical Physics in Copenhagen, did not mention the neutron. At the time of their 1932 measurements in Paris that would lead to the discovery of the neutron, Irène Joliot-Curie and Frédéric Joliot were unaware of the conjecture. Throughout the 1920s, physicists assumed that the atomic nucleus was composed of protons and "nuclear electrons". Under this hypothesis, the nitrogen-14 (N) nucleus would be composed

title: Discovery of the neutron

long_answer: Given the problems of the proton–electron model, it was quickly accepted that the atomic nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons, although the precise nature of the neutron was initially unclear. Within months after the discovery of the neutron, Werner Heisenberg and Dmitri Ivanenko had proposed proton–neutron models for the nucleus. Heisenberg's landmark papers approached the description of protons and neutrons in the nucleus through quantum mechanics. While Heisenberg's theory for protons and neutrons in the nucleus was a "major step toward understanding the nucleus as a quantum mechanical system," he still assumed the presence of nuclear electrons. In particular, Heisenberg assumed the neutron was a proton–electron composite, for which there is no quantum mechanical explanation. Heisenberg had no explanation for how lightweight electrons could be bound within the nucleus. Heisenberg introduced the first theory of nuclear exchange forces that bind the nucleons. He considered protons and neutrons to be different quantum states of the same particle, i.e., nucleons distinguished by the value of their nuclear isospin quantum numbers.

short_answers:
Dmitri Ivanenko
Werner Heisenberg


question: when does the regular season start in mlb

answers: March 29, 2018

title: Major League Baseball schedule

text: Major League Baseball schedule The Major League Baseball (MLB) season schedule consists of 162 games for each of the 30 teams in the American League (AL) and National League (NL), played over approximately six months—a total of 2,430 games, plus the postseason. The regular season runs from late March/early April to late September/early October, followed by the postseason which can run to early November. The season begins with the official Opening Day, and, as of 2018, runs 26½ weeks through the last Sunday of September or first Sunday of October. One or more International Opener games may be scheduled outside

title: 2019 Major League Baseball season

text: opponent for a total of 76 games, and six or seven games against each team from the other two divisions for a total of 66 games. The primary inter-league match-ups are to be AL East vs NL West, AL Central vs NL East and AL West vs NL Central. The International season will begin on March 20 and 21 with the Oakland Athletics and the Seattle Mariners being played in Tokyo, Japan, at the Tokyo Dome. Excluding international openers, March 28 will be the earliest Opening Day in history. The previous earliest was March 29 of the 2018 season. The

title: Opening Day

text: its teams open the 2011 season on a Thursday (March 31) or Friday (April 1) rather than the traditional Monday, in order to prevent the World Series from extending into November. Similarly, most teams opened the 2012 season on Thursday (April 5) or Friday (April 6). However, subsequent seasons through 2017 returned to Monday openers for most teams. For the 2018 season, all 30 teams were scheduled to open the season on Thursday, March 29 (the earliest domestic start for a regular season in MLB history, and the first time since 1968 that all major league teams were scheduled to

title: Major League Baseball

text: blue letters across the front of the jersey. When the regular season ends after the first Sunday in October (or the last Sunday in September), ten teams enter the postseason playoffs. These ten teams consist of six teams that are division champions by earning the best regular season overall win-loss record for their respective divisions, and four who are "wild-card" teams that are each one of two teams in their respective leagues who have earned the best regular season win-loss record, but are not division champions. Four rounds of series of games are played to determine the champion: Within each

title: 2018 Major League Baseball season

text: The 2018 Major League Baseball season began on March 29, 2018, and is scheduled to end on September 30.  The postseason will begin on October 2. The 2018 World Series is set to begin on October 23, and a potential Game 7 is scheduled on October 31.

title: Major League Baseball schedule

text: In some markets, Saturday night start an hour earlier than usual night start times, but other cities start Saturday night games at the same time as weeknight games. In conclusion, weekday games are only played at night except for getaway days while many weekend games are played during the day. The initial pitch typically occurs 5 or 10 minutes after the hour, in order to allow time for pre-game ceremonies. Major League Baseball schedule The Major League Baseball (MLB) season schedule consists of 162 games for each of the 30 teams in the American League (AL) and National League (NL),

title: Major League Baseball schedule

text: the United States before the official Opening Day. It is possible for a given team to play a maximum of 20 games in the postseason in a given year, provided the team is a wild card and advances to each of the Division Series, Championship Series, and World Series with each series going the distance (5 games in the Division Series, 7 games each in the League Championship Series/World Series). The regular season is constructed from series. Due to travel concerns and the sheer number of games, pairs of teams are never scheduled to play single games against each other

title: 2019 Major League Baseball season

text: the American League Division Series. Fox and FS1 will televise the American League Championship Series. The World Series will air exclusively on Fox for the 20th consecutive year. 2019 Major League Baseball season The 2019 Major League Baseball season will begin on March 20 and is scheduled to end on September 29. The postseason will begin on October 1. The World Series is set to begin on October 22 and a potential Game 7 will be played on October 30 if necessary. The entire schedule was released on August 22, 2018. The 90th Major League Baseball All-Star Game will be

title: 2016 Major League Baseball season

text: 2016 Major League Baseball season The 2016 Major League Baseball season began on April 3, 2016 with a Sunday afternoon matchup between the St. Louis Cardinals and the Pittsburgh Pirates, the two teams with the best regular season records in 2015, at PNC Park in Pittsburgh. The regular season ended on Sunday, October 2, 2016, and the postseason on Wednesday, November 2, 2016, with the Chicago Cubs coming back from a three games to one deficit to defeat the Cleveland Indians in the World Series and win their first championship since 1908. The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim shorten their

title: 2019 Major League Baseball season

text: 2019 Major League Baseball season The 2019 Major League Baseball season will begin on March 20 and is scheduled to end on September 29. The postseason will begin on October 1. The World Series is set to begin on October 22 and a potential Game 7 will be played on October 30 if necessary. The entire schedule was released on August 22, 2018. The 90th Major League Baseball All-Star Game will be held on July 9 at Progressive Field, home of the Cleveland Indians. As has been the case since 2013, teams were scheduled to play 19 against each division

title: Major League Baseball schedule

text: (except in the instance of making up a postponed game); instead they play games on several consecutive days in the same ballpark. Most often the series are of three or four games, but two-game series are also scheduled. Teams play one mid-week series and one weekend series per week. Depending on the length of the series, mid-week series games are usually scheduled between Monday and Thursday, while weekend games are scheduled between Thursday and Monday. Beginning in 2018, teams start and end their season on a weekend for a total of 26½ weeks. Due to the mid-week all-star break in

title: 2018 Major League Baseball season

text: to play Opening Day, March 29 – the earliest domestic start of a regular season in league history until the 2019 season. The Sunday night game before the All-Star Game was replaced by a single, nationally-televised game on the Thursday after the All-Star Game (which for 2018, was played between the St. Louis Cardinals and Chicago Cubs), before all other teams returned from break the next day. The Minnesota Twins and the Cleveland Indians played a two-game series at Hiram Bithorn Stadium in San Juan, Puerto Rico, on April 17 and 18, while the Los Angeles Dodgers and San Diego

title: Major League Baseball

text: typically begins on the first Sunday in April and ends on the first Sunday in October. Each team's schedule is typically organized into three-game series, with occasional two- or four-game series. Postponed games or continuations of suspended games can result in an ad hoc one-game or five-game series. A team's series are organized into homestands and road trips that group multiple series together. Teams generally play games five to seven days per week, commonly having Monday or Thursday as an off day. Frequently, games are scheduled at night. Sunday games are generally played during the afternoon, allowing teams to travel

title: October

text: about two weeks later starts the regular season, the National Hockey League is about one month into its regular season, the National Football League is about halfway through its regular season, and Major League Baseball is in its postseason with the League Championship Series and World Series. There have been 19 occasions in which all four leagues have played games on the same day (an occurrence popularly termed a "sports equinox"), with the most recent of these taking place on October 28, 2018. Additionally, the Canadian Football League is typically nearing the end of its regular season during this period,

title: Major League Baseball

text: season, teams compete for one of the five playoff berths in their league. They can win one of these berths by either winning their division, or by capturing a wild card spot. After the conclusion of the 162-game season, an additional tie-breaking game (or games) may be needed to determine postseason participation. In early-to-mid July, just after the midway point of the season, the Major League Baseball All-Star Game is held during a four-day break from the regular-season schedule. The All-Star Game features a team of players from the American League (AL)—led by the manager of the previous AL World

title: 2013 Major League Baseball season

text: 2013 Major League Baseball season The 2013 Major League Baseball season started on March 31 with a Sunday night game between the Texas Rangers and the Houston Astros. Opening Day for most clubs was a day later on April 1. The regular season ended on September 30, extended one day for a one-game playoff between the Tampa Bay Rays and the Texas Rangers to decide the second American League Wild Card winner. The 2013 season was the first with the Houston Astros as a member of the American League (AL) in the West Division. This marks the first growth in

title: One-game playoff

text: the four-man crews of the regular season). Also, television broadcasting rights for all are negotiated by MLB - since 2012, the network owning the rights to the Wild Card Game for a particular league has also had the rights to any tiebreaker(s) that might occur in that league. Current MLB scheduling practices stipulate a break of at least one day between the scheduled end of the regular season and the start of the postseason. The schedule is designed to maximize the probability that tiebreakers can take place on the day after the scheduled end of the regular season with no

title: International League

text: North Division, South Division, and West Division. The North Division consists of six teams, while the South and West Divisions each have four teams. The teams are slated to play 140 games in 2018, reduced from 142 in 2017 and 144 during the years 1998-2016. The season typically begins during the first week of April and concludes on Labor Day. The league plays by the same rules listed in the "Official Baseball Rules" published by Major League Baseball. At the end of each season, the three divisional leaders and a wild card team square off in best-of-five series playoffs to

title: 2018 Major League Baseball season

text: different from previous years. The 20 interleague games each team will play will consist of two three-game series (one home, one away) against its natural rival (total of six games), two two-game series (one home, one away) against each team for two other opponents (total of eight games), and a single three-game series against each team for the last two (one home, one away; total of six games). Under the new collective bargaining agreement reached in December 2016, the regular season was extended to 187 days in order to add four additional off-days for all teams. All teams were scheduled

title: 2012 Major League Baseball season

text: 2012 Major League Baseball season The 2012 Major League Baseball season began on March 28 with the first of a two-game series between the Seattle Mariners and the Oakland Athletics at the Tokyo Dome in Japan. On November 22, 2011, a new contract between Major League Baseball and its players union was ratified, and as a result, an expanded playoff format adding two clubs will be adopted no later than 2013 according to the new Collective Bargaining Agreement. The new format was finalized for the 2012 season on March 2, 2012, and will use the 2–3 game schedule format for

title: Major League Baseball schedule

text: for those who are participating in the Home Run Derby. A single, nationally televised afternoon game will be played the following Thursday, with all other teams returning to play on Friday. Start of Major League Baseball games depends on days of the week, game number in series, holidays, and other factors. Most games start at 7pm in the local time zone, so there are more night games than day games even though baseball is traditionally played during the day. The reason why there are more night baseball games is to attract more fans to ballparks as well as viewers from

title: 2017 British baseball season

text: Season will consist of ten rounds from 7 May to 6 August. 2017 British baseball season The 2017 season will be the 88th season of competitive baseball in the United Kingdom. The season will begin on 2 April 2017 and run until early September. The NBL will consist of 30 games spread from 2 April to 27 August, with the National Championship series played in September Updated through 30 July. The Triple-A season will consist of 22 games played from 23 April to 20 August, with the playoffs in September. Updated through 30 July Updated 30 July Pool A Updated

title: 2017 Major League Baseball season

text: 2017 Major League Baseball season The 2017 Major League Baseball season began on April 2, 2017 with three games, including the 2016 World Series champions Chicago Cubs facing off against the St. Louis Cardinals, and ended on October 1. The postseason began on October 3. The 2017 World Series began October 24 and Game 7 was played on November 1, in which the Houston Astros defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers, 5–1, to capture their first World Series championship in franchise history. The 88th Major League Baseball All-Star Game was held on July 11 at Marlins Park, the home of the

title: 2011 Major League Baseball season

text: 2011 Major League Baseball season The 2011 Major League Baseball season began on Thursday, March 31, and ended on Wednesday, September 28. This marked the first time a season began on a Thursday since 1976, and the first time a regular season ended on a Wednesday since 1990. The 82nd edition of the Major League Baseball All-Star Game was played at Chase Field in Phoenix, Arizona, on July 12 with the National League defeating the American League for the second straight year, by a score of 5–1. As has been the case since 2003, the league winning that game has

title: Opening Day

text: start the season on the same day, although two games were subsequently rained out and postponed to Friday, March 30). Opening Day Opening Day is the day on which professional baseball leagues begin their regular season. For Major League Baseball and most of the minor leagues, this day typically falls during the first week of April. For baseball fans, Opening Day serves as a symbol of rebirth; writer Thomas Boswell once penned a book titled, "Why Time Begins on Opening Day". Many feel that the occasion represents a newness or a chance to forget last season, in that all 30

title: 2012 Major League Baseball season

text: the Division Series for the 2012 season only. The restriction against divisional rivals playing against each other in the Division Series round that had existed in previous years was eliminated, as the Baltimore Orioles and New York Yankees squared off in one of the best-of-5 LDS series in the American League. The stateside portion of the regular season started April 4 in Miami with the opening of the new Marlins Park, as the newly renamed Miami Marlins hosted the defending World Series champion St. Louis Cardinals. The regular season ended on Wednesday, October 3. The entire master schedule was released

title: 2015 Major League Baseball season

text: were scheduled to start simultaneously at 3:00 p.m. Eastern Time, reminiscent of the English Premier League's last-day "Survival Sunday" scheduling. MLB hoped that this would add excitement and drama during the final day, and also limit teams' ability to rest starters at the last minute based on early game results. At the end of the 2014 season, the following teams made replacements to their managers. The New York Mets changed their home jersey from a cream shade to white and took away the home white alternate jersey. The Minnesota Twins took away the pinstripes from their home jersey and added

title: 2012 Major League Baseball season

text: Sunday Game of the Week, the All-Star Selection Show, all but two Division Series games, the American League Championship Series, and the new wild card elimination games. ESPN will show games on Sunday, Monday, and Wednesday nights (with Monday and Wednesday Night Baseball airing on ESPN2 during April, May and early June due to ESPN's priority to the NBA regular season and playoff coverage, and then Monday Night Baseball moving to form either a Wednesday night doubleheader or a simultaneous airing of a Monday Night game on ESPN and a Wednesday Night game on ESPN2 when the NFL season starts,

title: Opening Day

text: sport of baseball, from hundreds of Minor League Baseball franchises to college, high school, and youth leagues in North America and beyond. Since Major League Baseball generally starts their season first among professional leagues, their Opening Day is the one most commonly recognized by the general public. Most of the minor leagues start a few days later, but within the same week; the short season Class A and Rookie leagues are exceptions, since they begin play in June. (College, high school and youth baseball seasons vary widely depending on location and weather conditions.) Opening Day ignores the exhibition games played

title: Opening Day

text: first of 162 regular season games. Teams' home openers serve as the only regular season games during the year in which the entire rosters of both teams as well as coaches and clubhouse staff are introduced to the crowd prior to the games; for the rest of the year, ballparks only introduce the starting lineups (including the designated hitter in American League ballparks) and the team's manager. Some teams, among them the New York Mets, have had their broadcasters as the master of pre-game ceremonies for their home openers, which also typically feature appearances by retired players, local celebrities or

title: 2018 Major League Baseball season


question: when is season 4 of flash coming out

answers: October 10, 2017

answers: on October 10, 2017

title: The Flash (season 5)

text: is produced by Berlanti Productions, Warner Bros. Television, and DC Entertainment, with Todd Helbing serving as showrunner. The season was ordered in April 2018, and production began that July. Grant Gustin stars as Barry, with principal cast members Candice Patton, Danielle Panabaker, Carlos Valdes, Tom Cavanagh, and Jesse L. Martin also returning from previous seasons, while Hartley Sawyer, Danielle Nicolet, and Jessica Parker Kennedy were promoted to series regulars from their recurring statuses in season four. They are joined by new cast member Chris Klein. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Danielle Panabaker will direct the eighteenth episode of the season. Rebecca Johnson and Kevin

title: The Flash (season 4)

text: major growth for Iris this season, and noted that "the season premiere is all about Iris and Cisco, not Barry". In July 2017, Sterling Gates, DC Comics comic book writer, joined as a member of the fourth season's writing staff. At the Television Critics Association press tour in August 2017, Pedowitz stated that the fourth season of "The Flash" is "going to try to find the lightness... of the Barry Allen of the first two seasons," and said that the show was likely "done with Speedster villains". Later in the month, Kreisberg confirmed the return of Harry Wells from Earth-2,

title: The Flash (season 5)

text: The Flash (season 5) The fifth season of the American television series "The Flash", which is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash, premiered on The CW on October 9, 2018 and is set to consist of 22 episodes. The season follows Barry, a crime scene investigator with superhuman speed who fights criminals, including others who have also gained superhuman abilities, as he deals with the consequences of his future daughter's time traveling. It is set in the Arrowverse, sharing continuity with the other television series of the universe, and is a spin-off of "Arrow". The season

title: The Flash (season 4)

text: Andrew Kreisberg and Todd Helbing serving as showrunners. The season was ordered in January 2017, and filming began that July. Grant Gustin stars as Barry, with principal cast members Candice Patton, Danielle Panabaker, Carlos Valdes, Keiynan Lonsdale, Tom Cavanagh, and Jesse L. Martin also returning from previous seasons, and are joined by Neil Sandilands. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The series was renewed for a fourth season on January 8, 2017, earlier than usual for the series. Executive producer Andrew Kreisberg said on this, "The great thing about our dear friends at The CW and Mark Pedowitz picking the shows up as early as

title: The Flash (season 4)

text: The fourth season began airing on October 10, 2017, and is set to run for 23 episodes on The CW until May 22, 2018.

title: The Flash (season 5)

text: on July 21, 2018 to promote the season. Starting on September 14, 2018, several billboards advertising Ralph Dibny as a private investigator were seen around Vancouver, the city where the show is filmed. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 93% approval rating for the fifth season with an average rating of 7.96/10, based on 132 reviews. The website's consensus reads, ""The Flash"s fifth season maintains the show's high standard for compelling visuals, chilling villains, and well-scripted moments of humor, but also turns a more focused gaze on the role of family dynamics amongst the increasingly complex characters." Reviewing

title: The Flash (season 4)

text: they did has allowed us to start building the schedules for next season." In May 2017, it was announced that Aaron Helbing would not return as an executive producer for season four, with only Greg Berlanti, Andrew Kreisberg, Sarah Schechter, and Todd Helbing returning from previous seasons. Todd Helbing and Kreisberg were slated to serve as the season's showrunners. In November 2017, Kreisberg was suspended from his role as executive producer and showrunner on "The Flash" over allegations of sexual harassment. By the end of the month, he had been fired, with his name eventually being removed from the credits

title: The Flash (season 5)

text: Smith will also direct episodes this season. At the Television Critics Association winter press tour in January 2018, The CW president Mark Pedowitz said he was "optimistic" and "confident" about "The Flash" and the other Arrowverse shows returning next season, but added that it was too soon to announce anything just yet. On April 2, The CW renewed the series for its fifth season. Todd Helbing, who had previously served as a co-showrunner for the series' first four seasons, emerged as the series' first sole showrunner following Andrew Kreisberg's firing during the previous season. In October 2017, Kevin Smith revealed

title: The Flash (season 4)

text: latest." Collider's Allison Keene also noted Iris "getting an actual storyline" with Barry gone, and similarly presumed that he "[would] be back in the fold by the end of the first episode" alike to Flashpoint in the third season. She added, "There are some new foes, lots of action, plenty of tech — it's great!" The season was made available for streaming on Netflix in late May 2018, soon after the season finale aired. It will be released on Blu-ray on August 28, 2018. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 76% approval rating with an average rating of

title: The Flash (season 2)

text: Television, and DC Entertainment, with Andrew Kreisberg, Gabrielle Stanton, Aaron Helbing, and Todd Helbing serving as showrunners. The season was ordered in January 2015, and filmed from that July to the following April in Vancouver. Grant Gustin stars as Barry, alongside principal cast members Candice Patton, Danielle Panabaker, Carlos Valdes, Tom Cavanagh, and Jesse L. Martin also returning from the first season, and are joined by Keiynan Lonsdale. This season also introduces characters from "Legends of Tomorrow", which was being developed as a spin-off. The first episode of the season premiered on October 6, 2015, with the season, consisting of

title: The Flash (season 5)

text: season also introduces Barry's "Flash ring" from the comics. The new suit adopts brighter colors than previous suits – which had maroon overtones – and, unlike prior incarnations, does not have a chin strap. Production for the season began on July 6, 2018, in Vancouver, British Columbia, and is set to conclude on April 10, 2019. Kevin Smith will direct an episode of the season. Danielle Panabaker will make her directorial debut this season. Tom Cavanagh directed the eighth episode of the season, which served as the 100th episode of the series and led into the annual crossover. Due to

title: The Flash (season 4)

text: trailer for the season was shown, with James Whitbrook at io9 feeling that despite the "grim" tone, there was "some fun signs of the team coming together to protect the city without [Barry]... Sprinkle in a few wacky things, like, say a goddamn Samuroid ripped straight from the comics, and ladies and gents, you've got a good season of "The Flash" lined up." Ben Pearson with /Film felt seeing Iris West deal with the absence of Barry was "a nice change of pace for that character", but anticipated that "Barry [would] be back two or three episodes in at the

title: The Flash (season 1)

text: The Flash (season 1) The first season of the American television series "The Flash" premiered on The CW on October 7, 2014 and concluded on May 19, 2015 after airing 23 episodes. The series is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash, a costumed superhero crime-fighter with the power to move at superhuman speeds. It is a spin-off from "Arrow", existing in the same fictional universe, and was produced by Berlanti Productions, Warner Bros. Television, and DC Entertainment, with Andrew Kreisberg serving as showrunner. The series follows Allen, portrayed by Grant Gustin, a crime scene investigator who

title: The Flash (season 4)

text: black market of metahuman supervillains. Filming for the season began on July 4, 2017, in Vancouver, British Columbia, and concluded on April 21, 2018. Kevin Smith returned to direct an episode in January 2018. In August 2017, series composer Blake Neely and Nathaniel Blume began to compose the music for the fourth season. In May 2017, The CW president Mark Pedowitz officially announced plans for a four-show Arrowverse crossover event, crossing over episodes of the television series "Supergirl", "The Flash", "Legends of Tomorrow", and "Arrow". The crossover, "Crisis on Earth-X", began with "Supergirl" and a special airing of "Arrow" on

title: Flash in film

text: League" film. On July 20, 2013, "The Hollywood Reporter" has reported that the film was rumored to be released in 2016 but it has not been announced. In October 2014, Warner Bros. announced "The Flash" would be released in 2018 as the sixth installment of the DC Extended Universe. Ezra Miller was cast to play the title role of Barry Allen. 1A story treatment for the film will be written by Phil Lord and Chris Miller. The studio was courting the duo to also direct, but they declined due to their busy schedule. The studio instead signed Seth Grahame-Smith to

title: The Flash (season 1)

text: pilot by The CW executives, who had been impressed by early cuts of Barry's first two episodes on "Arrow". This allowed the creative team to flesh out Barry's story and his world on a bigger budget, as opposed to a backdoor pilot's constraint of incorporating characters from the parent show. The pilot was officially ordered on January 29, 2014, and was written by Berlanti, Kreisberg, and Johns, and directed by Nutter. On May 8, 2014, "The Flash" was officially picked up as a series, with an initial order of 13 episodes. Three more scripts were ordered in September 2014 following

title: The Flash (season 2)

text: The Flash (season 2) The second season of the American television series "The Flash", which is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash, sees Barry recognized as a hero in Central City after saving the city, only to face a new threat from a parallel universe in the form of the speedster Zoom, who seeks to eliminate everyone connected to the Speed Force throughout the multiverse. It is set in the Arrowverse, sharing continuity with the other television series of the universe, and is a spin-off of "Arrow". The season was produced by Berlanti Productions, Warner Bros.

title: The Flash (season 5)

text: that then-executive producer Andrew Kreisberg already had plans for the next season of the show and had told him the story for "The Flash"s fifth season, which got Smith very excited and jokingly commenting, "I now have to stay alive one more year." At San Diego Comic-Con 2018, Todd Helbing revealed that "legacy" would be a theme during the season, adding, "I think everybody's thinking about what it means after they leave." On the arrival of Barry and Iris' future daughter, Nora, Grant Gustin teased the different headspaces the characters would be in. "[Nora]’s kind of attached to [Barry] when

title: The Flash (season 5)

text: third season. The season establishes that Nora's alias is XS, making her an amalgamation of the XS from DC Comics, Jenni Ognats, and Barry and Iris' daughter in the comics, Dawn Allen. In July, Chris Klein also joined the main cast as Orlin Dwyer / Cicada, the season's main antagonist. In October, it was announced that Martin would take a "medical leave" from the series due to a back injury he sustained over the hiatus. The season introduces a new Flash suit, which Todd Helbing described as the series' most "accurate incarnation" of the Flash suit from the comics. The

title: The Flash (2014 TV series)

text: CBS on March 28, 2016. Intersecting with the events of the eighteenth episode of "The Flash", which aired on April 19, 2016, Barry accidentally arrives on Earth-38 and helps Kara battle two of her enemies, Silver Banshee (Italia Ricci) and Livewire (Brit Morgan), before returning home. The Flash (2014 TV series) The Flash is an American superhero television series developed by Greg Berlanti, Andrew Kreisberg, and Geoff Johns, airing on The CW. It is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash, a costumed superhero crime-fighter with the power to move at superhuman speeds. It is a spin-off

title: Nora (The Flash episode)

text: that the episode is a "encouraging start to season 5" and complimenting the "strong bond between Barry and his time-displaced daughter". However, Schedeen criticized the episode for continuing the show's pattern of failing to effectively juggle the supporting cast and "putting villains to the best possible use". Eric Diaz of "Nerdist" rated the episode 3.5 out of 5, noting that "The Flash" is best when it's about family which this season promises to be and "this first episode certainly has us intrigued to find out more". Nora (The Flash episode) "Nora" is the first episode of the fifth season, and

title: The Flash (2014 TV series)

text: in the United Kingdom and Ireland on October 28, 2014, and in Australia on December 3, 2014. Regarding Gustin's debut as Barry Allen in "Arrow" and the potential for a series, IGN's Jesse Schedeen stated his concern: "Gustin doesn't come across as leading man material. His awkward bumbling intertwining with Felicity's was cute, but rarely did I get the impression that this character could or should be given his own spinoff series." Schedeen eventually warmed up to the character, however, once the "dorkiness and social awkwardness" were downplayed a bit and the emphasis was placed on "his keen scientific mind".

title: The Flash (season 4)

text: 6.65/10 based on 17 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "After an unsteady turn in season three, "The Flash" returns to its roots with a fourth season packed with humor, spectacle, and a whole lot of heart." Reviewing the first two episodes of the season, Allison Keene writing for Collider.com, felt the premiere "wipes the slate clean, fixing a lot of the issues that plagued the end of the last season, and setting up a much more toned-down storyline. Most importantly, it's brought back some fun." She added that with a "streamlined team," the core characters now have time to interact

title: The Flash (season 1)

text: Neely. "The Flash" was screened at the Warner Bros. Television and DC Entertainment panel at San Diego Comic-Con International in July 2014. The series officially premiered on The CW on October 7, 2014, during the 2014–15 television season and also premiered in Canada on the same night. The second episode was screened at New York Comic Con on October 9, 2014, as a way to repay the viewers that watched the series' premiere episode. The series premiered in the United Kingdom and Ireland on October 28, 2014, and in Australia on December 3, 2014. In April 2015, to celebrate the

title: The Flash (2014 TV series)

text: two-disc soundtrack was released on October 16, 2015. The second season's soundtrack was released digitally on July 22, 2016, and in CD format on July 26, 2016. The sound design for the show is handled by Mark Camperell. The sound effect for Barry is made up of elements of thunder, electricity, jets, fireballs, and various custom whooshes and impacts. Speaking about designing the sound for The Flash's ability, Mark says: "My approach for the sounds of The Flash's ability was to editorially treat him like a really aggressively driven hot rod. This doesn't mean that I used car sounds for

title: The Flash (season 1)

text: season three finale of "Arrow" and season one finale of "The Flash", The CW released a short promo titled "Superhero Fight Club". The short features characters from "Arrow" and "The Flash" battling each other in a hero vs. villain showdown. Characters include Arrow, Flash, Arsenal, Black Canary, Merlyn, Captain Cold, Heat Wave, Firestorm, Ra's al Ghul, Reverse-Flash, and the A.T.O.M. in a cage match fight. The season began streaming on Netflix on October 6, 2015, and was released on Blu-ray and DVD in Region 1 on September 22, 2015. The first season of "The Flash" was the fifth most-pirated TV

title: The Flash (2014 TV series)

text: him, though. What I mean is that when thinking about how to edit his sounds, I thought about it like cutting a car chase." "The Flash" was screened at the Warner Bros. Television and DC Entertainment panel at San Diego Comic-Con International in July 2014. The series officially premiered on The CW on October 7, 2014, during the 2014–15 television season and also premiered in Canada on the same night. The second episode was screened at New York Comic Con on October 9, 2014, as a way to repay the viewers that watched the series' premiere episode. The series premiered

title: The Flash (2014 TV series)

text: The Flash (2014 TV series) The Flash is an American superhero television series developed by Greg Berlanti, Andrew Kreisberg, and Geoff Johns, airing on The CW. It is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash, a costumed superhero crime-fighter with the power to move at superhuman speeds. It is a spin-off from "Arrow", existing in the same fictional universe. The series follows Allen, portrayed by Grant Gustin, a crime scene investigator who gains super-human speed, which he uses to fight criminals, including others who have also gained superhuman abilities. Initially envisioned as a backdoor pilot, the positive

title: The Flash (2014 TV series)

text: the parent show. The pilot was officially ordered on January 29, 2014, and was written by Berlanti, Kreisberg, and Johns, and directed by Nutter. On May 8, 2014, "The Flash" was officially picked up as a series, with an initial order of 13 episodes. Three more scripts were ordered in September 2014 following a positive response to newly completed episodes by executives, while a back ten was ordered the next month for a full 23-episode season. With the commencement of production on the series' second season, former "Arrow" and "Ugly Betty" writer Gabrielle Stanton was promoted to executive producer and

title: The Flash (season 4)

text: later revealed to be Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man, a metahuman with the ability to stretch his body to superhuman lengths and sizes. Hartley Sawyer was cast in the recurring role that July as the fast-talking private investigator who after discovering his abilities will help Team Flash solve one of Central City's greatest mysteries. The character was previously mentioned in the first season, as one of the fourteen people who seemingly died as a result of the particle accelerator explosion. The next month, Katee Sackhoff was announced in the recurring role of Amunet Black / Blacksmith, who operates an underground

title: The Flash (season 4)

short_answers:
October 10, 2017
on October 10, 2017


question: role of malonyl coa in fatty acid synthesis

answers: chain elongation

title: Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency

text: chromosome 16q24. The gene encodes the enzyme malonyl-CoA decarboxylase. Within cells, this enzyme helps regulate the formation and breakdown of a certain group of fats called fatty acids. Many tissues, including heart muscle, use fatty acids as a major source of energy. Mutations in the "MLYCD" gene reduce or eliminate the function of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase. A lack of this enzyme disrupts the normal balance of fatty acid formation and breakdown. As a result, fatty acids cannot be converted to energy, which can lead to characteristic features of this disorder, such as low blood sugar and cardiomyopathy. By-products of fatty acid

title: Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase

text: natural kingdoms there is no scientific evidence to prove it. Malonyl-CoA is an important metabolite in some parts of the cell. In peroxisomes, the accumulation of this substance causes malonic aciduria, a highly pathogenic disease. To avoid it malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (MCD) converts malonyl-CoA into acetyl-CoA through the following reaction: In the cytosol, malonyl-CoA can inhibit the entrance of fatty acids into the mitochondria and it can also act as a precursor for the fatty acids synthesis. Malonyl-CoA also plays an important role inside the mitochondria, where it is an intermediary between fatty acids and acetyl-CoA, which will be a reserve

title: Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase

text: Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (which can also be called MCD and malonyl-CoA carboxyl-lyase) is found from bacteria to humans, has important roles in regulating fatty acid metabolism and food intake, and it is an attractive target for drug discovery. It is an enzyme associated with Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency. In humans, it is encoded by the MLYCD gene. Its main function is to catalyze the conversion of malonyl-CoA into acetyl-CoA and carbon dioxide. It is involved in fatty acid biosynthesis. To some degree, it reverses the action of Acetyl-CoA carboxylase. MCD presents two isoforms which can be transcribed form one gene:

title: Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase

text: for the Krebs cycle. Cytoplasmic MCD is thought to play a role in the regulation of cytoplasmic malonyl-CoA abundance and, therefore, of mitochondrial fatty acid uptake and oxidation. It has been observed that MCD mRNA is most abundant in cardiac and skeletal muscles, tissues in which cytoplasmic malonyl-CoA is a strong inhibitor of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and which derive significant amounts of energy from fatty acid oxidation. In peroxisomes, it is proposed that this enzyme could be involved in degrading intraperoxisomal malonyl-CoA, which is produced by the peroxisomal beta oxidation of odd chain length dicarboxylic fatty acids (odd chain

title: Malonyl-CoA

text: It plays a key role in chain elongation in fatty acid biosynthesis and polyketide biosynthesis.

title: Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency

text: of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency. Some common symptoms in Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency, such as cardiomyopathy and metabolic acidosis, are triggered by the high concentrations of Malonyl-CoA in the cytoplasm. High level of Malonyl-CoA will inhibits β-oxidation of fatty acids through deactivating the carrier of fatty acyl group, CPT1, and thus, blocking fatty acids from going into the mitochondrial matrix for oxidation. A research conducted in Netherlands has suggested that carnitine supplements and a low fat diet may help to reduce the level of malonic acid in our body. Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency is caused by mutations in the "MLYCD" gene, located on

title: Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase

text: length DFAs). While long and medium chain fatty acids are oxidized mainly in the mitochondria, DFAs are oxidized primarily in peroxisomes, which degrade DFAs completely to malonyl-CoA (in the case of odd chain length DFAs) and oxalyl-CoA (for even chain length DFAs). The peroxisomal form of MCD could function to eliminate this final malonyl-CoA. Malonyl-CoA acts as an intermediary between fatty acids and acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria, where MCD is believed to participate in the elimination of the residual malonyl-CoA, so that acetyl-CoA can enter the Krebs cycle. MCD also plays a role in the regulation of glucose and lipids

title: Fatty acid synthesis

text: glucose. Regulation Acetyl-CoA is formed into malonyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA carboxylase, at which point malonyl-CoA is destined to feed into the fatty acid synthesis pathway. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is the point of regulation in saturated straight-chain fatty acid synthesis, and is subject to both phosphorylation and allosteric regulation. Regulation by phosphorylation occurs mostly in mammals, while allosteric regulation occurs in most organisms. Allosteric control occurs as feedback inhibition by palmitoyl-CoA and activation by citrate. When there are high levels of palmitoyl-CoA, the final product of saturated fatty acid synthesis, it allosterically inactivates acetyl-CoA carboxylase to prevent a build-up of fatty acids in

title: Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase

text: acetyl-CoA in peroxisomes. This is due to the fact that the beta oxidation of long chain fatty acids with an odd number of carbons produces propionyl-CoA. Most part of this metabolite is transformed into succinyl-CoA, which is an intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The major alternative route by which the propionyl-CoA is metabolized is based on its conversion to acrylyl-CoA. After that, it is converted to 3-hydroxy propionic acid and finally to malonic semi-aldehyde. As soon as malonic semi aldehyde is produced, it is indirectly transformed into acetyl-CoA. This conversion has been detected only in bacteria, in the other

title: Fatty-acyl-CoA synthase

text: alpha and beta subunits. The enzyme complex therefore consists of six functional centers for fatty acid synthesis. The enzyme catalyzes the reaction: Acetyl-CoA + n malonyl-CoA + 4n NADPH + 4n H formula_1 long-chain-acyl-CoA + n CoA + n CO + 4n NADP The 4 substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, NADPH, and H, whereas its 4 products are Acyl-CoA, CoA, CO, and NADP. More specifically, the FAS catalysis mechanism consumes an acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) and seven malonyl-CoA molecules to produce a Palmitoyl-CoA. Synthesis of fatty acids is generally performed by fatty acid synthase (FAS). Though the syntheses of

title: Fatty acid synthesis

text: or heat-stable factors (HSF) present. All of these factors may affect chain length, and HSFs have been demonstrated to alter the specificity of BCKA decarboxylase for a particular α-keto acid substrate, thus shifting the ratio of branched-chain fatty acids produced. An increase in malonyl-CoA concentration has been shown to result in a larger proportion of C17 fatty acids produced, up until the optimal concentration (≈20μM) of malonyl-CoA is reached. Decreased temperatures also tend to shift the fatty-acid distribution slightly toward C17 fatty-acids in "Bacillus" species. This system functions similarly to the branch-chain fatty acid synthesizing system, however it uses short-chain

title: Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I

text: malonyl-CoA inhibition than CPT1A. This inhibition is a good target for future attempts to regulate CPT1 for the treatment of metabolic disorders. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of malonyl-CoA from acetyl-CoA, is important in the regulation of fatty acid metabolism. Scientists have demonstrated that ACC2 knockout mice have reduced body fat and weight when compared to wild type mice. This is a result of decreased activity of ACC which causes a subsequent decrease in malonyl-CoA concentrations. These decreased malonyl-CoA levels in turn prevent inhibition of CPT1, causing an ultimate increase in fatty acid oxidation. Since heart

title: Malonic acid

text: been produced through fermentation of glucose. In a well-known reaction, malonic acid condenses with urea to form barbituric acid. Malonic acid is also frequently used as an enolate in Knoevenagel condensations or condensed with acetone to form Meldrum's acid. The esters of malonic acid are also used as a CHCOOH synthon in the malonic ester synthesis. Additionally, the coenzyme A derivative of malonate, malonyl-CoA, is an important precursor in fatty acid biosynthesis along with acetyl CoA. Malonyl CoA is formed from acetyl CoA by the action of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and the malonate is transferred to an acyl carrier protein to

title: Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency

text: Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency (MCD), or Malonic aciduria is an autosomal-recessive metabolic disorder caused by a genetic mutation that disrupts the activity of Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase. This enzyme breaks down Malonyl-CoA (a fatty acid precursor and a fatty acid oxidation blocker) into Acetyl-CoA and carbon dioxide. The signs and symptoms of this disorder typically appear in early childhood. Almost all affected children have delayed development. Additional signs and symptoms can include weak muscle tone (hypotonia), seizures, diarrhea, vomiting, and low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). A heart condition called cardiomyopathy, which weakens and enlarges the heart muscle, is another common feature

title: Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency

text: have also hypothesized that it is the MCD deficiency induced inhibition of peroxisomal β-oxidation that contributes to the development delay. Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency (MCD), or Malonic aciduria is an autosomal-recessive metabolic disorder caused by a genetic mutation that disrupts the activity of Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase. This enzyme breaks down Malonyl-CoA (a fatty acid precursor and a fatty acid oxidation blocker) into Acetyl-CoA and carbon dioxide. The signs and symptoms of this disorder typically appear in early childhood. Almost all affected children have delayed development. Additional signs and symptoms can include weak muscle tone (hypotonia), seizures, diarrhea, vomiting, and

title: Malonyl-CoA

text: protein (ACP). MCAT is also involved in bacterial polyketide biosynthesis. The enzyme MCAT together with an acyl carrier protein (ACP), and a polyketide synthase (PKS) and chain-length factor heterodimer, constitutes the minimal PKS of type II polyketides. Malonyl-CoA is a highly regulated molecule in fatty acid synthesis; as such, it inhibits the rate-limiting step in beta-oxidation of fatty acids. Malonyl CoA inhibits fatty acids from associating with carnitine by regulating the enzyme carnitine acyltransferase, thereby preventing them from entering the mitochondria, where fatty acid oxidation and degradation occur. Malonyl-CoA Malonyl-CoA is a coenzyme A derivative of malonic acid. It plays

title: Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency

text: clear understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of this deficiency, some researchers have suggested a brain-specific interaction between Malonyl-CoA and CTP1 enzyme which may leads to unexplained symptoms of the MCD deficiency. Research has found that large amount of MCD are detached in the hypothalamus and cortex of the brain where high levels of lipogenic enzymes are found, indicating that MCD plays a role in lipid synthesis in the brain. Disturbed interaction between Malonyl-CoA and CPT1 may also contributed to abnormal brain development. Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase plays an important role in the β-oxidation processes in both mitochondria and peroxisome. Some other authors

title: Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase

text: rats, MCD has been detected in fat, heart and liver. Because the formation of interchain disulfide bonds leads to positive cooperativity between active sites and increases the affinity for malonyl-CoA and the catalytic efficiency (in vitro), MCD activity doesn't need the intervention of any cofactors or divalent metal ions. MCD is involved in regulating cardiac malonyl-CoA levels, inhibition of MCD can limit rates of fatty acid oxidation, leading to a secondary increase in glucose oxidation associated with an improvement in the functional recovery of the heart during ischaemia/reperfusion injury. MCD is a potential novel target for cancer treatment. Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase

title: Tacrolimus

text: acid (DHCHC) as a starter unit, four molecules of malonyl-CoA, five molecules of methylmalonyl-CoA, one molecule of allylmalonyl-CoA as elongation units. However, two molecules of malonyl-CoA are able to be replaced by two molecules of methoxymalonyl CoA. Once two malonyl-CoA molecules are replaced, post-synthase tailoring steps are no longer required where two methoxymalonyl CoA molecules are substituted. The biosynthesis of methoxymalonyl CoA to Acyl Carrier protein is proceeded by five enzymes (fkbG, fkbH, fkbI, fkbJ, and fkbK). Allylmalonyl-CoA is also able to be replaced by propionylmalonyl-CoA. The starter unit, DHCHC from the chorismic acid is formed by fkbO enzyme and

title: Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase

text: as fuels in human tissues. Malonyl-CoA concentrations are crucial in the intracellular energetic regulation and the production or degradation of this metabolite delimits the use of glucose or lipids to produce ATP. The diseases related with MCD can be caused by its mislocalization, mutations affecting the gene MLYCD, its accumulation in peroxisomes and, mainly, its deficiency. MCS deficiency is a rare autosomal disorder that is widely diagnosed by neonatal screening and it is caused by mutations in MLYCD. It causes many symptoms: brain abnormalities, mild mental retardation, seizures, hypotonia, metabolic acidosis, vomiting, excretion of malonic and methylmalonic acids in urine,

title: Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase deficiency

text: described for propanoyl-CoA. Odd chain fatty acids are also metabolized through the methylmalonyl pathway. The degradation of odd chain fatty acids releases Acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA. Propionyl-CoA is then converted to succinyl-CoA, and both succinyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA are interjected into the tricarboxylic acid cycle for continued production of reductant. The final product of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase activity is succinyl-CoA which is a tricarboxylic acid cycle substrate. A side effect of excess methylmalonyl-CoA is an interruption of the enzymes responsible for other transformations earlier in the metabolism of propionyl-CoA, leading to propanoic acidemia as well. This, along with an excess of methylmalonyl-CoA leads

title: Fatty acid

text: cytosol where the synthesis of fatty acids occurs. This cannot occur directly. To obtain cytosolic acetyl-CoA, citrate (produced by the condensation of acetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate) is removed from the citric acid cycle and carried across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the cytosol. There it is cleaved by ATP citrate lyase into acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate. The oxaloacetate is returned to the mitochondrion as malate. The cytosolic acetyl-CoA is carboxylated by acetyl CoA carboxylase into malonyl-CoA, the first committed step in the synthesis of fatty acids. Malonyl-CoA is then involved in a repeating series of reactions that lengthens the growing fatty acid

title: Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase

text: a number of substances, including the branched-chain amino acids isoleucine and valine, as well as methionine, threonine, thymine and odd-chain fatty acids, are metabolized via methylmalonate semialdehyde (MMlSA) or propionyl-CoA (Pr-CoA) to a common compound - methylmalonyl-CoA (MMl-CoA). MCM catalyzes the reversible isomerisation of l‐methylmalonyl‐CoA to succinyl‐CoA, requiring cobalamin (vitamin B12) in the form of adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) as a cofactor. As an important step in propionate catabolism, this reaction is required for the degradation of odd-chain fatty acids, the amino acids valine, isoleucine, methionine, and threonine, and cholesterol, funneling metabolites from the breakdown of these amino acids into the tricarboxylic

title: Coniine

text: is still to be determined, much of the pathway has been elucidated. Originally thought to use 4 acetyl groups as feed compounds for the polyketide synthase that forms coniine, recent work has led to the conclusion that two malonyl and a butyryl CoA are what is coupled together before further operations are performed to finally form coniine. Initially, acetate is converted to acetyl-CoA, some of which is also used to form malonyl CoA. An acetyl CoA is further elongated using malonyl-CoA by fatty acid synthase to form butyryl-CoA. Further elongation of butyryl-CoA using 2 malonyl-CoA forms 5-ketooctanal. Ketooctanal then undergoes

title: Fatty acid degradation

text: activated, the acyl CoA is transported into the mitochondrial matrix. This occurs via a series of similar steps: It is important to note that "carnitine acyltransferase I" undergoes allosteric inhibition as a result of malonyl-CoA, an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis, in order to prevent futile cycling between beta-oxidation and fatty acid synthesis. The mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids takes place in three major steps: 1.β-oxidation: conversion of fatty acids into 2-carbon acetyl Co-A units. 2.entry of acetyl Co-A into TCA cycle to yield energy. 3.finally, the electron transport chain in the mitochondria.though in this step, no direct participation of

title: AMP-activated protein kinase

text: acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, an inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT-1). CPT-1 transports fatty acids into the mitochondria for oxidation. Inactivation of ACC, therefore, results in increased fatty acid transport and subsequent oxidation. It is also thought that the decrease in malonyl-CoA occurs as a result of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (MCD), which may be regulated by AMPK. MCD is an antagonist to ACC, decarboxylating malonyl-CoA to acetyl-CoA, resulting in decreased malonyl-CoA and increased CPT-1 and fatty acid oxidation. AMPK also plays an important role in lipid metabolism in the liver. It has long been known that hepatic ACC has been regulated in

text: The transfer of malonate to acyl-carrier-protein (ACP) converts the acyl groups into thioester forms which are characteristic of acyl intermediates in fatty acid synthesis and which are strictly required for the condensation reactions catalyzed by β-ketoacyl-ACP synthetase. Malonyl-CoA:ACP Transacylase uses a ping-pong kinetic mechanism with a bound malony ester as the acyl intermediate attached to a serine residue residing within a GHSLG pentapeptide. FabD first binds malonyl-CoA, the malonyl moiety is then transferred to the active siteSer 92, and CoA is released from the enzyme. ACP then binds and the malonyl moiety is transferred to the terminal sulfhydryl of the

text: (acyl-carrier-protein) S-malonyltransferase In enzymology, a [acyl-carrier-protein] S-malonyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are malonyl-CoA and acyl carrier protein, whereas its two products are CoA and malonyl-acyl-carrier-protein. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. This enzyme participates in fatty acid biosynthesis. The systematic name of this enzyme class is malonyl-CoA:[acyl-carrier-protein] S-malonyltransferase. Other names in common use include malonyl coenzyme A-acyl carrier protein transacylase, Crystal Structures of FabD from "E.coli" and "Streptomyces coelicolor" are known and provide great insight into the

title: Fatty-acyl-CoA synthase

text: Fatty-acyl-CoA synthase Fatty-acyl-CoA Synthase, or more commonly known as yeast fatty acid synthase (and not to be confused with Long Chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase), is an enzyme complex responsible for fatty acid biosynthesis, and is of Type I Fatty Acid Synthesis (FAS). Yeast fatty acid synthase plays a pivotal role in fatty acid synthesis. It is a 2.6 MDa barrel shaped complex and is composed of two, unique multi-functional subunits: alpha and beta. Together, the alpha and beta units are arranged in an αβstructure. The catalytic activities of this enzyme complex involves a coordination system of enzymatic reactions between the

text: carbonyl of Gln 250 serves as a hydrogen bond acceptor in an interaction with His 201. Two other residues, Arg-117 and Glu-11 are also located in the active site, but their function is not clear. The fatty acid synthetic pathway is the principal route for the production of membrane phospholipid acyl chains in bacterial and plants. The reaction sequence is carried out by a series of individual soluble proteins that are each encoded by a discrete gene, and the pathway intermediates are shuttled between the enzymes. Malony-CoA:ACP Transacylase (FabD) is one such individual soluble protein and catalyzes the following reaction:

title: Malonyl-CoA